text:
Education Secretary Betsy DeVos and her husband took in at least $59.4 million in 2017, according to financial disclosures. | Win McNamee/Getty Images
Trump's wealthiest Cabinet members earned millions in 2017
By LORRAINE WOELLERT and THEODORIC MEYER
Updated 11/30/2018 10:57 AM EST
President Donald Trump's three wealthiest Cabinet members took in tens of millions of dollars last year, including from divesting holdings to avoid conflicts of interest, according to disclosure filings released by the administration.
Education Secretary Betsy DeVos and her husband took in at least $59.4 million in 2017, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin reported income of more than $41.6 million, and Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross tallied $47 million that year, according to annual financial disclosures each made to their agencies.
A substantial chunk of the trio's income came from the sale of assets. They also reported bringing in money from dividends, capital gains and interest on accounts, the filings show.
Government officials had until May 15 to file their annual disclosures for 2017, and most officials' forms were posted online by the Office of Government Ethics earlier this year. The ethics office has yet to formally sign off on and publish the three officials' disclosures. The departments released them at POLITICO's request this week.
Critics of the administration have scrutinized DeVos', Mnuchin's and Ross' holdings and were watching to see if they divested assets that could pose conflicts of interest with their current jobs. President Donald Trump has defended hiring wealthy and connected people for powerful positions in his administration, saying they don't want the jobs for the money and that "these are people that are great, brilliant business minds."
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Intelligence and analysis on lobbying — weekday mornings, in your inbox.
Mnuchin's disclosures show that in 2017, he sold holdings in Seritage Growth Properties, which leases stores to Sears and ESL Partners, a hedge fund run by Sears Chairman Eddie Lampert, a longtime friend of the Treasury secretary's.
With Sears in bankruptcy and its pension at risk, Democrats on the Senate Finance Committee earlier this year asked Mnuchin to recuse himself from matters before the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. involving the company. The Treasury secretary is one of three PBGC board members who will have a say in the future of Sears pensions.
Mnuchin has completed the divestitures required by career ethics officers, a Treasury spokeswoman said. He grossed $2 million to $10 million on his Seritage holdings, according to his filing. Mnuchin received $65,000 to $150,000 on the sale of his interest in ESL Partners.
His June 2017 marriage to Scottish actress Louise Linton brought new assets into the family, including more than $2.2 million in real estate in Edinburgh, Scotland, the disclosures show.
"The secretary submitted his annual financial disclosure on time, and Treasury is working with OGE to have it promptly certified," the spokeswoman said.
Mueller stalks Trump abroad — again
By ANDREW RESTUCCIA and GABBY ORR
DeVos agreed to divest 102 separate assets when Trump nominated her to be his education secretary. She made three new investments last year, according to her disclosure, including a stake in a Michigan distillery valued at $500,001 to $1 million.
The DeVos disclosure, filed May 14, was amended a dozen times before being certified by Education Department ethics officials on Sept. 19.
Ross faced scrutiny from government ethics officials and watchdog groups for maintaining stakes in a range of companies that had business before his agency. A year ago, he incorrectly reported that he made all the required divestitures. He said this summer that he would sell all of his equity holdings and buy Treasury securities with the proceeds.
Ross pocketed $6.1 million in 2017 for giving up stock options at his former employer, Invesco, and sold stock in the company valued at more than $5 million, the annual disclosure shows. Ross also earned a $970,530 departing bonus.
The nonpartisan Campaign Legal Center has asked the Commerce Department's inspector general to investigate whether Ross violated laws banning false statements and omissions in his earlier financial disclosures.
"Ross's financial disclosure is probably the most complicated one that has ever existed," said Delaney Marsco, a Campaign Legal Center ethics lawyer. "For you or me, these financial disclosure documents would give a complete picture of our finances. But for people who are super wealthy, this doesn't tell us everything we would want to know."
Trump going for full-blown Space Force, White House memo reveals
By JACQUELINE KLIMAS
Some reported holdings are difficult or impossible to decipher. DeVos, Ross and Mnuchin all reported millions of dollars in holdings in limited partnerships and trusts, for example.
In August and September 2017, Mnuchin spent $1.1 million to $5.1 million to acquire an asset called North Park I LLC. A Treasury spokeswoman declined to explain the transactions.
"His filings are so opaque," said Jeff Hauser, director of the Revolving Door Project at the progressive Center for Economic and Policy Research. "He's the Treasury secretary, he gets so much market-moving information. This is not a guy who should be investing. He should be divesting everything."
Democrats won control of the House earlier this month in part by emphasizing public integrity, and they have said they'll make campaign finance and government ethics a priority in the next Congress. In the Senate, Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) has introduced legislation that would force high-ranking agency officials to put their money in mutual funds or other conflict-free investments.
Donald Trump Cabinet
Steven Mnuchin
Wilbur Ross


