text:
Spatio-temporal assessment of infant mortality rate in India
Amitha Puranik1, VS Binu2, Seena Biju3, Sonu H Subba4
1 Research Scholar, Department of Statistics, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
2 Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
3 Associate Professor, Department of Operations Management, T. A. Pai Management Institute, Manipal, Karnataka, India
4 Professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Dr. V S Binu
Department of Statistics, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka
DOI: 10.4103/ijph.IJPH_356_16
Background: Infant mortality rate (IMR) is globally identified by the policymakers as the marker of health of a population. Objectives: This study aimed to detect the change in hotspots of IMR in Indian states from the year 2000 to 2012, identify hotspots of IMR at district level in selected states from each of the six regions of India and determine the potential predictors of IMR after accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Methods: Ecological study design was used to analyze state and district level data on IMR of India. For the first objective, the data were obtained from Sample Registration System. For the second objective, we classified India into six regions and selected a state in each region that had the highest IMR. The district level data on IMR and potential predictors were obtained from surveys, namely, Annual Health Survey, District Level Household and Facility Survey and Census. Spatio-temporal hotspots of IMR were examined using local indicators of spatial association statistic. Spatial regression was used to identify the potential predictors of IMR after accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Results: Temporal hotspots of IMR were found in the central part of India. Spatial hotspots were identified in districts of Uttar Pradesh. A negative association of IMR existed with female literacy rate, mothers receiving antenatal checkup (%), and people living in urban areas (%). Conclusion: IMR continues to be a problem in the states that have previously shown to be poor performing. Certain districts within these states need emphasis for focused activities.
Keywords: India, infant mortality, local indicators of spatial association, Moran's I, spatial regression model, Spatio-Temporal
Puranik A, Binu V S, Biju S, Subba SH. Spatio-temporal assessment of infant mortality rate in India. Indian J Public Health 2018;62:32-8
Puranik A, Binu V S, Biju S, Subba SH. Spatio-temporal assessment of infant mortality rate in India. Indian J Public Health [serial online] 2018 [cited 2020 Jan 22];62:32-8. Available from: http://www.ijph.in/text.asp?2018/62/1/32/226620
Infant mortality reflects the effect of economic and social conditions on health of mothers and newborn babies, as well as the effectiveness of health systems in a country/region.[1] Globally, the infant mortality rate (IMR) has decreased from an estimated rate of 63 deaths per 1000 live births in 1990 to 32 deaths per 1000 live births in 2015.[2] Among the developing countries, India alone contributes to one-third of the five million children who die before reaching their first birthday.[3] Currently, India ranks third in IMR among the South Asian countries superseded by Afghanistan and Pakistan.[4] IMR in India has declined from 88 deaths per 1000 live births in 1990 to 38 deaths per 1000 live births in 2015.[4] Even then, the goal to bring down IMR by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015 has not been achieved.[5]
Several epidemiological studies have looked at the distribution and predictors of IMR quality of medical care, poverty, female literacy, etc., in the states of India.[3],[6],[7] However, one can also look for the role of space/location on the occurrence and distribution of IMR since a predictor of IMR in one region can influence or be influenced by the same predictor in the neighboring region. This can result in spatial autocorrelation among the values of that predictor which in turn can contribute to spatial autocorrelation in IMR.[8] Hence, when assessing the distribution of IMR or identifying the potential predictors for IMR, accounting for spatial autocorrelation can be more informative. Spatial analytical methods are used for this purpose. Identification of hotspots of IMR using spatial analytic methods help in identifying the regions with high IMR surrounded by regions with high IMR.[9],[10],[11]
In modern epidemiology, spatiotemporal analysis has gained currency to map the events and associated risk factors. In addition, factors related to operational as well as implementation challenges of different health programs can be mapped and analyzed. The mapping and analysis can be both spatially and temporally to formulate tailor-made prevention and control strategies.
In India, studies are scarce to determine spatiotemporal distribution of IMR. Only a few studies were conducted in the past on spatio-temporal distribution and hotspots at state and district levels.[8],[12],[13] However, with scaled-up implementation of national programs related to maternal and child health, IMR has declined progressively after 2000. Therefore, it is expected that the hotspots will change as well. In this context, we conducted this study to detect the change in hotspots of IMR in Indian states from the year 2000 to 2012, identify hotspots of IMR at district level in selected states from each of the six regions of India, namely, North, South, East, West, Central, and North East and determine the potential predictors of IMR after accounting for spatial autocorrelation.
This is an ecological study that utilized aggregate level data from Sample Registration System, Annual Health Survey (AHS), District Level Household and Facility Survey– 4 (DLHS-4), and Census. We used ArcGIS 10.3 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) and Open GeoDa 1.6.6 (Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA) software packages for the analysis.
The outcome variable of this study is IMR. For the first objective, the data on IMR at state level were obtained from Sample Registration System (https://data.gov.in/). Spatial analysis method was used to explore the temporal hotspots of IMR of India after accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Hotspots are regions with high IMR and surrounded by regions with high IMR. Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) statistic (which is in the form of map) were used to identify the temporal hotspots of IMR at state level. A LISA map is categorized based on the pattern of spatial autocorrelation: high-high (hotspot) and low-low (coldspot) districts suggest the clustering of similar values of IMR, while the high-low and low-high districts indicate spatial outliers. A significance map shows the areas with a statistically significant LISA statistic value.[14],[15]
For the second objective, we classified India into six regions, namely, North, South, East, West, Central, and North East. A state with highest IMR from each of the six regions was identified based on 2001 and 2011 census report. The states selected in this study are Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, and Andhra Pradesh. IMR data for each district were obtained from the AHS (2012–2013),[16] and Census 2011. LISA statistic was used to assess the spatial hotspots of IMR at district level.
For the third objective, we considered eight predictor variables of IMR, namely, children with birth weight <2.5 kg (%), female literacy rate, mothers receiving antenatal checkup (%), mean age at marriage for girls, women with unmet need for spacing (%), i.e., currently married women who are not using contraception but want to wait for 2 years or more before having another child, safe delivery (%), i.e., institutional deliveries and home deliveries conducted by doctor/nurse/auxiliary nurse midwife/female health visitor, per capita gross district domestic product (GDDP), and people living in urban areas (%). The data on per capita GDDP and people living in urban areas (%) were retrieved from Census 2011. We used DLHS – 4 (2012–2013) and Census 2011 as the source for all data on districts of Andhra Pradesh since the state was not covered under AHS. We performed bivariate Moran's I to assess the spatial autocorrelation of IMR with predictor variables and bivariate LISA to visualize the relationship between IMR and predictor variables. Spatial regression was used to identify the potential predictors of IMR after accounting for spatial autocorrelation.
We explored the relationship between IMR and set of predictor variables using the spatial regression approach. There are two distinctions of spatial regression modeling, i.e., spatial lag model and spatial error model. Spatial lag model is appropriate when the value of an event in one region is directly influenced by the values of the same event in its neighboring regions. Spatial error model is appropriate when the concern is to adjust for the bias occurring from spatial autocorrelation, due to the use of spatial data.[17]
Before calculating the spatial autocorrelation measure, it is mandatory to specify the weight matrix. A spatial weight matrix specifies the neighborhood set for each observation of the event variable. In this study, we performed all the spatial analysis based on queen's contiguity weight matrix. Under queen, areas are neighbors if they share either a border or point.[18]
The IMR in 35 states in the year 2000 varied from 14/1000 live births in Kerala to 95/1000 live births in Orissa. Kerala being consistent with the least IMR, the highest IMR was observed in Madhya Pradesh in the year 2004 and 2008. In the year 2012, Madhya Pradesh had the highest IMR of 56/1000 live births and the lowest IMR of 10/1000 live births was observed in both Goa and Manipur. The LISA map for the years 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 revealed the presence of hotspots of IMR [Figure 1]. The hotspot of IMR was formed by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Orissa, and Jharkhand in the year 2000. Since 2004, the hotspot was consistently formed by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh until the year 2012.
Figure 1: Local indicators of spatial association map of infant mortality rate in different years. (a) 2000. (b) 2004. (c) 2008. (d) 2012.
The district level analysis was performed in the selected six states of India based on AHS 2012–2013 and Census 2011. The IMR in the 223 districts of six selected states ranged from 22/1000 live births in Hyderabad district of Andhra Pradesh to 97/1000 live births in Balangir district of Orissa. Among the 223 districts, 210 districts had IMR more than the national average. The Moran's I statistic for IMR was 0.46, which indicated that there exists a moderate positive spatial autocorrelation in IMR among the districts of the selected six states in India. This means that higher values of IMR are clustered together and so are all the lower values of IMR.
