text:
The Massachusetts Quarterly Review, 3 tomas
it was Sunday, and the murderers had just come out of church.
The most wholesale destructions of the Indians took place. during King Philip's war. More than two thousand were killed or taken in a single year. Witamo, the squaw-sachem of Pocasset, and friend of Philip, was drowned, but her body was saved, the head cut off and stuck upon a pole at Taunton, amid the jeers and scoffs of the colonists. Philip's dead body was beheaded and quartered; one of his hands was given to the Indian who shot him, and his head was carried in triumph to Plymouth, on a public day of thanksgiving, (August 17, 1676.) "Oh that men would praise the Lord," says Secretary Morton, "for his goodness and wonderful works unto them!" His wife and son were taken prisoners. What should be done with the lad, a boy nine years old? The opinion of the clergy was asked. Cotton, of Plymouth, and Arnold, of Marshfield, thought in general "that rule (Deuteronomy 24: 16) to be moral and therefore perpetually binding," and the crime of the parent did not attaint the son. Yet they say:
"Yet, upon serious consideration, we humbly conceive that the children of notorious traitors, rebells, and murtherers, especially of such as have bin principal leaders and actors in such horrid villainies, and that against a whole nation, yea, the whole Israel of God, may be involved in the guilt of their parents, and may, salva republica, be adjudged to death, as to us seems evident by the Scripture instances of Saul, Achan, Haman, the children of whom were cut off, by the sword of Justice, for the transgressions of their parents, although, concerning some of those children, it be manifest, that they were not capable of being co-acters therein."— Morton's Memorial, Davis' Edition, p. 454, No. 1.
Increase Mather says:
It is neces
"I should have said something about Philip's son. sary that some effectual course should be taken about him. He makes me think of Hadad, who was a little child when his father (the chief sachem of the Edomites) was killed by Joab; and, had not others fled away with him, I am apt to think that David would have taken a course that Hadad should never have proved a scourge to the next generation."—Ib., No. 2.
Keith, of Bridgewater, gave a milder counsel, which was followed. The boy was sold into slavery, and the money deposited in the treasury of the colony. Philip's wife also shared the same fate. The State of Massachusetts is so much We wonder the money arising from the
richer at this day.
sale, this price of blood, was not given to "The Society for propagating the Gospel among the Indians." In 1725, a premium of one hundred pounds was offered for each Indian scalp. It was estimated that each scalp, in the war of 1704, had cost one thousand pounds. The treatment the Indians receive at the hands of Massachusetts, at this day, is a terrible reproach to us.
There is another matter of a good deal of importance we wish to refer to, namely, the indented servants brought to New England. Governor Bradford, in one of his poetical inspirations, thus alludes to them:
"Another cause of our declining here
Is a mixed multitude, as doth appear.
Many for servants hitherto were brought,
Others came for gain, or new ends they sought;
And of those, many grew loose and profane,
Tho' some were brought to know God and his name."
"These servants," says Mr. Hildreth, "seem in general to have had little sympathy with the austere manners and opinions of their masters, and their frequent transgressions of Puritan decorum gave its magistrates no little trouble." In 1622, Weston sent out nearly sixty of them; Gorges brought many the next year; Sir William Brewster sent several more in 1628; nearly two hundred came in 1629; Richard Saltonstall sent twenty in 1635. It was one of the offences of Morton, that his 66 merry mount" was a refuge for " runaway servants." At one time, a master received a grant of fifty acres of land for each servant he brought over. About two hundred servants were once set free on their arrival in New England, in consequence of the scarcity of provisions in the colony!
In 1641, the law allowed any man to harbor servants flying from the tyranny of their masters, until the master could be judicially examined; notice must be given to the master and the nearest constable. A faithful and diligent service, for seven years, entitled the servant to a dismissal. He must not be sent off "empty-handed," says the humane statute, following the Mosaic code in this particular. If a master maimed or disfigured his servant, he was entitled to liberty and to damages also. Still, the law was not very precise in regard to the treatment of this anomalous class of persons.
In 1643, "the united colonies of New England," forgetting the Old Testament, when property was at stake, agreed to
1850.] Hildreth's History of the United States.
surrender runaway servants. In 1650, the law pursued such servants and arrested them at the public expense; they were required to make up, threefold, the time of their absence.
In 1665, the condition of servants in New York is remarkable. "Under a provision borrowed from the Connecticut code, fugitive servants might be pursued by hue and cry at the public charge; but this was presently found too expensive, and the cost was imposed on the parties concerned. Runaway servants were to forfeit double the time of their absence, and the cost of their recapture. All who aided in concealing them were liable to a fine. Tyrannical masters and mistresses might be complained of to the overseers, and proceeded against at the Sessions; and servants maimed by their masters were entitled to freedom and damages. During servitude, they were forbidden to sell or buy. Any master of a vessel carrying any person out of the colony without a pass was liable for his debts; and, by a subsequent provision, any unknown person travelling through any town without a pass was liable to be arrested as a runaway, and detained till he proved his freedom, and paid, by work and labor, if not otherwise able, the cost of his arrest."— Vol. II. p. 48.
The importation of this class of persons continued till after the middle of the eighteenth century.
"The colonial enactments for keeping these servants in order, and especially for preventing them from running away, were often very harsh and severe. They were put, for the most part, in these statutes, on the same level with the slaves, but their case in other respects was very different. In all the colonies, the term of indented service, even where no express contract had been entered into, was strictly limited by law, and, except in the case of very young persons, it seldom or never exceeded seven years. On the expiration of that term, these freed servants were absorbed into the mass of white inhabitants, and the way lay open before them and their children to wealth and social distinction. One of the future signers of the Declaration of Independence was brought to Pennsylvania as a redemptioner. In Virginia, at the expiration of his term of service, every redemptioner, in common with other immigrants to the colony, was entitled to a free grant of fifty acres of land, and in all the colonies certain allowances of clothing were required to be made by the late masters."- Ib. p. 428.
The subject demands a distinct and entire treatise, for which we have no space at present; but the following document, copied for us by a friend, from the Court-records at Salem, throw some light on the age of which we have been speaking:
"10 May 1654 Be it known unto all men by these presents that I George Dill, master of the ship Goodfellow; have sould unto Mr. Samuel Symonds two of the Irish youthes I brought over by order of the State of England, the name of one of them is William Dalton, the other Edward Welch, to serve him, his heirs, executors or assignes for the space of 9 years, And the said Samuel in consideration hereof doth promise & engage to be paid unto the said master the sum of £26 in corn merchantable or live cattle at or before the end of October next, provided he give good assurance for the enjoying of them."
At the end of seven years, the "two Irish youthes" ran away, or refused to work any longer. It was to recover the two years' service, or their value, that the action was brought in 1661. The following is their reply, or defence. It will be seen that their names do not agree with the names mentioned by the Captain.
"1661 To the Honoured Court & Jury now assembled the humble defence of Wm Downeing & Philip Welch in the action between them & their Master W Symonds; That which we say in defence of ourselves is that we were brought out of our own country, contrary to our own will & minds, & sold here to Mr. Symonds, by y Master of the ship, Mr. Dill, but what agreement was made between Mr. Symonds & ye said Master, was never acted by our consent or knowledge, yet notwithstanding we have endeavoured to serve him the best service we could these 7 compleat yeares, which is 3 yeares more than the Spirits used to sell them for at Barbadoes, when they are stolen in England, And for our service we have noe calling or wages but meate & cloathes. Now 7 yeares' service being so much as is the practice of old England, & thought meet in this place, & we being 21 yeares of age we hope the Honored Court & Jury will seriously consider our conditions."
"THE TESTIMONY OF JOHN RING.
"This deponent saith that he with divers others were stolen in Ireland by some of yo English soldiers in ye night out of their
"At the Court held in Whitehall December 13th, 1682.
"Whereas it has been Represented to His Majesty that by reason of the frequent Abuses of a lewd sort of people called Spirits in Seducing many of His Majesty's Subjects to go on Shipboard, where they have been Seized & Carried by Force to His Majesty's Plantations in America, & that many idle persons, who have Listed themselves voluntarily to be Transported thither & have received money upon their entering into Service for that purpose have afterwards pretended they were Betrayed & Carried away against their wills & procured their friends to prosecute the Merchants, who brought them,"
&c. &c.
beds and brought to Mr. Dill's ship, where the boate lay ready to receive them and in the way as they went some others they tooke with them against their consents & brought them aboard the said ship, where there were divers others of their countrymen, weeping & crying because they were stolen from their friends, they all declaring the same & amongst the rest were these two men, Wm Downing & Philip Welch, & there they were kept until upon a Lord's day in the morning y master set saile & left some of his vessels behind for haste as I understood. "Sworne in Court 26 June 1661."
There were similar servants in the other colonies. hundred and five persons who settled in Virginia in 1606, forty-eight were "gentlemen," "brought up to esteem manual labor degrading. There were but twelve laborers, four carpenters, and four other mechanics, the rest were soldiers and servants." In 1608, one hundred and twenty men of the same sort arrived in Virginia; "vagabond gentlemen, unaccustomed to labor, and disdainful of it, with three or four bankrupt London jewellers, goldsmiths, and refiners, sent out to seek for mines." Governor Smith said of them, that it was better to send out thirty mechanics than a thousand such men! Servants were indispensable in such a community. In 1613, the Governor of Virginia had for his support a plantation cultivated by one hundred servants. In 1619, ninety young women," pure and uncorrupt," were sent out to be disposed of as wives for the planters. The price was a hundred pounds of tobacco, about seventy-five dollars. A similar cargo, the next year, however, brought only about half that price. We think that was the last adventure of the sort sent to Virginia, - a woman for fifty pounds of tobacco was certainly too cheap.
About the same time, by the order of the king, a hundred dissolute vagabonds were taken from the jails and sent to Virginia, to be disposed of as servants. They were known by the name of "jail-birds." In 1643, the law forbade dealing with any servants without consent of their masters, and punished such as married without the master's consent. They once planned an insurrection in Virginia, which was detected beforehand; and the 13th of September, " the day the vil lainous plot should have been put in execution," was declared a perpetual holiday.
"Servants 'sold for the custom,' that is, having no indentures, if over nineteen years of age, are to serve five years; if under nineteen, till twenty-four-their ages to be adjudged by the county


