text:
As of February 2018, the Chinese Government halted trading of virtual currency, banned initial coin offerings and shut down mining. Some Chinese miners have since relocated to Canada.[43] One company is operating data centers for mining operations at Canadian oil and gas field sites, due to low gas prices.[44] In June 2018, Hydro Quebec proposed to the provincial government to allocate 500 MW to crypto companies for mining.[45] According to a February 2018 report from Fortune,[46] Iceland has become a haven for cryptocurrency miners in part because of its cheap electricity. Prices are contained because nearly all of the country's energy comes from renewable sources, prompting more mining companies to consider opening operations in Iceland. The region's energy company says bitcoin mining is becoming so popular that the country will likely use more electricity to mine coins than power homes in 2018. In October 2018 Russia will become home to one of the largest legal mining operations in the world, located in Siberia. More than 1.5 million Russians are engaged in home mining. Russia's energy resources and climate provide some of the best conditions for crypto mining.[47]
OmiseGO (OMG) is a public financial technology that's based on Ethereum. The concept of OMG is to enable peer-to-peer value exchange and payment service in real time across not only decentralized currencies but fiat money as well. OmiseGO allows anyone on its network to process financial transactions (payrolls, B2B, remittances, payments, etc.) in a much more inexpensive and decentralized manner.
The Board has appointed Michael L. Sapir to serve as Chairman of the Board. Mr. Sapir is also the Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer of the Advisor and, as such, is not an Independent Trustee. The Chairman's primary role is to participate in the preparation of the agenda for Board meetings, determine (with the advice of counsel) which matters need to be acted upon by the Board, and to ensure that the Board obtains all the information necessary to perform its functions and take action. The Chairman also presides at all meetings of the Board and acts, with the assistance of staff, as a liaison with service providers, officers, attorneys and the Independent Trustees between meetings. The Chairman may perform such other functions as may be requested by the Board from time to time. The Board does not have a lead Independent Trustee.
The Funds may invest in shares of foreign corporations that are classified under the Code as passive foreign investment companies ("PFICs"). In general, a foreign corporation is classified as a PFIC if at least one-half of its assets constitute investment-type assets, or 75% or more of its gross income is investment-type income. Certain distributions from a PFIC, as well as gain from the sale of PFIC shares, are treated as "excess distributions." Excess distributions are taxable as ordinary income even though, absent
If the Funds engage in offsetting transactions, the Funds will incur a gain or loss, to the extent that there has been movement in forward currency contract prices. If forward prices go down during the period between the date a Fund enters into a forward currency contract for the sale of a currency and the date it enters into an offsetting contract for the purchase of the currency, the Fund will realize a gain to the extent that the price of the currency it has agreed to sell exceeds the price of the currency it has agreed to buy. If forward prices go up, the Fund will suffer a loss to the extent the price of the currency it has agreed to buy exceeds the price of the currency it has agreed to sell.
Each Fund may invest in real estate investment trusts ("REITs"). Equity REITs invest primarily in real property, while mortgage REITs invest in construction, development and long-term mortgage loans. Their value may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property of the REIT, the creditworthiness of the issuer, property taxes, interest rates, and tax and regulatory requirements, such as those relating to the environment. REITs are dependent upon management skill, are not diversified and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, default by borrowers, self-liquidation and the possibility of failing to qualify for tax-free pass-through of income under the Code and failing to maintain exempt status under the 1940 Act.
An Authorized Participant may place an order to redeem Creation Units (i) through the Clearing Process, or (ii) outside the Clearing Process. In either case, a redemption order for a Fund must be received by the following cut-off times (which may be earlier if the relevant Exchange or any relevant bond market closes early). In all cases purchase/redeem procedures are at this discretion of the Advisor and may be changed without notice.
RD – Restricted default. 'RD' ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch's opinion has experienced an uncured payment default on a bond, loan or other material financial obligation but which has not entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, and which has not otherwise ceased operating. This would include:
Bob's transaction confirms first so he goes on BFE and looks at the contract selections. He wants to trade on the January 9 expiration contract. The orderbook is empty and Bob wants to go long (profit off an increase in bitcoin). Since there are no offers available, he places a limit order in the orderbook for a bid at 400 of 1 contract, using his 0.2btc as collateral for the position.
Bitcoin is maintained on the decentralized, open source protocol of the peer-to-peer bitcoin computer network (the "Bitcoin Network"). No single entity owns or operates the Bitcoin Network. The infrastructure of the Bitcoin Network is collectively maintained by a decentralized user base. The Bitcoin Network is accessed through software, and software governs bitcoin's creation, movement, and ownership. The value of bitcoin is determined in great part by the supply of (which is limited), and demand for, bitcoin in the global exchange markets for the trading of bitcoin (individually, "Bitcoin Exchanges" and collectively, the "Bitcoin Exchange Market"), market expectations for the adoption of bitcoin and the volume of private user-to-user transactions.
The Funds may be eligible to elect alternative tax treatment with respect to PFIC shares. Under an election that currently is available in some circumstances, a Fund generally would be required to include in its gross income its share of the earnings of a PFIC on a current basis, regardless of whether distributions were received from the PFIC in a given year. If this election were made, the special rules, discussed above, relating to the taxation of excess distributions, would not apply. Another election would involve marking to market a Fund's PFIC shares at the end of each taxable year, with the result that unrealized gains would be treated and reported as though they were realized as ordinary income on the last day of the taxable year. Any mark-to-market losses and any loss from an actual disposition of PFIC shares would be deductible by the Fund as ordinary losses to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains included in income in prior years. Making either of these two elections may require a Fund to liquidate other investments (including when it is not advantageous to do so) to meet its distribution requirements, which also may accelerate the recognition of gain and affect the Fund's total return. Dividends paid by PFICs will not be eligible to be treated as "qualified dividend income." Because it is not always possible to identify a foreign corporation as a PFIC, the Fund may incur the tax and interest charges described above in some instances.
As we have seen above, a futures contract has an expiration date. This is the date on which you can purchase the ton of pork bellies for 1,000 USD – this is called a physical settlement. Alternatively, futures contracts can be settled with cash as well. In these contracts, you receive the difference between the current price of the underlying asset and the price in your contract as cash.
The Funds may invest directly or indirectly in residual interests in real estate mortgage conduits ("REMICs") (including by investing in residual interests in collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs") with respect to which an election to be treated as a REMIC is in effect) or taxable mortgage pools ("TMPs"). Under a Notice issued by the IRS in October 2006 and Treasury regulations that have yet to be issued but may apply retroactively, a portion of a Fund's income (including income allocated to the Fund from a REIT or other pass-through entity) that is attributable to a residual interest in a REMIC or an equity interest in a TMP (referred to in the Code as an "excess inclusion") will be subject to federal income tax in all events. This Notice also provides, and the regulations are expected to provide, that excess inclusion income of a RIC will be allocated to shareholders of the RIC in proportion to the dividends received by such shareholders, with the same consequences as if the shareholders held the related interest directly. As a result, Funds investing in such interests may not be a suitable investment for charitable remainder trusts (see Unrelated Business Taxable Income, below).
and the FTSE Developed Europe Index (the "Indices") (ii) the figure at which an Index is said to stand at any particular time on any particular day or otherwise, or (iii) the suitability of the Index for the purpose to which it is being put in connection with the ProShares Ultra, Short and UltraShort FTSE China 50 and Ultra and UltraShort FTSE Developed Europe. None of the Licensor Parties have provided or will provide any financial or investment advice or recommendation in relation to the Index to ProShares or its clients. The Index is calculated by FTSE or its agent. None of the Licensor Parties shall be (a) liable (whether in negligence or otherwise) to any person for any error in the Index and (b) under any obligation to advise any person of any error therein.
price of a particular asset, whether a Fund will realize a gain or loss from the purchase or writing (sale) of options on an index depends upon movements in the level of prices for specific underlying assets generally or, in the case of certain indexes, in an industry or market segment. A Fund will not enter into an option position that exposes the Fund to an obligation to another party, unless the Fund either (i) owns an offsetting position in the underlying securities or other options and/or (ii) earmarks or segregates with the Fund's custodian bank cash or liquid instruments that, when added to the premiums deposited with respect to the option, are equal to the market value of the underlying assets not otherwise covered.
You will then be able to trade futures contracts just like they are bitcoin spot. If price goes up on spot, a good futures exchange will have its contracts also going up in price, and then you can sell and get out. However, the price of the futures contract is dependent on others trading it. So if nobody else is trading it and bringing the market price of the contract along with changes in the underlying asset, then it's useless and you are forced to hold it until settlement to realize any of the profit/loss from the position.
Bitcoin isn't just an unknown commodity: it will always be an unknown commodity. Bitcoin doesn't have the fundamentals that investors typically use to analyze an asset. Most stocks or bonds can be analyzed based on some trait of the instrument. Stocks have P/E ratios and dividends, for example, while bonds have return percentages. Bitcoin has no fundamentals that can be easily measured.
ProShare Advisors, from its own resources, including profits from advisory fees received from the Funds, also may make payments to broker-dealers and other financial institutions for their services and expenses incurred in connection with the distribution and promotion of the Funds' Shares. In this regard, the Advisor or an affiliate of the Advisor, may directly or indirectly make cash payments to certain broker-dealers for participating in activities that are designed to make registered representatives and other professionals more knowledgeable about exchange traded products, including the Funds, or for other activities, such as participation in marketing activities and presentations, educational training programs, conferences, the development of technology platforms and
•	Lack of liquid markets, and possible manipulation of blockchain-based assets. Digital assets that are represented and trade on a blockchain may not necessarily benefit from viable trading markets. Stock exchanges have listing requirements and vet issuers, and perhaps users. These conditions may not necessarily be replicated on a blockchain, depending on the platform's controls and other policies. The more lenient a blockchain is about vetting issuers of digital assets or users that transact on the platform, the higher the potential risk for fraud or the manipulation of digital assets. These factors may decrease liquidity or volume, or increase volatility of digital securities or other assets trading on a blockchain.
