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Democratic Shortsightedness: False Prophets?
By Teddy Tawil
This is the second article in a series on shortsighted policy-making in democracies. It will explore the question of whether crafting policy for future generations is not just thankless, but also, fruitless: is it unwise to try to think too far ahead? Or paternalistic to try to constrain the decision-making authority of our successors? Continue reading to find out.
I have a strange favorite wrong prediction.
The most (in)famous failed predictions are those that were so brazenly (or even, perhaps, comically) wrong that one can't help but laugh at their ineptitude. There was overpopulation oracle Paul Ehrlich's 1969 warning that "sometime in the next 15 years, the end will come"; by 1984, the world did not look like 1984 or regress to experience the "great increase in the death rate" about which his infamous bestseller The Population Bomb warned. (This is not to comment on the extent to which overpopulation is or isn't an issue today.) Or hilariously misguided denials that technologies which would go on to define modern life would ever catch on: there is the example of the prophetic banker who proclaimed "the horse is here to stay, but the automobile is only a novelty, a fad," or the case of the clairvoyant movie executive who claimed "television won't last because people will soon get tired of staring at a plywood box every night." Dewey didn't defeat Truman, Iraq didn't have WMDs, we're still waiting on "peak oil," and the world did not face a cataclysmic technological reckoning from the first digit of the year changing in the new millennium.
My favorite preposterous prognostication, though, is a foolish piece of foresight that is exceptional because it was so close to being astoundingly prophetic. In February 1966, as Jeff Bezos learned how to read, Time magazine predicted the rise of remote shopping — a genuinely impressive feat of foresight. But there was a caveat: the futurists who made the prediction were also convinced that "remote shopping, while entirely feasible, will flop," largely "because women like to get out of the house." Just like that, the statement went from one of profound prescience to something that, looking back, seems quite silly.
However, are these failures of foresight merely notable exceptions, or just the tip of the iceberg? Between 1987 and 2003, University of Pennsylvania psychologist Philip Tetlock sought to find out. In a seminal study, Tetlock compiled 82,361 predictions from 284 pundits whose jobs involved "commenting or offering advice on political and economic trends." They were asked to assess the probability of various potential future scenarios, both in and out of their fields of expertise. Would Gorbachev be ousted in a coup? Would apartheid end nonviolently? They assigned percentages to the chance of each possibility, and waited to see which came to fruition.
The results? The supposed experts were shockingly inaccurate, to the point where their performance was almost no better than random chance (or, as many say for dramatic effect, a dart-throwing chimp). Events the experts said were impossible or virtually impossible occurred 15% of the time; more than one-quarter of those they said were certain to happen didn't. Perhaps most alarmingly, Tetlock found that specialists were worst at predicting the future in their areas of expertise, in which they averaged more than a decade of experience — the strength of their belief in certain theories made them overconfident and reluctant to adjust their views in light of new information.
Tetlock's surprising finding presents an important question: how can we legislate for the future when we are so breathtakingly bad at predicting it? Along with this appeal to uncertainty are a number of other thoughtful objections that would make even the most prudent observer think twice about long-term policymaking. Why invest our time and resources into the distant future when it's so murky, when we might impair our future instead of improving it, and when there are real problems to address now? While these are valid concerns, there is still a compelling case to be made for prioritizing our duty to serve as good stewards of our society.
How can we legislate decades ahead when the future is so uncertain?
This is an objection that initially seems very persuasive. It provides a reason to stop short of overzealous policymaking that relies on precise assumptions about how the world will look decades from now; a limiting principle for overcorrecting our collective myopia.
However, even putting aside the fact that Tetlock has since demonstrated that people can be trained to make far better quantitative forecasts, we need not know exactly what the future will look like to take action that we know will likely improve it. One illuminating example comes from the area of disaster preparedness. Nate Silver's The Signal and the Noise details how the quest for detection systems capable of warning about earthquakes days, weeks, or months in advance has proven entirely fruitless. However, just because we don't know exactly when an earthquake will hit does not mean it isn't wise to engage in long-term policymaking and invest in mitigating the potential future damage. Instead, Kathryn Schultz of the New Yorker describes in foreboding detail how the Pacific Northwest in particular is woefully unprepared, even when there is a sizable possibility the region will endure a devastating earthquake over the coming decades. Society needs no crystal ball to tell us that we should spend more on disaster preparedness when every dollar spent prevents an average of $15 in future damages. Yet between 1980 and 2009, just 3.6% of disaster-related assistance was spent on preparedness while 96.4% was spent on relief, perhaps because it has been shown that spending on relief rather than prevention is more visible and gains politicians more votes. Thus, this chronic underinvestment continues, even when it takes lives and destroys livelihoods.
Thoughtful skeptics might counter that natural disasters are so-called known unknowns whose frequency we can predict with reasonable confidence. What about more speculative "unknown unknown" risks truly fraught with uncertainty, like those associated with biotechnology and artificial intelligence? Some apocalyptic observers warn these advances pose great danger, while others are adamant that their unease is overblown.
Giving too much attention to these issues could prove to be a futile endeavor, but when there is the plausible potential for civilization-wide catastrophe (or inversely, in the cases of both examples, unprecedented advances in our quality of life), greater research and modest investments to insure ourselves against the worst outcomes seem warranted. If our descendants are likely to be far better informed on the potential and threats of emerging technologies, society ought to at least buy ourselves time. Instead, global government has entirely neglected these issues, and the international body tasked with regulating bioweaponry (the Biological Weapons Convention) receives less funding than the typical McDonald's franchise. It is also important to note, without being an alarmist, pitchfork-wielding luddite, that it's just as likely we are underestimating the danger that stems from technological advances as it is that we are overestimating it. In fact, many scholars argue we are more likely to be unjustifiably dismissive: recall that events Tetlock's experts said would never happen transpired 15% of the time, and others like Nassim Nicholas Taleb argue we have cognitive biases that cause us to systematically underestimate the probability of seemingly rare events.
There is another group of intergenerational issues whose eventual severity remains uncertain, but that are imposing costs now. It remains to be seen whether climate change will truly lead to the unimaginable suffering that some prophecy, but a 2017 report issued by 13 government agencies and authored by more than 300 experts showed that it has already cost the government $350 billion over the past decade, costs which are only set to escalate. Experts are also unsure whether international creditors will ever lose faith en masse in America's ability to repay them due to our spiraling national debt; if they did, it could spell hyperinflation and fiscal ruin. Regardless, our mounting liabilities have resulted in a steep interest bill equal to the combined budgets of the Departments of Commerce, Education, Energy, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Justice, and State even at historically low interest rates. The fact that the worrying effects of these issues could be mere preludes for what's to come intensifies the imperative to act, whether they become catastrophes or remain just concerns.
Acknowledging our shortcomings at divining the course of the future thus does not preclude us from working to improve it, or at least to avoid disaster.
By crafting policy that governs the generations to come, are we exercising too much power?
This reservation about long-term policymaking is also thoughtful, and deserves consideration. Its advocates raise a number of provocative points. Thomas Paine was one famous proponent: he objected to intruding on the autonomy of future generations as a matter of principle, arguing that each living generation is sovereign and assailing the desire to dictate "the world to come" as motivated by a "covetousness of power beyond the grave." University of Virginia School of Law Professor Julia Mahoney contends that reaching too far ahead may be unwise in addition to unjust, writing:
Some of us believe future people would be best served by a decent environment. Others believe that future people would prefer us to speed up economic development since the more wealth future people have available, the better they will afford the costs associated with environmental degradation and so forth. Whether the one or other assumption is correct cannot so easily be decided. As a consequence, we should as far as possible avoid 'substantive' judgements about the interest of future generations.
Mahoney poses a powerful question: does acting too soon risk shooting ourselves in the foot?
Perhaps there's a small risk, but that doesn't mean we should give up. Paine and Mahoney's arguments are substantially weakened when we consider that the window for action on many lingering issues is closing rapidly. When an endangered species goes extinct, the ecosystem is irreparably damaged. Failing to reduce carbon emissions soon enough will likely trigger climate feedback loops that would "lock in" the effects of climate change. (An example of one such loop, which is due to the evaporation of water: A warmer atmosphere means more liquid water evaporates into water vapor. Warmer air holds a greater amount of water vapor, which retains even more heat, amplifying the initial warming and causing the cycle to begin yet again.) For these reasons, journalist Paul Wood responds that when we fail to take actions that will leave options open for our successors, we exercise a sort of "preemptive tyranny over future generations" that constrains them rather than preserving their autonomy. For example, because of climate feedback loops, a global failure to reduce emissions soon or drastically enough may render many of the mitigation strategies currently available to policymakers ineffective. This could force our successors to resort to "geoengineering," a risky set of strategies that would involve tampering with the climate in order to counteract the effects of climate change (by, for instance, injecting aerosols into the stratosphere to cool the planet), for lack of a better option. Paine is thus incorrect: making decisions that expand or preserve the choices available to our successors shows humility rather than avarice, empowering our descendants to proactively decide their fate rather than forcing them to clean up our mess.
Mahoney's warning that taking premature action risks backfiring is still a fair concern. Waiting makes the problems we seek to address worse — emissions and debt rise, infrastructure deteriorates — but also helps us learn more about how best to approach them. In deciding when and how to take action, these considerations must be weighed against each other; as a result, Ludvig Beckman, a Professor at Stockholm University, writes that we are justified in acting in service of our future only when there is very compelling evidence that the costs of inaction exceed what the value of what we'll learn from being patient. Harvard Professor Dennis Thompson proposes an even more demanding standard, writing that we should only craft intergenerational policy when doing so is necessary to protect the democratic process over time. However, indefinite idleness is inexcusable: waiting too long for information often means losing the ability to act on it.
At the crux of Paine's argument is also a mistaken proposition that fails to acknowledge the debt of gratitude we owe past generations, including his. Paine's point is predicated on the idea that each living generation is sovereign, making intruding on the authority of generations to come unjust. However, the success of our generation is enabled by the innovations, knowledge, and institutions we inherited from our ancestors. The scientific revolution laid the intellectual foundation for our society, crafting theories and frameworks for discovering them on which so much of our current knowledge relies. The industrial revolution enabled the mass production of goods that has turned extreme poverty from a fact of life to a scourge that the world has made great progress in eradicating. Paine and the rest of our founders themselves drew from the intellectual tradition of the Enlightenment to create a nation that made liberty a sacred ideal. While we have not always lived up to the lofty principles on which our nation was founded, Americans in my generation owe those from Paine's era for establishing the groundwork for the freedom and security that we now take for granted. The way to honor the contributions of those who came before us is by paying it forward, serving as good ancestors and stewards of democracy for those who will succeed us. Not by gambling our future to marginally improve the present and claiming it makes us considerate.
How can we turn our backs on those suffering now?
It's hard to make significant commitments to plan ahead, or to those who are yet to be born, when thinking about how they may come at the expense of those currently suffering, especially in the midst of a once-in-a-century pandemic that has caused immense pain. Putting the nebulous world of decades or centuries to come over those afflicted by poverty and disease might technically be utilitarian, but it also feels cold and heartless.
However, thankfully, exercising greater prudence doesn't have to mean turning our backs on the present. The first step to addressing many lingering issues simply consists of greater research and deliberation on them, which does not need to come at the expense of more pressing problems.
In addition, while prioritizing the issues of the present is natural, it can also be dangerous. It perpetuates a vicious cycle in which government is reduced to a dog chasing its tail, constantly scrambling to deal with crises it could have prevented or minimized with more foresight. In the words of sociologist Elise Boulding, "if one is mentally out of breath all the time from dealing with the present, there is no energy left for imagining the future."
But thankfully, we need not constantly be mental panting. Think about how liberating it would be if many governments hadn't been caught so off-guard by COVID's exponential spread. Or if there was less of a need to rebuild cities destroyed by natural disasters because they were built to be more resilient. The government would be empowered to set a prudent, proactive agenda instead of stuck doing damage control, and needless suffering could be avoided. It takes just one courageous leader or coalition to break the cycle, looking ahead (in a time of greater calm rather than when we're still reeling from a pandemic, of course) and, by doing so, freeing up time and resources for their successors to do the same.
Addressing the critics of less myopic policy is a must, for silencing rather than reasoning with their objections stifles the kind of thoughtful discourse that is necessary for wise long-term decision-making. However, resting the case for forward-thinking policymaking only on responses to their reservations seems reactive — much like the governmental action I've argued against!
A more stirring case for addressing shortsightedness comes from philosopher Roman Krznaric, whose powerful rhetoric forces us to reckon with a difficult reality:
The disturbing truth is that we have colonized the future. Especially in wealthy nations, we treat it as a dumping ground for ecological degradation, technological risk and nuclear waste – as if there is nobody there. And there is little that the unborn citizens of tomorrow can do about it. They cannot throw themselves in front of the King's horse like a Suffragette, block an Alabama bridge like a civil rights protestor, or go on a Salt March to defy their colonial oppressors like Mahatma Gandhi.
Just as the life of someone born in the Roman Empire is not worth more than mine because they came thousands of years before me, my life is worth no more than those of people who will be born thousands of years into the future. And those in the future would likely be willing to pay the current generation huge sums for even a slight increase in our efforts to leave them a better world to inherit, because actions that damage the world could be dire and irreversible. How can we ethically justify saying no?
And how can we take concrete action to address what many call our "political presentism"? The series' final article will explore this issue.
Beckman, Ludvig. "Democracy, future generations and global climate change." European Consortium for Political Research. Accessed December 17, 2020. https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/43e7b47f-8d8a-49df-8938-0788bba923ce.pdf.
Bostrom, Nick. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy 4, no. 1 (February 2013): 15-31.
Fisher, Richard. "The perils of short-termism: Civilisation's greatest threat." BBC Future. January 9, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190109-the-perils-of-short-termism-civilisations-greatest-threat.
Krznaric, Roman. "Why we need to reinvent democracy for the long-term." BBC Future. March 18, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190318-can-we-reinvent-democracy-for-the-long-term.
Krznaric, Roman. "Four ways to redesign democracy for future generations." Open Democracy. July 12, 2020. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/transformation/four-ways-redesign-democracy-future-generations/.
Ord, Toby. The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity. New York: Hachette Books, 2020.
Tetlock, Philip. Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
Thompson, Dennis. "Representing Future Generations: Political Presentism and Democratic Trusteeship." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 13, no. 1 (2010): 17-37.
Title Image Credit: Christian Adams/The Telegraph
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Q: How to receive packets on an interface without IP address? I tried to receive broadcast packets on an interface that has no IPv4 address set.
The packets are visible via tcpdump. But the network stack seems to drop the packets before they can be received via a socket.
Is this possible without libpcap?