text:
namespace gfx {
class Rect;
class Point;
class Point3f;
}

namespace ui {

// 4x4 transformation matrix. Transform is cheap and explicitly allows
// copy/assign.
class UI_EXPORT Transform {
 public:
  Transform();
  ~Transform();

  bool operator==(const Transform& rhs) const;
  bool operator!=(const Transform& rhs) const;

  // NOTE: The 'Set' functions overwrite the previously set transformation
  // parameters. The 'Concat' functions apply a transformation (e.g. rotation,
  // scale, translate) on top of the existing transforms, instead of overwriting
  // them.

  // NOTE: The order of the 'Set' function calls do not matter. However, the
  // order of the 'Concat' function calls do matter, especially when combined
  // with the 'Set' functions.

  // Sets the rotation of the transformation.
  void SetRotate(float degree);

  // Sets the rotation of the transform (about a vector).
  void SetRotateAbout(const gfx::Point3f& point, float degree);

  // Sets the scaling parameters.
  void SetScaleX(float x);
  void SetScaleY(float y);
  void SetScale(float x, float y);

  // Sets the translation parameters.
  void SetTranslateX(float x);
  void SetTranslateY(float y);
  void SetTranslate(float x, float y);

  // Applies a rotation on the current transformation.
  void ConcatRotate(float degree);

  // Applies an axis-angle rotation on the current transformation.
  void ConcatRotateAbout(const gfx::Point3f& point, float degree);

  // Applies scaling on current transform.
  void ConcatScale(float x, float y);

  // Applies translation on current transform.
  void ConcatTranslate(float x, float y);

  // Applies a transformation on the current transformation
  // (i.e. 'this = this * transform;').
  void PreconcatTransform(const Transform& transform);

  // Applies a transformation on the current transformation
  // (i.e. 'this = transform * this;').
  void ConcatTransform(const Transform& transform);

  // Does the transformation change anything?
  bool HasChange() const;

  // Inverts the transform which is passed in. Returns true if successful.
  bool GetInverse(Transform* transform) const;

  // Applies the transformation on the point. Returns true if the point is
  // transformed successfully.
  void TransformPoint(gfx::Point3f& point) const;

  // Applies the transformation on the point. Returns true if the point is
  // transformed successfully. Rounds the result to the nearest point.
  void TransformPoint(gfx::Point& point) const;

  // Applies the reverse transformation on the point. Returns true if the
  // transformation can be inverted.
  bool TransformPointReverse(gfx::Point3f& point) const;

  // Applies the reverse transformation on the point. Returns true if the
  // transformation can be inverted. Rounds the result to the nearest point.
  bool TransformPointReverse(gfx::Point& point) const;

  // Applies transformation on the rectangle. Returns true if the transformed
  // rectangle was axis aligned. If it returns false, rect will be the
  // smallest axis aligned bounding box containg the transformed rect.
  void TransformRect(gfx::Rect* rect) const;

  // Applies the reverse transformation on the rectangle. Returns true if
  // the transformed rectangle was axis aligned. If it returns false,
  // rect will be the smallest axis aligned bounding box containg the
  // transformed rect.
  bool TransformRectReverse(gfx::Rect* rect) const;

  // Returns the underlying matrix.
  const SkMatrix44& matrix() const { return matrix_; }
  SkMatrix44& matrix() { return matrix_; }

 private:
  void TransformPointInternal(const SkMatrix44& xform,
                              gfx::Point& point) const;

  void TransformPointInternal(const SkMatrix44& xform,
                              gfx::Point3f& point) const;

  SkMatrix44 matrix_;

  // copy/assign are allowed.
};

