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I may not have received a Christmas stocking but I did get some delightful presents - embellishment books and fibres, a couple of interesting tools, plus paints, paint pad and brushes for the art course I'm doing in a couple of weeks.
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Medicare for All (Who Want It)
You can't swing a dead cat these days without running into another of the Medicare for All plans offered by various Democratic presidential candidates and liberal think tanks. What should we think about all this?
First, I think we should differentiate between Medicare for All as a campaign slogan and these various plans. As a slogan I think it's got a great deal of power. But it is important that the plan to which such a slogan is linked be perceived by voters as a clear advance and not as a threat to their current situation.
Fundamentally, I think this comes down to whether the plan is Medicare for All Who Want It or Medicare for All, Whether You Want It or Not. This, in turn, comes down to whether the plan is a vast expansion of Medicare-like availability or simply replaces the existing system, including private health insurance, with a government-run system based on Medicare.
There is a strong case that the political sweet spot--what the public is really ready for--lies in the former not the latter. Ron Brownstein in his latest Atlantic article explains:
"After the ACA's passage, Obama—who had famously promised that those who like their insurance plan could keep it—faced a huge backlash after only a few hundred thousand people in the individual insurance market were forced to give up coverage that did not meet the law's standards. Ending private insurance would affect the 181 million Americans who today receive health insurance through their employers, according to census figures.
The share of Americans who receive coverage through work is significant: about two-thirds of adults with a high-school diploma, three-fourths of those with a two-year college degree, 87 percent of those with a four-year degree, and 90 percent of those with graduate education. Not surprisingly, that means extremely large percentages of adults receive health coverage through their employers in many of the affluent suburban districts that powered the Democratic takeover of the House last November.
More than four-fifths of the population receives employer-provided coverage in a wide range of districts that Democrats flipped from the GOP in 2018, including suburban seats in Northern Virginia and New Jersey, and seats in Chicago, Minneapolis, and Detroit, according to census results. And roughly three-fourths receive health insurance through their employers in districts that Democrats won elsewhere: in northeast Iowa; Irvine, California; Salt Lake City; Virginia Beach, Virginia; and the suburbs of Richmond, Virginia; Atlanta; Des Moines; Kansas City, Kansas; and San Diego. By contrast, in the much more working-class New York City district won by the liberal champion Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, just 56 percent of the residents have employer-provided insurance.....
In the latest monthly health-care tracking poll by the nonpartisan Kaiser Family Foundation, four-fifths of Democrats (and 56 percent of all adults) said they supported "a national health plan, sometimes called Medicare-for-All, in which all Americans would get their insurance from a single government plan."
But the same survey found much more hesitation, even among Democrats, when respondents were told that such a plan could mean higher taxes, longer waits for treatment, and the elimination of private insurance companies. Support among the general public in the Kaiser poll plummeted to just 37 percent when respondents were told it could eliminate private insurance companies."
This implies we should not let the best be the enemy of the good. It is quite possible to have a Medicare for All Who Want It-type plan that really does provide universal coverage, would contain costs and all the rest, but does not immediately wipe out private insurance. These probably make more sense to push at this stage of the game.
Two good ones to look at are Reps. Rosa De Lauro's and Jan Schakowsky's Medicare for America plan (explained by Jacob Hacker, who helped devise the plan, in a good interview on Vox and the Center for American Progress' (if I may be allowed a moment of institutional chauvinism) Medicare Extra for All plan.
Links to the Hacker interview and the CAP plan are provided below.
https://www.vox.com/…/18…/medicare-for-all-cost-jacob-hacker
https://cdn.americanprogress.org/…/21130514/MedicareExtra-r…
https://www.theatlantic.com/…/2020-could-be-test-me…/581746/
THEATLANTIC.COM
The Coming Democratic Drama Over Medicare for All
The policy's supporters could run up against the same problems that Republicans faced in trying to repeal Obamacare.
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Home ⁄ Health ⁄ Expensive trainers actually bad for your feet, says science
Expensive trainers actually bad for your feet, says science
Scientists say expensive trainers may actually be weakening muscles (Credits: Getty Images/iStockphoto)
Wearing expensive trainers with the soles arching up is bad for the feet, according to new research.
Trendy shoes with 'toe springs' weaken muscles by putting too much pressure on the ball – increasing the risk of agonising conditions.
These include plantar fasciitis, more commonly known as heel pain. It affects one in ten people – and causes an excruciating stabbing pain on the bottom of the foot.
In some cases, sufferers can barely walk.
Corresponding author Professor Daniel Lieberman, an evolutionary biologist at Harvard University, Boston, said: 'It stands to reason if the foot muscles have to do less work, then they are probably going to have less endurance given that many thousands of times a day you push off on your toes.'
He said people should choose footwear with flatter soles to avoid a potential lifetime of pain. A toe spring refers to their elevation above the ground or supporting surface. The current industry standard is 15 degrees.
It means most shoes hold, or immobilise, your toes in an unnatural, extended position, say the international team.
This makes people more prone to problems like like plantar fasciitis – a hard to repair inflammation of the thick band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes.
Trendy shoes with 'toe springs' put too much pressure on the ball of your foot (Credits: Getty Images)
Prof Lieberman said: 'One of the biggest problems in the world today of people's feet is plantar fasciitis. We think what happens is people are relying on their plantar fascia to do what muscles normally do.
'When you get weak muscles and the plantar fascia has to do more work, it is not really evolved for that, and so it gets inflamed.'
The findings are based on experiments in which 13 participants walked barefoot on a treadmill at a comfortable walking pace.
They were then asked to repeat the process wearing four different pairs of specially designed sandals – with toe spring angles varying from 10 to 40 degrees.
They were designed to mimic the stiffness and shape found in commercially available shoes.
The machine had force plates and an infrared camera system that recorded 3D motion data from markers placed on each volunteer's knee, ankle and foot.
This measured how much power was put into each step. The toe springs decreased the work of the muscles around the MTP (metatarsophalangeal) joints that connect them to the foot bones.
Prof Lieberman said: 'The higher the upwards curve of the toes with respect to the rest of the foot, the less work the foot muscles had to perform to support the joints when walking.
'It explains why toe springs are so comfortable and popular. But they may contribute to weakening of the foot muscles with long term use.'
The more curved a toe spring, the less power the foot has to exert when pushing off from the ground, he explained.
First author Prof Freddy Sichting, of Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany, said: 'From an evolutionary perspective, wearing modern shoes that have arch supports, cushioning, and other supportive features is a very recent phenomenon.
'Several lines of evidence suggest weak foot muscles may be partly a consequence of such features. In our research, we were interested in a nearly ubiquitous element of modern shoes that has not been studied before: the upward curvature at the front of the shoe.'
The project began after the professors met at a conference in Boston – and went for a run by the Charles River. They talked about foot biomechanics – and plantar fasciitis.
The MTP joints are one of the key features that have evolved so humans can walk and run on two feet so effectively and efficiently. An average person in the UK and other industrialised countries takes 4,000 to 6,000 steps a day.
Habitually wearing shoes with toe springs is likely to relieve muscles of the work needed to strengthen the joints, said the researchers.
Experts analysed participants walking on a treadmill (Credits: Getty Images/iStockphoto)
Prof Sichting said: 'Walking in shoes with comfortable features such as a toe spring has its costs.'
But the researchers are not expecting toe springs to be ditched anytime soon. The global footwear market is worth more than £150 billion a year.
Prof Lieberman said: 'We like comfort. That is why we sit in chairs and take elevators.'
The researchers are now calling for more research into how toe springs interact with other elements of shoes – such as stiff soles or cushioning.
Added co author Dr Oliver Hansen, also from Harvard: 'This study isolated just one element of our shoes. This could give us a more complete picture of how shoes affect our biomechanics.'
A-list celebrities who have suffered from plantar fasciitis include Paris Hilton, Angelina Jolie and Elaine Paige.
According to the NHS Choices website, it can be brought on by doing too much exercise, having flat feet, being overweight – or wearing unsuitable shoes.
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Technological Innovation, International Competition, and the Challenges of International Income Taxation
Michael J. Graetz, Columbia Law SchoolFollow
Rachael Doud, Yale UniversityFollow
Because of the importance of technological innovation to economic growth, nations strive to stimulate and attract the research and development ("R&D") that leads to that innovation and to make themselves hospitable environments for the holding of intellectual property ("IP"). Tax policies have taken center stage in their efforts to accomplish these goals and to capture a share of the income from technological innovations. Designing cost-effective methods of supporting technological innovations has, however, become substantially more difficult as the world economy has become more interconnected. Where R&D is performed and where income is earned change in response to the nature and level of government support. The capacity of multinational enterprises ("MNEs") to shift their IP production, IP ownership, and IP income across national borders, along with their ability to establish new corporations in tax-favorable jurisdictions, makes designing cost-effective incentives exceptionally difficult. Devising appropriate tax rules for developing IP and for taxing IP income has become the central challenge for international income taxation.
This Article examines the three primary tax policies supporting innovation: (1) incentives for R&D, (2) "patent boxes," and (3) tax benefits for "advanced manufacturing." It then briefly describes common techniques MNEs use to lower their taxes on IP income. The Article then assesses the various incentives and offers recommendations about how the United States might respond to challenges it now faces in promoting technological innovation. Based on extensive examination of the economic evidence, the Article concludes that, at most, only R&D incentives are justified.
This Article also summarizes the current proposals for limiting opportunities for U.S. MNEs to shift IP income to low- or zero-tax jurisdictions. In that connection, it offers proposals for change that would more closely align U.S. taxes with U.S. sales.
Michael J. Graetz & Rachael Doud, Technological Innovation, International Competition, and the Challenges of International Income Taxation, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 113, p. 347, 2013; Yale Law & Economics Research Paper No. 460; Columbia Law & Economics Working Paper No. 437 (2012).
Intellectual Property Law Commons, Law and Economics Commons, Tax Law Commons