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7 edition of Texas politics and government found in the catalog.
Gary Keith
by Gary Keith
Published 2008 by Pearson Longman in New York .
Texas -- Politics and government -- 1951- -- Textbooks
Statement Gary A. Keith, Stefan D. Haag.
Genre Textbooks.
Contributions Haag, Stefan D., Haag, Stefan D.
LC Classifications JK4816 .H33 2008
Pagination xix, 297 p. :
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[EDITORIAL] Game of Thrones Fans Now Hate Game of Thrones
SPOILERS AHEAD FOR SEASON 8, EPISODE 5: THE BELLS
I've been enjoying Game of Thrones for a large portion of its 8th and final season. I've had a few issues overall, most notably for me is seemingly the misuse of Bronn. He's had two scenes in the last run of episodes and I didn't really believe that Cersei would trust him with the mission of killing her brothers. Hopefully there will be something redeemable in the last episode with him.
But that's not really what I want to talk about today. Today, I'd like to address the complete turning of GoT's fanbase in the course of five episodes. We are going to go through this a piece at a time, so bear with me while we discuss.
*Something I wanted to add before we get all spoilery with GoT talk is that I am completely fine with fans and viewers being frustrated that the show didn't go in the direction they expected/wanted, but my argument has to do with those who flat-out condemned the series in Season 8 without having the full vision of the season. That being said…
Episode 801: Winterfell & Episode 802: A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms
Really, the fan frustration for these two episodes is rather silly and stupid, but it needs addressing. Fans complained nonstop about the lack of episodes in Season 8 before the premiere even aired, and they were especially mad that the first two episodes of Season 8 were the normal run time while the last four episodes would be Super-Sized episodes. Then, upon the airing of each of these dialogue and character-driven episodes, fans voiced anger at the fact that no major action or battles took place. I guess this was something I kind of expected, but I was shocked to find so many people lashing out at lack of action in a show that is mostly talking and politics.
Episode 803: The Long Night
When the third episode of Season 8, The Long Night, was about to air, I voiced my excitement. This was, after all, what the fans had been longing for all season, and it was a potential culmination (in a post Avengers: Endgame world, what does culmination even mean anymore?) of 8 seasons of the Night King's slow-spreading disease of an invasion. Here it was for all of us in all its glory. But then everyone hated it.
The hate erupted from a variety of different issues, but the main one was the lighting of the episode. Most of The Long Night was, well, dark. Too dark for some. I was watching on a Standard Definition broadcast, and I can tell you that I didn't really have a problem with the lighting. I found the episode to be dark, but also, I found it to be one of the most stressful television experiences I have ever had. 80-some minutes of non-stop carnage with many of my favorite characters right in harm's way for a bulk of the time. It was difficult to watch, but at no point did I miss any of the main character deaths. There were times when I turned to the others in my room and ask who that was that died, but I think that added to the experience. Yes, we had to turn out all the lights in the room and draw the shades, that much is true, but I felt like was part of the experience.
There were other problems, too, many of which I just didn't have a problem with and some I was able to find a good explanation for even if I would have done it differently. Viewers were angry that Ghost didn't get much attention in the episode, and he seemingly disappeared early on in the battle, leaving his fate unknown until the following week. I understand that CGI is expensive on network TV and if less Ghost means more dragons, then I'm all for it (although I would have just killed Ghost off seasons ago if I knew that to be an issue).
Some had a problem with Arya Stark killing the Night King. I didn't understand the problem and was surprised that she did it. I had expected it to be Jon Snow and was quite happy to be wrong. There were some who called out how crazy it is that she was able to get to the Night King at all with his many followers in tow, but I recall Arya sneaking her way into the godswood previously in the storyline, and it's a setup that works just fine for me. There was also the question of how easily the army of the dead was dispatched, but knowing that the Night King is the only one in need of dispatching in order to stop the whole army, I expected a somewhat out-of-nowhere ending to the saga of the dead (and again, I would have never let the Night King anywhere near Winterfell if he's the only one you need to kill).
Episode 804: The Last of the Starks
Okay, so I had a few problems with The Last of the Starks, but I should stress that none of them took my enjoyment from me.
As it came down to it, I really wanted Jon and Dany to get together officially. Yeah, they are related, but that didn't seem to be too much of a problem in GoT, right? This episode actually served to fracture that relationship further, and it did so quite well, putting the problem that faces Jon before him and having him struggle with it because that sort of thing doesn't happen in the North. A brilliant way of complicating matters, one I hadn't really thought of.
There was the issue of the death of Rhaegal, the second of Dany's dragons. People didn't like that no one could see the fleet of Greyjoy vessels hiding out and waiting, but I would invite you to watch the scene again. There's enough suspension of disbelief here.
Then again, I agree that many of our leads have been making somewhat foolish decisions this last season. They are underestimating Cersei as a villain, a very bad idea, or so I thought. My issue is from the idea that Cersei proves to be a faulty strategist this season. She sent Bronn to kill Jaime and Tyrion, two men who have been friends with the sellsword, knowing his allegiance was to whoever offered more. This led to the most underwhelming sequence in the season, or perhaps series.
There's the issue of the death of Missandei, and again, I only really take issue with the question of how everyone learned she had been taken by Euron's fleet. If Grey Worm doesn't know what happened, who would? Many critics of the episode pointed out that Missandei's whole role here is to support other character arcs. I would argue that Missandei had a pretty nice little arc across her time in the series, and I feel like that arc was pretty close to completion. There's also the saying that Characters Serve Story, and Missandei was meant to fuel us toward Dany's eventual choice that we would come to see in the following episode.
Episode 805: The Bells
Okay, so here we are. The most recent episode seems to be the most hotly-debated and criticized. I will count myself as someone, going into the episode, have just rewatched the previous two, who believed that Dany would make the right call. I knew the decision would be upon her, and I felt like she would make the right call for decency. This is a choice, after all, that she has been given before. But after the "twist," as some have called it, in which Dany decides to burn King's Landing to ash and all those within its walls, I began to rethink myself, and though I wish this decision was given more time to fester and play out, I got it. I saw the many times in Dany's arc on the show where she was given the option for mercy and decided against it. Add to that her most trusted allies leaving her one by one. Jon rejects her, unable to cope with that whole Targaryen incest thing. Jorah and Missandei are killed, as are two of her dragons. Tyrion fails her. Varys plots behind her back. Dany sees herself as alone. Just her and Drogon against the world.
But if you look back, you will see that this Mad Queen scenario is earned several times. When Dany loses her brother Viserys, she does not mourn him. Yes, he is a monster, but he is also her brother, a man she always thought to be her eventual husband (due to that nasty inbreeding thing). She often threatens to burn opposing cities to the ground in pursuit of the iron throne, and she regularly uses her dragons in a showcase of power.
The only issue with this whole season has been the pacing (and also Bronn, I mean, c'mon!), the way events feel so rushed, but we are down to the endgame here and small character building moments earlier have paved the way for the rushing now, and many of these moments were earned.
Look, I'm not trying to tell you that your opinion isn't valid. If you haven't enjoyed this season of Game of Thrones, I understand, but don't go attacking the writers or the producers or HBO for it. Take second to really think about where the series is headed, and do some looking back for these setups.
I personally believe that, upon the series completion, with a complete rewatch knowing the beginning, middle, and end will do wonders for anyone doubting the show. At the very least, see how it all plays out before you jump to any conclusions about the quality of the season.
And if you are being a toxic fan, fucking stop it.
Editorial, News
A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms, Avengers: Endgame, Bronn, Cersei, Dany, Drogon, Euron, Game of Thrones, Ghost, Greyjoy, Jaime, Jon, Jorah, Missandei, Night King, Rhaegal, The Bells, The Last of the Starks, The Long Night, Tyrion, Varys, Viserys, Winterfell
Midsommar Trailer Brings Us Ari Aster's New Nightmare