The Custodian is responsible for safeguarding the Funds' cash and securities, receiving and delivering securities, collecting the Funds' interest and dividends, and performing certain administrative duties, all as directed by authorized persons. The Custodian is also responsible for the appointment and oversight of any sub-custodian banks and for providing reports regarding such sub-custodian banks and clearing agencies.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Registrant has duly caused this post-effective amendment (the "Amendment") to its Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized, in the City of Bethesda and the State of Maryland on December 19, 2017.
Mass adoption of bitcoin will also require an accommodating regulatory environment. A lack of expansion in usage of bitcoin and the Bitcoin Blockchain could adversely affect the market for bitcoin and may have a negative impact on the performance of the Bitcoin Instruments and the performance of the Funds. Even if growth in bitcoin adoption continues in the near or medium-term, there is no assurance that bitcoin usage, or the market for Bitcoin Instruments, will continue to grow over the long-term. A contraction in use of bitcoin may result in increased volatility or a reduction in the price of bitcoin, as well as increased volatility or a reduction in the price of Bitcoin Derivatives, which could adversely impact the value of an investment in a Fund. Conversely, a rapid expansion in the use of bitcoin may result in rapid appreciation in the price of bitcoin, which could adversely impact the value of a Fund which takes a short position in bitcoin futures contracts.
Assume it is January 3, 2015. Bob and Ann both want to trade at Bitcoin Futures Exchange (BFE). BFE offers 3 different contracts: one expiring and settling on Friday January 9 ('weekly'), another expiring Friday January 16th ('biweekly'), and finally one expiring in March 27 ('quarterly'). Each contract is worth 1 bitcoin notionally. BFE has a policy that traders have to put 20% of margin down to enter a trade, so Bob and Ann deposit 0.2btc to their BFE accounts as they only want to trade 1 contract.
It is the policy of the Funds (excluding, Managed Futures Strategy ETF, Crude Oil Strategy ETF, CDS Short North American HY Credit ETF, Bitcoin Futures Strategy ETF, Blockchain/Bitcoin Strategy ETF, Bitcoin Futures/Equity Strategy ETF, and Short Bitcoin Futures Strategy ETF) to pursue their investment objectives of correlating with their indices regardless of market conditions, to attempt to remain nearly fully invested and not to take defensive positions.
These days, all of the BTC/USD contracts trading at active futures markets are inverse, as mentioned in the beginning of this guide. The only differences between the exchanges is how they trigger liquidations and the procedure for handling margin calls. They all use Bitcoin as the currency, of course, and you can use the table below for a basic feature comparison:
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (including through the Subsidiary, as defined below) or "turns over" its portfolio. A higher portfolio turnover rate for the Fund or the Subsidiary may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the Fund's shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in Annual Fund Operating Expenses or in the example above, affect the Fund's performance. The Fund has not yet commenced operations as of the date of this Prospectus. Thus, no portfolio turnover information is provided for this Fund.
That's why liquidity and volume are essential to a quality exchange. If you enter that contract at $400 and you see bitcoin spot price jumping to $500 but nobody is trading futures so you can't sell it to them, you get screwed. Luckily at this point in 2016 there are numerous options for trading futures that are liquid and settle on short time horizons. So you can typically trade contracts and get in and out of them with decent spreads and reasonable fees.
Each Fund intends to invest to a significant extent in bitcoin futures contracts. Each Fund expects to gain exposure to bitcoin futures contracts by investing a portion of its assets in a wholly-owned subsidiary of such Fund organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands (each, a "Subsidiary"). Each Subsidiary is advised by ProShare Advisors, the Fund's investment advisor. Unlike the Fund, a Subsidiary is not an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act"). Each Fund's investment in the Subsidiary is intended to provide the Fund with exposure to bitcoin futures contracts in accordance with applicable rules and regulations. Each Fund will invest up to 25% of its total assets in its corresponding Subsidiary. Except as otherwise noted, references to a Fund's investment strategies and risks include the investment strategies and risks of its underlying Subsidiary.
In certain circumstances, the securities delivery cycles currently practicable for transferring portfolio securities to redeeming investors, coupled with foreign market holiday schedules, will require a delivery process longer than seven calendar days. The holidays applicable to various countries during such periods are listed below, as are instances where more than seven days will be needed to deliver redemption proceeds. Although certain holidays may occur on different dates in subsequent years, the number of days required to deliver redemption proceeds in any given year is not expected to exceed the maximum number of days listed below for each Fund. The proclamation of new holidays, the treatment by market participants of certain days as "informal holidays" (e.g., days on which no or limited securities transactions occur, as a result of substantially shortened trading hours), the elimination of existing holidays, or changes in local securities delivery practices, could affect the information set forth herein.
An initial coin offering (ICO) is a controversial means of raising funds for a new cryptocurrency venture. An ICO may be used by startups with the intention of avoiding regulation. However, securities regulators in many jurisdictions, including in the U.S., and Canada have indicated that if a coin or token is an "investment contract" (e.g., under the Howey test, i.e., an investment of money with a reasonable expectation of profit based significantly on the entrepreneurial or managerial efforts of others), it is a security and is subject to securities regulation. In an ICO campaign, a percentage of the cryptocurrency (usually in the form of "tokens") is sold to early backers of the project in exchange for legal tender or other cryptocurrencies, often bitcoin or ether.[62][63][64]
The NAV per share of each Fund is computed by dividing the value of the net assets of such Fund (i.e., the value of its total assets less total liabilities) by its total number of Fund shares outstanding. Expenses and fees are accrued daily and taken into account for purposes of determining NAV. The NAV of each Fund is calculated by JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association. The NAV of each Fund is generally determined each business day at the close of regular trading of the (ordinarily 3:00 p.m. Eastern time). The Fund's investments are generally valued at their market value using information provided by a pricing service or market quotations. Short-term securities are valued on the basis of amortized cost or based on market prices. In addition, routine valuation of certain other derivatives is performed using procedures approved by the Board.
The price of bitcoin may change sharply while the market for certain Bitcoin Instruments is closed or when the exchange on which Fund shares are traded is closed. Although the Funds will not invest directly in bitcoin, such price changes could impact the price and volatility of the Bitcoin Instruments in which the Funds invest and, therefore, could have a negative impact on your investment in the Funds.
A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses strong cryptography to secure financial transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify the transfer of assets.[1][2][3] Cryptocurrencies are a kind of alternative currency and digital currency (of which virtual currency is a subset). Cryptocurrencies use decentralized control[4] as opposed to centralized digital currency and central banking systems.[5] The decentralized control of each cryptocurrency works through distributed ledger technology, typically a blockchain, that serves as a public financial transaction database.[6][7]
Exchanges Operating in: US, Panama, Australia, Canada, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, New Zealand, China, Poland, EU, Indonesia, South Korea, UK, Russia, Seychelles, Mexico, Netherlands, Brazil, Japan, Philippines, Ukraine, Turkey, Iceland, British Virgin Islands, Thailand, Germany, Cyprus, Chile, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, India, Spain, Sweden, South Africa, Tanzania, France, Taiwan, Vietnam, Argentina, Venezuela, Malta, Pakistan, Switzerland, Austria
Under Delaware law, the Trust is not required to hold an annual shareholders meeting if the 1940 Act does not require such a meeting. Generally, there will not be annual meetings of Trust shareholders. Trust shareholders may remove Trustees from office by votes cast at a meeting of Trust shareholders or by written consent. If requested by shareholders of at least 10% of the outstanding Shares of the Trust, the Trust will call a meeting of Funds' shareholders for the purpose of voting upon the question of removal of a Trustee of the Trust and will assist in communications with other Trust shareholders.
Each Fund may purchase illiquid securities, including securities that are not readily marketable and securities that are not registered ("restricted securities") under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "1933 Act"), but which can be sold to qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. A Fund will not invest more than 15% of the Fund's net assets in illiquid securities. The term "illiquid securities" for this purpose means securities that cannot be disposed of within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the amount at which the Fund has valued the securities. Under the current guidelines of the staff of the SEC, illiquid securities also are considered to include, among other securities, purchased OTC options, certain cover for OTC options, repurchase agreements with maturities in excess of seven days, and certain securities whose disposition is restricted under the federal securities laws. The Fund may not be able to sell illiquid securities when the Advisor considers it desirable to do so or may have to sell such securities at a price that is lower than the price that could be obtained if the securities were more liquid. In addition, the sale of illiquid securities also may require more time and may result in higher dealer discounts and other selling expenses than the sale of securities that are not illiquid. Illiquid securities may be more difficult to value due to the unavailability of reliable market quotations for such securities, and investments in illiquid securities may have an adverse impact on NAV.
Amounts not distributed on a timely basis in accordance with a prescribed formula are subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax at the Fund level. To avoid the tax, each Fund must distribute during each calendar year an amount generally equal to the sum of (1) at least 98% of its ordinary income (not taking into account any capital gains or losses) for the calendar year, (2) at least 98.2% of its capital gains in excess of its capital losses (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for a one-year period generally ending on October 31
The first thing you need to get started trading bitcoin is to open a bitcoin wallet. If you do not have a bitcoin wallet then you can open one at the biggest wallet called coinbase. We have arranged a special deal for everyone wanting to get started in bitcoin to get a free $10 at coinbase. Get your free $10 by opening your coinbase account here.
Trading directly on CME is not possible unless you are a broker yourself. This means that you have to pay a high fee – between thousands and hundreds of thousands of USD – to join CME. As an individual investor, you need to find a broker who trades on CME. You will then open an account with this broker – a margin account rather than a cash account because in options trading, there is a margin involved, as we have seen above. Because this poses a higher risk for the broker – in case you can't settle your debts – these deals can only be done in special margin accounts and not cash accounts.