LISA and significance map confirmed the presence of clustering (hotspots and coldspots) of IMR [Figure 2]. Three hotspots were found in Uttar Pradesh formed by 26 districts and one in Madhya Pradesh formed by two districts. Coldspot was formed by 16 districts out of which 15 districts belonged to Andhra Pradesh and one to Orissa. The significance map showed that the hotspots and coldspot identified were statistically significant in the districts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Orissa. It could be pointed out that Sultanpur in Uttar Pradesh was an outlier since it had a lower IMR of 45/1000 live births and was sandwiched between two hotspots with an average IMR of 83.5 and 78.3/1000 live births, respectively.
Figure 2: (a) Univariate local indicators of spatial association map of infant mortality rate. (b) Univariate local indicators of spatial association significance map of infant mortality rate.
Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and spatial regression models were constructed to find the relation between IMR and its potential risk factors. The regression coefficients and corresponding P values for each predictor variables obtained from OLS regression and spatial regression models are shown in [Table 1].
Table 1: Estimated regression coefficients for ordinary least squares, spatial lag and spatial error models
The model diagnostic measures, namely, akaike information criterion (AIC) and mean-squared error (MSE) were compared between spatial error model and spatial lag model. It was observed that spatial error model had minimum AIC (1661.28 vs. 1663.25) and MSE (86.79 vs. 89.56) values. Hence, spatial error model was considered to have the best fit.
Based on the spatial error model, it was found that female literacy rate, mothers receiving antenatal checkup (%), people living in urban areas (%) had statistically significant effect on the spatial distribution of IMR. Using these significant variables, a bivariate LISA map was constructed with respect to IMR. The bivariate LISA map for IMR and female literacy rate showed the presence of high – low outliers which imply that districts that have high IMR have low rate of female literacy and the low-high outliers imply that districts with low IMR have high rate of female literacy. It can be inferred that the hotspots and coldspots were statistically significant. Similar interpretation can be made for the bivariate maps of IMR with mothers receiving antenatal checkup (%) and people living in urban areas (%) [Figure 3].
Figure 3: (a) Bivariate local indicators of spatial association map of infant mortality rate with female literacy rate. (b) Bivariate local indicators of spatial association significance map of infant mortality rate with female literacy rate. (c) Bivariate local indicators of spatial association map of infant mortality rate with mothers receiving antenatal checkup (%). (d) Bivariate local indicators of spatial association significance map of infant mortality rate with mothers receiving antenatal checkup (%). (e) Bivariate local indicators of spatial association map of infant mortality rate with people living in urban areas (%). (f) Bivariate local indicators of spatial association significance map of infant mortality rate with people living in urban areas (%).
Spatial analytic method such as hotspot detection of IMR over time and space gives valuable information about the vulnerable regions that require immediate attention with respect to IMR. It will also reveal changing hotspots over time, and further analysis for risk factors can be instrumental in helping to reduce IMR in those areas. Such studies have been conducted in some parts of the world, and few studies have been done in India too. Sartorius and Sartorius[9] identified the spatial clustering of IMR at national level based on data from 192 countries. A study conducted in a state of Northeastern Brazil by Rodrigues et al.[10] identified clusters of IMR at municipal level. In India, Singh et al.[8] examined the infant and child mortality for two decades at district level in the 76 natural regions of India. The temporal analysis in their study revealed the decline in the infant and child mortality from 1993 to 2004. Both Kumar et al.[12] and Gupta et al.[13] studied the high-focus states for under-five mortality rate and IMR, respectively and identified hotspots in various districts.
The present study is the first one which has included all the six regions of India while assessing the situation of IMR by accounting for spatial autocorrelation and utilized the latest report of AHS data. An important finding of this study is hotspot detection of IMR at both state and district levels. The result obtained from this study has revealed the presence of significant hotspot of IMR. There were consistent hotspots of IMR that were concentrated in a central part of India during the 12 years. The hotspots were formed by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Chattisgarh. A similar pattern of hotspots was observed in other studies that dealt with infant and child mortality in India.[8],[12],[13] Gupta et al.[13] analyzed the spatial clustering and risk factors of infant mortality across high-focus states of India at district level and found hotspots of IMR in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The present study showed that 35% of the districts in the Northern and Eastern part of Uttar Pradesh formed the hotspot. This emphasizes that continued attention is required in the central part of India since the problem of IMR persists in those regions even after introducing several control measures by the Government of India. Detecting these hotspots should help the policymakers in identifying the areas/regions that need immediate attention. Knowing the exact geographic location of vulnerable regions is an added advantage since it would aid in effective management of resources and time.
Spatial regression analysis performed to identify the potential predictors of IMR after accounting for spatial autocorrelation revealed that female literacy rate, mothers receiving antenatal checkup (%), and people living in urban areas (%) had a significant association with IMR. Similar findings have been reported by Sartorius and Sartorius,[9] who found that maternal mortality, poor female education, unavailability of drinking water, and toilet facility were the determinants for infant mortality. In India, Singh et al.[8] reported that the regions which/that were poor in child nutrition, wealth, or female literacy had high infant and child mortality rates. Studies in India have especially elucidated that maternal education has a significant negative association with IMR.[11],[13],[19],[20] Female literacy is essentially the channel for good practice in child care and health-care utilization. On the other hand, place of residence has a strong impact on the IMR. Usually, the health-care services in urban areas receive a larger share of public resources, resulting in lower investments in rural health services.[21],[22] In addition to the socioeconomic factors, health indicator such as the antenatal checkup for mothers has a vital impact on IMR.[23]
In the present study, it was observed that children born with low birth weight (%), mean age at marriage for women, unmet need for spacing, safe delivery, and per capita GDDP of the districts were not associated with IMR. Several studies highlighted the problem of low birth weight as the leading cause of infant mortality in both developed and developing countries.[24],[25] A recent study conducted in India found an association between age at marriage of the mother and mortality of infants.[26] The economic characteristics of administrative units have also been identified to have a significant effect on infant and child survival.[27] However, in our study, the results were not in line with the findings of other studies. This may indicate the presence of other factors that operate for infant mortality in these areas and they need to be delved into, through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.
The bivariate LISA graphically showed the negative association of IMR with female literacy, mothers receiving antenatal checkup (%), and people living in urban areas (%). Although the negative association between maternal education and IMR is established, six districts in Assam formed high–high clusters which implied that these districts had a high rate of female literacy but that has not advantaged in reducing the IMR in the neighboring districts. This indicates that providing education to females alone may not help in controlling the rate of infant deaths. There are many factors that were observed to be associated with IMR like accessibility to hospitals, exclusive breastfeeding, etc., which were not considered in this study.[28],[29] It is of importance to note that several districts in Uttar Pradesh were found to have high IMR and low percentage of mothers receiving antenatal checkup. The 28 districts forming the outliers have relatively low percentage of urban population as compared to the rest of the districts of Uttar Pradesh. A recent study conducted in Uttar Pradesh[30] confirmed that there exists a large gap between urban and rural areas in receiving antenatal care. The mean number of antenatal care visits is higher among women living in urban areas than the rural women.
Although the present study tried to address the situation of IMR using the available data and advanced analytical techniques, there are certain limitations in this study. This is an ecological study with state and district level data as units of analysis. The use of aggregate level data on IMR can lead to ecological fallacy, and hence, the findings cannot be generalized at individual or even household levels. In addition, the study is based on secondary data from multiple sources of different period, and hence, the correlations among different variables could not be measured at real time. Due to unavailability of data, the analysis was not performed at smaller levels of administrative units such as village or at ward level. Another limitation of the study is that environmental factors such as hygiene, climate, rainfalls, temperature, etc., are not considered in the analysis. Although it is important to consider these factors, we could not address them due to lack of data. Further studies must make use of information on such factors while assessing the situation of IMR in India using spatial analytic methods.
A couple of studies in India have explained the spatial distribution of IMR in India and have identified some risk factors. The present study not only corroborates their findings but also adds by elucidating the temporal hotspots of IMR and identifying the existence of hotspots in the central part of India for more than a decade. The study also analyzed the hotspots of IMR at district level by including a state from each of the six regions of India. This can help in looking for differentials in IMR and its associated factors caused due to the heterogeneity that exists at regional level in India. It has also for the first time taken all six regions of India and found that common notions may not always hold ground; like female literacy alone may not necessarily lead to reduced IMR. Such findings will help to look deeper into issues to find solutions beyond what is apparent till now.
Authors (Binu V.S, Seena Biju and Amitha Puranik) acknowledge the support by Department of Science and Technology, India (NRDMS/01/122/015).
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[Table 1]
Puranik A
Binu V S
Biju S
Subba SH
local indicators of spatial association
Moran%26#8217;s I
spatial regression model