MillCrafted Design Series 1: 35 beautiful plans in our Legacy Series.
MillCrafted Design Series 5 (This Gallery): 7 modest sized plans with quality design features throughout, in our Legacy Collection.
Click On A Perspective Or Floor Plan Below To Enlarge!


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Oakland, Calif. | Curt Schilling came within one out of his first career no-hitter Thursday, losing his bid when Shannon Stewart lined a clean single to right field in Boston's 1-0 victory over the Oakland Athletics.
Schilling looked on his way to making history when he retired Mark Kotsay and Jason Kendall on grounders to shortstop for the first two outs of the ninth.
With a strong contingent of a Red Sox fans cheering on at the Coliseum, Stewart lined the first pitch through the hole between first and second for Oakland's only hit.
Schilling's teammates in the dugout and many of the fans gave him a standing ovation after the hit. The 40-year old Schilling (6-2) retired Mark Ellis on a foul popout to end the third one-hitter of his career.


Prostate cancer preferentially metastasizes to the skeleton and abundant evidence exists that osteoblasts specifically support the metastatic process, including cancer stem cell niche formation. At early stages of bone metastasis, crosstalk of prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts through soluble molecules results in a decrease of cancer cell proliferation, accompanied by altered adhesive properties and increased expression of bone-specific genes, or osteomimicry. Osteoblasts synthesize a plethora of biologically active factors, which comprise the unique bone microenvironment. By means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR it was determined that exposure to the osteoblast secretome induced gene expression changes in prostate cancer cells, including the upregulation of osteomimetic genes such as BMP2, AP, COL1A1, OPG and RANKL. IL6 and TGFbeta1 signaling pathway components also became upregulated at early time points. Moreover, osteoblast-released IL6 and TGFbeta1 contributed to the upregulation of OPG mRNA in LNCaP. Thus, the earliest response of prostate cancer cells to osteoblast-released factors, which ultimately cause metastatic cells to assume an osteomimetic phenotype, involved activation of paracrine and autocrine IL6 and TGFbeta signaling. On the other hand, a microarray analysis showed that osteoblasts exposed to the secretome of prostate cancer cells exhibited gene expression alterations suggestive of repressed proliferation, decreased matrix synthesis and inhibited immune response, which together indicate enhanced preosteocytic differentiation. TGFbeta signaling, known to inhibit osteoblast maturation, was strongly suppressed, as shown by elevated expression of negative regulators, downregulation of pathway components and of numerous target genes. Transcriptional downregulation of osteoblast inhibitory molecules such as DKK1 and FST also occurred, with concomitant upregulation of the osteoinductive molecules ADM, STC1 and BMP2, and of the transcription factors CBFA1 and HES1, which promote osteoblast differentiation. Finally, the mRNA encoding NPPB, the precursor of a molecule implicated in the inhibition of TGFbetaeffects, in bone formation and in stem cell maintenance, became upregulated after coculture both in osteoblasts and in prostate cancer cells. These results provide an insight into potential mechanisms of dysregulated bone formation in metastatic prostate cancer, as well as mechanisms by which osteoblasts might enhance the invasive, osteomimetic and stem cell-like properties of the tumor cells. In particular, the differential modulation of TGFbetasignaling in prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts appears to merit further research.