text:
Low Water
by W. W. Jacobs
It was a calm, clear evening in late summer as the Elizabeth Ann, of Pembray, scorning the expensive aid of a tug, threaded her way down the London river under canvas. The crew were busy forward, and the master and part-owner--a fussy little man, deeply imbued with a sense of his own importance and cleverness--was at the wheel chatting with the mate. While waiting for a portion of his cargo, he had passed the previous week pleasantly enough with some relatives in Exeter, and was now in a masterful fashion receiving a report from the mate.
"There's one other thing," said the mate. "I dessay you've noticed how sober old Dick is to-night."
"I kept him short o' purpose," said the skipper, with a satisfied air.
"Tain't that," said the mate. "You'll be pleased to hear that 'im an' Sam has been talked over by the other two, and that all your crew now, 'cept the cook, who's still Roman Catholic, has j'ined the Salvation Army."
"Salvation Army!" repeated the skipper in dazed tones. "I don't want none o' your gammon, Bob."
"It's quite right," said the other. "You can take it from me. How it was done I don't know, but what I do know is, none of 'em has touched licker for five days. They've all got red jerseys, an' I hear as old Dick preaches a hexcellent sermon. He's red-hot on it, and t'others follow 'im like sheep."
"The drink's got to his brain," said the skipper sagely, after due reflection. "Well, I don't mind, so long as they behave theirselves."
He kept silence until Woolwich was passed, and they were running along with all sails set, and then, his curiosity being somewhat excited, he called old Dick to him, with the amiable intention of a little banter.
"What's this I hear about you j'ining the Salvation Army?" he asked.
"It's quite true, sir," said Dick. "I feel so happy, you can't think--we all do."
"Glory!" said one of the other men, with enthusiastic corroboration.
"Seems like the measles," said the skipper facetiously. "Four of you down with it at one time!"
"It IS like the measles, sir," said the old man impressively, "an' I only hope as you'll catch it yourself, bad."
"Hallelujah!" bawled the other man suddenly. "He'll catch it."
"Hold that noise, you, Joe!" shouted the skipper sternly. "How dare you make that noise aboard ship?"
"He's excited, sir," said Dick. "It's love for you in 'is 'eart as does it."
"Let him keep his love to hisself," said the skipper churlishly.
"Ah! that's just what we can't do," said Dick in high-pitched tones, which the skipper rightly concluded to be his preaching voice. "We can't do it--an' why can't we do it? Becos we feel good, an' we want you to feel good too. We want to share it with you. Oh, dear friend--"
"That's enough," said the master of the Elizabeth Ann, sharply. "Don't you go 'dear friending' me. Go for'ard! Go for'ard at once!"
With a melancholy shake of his head the old man complied, and the startled skipper turned to the mate, who was at the wheel, and expressed his firm intention of at once stopping such behaviour on his ship.
"You can't do it," said the mate firmly.
"Can't do it?" queried the skipper.
"Not a bit of it," said the other. "They've all got it bad, an' the more you get at 'em the wuss they'll be. Mark my words, best let 'em alone."
"I'll hold my hand a bit and watch 'em," was the reply; "but I've always been cap'n on my own ship, and I always will."
For the next twenty-four hours he retained his sovereignty undisputed, but on Sunday morning, after breakfast, when he was at the wheel, and the crew below, the mate, who had been forward, came aft with a strange grin struggling for development at the corners of his mouth.
"What's the matter?" inquired the skipper, regarding him with some disfavour.
"They're all down below with their red jerseys on," replied the mate, still struggling, "and they're holding a sort o' consultation about the lost lamb, an' the best way o' reaching 'is 'ard 'eart."
"Lost lamb!" repeated the skipper unconcernedly, but carefully avoiding the other's eye.
"You're the lost lamb," said the mate, who always went straight to the point.
"I won't have it," said the skipper excitably. "How dare they go on in this way? Go and send 'em up directly,"
The mate, whistling cheerily, complied, and the four men, neatly attired in scarlet, came on deck.
"Now, what's all this nonsense about?" demanded the incensed man. "What do you want?"
"We want your pore sinful soul," said Dick with ecstasy.
"Ay, an' we'll have it," said Joe, with deep conviction.
"So we will," said the other two, closing their eyes and smiling rapturously; "so we will."
The skipper, alarmed, despite himself, at their confidence, turned a startled face to the mate.
"If you could see it now," continued Dick impressively, "you'd be frightened at it. If you could--"
"Get to your own end of the ship," spluttered the indignant skipper. "Get, before I kick you there!"
"Better let Sam have a try," said one of the other men, calmly ignoring the fury of the master; "his efforts have been wonderfully blessed. Come here, Sam."
"There's a time for everything" said Sam cautiously. "Let's go for'ard and do what we can for him among ourselves."
They moved off reluctantly, Dick throwing such affectionate glances at the skipper over his shoulders that he nearly choked with rage.
"I won't have it!" he said fiercely; "I'll knock it out of 'em."
"You can't," said the mate. "You can't knock sailor men about nowadays. The only thing you can do is to get rid of 'em."
"I don't want to do that," was the growling reply. "They've been with me a long time, and they're all good men. Why don't they have a go at you, I wonder?"
"ME?" said the mate, in indignant surprise. "Why, I'm a Seventh Day Baptist! They don't want to waste their time over me. I'm all right."
"You're a pretty Seventh Day Baptist, you are!" replied the skipper. "Fust I've heard of it."
"You don't understand about such things," said the mate.
"It must be a very easy religion," continued the skipper.
"I don't make a show of it, if that's what you mean," rejoined the other warmly. "I'm one o' them as believe in 'iding my light under a bushel."
"A pint pot'ud do easy," sneered the skipper. "It's more in your line, too."
"Anyway, the men reckernise it," said the mate loftily. "They don't go an' sit in their red jerseys an' hold mothers' meetings over me."
"I'll knock their blessed heads off!" growled the skipper. "I'll learn 'em to insult me!"
"It's all for your own good," said the other. "They mean it kindly. Well, I wish 'em luck."
With these hardy words he retired, leaving a seething volcano to pace the deck, and think over ways and means of once more reducing his crew to what he considered a fit and proper state of obedience and respect.
The climax was reached at tea-time, when an anonymous hand was thrust beneath the skylight, and a full-bodied tract fluttered wildly down and upset his tea.
"That's the last straw!" he roared, fishing out the tract and throwing it on the floor. "I'll read them chaps a lesson they won't forget in a hurry, and put a little money in my pocket at the same time. I've got a little plan in my 'ed as come to me quite sudden this afternoon. Come on deck, Bob."
Bob obeyed, grinning, and the skipper, taking the wheel from Sam, sent him for the others.
"Did you ever know me break my word, Dick?" he inquired abruptly, as they shuffled up.
"Never," said Dick.
"Cap'n Bowers' word is better than another man's oath," asseverated Joe.
"Well," said Captain Bowers, with a wink at the mate, "I'm going to give you chaps a little self-denial week all to yourselves. If you all live on biscuit and water till we get to port, and don't touch nothing else, I'll jine you and become a Salvationist."
"Biscuit and water," said Dick doubtfully, scratching a beard strong enough to scratch back.
"It wouldn't be right to play with our constitooshuns in that way, sir," objected Joe, shaking his head.
"There you are," said Bowers, turning to the mate with a wave of his hand. "They're precious anxious about me so long as it's confined to jawing, and dropping tracts into my tea, but when it comes to a little hardship on their part, see how they back out of it."
"We ain't backing out of it," said Dick cautiously; "but s'pose we do, how are we to be certain as you'll jine us?"
"You 've got my word for it," said the other, "an' the mate an' cook witness it."
"O' course, you jine the Army for good, sir," said Dick, still doubtfully.
"O' course."
"Then it's a bargain, sir," said Dick, beaming; "ain't it, chaps?"
"Ay, ay," said the others, but not beaming quite so much. "Oh, what a joyful day this is!" said the old man. "A Salvation crew an' a Salvation cap'n! We'll have the cook next, bad as he is."
"You'll have biskit an' water," said the cook icily, as they moved off, "an' nothing else, I'll take care."
"They must be uncommon fond o' me," said the skipper meditatively.
"Uncommon fond o' having their own way," growled the mate. "Nice thing you've let yourself in for."
"I know what I 'm about," was the confident reply.
"You ain't going to let them idiots fast for a week an' then break your word?" said the mate in surprise.
"Certainly not," said the other wrathfully; "I'd sooner jine three armies than do that, and you know it."
"They'll keep to the grub, don't you fear," said the mate. "I can't understand how you are going to manage it."
"That's where the brains come in," retorted the skipper, somewhat arrogantly.
"Fust time I've heard of 'em," murmured the mate softly; "but I s'pose you've been using pint pots too."
The skipper glared at him scornfully, but, being unprovided with a retort, forbore to reply, and going below again mixed himself a stiff glass of grog, and drank success to his scheme.
Three days passed, and the men stood firm, and, realising that they were slowly undermining the skipper's convictions, made no effort to carry him by direct assault. The mate made no attempt to conceal his opinion of his superior's peril, and in gloomy terms strove to put the full horror of his position before him.
"What your missis'll say the first time she sees you prancing up an' down the road tapping a tambourine, I can't think," said he.
"I shan't have no tambourine," said Captain Bowers cheerfully.
"It'll also be your painful dooty to stand outside your father-in-law's pub and try and persuade customers not to go in," continued Bob. "Nice thing that for a quiet family!"
The skipper smiled knowingly, and, rolling a cigar in his mouth, leaned back in his seat and cocked his eye at the skylight.
"Don't you worry, my lad," said he; "don't you worry. I'm in this job, an' I'm coming out on top. When men forget what's due to their betters, and preach to 'em, they've got to be taught what's what. If the wind keeps fair we ought to be home by Sunday night or Monday morning."
The other nodded.
"Now, you keep your eyes open," said the skipper; and, going to his state-room, he returned with three bottles of rum and a corkscrew, all of which, with an air of great mystery, he placed on the table, and then smiled at the mate. The mate smiled too.
"What's this?" inquired the skipper, drawing the cork, and holding a bottle under the other's nose.
"It smells like rum," said the mate, glancing round, possibly for a glass.
"It's for the men," said the skipper, "but you may take a drop."
The mate, taking down a glass, helped himself liberally, and, having made sure of it, sympathetically, but politely, expressed his firm opinion that the men would not touch it under any conditions whatever.
"You don't quite understand how firm they are," said he; you think it's just a new fad with 'em, but it ain't."
"They'll drink it," said the skipper, taking up two of the bottles. "Bring the other on deck for me."
The mate complied, wonderingly, and, laden with prime old Jamaica, ascended the steps.
"What's this?" inquired the skipper, crossing over to Dick, and holding out a bottle.
"Pison, sir," said Dick promptly.
"Have a drop," said the skipper jovially.
"Not for twenty pounds," said the old man, with a look of horror.
"Not for two million pounds," said Sam, with financial precision.
"Will anybody have a drop?" asked the owner, waving the bottle to and fro.
As he spoke a grimy paw shot out from behind him, and, before he quite realised the situation, the cook had accepted the invitation, and was hurriedly making the most of it.
"Not you," growled the skipper, snatching the bottle from him; "I didn't mean you. Well, my lads, if you won't have it neat you shall have it watered."
Before anybody could guess his intention he walked to the water-cask, and, removing the cover, poured in the rum. In the midst of a profound silence he emptied the three bottles, and then, with a triumphant smile, turned and confronted his astonished crew.
"What's in that cask, Dick?" he asked quietly.
"Rum and water," groaned Dick; "but that ain't fair play, sir. We've kep' to our part o' the agreement, sir, an' you ought to ha' kep' to yours."
"So I have," was the quick reply; "so I have, an' I still keep to it. Don't you see this, my lads; when you start playing antics with me you're playing a fool's game, an' you're bound to come a cropper. Some men would ha' waited longer afore they spiled their game, but I think you've suffered enough. Now there's a lump of beef and some taters on, an' you'd better go and make a good square meal, an' next time you want to alter the religion of people as knows better than you do, think twice."
"We don't want no beef, sir; biskit'll do for us," said Dick firmly.
"All right, please yourselves," said the skipper; "but mind, no hanky- panky, no coming for drink when my back's turned; this cask'll be watched; but if you do alter your mind about the beef you can tell the cook to get it for you any time you like."
He threw the bottles overboard, and, ignoring the groaning and head- shaking of the men, walked away, listening with avidity to the respectful tributes to his genius tendered by the mate and cook-- flattery so delicate and so genuine withal that he opened another bottle.
"There's just one thing," said the mate presently; "won't the rum affect the cooking a good deal?"
"I never thought o' that," admitted the skipper; "still, we musn't expect to have everything our own way."
"No, no," said the mate blankly, admiring the other's choice of pronouns.
Up to Friday afternoon the skipper went about with a smile of kindly satisfaction on his face; but in the evening it weakened somewhat, and by Saturday morning it had vanished altogether, and was replaced by an expression of blank amazement and anxiety, for the crew shunned the water cask as though it were poison, without appearing to suffer the slightest inconvenience. A visible air of proprietorship appeared on their faces whenever they looked at the skipper, and the now frightened man inveighed fiercely to the mate against the improper methods of conversion patronised by some religious bodies, and the aggravating obstinacy of some of their followers.
"It's wonderful what enthusiasm'll do for a man," said Bob reflectively; "I knew a man once--"
"I don't want none o' your lies," interposed the other rudely.
"An' I don't want your blamed rum and water, if it comes to that," said the mate, firing up. "When a man's tea is made with rum, an' his beef is biled in it, he begins to wonder whether he's shipped with a seaman or a--a--"
"A what?" shouted the skipper. "Say it!"
"I can't think o' nothing foolish enough," was the frank reply. "It's all right for you, becos it's the last licker as you'll be allowed to taste, but it's rough on me and the cook."
"Damn you an' the cook," said the skipper, and went on deck to see whether the men's tongues were hanging out.
By Sunday morning he was frantic; the men were hale and well enough, though, perhaps, a trifle thin, and he began to believe with the cook that the age of miracles had not yet passed.
It was a broiling hot day, and, to add to his discomfort, the mate, who was consumed by a raging thirst, lay panting in the shade of the mainsail, exchanging condolences of a most offensive nature with the cook every time he looked his way.
All the morning he grumbled incessantly, until at length, warned by an offensive smell of rum that dinner was on the table, he got up and went below.
At the foot of the ladder he paused abruptly, for the skipper was leaning back in his seat, gazing in a fascinated manner at some object on the table.
"What's the matter?" inquired the mate in alarm.
The other, who did not appear to hear the question, made no answer, but continued to stare in a most extraordinary fashion at a bottle which graced the centre of the table.
"What is it?" inquired the mate, not venturing to trust his eyes. "WATER? Where did it come from?"
"Cook!" roared the skipper, turning a bloodshot eye on that worthy, as his pallid face showed behind the mate, "what's this? If you say it's water I'll kill you."
"I don't know what it is, sir," said the cook cautiously; "but Dick sent it to you with his best respects, and I was to say as there's plenty more where that came from. He's a nasty, under'anded, deceitful old man, is Dick, sir, an' it seems he laid in a stock o' water in bottles an' the like afore you doctored the cask, an' the men have had it locked up in their chests ever since."
"Dick's a very clever old man," remarked the mate, pouring himself out a glass, and drinking it with infinite relish, "ain't he, cap'n? It'll be a privilege to jine anything that man's connected with, won't it?"
He paused for a reply, but none came, for the cap'n, with dim eyes, was staring blankly into a future so lonely and uncongenial that he had lost the power of speech--even of that which, at other crises, had never failed to afford him relief. The mate gazed at him curiously for a moment, and then, imitating the example of the cook, quitted the cabin.
Add Low Water to your own personal library.
Return to the W. W. Jacobs Home Page, or . . . Read the next short story; Made To Measure