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Home/Review/Tamilgun: A History of Tamil Resistance'
Tamilgun: A History of Tamil Resistance'
Tamil resistance to British colonialism began in the late 18th century, when the British landed in India with the intention of installing a Hindu majority monarchy. From the early 1800s, Tamil rebels fought against British rule and helped contribute to Indian independence. In recent decades, Tamil resistance has been revived through social media and activism, and pressure from Indian authorities has begun to mount.
Tamil resistance to British colonialism and Tommy guns began as early as the 17th century. Resistance, often violent, was led by members of the Tamil community who saw themselves as a distinct ethno-religious group with a unique history and culture. Despite British efforts to suppress Tamil resistance, it continued until the 1970s. Today, the Tamil community continues to resist British colonialism through educational and political activism.
Tamil Resistance has been a history of resistance against the state in Tamil Nadu for centuries. The current resistance movement in Tamil Nadu began in the late 1800s and continues to this day. Resistance to the state is a strong tradition in Tamil Nadu, and has been a source of strength for the community since independence. The movement has also helped to create a sense of awareness amongst Tamils about their rights and opportunities, and has played an important role in creating a more diverse and inclusive Tamil Nadu.
Tamilgun: A History of Resistance to British Rule
Tamilgun was a resistance movement against British rule in India. The movement began in the late 1800s and lasted until 1947. The resistance was led by Tamils, who were ethnically Tamil but living under British rule. The movement was inspired by the Indian independence movement and the Tamil Tigers terrorist organization.
Tamilgun is a term used to describe resistance against British rule in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The resistance began in the early 1800s, and continued through the 19th century. In 1857, the British military occupied Tamil Nadu, and implemented a series of policies designed to suppress the Tamil people's cultural and religious traditions. This led to a period of extreme violence and repression, during which more than 100,000 people were killed.
Tamilgun, also known as the Tamil Tiger movement, is a resistance movement to British rule in southern India. The movement began in the 1940s and has continued to this day. The Tamil Tigers are a separatist group that aims to create a separate Tamil state in southern India. The British government responded to the resistance movement with a military offensive known as the Indian operations in 1947. This campaign led to the deaths of more than 20,000 people, including many from the Tamil Tiger movement.
Tamilgun: Resistance Across Borders and Time
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The protesters said that Khan had attacked Delhi BJP President Manoj Tiwari at the instance of Kejriwal and Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia during the inauguration of the Signature Bridge on the Yamuna river on Sunday.
The BJP workers assembled at Chandagi Ram Akhara and marched towards the residence of Kejriwal, raising slogans against him and Okhla MLA Amanatullah Khan.
However, they were stopped meters away from the Chief Minister's residence. The police used mild force and water cannons to disperse the crowd.
Some of the protesters were also taken into custody.
Delhi BJP General Secretary Rajesh Bhatia said that by attacking Tiwari, "Khan has insulted every worker of BJP, which should be condemned everywhere".
"Today's demonstration is symbolic and peaceful and we demand that Kejriwal apologise publicly and dismiss Khan, who has a criminal history," Bhatia said.
Delhi BJP Vice President Jai Prakash said that Kejrwial and Khan had not only attacked Tiwari but also the pride of the entire poorvanchal community (people hailing mainly from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh).
He called upon the members of the poorvanchal community, quite significant electorally, to boycott AAP and Kejriwal. "These people should also be kept away from the Chhath Puja ghats," Prakash said.
The Delhi BJP chief, who represents the northeast Delhi Parliamentary constituency in the Lok Sabha, was manhandled by Khan and his party workers during the inauguration of the Signature Bridge in Wazirabad area on Sunday.
Tiwari and several others have filed a police complaint against Kejriwal, Khan and others.