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John Brown Farm State Historic Site
John Brown Road, Lake Placid
parks.ny.gov
The interior has been set up as it was pre-Civil War.
See the actual John Brown cabin.
Dogs are welcome at John Brown's Farm.
Open year-round, Wednesday through Saturday, 10 a.m. - 5 p.m.; Sunday 1-5 p.m.
Tour the last home and burial site of the famed abolitionist. The home provides a glimpse of life in the 19th century and shares fascinating information about Brown and his mission to abolish the practice of slavery.
Also on display is a permanent exhibit, "Dreaming of Timbuctoo," which shares the story of Timbuctoo, a farming community created by local abolitionist Gerrit Smith for Black families to migrate to the Adirondacks and homestead. By providing land to Black men, the men were entitled to the right to vote, a crucial step in the fight against racism and slavery.
John Brown, the famous abolitionist of Civil War days, first came to Essex County in 1849, when he acquired 244 acres of land from Smith. Brown did not stay long in Essex County. In 1855, he joined some of his sons who were homesteading in Kansas and carried on his fight against pro-slavery forces there. He made sporadic visits to his family and farm in the following years while planning his ill-fated raid on the Federal Arsenal at Harper's Ferry. After his trial and execution in 1859 in Virginia, Brown's second wife, Mary, accompanied his body back to Essex County. His body lay in state and under guard during an evening's rest in the Elizabethtown Court House. His grave and the simple farmhouse where he lived are preserved as a memorial and New York State Historic Site.
Read more about John Brown and the farm here.
There are hiking trails on the property, which may be enjoyed year-round.


Fans of the Star Trek world will be happy to note that season three of the upcoming Star Trek: Discovery will be keeping true to the original show.
Star Trek: Discovery is entering the final part of season two, and showrunners are already working on a third season.
Executive producer Alex Kurtzman attended PaleyFest at Hollywood's history Dolby Theatre, one of TV's biggest festivals, to talk about the new season and how it's pushing limits.
Kurtzman is keen to remain in line with Star Trek canon, though he reveals there may be surprises on the horizon.
He kept tight-lipped about the specifics of what will be familiar and what will be new.
The second season is already aligning with the original components of the show, such as bringing in Captain Christopher Pike and adding Spock to the cast.
Still, fans will have surprises before the end of season two. Doug Jones, who plays Commander Saru, hinted that the finale will have some unexpected fireworks. 'As I read the final script for Season 2, my jaw dropped,' he revealed.
Wilson Cruz (Dr Hugh Culber) echoed those sentiments. 'Expect the unexpected, is what my mother always says, and it couldn't be more true, especially on this season, cause it'll change everything,' he warned.


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Frederick County, Maryland, USA
December 5—0722 Hours GMT–5
Lawrence Drake took a hesitant step forward, the sound of frozen leaves beneath his feet shockingly loud in the silence of the clearing. "Is someone out there?"
"Larry, who are—," Dave Collen said from inside the helicopter, but Drake cut him off.
"Shut up and secure those papers!"
The dense clouds to the east glowed dully with dawn, transforming the vague shapes into the outline of an SUV and a large panel van. Four human figures — three men and a woman — stood motionless in front of the vehicles.
The cold morning air caught in Drake's chest and he stopped, looking around him at the black wall of trees surrounding the clearing.
It was obvious now that the helicopter's mechanical failure had been staged — that the pilot had been paid to put down there. But by whom? Terrorists? Foreign agents? Were they here to kill him?
A few years ago, this would have been impossible. But the Muslims didn't play by the rules that had been set out during the cold war. No one was off-limits. Death was something to be courted, not avoided.
"What do you want?" he said through a bone-dry mouth.
Dawn's glow continued to intensify, adding detail to the scene in front of him. The woman was tall and athletic, with blond hair that gleamed in the semidarkness. Despite the fact that her face was still in shadow, there was something familiar about her, about the strength and grace that projected even when she was motionless.
He began to back away but then stopped short at the sound of her voice.
"Where do you think you're going, Larry?"
"Russell?" he responded. "Randi Russell? What the hell is this? What are you doing here?"
"I found the team you sent after Jon and Peter."
He tried to keep the shock and fear from his face but in the end could only hope that the gloom hid it. "What are you talking about?"
"It was all fake," she said. "Everything you saw about them crossing into Iran came directly from me and Chuck Mayfield: their plane's flight path from Diego Garcia, the satellite photos of the car taking them into the mountains. Everything. They were a hundred miles away the whole time."
For a moment, Drake found it hard to draw air into his lungs, but then he forced himself to relax. There was a way out of this. He just had to think.
If what she said was true and he had been working with disinformation, Smith was almost certainly still alive and involved with what was happening in Avass. That meant the call from Sepehr Mouradipour had been a setup and undoubtedly recorded.
He didn't dare a look back at Collen, but the papers he was collecting consumed his mind. It was all there — everything they'd done, everything they'd kept from Castilla.
Calm down!
If Russell got her hands on those documents, it would be extremely complicated, but perhaps not the ruinous disaster it seemed on the surface. Politics could be a very messy business.
"I want to talk to the president."
Russell shook her head slowly. "I don't think he wants to talk to you."
Drake grunted in pain as a blow to the back of his legs drove him to the ground. His arms were wrenched behind his back and he heard the metallic clack of handcuffs over the shouts of Dave Collen being dragged from the damaged helicopter.
When Drake was pulled to his feet again, Russell was walking across the clearing toward him.
"What are you going to do, Randi? Prosecute me? Do you know how much of this country's dirty laundry I have locked up in my head? The black ops, the renditions, the backroom deals? And what about you and Smith? Who exactly is it you work for? Could it be that the president has put together a group that exists outside the law? Because that could turn out to be very uncomfortable for him if it goes public."
She stopped a few feet away, her head tilted slightly as she examined him. "The docs told me that if the shooter you sent to my house had aimed an inch more to the left, the body armor wouldn't have saved me. At best I'd be paralyzed."
"You're a hell of an operator, Randi. I'll give you that. But you're out of your depth now."
"And you're a man who swore to protect this country and the people who live in it!" she shouted. "You owe them your loyalty, and you sure as hell owe your loyalty to the operatives out there risking their lives for you every day."
"Do you have any idea how na?ve you sound, Randi? Now, get these damn handcuffs off me. And tell Castilla I'll be willing to offer my resignation for personal reasons. But that offer isn't going to last forever."
"Then off to a lucrative private-sector job, huh, Larry? No need to get bogged down in all this nonsense about you covering up a bioweapon that could kill millions of Americans. And what about all those innocent people in Uganda? Or the ones dying right now in Iran? What about Jon and Peter, who won't ever be coming home? We'll just forget all that too, right?"
Her reputation, combined with the very real fury in her voice, was admittedly enough to make him sweat. But it was all bluster. Randi Russell was just another soldier — an expendable cog in a machine that she didn't even have the capacity to fully understand.
"You can rant all you want, Randi, but Castilla isn't going to put me on the stand with what I know. And after the Lazarus fiasco, the CIA can't afford another black eye."
She laughed and started back toward the vehicles parked at the edge of the clearing. "Who sounds na?ve now, Larry?"
Drake felt a gun against the back of his head and he was forced to follow. Collen came alongside, similarly motivated by a man carrying the briefcase containing their papers.
Ahead, the back of the panel van was open and Russell's men were pulling out three large sacks. Confused, Drake watched as they began dragging them toward the helicopter. It was only when they passed that he was able to identify what was inside the black plastic.
Corpses.
"Wait!" he said, stopping short. "What—"
The man behind Drake pushed him forward hard enough that he barely managed to keep from pitching onto the icy ground. Randi grabbed him by the back of the neck, pulling him upright, and shoved him into the back of the van. "Like you said, Larry, the CIA can't afford another black eye."
"No!" he shouted as Collen was thrown in after him.
The door slid down, leaving them in blackness as the engine came to life and the vehicle began lurching forward. A moment later, he heard a sound that he'd been dreading — the explosion that would incinerate the helicopter and the three bodies inside.
The entire world would believe he died in the crash.
There would be a state funeral, a eulogy praising his selflessness and service to the country. His wife would accept the flag from a coffin containing the body of a stranger, never knowing that her husband was lying in an unmarked grave carved from the country he'd betrayed.