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to estimate integral of a bivariate normal distribution obtained with scipy.stats.multivariate_normal? I am trying to estimate the integral of a bivariate normal distribution obtained with scipy.stats.multivariate_normal. The covariance matrix of my distribution is diagonal (independant) with two different variances. Which method would be most appropriate for this function ?
I have been trying to use the module developped by Nico (Integration of Multivariate Normal Distribution in Python).
The documentation of the package : https://pypi.org/project/quadpy/
Nevertheless, I am getting the following error message : "AttributeError: module 'quadpy.e2r2' has no attribute 'integrate'".
Am I missing a module mandatory for quadpy ?
Thanks in advance!

A: Author here. You'll have to instantiate a scheme, then use that to integrate; see the documentation https://github.com/nschloe/quadpy#2d-space-with-weight-function-exp-r2.
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.e2r2.rabinowitz_richter_3()
scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: x[0]**2)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Science & Policymaking
EU energy policy: Towards a third industrial revolution
"Within a single generation, we can give Europe a truly sustainable energy system," writes EU Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs in a February paper for the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies.
"If we invest wisely in research and give European companies the right incentives to become world-leaders in renewable and other low-carbon energy technologies, we can put the EU at the forefront of the third industrial revolution in the same way as US investment in computing put them at the forefront of the second," writes Piebalgs.
"Few would deny that energy security and climate change represent the greatest challenges of this generation," declares the commissioner, describing climate change as a "threat and a barrier". "Until now, the earth has been capable of supporting our ever-increasing demands on her resources. But with six billion people today, we have already reached the point of quite literal non-sustainability," he warns.
The UN predicts that the world's population will hit 2.5 billion by 2050, while continually rising expectations of living standards across the globe "will cause enormous damage to our health, our wealth, and our ability to live in peace and prosperity," Piebalgs warns.
Over the next decade, "the first real challenge and responsibility of the EU is to develop a society which is truly sustainable, to provide a model that the rest of the world can follow," according to the commissioner.
"Gas and oil pipelines supplying the EU today have been constructed in the interests of energy companies, rather than with the guarantee of the EU's energy security in mind," Piebalgs writes.
"This must now change," for "over the last four years, the EU has undergone an energy revolution," the bloc's energy chief declares. "For the first time in its history, it has taken a conscious decision to collectively direct its own energy future, rather than simply leaving the market to provide its needs."
"None of our energy objectives will be possible without a step-change regarding research," fears Piebalgs. "We need to acknowledge the vital and strategic role of energy for the EU, jointly plan our actions, effectively implement our current policies through a more targeted and powerful instruments, increase our financial and human resources and reinforce international cooperation," he explains.
"If we invest strongly and wisely in technology, and if we recognise that the third industrial revolution means that research should be considered as a central pillar of our economic policy, there is also every reason […] why the EU is in a unique place to take the leadership in this challenge," concludes Piebalgs.
Andris Piebalgs
Carbon Leakage
Common energy policy
EU Priorities 2020