I just ordered a dog tag to honor my son's best friend, Justin J. Swanson, who was killed in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom on November 10, 2009. My son was in the Humvee that drove over the IED that killed Justin. I am so thankful that my son was able to survive and come home however I don't ever want to forget that Justin paid the ultimate price for our freedom.


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How UK's Bicester Village bounced back as long-awaited Gulf shoppers return
Middle East guests are now 'trickling back' to designer shopping outlet as travel restrictions ease
Bicester Village in Oxfordshire, England. The designer outlet is traditionally a popular destination for Gulf tourists heading to London. Photo: Bicester Village
Alice Haine
When Dubai resident Mohammed Sayed touched down in the UK from the UAE this month, one place he did not want to miss during his two-week stay was Bicester Village.
Set in the leafy county of Oxfordshire, the designer outlet shopping centre is traditionally a must-visit destination for Gulf tourists heading to London to see family and enjoy cooler temperatures during the summer months, as well as the cultural and shopping attractions on offer.
London's luxury stores 'hurting badly' without high-spending Gulf tourists
Which is why Mr Sayed, who has visited Bicester Village's manicured streets "many times" in the past, ensured a visit was on the calendar during his first trip back to the country since the pandemic started.
"I came for the shopping," says Mr Sayed, who works in the agriculture sector in the Emirates and normally visits the UK several times a year. "I will visit all of the stores."
The lack of international tourists since the coronavirus outbreak posed a challenge for Bicester Village, which has more than 160 boutiques spread across its site, from luxury fashion brands to beauty, children's wear, home collections and dining out.
Like all retail destinations in England, the Village was shut to shoppers during the three lockdowns, only reopening on April 12 in line with government regulations.
The Village's parent company Value Retail responded quickly as a landlord, waiving all fees on its rental and service charges to help brands across its 11 outlets in The Bicester Village Shopping Collection, which includes nine in Europe and two in China, to offset the hit from falling sales.
We've come out of this stronger and the numbers speak for themselves.
Desiree Bollier, Value Retail
However, when shops reopened in the UK, domestic shoppers flooded the flower-lined streets but most of the international clientele were nowhere to be seen due to restrictions on travel.
Now shoppers from the Gulf are returning gradually, led by visitors from Saudi Arabia and Kuwait – the first Gulf countries to have their status switched from red list to amber in July – with the Village experiencing double-digit growth in sales. The UAE turned amber in early August.
"We've come out of this stronger and the numbers speak for themselves," Desiree Bollier, chairwoman of Value Retail Management and chief merchant of Value Retail tells The National.
"We're almost back at 2019 levels. Since the borders reopened, we're starting to see staggering numbers. I think we're going to have one of our strongest fourth quarters in the history of the company."
Desiree Bollier of Value Retail expects the fourth quarter of this year to be the company's strongest to date. Photo: Value Retail
In 2019, more than seven million people visited Bicester Village, which was built in 1995 by American Scott Malkin, with international footfall accounting for 35 per cent of all shoppers – and Middle East visitors making a large contribution.
While footfall in Bicester Village is down overall this year, 130,000 visited in the past seven days as the high-spenders return.
It's a welcome sight for the staff working at The Apartment, a luxury suite where VIP clients are invited to relax or try on clothes during a long day's shopping.
"We're seeing a trickle of Middle East customers coming back and we expect the numbers to surge going forward," says Tori Campbell, private client services director at Bicester Village.
Noor Abed, who started working as guest relations ambassador at The Apartment four years ago, typically spends her day conversing with guests in Arabic.
Over the past 18 months, however, she has switched her skills to WhatsApp, sending messages and voice memos to clients stuck overseas, who told her they were missing their visits to the Village.
"They were in contact from their own countries even during the lockdown, asking about the Village and whether everyone was all right and when we were going to reopen," says Ms Abed, who is originally from Iraq and one of four Arabic speakers in the private clients team.
"We've recently seen an increase in Saudi visitors because they went on the amber list first."
Tourists from Gulf countries are slowly trickling back to Bicester Village. Alamy
Early figures show that the number of Middle East guests has more than doubled since the end of July, with sales to guests from Saudi Arabia up almost 300 per cent compared to this time last year, Value Retail says.
For the UAE, sales are up 57.2 per cent compared to last year while sales to Kuwaitis are up 20 per cent.
"They come early morning, they leave sometimes even after the closing time at 8pm and they are spending more because they haven't been shopping for a long time. Over the last year I've also noticed a lot of Egyptians spending good money as well," says Ms Abed.
With guests from the Middle East often spending five figures and upwards, the pandemic led the company to switch tack and focus on its domestic customer base, with the private client services team scouring its black book of high-spenders to invite UK-based guests to special VIP events such as collection previews.
For the select few, a complimentary day at The Apartment features plush seating areas and changing rooms as well as refreshments on demand and snacks.
Designed like a luxury hotel suite, the venue hosts up to 80 guests a day, with the space sectioned off for larger Gulf families or groups of friends.
Guests can also book a personal shopper to walk around the Village to source items while hands-free shopping – normally chargeable at £35 for the day – is free with someone on hand to carry their purchases.
An invitation to the VIP suite comes with a further 10 per cent discount on any shopping, with the entire experience designed to encourage the wealthy to spend even more.
"We've worked really, really hard on the domestic market," says Ms Campbell.
Ms Campbell took on the role two weeks before the first lockdown in March last year, quickly switching the marketing focus once it became apparent that Gulf visitors, as well as those from other key markets including the US and China, would not be jetting in any time soon.
The move paid off with double-digit increases in domestic sales and footfall, which helped to "make up" for the lack of international guests.
WE ARE OPEN! 🙌And have loved welcoming you back to a Village full of the joys of spring. We are open from 8am-8pm Monday-Saturday and 9am-7pm Sunday. https://t.co/70jnSycqLp pic.twitter.com/MdKCgp1rxe
— Bicester Village (@bicestervillage) April 12, 2021
While Londoners make up 60 per cent of the UK footfall, others travel from surrounding Oxfordshire, as well as big cities such as Manchester, Bristol and Birmingham.
"We come to Bicester to get out of the city and it's a bit different to central London as there aren't many outlet options near to us," says British-Turkish Ozge Bozyigit, who was shopping with her sister, Zisan, and their parents.
The family normally visit twice a year but this is only their second visit during pandemic times.
"My mum was after a bag and we looked around generally to find bargains because they have all the big brands here such Gucci, Dior and Prada," says Ozge, who works for a barber in London.
Darcey Jupp, associate apparel analyst at Global Data, said retail parks in the UK experienced higher footfall than the high streets after the third lockdown.
"Consumers were really seeking destination shopping and retail parks like Bicester Village have additional features like restaurants, entertainment and free parking, which people always love," she said.
"Bicester's added incentive of discounted luxury goods have been particularly popular with those wanting to indulge in luxury without the usual price tag."
While Bicester Village was affected like all luxury retailers by the drop in international visitors, Ms Jupp says the outlet did a good job of making sure their brand portfolio was correct.
They unveiled new brands, such as fashion retailer Off White, to lure a younger audience, as well as a series of second-hand, pop-up stores where buyers can tap into sustainable shopping.
At Designer Exchange, prices for a second-hand Chanel handbag range from about £1,000 to £17,000 while a Birkin handbag is on sale for £70,000.
Now the focus has switched to courting international guests once again, including those coveted Gulf visitors.
"Over the past two weeks, the whole focus has been 'Okay, we're starting to see the Middle East so we are retraining everyone again – like a refresher on Middle Eastern culture and standards," says Ms Campbell.
The Apartment at Bicester Village. Photo: Bicester Village
To invite the right clientele for a day at The Apartment, the private client services team partner with five-star hotels in central London as well as banks and airlines such as Emirates and Etihad.
"The entire business pivots again, so we're speaking with all the F&B places to make sure they have halal again," says Ms Campbell.
It's these personal touches that have helped boost the centre's popularity with its Middle East guests.
Gulf visitors typically travel from London, arriving by car, private jet or by train, which takes less than an hour from Marylebone Station in the capital.
At Bicester Village's train station, Arabic speakers will hear announcements in their native tongue, while Arabic signs are dotted throughout the village and there is a dedicated prayer room.
Outside the Apartment, luxury cars such as Rolls-Royce, Ferraris and Range Rovers line the valet parking area with staff dressed in bell-boy style uniforms on hand to greet them.
"We know that services are a very important part of the [Middle East shopper's] experience. We know that they love open-air shopping mixed with gardens mixed with spoiling – hands-free shopping, personal styling, valet parking, halal menu, The Apartments – all that makes them feel at home yet being in Europe, yet being in the UK," says Ms Bollier.
Careful planning by management has led to an increase in numbers visiting Bicester Village. Alice Haine / The National
Among the visitors is 15-year-old Aisha and her aunt, who are wheeling suitcases around the Village to store their shopping haul.
They arrived in the UK with three other family members from Kuwait, in July when the travel restrictions eased.
"We always come to Bicester Village to shop but this is the first time we've been able to fly in since the start of the pandemic," says Aisha.
Being agile has been fruitful for Bicester Village during the Covid-19 crisis, which coincided with government clampdown on VAT relief for tourists.
Bicester Village's parent company Value Retail was among a group of luxury brands, such as Selfridges, which warned the UK government that the end of tax-free shopping for international visitors could result in £1bn in lost investment from luxury brands.
"I am a firm believer that eventually the government will reverse this ruling," says Ms Bollier. "However, are [international tourists] going to stop coming to London to shop? Probably not."
To offset these threats, Bicester Village also increased its virtual offering to maintain relationships with its Middle East clients.
This involved virtual events to show off new collections or virtual appointments with the boutiques, where a staff member toured designer stores on FaceTime picking up products the client might want.
"We have the ability to ship everywhere in the Middle East," says Ms Campbell. "And there's definitely some people who have not felt comfortable coming back out in the public. They've really enjoyed being able to still shop but in a very personal way."
We've loved welcoming you back to @bicestervillage this week – and look forward to seeing more of you soon!
Before you visit, make sure to check out our shopping protocols to ensure you have a safe and enjoyable visit. https://t.co/5u7X9IwZw1 #BicesterVillage pic.twitter.com/H08fA4YRNO
— The Bicester Village Shopping Collection® (@TBVSC) April 14, 2021
This led to a 60 per cent rise in virtual shopping sales this year compared to last, accounting for 22 per cent of all sales across the Village, driven by luxury brands popular with Middle East guests such as Lorna Piana and Brunello Cucinelli.
Bicester Village's outlets in Europe have also benefited from the UK's travel restrictions as many Middle East visitors met their isolation requirements on the continent.
At the brand's La Vallee Village in France, for example, sales to shoppers from Saudi Arabia are up 4,639 per cent in recent weeks on last year, accounting for the third highest nationality overall, while sales to Kuwaitis are up 3,070 per cent.
But as international visitors return, Ms Collier insists the company will not turn its back on its domestic customers.
"It's not switching back. Now we have such a strong relationship with the domestic [customers] but we never walked away from our long-haul tourists, we kept engaging with them," she said.
"We now have a compounded business between a strong domestic footprint and an international one on top of it."
Updated: August 30th 2021, 7:40 AM
BusinessRetailFashionLuxury
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Die VER-Dinale ist ein jährlich im Januar statt findendes Hallenreitturnier in der Reiterstadt Verden an der Aller. Veranstaltungsort ist die Niedersachsenhalle in Verden.
Veranstalter ist die Turniergemeinschaft Verden (Rennverein Verden e.V. & Reitverein Graf von Schmettow e.V.).
Die VER-Dinaleist ein nationales Hallenreitturnier (CDN/CSN) mit Spring- und Dressurprüfungen bis zur Klasse S***. Im Januar 2015 fand das Turnier zum 40. Mal statt.