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Political and Security Fallout From Brak al-Shatti Attack
On 18 May, Government of National Accord (GNA)-affiliated forces launched a surprise attack on Libyan National Army (LNA) forces based at Brak al-Shatti airbase in south-west Libya. The attack was conducted by the Misratan led-Third Force and units from the Benghazi Defence Brigades (BDB). The attack has been described as a massacre, with at least 74 LNA fighters believed dead and some reports putting the death toll at nearly 150 people. Some reports claim bodies were found with headshot wounds and tied hands, indicating they were executed in custody.
The LNA accused the Third Force of breaking the implicit 'ceasefire' between the rival forces in south-west Libya which had been in place since LNA commander Khalifa Haftar met GNA prime minister Fayez al-Serraj in the UAE earlier this month. The LNA has also accused the attacking force of being in league with jihadists and terrorists. The GNA-aligned Misratan-led Third Force commander Jamal al-Triki admitted responsibility for the attack, saying that it was based on instructions from the GNA, but denied that any ceasefire arrangements existed between Haftar and Serraj.
The Brak attack has left the GNA and its supporters in complete disarray. On 19 May, the GNA issued a statement blaming Haftar and the LNA for escalating the conflict in south-west Libya through its recent military operations in the area, thus provoking the militant reaction from the GNA-aligned forces. However, the GNA denied it had ordered the attack. On 20 May, the GNA issued a decision suspending both its Defence Minister Mahdi al-Barghathi and Jamal al-Triki, pending an investigation into the incident. Head of the High Council of State (HCS) Abdurrahman Swehli criticized the GNA for its decision to suspend Bargathi, reaffirming its demand for the removal of foreign minister Taher Siala. Siala came under fire from anti-Haftar factions within Tripoli after referring to Haftar as the legitimate commander of the Libyan Armed Forces.
The Misrata Municipal Council and pro-GNA Misratan political leaders issued statements condemning the Brak atrocities but included caveats. They blamed Haftar and the LNA's 12th Brigade, led by Mohammed Bin Nayel, for provoking the attack by conducting airstrikes and shelling against Teminhint airbase – an airbase close to Brak al-Shatti controlled by the Third Force — for the last two months. On 21 May, a meeting was held in Misrata bringing together the (now-defunct but still socially powerful) Misrata Military Council and some military officers from the GNA-aligned al-Bunyan al-Marsus coalition which fought against ISIS in Sirte last year. They denounced statements by the GNA and pro-GNA Misratan politicians who criticized the operation, and announced they no longer recognized the authority of the GNA.
The LNA responded to the attack with a series of heavy airstrikes on Third Force and Benghazi Defence Brigade (BDB) positions in the Jufra area in south-west Libya, including Hun, Sokna and Waddan. A number of fighters were reportedly killed, while some civilians were injured, amongst them some foreign workers. A meeting between various tribes in Sebha denounced the Brak al-Shatti massacre and gave the Third Force three days to withdraw from south Libya or face retaliation. The situation between various tribes in southern Libya remains highly fragile and renewed violence could lead to a dramatic escalation of conflict in the region.
The events of the last two weeks show that Serraj does not have the support base necessary for a political deal with Haftar. This likely means that either Serraj will be forced to abandon political reconciliation and ally more openly with hard-liner groups such as the BDB and Misratan militias in order to counter the LNA, or he must continue trying to work with Haftar and risk losing political support for his leadership and the GNA altogether. The former approach is likely to completely derail peace talks and could result in civil war between eastern and western factions. The latter approach would likely leave the capital and the western/southern regions highly vulnerable to escalated conflict, and could result in a situation where Serraj and his allies in the GNA are evicted from Tripoli. Any peace deal made in this context would likely favour Haftar and his allies.


Gwendolen Harleth gambles her happiness when she marries a sadistic aristocrat for his money. Beautiful, neurotic, and self-centred, Gwendolen is trapped in an increasingly destructive relationship, and only her chance encounter with the idealistic Deronda seems to offer the hope of a brighter future. Deronda is searching for a vocation, and in embracing the Jewish cause he finds one that is both visionary and life-changing. Damaged by their pasts, and alienated from the society around them, they must both discover the values that will give their lives meaning. George Eliot's powerful novel is set in a Britain whose ruling class is decadent and materialistic, its power likely to be threatened by a politically emergent Germany. The novel's exploration of sexuality, guilt, and the will to power anticipates later developments in fiction, and its linking of the personal and the political in a context of social and economic crisis gives it special relevance to the dominant issues of the twenty-first century.


Save money on your next road trip with this trick for earning Free Gas Gift Cards!
Planning of your next road trip? Or looking for ways to cut costs on the monthly budget? I have an easy trick for earning Free Gas Gift Cards!
By using Swagbucks, you can earn free Chevron, Sunoco, and ExxonMobil gift cards!
With Swagbucks you earn SB Points when you watch videos, take surveys and polls, and even when you're shopping for items you already plan to buy.
Swagbucks by far has the most gift cards to choose from compared to any other survey company.
You can choose from a variety of options, with everything like Gas, Travel (Think Airfare and Cruises), Restaurants, Shopping, Entertainment, and even Paypal Cash and Visa Prepaid Cards. Remember, the more SB Points you earn, the more gift cards you can get to apply towards your vacation!
A few ways you can earn these 'SB Points' is by taking the Swagbucks Daily Poll; Watching Fun Videos, Taking Surveys, Playing Swagbucks Games, Shopping through Swagbucks, and Using Swagbucks as your Search Engine.
The last step is deciding where to go with your free gas!


At Large Assessment: If you think an iPhone will make you cool, you are wrong. If you're camping out for a cell phone, you are lame. If you pick up an extra one, here's my email. I 'm willing to go as high as $101.
At Large Assessment: This was discovered by an ambulance crew who saw smoke coming out of the vehicle. I thank God that terrorists are as stupid as criminals. I fear our luck, however, is running out. And I fear this stuff will give overreacting numbskulls (See: Patriot Act) more leverage.
At Large Assessment: If it makes life miserable for the tragically hip people camped out in iPhone lines, then it's worth it.