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The Royal Military School of Music…
Posted on January 14, 2017 by brendanball
We believe the above clipping relates to the following two pieces of information regarding the founding of The Royal Military School of Music in 1857 at Kneller Hall.
The first from COMPOSERS' FORUM
Military Music and its Ancient Traditions
by Stephen Lines on October 13, 2016 at 8:51am
There are pleasures associated with Great Britain having a long and illustrious history. An example of which was an announcement in the Daily Telegraph, Court & Social pages on 11th October 2016 in which I couldn't help noticing mention of an inaugural Scutari Dinner held by the Corps of (British) Army Music at the Royal Military School of Music (RMSM), Kneller Hall where, we are informed, "the band performed the National Anthem appallingly".
However, my initial surprise and horror turned to amusement when I recalled that the RMSM was established in 1857 at the instigation of Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, the commander-in-chief of the army. In 1854 he had attended a parade in Scutari, in Turkey, to celebrate the Queen's birthday. The twenty British Army bands on parade were required to combine in a performance of the national anthem. The custom, at that time, was for regiments to hire civilian bandmasters for their bands, each of whom had free rein in both the instrumentation of the band and the arrangements it played.
With each band playing God Save the Queen simultaneously in different arrangements and keys the result was an embarrassing and humiliating cacophony. The Duke decided that there should be some standardisation in army music and so formed the RMSM. The 'appalling' rendition at the inaugural dinner was therefore a suitable commemoration.
Does anyone have knowledge of similarly entertaining tales relating to music generally or to military music specifically?
The second from the Army website concerning the Corps of Music and The Royal Military School of Music
The Royal Military School of Music was established in 1857 at Kneller Hall.
In 1854 during the Crimean War a grand military revue was held at Scutari in Turkey to celebrate the birthday of HRH Queen Victoria.
During the parade the approximately 20 Bands were required to combine in a performance of the National Anthem.
The custom at this time was for Regiments to hire civilian Bandmasters for their bands each of whom had free reign in both the instrumentation and the arrangements it played.
With each band having a different instrumentation, pitch and arrangement the result was an embarrassing and humiliating cacophony.
Among those present was George, Duke of Cambridge (a cousin of Queen Victoria), who was commanding the 1st Division in the Crimea.
He determined that the lack of central coordination in the training of military musicians should be rectified.
When he was subsequently appointed Commander in Chief of the Army in 1856 he set about exploring options to improve the standard of military music.
The most popular suggestion at that time was to emulate the French Army which had established the Gymnase de Musique Militaire twenty years earlier as a central college for military music.
This was the option that the Duke of Cambridge decided upon and the first 'Military Music Class' commenced at Kneller Hall in 1857 with 85 pupils from 48 different regiments.
The first Director of Music was Henry Schallen, who had been the Bandmaster of the 17th Lancers when the Duke of Cambridge was the Commanding Officer.
The School was established at Kneller Hall which had been acquired by the War Office a year earlier. Originally known as Whitton Hall after the nearby village the building is thought to have been designed by Sir Christopher Wren.
It remained in private hands undergoing several rebuilds until it was bought by the government in 1850 to provide premises for the training of schoolmasters who were to teach the children of paupers and criminals. It was one of the first Pestelozzi schools in England, but was conceptually ahead of its time and closed five years later in 1855.
The Military School of Music quickly achieved the results desired by its founder and thirty years after its foundation during the Queen's Jubilee it was granted the title Royal, becoming The Royal Military School of Music.
During its 150 years of existence the school has earned an international reputation as a centre of excellence and Kneller Hall has become the spiritual home of many generations of Army musicians.
Over its long existence the school has remained at the forefront of military music.
Here is a rather amusing reply to the post from Composer's Forum above…
Reply by Michael Lofting on October 20, 2016 at 2:43pm
Bagpipes were considered a weapon of war until 1996.
A piper was captured at the battle of Culloden and taken to trial as a traitor to the crown. He argued that he was not carrying any weapons just his pipes. The judge, not wanting to release him, ruled that as pipers signal the attack for their regiment the pipes must be a weapon of war.
The piper was hung, drawn and quartered.
" terrorists hijacked a plane on the ground carrying a pipe band going to the tattoo. They threatened to release a piper every hour their demands were not met."
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6 Responses to The Royal Military School of Music…
frenchhorn2015 says:
Was interested to find out more about this! http://www.army.mod.uk/music/23292.aspx
brendanball says:
Thanks for that. Very helpful.
I'll include it below the above 'cutting'.
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Bullying is more than a problem of one child bullying another. The power imbalance that defines bullying is also reflected in classroom social relations. Whereas those who bully are frequently considered "cool" or popular, their targets are "uncool" are typically rejected by classmates.
Those who witness bullying play a key role in reinforcing and maintaining the social imbalance. Although in studies most students report that they disapprove of bullying, they are unlikely to stand up for the bullied, even if they feel sorry for them. They may be reluctant to get involved because they feel anxious about their own safety or social status. Most importantly, when no one says or does anything in response to a classmate getting bullied, youth come to overestimate their classmates' approval of bullying. Such overestimations then decrease the chance that they would defend a victim of bullying, and instead make it more likely that they will join the bullying.
Some school-wide anti-bullying programs are specifically designed to change the culture of schools so that students become more supportive of the targets of bullying than those who bully others. Bullying becomes "everyone's business." The process starts by making all students aware of how they, as witnesses of bullying, play a critical role. Teachers then need to help students gain the social skills and confidence to help others. Adults also need to model how to stand up for, and support, the bullied.
While the focus of best-practice interventions is to reduce rates of bullying and victimization, even this may not be enough. Studies show that the emotional distress of the bullied is actually worse in classrooms and schools with lower rates of bullying. Such research findings demonstrate why we need to not only understand how bullying affects classroom environments, but also how environments affect the experiences of bullying.
One recent study showed that in schools with lower rates of bullying, children who had been bullied blamed themselves. In such environments, children who are bullied come to believe that the reason why they get ridiculed is due to something about themselves that they cannot change. This type of self-blame is associated with more intense emotional distress, and such beliefs increase the risk of getting bullied in the future.
Although lower rates of bullying can intensify the distress experienced by the bullied, we also know that having even just one friend can help them feel less vulnerable. We also know that societal minority youth feel less bullied and safer in school when they are in ethnically more diverse (as opposed to less diverse) classrooms. In more diverse settings, there are multiple ways to "fit in" and friendships with other races are related to feeling safer. These findings were discussed at the two-day workshop Institute of Medicine (IOM) and National Research Council (NRC) working session, "Building Capacity to Reduce Bullying and Its Impact on Youth Across the Lifecourse," sponsored by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA).
Research findings highlight how bullying affects, and is affected by, classroom social relations. That is why we have to work together to support and empower students to be more than passive bystanders and make bullying everyone's business.


text:
Q: Generic way to parse different date formats I have several different date formats to parse, for example:
$date1 = '^(\d\d),(\d\d) (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)'; # DD,MM HH:MM:SS
$date2 = '^(\d\d\d\d)-(\d\d)-(\d\d) (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)'; # YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS

I want to be left with the variables
($year, $day, $month, $hour, $minute, $second)

to be populated correctly. I can capture the first date format in Perl with a pattern like:
($day, $month, $hour, $minute, $second) = $log_line =~ /$date1/;
$year = current_year; # guess as date format has no year value

But to capture the second date, I would need to rearrange the order of the variables. I don't want to hardcode in the ordering for each type of date, but I know the info has to be contained somewhere.
I want this program to be scalable and maintainable; is there a simple solution for my program to adapt to the different formats?
EDIT: I realise the ordering has to be stored somewhere, I'm looking for the most concise option for doing this.

A: You can solve you immediate problem with named capture groups:
if ( $str =~ /(?<year>\d\d\d\d)-(?<month>\d\d)-(?<day>\d\d)/ ) {
  $year = $+{year};
  $month = $+{month};
  $day = $+{day};
}

Your more general problem is best addressed with the various DateTime::Format modules from cpan.

A: You can use core Time::Piece module to parse dates,
use Time::Piece;

my @arr = (
  Time::Piece->strptime(Time::Piece->new->year ."01,02 13:24:01", "%Y%d,%m %H:%M:%S"),
  Time::Piece->strptime("2015-02-01 13:24:01", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
);

for my $t (@arr) {
  my ($year, $day, $month, $hour, $minute, $second) =
    ($t->year, $t->mday, $t->mon, $t->hour, $t->min, $t->sec);

  print "$year, $day, $month, $hour, $minute, $second\n";
}

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text:
Малодербетовский улус — административно-территориальная единица (улус), существовавшая в Российской империи и РСФСР в составе Астраханской губернии (с 1788 по 1920 год) и в составе Калмыцкой автономной области (с 1920 по 1930 год). Улусная ставка — село Малые Дербеты, с 1920 года — село Тундутово.

История
Малодербетовский улус был основан в 1788 году в результате раздела Дербетовского улуса на две части. Раздел произошел вследствие междоусобиц между братьями после смерти владельца Дербетовского улуса Калмыцкой степи, возникших после смерти старшего нойона дербетов Цебека-Убуши. В эту борьбу были вовлечены рядовые калмыки, которым предложили выбрать себе владельца из двух братьев. Сторонники старшего брата составили «Ик дөрвүд» — Большедербетовский улус (владельцы — нойоны Хапчуковы), сторонники младшего брата — «Баһ дөрвүд» — Малодербетовский улус (владельцы — нойоны Тундутовы). Границей деления Дербетовского улуса на Большедербетовский и Малодербетовский улусы стала река Маныч. Сторонники старшего брата переселились в пределы Маныча, сторонники младшего брата остались кочевать на Ергенях.