}// namespace ui

#endif  // UI_GFX_TRANSFORM_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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The documents distributed by this server have been provided by the contributing authors as a means to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work on a non-commercial basis. Copyright and all rights therein are maintained by the authors or by other copyright holders, not withstanding that they have offered their works here electronically. It is understood that all persons copying this information will adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. These works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.
Abstract: Der Erfolg innovativer informationstechnischer Lernlösungen in der beruflichen Aus- bildung hängt maßgeblich von deren didaktischer Gestaltung und von der Akzeptanz der jeweili-gen Zielgruppen ab. Beides kann wiederum durch eine hohe Nutzerausrichtung gefördert werden, indem der technischen und didaktischen Gestaltung eine Anforderungsanalyse vorangestellt wird und als Grundlage für die weitere Entwicklung dient. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden anhand des BMBF-Forschungsprojektes "KOLA" die Methodik der Anforderungsanalyse am Beispiel des Elektrohandwerks und erste praxisbezogene Schlussfolgerungen vorgestellt. Gegenstand der Ent-wicklung ist ein technologiebasiertes System zur Vernetzung dreier Lernorte in der beruflichen Ausbildung zur verbesserten Lernortkooperation und Förderung der Ausbildungsqualität durch Arbeitsprozessintegration.
If the paper is not available from this page, you might contact the author(s) directly via the "People" section on our KOM Homepage.


text:
> Technology/R&D
Related topics: Louisiana
LA: Waitr Plans 100-Job Expansion in Lafayette
Gov. John Bel Edwards highlighted the announcement by Waitr Inc. that it will develop a 100-job technology operations center in Lafayette. Waitr founder and CEO Chris Meaux joined Louisiana Economic Development Secretary Don Pierson and President and CEO Gregg Gothreaux of the Lafayette Economic Development Authority in making the announcement at the fifth annual ABiz State of the Economy Luncheon in Lafayette. Headquartered in Lake Charles, Louisiana, Waitr is an online and mobile software-solution business that partners with local restaurants, providing delivery service for restaurants and making available to them a new range of customers via home delivery. Diners may also pay via the free Waitr app from their restaurant tables.
The 100 new direct jobs created by Waitr's Lafayette expansion will provide an average annual salary of $55,000, plus benefits, for software engineers and restaurant operations professionals. LED estimates the project will result in another 107 new indirect jobs, for a total of more than 200 new jobs in Acadiana and surrounding regions. The company will retain 129 current full-time employees at its Lake Charles headquarters and at city team offices in markets where it operates. Additionally, Waitr will retain more than 300 delivery positions and create 100 new driver positions through the expansion.
"Waitr is a prime example of the unique spirit of innovation that can be found in Louisiana," Gov. Edwards said. "The vision of the company's leadership is proof that Louisiana startups have their eyes on the future. With its growth in Lake Charles and expansion into Lafayette, Waitr is bringing a further element of diversification to our state. From IBM to GE to CenturyLink and EA, Louisiana continues to demonstrate what a fertile area our state is for software technology – no matter what region of the state you choose for project growth and development."
In 2015, Waitr added restaurant delivery technology solutions for the Lafayette and Baton Rouge markets, and then expanded to Houston, The Woodlands and Lake Jackson in Texas. The company has partnered with 500 restaurants and more than 100,000 users have downloaded the app. With the new operations center in Lafayette, the company plans to add other markets, including a further expansion into Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Arkansas and other Southern states. Waitr also anticipates new product offerings, including entry into the grocery delivery and restaurant reservation markets.
"Today marks a new chapter for Waitr, and we look forward to strengthening our operations in Louisiana as we make a significant investment in Lafayette," Meaux said. "Having been advised that we should look outside of Louisiana to launch a technology venture, I am proud to say that we have proven that theory wrong. We haven't had a shortage of software engineers. We haven't had a shortage of talent. And I don't think we will. We anticipate more successful recruiting efforts in a state that makes many tremendous resources available to small businesses, including the Economic Gardening Initiative and the Small and Emerging Business Development Program. These programs have proven essential to our success."
After developing the idea for Waitr during an entrepreneurial idea-sharing event, Meaux established the company in 2013 and launched it in the SEED Center business incubator in Lake Charles in 2014. The company utilized LED's Small and Emerging Business Development Program for managerial and technical assistance training and peer-to-peer discussions to solve business challenges and identify best practices. LED's Economic Gardening Initiative pointed Waitr on the path to new markets through intensive data research.
To secure the expansion project, the State of Louisiana offered Waitr the comprehensive workforce solutions of LED FastStart®, the No. 1 state workforce development program in the nation. In addition, Waitr is expected to utilize the state's Digital Interactive Media and Software Development Incentive and the Angel Investor Tax Credit Program.
"True to our heritage, technology has become Lafayette's single most-important diversification factor in the 21st century," Gothreaux said. "Today's announcement by Waitr adds to the positive momentum and growth in the tech sector over the past two years. Chris and the team at Waitr embody the entrepreneurial spirit of the region that was the impetus behind creating the Opportunity Machine. We look forward to working with Waitr as they become an integral part of the community."
About Waitr
Waitr is an innovative online and mobile software solution company reinventing the restaurant dining experience. Waitr connects restaurants to diners through a mobile smartphone menu and digital marketing platform for iPhone and Android users. The company's ordering platform allows users to browse, order and pay for carryout, delivery or dine-in directly from their smartphone. For more information, visit WaitrApp.com.
Lafayette Economic Development Authority