Das Turnier
Bis zum Jahr 2007 trug das Turnier den Namen Verdener Hallenreitturnier. Aus mehr als 100 Vorschlägen wurde der Name VER-Dinale ermittelt, den das Turnier seit dem Jahr 2008 trägt.

Die VER-Dinale findet traditionsgemäß in der Niedersachsenhalle in Verden (Aller) statt. Die Niedersachsenhalle wurde in den Jahren 2010 bis 2012 aufwendig umgebaut und erneuert. Seitdem stehen eine neue Abreithalle (20x60) direkt hinter der Niedersachsenhalle und neue Stallungen zur Verfügung.

Ausgeschrieben ist das Turnier als nationales Hallenreitturnier mit Spring- und Dressurprüfungen bis hin zu Prüfungen der Klasse S***. Neben diesen Prüfungen findet auf der VER-Dinale seit 2002 das Bundesnachwuchschampionat der Pony-Springreiter statt. Als besondere Attraktion findet auf der VER-Dinale die Große Hengstschau des Landgestütes Celle statt, welche sich großer Publikumsresonanz erfreut.

Im Januar 2021 fand während der COVID-19-Pandemie kein reguläres Verdener Hallenreitturnier statt. Zum üblichen Termin wurde stattdessen ein "Late-Entry-Turnier" ausgerichtet, Hauptprüfung war eine Springprüfung Klasse S** mit Stechen am Sonntag.

Springreiten
Die wichtigsten Springprüfungen der VER-Dinale sind die Youngster Tour, die Mittlere Tour und die Große Tour. Das Finale der Großen Tour, der Große Preis, ist als Klasse S*** ausgeschrieben.

Siegerliste des Großen Preises
Die Sieger des Großen Preis in Verden:

Dressurreiten
Die wichtigsten Dressurprüfungen der VER-Dinale sind der Kurz Grand Prix und die Grand Prix Kür beide Klasse S***, sowie die Prüfungen St. Georg Spezial Klasse S* und Intermediaire I Klasse S**.

Siegerliste der Grand Prix Kür
Die Sieger in der Grand Prix Kür in Verden:

Bundesnachwuchschampionat der Pony-Springreiter
Das Bundesnachwuchschampionat der Pony-Springreiter wurde 1989 ins Leben gerufen, um den Springreiternachwuchs im Land gezielt zu sichten und zu fördern. Veranstaltungsort war zunächst Bremen, seit dem Jahr 2002 findet das Finale in Verden statt. Die Prüfung trägt den Namen Höveler Trophy (FN), benannt nach dem Prüfungssponsor, der Höveler Spezialfutterwerke GmbH & Co. KG.

Teilnahmeberechtigt am Bundesnachwuchschampionat der Pony-Springreiter sind jeweils 20 Reiter im Alter von 16 Jahren und jünger. Der Weg nach Verden führt über fünf Sichtungsturniere im Lande und einen anschließenden Auswahllehrgang unter der Leitung von Bundestrainer Peter Teeuwen. Die Sichtungsprüfungen sind auf dem Niveau der Klasse L ausgeschrieben. Beim Bundesnachwuchschampionat selbst treten die Teilnehmer in zwei Stilspringprüfungen mit Standardanforderungen der Klasse M mit einem abschließenden Pferdewechselfinale der besten vier gegeneinander an.

Siegerliste des Bundesnachwuchschampionats
Sieger des Bundesnachwuchschampionats der Pony-Springreiter ab dem Jahr 2002:

Der Goldene Hufnagel
Der Goldene Hufnagel wird dem erfolgreichsten Teilnehmer oder der erfolgreichsten Teilnehmerin des Turniers als Sonderpreis verliehen. Gestiftet wird dieser Sonderpreis von der Familie Hermann Dittmers in Verden (Aller).

Preisträger des Goldenen Hufnagels

Der Goldene Hufnagel wurde bisher überreicht an:

Besonderheiten des Turniers

"Jump & Rock – Die Championship Party"
Seit dem Jahr 2011 wird wieder eine alljährliche Championship Party veranstaltet. Unter dem Motto "Jump & Rock" findet diese Party am Turniersamstag statt und soll Turnierteilnehmern, Freunden des Reitsports und Turnierbesuchern die Möglichkeit zum gemeinsamen Feiern geben.

Miss VER-Dinale
Erstmals wurde auf der VER-Dinale 2012 eine Miss VER-Dinale gekürt. Im Onlinevoting wurde vor dem Turnier aus mehreren Bewerberinnen die Miss VER-Dinale 2012 gewählt.

Weblinks
Internetseite der Veranstaltung
Facebookseite der Veranstaltung

Einzelnachweise

Sportveranstaltung im Landkreis Verden
Wettbewerb (Dressurreiten)
Wettbewerb (Springreiten)
Sportverein (Verden (Aller))
Pferdesport (Deutschland)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


James Sham is an inter-disciplinary artist whose research includes themes of translation, performance, social practice and innovation. Sham's work involves multiple areas of focus from goldfish pigment extraction, to Artificial Intelligence, and even using eye-tracking technology to study Interpretation in deaf culture. He is the inventor of a newly published innovation in the field of photovoltaics—the patent-pending "Solar Paper".
"PatentBot: A Patent-Writing Language Learning Artificial Intelligence Program"


We were asked to do design a new external meeting department at the Procordia HQ in Eslöv. Procordia is a food company and we wanted that to be visible in the interior design. We designed some low decoration wall that were lit from behind, giving each room it´s own caractere and color scheme.
This pattern of circles went so sucessfull that Procordia totally changed their grafical profile by using thoose circles with their raw material.