Правителем Большедербетовского улуса стал Екрем Хапчуков. Малодербетовский улус своим владельцем избрал сына Цендена-Дорджи Бабула. Население улуса несколько успокоилось, тем более что в мае 1800 года калмыки Большедербетовского улуса возвратились в пределы Астраханской губернии в район прежнего кочевья.

Однако после смерти нойона Большедербетовского улуса Екрема Хапчукова (умер в 1799 г.) и правителя Малодербетовского улуса Бабула (умер в сентябре 1799 г.) произошли новые осложнения в этой части Калмыкии. Владельцем Большедербетовского улуса стал младший брат Екрема Габун-Шарап, а нойоном Малодербетовского улуса — двоюродный брат Бабула Чучей Тундутов. Впоследствии Тундутов был утвержден грамотой Павла I от 14 октября 1800 года наместником калмыцкого народа и получил от него в дар знамя, саблю, панцирь, соболью шубу. При новом наместнике был восстановлен суд зарго из 8 зайсангов. Формально, таким образом, было восстановлено Калмыцкое ханство. Этой мерой царское правительство хотело успокоить общественное мнение. Однако власть наместника была весьма ограниченной. 13 июля 1802 года состоялась церемония объявления Чучея Тундутова наместником калмыцкого народа.

23 мая 1803 года Чучей умер, наместничество было ликвидировано, так как оно не оправдало себя. Наместник, не имея реальной власти, не сумел навести твердый порядок в тогдашней Калмыкии.

В результате в Дербетовском улусе не прекращались волнения. Торгутовские владельцы и знать смотрели на Чучея как на выскочку, так как все прежние калмыцкие ханы и наместники были потомками Хо-Орлюка — предводителя торгутов в период присоединения калмыцкого народа к России.

Восстановленный Павлом I калмыцкий суд не оправдал своего назначения. Судьи зайсанги фактически выполняли волю владельцев, не опираясь на объективные данные, полученные в результате следствия.

В 1805 году на основании свободного народного волеизъявления был произведен окончательный раздел Дербетовского улуса, на Большедербетовский и Малодербетовский. К владельцу Малодербетовского улуса Эрдени-тайше отошло 3302 кибитки (семьи), а к владельцу Большедербетовского улуса Габун-Шарапу — 603. Этот раздел был утвержден Петербургом 14 июня 1809 года.

Малодербетовский улус, растянувшийся с севера на юг на несколько сот километров, доставлял много хлопот улусному управлению, находившемуся в Малых Дербетах, поэтому в середине XIX века улус разделили на северную и южную части, затем южную часть назвали Манычским улусом.

Улус входил в состав Калмыцкой степи Астраханской губернии. В середине XIX века началось заселение улуса переселенцами из центральной России (так называемая крестьянская колонизация). Начало процессу колонизации положил указ императора Николая Первого о заселении дорог на калмыцких землях Астраханской губернии, изданный 30 декабря 1846 года. К 1860 году на пересекавшем территорию улуса Царицынско-Ставропольском тракте, связывавшем Волгу с Северным Кавказом, возникли селения Плодовитое, Абганерово, Тундутово, Садовое, Обильное, Кислево, Заветное, Торговое, Ремонтное, Крестовое, Кормовое и Приютное. К концу XIX века большая часть переселенческих поселений в границах улуса были переданы непосредственно в состав Черноярского уезда Астраханской губернии.

Согласно предписанию Главного попечителя калмыцкого народа генерал-майора Струкова, наместника Кавказского генерала от инфантерии Муравьева и министра государственных имуществ России Ставропольская палата государственных имуществ 26 февраля 1860 года издала циркуляр «О распашке в калмыцкой степи Малодербетовского улуса». Циркуляром предписывалось отделение полосы земли шириной от 15 до 30 верст в глубину по южной границе Малодербетовского улуса для распределения на участки и раздачи с торгов в приграничных волостных правлениях государственным крестьянам и другим лицам под хлебопашество. Циркуляр обязывал до распределения отчуждаемых земель на оброчные участки провести предварительную съемку степи для определения земель, необходимых для кочевых народов и устройства новых станиц. Оставшаяся свободная земля подлежала распределению. Право отдавать калмыцкую степь в частное пользование принадлежало исключительно Астраханской палате государственных имуществ.

29 ноября 1860 года отдельная часть улуса была отчислена к Ставропольской губернии.

В 1920 году вошел в состав образованной Калмыцкой автономной области (за исключением Червлёнского и Северного аймаков, переданных в состав Черноярского уезда Царицынской губернии). Ставкой улуса стало село Тундутово. Ликвидирован в 1930 году в связи с образованием Сарпинского улуса (района).

Население

''Динамика численности населения

Аймачное деление
Согласно Памятной книжке Астраханской губернии на 1914 год Малодербетовский улус объединял 9 аймаков:
 Северный;
 Приволжский;
 Центральный;
 Цаган-Нурский;
 Шебенеровский;
 Абганеровский;
 Сальский;
 Шарнутовский;
 Багахурульский.
Помимо указанных аймаков в состав улуса входило село Кегульта.

Колонизация

До 1847 года был издан ряд административных установлений, запрещающих селиться на калмыцких землях. Закон 1847 года запрещал «посторонним» селиться на калмыцких землях без разрешения правительства и вводил даже систему билетов для въезда в Калмыцкую степь. Но это не мешало стихийной русской колонизации калмыцких земель.

Особенно интенсивно территория улуса заселялись крестьянами с начала XIX века. В северной части Малодербетовского улуса возникли станицы Городище, Аксай, Большие и Малые Чапурники, Цаца и Дубовый овраг. Их население пришло из внутренних малоземельных губерний России. Уже в 1830—1840-е годы правительство отмежевало им значительные участки степи. Начиная с 40-х годов приток крестьян усиливается. Переселенцами захватывались и распахивались без ведома властей внушительные территории, принадлежавшие калмыцким кочевьям.

Именной указ 30 декабря 1846 года предписал основывать селения по трактам, проходившим через Калмыцкую степь и имевшим важное значение, особенно до проведения железных дорог. В Малодербетовском улусе таким трактом был Царицынско-Ставропольский, Царицын-Моздок после Цацы шло разветвление на верховья р. Сал и Ставрополь и вдоль Сарпино-Дабанской ложбины за реку Куму в сторону Моздока, связывавший Волгу с Северным Кавказом. Первоначально предполагалось привлечение к оседлости калмыков, однако опыт оказался неудачным. Русские селения заселялись сначала медленно выходцами по большей части из малоземельных Воронежской и Харьковской губерний; после 1861 года приток переселенцев усилился. Правительство обеспечивало колонистов ссудами на обзаведение хозяйства и давало различные льготы на первое время. К 1860 году в Эргенях возникли селения Плодовитое, Абганерово, Тундутово, Садовое, Обильное, Кислево, Заветное, Торговое, Ремонтное, Крестовое, Кормовое и Приютное (всего 12). В них к 1864 году значилось уже 11 893 души обоего пола крестьян.

Экономика улуса
Переселенцы занимались хлебопашеством, однако климатические условия улуса (недостаток влаги, суховеи) не способствовали ему. Большее значение имели посевы горчицы, которая вначале стала высеваться в северной части Эргеней, затем эта культура распространилась и по другим поселениям.

Калмыки занимались кочевым и полукочевым животноводством. Традиционными видами являлись лошади, крупный рогатый скот, овцы калмыцкой курдючной породы, козы и верблюды. В конце XIX—начале XX в. в ряде районов степи начался постепенный переход от скотоводческо-кочевого быта к оседло-земледельческому. Наибольшей степенью оседлости отличались северная и западная части Малодербетовского улуса. В отдельных районах улуса, имевших наиболее благоприятные климатические условия, к началу XX века калмыки начали развивать садоводство, огородничество, бахчеводство, разведение табачных плантаций. В садах росли яблони, груши, вишни, крыжовник, малина, смородина. Были и виноградники, например в имениях князя Тундутова и зайсанга Балзанова. В огородах выращивались капуста, картофель, помидоры, огурцы. Табаководство являлось дополнением к огородничеству. Районом бахчеводства с начала XX века стали Абганеры, то есть район по балкам Червлянная, Тенгута, Донская, Царицынская, где развитие бахчей было обязано соседству с Тихорецкой веткой Владикавказской железной дороги, обеспечивавшей сбыт арбузов.

Примечания

Источник
 Очерки истории Калмыцкой АССР: Дооктябрьский период. В 2-х томах. Институт истории (Академия наук СССР), Калмыцкий научно-исследовательский институт языка, литературы и истории/под ред. Н. В Устюгова. М.: Наука, 1967. 479 стр.