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Creating CHOOSE HAPPY was an intriguing diversion. I was asked to create a book using the "Artist's Book Ideation Cards" developed by Barbara Tetenbaum and Julie Chen. One chooses one of each of the category cards, plus five adjectives, and then creates a work of art that fits the criteria. One can ignore two of the adjectives, and change one of the other cards, if desired. The cards I drew were Found TEXT, Muted or pastel COLOURS, LAYOUT across the folds, Self-generated IMAGE, Multiple colours of PAPER, TECHNIQUE of my choice, Accordion STRUCTURE. The five adjective cards were Elegant or harmonious, Textured, Scientific or research-based, Opposing or contrasting, and Loud.
Just the day before I drew the cards, I had seen, in Toronto, two billboards for Koodo Mobile. They spelled (in balloons) CHOOSE HAPPY. I searched for more found text in a variety of magazines. I then tried typing CHOOSE HAPPY in the search box of the public library's catalogue, and came up with How We Choose to Be Happy: The 9 Choices of Extremely Happy People—Their Secrets, Their Stories, by Rick Foster and Greg Hicks. Searching for that on the shelves led me to HAPPY AT LAST: The Thinking Person's Guide to Finding Joy, by Richard O'Connor, M.S.W., Ph.D and reading that led me to 14,000 things to be happy about by Barbara Kipfer. I have used text from all of these in CHOOSE HAPPY.
HAPPY AT LAST was the most interesting to me. O'Connor references recent research on brain plasticity (a topic I have explored as I have a son who has had a brain injury) and posits that, just as the brain of stroke victims and people with brain injuries can be reprogrammed and create new neural connections, so too can anyone reprogram his or her own brain to be happier. O'Connor's text became the linchpin upon which the rest of the random texts could hang.