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: I want to get my output like this using sql. Input:
id  type    value
1   a   aa
1   a   aaa
1   b   bb
1   b   bbb
1   c   cc
1   c   ccc

Output:
id  type_a  type_b  type_c
1   aa;aaa  bb;bbb  cc;ccc

using db2 i need to do the work

A: Please give some info of Database Version. As different source have different techniques.
Refer below articles for all possible ways of concatenating strings.
String Aggregation Techniques

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Before you depart for teaching abroad programs, make a checklist of all of the things you need to do before you go. Sort out financial, legal medical and travel documents and make copies of each. These are not the most fun part about preparing to travel, but they are absolutely necessary. In order to be adequately prepared for teaching jobs in Dubai you need all of the necessary documentation, visas, contracts and money before you begin booking flights.
The best part about travel research is reading about other people's experiences. It gives you first-hand advice that will help you prepare yourself. Check out teaching abroad programs blogs, expat forums and chats for insight into other's experiences with teaching jobs in Dubai. That being said, connecting with other people who have experienced the same teaching abroad programs is always beneficial. Better yet, if you can find people who are also starting teaching jobs in Dubai at the same time, you will have other people to experience the journey with you.
No matter where you go in the world, being a smart traveler helps you and the people you are interacting with in Dubai. Research the culture and customs beforehand so you are not caught off guard. Know basic things about the place you are going to, such as transportation, money, weather and communication.
As well as living there, you will also be working hard during teaching abroad programs. Try to prepare yourself for teaching abroad programs by asking as many questions as you can to your recruiting agency. Ask about class sizes, courses, teaching methods and evaluation expectations. Use your previous teaching experience to prepare yourself by making copies of teaching resources you normally use. Most importantly, take the experience all in and enjoy everything. Teaching jobs in Dubai are booming right now. Dubai is a great place to visit, live and work, especially for people who are looking for personal and career enrichment.


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The sweet peplum made from the softest, super smooth modal fabric is sure to become a favorite! A v-neckline and princess seams create a feminie silhouette that won't cling.
Length measures approximately: S=23" M=24" L=25"


During a recent presentation in front of her Chantrell Creek Elementary peers last month, Abigail Barron was confident as she spoke about anxiety.
And while it wasn't obvious from watching her speak, Abigail knows all too well what too much anxiety can do – it's what took her away from competitive dancing.
Abigail shared her experience with the disorder as part of efforts by the White Rock-South Surrey Child and Youth Mental Health and Substance Use Local Action Team to raise awareness among elementary students around mental health. A speaker series last fall featured forums at Elgin Park and Earl Marriott secondaries.
Abigail and her mom, Dr. Julie Milligan – a local pediatrician on the CYMHSU team who was also diagnosed with an anxiety disorder – approached Abigail's school with a proposal to help celebrate Child and Youth Mental Health Day, which was marked nationwide on May 7.
The mother and daughter had three goals: to teach the students what anxiety is, help them learn how to recognize it in their own bodies and share how to best support someone who has anxiety.
"It's what keeps us safe," she said.
Her performance anxiety became such that Abigail decided to take a leave from competitive dancing. Her recent venture back to recreational dance was a proud moment for her parents.
"We are very proud of her return and the fact that she can admit that it was too much for her at the time," Milligan said by email.
Abigail told her peers during the presentation that bad anxiety can make it hard to take tests at school and make friends; and it can make you grumpy. Anyone feeling that way should talk to someone, she said, be it a counsellor, parent, teacher or friend.
She also offered suggestions for those wondering how they can help someone who has anxiety: be a good friend, be kind, listen, be supportive and be positive.
"People have often expressed dismay that Abigail suffers from an anxiety disorder because she functions well despite it," she said.
Dr. Rummy Dosanjh told PAN last fall that statistics show 22.7 per cent of local youth are affected by anxiety disorders. Signs can include an abrupt change in behaviour, withdrawal from activities, panic attacks and even physical pain.
For Abigail and Milligan, creating awareness is critical, and Milligan said she is proud of her daughter's willingness to share her struggles to achieve that goal.