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Disney's 6 Most Disturbing Fairy Tales
©Paramount/courtesy Everett Collection
Things You Didn't Know About 'Lizzie McGuire'
We tend to think of Disney movies as cheerful tales of princesses, princes and talking animals. But a lot of the stories that inspired Disney movies are actually very dark, violent and unsettling, and some dark scenes ended up making it into the films. Here are six of Disney's most disturbing fairy tales:
6. Aladdin and the King of Thieves
Remember the two sequels to Aladdin? In the third movie, Aladdin and the King of Thieves, which was released direct to video in 1996, Aladdin's long-lost father Cassim stops behaving badly so that he can attend Aladdin's wedding to Jasmine. But this story was inspired by Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, which was part of 1001 Nights . In the original version, Cassim finds out about some gold treasure from his brother Ali Baba and runs to the cave to snatch up as much as he can carry. But he's so overcome with excitement that he forgets the magic words to get himself out of the cave. Thieves find him, kill him and even cut up his body into pieces that they place at the cave's entrance to keep other robbers away. Perhaps dismemberment was a little too dark for Disney's version?
Source: subscene.com
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5. Tarzan
You might not think of Tarzan as a disturbing fairy tale, but there's one scene that's actually shown in the movie that seems to be a little dark and creepy for kids. In the climax of the movie, Tarzan faces off against the antagonist, Clayton. Clayton ends up getting caught in a bunch of vines and can't free himself, no matter how hard he tries. He ends up essentially hanging himself. We don't see Clayton's actual death, but we do see a vine growing looser as the hanging body is implied. The most disturbing part is the crazed look on Clayton's face, as if maybe he's choosing to kill himself. The metaphor is that he got caught up in his own mistakes, but it's still a weird moment in what's basically a kids' movie about friendly animals.
TARZAN (US 1999) Date: 1999
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4. The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Everything about The Hunchback of Notre Dame is dark. The movie begins with Claude Frollo killing Quasimodo's mother and leaving her on the ground in a pool of her own blood. When he tries to dump baby Quasimodo on the steps of a church, someone asks what he's doing and he answers, "This is an unholy demon. I'm sending it back to Hell where it belongs." Yikes! In the original version of the story by Victor Hugo, that isn't the worst part: When Esmeralda is charged with attempted murder, she's tortured in a dungeon until she finally confesses, even though she's innocent. Then she's sentenced to death by hanging, and Frollo tries to rape her and later laughs while she is executed. Not exactly the kind of story you'd expect to be inspiration for Disney.
Source: www.laviesanfrancisco.com
12 Things You Didn't Know About Disney
3. Pocahontas
The Disney movie of Pocahontas (1995) is a sweet tale of love, forest, and singing about the colors of nature. But the real-life story of Pocahontas is actually violent, disturbing and tragic. First off, English settlers met Pocahontas when she was just ten years old — not a grown woman. When she was seventeen, Englishmen captured her and held her for ransom. Her husband, Kokoum, was killed and she was raped repeatedly, resulting in a pregnancy. She was forced to convert to Christianity and marry English tobacco farmer John Rolfe so that her child wouldn't be a bastard. In 1615, Rolfe brought Pocahontas back to England, where she was presented as a symbol of a "savage" who had been tamed. She ended up getting violently ill and dying at the age of 22 — and while some think she might have come down with pneumonia or small pox, others suggest that she was purposefully murdered by way of poison because she knew too much about the English's plan to take over Native American land in America. Not exactly a happily-ever-after story — and sadly, it's not a fairy tale. It really happened.
Photo by Moviestore/REX
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2. Dragonslayer
Have you ever heard of the Disney movie Dragonslayer? Released in 1981, it was nominated for Academy Awards for its visual effects and score. It tells the story of a young man named Galen who is tasked with killing a dragon who has been eating young girls. The dark background of the story, though, is that the dragon has been eating virgins who have been sacrificed to the him by the evil king. Many of them were killed by being burned at the stake. After the dragon is killed, Galen and his love, Valerian end up riding off together into the sunset (quite literally, on a horse) — but it's still a pretty disturbing setup for a PG rated movie.
Netflix August 2020: What's Coming & Going
1. Sleeping Beauty
The Disney version of Sleeping Beauty is sweet and romantic, but the fairy tale it's based on is filled with death and disturbing violence. In the classic story from the Brothers Grimm, Briar Rose ends up sleeping on a pile of corpses because all the men who come to see her get stuck in thorny vines and die very painful deaths. Gross! The earlier version of the story, Briar Rose from Sun, Moon and Talia by Giambattista Basile, is even darker: Sleeping Beauty gets raped by a king while she's sleeping, which causes her to get pregnant and give birth to twins. When the queen finds out, she tries to have the babies killed and burn sleeping beauty alive. Luckily, the king saves her and burns the queen instead. Then Sleeping Beauty and the king live happily ever after, despite the fact that he's a rapist. Quite a romantic fairy tale, right?
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I've had my cat for 18 years. She was my childhood pet and has been my companion for all of my young adult life and into my late 20s. She's been with me through all the ups and downs of adolescence. Now, she's getting older and the pain of old age is catching up with her. I keep her comfortable, and she's still a happy kitty, but I know the time to let her go is coming soon.
Whether a pet goes naturally or must be put to sleep, the loss is devastating, especially when they've been with you for so long it's tough to remember what life was like without them. Here are a few tips I've taken away from the process of dealing with the grief of losing a pet. I hope it brings you some comfort.
I'd like to think I'm phasing into acceptance now, but who knows where I'll be after we say goodbye. The important thing to remember, and what I'm thankful for recognizing now, is that the grieving process is totally natural and should be allowed to flow however it may. In other words: don't beat yourself up over any of it.
Although these steps seem sad and your initial reaction might be to try to fix it, avoid it or cover it up with happy things — it's important to let yourself process every step of the path to healing.
I haven't even lost my cat yet, but knowing it's coming makes the grieving feel even worse sometimes. It can be hard to pull myself away from my sadness long enough to do something for myself—it feels wrong. But I have noticed that when I force myself to get up and have fun, I'm better able to deal with the process, and I'm more able to maintain a good attitude when spending time with her.
For some people it's a tattoo; others choose to keep their pet's ashes after cremation in a pretty box or put a little bit in a necklace and spread the rest in a special place. There are also some weird ways to remember your pet out there like using your pet's fur to create a piece of jewelry or clothing.
If you're used to sleeping with your cat right next to you (or on top of you like cats do), that empty spot might make coping with the grief even more difficult. Treat yourself by buying a special pillow or getting a stuffed animal. It sounds silly, but there's no judgement in how you cope with losing a loved one as long as it's healthy for you.
Some people jump into adopting a new pet shortly after losing their loved one, but this usually isn't the best idea. Any new pet is going to have its own personality, and it'll never be able to remove the sadness you're feeling. It's best to let the grieving process run its course, focus on taking care of yourself and do something to remember your pet by instead of trying to replace them. Then, once your heart has healed a bit, it'll be a better time to consider opening up your home and your heart to a new companion.
I believe my tips will help you cope with the grief of losing any pet, but here's another article to help with mourning the loss of a dog. I hope my experience helps you through yours as much as others have helped me through this difficult time.
It is one of the worst things ever.
Always miss my past beloved dogs. I don't replace any of them in my heart, but I give a chance to other old furry babies in need.
I recently lost my old cat aged 19 1/2. What I miss most is her poking her nose and whiskers in my face or alternatively drawing her paw with claws partly bared across my cheek and mouth.I always assumed this was her way of checking whether or not I was still alive.