Улусы Калмыкии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Hot in Cleveland is Back!
Bridalplasty (S01E08): [This one actually aired on Monday this week because of the Golden Globes] Jenessa looks like she's in a lot of pain right now. Cheyenne is homesick. She cries to Dominique. Cheyenne saying (to her fiance on the phone) that she doesn't care anymore about how far she's made it gives Kristen a new perspective of her. Christopher Knight and wife show up. Allyson had the playboy issues of Adrian Curry... odd. The blindfolded fiances show up. Kristen's fiance notes that her boobs are squishier when they hugged, LoL. Jenessa's fiance says it's been a month... so, like I suspected, they're probably doing two episodes per week. Money, chores, sex are important conversations. The challenge is lie-detector tests - ten questions each. The couple with the lowest number of lies wins. The two with the most lies are bottom brides. Dominique doesn't have to participate, but her fiance said they would have won anyway, LoL. Everyone watched on a monitor, so it's not secret. Cheyenne goes first. Cheyenne's first answer is a lie, regarding whether she's had doubts about getting married. Her second question is a lie, too. And her third. And her fourth. Cheyenne doesn't think she'll have to do her own laundry, LoL! They have 5 lies. Allyson is next. Allyson gets 2 lies, and both are her fiance's. Kristen got 4, and they belonged to both of them... but Kristen thinks that they did really well. Jenessa lies right off the bat, and they get 3 total. Allyson is top bride so she'll go to the finale and she gets a surgery. Kristen and Cheyenne are the bottom brides. And they're superclose so it kinda sucks that they have to be against each other on this one. Those are some nice Movado watches! Kristen decides to angle for Dominique's vote, and Cheyenne doesn't want to talk herself up. Allyson wants new teeth... she has missing teeth and missing crowns and stuff. She has a lot of decay and infection, so they're taking out the abscesses and stuff and putting on temporaries. The quality of her teeth is so poor! Wow, the new ones look SO GOOD on her! Jenessa talks to Dominique about getting rid of Kristen. Dominique would hate if Cheyenne actually won, since she thinks she's spoiled. Jenessa gives her standard line about hating not being in complete control. Jenessa asks Cheyenne why she should stay, and she says that they deserve it the same, and that's about it. Allyson gets back and Jenessa is pissed that Allyson has ever gotten top bride, let alone twice. Allyson asks Kristen about what's going on, but she knows nothing. She does say that she's hoping Allyson will break the tie and give it to her. She also points out that it's Cheyenne's very first time in the bottom, so she's more of a threat. Kristen tells Cheyenne about her line to Dominique about the homesick thing, and Cheyenne takes it personally and offensively. Jenessa has to reveal her vote first... she calls Cheyenne selfless, and quickly sits with her. Jenessa says to the camera that she and Dominique agreed to vote for Cheyenne, but that almost doesn't make sense with all of the comments about how she had no control. Dominique says that she loves Kristen and that she shines and has great energy and spirit. She then tells Cheyenne that she's beautiful and that it's incredible that she wants the wedding for Scott. Dominique then gets tongue-tied about her thought process and just goes to sit with Cheyenne, leaving Kristen out in the cold. Cheyenne cries. Kristen hugs everyone and leaves, blaming herself for faltering along her way. At this point I'm between Cheyenne and Dominique... I don't want Allyson or Jenessa to win at all, and although I don't like Cheyenne or Dominique all that much either, I'm kinda even with them.
The Simpsons (S22E11): the ice cream couch gag wasn't that good. "Persia & Mesopotamia" was funny. drinking for fun vs. drinking because of an addiction was amusing. I like how Comic Book Guy has a cousin named Comic Book Gay haha. a dog named Neil Patrick Hairless was funny. Nice trompe l'oeil jokes. 3 weeks of Spring Break and 4 weeks of Christmas Break just to take a girl to the arcade?? hahaha, Skinner! Willie as principal when Skinner takes off is funny. The 1 day vs. 3 months thing was strange.
Family Guy (S09E09): Stewie dressed like a sailor to be seen at church, LoL. Lois vomiting on Stewie severely grossed me out. BILF?!?!?! Julie Andrews and a gun? what? The housekeeper thing was strange. The high school bullying was horrific. "Random background people" was funny. Pariah and Piranha was funny, too. "the burning bush" was inappropriate. ?
Kate Plus Eight (S02Exx): not sure when episode #2 is.
Cake Boss: Next Great Baker (S01E07): No Baker's Challenge tonight, we jump straight into the Elimination Challenge. Mauro is a guest judge. They're doing a cake inspired by the new Chevy Cruze. Everyone goes out to look at one. They take turns riding in it a little bit. The person who wins the end will get the car! Everyone is working for themselves and they have 8 hours in one day. Cakes, cereal treats, and ingredients were supplied this time. Megan brought a remote control car, haha. Brian wants a very accurate replica. Dana has modeled 4 cars, Brian has done more than 500. Dana goes with a tire base and a layer of red, white, and blue, and a trophy for champions. Corina wants to go with the driving experience. Jay was confused about that decision. Megan goes BIG. Jay spends 3 and a half hours just sculpting the car! Brian's base is getting out of control. Corina realizes that everyone is having problems. Jay had a time management issue with fondant sticking. Nice ad for Glad ForceFlex bags, LoL. Megan has a car, but I don't know if it's a Chevy Cruze! Brian decides to scrap his base with 90 minutes to go. He goes with styrofoam covered in fondant. Jay hated what he did with the color (silver) and calls himself "cake-whipped." Jay cut and covered his car in 28 minutes, not 4 hours, LoL. He went with more elements. Buddy walks around and talks to people about their process, and he doesn't really have anything positive to say about anything. Jay is still on his car with just 1 hour to go... he has nothing else yet. Everyone sucks and Buddy tells them to bake him something... anything. LoL. He also adds 30 minutes and says they'll be judged on the cakes and the desserts. Jay chooses to make "Lord Have Mercy Bars," which is a graham cracker crust with layers of different chocolates and nuts. Corina goes with pumpkin bread. Dana doesn't think his cake sucks... he goes with a Southern Lemon Cake with fresh strawberries and a cream cheese icing. Megan goes with chocolate chip cookies. Brian is struggling with his fondant tearing, and he realizes that he covered the wrong side! :( Brian covered his base like eight times. He went with snickerdoodle cookies. Jay's cake was a mess. At least it had lights, LoL. Brian burnt his cookies, but with only 5 minutes to go, there's no chance to re-do them. Dana's dessert got great remarks. His cake gets good marks from the Chevy person. Brian's dessert wasn't too good. His cake... doesn't contain any cake at all. Jay's dessert is sweet (a little too sweet), but good. His cake had little comment. Megan's dessert was slightly overbaked, which would make it hard in the long run. Megan's car does move, which was good. Corina's dessert was very good. Her cake got smiles from the Chevy woman, wasn't that clean, and had a good concept. Final Elimination time... Dana got first in cake with his concept and a great dessert as well. Brian's cake being cakeless was problematic. He had the best car, but that was it. Jay's cake didn't make sense, it was crappy and small. Buddy has no positives at all. Megan's dessert was all well and good, but the car didn't have enough likeness, but it did move. Corina's cake was too broad of a concept, leading to poor execution. Buddy announces that Megan will go on to the finale. Buddy talks about Jay's great victories in the past and how today was the choke of the century... he gets sent home. Corina gets to go on, which sends Brian home. Buddy thinks that Corina is a baker first and an artist second, and Brian is the other way around.
House, M.D. (S07E09): House scheming Cuddy once again. Taub on a billboard, haha. House defacing the bus stop was typically awful. Awesome move, Cuddy! Either way she was gonna get House to the dinner, hehe. Racism rears its ugly head once again. I hate how Cuddy's daughter and Taub's wife share the same first name! Banging on a person's back and their ears hurt... that's a new one. hahaha, House has been nice to Jewish women in case they were Cuddy's mom and then she turns out to be a shiksa (a gentile woman who is attracted to a Jewish man). The just looks like an awkward dinner, LoL. "I didn't read any studies, I just raised children." The "will you convert to Judaism" question was amusing. "I just don't want Rachel growing up thinking you're a slut," hahahahaha. He sedated her! awesome! And Wilson, too!! haha, Cuddy's mom thought that she was drunk and went to bed, hahaha. I wasn't thrilled with Cuddy's mom's remark about children being horrible and always getting her sick. Does anyone believe that there's something that Wilson would never forgive House for?? Interesting ending with the paint balloons. Even more interesting was House's attempt to spend some time alone at any cost.
How I Met Your Mother (S06E14): Wow, the whole gang went to Minnesota for Marshall's dad's funeral. Wow that's a lot of ways to get injured in the cajones, LoL. WOW Robin's prepared! I was getting goosebumps from the nice things that everyone said about their last words with Marshall's dad, and then the stupid little punk said mean things. The Koreans thing was amusing. How does Marshall keep mis-remembering his dad's last words to him? That's a quick-charging phone! who calls it "juice" LoL? Why did Lily take the blame for Robin? cheese, mayonnaise, and jellybeans??? "nothing beats the immediacy of live theatre." Marshall's dad's last words after the pocket dial made me cry. "that dress makes you look like a Kansas City whore." Robin pulling out Crocodile Dundee III was great. Why is Marshall's parents' house so formal-looking? I liked Barney calling his mom at the end and telling her that he was ready to meet his dad.
Teen Mom 2 (S01E02):
Jenelle: she's been away from her baby for a week. Her mom was kinda a b!tch about telling Jenelle she's not going to have money for a lawyer. "The only drug I use is marijuana... and I don't use it that much." $200/hour, 15-100 hours, plus $5,000 retainer. She then calls her mom and says she wants to go home. She was hoping that her mom would drop the custody battle too, but it doesn't look that way.
Kailyn: horrible cursing in front of the baby. She goes out on a date. One of her friends suggests she go public by saying on facebook that she's "in a relationship." Jo's parents find out fast and give her the third degree about it. Jo's mom accuses her of not caring about her kid, and the dad suggests that she just can't be alone. The dad says she's starting new problems. Jo says that it's disrespectful for her to bring the baby around other guys, and she better not do that. She does not admit that she already has.
Chelsea: ewww... who drinks out of a 2-liter bottle??!? She misses Adam. Her dad reminds her that if she doesn't take school seriously, she'll lose his support. Adam comes to see Aubree.
Leah: she decides to take Ali to the doctor because her legs aren't the same at Aleeah. She wanted to start nursing classes (her mom's a nurse, too), but with Ali's heath issues, she put it off. Corey's parents go with her to take the girls to the doctor. Her arms are disproportionate and there's a nerve problem... she needs an MRI. She has no bone issues, but perhaps a spinal issue. I didn't like Leah's nails. Leah is crying a lot and Corey and she agree that they need to stop arguing... there's too much going on. Corey reminds her that she has to be strong.
Minute to Win It (S02E20): Random Pairing. Michelle and Derald. Overall, I thought it was a little early in the show's lifetime to show "favorite moments." The joke about trips was good.
Game 1: Sticky Balls: roll marbles across a flat surface to get them to stick on a strip of tape. Michelle goes for it (her sister in the audience tells her to, LoL). Her first five or so miss, then she gets one, then a bunch more miss, then 2, 3, 4, and 5 all come in a row.
Game 2: Spin Doctor: Team Game. One spins a dollar coin, it has to spin across a line, then the other person has to stop it upright. Derald gives a quick direction or two, then Michelle starts spinning. Derald knocks down the first few, but gets it with 23 spare seconds.
Game 3: Tweeze Me: There's an upright tennis racket and there's a tennis ball balanced on top. Get a mint (like a tic-tac) through a marked hole in the racket so it lands on a cup on the other side, but don't knock off the tennis ball. You have 5 attempts and you only have to do it once.haha, Derald wanted to show how shaky they were, but she thought he wanted her to go, but he covers. Michelle gets one through but it misses the cup, so does the second. The third stays in, 18 seconds to go.
Game 4: Office Dominoes: Team Game, as they're both doing it, but in separate instances. Balance 10 reams of paper so that when you knock them over, they ring a bell. Both look pretty good in setup, but I trust Michelle's a little more. Both get it, 6 seconds to go.
Game 5: Triple Pong Plop: Team Game here since they're both trying to get to the 4 total. Bounce ping-pong balls across 3 11" dinner plates and into a fishbowl of water. Get four in. Derald gets close, then they both get it, next thing you know, it's over and there's still 44 seconds remaining!
Game 6: Pop Top: Flick bottlecaps off the ends of a round table into a glass that's in the middle. There are 48 around the table. Derald says he grew up playing this "as a guy" so he goes for it. He gets it on the first try, so 57 seconds to go, haha!! This is the "FASTEST WIN EVER" and everyone is ecstatic.
Game 7: Breakfast Scramble: Team Game. 16 squares are on a table... they make a puzzle. You don't even know what it looks like ahead of time, but you know it's a cereal. They talk strategy. It's the Frosted Flakes box and they're going strong at halfway. I got frustrated when they had a piece from the bottom row rotated 180 degrees for the longest time! They get it with one second to go.
Game 8: Oh-Nuts: 8 nut-and-bolt pairings on a ruler, you have to stack a tower. Don't let it fall. Derald goes for it. Michelle tells him to have a steady hand. He's kinda slow... he was out of time and tried to rush and fell. He tried to get her to do it the next time, and she flat-out refused, claiming that he knows what he's doing now. He goes again and has a much better start. A little sloppier but not too bad. It falls at 32 seconds. She looks upset. They have one life left, but he can't play because of the 3-plays rule. So Michelle has to go. She goes WAY too slowly and ends up knocking it over with 3 or 4 more to stack and only a second anyway.
Better With You (S01E13): [Episode 12 got overrode last week because of President Obama's speech. Not sure how they'll work on when this will air...]
Episode 13: MISSED THE FIRST NINE MINUTES OR SO. I like how the parents are trying to win godparent status by taking the cat, while Maddie and Ben take an infant CPR class. Maddie asking questions and getting kicked out was funny. I'm actually surprised that Joel has an interest in being a guardian. I like how careless they're being with the cat, tho. Mia getting kicked out because she's Maddie's sister was funny. Mr. Meowgi was a cute name for a cat. I love that the parents can't even remember what color the cat was. I adored the "telling of grievances" between Maddie and her parents... very Friends. 4 guardians??!?!? hahaha, stealing a cat! haha, they're not the actual guardians, and Mia and Casey aren't worried about it because by the time the others find out, they'll be dead. "we saved nine" was funny.
Hot in Cleveland (S02E01): I loved Elka with the harmonica in jail. Mary Tyler Moore was her cellmate, haha! Elka insulting the judge was funny. "talking more" punishes a man, haha. "people are plucking their own brows? Are we living in a third world country now?" LoL! "you're not even that famous," LoL. "in Cleveland they're called 'garage sales,'" haha. Joy needs a greencard so Rick automatically proposes. Rick's "balls" comment was odd. "call us 'miss' to the day we die." hahaha, Joy gets locked up for announcing that she sold drugs to the mailman in front of cops. So she totally may get deported now. Apparently she got arrested for shoplifting earlier in life. Victoria wanting to choose her Botox over getting Joy out of jail was strange. Rick is also the name of Victoria's agent?? Why do we recycle names like this?? Rick (the Wayne Knight one) sells some balls to donate the money to the girls. Turns out, Elka gave him his first ball so he felt like he owed her. There's also the possibility that Rick meant sex... Joy tries to accept Rick's proposal, but Rick makes her get down on one knee and ask him this time. The tornado was still just the night before?? A final thought: I feel like this episode ran fast.. like extra commercials or something.
Retired at 35 (S01E01): I wasn't really planning on watching this show. But, for some reason, a day or two before the premiere, I just up and decided to add it to my DVR. I think I had seen a commercial that pushed me off the fence, LoL. "they still think that cell phones have harmful rays," LoL. "it's like college in slow motion," haha. "all food-related wood," haha. "I should have thumb-wrestled him, my thumbs are huge from texting." I like all of the "wrong words" for technology, like "tittering" and "facialbook." The dad not caring that the mom went to Portugal was odd. Sleeping with an old woman was weird. The woman's daughter being the waitress at the bar was problematic. I gotta say, I'm not thrilled with this show, and the scenes-from-the-next were only worse. I'll try it again, but I don't see it lasting.
Wipeout (S04E03): The qualifier course looks a little more difficult than last week, but otherwise it's pretty much the same. The "blind librarian" had a funny course. CreepyRobert (who does a Golem voice) had a nice wipeout on that first obstacle. "safety third" was weird. Man, Ballsy has great aim with those snowballs!! Art History girl had a great wipeout, too! It also looks like they're cleaning off the big balls more often, since they don't have as much mud on them with each new person going at them. Oatmeal Girl got beat-up on the log jammer! Next is the ski lift, the one where everyone stands on rotating platforms and hangs onto an overhead handlebar to pull themselves up as necessary to avoid sweeper arms. The hats over the helmets didn't look as cool or fitted this week. Oatmeal Girl was getting flown around! Some Dancer Boy gets the $1,000. Third Round is the W-I-P-E-O-U-T level, with different obstacles on each letter. Riding the sweeper arm all the way around was funny. CreepyRobert snuck past DangerDan to get into the finale. The Wipeout Zone features the stairs, the icicle sweeper thing, and the sinister snowflakes. You start with the bobsled launcher. CreepyRobert goes first. It's snowing kinda hard to start off. He falls off the second set of stairs. Then he falls off the middle stairs. There's also pink goo out tonight. He falls off the icicle sweepers, then falls again when he tries to get off this obstacle. He slips off the first sinister snowflake. He makes it on the second try, finishing at 10:28. He must be a pretty fast swimmer, really. RocketScientist is next. He falls on one of the last stairs... it looked like he was just going too fast. On his second attempt he falls backward on one of the last sets of stairs. He falls off the icicle sweepers pretty quickly. He almost made it across the sinister snowflakes but falls getting to the platform. He then falls face-first on his second try, again on the second snowflake. He then makes it, finishing at 9:38. Jacob the Dancer is last. He falls off the top/middle stair, which is a two-story drop. He struggled HARD to stay on the final stair on his second attempt, but he makes it. He had too much speed coming off the sweeper, but luckily he got both feet on the platform before he went careening into the water. He makes the snowflakes in his first attempt, finishing with a miraculous time of just 3:46!!!! You know, I thought about it... it would be cool if they picked 3 or 5 wipeouts from each episode and we could vote on our favorites the day after each episode airs or something.
Off season/Coming Up:
Kitchen Boss (Season 1 premieres January 24th and runs in the afternoons)
19 Kids and Counting (Season 6 starts January 24th - we're moving to Mondays! as if those aren't already my busiest day!)
Cake Boss (Season 4 back January 31st)
Mr. Sunshine (premieres Wednesday, February 9th at 9:30pm on ABC)
The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 3 continues March 28th at 8pm)
South Park (season 15 starts April 27th)
Melissa & Joey (some point in the Spring)
Futurama (Season 6 continues with episode 14 in the Spring)
Teen Mom (no idea)
16 and Pregnant (no idea)
Terra Nova (previewing in May; premiering in September)
Table for 12 (I found out this week that this show was canceled last October. too bad. I guess it was just "too real," LoL. I'm missing 5 episodes from the series, which I may never see. missing "summer," "busy day," "jumping in," "brace yourself," "back to school." I'll remove this from Friday posts starting next week. Should I ever finish this series, I'll do a "favorites" from each of its two seasons.)
by Amy K. Bredemeyer at 9:23 AM Topics: Better With You, Bridalplasty, Cake Boss: Next Great Baker, Family Guy, Hot in Cleveland, House, How I Met Your Mother, Minute to Win It, Retired at 35, Teen Mom 2, The Simpsons, Wipeout