text:
Former U.S. Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism for The Canadian Parliamentary Coalition to Combat Antisemitism (CPCCA)
Gregg J. Rickman and Ph.D., Oral Testimony to the Canadian Parliamentary Coalition to Combat Antisemitism, November 1, 2009
Mr. Chairman and Members of this esteemed Committee. Thank you for this opportunity to discuss the state of anti-Semitism in the world today. As a matter of background, I served in the United States Department of State as the first U.S. Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism, serving from 2006-2009. During that time, I traveled around the world to twenty-eight countries, including many countries with significant Muslim populations, some of whom espoused a mindset and collection of historical and political biases which were very disturbing. Specifically to this point, I will address the subject of relations between Jewish communities and ethnic and Muslim minorities in Europe and how those relations have impacted the fate of Jewish communities on that continent. Following my remarks, I will offer a few recommendations.
In my travels, I found that in many of these countries with either large Muslim populations or in Muslim countries themselves, the relationship between the two communities is tense. On the one hand, Muslim community leaders tell me that they respect the role Jews have made for themselves, admiring the access Jewish leaders have and the influence and relative wealth the community has come to accumulate. On the other hand, there is jealousy. "I want to catch up with Jewish groups organizationally," one Muslim leader told me in Southern France. This leader spoke to me about "a competition of memories" with Jews, pointedly expressing a problem.
His concerns centered on Muslims' perception of their comparative disadvantage in Europe vis-à-vis the Jews. He told me about real societal discrimination against Muslims in employment, religious observance, and in general daily life, not at all the responsibility of the Jewish community. Yet, despite their perception of their status, they offer up the support Jews in Southern France exhibit toward Israel as the real reason for their present situation. He expressed complaints that Jews came as "colonialists" with other Europeans to North Africa, received French citizenship and then moved to France. Muslims on the other hand lived in French-speaking North Africa and also immigrated to France but were denied the same level of acceptance. These same Jews, I was told, now unfairly "appropriated" the history of the Holocaust, intimating that it was not their history to claim. Now "we Algerians suffer from it" I was told.
Many Muslims believe their "suffering" locks Muslim communities and individuals in a second-class position. Yet, this view according to the director of one Dutch NGO in Amsterdam is not necessarily the correct one. According to him, the community itself is not without blame in this regard. Young Muslims' own cultural and religious reluctance to integrate does not help matters. Fewer prospects for employment are tied to their reluctance to seek proper schooling or even higher levels of education.
I have been told of this problem in Germany as well. It was explained with great detail to me the effects on Muslim teenagers who don't stay in school. Dropping out of school, places them at a clear disadvantage economically and socially. This fact has been reinforced by a study published by the Open Society Institute EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program that found in 2007 that three times as many foreign-born German children stop at secondary school failing to move on. Furthermore, in 1998, according to the report, about one-third of foreigners aged 20-29 remained without a professional qualification, compared to only 8% of Germans of the same age group. It has not gotten much better a decade or so later. Think though of the effects now on that age group, self-deprived of an education.
In Dutch schools, as the Dutch NGO director and former Dutch parliamentarian Aayan Hirsi Ali explained to me, Muslim school children are disruptive in class and teachers are reluctant to counter their obstreperous practices. Worse, according to the Open Society study of 2007 for the Netherlands, less than 10% of the Turks and Moroccans students have finished higher education or university education there. As second generation Muslims, these youth are caught in a netherworld. They don't feel fully European, and with inadequate Arabic language fluency, they don't feel fully "Arab." Add a lack of education to this mix of circumstances and the sense of despair is only worse. These concerns have been expressed to me across Europe.