text:
Black Girl (La Noir de...)
Director Ousmane Sembène
deleted color scene
BLACK GIRL (La Noir de…) A Senegal France (65 mi) 1966 d: Ousmane Sembène
At a moral level, I don't think we have any lesson to learn from Europe. —Ousmane Sembène, Village voice | Film | The Guardian
Another film that reveals what it means to be black, and while primarily targeting black audiences, it's also a useful primer for whites, offering an analysis of the underlying root of racism that is simplistically told from a black perspective, running into resistance from even educated whites who refuse to process or comprehend the cogent message contained within, as their lives are relatively undisturbed, remaining largely unaffected by what Sembène is trying to express, yet it's a call of anguish, a cry for help, desperately trying to change the damaging colonialist relationships that prevail, which lay the foundation for racial oppression, where without fail one class is served while the other is the server, with no regard whatsoever for the consequences, so long as the white dominant class remains dominant. To whites, that's all that seems to matter, while blacks remain economically exploited and damaged psychologically, enduring emotional hardships that whites can't even begin to understand. Made nearly half a century ago, it is the first feature film made by a black African in sub-Saharan Africa to reach an international audience, certainly among the first to provide complex interiority in an African character, opening new doors, yet his potent message has fallen on deaf ears. It's a powerful film, difficult to endure, barely an hour long, yet it's hard not to be shaken by the allegorical quality of the content, an experience shared by other young Africans who are part of the transitory migrant labor experience to Europe, looking elsewhere for a better life, suggesting freedom and dignity will never be achieved on terms set by the oppressor. Adapting a 1962 short story he'd written entitled The Promised Land, Sembène offers a fictional framework of what Frantz Fanon was writing about in his 1967 historical critique Black Skin, White Masks, revelatory material exploring the dehumanizing effects of colonial domination, with Fanon merging medical case history with historical realities, where continually acting in a submissive and subordinate manner demeans one's self-worth, eliminating any idea of aspiring to something greater, leaving one instead helplessly demoralized. Part of what's so striking about this film is the casual air of indifference associated with the white middle class, where the lighthearted musical leitmotif playing when whites are onscreen sounds more like Nino Rota in Fellini's LA DOLCE VITA (THE GOOD LIFE) (1960), while an unmistakable African soundtrack of thumb pianos and koras are a constant reminder of the life left behind. Following the life of Diouana (Mbissine Thérèse Diop), an illiterate young girl from Dakar, Senegal, her life is uprooted when she obtains a job as a governess with a white French family living in Dakar, basically looking after their children. But when the family moves back to Antibes in France, bringing her with them, the relationship changes drastically, as she's ordered around, abusively yelled at constantly, with cooking and cleaning duties added to her job duties, basically becoming the household maid, feeling duped and demeaned, without ever discussing any of this with her. Using bold black and white color contrasts, her life is solitary and routine, never given any time off, where she's continually at the beck and call of the family, who regularly and rudely put her in her place, constantly reminded of her lowly status, where she internalizes the negativity, manifesting signs of abuse. The euphoria she displayed when she got the job disappears, replaced by a sullen attitude of passive hostility, where she doesn't want to be there, as they never allow her out of the house, so she has no life of her own. Making things worse, they don't even pay her, so she has no economic alternatives, stuck like a prisoner across the continents in someone else's home. Her dilemma is given an existential voice, speaking her innermost thoughts in voiceover, and while this is her story, her thoughts are curiously spoken by another Haitian actress in French, Toto Bissainthe, who plays the grandmother in Raoul Peck's 1993 Haitian powerhouse The Man On the Shore (L'Homme sur les quais), with French being a language Diouana does not understand, basically telegraphing the degree of her disconnect, allowing viewers to acknowledge the emotional upheaval she's going through, even as her host family ignores it completely.
An early 70-minute version included a brief color sequence on her arrival to France, but was altered and rewritten in French in order to get the film financed, as the African script was initially rejected by the Film Bureau of Senegal, instead meeting the short film requirements in order to bypass the Bureau's ruling. Of interest, Sembène has a small role in the film as a Dakar school instructor who's also in the business of writing letters to family members abroad for those who can't read and write. Sembène worked as a mason, carpenter, mechanic, dockworker, union organizer, and had also served as a sharp-shooter in the French colonial army during the Second World War before becoming a socially committed writer, a provocative politically-oriented griot filmmaker, social activist and critic, frequently described as the "father of African cinema," yet this film in particular is among the most studied films by scholars, even taught in schools around the world, as it typifies not only colonial exploitation, but common elements of unhindered racism that prevail with whites in complete denial about what role they play in the perpetuation of human suffering. Primarily intended for African audiences, the film is a tool for progress that demands self-examination, while bringing new awareness to others of Africa's history and traditions, using a social realist film technique that feels like a documentary, resembling the New Wave cinéma vérité style, with the film offering a mirror of history. Along with music, an African mask follows Diouana throughout her ordeal, initially given to her by a young boy who could be her younger brother in Dakar, promising to pay him with her first wages, then offered as a gift to her host white family, who hang it on the wall, adding it to their art collection, where it stands alone, watching over her, like an unseen conscience, or a godly African spirit, an image of Négritude, reminding her of her African roots. Before the film is over, however, the mask is returned to that same boy on the street in Dakar, who dons the mask, becoming an avenging force, threatening Monsieur (Robert Fontaine), the white man who returned it, acting increasingly nervous, suddenly feeling out of place, rapidly escaping to the safety of his car and driving away. Yet when the boy removes the mask at the end, he's just a boy, vulnerable and fragile, and alone, which is the haunting final shot as the credits roll, with suggestions that his future is an open question. That mask shadows her life, giving it meaning, even as she loses all connection. Growing more and more disillusioned and discouraged as the film progresses, Diouana falls into a lethargic depression, finding it hard to get out of bed, as she's lost any sense of her own humanity, treated more like a pet animal balancing a ball on its nose, where she's supposed to bemuse and entertain her host family, who never show any concern about her changing mood, as all they care about are the duties she's expected to perform. Their casual indifference is appalling, leaving her no one to talk to, no one to trust, literally no way out, as she grows to despise her host family, but never utters a word. They don't believe she can speak French anyway, but understands by instinct, "like an animal," suggesting if you don't speak French, you are less than human. One white guest abruptly kisses Diouana without consent, claiming he never kissed a black woman before, never thinking he had to ask, believing it was his right to do what he wanted with her, viewing her as little more than a family pet to play with. Diouana had dreams about travelling to France, loving the pictures in the fashion magazines, thinking she would explore the country and shop to her heart's delight, but none of her initial hopes materialize, as instead she's become co-opted and enslaved, turned into someone she loathes, afraid to even look at herself in the mirror, imprisoned by her circumstances, withering away into a dull void. When she looks out her window into the night she sees a blackness, which appears like a black hole that has sucked all the life out of her. It's an extraordinary portrait of living separate lives, black and white, two entirely different worlds of understanding, yet whites see no problem in continually bossing around the black hired help, expecting them to work on command.
Sembène builds dramatic tension through Diouana's deteriorating mindset, which is expressed openly to the audience through voiceover revelations, while the host family remains clueless, and more to the point, they're not really interested. Their lives revolve around themselves, excluding even their own children most of the time, continually sending them outside to play just to get rid of them. From Diouana's point of view, all they do is gorge themselves on food while spending their lives drinking excessively, then expecting her to clean up the mess they've left behind. What's truly startling is the extravagance and wealth just outside their door, as this is the French Riviera of Nice and Cannes and Antibes, which she can get a glimpse of through her window, but she may as well be on planet Mars, as she's totally excluded from French society while being exiled from her own African home and family, where her future only grows more dire. The extent to which she deteriorates reflects her open humiliation and all-consuming anger at how egregiously she's mistreated, eventually refusing to work altogether, or endure any more commands, having reached her psychological limit, where "never again" becomes her final mantra, veering into the fractured reality of Polanski's REPULSION (1965), playing out like a Greek tragedy, where passive resistance is her only means, remaining silent and withdrawn. Her silence is particularly affecting, her emotions muted, offering a chilling testimony, yet it was that same silence that got her the job in the first place, as the other job applicants were overly aggressive, with her employer admiring her passivity. That polite silence is a mask she wears while around her host family, as it covers up her real interior thoughts, showing them the face they want to see, docile and submissive. Her withdrawn alienation is the key to the film, in stark contrast to the assertiveness of her white employer, who herself grows displeased with her own husband, finding her marriage in turmoil, only exacerbated by a servant work stoppage she fails to comprehend. The starkness of the story is coupled by a series of flashbacks, where Diouana has a brief romance with a young student (Momar Nar Sene) in Dakar, who has a tapestry portrait of Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba on the wall, lying in bed eying magazines together, dreaming of what life will be like in France, imagining all the opportunities she will have. Much worse than simple cultural misunderstanding, it's important to point out that Senegal gained their independence in 1960, a time when French expatriates still comprised 10% of Dakar's population, 33% of the nation's cabinet positions, and 66% of the university faculty, making it, in essence, a neo-colonialist state, where Diouana still feels obligated to look to France for post-colonial employment and a future, finding herself drowning and suffocating in that same colonialist mentality the nation extricated itself from. Let's not forget that Senegal was a former French colony that banned Africans from filming in their own country, one of the primary reasons Sembène became a filmmaker, viewing it as an act of liberation, and it was the French that historically gained control of the Atlantic slave trade, using the island of Gorée, a short distance from Dakar, to house, auction, and transport slaves across the ocean, the subject of another film RETURN TO GORÉE (2007), where Senegalese singer Youssou N'Dour returned to the "Maison des esclaves" for a live musical performance that offers a sanctuary of hope. Known only as Madame (Anne-Marie Jelinek), her selection process in viewing prospective job applicants resembles a new black slave trade, with black aspiring applicants all waiting on a street corner for potential white employers to select one of them, eying them up from behind her dark glasses, checking them out, choosing a path of least resistance, finding the one that conforms to her predetermined point of view. That racial assessment is at the heart of the film, as Madame believes she owns Diouana, viewing her as little more than a piece of purchased property, free to do with as she pleases. That's the arrangement, built on commerce, but fueled by a history of racist superiority that allows whites to casually dismiss any element of humanity associated with a worker for hire. As far as Madame is concerned, she unambiguously has sole and exclusive rights, blind to any interior story of exile and despair.
Labels: Anne-Marie Jelinek, Antibes, colonialism, Dakar, dehumanizing, delusion, Mbissine Thérèse Diop, Ousmane Sembène, racism, Robert Fontaine, slavery, social realism, suicide, Toto Bissainthe
Strangers in Good Company (Le Fabuleux gang des sept)
Hyenas (Hyènes)
Foxy Brown
The Harder They Come
Xala