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The HYT H5 Combines Science and Design in a $55k Watch
When it comes to luxury watches, you've probably heard of Rolex, Omega, and Patek Philippe. HYT is a relatively new watchmaking company, but has made strides in innovative technology in their pieces. Launched in 2012, the Switzerland-based company is the only one in the industry to display time with fluids. HYT introduced its first hybrid timepiece, the H1, during BaselWorld 2012, the annual trade show for the international watch and jewelry industry. They won three awards in the same year, including Best Innovative Watch 2012 at the Grand Prix d'Horlogerie de Genève and Best Concept Watch of the Year at SIAR in Mexico and Watch World Award in India.
A watch movement like no other
Their new H5 collection is limited to 25 pieces. The H5 has been in development for over three years and the updated collection was developed with master watchmaker Eric Coudray. HYT watches use a patented micro-fluidic module to tell time, a round glass capillary filled with two liquids, one transparent and one colored. One is water based and the other is oil based. The liquids are squeezed around the round tubing, where the end of the colored liquid falls into the current time. It's a complicated technique, which makes HYT watches truly stand out from others in the industry. The fluidity of the watch's motion was inspired by erosion, like pebbles on the shore smoothed from constant waves.
The H5 continues to use HYT's micro-fluidic module, but with some new updates. The new Neoralite hour ring with 9c Super-LumiNova is one of the features taking the H5 to the next level. The three-dimensional sapphire crystal lets time be read in multiple positions. The H5 is hand-wound and all mechanical. As the watch is wound up, an interconnected cam gets a steady supply of energy. When the cam loses that energy, it returns to its original position by going back 13 different positions. As it moves back, it applies pressure to the bellows, which power the movement of the liquids. The entire process of this impressive movement can be seen in the exposed crystal display back.
The H5 sits at 48.9mm with a 20.08mm case width. It is skeletonized, showing the exposed bellows and small seconds in the center. The H5 packs a 65-hour power reserve and is good up to 50 meters in water. It comes in two editions, a black liquid version with a black rubber strap and a green liquid version with a grey rubber strap. At $55k per piece, this limited edition watch is definitely an investment.
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Jordan Clarkson Buys $3.2M Home In Woodland Hills
Clean Yourself Up With The Duke Cannon Handsome Man Grooming Can
BOOKS: 'A Man And His Watch' By Matt Hranek
Copper Tom Dixon Tank Whiskey Decanter And Glass Set


netgyerek.me 9 out of 10 based on 200 ratings. 400 user reviews.
The Vespa GT200 The electronic ignition system is DC fed and is equipped with an immobilizer antitheft system built into the electronic control unit.
Vespa GT200 Ignition System Electrical Diagram ♥♥ This is diagram about Vespa GT200 Ignition System Electrical Diagram you can learn online!!


text:
Review: Enslaved: Odyssey to the West (PS3)
08. Nov, 2010
Title: Enslaved: Odyssey to the West
Release Date: October 5, 2010
Publisher: Namco Bandai
Developer: Ninja Theory
Original MSRP: $59.99
Extras: 3D Compatible
"If I die . . . you die."
These 5, simple words, are the basis for one of 2010's most beautifully crafted video games. This phrase sets the mood and begins what develops into an emotionally charged relationship between the 2 main characters: Monkey, a brutish man with an uncanny ability to traverse even the most insane of platforming obstacles and Trip, a young woman whose innocence and beauty is matched only by her technical prowess. Together they make an odd team forced to make the title's Odyssey to the West.
The game opens with a tension-filled sequence the likes of which I haven't experienced since Uncharted 2's opening train level. The player awakes through the eyes of Monkey who is imprisoned in a capsule-like cell. Across from Monkey you get a glimpse of Trip, another slave who, for reasons unknown, is able to escape her cell and cause enough chaos and destruction to propel their slave ship on a crash course over what appears to be a post, post-apocalyptic New York.
Making his dramatic getaway to one of the ship's remaining escape pods Monkey finds that it is already occupied by Trip – her hand hovering over the eject button. Monkey's pleas go unanswered and his soon-to-be companion launches the escape pod just seconds before the plane makes its final descent into the rubble below. As he clings to the exterior of the pod the player receives the first of many scenic views of the New York City of the future.
When gravity resumes control the escape pod crashes and Monkey is thrown to the ground. After he regains consciousness the player finally gets a sense of how this story will unfold as he realizes a slave band has been selfishly applied to his head by Trip. This band provides Trip complete control over Monkey's fate.
If, at any time, Trip feels threatened by Monkey she can trigger a charge that will eliminate him almost immediately. If Monkey strays too far from Trip and she feels he is abandoning her the result is the same. Trip has resorted to using this slave band for the purpose of "persuading" Monkey to escort her back to her family's home, hundreds of miles West of their current location.
Although we've all had the unfortunate pleasure of playing through any number of escort games I feel confident in stating that the team at Ninja Theory has developed something far more than just that. They have taken a strong story created by Alex Garland (28 Days Later and Sunshine) added some of the most stunning visuals I've seen in a video game, thrown in a healthy dose of platforming and tacked on some obligatory combat for good measure.
In between the strong story and character development Enslaved: Odyssey to the West switches between platforming and combat. To start with I should inform that there is really no way for you to die while in platforming mode. There is never a wrong step, poorly timed jump or loose grip that will send Monkey plummeting to his death.
This I found to be both good and bad. It's bad in the sense that those wanting more of a challenge in their platforming need look elsewhere. Enslaved is ridiculously easy. Monkey's abilities truly rival that of our simian ancestry. He is able to jump, climb and swing with such ease that by the story's end you've become numb to the repeated action button mashing.
In addition, because the platforming does not allow for mistakes, the game forces the player to position Monkey into a predefined start location. In other words, if Monkey isn't in the exact position where he needs to be his fluid platforming never gets a chance to begin. This sounds worse than it actually is but it did provide for some moments of frustration along the way.
On the plus side, if you can get past the level of ease which Team Ninja has devised for their platforming engine you'll have all the opportunity you could ask for to breathe in the beautiful vistas and dizzying heights I can only imagine the art directors had spent countless hours generating.
Like most good action/adventure games platforming is typically one-half of the equation. Whether by sword, sorcery or firearms there always needs to be a certain amount of combat added to make a game of this nature successful. It is with sad admission that Enslaved: Odyssey to the West falls drastically short here.
Monkey's combat abilities come across as an afterthought to his tremendous platforming abilities. Through the use of Monkey's staff the player is allowed a shallow choice between light and heavy attacks with an occasional range attack. The upgrade tree, aside from unnecessarily maxing out Monkey's health, is extremely limited and it is difficult to see a discernible difference from one upgraded combat ability to the next.
The only real enemy encountered throughout all of Enslaved takes the form of Mechs – those presumably left over from a time before the world ended. Most of these enemies are bland and repetitive but, on occasion, offer hints of fearsomeness. Near the end of the game the enemy types (primarily the bosses) become more interesting but, for the most part, it is too little to enhance an otherwise weak combat experience.
Although Enslaved, at its roots, is primarily an escort mission – forced or otherwise – the game does allow some unique interactions between Monkey and Trip. Stripped down to their basic usefulness, Monkey is the hulking protector while Trip understands and is capable of using the technology available to her.
Working together they are able to manage some of the more threatening situations. Quite often the odds are stacked against Monkey and Trip and sneaking past or behind a large group of Mechs is better than facing them head on. The player is able to use Trip to act as a decoy and obtain the attention of the various enemies, allowing Monkey to sneak by unscathed.
In addition, because of the obvious size difference (Monkey is an absolute giant compared to Trip) Trip can be thrown up to higher levels or across further reaching platforms; allowing her to flip a switch or open a gate – thus providing Monkey easier access.
Although Trip's usefulness is clearly limited it does provide a fair amount of interaction. Still, I can't help but reflect on my time spent with Enslaved and realize that Ninja Theory missed out on an opportunity that could have further enhanced an already enjoyable experience.
Primarily due to her diminutive size it's not difficult to imagine the point of view changing from Monkey to Trip when a situation may call for it. Like sending a mouse through a maze to find the hidden cheese Trip could have easily filled that role.
Visuals:
Where Enslaved is enjoyable, albeit simplistic, in terms of platforming and combat, the real motive for my completing this game unabashedly lies with the visuals. To put it bluntly – Enslaved is the most beautiful game I have had the pleasure of experiencing throughout all of 2010!
As I have commented earlier in this review the vistas, when viewed from hundreds of feet in the air, are so life-like that, at times, I was overwhelmed with a sense of acrophobia. Although I admit to a fear of heights I do not believe I am an actual acrophobic. However, playing Enslaved has provided me with a glimpse of what that particular phobia might be like. The attention to detail, light, shadow and depth are truly amazing.
Yet another visual that Ninja Theory absolutely nailed was in the various character facial animation. Anyone familiar with Heavenly Sword should understand Ninja Theory's motion capture capabilities. Where Heavenly Sword's main character Nariko looked gorgeous in 2007, Enslaved has provided us with something I never thought would be possible in a video game – emotion conveyed through facial gestures and, more importantly, through the eyes of Trip.
Honestly, there were times while watching various cut scenes that I forgot I was playing a video game and believed I was enjoying a scripted movie. The pure innocence that Ninja Theory was able to convey through the eyes of Trip is staggering. You couldn't help but feel for her character's situation and want to help. Kudos to you Ninja Theory, you have just raised the bar that much higher.
Although I'd love to continue gushing on about how incredible Enslaved looks it is not without it's technical problems. Aside from some random screen popping and occasional aliasing, the camera was incredibly jumpy. One minute it was distractingly hard to follow and the next it was smooth as glass – there just didn't seem to be much consistency one way or the other.
Another mark against the camera work is that the angle of the camera is very much forced on the player. Aside from the fact that Enslaved is incredibly linear I got the feeling that the Ninja Theory developers were so impressed with their art work that they wanted to show it off to the player, again and again. Not really a bad thing in my book but allowing for a certain amount of camera flexibility can be an essential feature to the success or failure of a video game.
The audio portion of Enslaved is yet another argument in favor of video games acting as art. The musical score and direction was spot on and provided the perfect blend of intense action, beautiful cinematics and emotional character bonding and development. It was never overdone or inappropriate. It was exactly what one would hope to expect while taking in the latest release on the big screen.
Although the special audio effects were nothing to write home about they did get their point across. Explosions were loud and the Mechs were intimidating and… um… mechanical. At a minimum the effects were accurately represented.
Where the audio effects of Enslaved are average the voice acting is another gold star for Ninja Theory; perhaps due in part to there only being 3 characters – Monkey, Trip and a mid-game character named Pigsy (soon to have his own DLC side mission – hooray). Regardless, the quality of voice acting they were able to elicit on behalf of these characters was again well above the vast majority of other video games released this year. If you were impressed with Uncharted 2's voice acting you'll feel right at home with what Enslaved: Odyssey to the West has to offer.
Giving Enslaved: Odyssey to the West a fair rating has become a difficult exercise for me. On the one hand I have become a strong proponent for the argument that video games have always been a form of art – perhaps more so with the continued advancement in technology – and Enslaved is most certainly deserving of that categorical title.
On the other hand video games need to be just as much fun to play as they are to watch. It is often rare to find a game that delivers high quality on both ends. Enslaved: Odyssey to the West comes close to delivering that balance between gameplay and beauty but unfortunately falls short of this mark.
Written by Bill Braun
Posted by: Bill Braun on November 8, 2010.
PS3 3D Review, PS3 Review, Review
Review: Front Mission Evolved (PS3)
Review: Blood Stone: 007 (PS3)