text:
Home Global Economy Emerging Markets Government ratifies duty structure for APTA
Government ratifies duty structure for APTA
Government has approved the duty structure for Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA)- a preferential trade agreement between six developing countries of Asia including China and Korea.
As a preferential trade arrangement, the APTA gives a low level of trade liberalization. Tariff concession will not be substantial as in the case of usual free trade arrangements. Similarly, the number of tradeable goods under the agreement will also be limited.
The APTA has six members at present – India, China, Bangladesh, Lao PDR, South Korea and Sri Lanka. Mongolia is trying to join the trade bloc.
APTA is an initiative by the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific for trade promotion through exchange of tariff concessions among developing country members of the Asia Pacific region.
"The Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved the exchange of tariff concessions, on margin of preference basis, under the fourth round of negotiations under the APTA and related amendments," an official statement described the Cabinet decision to agree with the APTA's tariff structure.
"The Cabinet approved India's offer of 28.01 per cent of dutiable national tariff lines with an average Margin of Preference (MoP) of 33.45 per cent," – the official note has added about the new tariff lines offered by the country.
The term " margin of preference " means the absolute difference between the most-favoured-nation rate of duty and the preferential rate of duty for the same product. As per the cabinet decision, the duty under APTA imports will be 33.45% lower than the WTO's MFN rate.
Through the Cabinet note, India has also agreed to amend the preamble of APTA to effect accession of Mongolia as the 7th participating state.
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Q: String to space separated integer I have a string with integers in it (in descending order) then output should be space separated integers. Integers are not negative.
INPUT: 9876543 OUTPUT: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
INPUT: 109876543 OUTPUT: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
INPUT: 400399398397 OUTPUT: 400 399 398 397
So I tried using sscanf() but was not able to get the desired result, this is the code I tried:
fgets(s1,100,stdin);  // Get string
while(sscanf(data1,"%d%n",&m1,&len)==1){
    b[i] = m1;    // Store the integers in the array
    data1 += len;
    i += 1;
}

How can I achieve the desired result?