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Receive 2,000 Bonus Membership Rewards Points when spend $5,000 or more for the month of October. This does not require registration, if you get the email it means your card is automatically registered for this offer. I'm a little surprised the bonus points aren't more, 2,000 points on $5,000 of spending isn't a huge incentive however I figure since this card is a big earner on base points for eats and drinks (5x points) Amex considers you already getting lots of points. Still if you get the email and know you can $5,000 on the card the 2,000 points is worth at least $20 so it's better than $0! I'll try to see if I can hit that amount this month but I know I won't move spending over to the card for 1x categories as the earn on some of my others cards would pretty much make the 2,000 bonus points a wash.
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During the long period of cold weather, one of our outdoor spigots has frozen and then burst. When it started to warm up recently we realized we had a leak. Alif came within 24 hours, determined the problem and had it fixed within an hour. We've come to trust Alif and his team at Perfection Plumbing for our emergency and regular maintenance plumbing issues. Thanks for your great service!
Thank you very much!!! So glad we were able to get things corrected for you.
Alif is very knowledgeable and he knows his work. He precisely came and did his job with confidence without drilling any holes in my finished basement ceiling as compared to other quotes I got, everyone suggested going through my finished ceiling. I will definitely recommend Perfection Plumbing for any future work as they know what they do i.e Best workmanship and Excellent customer service.
Thank you for you wonderful review. It was a pleasure working with you.
When we had a pipe develop a leak Alif was able to fit us into his schedule within hours and had the repair done shortly after. He was professional and friendly as well as knowlegable and efficient. Very helpful administrative staff too. This was the second time we've used Perfection in the last few years and I have Alif's card on file for the next time. Highly recommend.
Thank you for sharing! It was our pleasure and we look forward to working with you again.
There was a leak with the water supply to my fridge. They fixed it, cleaned up and je had no issues! Great work. They arrived in time, are professional and are very friendly!
Thank you Shelley! It was our pleasure!
Perfection plumbing did a great job. Showed up when they said they would and were a pleasure to work with. Although I wouldn't recommend doing a kitchen renovation, I would recommend this company gladly.
Thank you Wayne!!!!! Was a pleasure dealing with you!!!!
The hot water tank would not stay lit. Alif determined the faulty part should be covered under warranty, saving hundred of dollars on a specialized unit. Quick and efficient service with the customer's wallet in mind.
Thanks for sharing Shane!! Glad we could get everything sorted out for you!
I hired this company for a shower/tub faucet rough-in. when this bathroom was put into use. water leaks inside walls and went from 2nd story all the way to basement. It was identified the only leaking point is failed weld made by this company. When they received pictures and photos showing water leaking from weld, they started blaming customer's finish work and offer to have a look but "charge the trip fee". I chose other plumber checked and repaired the weld because there will be no end for arguing just like you can see now. Later I requested the company to compensate all my damages, their argument "warranty voided", "the system tested for 2 weeks without leaking" (in reality, there is no water and for sure there is no leaking if shower was not in use). they said "we can do nothing about it" vs their statement in their website "customer satisfaction guaranteed", "our dedication to delivering exceptional work to provide you with satisfactory service". They use plastic fitting and shark-bite fitting for critical in-wall application vs their statement on their company website "our use of the highest quality parts and equipment". And they claim they are BBB company (see pic below) vs they are not actually.
When I called Alif he reacted immediately and sent his sewer technicien, they took videos and find I have a blockage at 85 feet in the main drain and clean out. I would recommend Perfection Plumbing to any one, professional, great service and friendly.
We are happy we could help. Was a pleasure dealing with you!
All staff is really friendly. Good quality work . Will definitely recommend them to friends and neighbors.
Thank you so much for sharing! We look forward to working with you and your friends and neighbours in the future!
Perfection Plumbing AB Limited is a professional full-service plumbing, heating and gas company serving residential and small commercial customers across Calgary, Airdrie and Cochrane and Chestermere. Master Plumber/Gas-Fitter Alif Babul has many years of experience, offering customers a full array of services, each performed to the highest possible standard.
WE INSTALL TO CURRENT AB CODE STANDARDS IF IT'S NOT RIGHT WE WILL MAKE IT RIGHT!