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AboutMatthew Smelcer2020-10-12T14:12:36-04:00
Permanent settlement in what is now Anderson County, Tennessee, dates to 1795, when Thomas Frost built a cabin. After statehood, settlements soon expanded, increased by the arrival of German immigrants in 1800. On November 6, 1801, Anderson County was created from parts of Knox and Grainger Counties. The county was named after Joseph Anderson, a prominent U.S. Senator and former territorial judge in Knoxville.
The first seat of government in Anderson County was Burrville, named after Vice-President Aaron Burr. After Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in their famous duel and became implicated in a land speculation scheme, the Tennessee General Assembly changed the name of the Anderson County seat to Clinton in honor of either Vice-President George Clinton or his nephew DeWitt Clinton. Agriculture was the key occupation in the county's early history, but a number of small businesses supplemented subsistence farming. Land speculation, especially in coal mining areas, began in the 1830s and continued throughout the 19th Century. Once the county was linked to regional railroad networks during the middle decades of the 19th Century, coal mining became its leading industry.
In the 1930s and 1940s, the Federal Government made its presence known and propelled Anderson County and the state to national prominence. In 1933, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Tennessee Valley Authority into law and changed the Tennessee landscape, especially that of Anderson County. TVA launched its first major construction project with the building of Norris Dam, the planned community of Norris, and public parks at Norris and Big Ridge. The dam provided jobs, flood control, and electricity to Anderson County.
World War II led to new federal initiatives. Anderson County's location and resources and its proximity to Tennessee Eastman in Kingsport attracted federal planners searching for a site for the development of the atomic bomb. The resulting city of Oak Ridge became the fifth largest city in Tennessee within two years. The "Atomic Capital of the World" brought national and international attention to the state in 1945, when the first atomic bomb exploded over Hiroshima.
From its establishment in 1801 to recent historical events, Anderson County has influenced the role of the state in the nation, and the role of the nation in the world. Its 2010 population was 75,105. Anderson County sits along the beautiful Clinch River and boasts numerous cultural activities and historical sites. Anderson County has a thriving tourism industry, thanks to major attractions such as Norris Lake, the Museum of Appalachia, the American Museum of Science and Energy, the Coal Creek Miners Museum, the Historic David Hall Cabin, and numerous other sites. Anderson County is also home to the Y-12 National Security Complex, and two of the top 10 global automotive manufacturers.
The City of Clinton is the county seat of Anderson County. It was originally named Burrville in 1801. In 1809 the name was changed to Clinton. Clinton, located along the Clinch River, is about halfway between the historic towns of Norris and Oak Ridge. The population as of the 2010 Census was 9,841.
The City of Norris was built out of necessity in the 1930s. Norris was a planned community built by the Tennessee Valley Authority to temporarily house the workers who were building the first TVA dam, Norris Dam. The city's ultimate purpose was to be a permanent town that demonstrated cooperative living and utilized the most modern convenience of that time, electricity. The city was incorporated in 1949. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 1,491.
The City of Oak Ridge was incorporated in 1962 and its population as of the 2010 Census was 29,330. The largest portion of the City of Oak Ridge is located in Anderson County, with a smaller portion located in Roane County. Oak Ridge was established by the Federal Government in 1942. First known as the Manhattan Project, it was secretly developed for the purpose of making nuclear weapons which were used to end World War II.
The Town of Oliver Springs was incorporated in 1903 and its population as of the 2010 Census was 3,395. Oliver Springs is actually located in three counties: Anderson, Morgan, and Roane. Oliver Springs is noted for the resort hotel built in 1895 near the town's famed mineral springs.
The City of Rocky Top was created in the 1800s as a booming mining town in North Anderson County. It was first called Coal Creek. In the early half of the 20th Century, there were two mine disasters that occurred here: Fraterville in 1902 and Cross Mountain in 1911. Coal Creek changed its name in 1936 to Lake City after the completion of nearby Norris Dam, which formed Norris Lake. On November 7, 2013, Lake City's city council voted to ask the Tennessee General Assembly to amend the city charter to change the name of the city to Rocky Top, Tennessee. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 1,775.
Anderson County Government | 100 North Main St. | Clinton, TN 37716 | 865-457-5400
Clinton |100 N. Bowling Street | Clinton, TN 37716-2971 | 865-457-0424
Norris | PO Box 1090 | 20 Chestnut Drive | Norris, TN 37828 | 865-494-7645
Oliver Springs | 717 Main Street | PO Box 303 | Oliver Springs, TN 37840 | 865-435-7722
Rocky Top | 195 S Main Street | PO Box 66 | Rocky Top, TN 37769-2204 | 865-426-2838
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Yaira received her Bachelor's degree in marketing and finance, and has worked as a sales executive. After taking off a few years to stay home with her children, Yaira worked in marketing for a nursing home placement agency. She built herself up to become a top marketer with a respected name in the field. In 2015, Yaira accepted the position of Director of Business Development and Community Relations at the Phoenix where she hopes patients can enjoy and appreciate the many amenities the community has to offer.