A: Continuing from the comments and the additional answer, to parse and separate the string into a space separated series of integers decreasing by one, there are probably a number of differing approaches you can take. The biggest design question is whether you start with the length of the input string, cut it in half and then work backwards decreasing the number of digits you check for adjacent values by one -- or whether you start at the beginning and work toward the end incrementing the number of digits being considered along the way.
Regardless of the direction you choose, the twist is handling/checking adjacent values with a different number of digits. Your second example, 109876543, hits at the heart of this twist, where you must code a way to check the 2-digit value 10 against the next single-digit value in the series 9. There is just no pretty way to do this. One reasonable way is to simply compute the smallest number that can be represented by n-digits (e.g. 10, 100, 1000, ...). Essentially 10^(n-1) (where we let int expn = n - 1;). If your first value v1 is equal to 10^(n-1), then reduce the number of characters you consider for the next smallest values. Something like the following:
        while (expn--)                  /* loop to build 10 ^ (n-1)    */
            x10 *= 10;                  /* compute 10 ^ (n-1), 10, 100 */
        if (v1 == x10)                  /* compare against v1          */
            n--;                        /* reduce t2 by 1-char/digit   */

The remainder of the task is just basically a brute force check with a minimum number of validations necessary to protect array bounds, while handling adding values to your integer array (or however you want to store values until you validate or invalidate the remaining characters in the string) while you work your way through the remaining characters.
Putting all the pieces together, and noting there are many, many ways to code this, this example being only one, you could do something similar to the following. Note, the code simply handles the conversion from ASCII to int in the single-digit series case by subtracting '0' from the character value, for multi-digit conversions, strtol is used with a validation check of errno. The code works from beginning to end of the string incrementing the number of digits checked until the end of the string is reached. If a solution is found, a space-separated list of integers is output, otherwise, "no solution found." is output. The code is commented to help you work though it.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>

#define MAXI 256

int main (int argc, char **argv) {

    int a[MAXI] = {0}, i = 1, idx = 0, n = 1, len;
    char *p = argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "9876543";

    printf ("string   : %s\n", p);          /* original input string */

    len = (int)strlen (p);                  /* get length */

    while (i + n <= len && n < len) {       /* loop until conditions met */
        if (n >= MAXI) {                    /* protect int array bounds  */
            fprintf (stderr, "warning: array full, %d elements filled.\n", n);
            break;
        }
        if (n == 1) {                       /* handle single digits series */
            if (p[i - 1] == p[i] + 1) {     /* previous equal current + 1? */
                if (!idx)                   /* if array index == 0 */
                    a[idx++] = p[i - 1] - '0';  /* store first integer */
                a[idx++] = p[i] - '0';      /* store current integer   */
                i++;                        /* increment string index  */
            }
            else
                n++, i = n, idx = 0;        /* increment n-digits to check */
        }                                   /* set i = n, zero array index */
        else {                              /* handle multi-digit values   */
            char t1[MAXI] = "", t2[MAXI] = "";  /* tmp strings for values  */
            int v1 = 0, v2 = 0,             /* tmp for coverted values     */
                expn = n - 1, x10 = 1,      /* 10 ^ expn for n-- test      */
                norig = n;                  /* n to restore on no match    */

            strncpy (t1, p + i - n, n);     /* copy n-digits for 1st value */

            errno = 0;
            v1 = (int) strtol (t1, NULL, 10);   /* convert to int/validate */
            if (errno) {
                fprintf (stderr, "error: failed conversion, i: %d, n: %d\n",
                        i, n);
                return 1;
            }

            while (expn--)                  /* loop to build 10 ^ (n-1)    */
                x10 *= 10;                  /* compute 10 ^ (n-1), 10, 100 */
            if (v1 == x10)                  /* compare against v1          */
                n--;                        /* reduce t2 by 1-char/digit   */

            strncpy (t2, p + i, n);         /* copy n-digits for 2nd value */

            errno = 0;
            v2 = (int) strtol (t2, NULL, 10);   /* convert to int/validate */
            if (errno) {
                fprintf (stderr, "error: failed conversion, i: %d, n: %d\n",
                        i, n);
                return 1;
            }

            if (v1 == v2 + 1) {             /* check decreasing values  */
                if (!idx)                   /* if array index == 0      */
                    a[idx++] = v1;          /* store first integer      */
                a[idx++] = v2;              /* store current integer    */
                i += n;                     /* increment string index   */
            }
            else {
                n += n < norig ? 2 : 1;     /* reset n if no match      */
                i = n;                      /* set string index to n    */
                idx = 0;                    /* reset array index to 0   */
            }
        }
    }

    if (idx && n < len) {               /* if array has values, output  */
        printf ("integers :");
        for (int j = 0; j < idx; j++)
            printf (" %*d", n, a[j]);
        putchar ('\n');
    }
    else
        printf ("no solution found.\n");

    return 0;
}

note: not all corner-cases have been evaluated and the input is presumed to contain only digits. (you are free to add the check for isdigit if you expect otherwise), further testing on your part should be done to satisfy yourself any odd-ball cases are sufficiently covered.
Example Use/Output
$ ./bin/intsepdecr
string   : 9876543
integers : 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

$ ./bin/intsepdecr 109876543
string   : 109876543
integers : 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

$ ./bin/intsepdecr 400399398397
string   : 400399398397
integers : 400 399 398 397

$ ./bin/intsepdecr 400399398396
string   : 400399398396
no solution found.

$ ./bin/intsepdecr 101176543
string   : 101176543
no solution found.

Look things over and let me know if you have any further questions.

A: I can give a basic algorithm of how to go about this problem.

*

*Convert the first x digits of the string into an integer (Initially x=1). You can even use a simple function like strtoi for this. (Let us say this number is N)

*Find no of digits in N-1. Convert that many digits next into an integer.

*Is the Converted value equal to N-1. If So, Continue and convert the rest of the string by repeating steps 2 & 3. (Need to Set N = N-1)

*If not equal to N-1, Repeat from step 1, Only this time increment the number of digits converted.

*Exit the program and declare a malformed string if you are not able to convert the entire string and x is greater than half the length of string.

A: Here is something i just whipped up i tested it against your cases and it works
Mind it is in c++ but it would be simple to convert to c.
string spaceNum(string in)
{
    string numConvBuff;

    size_t matchSize = 0;

    if (in.size() == 1)
    {
        return to_string(in[0] - '0');
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < in.size() / 2; i++)
    {
        numConvBuff = in.substr(0, i + 1);

        unsigned int numRes = stoul(numConvBuff) - 1;
        string numResStr = to_string(numRes);

        string n = in.substr(i + 1, numResStr.length());

        if(numRes == stoul(n))
            matchSize = i+1;
    }

    if (matchSize)
    {
        string out = in.substr(0, matchSize);
        unsigned int numRes = stoul(out);

        for (size_t i = matchSize; i < in.length();)
        {
            numRes--;
            string numResStr = to_string(numRes);
            string n = in.substr(i, numResStr.length());

            out += " " + n;
            i += numResStr.length();
        }

        return out;
    }

    return "";
}


Classes follow the RAD syllabus as well as non-syllabus material. Sessions are inspiring, exciting and challenging, and all groups learn choreography to be performed at school events. Pointe work is also offered to students who are considered physically ready. Groups are mostly organised according to year groups but also in relation to students' ability. These classes are not suitable for absolute beginners and pupils must therefore have some knowledge of the basic ballet movements.
Girls in Todd to IVs may attend the group dance sessions every week and any year may attend the weekly solo and small group dance. Movement and sequences are devised using various styles of dance: street, hip hop, contemporary, jazz and ballet. These group pieces are then performed in dance shows which take place at the end of the Autumn and Summer terms.
This is a weekly session run by the Dance Department for our keen Tudor dancers. The session starts with a gentle warm up followed by stretching and a floor barre which includes abdominal strengthening exercises leading into leg extension exercises, grand allegro and finishing with a cool down. The workout is both challenging and inspiring and continued practice will result in increased core strength, flexibility, stamina, concentration, balance and strengthened muscles without bulking.
Entry to this group is by either invitation or audition. Girls from all years are accepted. Weekly sessions of choreography take place which result in two final pieces being created for end of term performances in the Autumn and Summer terms.
Incorporating the ISTD Tap Syllabus, this class teaches students the basic and intermediate tap steps, without the stress and worry of an exam-structured environment. Classes are open to all students of any ability who share with us the joy of tap. Each term new steps and routines are learnt, culminating in a performance on Summer Show Day. A fun and enjoyable, lifelong skill!