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text:
int simplet_set_error(simplet_errorable_t *error, simplet_status_t status,
                      const char *msg) {
  int res = 1;
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      error->status = SIMPLET_ERR;
      res = asprintf(&error->error_msg, "simple tiles error: %s", msg);
      break;
    case SIMPLET_OOM:
      error->status = SIMPLET_OOM;
      res =
          asprintf(&error->error_msg, "out of memory for allocation, %s", msg);
      break;
    case SIMPLET_CAIRO_ERR:
      error->status = SIMPLET_CAIRO_ERR;
      res = asprintf(&error->error_msg, "cairo error: %s", msg);
      break;
    case SIMPLET_OGR_ERR:
      error->status = SIMPLET_OGR_ERR;
      res = asprintf(&error->error_msg, "OGR error: %s, %s",
                     CPLGetLastErrorMsg(), msg);
      break;
    case SIMPLET_GDAL_ERR:
      error->status = SIMPLET_GDAL_ERR;
      res = asprintf(&error->error_msg, "GDAL error: %s, %s",
                     CPLGetLastErrorMsg(), msg);
      break;
    case SIMPLET_OK:
      error->status = SIMPLET_OK;
      res = asprintf(&error->error_msg, "%s", msg);
  }
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}

// Set error on an errorable.
simplet_status_t simplet_error(simplet_errorable_t *errr, simplet_status_t err,
                               const char *msg) {
  simplet_set_error(errr, err, msg);
  return err;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Serving romance at L'Abattoir this Valentine's Day
January 17, 2023 by MyVanCity
SERVING ROMANCE AT L'ABATTOIR
CHEF LEE COOPER AND HIS TEAM HAVE PUT TOGETHER A VALENTINE'S DAY DINING EXPERIENCE THAT PLAYS TO THE ROMANTICALLY INCLINED.
Set in the heart of historic Gastown, L'Abattoir invites couples to stroll through the cobblestoned streets with Valentine's Day dinner as the destination.
On Tuesday, February 14th, Michelin-recommended L'Abattoir will be putting away their à la carte and Chef's Menus in favour of a special Valentine's Day menu priced at $145 plus applicable taxes and gratuity. The five-course menu will start with a Lobster Cappuccino which is a nod to one of Chef Cooper's mentors, Chef Scott Jaeger, who featured a version of this dish on his menu at the iconic Pear Tree Restaurant for many years.
"In a continued effort to be one of Vancouver's finest occasion-dining experiences, we're indulging our guests with an opportunity to enjoy what we feel we do best," says Director of Operations, Chad Clark.
The savoury courses that follow the decadent cappuccino are sure to please couples with a beautiful lightly smoked sockeye salmon course and then the choice of either a Tournedos of beef Rossini or a L'Abattoir favourite, the Tandoori style sablefish.
Pastry Chef, Oliver Bernardino, who is always up to the task of bringing an incredibly memorable sweet end to the evening has several dessert courses on the Valentine's Day menu. From the pre-dessert pear sorbet through a warm dark chocolate tart and ending the evening with house-made macarons to take home, love-struck diners will wrap up their dining experience on a sweet note.
Diners wishing to enjoy a full wine paired dining experience can add the wine pairings to their tickets either when they book their reservations or upon arrival while quantities allow for $125 plus applicable taxes and gratuity. Head Sommelier, Andrew Forsyth will be pouring the perfect compliment to each course from local favourites to old and new world wines.
The L'Abattoir bartending team will be offering a selection of their seasonal cocktails in addition to their Valentine's Day feature cocktail, the Joy Division, a play on the Division Bell, a cocktail developed over a decade ago in New York City with Mezcal being the focus. The list for the evening wouldn't be complete without an extravagant non-alcoholic cocktail feature. Is It French is a twist on a French 75 with Lyres non-alcoholic spirits being at the heart of this libation.
Whether celebrating new love or years together and everything in between, L'Abattoir's team is looking forward to adding to the memories with this year's Valentine Day dining experience.
ABOUT L'ABATTOIR | Located in the heart of historic Gastown since 2010, L'Abattoir is situated in a refurbished 19th Century heritage brick and beam building that pays homage to its history as the site of Vancouver's first jail in the city's main meatpacking district. Today, L'Abattoir has staked its claim as one of Canada's best restaurants with a diverse array of French-inspired West Coast fare focusing on locally sourced, seasonal ingredients along with an ever changing selection of classic and signature cocktails and a broad list of BC and imported wines.
Whether in its front of house bar and lounge, elevated dining room or glass and steel accented atrium, L'Abattoir offers dinner five nights a week from 5:00pm on Tuesday to Saturday. L'Abattoir also offers a beautifully appointed Private Dining Room that is completely separate from the restaurant dining room and is available to book for lunch or dinner, seven days a week for corporate events, weddings or other celebrations.
217 Carrall Street, Vancouver, BC V6B 2J2 | 604.568.1701 | labattoir.ca
Facebook: /labattoir | Instagram: @labattoir_van
Prepared with Love, L'Abattoir & Coquille Restaurants have Couples covered on Valentine's Day L'Abattoir launches Mother's Day Brunch and Avocado Gimlet Kit Coquille Fine Seafood celebrates World Oceans Day Saturday, June 8 with a contribution to Ocean Wise 10 Vancouver Restaurants Among OpenTable's Most Romantic Restaurants in Canada Valentine's Day at one of the country's most romantic restaurants
Categories Dining Tags cocktail, Division Bell, French 75, Gastown, Is It French, Joy Division, L'ABATTOIR, Mezcal, non-alcoholic cocktail, Valentine's Day, Valentine's Day Menu
Name Change and More for Summerland's Okanagan Crush Pad
Celebrate the Lunar New Year with the Chinatown Storytelling Centre


text:
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Criminal justice reform may be the single area where Democrats and Republicans can get something done.
The Wire is one of those shows John Amato told me to watch forever ago and I still haven't, but I'm planning to. He was right about Justified, and I'm betting he's right about this one too. Obama thinks it's awesome. So there's one area of agreement Amato and Obama have, at least.
Criminal justice reform may be the only area of agreement between Democrats and Republicans,too.
President Barack Obama recently sat down with the creator of one of his favorite television shows, "The Wire." And in addition to praising the five-season HBO series -- which he called one of the greatest pieces of art in the past couple of decades -- the two talked about criminal justice reform as well.
A video of the conversation between Obama and David Simon was shown at the Bipartisan Criminal Justice Summit in Washington on Thursday, which brought together organizations and speakers from both sides of the aisle who are supportive of criminal justice reform. It was shared with reporters later in the afternoon.
Watch the president geek out over "The Wire" above.