Wow, it's Friday. Can you believe one week's gone by already? You join us at a fairly raucous time. The game that Neats brought to the party was great fun. We seem to have all survived it. Also, Chris Daniels, one of the characters from my latest novel, 'Love Them and Leave Them' has been chatting to quite a few of the ladies. Honestly, I've had to have eyes in the back of my head! Encouraged by Paul, the guests have moved on to a bit of dancing. I do wonder if I'll ever get Julie's mince pies out of the carpet.
On a serious note, for a moment. Today is the 11th day of the 11th month and therefore, it's only right and proper that we stop all this nonsense and give some thought to Remembrance Day. In a very timely fashion, my first guest today is the poet, Caroline Davies. Earlier this year, Caroline's poetry collection about the War Memorials of London was published. I'll tell you more about the book later, for now, let's take a look at her Q&As.
What is the first book you remember reading or having read to you? I was absolutely determined to be able to read before I started school so I pestered my mother until she bought me a school reading book – Janet and John. I can remember us buying it one lunchtime and by the end of that afternoon I had memorised every page so that I could 'read' it.
If you could only take one book with you on a desert island, which would it be? If I was stranded on a desert island it would be good if I could have a water-proof copy of the Odyssey, preferably translated by someone like Robert Fagles and a bilingual edition with the original Greek. I can't read a word of Greek but I expect I'd have lots of time to start learning.
What are you currently reading? Claire King's novel, Everything love is. I am trying to ration myself so that I don't finish it too quickly.
What's the best advice you have ever received? My mother impressed on me at an early age that you should always have some money set aside in case of a 'rainy day'. It has come in useful on a number of occasions and particularly this year after giving up the day job as I've been able to spend time writing and looking after family.
And the worst? This was someone who shall remain nameless who advised me that he didn't think I'd be much good as a writer. Thank goodness I ignored him.
Where are you happiest? At home in my writing space but with my family, dog and garden close at hand.
If I joined you on your perfect day, what would we be doing? We would be walking around London. I would take you to visit all the statues, who inspired the poems in Voices from Stone and Bronze. We would probably call in at the Poetry Library on the South Bank and then find somewhere pleasant to eat a late lunch at Gabriel's Wharf. Ideally the day would end with a poetry reading in the evening.
What do you think is the best thing about social media? Social media can provide a quick way of communicating with lots of people.
And the worst? If you're not careful you can spend far too much time being distracted by news items and cute pictures.
Thank you for those lovely answers, Caroline. I rather like the sound of our perfect day. Far more cultured than my usual free time. 🙂 How very dare someone tell you you wouldn't be much good as a writer. The cheek of it!
By the way, shall we tell everyone what 'two items' you brought with you? Not only did Caroline bring several bottles of Moet, but she'salso brought the writer Susan Hill. And, miraculously, Mary Shelley & Emily Bronte, (what will they make of my character, Chris Daniels, I wonder?) I think the other guests will be queuing up to talk to all three amazing authors.
So, a little more about Caroline's poetry collection.
Voices From Stone and Bronze is "A moving, honest and never sentimental collection that gives a voice to London's many war memorials." What a lovely idea. It's so important, especially on this particular day, to remember the men and women who fought for us (and continue to fight.) We owe them so much.
I wish you all the best with the book, Caroline.
If you'd like to know more about Caroline's poetry, you can find her at her website or on her Amazon author Page.
Check out my full guest list here.


b. by 1538, s. of Ralph Gifford† of Steeple Claydon, Bucks. by Mary, da. of Sir Edward Chamberlain† of Woodstock, Oxon. educ. Christ Church, Oxf. 1555, BA 1556, fellow of Merton 1557, MA 1560, fellow of All Souls 1563, MB 1563, MD 1566. m. Frances Rowlesley of Derbys., 2s. 2da.
Fellow, College of Physicians, president 1581-4; one of Queen's physicians ordinary 1587; precentor of St. David's 1592.
Created doctor of medicine immediately before the Queen's visit to Oxford in 1566, Gifford was one of the disputants before her. After leaving Oxford, he doubtless practised in London. His will mentions a farm at Tollesbury, Essex, and lands in Durham, but nothing has been found to show that he ever lived in the north. After 1587 his constant access to Elizabeth brought him many opportunities for financial profit. His £100 p.a. as royal doctor was augmented in 1592 by a sinecure at St. David's, which carried with it a prebend. Perhaps the 2nd Earl of Pembroke, who returned him to two Parliaments for Old Sarum, was also responsible for gaining him the St. David's position. They must have met at court and Pembroke may have employed Gifford professionally at some time. Gifford died on 26 or 27 Jan. 1597. He asked that his funeral should be without pomp. Sir Thomas Egerton was bequeathed a jewel with the Queen's picture, 'in remembrance of my duty and unfeigned affection towards his lordship'; Merton College received some of his books, those in French, Italian and Flemish going to his friend Henry Cuffe, servant of the Earl of Essex. The will was proved in August 1597.
An anonymous report dated 30 Jan. 1576 includes Gifford's name among Catholic members of the College of Physicians. Even if true at the time, Gifford may have conformed later, though his court and cathedral appointments are not proof that he did: the report may be based upon no more than the known religious views of the Gifford and Chamberlain families.
PCC 2 Pynnyng, 77 Cobham; Glover, Vis. Yorks.(Surtees Soc. cxlvi), 521; Vis. Oxon. (Harl. Soc. v), 236; W. R. Munk, Roll of Royal College of Physicians, i. 68-9; PRO Index 6800, f. 140; Foster, Al. Ox. i(2), 564; Wood, Fasti, i. 176; CSP Dom.1581-90, p. 705; Lansd. 21, no. 60.


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from 07/10/2014 to today 24/04/2019 for a period of 4 years and 200 days.
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The varieties Dream and Deluxe are two varieties from the breeding programme of Panassa in Spain. Dream persuades in a very early ripening period with attractive, medium-red, glossy fruits and a very good taste. Deluxe ripens a little later, in the ripening period between Darselect® and Elsanta.
The fruits are light-red, with a regular good taste.
The variety is very resilient against diseases and therefore an interesting option on reproduction sites. Further trials have to show, if the yield of these two varieties is sufficient.
Both Dream and Deluxe flourish clearly above the foliage and have to be protected against blossom frost.


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Basement Finishing: Installing Recessed Lighting

          <time>November 19, 2013</time>

One of the first things I started working on during the basement project was picking and installing recessed lighting.  It is really easy to install and can be done almost right away as we aren’t worried about wiring, and the cieling joists are already present.  When adding the lighting we needed to buy fixtures that were insulation ready, as in they are able to be completely wrapped in insulation.  This was a specific code in my area, so your mileage may vary.

The install went incredibly smoothly.  You’ll need to measure out the width of the space and then make some personal decisions on the spacing.  In my case it was about 3.5 feet in between fixtures.  These particular fixtures just have four nails to install directly to the cieling joist.

To wire up, the fixtures have connectors that can each handle 3 connections, which thankfully I only had to full use once in my setup.  I was able to wire up (after rough inspection) all 8 fixtures in under an hour and a half, so this was a really easy part of the job.

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One task a surveyor will have is to give their contractor advice on all the specifics pertaining to the projects at hand as well as any other requisites relative to their schemes. This is to ensure that the contractor is fully aware of every measurement and aspect of the process required to bring about timely results in accordance to the predetermined budget. It is also their responsibility to make sure that their clients are aware of the various legal specifications governing their project, and to advise them on the potential environmental impact that their project could have in regards to energy efficiency.
A surveyor is a trained professional who earns a living specialising in the realm that encompasses land, property and construction. The services of such individuals are vital to land developing professionals who wish to build something new on a defined plot of land or those who need help in determining whether a prospective purchase of land or existing buildings is well-advised. Though land, property and construction surveyors will be charged with a relatively broad array of distinctive types of tasks, their roles do tend to overlap to a certain degree. Following are some more details of the services that land, construction and property surveyors can provide.
While surveyors focus on assessing the condition of land and buildings to render critical advice to clients, they are also valuable when disputes arise and the parties require guidance on boundaries, construction integrity and the like. In these types of circumstances, their job is to review any accusations that have been made and investigate all aspects of the building or land in question to determine if any irregularities exist before offering advice on what steps should be taken.
A surveyor also has the responsibility to lay the tracks for future projects by outlining the design plans with details concerning expense reports, work objectives and the process of completion. They will also need to assemble legal documents necessary in the commissioning of contractors, in the purchase of land and the formal analysis of existing buildings and their defects.
Additionally the surveyor must be involved in all planning applications to better advise their client in matters of mapping, property legislation and building regulations. Including proffering expert perspective on matters concerning boundaries and borders. Feasibility studies are routinely undertaken by surveyors to help them provide the most accurate, budget-conscious guidance to clients ahead of a project's commencement date.
Any property investor or property developer located in the United Kingdom should give serious consideration to engaging the services of a professional in the surveying realm, as they are best suited to keep projects on track, prevent derailment by unexpected defects and help achieve desired outcomes on pre-determined budgets.