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text:
Home Chevron icon It indicates an expandable section or menu, or sometimes previous / next navigation options. Strategy
How donating money can actually make you happier
Trevor N. Cadigan
Peter Singer explains how donating money to strangers can actually make you happier.
Singer is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics in the University Center for Human Values at Princeton University and Laureate Professor in the School of Historical and Philosophical Studies at the University of Melbourne.
In 2013 he founded The Life You Can Save along with Charlie Bresler. His most recent book is The Most Good You Can Do.
He teaches and lectures about the ways in which we can change the culture of giving in affluent cultures. Following is a transcript of the video.
Peter Singer: I'm Peter Singer. I'm the Ira W. DeCamp professor of bioethics at the University Center for Human Values at Princeton University.
There's very good evidence that if you start from a low base — you don't have very much money — getting more money will make you better off. Up to — in the United States — roughly $70,000, it's pretty clear that getting up to that level will make you happier with your life.
But once you get above around $70,000, this effect starts to drop off very dramatically. The marginal utility of any extra income starts to fall. And the line doesn't go quite flat, but it goes almost flat after that point.
Whereas, on the other hand, there's very good evidence that people who are generous, people who think of others, people who don't just think of themselves are significantly happier in their lives. So that's why I would argue that once you've got past that $70,000 level, giving some of what you have above that is going to actually make you better off not worse off.
There's lots of good research linking happiness and donating to charity at all sorts of different levels. For example, in one experiment people were asked to come in and they were given a modest amount of money. And they were randomly selected and some of them were told, "Go and spend this on yourself; buy something nice for yourself." And others were told, "Go and spend this on someone else; do something that's good for someone else."
And at the end of the day, they were asked to come back and they were asked to rate how well their day had gone. And there was a significant difference. And the people who were asked to the spend money on others and who did that reported much more positively about their day than the others did.


text:
RA Matters Webinars - bringing expert speakers live to your home!
You can now catch up on all the webinars that took place in 2018 and so far in 2019 - the recordings of all these webinars are available by clicking on the links below. All you need to do is put in a few details and then you will have access to the recording. For more information or to get in touch with regards to anything webinar related, please email webinars@nras.org.uk.
2019 Webinar Recordings
'Understanding the safety of biologic treatments for rheumatoid arthritis' by Professor Kimme Hyrich (recorded in April 2019)
Click here to watch Prof. Kimme Hyrich's webinar
'Foot problems and foot healthcare' By Professor Anthony Redmond (recorded in May 2019)
Click here to watch Prof. Anthony Redmond's webinar
'Why does having a cellular atlas (map) of the joint matter to people with rheumatoid arthritis?' by Professor Chris Buckley (recorded in June 2019)
Click here to watch Prof. Chris Buckley's webinar
'Current questions and future directions - an update on research in RA' By Dr Catherine Swales (recorded in May 2018)
Click here to watch Dr Catherine Swales' webinar
'How to get the best out of your rheumatology service' by Dr James Galloway (recorded in August 2018)
Click here to watch Dr James Galloway's webinar
'The importance of physical activity in rheumatoid arthritis' by Professor George Metsios (recorded in September 2018)
Click here to watch Prof. George Metsios' webinar
'RA Matters to Me' was co-hosted with Lily UK and showcased a new film highlighting NRAS Volunteer Rachael's personal experience of RA. Expert panellists then discussed some of the themes in the film, including the impact of RA on work, relationships and aspirations (recorded in October 2018)
Click here to watch webinar: 'RA Matters to Me'
'An update on the latest medicines for rheumatoid arthritis' by Professor Peter Taylor (recorded in November 2018)
Click here to watch Prof. Peter Taylor's webinar
NRAS Webinars


text:
Kiwanis Family
Aiken's Bacon & Brews
KEY CLUB SCHOLARSHIPS
2014 Officer's Installation Banquet
The Kiwanis Club of Aiken's Annual Officer's Installation Banquet was held on October 9, 2014 at USC Aiken's Ruth Patric Science and Education Center Lobby. Close to thirty Kiwanis and Key Club members and guest were in attendance.
District 23's outing Lieutenant Governor John Hethcox was on hand to install all new officers and retire outgoing club president, John Palmer. John addressed the club for a final time stating that he enjoyed his two years as club President and would continue his dedication to the club while enjoying some time to miss Thursday meetings from time-to-time. John was later awarded a plaque in recognition of his servcie and dedication to the club as president for two years by fellow member, Bill Tyler. At the conclusion of his speech, he passed the gavel to the incoming President, Tammy Davis.
The club was happy to install new members John Heffley and Rosemary English. John Heffley was pinned by his sponsor Lisa Tindal. Rosemary English was pinned by her sponsor, Micheal Anaclario. Each member was presented with a Certificate of Membership and a genuine Kiwanis Pin that they would receive at a later date.
The club was happy to welcome thie sponsor clubs, Silver Bluff and Midland Valley High School Key Clubs and USC Aiken's Circle K International. Each club presented thier goals for the year and shared their current and future service projects. In addition, Silver Bluff High School's member and Carolinas District Lieutenant Governor for Key Club, Lydia Hicks, gave a heart warming speech of her experience as a lieutenant governor. She also shared a poem she created about Kiwanis and service to others.
In the final minutes of the banquet, the 2014-2015 Aiken Kiwanis Officers were installed by Hethcox. The new officers are:
--Kathryn Fowler, Secretary
--Dana Hall, Treasurer
--Shane Bagby, 2nd Vice President
--William "Bill" Tyler, 1rst Vice President
--Tammy Davis, President
The remarks and closing was given by newly elected and installed President Tammy Davis. Tammy thanked all the special guests for thier attendance and welcomed Dr. Gary Senn to share some information on the Ruth Patrick Science and Education Center. She closed with a speech outlining the goals for the year and the Club's theme, "For the Children." Before being dismissed, the club closed with the Kiwanis pledge.
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The Willcox
100 Colleton Ave. SW
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Start date August 12th 2021
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I'm paying the price for allowing a friend to use my credit card to purchase a laptop 2 years ago. He has often failed to clear the monthly dues on time and this has resulted in not only fines being levied but a lot of annoying calls being directed at me from the call center. Since this friend has been in Ranchi for the past few months, accessing him has become rather difficult. Thankfully, we are nearing the end of our installments and this headache should be over soon. I had to visit the Standard Chartered Bank ATM to drop one of the installment cheques this afternoon.
Walked to Big Bazaar after the payment and bought a boxed set of 25 DVDs. My ever-growing music collection had become too large for the hard disk and I had to house it externally.
Never ever be so generous.


text:
20 years after Srebrenica, the Rohingya are the Bosnians of today
By Yasmin Qureshi
After Srebrenica, the world said "never again". But yet another cleansing is happening in Myanmar, while the world watches.
On July 11, 1995, Europe was revisited by the horrors it promised would "never again" occur on its soil. In the Bosnian town of Srebrenica, the very heart of Europe, eight thousand Bosnian Muslim boys and men were systematically slaughtered just five decades after the Holocaust.
This week, 20 years on, the world will commemorate that genocide. But even as we do so, ethnic cleansing will be taking place again. Again, it is directed against the Muslim population of a country that has lived there for generations. Again, it is the religious identity of the persecuted that justifies their persecution. And again, the world is doing little to address that persecution or the pervasive hate that gives rise to it.
It is Myanmar's Rohingya, the "world's most persecuted minority", who today draw disturbing parallels to the plight of the Bosnian Muslims two decades earlier.
Like in Bosnia, realpolitik considerations of political and economic expediency have muted the responses of the international community to the Rohingya crisis.
After Myanmar's recent liberalised economic reforms, it seems taking decisive action against a country with one of the world's fastest growing economies does not fit the domestic agendas of many in the international community.
Similarly, two decades earlier, concern for how the domestic political agendas of Nato nations might be adversely affected by taking action against Serb aggression also led to inertia, even as hundreds of thousands perished.
Today, when the situation of the Rohingya is, in the words of Desmond Tutu, "nothing less than genocide", the international community must learn from the lessons of the recent past. It must recalibrate its priorities in favor of averting genocide, even if that means a slight compromise in a government's 'domestic political agenda'.
But Srebrenica raises another fundamental question, one that informs any long-term response to the problem of mass persecution. How do we address the roots of hate that the Rohingya crises' and Srebrenica massacres' of the world all depend upon?
What creates the deep divisiveness that sets communities against each other in the first place? And that fosters a world-view where the destruction of the 'other' becomes synonymous with one's own survival?
Hate speech happens to be a common cause across all cases of large-scale persecution. Without widespread messages of hate that dehumanize the 'other' and seep into the collective consciousness of the masses, the normalization of mass persecution and (in extreme cases) the total elimination of an 'outside group' cannot take place.
Before Bosnians were herded into concentration camps, they were depicted as "Turks" - foreigners plotting to impose an expansionist Muslim state upon Serbs, despite their overwhelmingly secular make-up. In 2010, theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia recognized the role of media propaganda in the Srebrenica genocide.
Today uncannily similar hate speech is employed against the Rohingya who arelabelled "Bengalis" - foreigners attempting to force Muslim hegemony over Myanmar. Like the Bosnians before them, populist extremist characterizations of the Rohingya are dehumanizing, comparing them to mad dogs incapable of reasoning with.
Such perceptions are important because they create the mood music for controversial laws like Myanmar's birth control legislation or the decision towithhold citizenship from the Rohingya.
But hate messages also afflict us closer to home. The precipitous rise in anti-Semitic and Islamophobic hate crime in Europe over the past year, is partly fueled by social media narratives and populist right-wing rhetoric about a demographic takeover of Europe, one that supposedly poses an existential threat to our way of life and civilization. Indeed, such rhetoric was replete across Anders Breivik's 1000-page manifesto as justification for his murderous rampage in Norway in 2012.
The world around us, too, is suffering from increased religious sectarian hatred, fueling violence against the Yazidis, minority Christians in Iraq and Syria and internecine Sunni/ Shia violence in the Middle East.
It is a global problem and warrants a global solution. The world must do more to form a coordinated response to powerful narratives of hate that influence so many across the globe, like they did in Bosnia and like they are doing now in Myanmar.
This is why the Istanbul Process is so important. Supported by the European Union, the United States and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Process is designed to find a global solution to the problem of religious hate crimes and hate speech by implementing Human Rights Resolution 16/18.
This does not mean curtailing each nation's freedom of speech laws so as to block hate speech, a point the most recent Istanbul Process meeting reiterated. Instead it means focusing on positive speech, tackling the online battleground where extremist propaganda abounds and framing powerful counter-narratives against the twisted logic and misinformation so often characterizing anti-religious rhetoric.
Realizing that so many major crimes against humanity stem from such hate, the Istanbul Process is a rare example of collaboration between three of the world's major regional representatives on an issue that desperately needs it.
And while the international community must do much more, under the current dire circumstances, the Istanbul Process is not just helpful, but necessary.
But that does not mean it's enough. With ethnic cleansing taking place before our eyes, grassroots social action must galvanize public opinion into pressuring the international community into firmer action to avert a potential repeat of Srebrenica.
In addition, we must also focus on the battle for hearts and minds, without which there can be no true victory over the bigotry, stereotypes and prejudice that precede violence. While the Rohingya have stepped into the shoes of the Bosnians of yesterday, combatting the drivers of hate will determine how many communities can be saved from stepping into the shoes of the Rohingya tomorrow.
Yasmin Qureshi is chair of the Chair of the APPG on Srebrenica, and member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee.