This comprehensive volume contains practical advice, hints and tips from professional health and beauty experts. Each chapter covers a different aspect of wellbeing and shows you how to make life-enhancing changes to improve health, diet, appearance, physical fitness and emotional harmony. Included are chapters about skincare and make-up, haircare and styling, exercise and healthy eating, healing aromatherapy, aging naturally and more. With more than 1000 superb photographs and step-by-step sequences, this is the most extensive health and beauty book for women of all ages. * Professional hints and tips, skills and techniques for haircare, skincare, nails, make-up and every health and beauty issue. * Natural beauty, inside and out, with a range of safe, natural therapies, from detox routines and yoga postures to meditation, anti-aging diets and hand- and foot-care. * Look good and feel great with simple, basic routines that promote natural beauty and lifelong youthfulness by teaching us how to keep the body in balance. About the Editor: Helena Sunnydale originally trained as a beautician before establishing her own successful beauty shop and treatment rooms in Hertfordshire, England. She now offers a range of complementary therapies, as well as nutritional and dietary advice and fitness training.


text:
Q: What's the best/fastest way to recognize if a string number is exactly representable in floating point (or double)? I'm trying to determine whether a given string that represents a decimal number is exactly representable as a double. I'd be particularly keen on a javascript solution, but anything is fine (I can port).
I could parseFloat, stringify, then see if that string matches the input string, but I'm wondering if there's a better/faster way to do this. I imagine someone with in depth knowledge of the IEEE floating point standards would have a better way to do this, but that person isn't me.

A: Any number which has a fractional part that does not end with 5 is not exactly representable as a binary floating point number.
A representable number has a fractional part which is a sum of 1/(2^N). Any such sum ends with the digit 5.
This does not mean a number with 5 in the end is always representable, to refine this we would have to check if the fractional part is indeed such a sum.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
History of Medieval England Facts & Worksheets
History of Medieval England facts and information activity worksheet pack and fact file. Includes 5 activities aimed at students 11-14 years old (KS3) & 5 activities aimed at students 14-16 year old (GCSE). Great for home study or to use within the classroom environment.
School History > Medieval > History of Medieval England Facts & Worksheets
Download History of Medieval England Worksheets
Do you want to save dozens of hours in time? Get your evenings and weekends back? Be able to teach History of Medieval England to your students?
Our worksheet bundle includes a fact file and printable worksheets and student activities. Perfect for both the classroom and homeschooling!
Fact File:
Student Activities & Answer Guide:
Key Facts & Summary
Brief historical timeline of medieval England.
Important events in Medieval England divided into three parts:
(a) Early, (b) High, and (c) Late Middle Ages.
Anglo-Saxon invasion
When the Romans left England around 410 AD, the peoples that lived north of Hadrian's Wall (the Picts, Scotti, and Caledonians) began to push themselves into the fertile southern plains of the island. In order to defend themselves from attacks, the Britons sought help from the Germanic tribes of Europe (the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles). Within a few years, several Germanic kingdoms were created: Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Northumbria, and East Anglia. The Britons created a myriad of kingdoms and defended themselves tenaciously.
There is some archaeological evidence that the new invaders and the Britons lived together. In fact, some Britons adopted the Anglo-Saxon culture, identifying themselves with the invaders, while others lived in separate communities, under the Anglo-Saxon rule.
However, one cannot disregard the violence that dominated this period, which caused the death of a considerable number of Britons. Moreover, during this period, both the invaders and the indigenous peoples were affected by plagues. As a consequence, production diminished due to a decrease in the population. Furthermore, between the V-VI centuries, the climate changed by becoming colder and wetter. These events caused the British to migrate towards Brittany and Galicia.
Meanwhile, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were developing in Britain.
The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons and the birth of the Heptarchy (400-600)
Roman Britain actually came to an end in 407, when Constantine III, elected Emperor by the British troops, crossed the English Channel with the army leaving the island without defences. In 410, the Roman Emperor of the West, Honorius, informed the Roman Britons that his troops could no longer defend them. However, in the late V century, the Roman Britons asked the Roman consul Flavius Aetius to rescue them against their invaders.
Anglo-Saxons and Christianity
The Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England began around 600, due to the influence of both Celtic Christianity and Roman Christianity.
The first archbishop of Canterbury, Augustine, assumed his office in 597, and in 601 he baptised the first Anglo-Saxon ruler, Ethelbert of Kent. The complete Christianisation of the island took place during the VII century thanks to the Celtic monks of Lindisfarne. The last great pagan ruler of the Anglo-Saxons was King Penda of Mercia, who died in 655. Also in the second half of the VII century, the date of the celebration of Easter was the object of conflict between Roman Catholicism and Celtic Christianity, an issue which had divided the country in Northumbria. The Christian Celts wanted a precise date to be set, while the church of Rome wanted to keep the use of the variable date. In 644 the dispute was resolved in favour of the church of Rome. The first British missionaries left for the continent in the VIII century.
The events of the Heptarchy
During the VII and VIII centuries, the various kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon heptarchy experienced alternate events, since various realms were attempting to win supremacy over each other. The kingdom of Northumbria, born from the union of the two minor kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira, was powerful. However, its power was dissolved during the second half of the VII century, following the military defeats inflicted by Mercia and the Picts.
The VIII century saw the supremacy of Mercia, and King Offa was acknowledged by Charlemagne as the ruler of all southern Britain. The growing power of the kingdom of Kent and the problems created by the minor kingdoms led to the end of the Marian domination.
The Vikings and the rise of the kingdom of Wessex (IX century)
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (793) reports the first Viking attack on Britain against the Lindisfarne monastery. In 794 the first attack on Iona took place. The arrival of the new invaders, in particular of their Great Army, profoundly upset the geographical, political and social structure of England. It is thanks to the Vikings that the kingdom of Alba was born. Today such kingdom corresponds to Scotland.
After a period of raids, the Vikings settled in England. Their settlement had a strong impact on English culture and language.
An important event of the IX century was the expansion of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, which, thanks to Alfred the Great, extended its dominion over other Anglo-Saxon realms and over Cornwall. Having defeated the Danish Vikings in 878 at Edington and having reconquered London in 885, Alfred the Great placed the northern border of his kingdom on the London-Chester line.
Formation of England (X century)
King Alfred the Great of Wessex died in 899. He was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder, who, together with his brother-in-law, Ethelred of Mercia, set up an expansion program based on the construction of cities and fortresses. Upon the death of Ethelred, his wife Ethelfleda, Edward's sister, continued the expansion. When Edward died, his son, Aethelstan, ascended the throne of Mercia and, later, also on that of Wessex.
Aethelstan continued the family expansion program, becoming the first true ruler of what is now called England. During his wars of conquest, he defeated an army of Scots and Vikings at the Battle of Brunanburh. However, with Aethelstan's successor, Edmund, Eadred and Edwy, the kingdom dissolved. Edgar the Peaceful finally reigned Aethelstan's former territory: although it seemed he had consolidated the kingdom, it was only during the reign of his son Æthelred the Unready that England became a secure and consolidated country.
Danes and Normans (978-1066)
At the end of the X century, the Scandinavians renewed their interest in England. Aethelred lost his reign to Sweyn of Denmark but reconquered it after his death. Aethelred's son, Edmund II, died shortly thereafter, thus allowing Sweyn's son Canute to ascend the throne of England.
In 1066, Harold Godwinson ascended to the throne. He was subsequently defeated and killed by William the Conqueror in Hastings. William was crowned on Christmas day in 1066. His reign, however, was conditioned by many problems. In fact, after the battle of Hastings, many Saxons ended up enlisting in the army of the Byzantine Empire in order to fight against the Normans of Sicily and avenge what had happened in England.
The early Middle Ages
Harold's defeat by William, who ascended the English throne, and the subsequent Norman conquest of England, marked a break in the history of this land, bringing with it many changes. The new sovereign ordered the compilation of the Domesday Book, in which both the populations and the properties were registered and taxed.
During this period, England experienced a civil war, insurrections, court intrigues, and many other wars even outside its borders. The economy of the time was based on the production and export of wool to Europe, where it was processed. In fact, only in the XV century, England developed its own textile industry.
When William died, succession problems started.
During the weak reign of Stephen I (1135 - 1154), the situation of the English kingdom gradually deteriorated, oscillating between the civil war and the barons' feudal power. This instability was followed by raids of Scottish and Welsh raiders. Stephen also came into conflict, for dynastic reasons, with his cousin, Empress Matilda, who, from France, invaded England in the autumn of 1139 together with her husband Geoffrey of Anjou and her half-brother Robert of Gloucester. Stephen I was captured and his reign came to an end.
Matilda became queen, but entered into conflict with her vassals and was expelled from London. The result was a period of instability and a civil war that ended in 1148 when Matilda returned to France. Stephen returned to the throne, reigning until his death in 1154. After the death of his heirs, Stephen agreed with Matilda, recognising as his successor her son, Henry of Anjou, the future Henry II, whose reign marked a return to monarchic centralism (to the detriment of the feudal power of the barons and the legislative power of the Church).
Henry II's successor, Richard the Lionheart, was occupied in wars abroad: he participated in the Third Crusade and defended his French possessions from the attacks of King Philip II of France.
Richard's successor, John, lost many territories in France and was unable to cope with the nobles and the church. Therefore, he was eventually forced to sign the Magna Carta, which imposed major limits on the sovereign's personal power. His son, Henry III, ascended the throne at just 9 years old. His kingdom was characterised by many revolts and civil wars, often caused by the incompetence and bad government of the central power.
Edward's lineage
The kingdom revived with King Edward I, who restored power to the central government, conquered Wales and attempted to put Scotland under his control. More disastrous were the reigns of his sons Edward II and Edward III. The latter was forced to grant lands to noble families, thus increasing their power.
Meanwhile, in 1349, England was struck by an epidemic of bubonic plague, which was already raging in Europe. It killed one-third of Britain's population. The kingdom was also engaged in wars against the Welsh, the Irish, the inhabitants of Cornwall, and France (who was allied with Scotland, in the Hundred Years War). During this war, England won some important battles, including those of Crécy and Agincourt. Moreover, the future King of England, Henry V, finally suppressed the revolt led by the Welsh Prince Owain Glyndŵr (1412). This event marked the end of the great Welsh rebellions against the English rule.
It was in this period that the power of the nobles increased once again, thus creating new problems for the Crown, with many suitors coming forward from the ranks of the nobility. From 1422, the situation precipitated, during the weak reign of Henry VI, who was plagued by mental instability: a civil war known as the War of the Two Roses broke out, and greatly weakened the power of the Crown, which was subsequently restored with Edward IV.
The War of the Two Roses ended at the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485) with the victory of Henry Tudor, who ascended the throne with the name of Henry VII. During his reign, two new pretenders to the throne came forward: the first, Lambert Simnel, was defeated at the Battle of Stoke Field, while the second, Perkin Warbeck, was executed in 1499.
In 1509 Henry VIII became king of England. He entered into conflict with the Catholic Church because he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Henry was not a convinced Protestant, but for political reasons, he allowed a schism, which led to the birth of the Anglican Church. Meanwhile, even in Scotland, the church was hit by the Protestant Reformation with John Knox. These two events marked the end of the English Middle Ages.
[1.] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/King_William_I_%28%27The_Conqueror%27%29_from_NPG.jpg/727px-King_William_I_%28%27The_Conqueror%27%29_from_NPG.jpg
[2.] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Philpot%2C_Glyn_Warren%3B_Richard_the_Lionheart_Embarks_on_the_Third_Crusade%3B_Nottingham_City_Museums_and_Galleries.jpg
[3.] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Battle_of_Bosworth_by_James_Doyle.jpg