Fan Gallery | SCIFI, Inc.
The Fan Gallery is part of the continuing Worldcon/NASFiC Exhibits. It is displayed at Worldcons in North America, and at NASFiC when Worldcon is overseas. It may be displayed at other conventions, upon prior arrangement, for example Loscon (L.A. area, Thanksgiving weekend). In situations where limited space is available, a subset of the Fan Gallery is shown.
The Fan Gallery currently consists of more than 200 color 5×7 snapshots, mounted in 8×10 frames. The pictures are individual photos, not group shots, except for the "Worldcon Chairs" groupings and some "couple shots." Typically the pictures are displayed on pegboard, using pegboard hooks and binder clips.
Where is the Fan Gallery?
The Fan Gallery photos are packed in a shipping case in the L.A. area, where they remain between appearances.
Some of the people in the Fan Gallery Contents list have a little propellor beanie [photo available] next to their names, indicating that there's a small version of their photo online. As we get photos scanned in and uploaded, and as new photos are added to the collections, you'll see more of these – check back again in a month.
Who's In the Fan Gallery?
These are some of the qualifications that might apply to the collection. This list is approximate — we don't have photos of everyone in each category, and some people belong in the Fan Gallery for reasons not explained here. It's not an exact science, okay? If you would like to suggest people we ought to include, please send e-mail to gallery@scifiinc.org and we'll take it under consideration.
International Fan Fund winners, including TAFF, DUFF, GUFF, FFANZ.
Other Big Name Fans and Well-Known Fans, such as people who have been FGOH at conventions outside their region, other prominent fan writers, editors, artists, major con runners (e.g. department head outside of their home region), chairs and FGOHs from other major conventions (such as national conventions), prolific letterhacks, prominent fannish webmasters, especially active newsgroup/mailing list posters, and major traveling party hosts.
Who are we trying to add to the Fan Gallery?
Our "Fan Gallery Expansion" notes are online. If you think you might be able to help us, please write to gallery@scifiinc.org before you proceed.
Who decides? Who's in charge of the Fan Gallery?
The Fan Gallery is a project of the Southern California Institute for Fan Interests, Inc. (SCIFI) and was funded from the "Benefit to Fandom" money left over from the 1996 Worldcon surplus.


Sixty percent of a horse's body mass is muscle, so proper muscle health is essential to a horse's overall health and performance. Massage increases circulation, delivering fresh oxygen to all body parts, and helps loosen "knots"—muscle fibers that are contracted due to overuse or injury—so the horse's muscles can work more efficiently. When a muscle becomes over-worked or strained, general stiffness may result initially. If left untreated, it can lead to strain on adjacent muscle tissue, connective tissue and tendons. Addressing these issues early on can help prevent more serious injuries from occurring.
Is Your Horse Stressed Out?
Just like humans, horses feel stress. Massage helps horses experience relaxation, and some owners claim, improved focus. Massage is also thought to help calm nervous horses or horses in unfamiliar surroundings or stressful conditions.
Whether you ride horses for pleasure or performance, equine massage may make a difference in your time spent in the saddle. Your horse may be able to move more efficiently, to perform better and achieve more. Your horse may recover more quickly from workouts, so your horse may be more happy and willing to comply, making your ride time more pleasant for you, too. Some horse owners have even claimed regular massage has decreased their vet visits and costs.
If your horse has been injured or is recovering from surgery, be sure to clear the use of massage with your vet first. And, of course, massage should never be seen as a substitute for proper veterinary care. Use care when selecting a massage therapist for your horse. Animal massage regulations vary greatly from state to state. Some states have no regulations, while some only permit veterinarians to practice equine massage, or require that horse massage must be under veterinarian supervision. No matter where you live, you are always permitted to learn equine massage techniques and perform them on your own horses as you like. Both you and your horse will benefit.


In solidarity with Muslims in New Zealand who became victims of a terrorism act, #MIZANsisters would like to invite everyone in Malaysia to join this effort.
2. Share your photo in your social media account – make the setting public so that we can see it!


Even though many people are monitoring more to their appearance, natural look to various people differ.To give yourself confidence and have a self-esteem, attention, little care, and some changes in lifestyle, great improvement on your look can be seen.However, your appearance can be affected by various things you may be doing every day without knowledge of whether they are good.Therefore, when you decide to change various habits of your lifestyle and give substitute of new things, you will be on the right track to improve your look to be better than before.Therefore, the following tips need considerations to improve your prettiness to acquire great self-honor boost.
It will be difficult for you to realize changes of your look if you continue smoking.By comparing the smokers and non-smokers, you will realize that smokers age faster. More to that, various chemical of cigarettes develop wrinkles and fine lines making someone look elderly than usual.More to that, various aspects of your look will be affected by cigarette smoking. The major effect of smoking is skin dryness and leathery look.
Ensure the cigarette replacement to change the lifestyle and be able to stop smoking completely. Ensure the use of e cigarettes since they are tobacco free to keep yourself healthy.This will make you emulate smoking action by providing nicotine, which helps to cut the addictive drug gradually and finally quit completely.
However, if you sleep well at night, your skin cells will be renewed. If you don't sleep well, effects of dark rings around your eyes will be noted. For the better and good look of your skin, need of enough sleep is emphasized.Various strategies can be used to help you when you do not sleep at night. When you schedule your sleeping routine, naturally your body will adapt to it and result in a successful mission of better look.
To ensure the weight loss, more exercise will be required, which will improve your appearance greatly. After doing various activities in your exercise session, your body toxin will be cleared as well as loss of weight to bring a new look on you. The weight loss will help your body figure to look thinner and healthy that you deserve. Great worry may result to poor results, and therefore it will be wise for you to take your time in the process.


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Controlling the proliferation of cardiac cells would provide new treatment options for conditions such as heart failure, which can currently only be treated...
Download the job description I. Composition of Pasteur Search Committee (SC) Chairman of Search Committee : Jules Hoffmann Member of the French Académie des...
Guinea remains marked by the Ebola virus outbreak, which highlighted the overall weakness of its health systems. It coud still be the scene of emerging...
Nicolas Reyes' team has successfully stabilized and determined the first nearly-atomic resolution structure of a human excitatory neurotransmitter transporter...
Registration for Pasteur/Cnam School of Public Health
Registration for the specialized Master in public health (from Pasteur/Cnam School of Public Health) are open until June 2017, for the 2017-2018 school year....
Medical and veterinary entomology is a holistic science. Very early on in the history of human society, people became aware that there was a link between...
The innate immune response provides an important natural defense system that protects the organism against various types of infectious threats. Innate lymphoid...
Thérapie cellulaire
For the first time, a three-dimensional metagenomics experiment has been carried out on a mouse intestinal microbiota sample. This method quantifies and...
From completely artificial hearts to bionic eyes, recent progress in science has ushered in a new era for medicine. But how does the brain fit into this? The...
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Given the immense complexity of brain organization, neurobiologist Jean-Pierre Changeux has come up with a new research strategy that encourages a more...
geneticsbehaviourresearch


For over ten years now More Black than Purple has featured many interviews within its pages. Now Wymer Publishing has collected the best and most rivetting of these in to one book. There are also previously unpublished interviews, and additional, previously unpublished parts to some of the others.
Each interview also includes background information and some amusing tales surrounding the stories behind them.
The book is bolstered further by a selection of b/w photos, many of which have never been published before.
Welcome To My Nightmare. Fifty Years Of Alice Cooper.


Palau Aquarium – This beautiful aquarium showcases marine life from each of Palau's ecosystems-including mangroves, seagrasses, the inner reef, reef crest, and outer reef.
Library – The PICRC library houses a wealth of information to aide in marine research.
Environment Education – PICRC is committed to spreading public awareness and empowering people to act for conservation.


Individuals intending to learn about the Circular Economy, including meaning, benefits and application.
Professionals looking to deal effectively with the changing commercial, policy and social dimensions of strategic planning, budgeting, investing, and coordinating interdepartmental or intergovernmental initiatives.
Managers and executives wanting to improve their understanding and approach to the ever-developing Circular Economy to achieve measurable results.
Finance Advisory Board of the Environmental Protection Agency; White House staff assistant; and in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense.
Served on joint program of the Environmental Law Institute on "The Circular Economy: Practical Commercial and Legal Considerations.
Served as chairman of the National Council for Public-Private Partnerships; Member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Structured Finance.
Former Federal Environmental Executive in the White House Council on Environmental Quality, and therefore able to provide an informed perspective on the direction of the upcoming new administration.
Former Senior Vice President for Sustainability at Veolia North America, responsible for ensuring Circular Economy could be a practical business proposition.
Current advisory board member of the George Washington University Environmental and Energy Management Institute, in the School of Engineering and Applied Science.


messages to the right users.  It also keeps track of various information.
analyze a game (see intro_analysis).
register" to learn the procedure.
course.  For example, "help match" will give you information about the "match"
or read its help file; typing the first few letters will work in most cases.