The Landing Ship (揚陸艇, Yōriku-tei) is a vehicle deployed from the Aratrum that appears in the 2017 Godzilla film, GODZILLA: Planet of the Monsters.
Equipped with an inrush function that allows the craft to enter a planet's atmosphere from space.
Hover Bikes are stored aboard the craft.
Cockpit block can separate from the fuselage and act as a small escape pod in case of emergency.


The Edinburgh Castle located in the heart of the CBD has been a Sydney landmark since 1885. The Edinburgh Castle is honouring its iconic history and re-writing the rules of the inner city pub.
Very friendly helpful and friendly staff. Great food. And very lovely, comfortable environment.
Atmosphere was great. We were seated upstairs and service was good. Food was really nice. There were 7 of us, all ordering different meals. My pork cutlet was delicious. Generous servings. Fun place for a crowd. Wine and Beer options great.
Very casual dining. Enjoyed the dining experience.
4 different meals were ordered by 4 of us and all enjoyed their meals. We all commented we should do it again. The meals were sufficient and value for money.


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Browse » Home » MAN-MADE MARVELS » Man-Made Marvels
Our world is full of wonders great and small, ancient and contemporary, natural and man-made. Here are 15 modern marvels that fill us with awe through the sheer scale, beauty, backbreaking effort and inspiration that brought them into creation.
Man-Made Marvels: Henderson Waves
At 12 stories high, Henderson Waves is Singapore's tallest pedestrian bridge. It snakes across Henderson Road, connecting Mount Faber Park and Telok Blangah Hill Park. The bridge, which opened in 2008, is made of seven undulating curved steel ribs that alternately rise over and under its deck. The curved ribs form alcoves that function as shelters with seats within.
Man-Made Marvels: The Ledge at Willis Tower
Not afraid of heights? Check out the view from the Ledge at Willis Tower, formerly Sears Tower, in Chicago. The five-sided balconies, which opened in 2009, are suspended 1,353 feet in the air and jut out 4 feet from the building's 103rd floor Skydeck. They're actually more like boxes than balconies, with transparent walls, floor and ceiling. Visitors can see unobstructed views of Chicago from the building's west side, and a heart-stopping vista of the street and Chicago River below — if they're
brave enough to look straight down.
Man-Made Marvels: Palm Jumeirah
Palm Jumeirah is an artificial island, the first and smallest of the three Palm Islands created off the coast of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The palm-tree shaped island is so large that it can be seen from the International Space Station. It is currently home to luxury homes and the megaresort Atlantis, The Palm, and will eventually tout many other deluxe hotels. In the years since construction began in 2001, this island effectively has doubled the length of Dubai's coastline.
Man-Made Marvels: Channel Tunnel
The Chunnel, as the 31.35-mile tunnel under the English Channel is known, opened in 1994, connecting Calais, France, with Folkestone, England. It is the second-longest tunnel in the world (behind Japan's Seikan railway tunnel), and has the longest underwater section of any tunnel. The Eurotunnel Shuttle is a special vehicle transport train that has the largest rail cars in the world.
Man-Made Marvels: Three Gorges Dam
Located in China's Hubei Province, this largest hydroelectric power station in the world contains a 375-mile-long reservoir within its impressive 7,661-foot concrete bulk. The scale of the controversial project is so huge that it has displaced millions of people, submerged hundreds of cultural sites in the Three Gorges area and precipitated an untold amount of damage on the regional environment. Construction began in 1994, but the dam is not expected to become fully operational until 2011.
Man-Made Marvels: Panama Canal
One of the most difficult engineering endeavors ever attempted, the Panama Canal is a 50.72-mile-long passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans that was begun by France in 1880 but completed by the U.S. in 1914. It drastically reduced shipping distances between New York and San Francisco, from 14,000 miles around Cape Horn to 6,000 when passing through the canal. During the American construction phase, 211 million cubic yards of dirt and rock were scraped away over 10 years to finish the canal.
Man-Made Marvels: Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge
Also known as the Pearl Bridge, this structure spans the strait between the islands of Honshu and Awaji in Japan. Upon its opening in 1998, the Pearl Bridge became the longest suspension bridge in the world, with a center span measuring 6,532 feet in length — making it a full quarter-mile longer than the previous record-holder. The entire three-span bridge is more than 12,000 feet long.
Man-Made Marvels: Hoover Dam
Visiting Las Vegas? Consider a side trip to Hoover Dam. It spans the Colorado River between Arizona and Nevada, about 30 miles southeast of Sin City. The massive dam, built between 1931 and 1936, is 726.4 feet deep, from foundation rock to the roadway on the crest of the dam. Hoover Dam generates, on average, about 4 billion kilowatt-hours of hydroelectric power each year for use in Nevada, Arizona and California — enough to serve 1.3 million people.
Man-Made Marvels: Oasis of the Seas
Royal Caribbean's Oasis of the Seas made its debut in 2009 as the world's largest cruise ship. It's nearly five times the gross tonnage of the Titanic and 1 1/2 times longer than the U.S. Capitol building, has 16 decks and a capacity for 6,296 guests. The ship offers weeklong sailings in the eastern and western Caribbean. Cruises depart from Port Everglades in Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
Man-Made Marvels: International Space Station
Orbiting Earth with a resident crew since November 2000, the International Space Station is accessible only to enterprising tourists who have bank accounts flush enough to afford approximately $25 million for the round-trip ticket offered by Space Adventures. To date, six space tourists have boarded the ISS to experience days of zero gravity orbiting the planet. However, that number is sure to rise in coming decades as private companies develop commercial spacecraft and programs to make the final frontier a viable travel destination.
Man-Made Marvels: Millau Viaduct
The Millau Viaduct in southern France, which opened in 2004, is the tallest vehicular bridge in the world, with a roadway nearly 900 feet in the air. The cable-stayed design gives the bridge the appearance of a row of sailboats at sea, and the masts rise 1,125 feet — higher than the Eiffel Tower.
Man-Made Marvels: Burj Khalifa
Dubai, United Arab Emirates, opened the world's tallest skyscraper in January, 2010, and superlatives have poured in ever since. If you stuck the Eiffel Tower on top of the Empire State Building, you still wouldn't have a structure as tall as the Burj Khalifa. It rises 2,717 feet from the desert and provides views of the Persian Gulf, the sail-shaped Burj al-Arab hotel and the man-made Palm Jumeirah island. Originally named Burj Dubai, the building was renamed in honor of Sheik Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, which pumped tens of billions of dollars into Dubai in 2009 as it struggled to pay enormous debts.
Man-Made Marvels: Time Warner Center
This 750-foot tall skyscraper in New York City, which opened in 2003, consists of two towers bridged by an atrium containing upscale retail shops. It was the first major building to be completed in New York City after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. This "city in a building" contains the offices of Time Warner Inc., residential condominiums, and the Mandarin Oriental, New York hotel. Anderson Cooper 360° broadcasts live here from CNN Studios, and you'll also find the 1,200-seat Jazz at Lincoln Center.
Man-Made Marvels: The Dreamliner
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner took off on its long-awaited first flight on Dec. 15, 2009. The Dreamliner is the first commercial airplane that's mostly built from carbon-reinforced plastic. This composite material is light and strong and won't corrode or be susceptible to metal fatigue. Using this kind of construction also reduces both the financial and environmental costs of building a new plane. The first Dreamliner is expected to be delivered to All Nippon Airways in late 2010.
Man-Made Marvels: Grand Canyon Skywalk
The Hualapai tribe of Arizona commissioned this horseshoe-shaped, glass walkway that opened above the Grand Canyon in 2007. The Skywalk juts off the rim of a side canyon 4,000 feet above the Colorado River. Despite the vertigo-inducing views, the glass bridge reportedly is very sturdy — it can support more than 71,000 pounds and can withstand gusts of wind over 100 mph.
Labels: MAN-MADE MARVELS


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Pandemic presents highs and lows for Glasgow food and drink wholesaler JW Filshill
Scottish food and drink wholesaler JW Filshill has seen turnover soar during the pandemic though the crisis has hit its on-trade and international activity.
7th Sep 2021, 12:30pm
JW Filshill Ltd was founded in Glasgow in 1875 and also supplies scores of KeyStore convenience outlets across Scotland and the north of England.
The Glasgow-based group is one of the country's longest established wholesalers, supplying scores of KeyStore convenience outlets across Scotland and the north of England, and holds several national accounts including with the Scottish Prison Service.
Its latest accounts show turnover jumping to £191 million in the year ending January 31, up 23 per cent on the year before.
A gross profit margin of 8.08 per cent was slightly down from 8.4 per cent the previous year due to the effects of the pandemic.
Keith Geddes, chief financial and operating officer, described the financial results as "strong".
He said: "The UK economy has experienced a period of extreme uncertainty due to the ongoing pandemic and the group has had to adapt to take account of the massive disruption experienced by all sectors.
"We constantly reviewed controls and working processes to ensure that our workforce was operating safely and with the necessary resources and information to minimise any risk to our team. There were high costs associated with safeguarding employees and customers but we took all necessary precautions."
However, he noted that the Covid crisis had made it necessary for the business to suspend much of its on-trade and international activity during the year – the firm supplies local craft beer and craft spirits to international markets.
Chief executive Simon Hannah added: "The directors are pleased with the company performance and are confident that profits will continue at a satisfactory level going forward."
Glasgow wholesaler JW Filshill has eye on growth as turnover holds steady
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