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Home » Biography » Steve Ditko
Posted on Jul 8, 2018, Modified : Feb 7, 2021 dd-rabin
Quick Facts Steve Ditko
NameSteve Ditko
FatherStephen Ditko
Birth PlaceNew York
EthnicityAmerican-Slovakian
EducationJohnstown High School
SiblingsAnna Marie Ditko, Betty Ditko and Patrick Ditko
MotherAnna Ditko
AwardsAlley Award
The Eight-time Alley Award winner, Steve Ditko was an American writer and comics artist who was best known for co-creating the Marvel Comics superheroes such as Doctor Strange and Spider-Man along with Stan Lee. Besides, he was inducted into Jack Kirby Hall of Fame as well as Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame.
Let's know more detail about Steve Ditko and his early life, personal life, career, death, age, net worth, and much more. Keep Scrolling!!!!
Steve Ditko Early Life and Education
Stephen J. Ditko was born on June 29, 2018, in New York, to a talented master carpenter, Stephen Ditko-father, and a homemaker, Anna Ditko-mother. He was the second-eldest child of the family and his siblings were, sisters- Anna Marie Ditko, Betty Ditko and a brother, Patrick Ditko. Steve Ditko was an American by his nationality and was of American-Slovakian descent.
Caption-Steve Ditko's young age photo
Source-13th Dimension
Ditko attended Johnstown High School where he was a part of a group who used to craft wooden models of German airplanes. Upon graduation, he then joined in the U.S. Army and serviced in postwar Germany.
Steve Ditko Career
Ditko got inspired to be a cartoonist by his father's love of the newspaper comic strips. He heightened his art skills after the introduction of the superhero Batman in 1940.
Following his discharge from the U.S. military, Ditko knew that his idol, Batman artist Jerry Robinson was teaching at the Cartoonists and Illustrators School in New York City. Eventually, he made the decision to move there in 1950.
Youtube: Steve Ditko comics speaks;
Ditko's first comic work was Strange Worlds which was published on November 5, 1950. He then published several comics including, Journey into Mystery, Tales of Suspense, The Incredible Hulk, Machine Man, Rom Spaceknight, Blue Beetle and so on. Among all his comics, his most popular comics is a Spider-Man and Docter Strange.
Steve Ditko Death
More recently on June 29, 2018, Steve Ditko was found unresponsive in his apartment in New York City. According to the police department, he died within the previous two days. He died at the age of 90.
Steve Ditko Personal Life
Apart from being one of the talented American personality, Steve was tight-lipped towards his personal life. As far as it is known, he was never married and had no any children until his death. Reportedly, Steve friend, Will Eisner who was also an American cartoonist, and writer, Steve had a son out of wedlock but till date, it has not been confirmed.
It is hard to believe that, the talented and hardworking personality, Steve Ditko was not in the relationship until his death. He might have had been in the relationship during his earlier days which he did not share to the public in order to avoid paparazzi.
Steve Ditko Net Worth
Steve Ditko had earned a decent sum of money as a comics artist and writer. Until his death, his net worth was estimated at around $5 million.
celebrity career
celebrity death
celebrity early life
celebrity personal life


Niskin X bottles being deployed to collect samples of seawater to be tested for iron levels. (Dr. Andrew Bowie, ACE CRC, UTAS).
Research published recently in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science explores the relationship between iron, which limits primary productivity in vast regions of the ocean, and its uptake by phytoplankton species.
It has identified how natural organic compounds in the Southern Ocean can control iron availability to phytoplankton in iron-deficient waters and, in particular, for high-nutrient but low-chlorophyll regions.
"The anaemic regions of the oceans are a 'battlefield' for iron, which drives photosynthesis and enhances growth of phytoplankton and other microbes in the oceanic food chain for the benefit of all marine species," said the project team's leader, former CSIRO Postdoctoral Fellow and now University of Technology Sydney researcher, Dr Christel Hassler.
"Ocean chemists are eager to know more about this process, which mediates uptake of CO2 and its subsequent storage in the ocean interior, as species die and sink.
"This research reveals the significance of a newly identified organic mechanism controlling the bio-availability of iron to oceanic life," Dr Hassler said.
According to co-author, CSIRO's Dr Carol Nichols, given that marine phytoplankton contribute up to 40 per cent of global biological carbon fixation, it is important to understand what features control the availability of iron to these organisms.
"Phytoplankton and other microbes living in the oceans produce long sugar polymers, or polysaccharides, as a survival strategy," Dr Nichols said. "Polysaccharides help the microbial community stick to each other and to nutrients that may otherwise be difficult to access from the surrounding ocean.
"Working with laboratory cultures of Southern Ocean phytoplankton, the study shows that biologically-produced polysaccharides help keep iron accessible to phytoplankton by increasing its solubility in the upper layers of the oceans where photosynthesis occurs,. "In the ocean, most of the iron is bound to organic materials whose nature is largely unknown. Most marine microorganisms release saccharides or sugars, resulting in high levels being reported. These observations originally motivated our study," Dr Nichols said. Iron fertilisation of the ocean has long been mooted as an option to engineer change in the amount of CO2 in the ocean.


Official Hollywood Undead aftershow party at The Fleece with full band DJ set!
The band are coming down after their show at O2 Academy Bristol for a massive aftershow party in The Fleece. Alternative bangers all night!
Tickets on sale Wednesday at 12pm from Eventbrite and Skiddle.


June 4 - The mayor of the French town at the centre of international D-Day commemorations has called restrictions placed on global live coverage of the event 'shameful.' As Ciara Sutton reports it's all about money.
Every year on the beaches of Normandy scenes from the second world war are re-enacted. Enthusiasts from across France and beyond come to remember the Allied invasion which led to the end of the war. (SOUNDBITE) (French) MEMBER OF THE BELGIAN MILITARY VEHICLE TRUST, MR. DAUBRESSE, SAYING: "They parachuted over Normandy next to Ouistreham and Benouville, their mission was to secure the Benouville Bridge and to hold it until the troops that landed on the beaches arrived." It's the 70th anniversary this year of course and the rest of the world is watching too. Only there could be a hefty price to pay for some. French broadcasters are providing much of the coverage of the main events. But not everyone is being given the material free and that's upset many of those involved. Romain Bail is the Mayor of Ouistreham where the main international ceremony is taking place. (SOUNDBITE) (French) ROMAIN BAIL, MAYOR OF OUISTREHAM, SAYING: "It's particularly regrettable, not for me but for our veterans, because it is probably one of the last times we will pay tribute to them, and the entire world is behind this commemoration. I feel it shameful if some television companies - especially Anglo-Saxon ones - weren't able to broadcast the ceremony." After complaints to the government from some news agencies, broadcasts in Europe will now be free. But that still leaves some international companies facing charges of up to 60,000 euros for each main event. War veteran Tony Vaccaro is taking part in some of them. He took this photo at Omaha Beach in June 1944. SOUNDBITE (English) TONY VACCARO, US WWII VETERAN AND PHOTO-JOURNALIST, SAYING: "It should be free. That's a shame. You know, I talked to Mr Hollande. I had lunch with him. If I had known this, I would have given him a lecture. But I didn't know. That's a crime." With 18 heads of state attending, the D-Day celebrations will be shown around the world whoever ends up paying. But the row has left a bitter taste in the mouths on many at a time when the focus should be on those who paid the ultimate price.


Japanese gardens are living art forms, that engage viewers in an interactive, multi-sensory experience. As you navigate Shinzen's winding pathways, pay close attention to the visual elements that make up this three-dimensional work of art. Just as a painter uses pigments, brushes and a surface to create an image, so too does a landscape designer utilize rocks, plants, water, architectural and sculptural features to create a visual masterpiece. These elements are landscape designer's tools, which are used to build visual texture, pattern, and color effects. They are carefully organized to create a composition.
Shinzen is a dynamic composition. Because plants, trees and water are in state of flux—no single perspective is the same. Each twist and turn provides a different scene and a range of emotional experiences that unfold with each step.
Shinzen is organized around the concept of the four seasons. You will see granite posts placed throughout the garden as visual cues. Depending on the time of year of your visit you'll experience the best of each season: the bursts of delicate plum blossoms in the spring, the coolness of the water features in the summer, the haunting maple branch silhouettes in the winter, and glowing fall foliage of the Chinese pistache and ginkgo trees. The four seasons is a visual and organizational strategy, marked by the seasonal variations in the life cycle of a plant.