The company reported strong first-quarter results and increased its full-year guidance.
What: Shares of Memorial Resource Development (NASDAQ:MRD) jumped on Tuesday, up more than 11% by 3:00 p.m. ET. Fueling today's big move was the company's first-quarter earnings report.
So what: Memorial Resource Development reported surprisingly strong first-quarter results, with production surging 52% year over year while adjusted net income increased by 22% from the year-ago quarter. Driving this strong result was a combination of solid drilling results, reduced drilling and operating costs, and robust oil and gas hedges.
Thanks in part to its strong showing in the first quarter, Memorial Resource Development announced that it is increasing its full-year production guidance range. The company now expects production to average between 400 MMcfe/d to 425 MMcfe/d, which is ahead of its prior range of 390 MMcfe/d to 420 MMcfe/d. Even better, the company expects to deliver this stronger production while spending less capital. Thanks to lower well costs, the company only expects to spend $250 million to $300 million to complete up to 35 wells, which is below its prior estimate of needing to spend between $325 million to $375 million to complete the same number of wells.
Memorial Resource Development wasn't alone in raising first-quarter production guidance, with a number of other producers, including Devon Energy (NYSE:DVN) and Pioneer Natural Resources (NYSE:PXD) also boosting full-year guidance. In Devon Energy's case, it raised the mid-point of its production guidance by 3%, while Pioneer Natural Resources increased its production growth outlook from 10% to 12%. What was different is that neither Devon Energy nor Pioneer Natural Resources are cutting capex, with both reaffirming their 2016 capex budget. It's Memorial Resources Development's ability to both increase production guidance while cutting capex that really sets it apart.
Now what: Memorial Resource Development is off to a strong start in 2016, with the company reporting pretty solid first-quarter results. Further, the company has become a much more efficient driller, which is evident by the fact that its production guidance is increasing while its capital spending guidance is declining. That's exactly what investors would want to see from a driller these days.