Denes Moga, a big comic book fan, asked Daniel to design his brand identity. The insiprations comes from batman and it follows the darkness and sharpness design which are the main elements of his identity.
Daniel Balazs is a 22 year old graphic design student in Italy. He loves to be minimalistic in his projects.
muy buena busqueda, muy buen resultado!!!


text:
Coronavirus: European Commission moves to ensure supply of personal protective equipment in EU
Written by The Sofia Globe staff on March 16, 2020 in Europe - Comments Off on Coronavirus: European Commission moves to ensure supply of personal protective equipment in EU
In its continuing efforts to protect citizens and to coordinate the response to COVID-19, the European Commission has taken immediate steps to protect the availability of supplies of personal protective equipment, by requiring that exports of such equipment outside of the European Union are subject to an export authorisation by member states, the Commission said.
European Commissioner for Trade Phil Hogan said: "The challenges presented by the spread of Covid-19 justify the urgency of this action. No effort is being spared by the Commission to offer concrete help to our citizens and all those who take care of them."
Personal Protective Equipment covers equipment such as masks, protective spectacles and visors, face shields, mouth-nose protection and protective garments. There are vital needs for protective equipment within the Union with regard to hospitals, patients, field workers, civil protection authorities, the Commission said.
An implementing act, adopted by urgent procedure and published on March 15, provides for authorisations for exports to third countries. It will be valid for a six-week period, during which EU countries will be consulted on the potential adaptations and scope of the current measure and future steps.
"A unified European response overcomes a situation where member states take individual approaches affecting the circulation of such equipment within the single market as well as to third countries, and reinforces European solidarity," the Commission said.
Certain first-mover member states have already indicated acceptance of the Commission's requests to amend their national measures to ensure that vital equipment is available to those who need it most, throughout the EU, the statement said.
The Commission will assist member states in setting up the relevant mechanisms to ensure a smooth and coordinated implementation of the regulation, having regard to factors such as international engagements, the evolution of urgent needs within and outside the EU, and the integration of production and supply chains with such third countries.
(Photo: Bulgaria's Interior Ministry)
EMA nod for Pfizer's oral medication to treat Covid-19


text:
Q: Getting undefined error when trying to print sum of an element of an array in react ts Getting object is possibly 'undefined' on order.reduce line.
Trying to print sum of all the amounts after printing all the amount.

       {orders.map(({ id, totalAmount }) => {
          return (

{totalAmount}

    )
    })}
     Total: {
          orders.reduce(
              (t, k) => (t + k.totalAmount),
                             0
                       )
                                        }

A: That is happening because TypeScript thinks the array orders array can be undefined. To fix this, you can make a check like this
const Component = () => {
 return (

   {orders && (

     {orders.map(({ id, totalAmount }) => {
      return (

{totalAmount}

      );
     })}
     Total: {orders.reduce((t, k) => t + k?.totalAmount, 0)}

   )}

 );
};