There are disclosed a group III nitride nanorod light emitting device and a method of manufacturing thereof. The group III nitride nanorod light emitting device includes a substrate, an insulating film formed on the substrate, and including a plurality of openings exposing parts of the substrate and having different diameters, and first conductive group III nitride nanorods having different diameters, respectively formed in the plurality of openings, wherein each of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods has an active layer and a second conductive semiconductor layer sequentially formed on a surface thereof.
This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/231,454, filed on Sep. 13, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,735,867 B2, which claims the priority of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2010-0090117 filed on Sep. 14. 2010, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to a group III nitride nanorod light emitting device, and more particularly, to a group III nitride nanorod light emitting device and a method of manufacturing thereof.
In general, a nanorod made of a group III-N alloy (for example, GaN) has potential in the area of a new semiconductor device configuration, such as a nano scale optoelectronic device. For example, a GaN nanorod may provide a device operating under corrosive or high temperature conditions having chemical stability, a large bandgap, and a high melting point advantageous to the device. In addition, the larger bandgap of GaN and related alloys may allow for the manufacturing of a light source within a visible range advantageous to applications in display and illumination devices. Moreover, the unique geometric shapes of individual nanorods may have the potential to provide a new paradigm in the field of photonics and transfer devices.
An aspect of the present invention provides a group III nitride nanorod light emitting device capable of emitting light of various wavelengths by growing group III nitride nanorods having different diameters on the same substrate, and a method of manufacturing thereof.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a group III nitride nanorod light emitting device, including: a substrate; an insulating film formed above the substrate, and including a plurality of openings exposing parts of the substrate and having different diameters; and first conductive group III nitride nanorods having different diameters, respectively formed in the plurality of openings, wherein each of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods has an active layer and a second conductive semiconductor layer sequentially formed on a surface thereof.
The insulating film may include a plurality of groups, each including a plurality of openings having the same diameter, and the plurality of groups have different diameters.
The active layer may include at least a pair of a quantum barrier layer and a quantum well layer.
The quantum barrier layer may be formed of AlyGa1-yN(0≦y≦1), and the quantum well layer may be formed of InxGa1-xN(0≦x≦1).
The active layer formed on each of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods may have a content of indium (In) less than that of another active layer formed on another first conductive group III nitride nanorod having a smaller diameter.
The light emitting device including the first conductive group III nitride nanorods having different diameters may emit light of different wavelengths.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a group III nitride nanorod light emitting device, the method including: forming an insulating film including a plurality of openings exposing parts of a substrate and having different diameters on the substrate; growing first conductive group III nitride nanorods having different diameters in the openings; and sequentially forming an active layer and a second conductive semiconductor layer on a surface of each of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods.
The first conductive group III nitride nanorods may have diameters formed to be greater than those of the openings by 10% to 20%.
The active layer may include a quantum barrier layer formed of AlyGa1-yN(0≦y≦1) and a quantum well layer formed of GaN.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing PL properties of a group III nitride nanorod light emitting device including light emitting structures having different diameters, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. While those skilled in the art could readily devise many other varied embodiments that incorporate the teachings of the present invention through the addition, modification or deletion of elements, such embodiments may fall within the scope of the present invention.
The same or equivalent elements are referred to by the same reference numerals throughout the specification.
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a group III nitride nanorod light emitting device including a plurality of group III nitride nanorods having different diameters according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 1, the group III nitride nanorod light emitting device may include a substrate, a buffer layer, an insulating film, and a plurality of light emitting structures, respectively including group III nitride nanorods.
A substrate 100 is a growth substrate for growing a semiconductor single crystal, in particular, a nitride single crystal. The substrate 100 may be, for example, made of a material, such as a sapphire, silicon (Si), zinc oxide (ZnO), gallium arsenide (GaAs), silicon carbide (SiC), MgAl2O4, magnesium oxide (MgO), lithium aluminate (LiAlO2), LiGaO2, gallium nitride (GaN), or the like. The sapphire is a crystal having Hexa-Rhombo R3c symmetry, and has a C(0001)-plane, an A(1120)-plane, an R(1102)-plane, or the like. In this case, since the C-plane may be relatively facilitated for the growth of a nitride thin film, and stable at a high temperature, the C-plane may be mainly used for a substrate for growing a nitride semiconductor.
A buffer layer 110 is a nitride semiconductor layer, and may be made of a semiconductor material formed of AlxInyGa(1-x-y)N (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, 0≦x+y≦1) doped with impurities. For example, gallium nitride (GaN), aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN), indium gallium nitride (InGaN), or the like may be used as the buffer layer 110. The buffer layer 110 may be formed of an n-type nitride semiconductor layer or a p-type nitride semiconductor layer according to the requirements thereof. Silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te) or the like may be used as n-type impurities, and magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), beryllium (Be) or the like may be used as p-type impurities.
The insulating film 120 may function to prevent contact between the n-type nitride semiconductor layer and the p-type nitride semiconductor layer of the nanorod light emitting device. In consideration of this function, the insulating film 120 may be made of a silicon oxide or a silicon nitride, for example, a silicon dioxide (SiO2), a titanium dioxide (TiO2), a silicon nitride (Si3N4) or the like. The height of the insulating film may be, for example, approximately 50 to 100 nm. The insulating film 120 may include a plurality of openings (not shown) exposing parts of the buffer layer 110. The plurality of openings have different diameters and may be patterned on the insulating film 120. The openings are means to designate a diameter, a length, a position of nanorods to be grown by a batch process. The openings may have various shapes, such as a quadrangle, a hexagon or the like, as well as being circular.
A plurality of light emitting structures 165, 175, and 185, respectively including first conductive group III nitride nanorods having different diameters are formed in the openings. The light emitting structures 165, 175, and 185 may include first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180, active layers 161, 171, and 181, and second conductive semiconductor layers 162, 172, and 182.
The first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180 may be formed of a single crystal, and may be made of n-GaN or p-GaN. The diameters of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180 may be substantially proportional to diameters of the openings, and may be formed to be greater than those of the openings in which the first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180 are formed, by approximately 10% to 20%. The length of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180 may be adjusted by controlling time spent at a batch process temperature.
The active layers 161, 171, and 181 may be grown as a single crystal, in the same manner as the first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180. The active layers 161, 171, and 181 may be grown to emit light having a predetermined energy by the light-emitting recombination of electrons and electron holes. The active layers 161, 171, and 181 may include at least a pair of a quantum barrier layer and a quantum well layer. The active layers 161, 171, and 181 may have a multiple quantum well structure. Byway of example, the quantum barrier layer may be formed of AlyGa1-yN(0≦y≦1), and the quantum well layer may be formed of InxGa1-xN(0≦x≦1), whereby bandgap energy or light emitting wavelength may be adjusted depending on the content of indium (In).
The thickness of the second conductive semiconductor layers 162, 172, and 182 may be approximately 20 nm or more. When the first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180 are n-type semiconductors, the second conductive semiconductor layers 162, 172, and 182 may be p-type semiconductor layers. While, when the first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180 are p-type semiconductors, the second conductive semiconductor layers 162, 172, and 182 may be n-type semiconductor layers.
FIGS. 2A through 2C are diagrams showing a process of forming an insulating film including a plurality of openings having different diameters on a substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 2A, the buffer layer 110 maybe formed on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 110 may be grown by a process, such as a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), a hydride vapor phase Epitaxy (HVPE) or the like. By way of example, a C(0001)-plane sapphire substrate is prepared in a reactor within a MOCVD apparatus to apply heat thereto, thereby allowing for the deposition of the buffer layer 110, a n-GaN semiconductor layer on the substrate at a temperature of about 1080° C.
Referring to FIGS. 2B through 2C, the insulating film 120 may be formed on the buffer layer 110. A plurality of patterned openings 130, 140, and 150 exposing parts of the buffer layer 110 may be formed in the insulating film 120. The patterned openings 130, 140, and 150 may be formed in the insulating film 120 by etching the insulating film 120 through a lithography process. By way of example, the openings 130, 140, and 150 having different diameters may be formed in the insulating film 120 in such a manner as to have certain diameters W1, W2 and W3 and distances therebetween. The respective diameters W1, W2 and W3 of the openings 130, 140, and 150 shown in FIG. 1C are in accordance with the order in size of W1<W2<W3.
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the insulating film including the plurality of openings having different diameters formed therein. Referring to FIG. 3, the insulating film 120 may include a plurality of groups, each including a plurality of openings having the same diameter, and the plurality of groups may have different diameters. The openings 130, 140, and 150 are means to designate a diameter, a length, and a position of the nanorods to be grown by a batch process. The openings 130, 140, and 150 may have various shapes, such as a quadrangle, a hexagon or the like, as well as being circular.