text:
Publication Policy
Quick SILC
RostrumLegal Essay Competition
National Legal Writing Competition, 2018
RLR Volume V Issue I
Significance and Applicability of the POCSO Act, 2012
EditorApril 30, 20180 Comment11.4k
Children as one important marginalized group who, in lieu of being carefully playing in the sun and going to school, quite often suffer from various types of maltreatment, exploitation mostly sexual. Thus they are marginalized not only in terms of their access to the basic human needs, but also in expressing freely their views and getting this properly accepted on the issues vital to them. Out of all these sufferings, the sexual exploitation and abuse are considered as the most heinous crime by the perpetrator as it bears huge impact on the mental and physical condition of the victims. Recognizing the importance of this crime and the vulnerability of the children, there are some criminal laws to protect them. But due to the increasing trend of this sexual offence a separate act named as Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 20124 was formulated in order to protect the health and security of the children, who are integral in the process of development. The significance of this Act also lies in the fact that children are the most vulnerable to such crime as they do not understand the consequence and seriousness of the matter. The little innocent children can only feel the pain of the mishappening leaving a scar over the body and mind forever. In this backdrop, this study focuses on to examine the significance of the POCSO Act4 which has been introduced to fill in the shoes of existing laws particularly the Juvenile Justice Act, 20003. The study will also focus on the constitutional provision and the provisions of UN Convention behind this law. By citing a few case studies, the applicability of this Act will be examined alongwith its loopholes. The roles of doctors, police, courts and human rights activists are very important in the question of providing adequate protection and security of the children. Their roles need to be reviewed in this study in the present social context.
Sexual assault, sexual exploitation, sexual harassment, pornography, trafficking and acid attack are the most heinous crimes committed among all the crimes of the society. It destroys a nation by destroying both the present and the future generations. Generational equity in all respects is the basic tenet of achieving sustainability of a nation. Protection of children from sexual offences act (POCSO), 20124 is the most efficient, balanced instrument to fight these crimes for the children who are the victims of different forms of sexual abuse. The act works both as a boon providing instruments and curse with its flaws with backward nature. Although the act has many loopholes in the method of application, it has still been articulated with sincere efforts to wipe out the tears and scars of children sexually abused in different forms. The sexually abused children being marginalized are to depend on their elders and apart from sexual abuse they also suffer from the deprivation of various economic rights like food, clothing, shelter, etc and undue and illogical dominance of the elders damaging the best interests of the child.
AREA OF RESEARCH:
This paper seeks to review the application and significance of Indian Criminal Law to the cases of sexual offences involving children. The study has specifically highlighted IPC sections1 354,375, 376, 376 A and Articles 15(3), 39 (e), 39(f), 45 of the Constitution of India2, the Juvenile and Justice Act, 20003 and the POCSO Act, 20124. The area of economic aspects of these sexually abused cases has also been examined in the study.
Child sexual abuse is increasing at an alarming rate all over the world and particularly at our own country India who is among the top five countries of the world facing highest rate of sexual offences involving children. The criminal law in India seems inadequate in many respects to deal with such a sensitive issue. After the famous Sakshi v Union of India and Ors5 where the petitioner, Sakshi, an organization to provide legal, medical, residential, psychological or any other help, assistance or charitable support for women, in particularly those who are victims of any kind of sexual abuse and or harassment, violence, atrocity, etc, filed a writ petition under the Article 322 of the Indian constitution by way of public interest litigation on the nature of sexual intercourse or abuse under section 375, 376 and 376 A under IPC1, comprehensive review has been done by the Law commission who appealed for several amendments of law. Nonetheless, the Law was not sufficient to deal with sexual offences involving children.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
The objective of the study is to examine the need and significance of POCSO Act, 20124 along with its loopholes. For this we need to examine whether the criminal law of our country is adequate to deal with the cases of sexual offences involving children even after an independent Act like POCSO Act, 20124. Secondly, this paper will focus on constitutional provision of this issue without which no study in this area will be complete. Thirdly, the study will review the roles of Police, Doctors, Courts and Administrative personnel in this regard. Fourthly, the study will analyze various criminal laws to tackle this issue along with judicial pronouncements before and after the POCSO Act, 20124. The economic aspects of the application of and fulfillment of the POCSO Act, 20124will also be briefly highlighted.
REVIEW OF THE STUDIES:
Moirangthem Sydney, Kumar C Naveen and Bada Math Suresh (2015)6 have expressed their worry and shock in describing the increasing figure of sex abuse of both boys and girls. They mentioned 52.94% boys and 47.06% girls are sexually abused in a year. Also the author has briefly and precisely enumerated the need for the POCSO Act, 2012 and its role to redress the case if child abuse alongwith other criminal acts they have pointed out few gaps in the POCSO Act, 20124. Belur Jyoti and Singh Bahadur Brijesh (2015) 7 have clearly described the role of POCSO Act, 20124 alongwith its problem for implementation in the Indian context regarding inflexibility of age of consent for sex under 18 years. According to the authors, the enactment of the POCSO Act, 20124 is a remarkable and welcome development as it has covered a range of criminal acts like child rape, harassment and exploitation for pornography. Behera P.B and Rao and Mulmule (2013)8 have given an alarming figure of child sexual abuse in 2011 with a rise of 24% over 2010. They have also very rightly pointed out the drawbacks of Indian Penal Code laws to address the child sexual abuse cases. According to them, the police, medical practitioner who deal with the victims on these types of cases are not at all well trained and psychologically child friendly.
POCSO ACT, 2012:
India is a second populous country in the world and latest census 2011 reveals that it is the home of 17% of world`s population. Nearly 19% of the world`s children live in India, which constitutes 42% (more than one- third) of India`s total population and around 50% of these children are in need of care and protection, marginalized. Despite having highest number of sexually abused children in the world, there is no special law in India, which is fully equipped to counter the menace of sexually abused cases. Protection of children against sexual offences Act, 2012 (POCSO)4 is a special law to protect children from offences against sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography. The Act defines a child below 18 years of age. It defines different forms of sexual abuse including:
Penetrative assault
Non- penetrative assault
Until recently, various provisions of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) were used to deal with sexual offences against children as the law did not make a distinction between an adult and a child. POCSO deals with sexual offences against persons below the age of 18 years. POCSO provides for relief and rehabilitation as soon as the complaint is made to the special Juvenile Police Unit or the local police who are required to make immediate arrangements for care and protection.
CASE STUDY AND THE CHALLENGES:
As per our discussions, the POCSO Act, 2012 came into force on November 14, 2012 to effectively deal with sexual offences against children. However, a case has shown that it had faced unforeseen challenges in its implementation.
On December 22, 2016 in an unprecedented move, a special court in Thane, Maharashtra issued a perjury notice to a 16 years old minor girl in a case under the POCSO Act. The girl had allegedly been subjected to rape by her father. Though she testified against her father in the examination-in-chief, she turned hostile at the fag end of the cross examination conducted by the defense counsel. In this case, the application of POCSO Act becomes difficult. The challenges are also focused in the following cases:
Consent: The issue of consent by the victim to undergo medical examination is a complicated one. Sometimes, the victim is not giving consent while the family members are giving consent. The POCSO Act remains silent in this case.
Medical Examination: According to the POCSO Act, the medical examination of a female child should be done by a female medical officer or doctor. But when the female doctor is not available, conflicting legal position arises.
Treatment cost: The POCSO Act mandate that the treatment cost of the survivor will be borne by the medical establishment or if not possible, it is the responsibility of the state to reimburse the cost.
Consented sexual intimacy: POCSO Act mandates that sexual contact between two adolescents or between an adolescent and an adult is illegal. However, consensual sex is allowed under POCSO Act. But recent amendments in the IPC in 2013, that any consensual sex acts below 18 years of age will be considered as rape. Thus application of POCSO Act of 2012 and at the same time amendments of IPC 2013 simultaneously become highly confusing and by this process suffering of the victim may increase by delayed interpretation by judiciary and the law enforcing authorities.
Reporting: It is well known fact that not all cases of child sexual abuse is reported. Sometimes, families of the victims show lack of interest in proper reporting of cases to police and hospitals with the apprehension that this might increase their harassment and embarrassment in the society.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION:
The discussion on the articles in the Indian constitution 15(3), 39(e), 39(f), 452 will help us to understand the laws and the provisions to tackle the cases of children sexually abused.
Article 15(3): It states that even though the state will not discriminate anyone, they can make special provisions only for women and children to safeguard their interests. But inspite of this Act, Indian women and children are still not getting their due respect and dignity either at home or at outside.
Article 39(e): It states that the health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.
Article 39(f): It states that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.
Article 45: The Constitution of India in its Directive principles contained in Article 45 has made a provision for free and compulsory education for all children upto the age of 14 years. This will make him/her aware of these incidents of sexual exploitation and harassments by the perpetrators. This is one of the reasons why the Right to Education Act, 200910 has been enacted by the parliament. But its needful application is still far away than it is expected.
ANALYSIS OF THE INDIAN CRIMINAL LAW TO PROTECT SEXUALLY ABUSED CHILDREN:
Malnutrition, illiteracy, trafficking, drug abuse, sexual abuse pornography etc. are not uncommon among the children in India. Child sexual abuse includes physical or psychological maltreatment of a child usually by a person who is in a position of trust and confidence in relation to the child. National study undertaken by the Ministry of Women and child development9 defined 'sexual assault' as making the child fondle with his/her private parts or making the child exhibit private body parts and being photographed in the nude. However, the report did not exhibit the true reality because most of the cases go unreported because of the stigma attached to it in our society.
Before May 2012, various sections of the IPC dealing with sexual offences were also applied to the cases of child sexual abuse resulting in serious miscarriage of justice as the provisions were not reasonably sufficient for their application to cases of child sexual abuse. Section 354 IPC punishes a person for outraging the modesty of a woman by use of criminal force but if we apply this section to case of say sexual assault of an infant the serious problem which would arise is what modesty does a child of 2 years have?
Apart from these domestic laws, India is also a party to various international human rights treaties and covenants, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Convention on the Rights of Child (CRC), which provide specific protection for the rights of children.
THE FLAWS IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM:
The POCSO Act, 20124 suffers from the following flaws- 1. Non reporting of sexual abuse cases as in most cases, the perpetrators are the family members. 2. Fear of getting stigmatized. 3. Many doctors lack the competence to tackle this issue. 4. Police officials and the administrative personals sometimes are ignorant and reluctant also to follow the guidelines to maintain the secrecy of the case to protect the best interest of the child.
JUDICIAL PRONOUNCEMENT:
Pre POCSO:
The Juvenile Justice Act, 20003 for the care and protection of children was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to juveniles in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection by providing child- friendly approach in the process of adjudication and disposition of matters in the best interest of the children and for their proper rehabilitation as directed and guided by law. On 11th December, 1992 the Indian Government ratified the convention on the rights of child (CRC) and hence the need was felt to enact a law relating to juvenile justice that is in consonance with the provision of CRC. Accordingly the parliament enacted new law relating to Juvenile Justice Act, 20003.
However, with the passing of years and with the change of the society after few major economic events like economic reforms and globalization, juvenile crimes suddenly and steadily started to occur in an increasing way alongwith serious nature of crimes like rape and murder.
After POCSO:
POCSO, 2012 was implemented to make it easier for the victims of sexual abuse to get justice. The Act directs the use of more humane ways to deal with victims and prohibit victimization of the child at the hands of the judicial system. Because of which, the reporting of such cases has doubled due to increased awareness. In a case before the Delhi district court where the accused was charged with Section 8, 11 and 12 of the POCSO Act and Section 506 of the IPC for misbehaving with the victim, the court said though proper evidences are not disclosed by the investigative agency, the testimony of the child victim inspired trust and confidence.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS:
In the economic approach, there are two important sides that need to be focused. One is the demand side i.e demand for care and protection of the children form sexual offence and the other is the supply side i.e providing various instruments like Juvenile Justice Act3, 2000, POCSO Act, 20124, Section 354, Section 375, Section 376 of the IPC1, articles 39 (e), 39(f), 45 of the Indian Constitution2 which are necessary to meet the increasing demand for care and protection of the children. The supply side is strengthened by greater economic development of both men and women through women empowerment and increasing education through the application of Right to Education Act, 200910 and only then the equilibrium between these demand and supply will be possible to attend.
Children are the greatest asset and resource of the nation. Therefore care, protection and proper counseling are very important for their upbringing in the society. They should be given the opportunity of a fair and congenial atmosphere to grow up to become good citizen being physically and mentally fit and healthy endowed with skills and efficiency required by the society. Equal opportunities to all citizens with no discrimination should be provided for reducing inequality and curbing down delinquency n juveniles to establish social justice.
This Article is written by Manojit Ghosh , Associate Professor, Prabhu Jagatbandhu College, Jhorehat
The manuscript was submitted for the National Seminar on Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Organised by Bengal Law College in association with RostrumLegal on February 17th & 18th, 2018
IPC sections 82, 83, 354, 375, 376, 376 A, 506,509 1Universal`s Criminal Manual (2017), Universal Law publishing, Delhi.
Articles 15(3), 32, 39 (e), 39(f), 45 of the Constitution of India2, Universal`s Bare Act (2017), Universal Law publishing, New Delhi.
Juvenile Justice Act, 20003, Act No 56 of 2000, Parliament of India, 30th December, 2000, Gazette of India, 2001.
Protection of children from sexual offences Act (POCSO),20124, Press Information Bureau
Government of India Ministry of Women and Child Development, 19-December-2014. Moharana S.D (2015): An analytical study of POCSO, 2012, International Journal of Academic Research, ISSN-2348-7666, Volume 2, Issue 3(3), July-September.
Sakshi v Union of India and Ors5, AIR 2004.
Moirangthem Sydney, Kumar C Naveen and Bada Math Suresh (2015)6, Child Sexual Abuse: Issues and concerns, Indian Journal of Medical Reasearch 2015, July 142(1):1-3.
Belur Jyoti and Singh Bahadur Brijesh (2015) 7:CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE AND THE LAW IN INDIA: A COMMENTARY,CRIME SCIENCE,SEP 25,2015: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL SCIENCES & RESEARCH ( ISSN : 2394-7977 ).
Behera P.B and Rao and Mulmule (2013)8, Behera P.B, Sathyanarayana Rao TS, Mulmule A.N Sexual Abuse in women with special reference to children: barriers, boundaries and beyond Indian Journal P.2013; 55; 316-9.
Ministry of Women and child development9, Wikipedia.
Right to Education Act, 200910, Act No 35 of 2009, Parliament of India, The Gazette of India, New Delhi, 27th August, 2009.
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RLR Volume V Issue I April 30, 20180
Emerging issues in relation to Sexual Offences Against Children & its Prevention's
INTRODUCTION "Childhood should be carefree, playing in the sun; not living a nightmare in the…
Child Marriage – Not a Child's Play: POCSO's Response
ABSTRACT "This is my son" 15 year old Maina replied, when I asked her about…
POCSO and Child Marriages in India: A Conflict of Laws
ABSTRACT The present paper seeks to highlight the growing problem of Sexual offences on children…
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The Eclipse PHP IDE project delivers a PHP Integrated Development Environment framework for the Eclipse platform. This project encompasses the development components necessary to develop PHP-based Web Applications and facilitates extensibility. It leverages the existing Web Tools Project in providing developers with PHP capabilities.
This project is part of Eclipse IDE 2019-03, Eclipse IDE 2018-12, Eclipse IDE 2018-09, Eclipse Photon, Eclipse Oxygen, Neon, Mars, Luna, Kepler, Juno, Indigo, Helios, and Galileo.


text:
Christopher Page ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Christopher Page (Musikwissenschaftler) (* 1952), englischer Musikwissenschaftler, Experte für mittelalterliche Musik
 Christopher Nigel Page (1942–2022), schottischer Botaniker

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Linq Age GroupBy Aggregate Count I have problems getting the correct result of this linq.
 var transactions = from trans in tblMemberInfo.AsEnumerable()
                    orderby trans.Field<Int32>("AGE") ascending
                    group trans by trans.Field<Int32>("AGE") into groupTrans

                    select new
                    {
                         ZeroToSix = groupTrans.Count(age => age.Field<Int32>("AGE") >= 0 && age.Field<Int32>("AGE") <= 6)
                    };

I have a data table which contains data below. now, I want to sum all the age count where
age is between 0 to 5.
AGE     Count
0       6
1       6
2       7
3       5
4       5
5       20
6       5
7       5
8       5
9       5
10      5

I would like to see the result like this.
Age

ZeroToFive = 49
AboveSix = 25

A: Check this:
// mock data
var data = new List<dynamic> {
    new { Age = 0, Count = 6 },
    new { Age = 1, Count = 6 },
    new { Age = 2, Count = 7 },
    new { Age = 3, Count = 5 },
    new { Age = 4, Count = 5 },
    new { Age = 5, Count = 20 },
    new { Age = 6, Count = 5 },
    new { Age = 7, Count = 5 },
    new { Age = 8, Count = 5 },
    new { Age = 9, Count = 5 },
    new { Age = 10, Count = 5 },
};

var age = new {
                ZeroToFive = data.Where(x => x.Age < 6).Sum(x => x.Count),
                AboveSix = data.Where(x => x.Age >= 6).Sum(x => x.Count)
              };


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text:
Taiku
https://www.penny-arcade.com/news/post/2020/07/22/ghost-
Ghosts of Tsushima
Infinifactory
The first hot arc of cat shit struck at midnight.
I don't know if you've ever seen Blade Runner. It's pretty good. If you have, the hot cat shit is the glittering C-Beams and the deepest, darkest, most difficult portion under the bed to reach is the Tannhäuser Gate.
The whole thing happened again at 7:30 this morning, the cat jumped up high on the bathroom door and kicked off, crafting a rank sigil in this unholy new medium. He was running fast, shitting now on an industrial scale, breaking records. All the KPIs correlated with this cat's haunted ass were moving north. The smell, which we came to call The Wytch's Ghost, offered faint but still real resistance; it could be parted gently, like a beaded curtain. Ultimately, we were able to guide this vile new form of lightning outside. I had already cleaned it up at midnight, which involved the solo shifting of a bedframe that must have been over three hundred pounds while still mostly asleep. Brenna took the "morning shift" for this job nobody applied for and, having rinsed off those parts of my mind exposed to the phenomena, I cocooned myself on the living room couch and tried to dream a world without shit.
I saw the really long gameplay demo for Ghost of Tsushima and thought to myself, "I bet this map has a lot of icons on it." And it does. But as we describe in the strip, it also has some softer touches and does a lot to invite you in. Gabe's all in on it and that's not typically his thing at all.
Unfortunately for them right now I'm playing Satisfactory and that's what I want to play. It just hit Steam in Early Access after a run on EGS in the same state, and it's quite playable even in multiplayer. There are a lot of games about automation and efficiency, I feel like ol' Zach might have been ahead of the game again with Infinifactory, but Infinifactory didn't have multiplayer - Satisfactory has multiplayer and is Very Orange, something else I liked about Infinifactory. Right now I've been utilizing a lot of Brute Force to solve my production issues, with occasional flashes of true understanding, and like all of us I'm just trying to increase the ratio, slowly but surely, toward the latter.
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