FIGS. 4A through 4C show a process of manufacturing a group III nitride nanorod light emitting device in which nanorods are provided in an insulating film including a plurality of openings having different diameters, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 4A, the respective first conductive group III nitride nanorods may be grown to a height of the insulating film 120 on the buffer layer 110 exposed by the plurality of openings of the insulating film 120. In the process, byway of example, while a temperature in the reactor equipped with the substrate 100 may be maintained at approximately 900° C. to 1100° C. and a gallium source, trimethyl gallium (TMGa) of about 10 sccm to 200 sccm and an ammonia (NH3) gas of 15000 sccm to 20000 sccm are scattered, the respective first conductive group III nitride nanorods may be deposited to the height of the insulating film 120, that is, approximately 50 to 100 nm at a temperature of approximately 1000° C. to 1100° C. for about 1 min to 5 min.
After the first conductive group III nitride nanorods are grown to the height of the insulating film 120, the flow rate of the gallium source, TMGa, may be reduced to approximately 50 to 150 sccm and the flow rate of ammonia (NH3) gas may be reduced to approximately 500 to 5000 sccm, and the first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180 may be grown at approximately 900 to 1100. At this time, the internal pressure of the reactor may be maintained to approximately 70 mbar to 200 mbar.
The respective diameters of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180, the growths of which have been completed on the substrate 100, are in accordance with the order of W4<W5<W6. However, the respective heights of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180 are in accordance with the order of H1>H2>H3. Therefore, the diameters and the heights thereof may be in inverse proportion.
FIGS. 5A through 5C are scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of first conductive group III nitride nanorods, the growths of which have been completed, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIGS. 5A through 5C, while the diameters of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods are in accordance with the order in size of FIG. 5A<FIG. 5B<FIG. 5C, the heights of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods are in accordance with the order of FIG. 5A>FIG. 5B>FIG. 5C. The lengths of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods may be adjusted by controlling time spent at the batch process temperature.
According to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, when the patterned openings of the insulating film have diameters in the range of approximately 100 to 180 nm, the grown first conductive group III nitride nanorods have diameters in the range of approximately 120 to 200 nm. When the patterned openings of the insulating film have diameters in the range of approximately 180 to 250 nm, the grown first conductive group III nitride nanorods have diameters in the range of approximately 200 to 280 nm. When the patterned openings of the insulating film have diameters in the range of approximately 250 to 400 nm, the grown first conductive group III nitride nanorods have diameters in the range of approximately 280 to 450 nm. Therefore, it can be confirmed that the diameters of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods may be substantially proportional to the diameters of the patterned openings, and the diameters of the nanorods may be formed to be larger than those of the patterned openings by approximately 10% to 20%.
Referring to FIG. 4B, the active layers 161, 171, and 181 are formed on the surfaces of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180 formed above the substrate 100 on which the buffer layer 110 and the insulating film 120 are sequentially stacked. In an exemplary embodiment, the formation of the active layers 161, 171, and 181 may be performed at a temperature lower than the formation temperature of the first conductive group III nitride nanorods 160, 170, and 180 by approximately 100° C. to 300° C.
Referring to FIG. 4C, the second conductive semiconductor layers 162, 172, and 182 may be formed on the active layers 161, 171, and 181 so as to cover the entire surfaces of the active layers 161, 171, and 181.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing PL properties of a group III nitride nanorod light emitting device including light emitting structures having different diameters, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. After n-GaN nanorods having different diameters were formed, active layers having five pairs of InGaN/GaN were formed thereon, and then p-GaN layers were formed thereon, whereby nanorod light emitting structures were formed. The PL properties of the nanorod light emitting structures having different diameters and grown under the same growth condition are shown in FIG. 6. Referring to FIG. 6, in the case of a nanorod light emitting structure 51 having a larger diameter, it shows an emission wavelength shorter than that of a nanorod light emitting structure 52 having a smaller diameter. Thus, it can be confirmed that the content of In contained in the active layer of the nanorod light emitting structure having a larger diameter is less than that of the nanorod light emitting structure having a smaller diameter. As a result, it can be seen that the content of In contained in the nanorod light emitting structures grown under the same conditions may be increased, as the diameter of nanorods is reduced. It can be confirmed that the variation range of the PL wavelength may be changed in the range of 420 to 480 nm, as the diameter of the patterns is changed within the range of 200 to 400 nm.
As set forth above, according to exemplary embodiments of the invention, there are provided a group III nitride nanorod light emitting device capable of emitting light of various wavelengths by growing group III nitride nanorods having different diameters on the same substrate, and a method of manufacturing thereof.
While the present invention has been shown and described in connection with the exemplary embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
wherein the active layer of the second group has an indium (In) content smaller than that of the active layer of the first group.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a sapphire, silicon (Si), zinc oxide (ZnO), gallium arsenide (GaAs), silicon carbide (SiC), MgAl2O4, magnesium oxide (MgO), lithium aluminate (LiA1O2), LiGaO2 and gallium nitride (GaN).
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a sapphire substrate having a C(0001)-plane, an A(1120)-plane, or an R(1102)-plane.
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How we choose to identify ourselves works at various levels and depends on the context. Sitaram Yechury elaborates.
Noted writer and Sahitya Akademi winner, U.R. Anantha Murthy, recently delivered the fourth Sumitra Chishti Memorial Lecture. In his lecture, he extended the frontiers of discussion on multiple identities by drawing upon the conterminous use of various languages by Indians. Though this was not the basic thrust of his lecture ('Globalisation, English and 'other' languages'), this adds to the rich discussion on this issue raised by the likes of Amartya Sen.
Sen has systematised what intuitively many of us have lived with. When I travel abroad, I am an Indian. In India, I am a Telugu-speaking Andhra. In Andhra, I am from the Godavari district. There I am from its delta region, and so on — apart from being identified by my religious and caste identities. I am elected to Parliament from West Bengal and have been living in Delhi for four decades.
Each one of us is comfortable with all these identities and identify with any of them depending on the context.
The question of identity has always haunted human consciousness. Reflecting a fundamental human urge, Socrates raised identity to the level of a basic question of philosophy by seeking to 'know thyself'. More recently, in the context of terrorist attacks, the contemporary discourse on identity politics — particularly of religious minorities like 'Muslim radicalisation' — has acquired an important bearing determining policy. So a discussion on identity assumes importance in the practical sense for pursuing correct policies.
Anantha Murthy's extension of this understanding to include languages is important in the context of it often becoming a bone of chauvinistic contention. He shows that in much of recorded history and in today's realities, we, in India, live using, at least, three languages simultaneously — the mother tongue, the language at work, and the language of creative expressions.
Many facts that we already knew now suddenly appear as inseparable parts of our harmonious diversity and not points of chauvinistic conflict. The trimurthi of Carnatic music — Thyagaraja, Shyama Sastry and Muthuswami Dikshitar — all composed their music in Telugu, though having different mother tongues. Yet, the music is called 'Karnatak'. Instead of recognising this simple truth, there were ugly expressions of chauvinism when M.S. Subbalakshmi was once not allowed to perform at the annual Thyagaraja Gana Sabha, Thanjavur, simply because she used to sing in Tamil, not knowing Telugu. The harmony of our diversity is such that Telugu compositions can be effortlessly rendered in Tamil — or in Kannada.
Yet another point of chauvinistic conflict between Kannadigas and Telugus relates to the choice made by the doyen of the Vijayanagara empire, Krishna Devaraya, to compose his masterpiece Amukta Malyada in Telugu, by saying that of all languages of this land Telugu is "the best". Once the multiplicity of the language identity is recognised, such potential conflict situations simply cease. A more modern example would be that of Firaq Gorakhpuri. A high caste Hindu by birth, a professor of English Literature in Allahabad University, he earned his fame for the heights he scaled in Urdu poetry.
Once a learned intellectual from across the seas visited the Vijayanagara court at Hampi and challenged Krishna Devaraya's famed 'Ashta Diggajas' (eight court poets) to identify his mother tongue as he effortlessly spoke in many languages. When all failed, Tenali Rama (the Vijayanagara court's version of Birbal of Akbar's court) is summoned to save the pride of Hampi. At night when the foreigner was fast asleep, Tenali Rama throws cold water on him. The language in which he, in shock, exclaims was declared as his mother-tongue. While the mother tongue is, of course, important, 'the choice' of language in 'the context' that Amartya Sen speaks of becomes important in understanding multiple identities.
While the debate on identity as 'given' or 'chosen' will continue, the recognition of multiple identities is important to determine social policies. For instance, the policies of 'multiculturalism' in Britain, according to Sen, have been reduced to "plural mono culturalism": "Bangladesh's separation from Pakistan was not based on religion but on their language, literature and secular policies." Yet, says Sen, they are merged with "Muslims from Morocco to Indonesia". Multicultural policies, by "downplaying political and social identities, as opposed to religious identities", have "weakened civil society precisely when there is a great need to strengthen it".
There is much, for us in India, to learn from this. But that will only be possible when we have a political ambience conducive to such, much required, discourse. This requires a shift in our policy trajectory that only an alternative political formation can ensure. India must rise to accomplish this in the coming elections.