Confused European Muslim youth go "back home" to the countries of their parents and grandparents yearning to acquire that identity but are rejected there as not wholly Moroccan, Algerian or Turkish. Rejected in both "homes" they return to Europe confused, looking for meaning and of course someone to blame, and that is how they fall prey to charismatic Imams, imported from abroad, usually from Turkey, Iran, or Pakistan into Mosques financed from abroad and under whose influence they fall.
This need to blame as well as the learned hatred is passed on to younger Muslim kids who harass Jews, for example, in West Amsterdam, in the banlieu near Paris and other European cities. I have talked with a number of people in Amsterdam, rabbis, Jewish teenagers, and even elected officials who told me stories of young Muslims who yell "kill the Jews" and routinely throw rocks at Jews leaving synagogues or those daring to walk through Muslim neighborhoods. As one Jewish leader in Europe told me, "Jews are the only ones who go to synagogue or school under police protection." This has become normal existence for Jews in Europe and I've seen it first-hand.
Due to this ongoing pattern of Muslim harassment of Jews in Europe, it has come to the point that an intentional segregation is taking place. Jewish families are moving out of mixed Muslim-Jewish neighborhoods. Because of the frequency of anti-Jewish harassment, it is simply no longer worth living in these areas.
Moreover, according to Catholic Church officials and Jewish leaders in France, in 2007, nearly 60% of Jewish students attended private schools in France (Jewish or even Catholic), with their parents fearing their security in the public schools. As in the Netherlands, teachers are unable to guarantee the safety of Jewish students.
I was told stories of ongoing efforts at interfaith work in the banlieu outside of Paris talking with Muslims that produced frightening results. I was told of declarations from Muslims warning those attempting this work, that Jews were a "damned and rejected people," and that one Muslim man declared "Every day I pray for you to become a Muslim so I wouldn't be obligated to kill you."
It must be clear that the discrimination Muslims face is not a myth, yet Muslim communities suggest a greater role for the problem and weave it into the story of their victimhood taking on strong notes of succeeding the Jews as the newest victims of discrimination all the while blaming them for their ills. "In broader terms," I was told, "Arabs are Semites and therefore, 'Islamaphobia' is a kind of anti-Semitism." This sentiment was echoed to me by another source who casually suggested that Islamaphobia in Europe is "ten times" that of anti-Semitism." I heard this comparison from Saudis, Emiratis, Egyptians, Lebanese, and others around the world. Yet, just as Muslims accuse Jews of appropriating a history that they claim is not theirs, so too are they appropriating one. We need to be clear about this point; anti-Semitism means discrimination or violence against Jews, not Muslims.
Relations between Muslim and Jewish communities are overwhelmed by the extension of the Middle East conflict to European shores. The hatreds, jealousies, and historic disputes are now being played out in new lands. The conclusions of the (EUMC) the European Monitoring Center's Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2001-2005 only reinforce this conclusion.
"There has been some evidence to support the view that there is some link between the number of reported anti-Semitic incidents and the political situation in the Middle East…. Moreover, some of the data indicate that there have been changes in the profile of the perpetrators. It is no longer the extreme right which is seen as solely responsible for hostility towards Jewish individuals or property…. Instead, victims identified 'young Muslims,' 'people of North African origin,' or 'immigrants' as perpetrators."
The EUMC concluded that in Europe: "Anti-Semitic activity after 2000 is increasingly attributed to a 'new anti-Semitism,' characterized primarily by the vilification of Israel as the 'Jewish collective' and perpetrated primarily by members of Europe's Muslim population." Throughout the Middle East and in many Muslim com¬munities in Western Europe and beyond, anti-Zionist rhetoric finds frequent and powerful expression espe¬cially in Arabic-language newspapers and magazines, on the radio, on television, via the Internet, and in sermons delivered in mosques.
Anti-Semitism emanating from Muslim communities throughout Europe provides a corrosive atmosphere for Jews there and provides for an expanding hotbed of anti-Jewish feeling, attitudes, and actions. In an area so historically and tragically associated with anti-Semitism, for this virus to return in yet another guise is both infuriating and extremely worrying. History as well as common decency dictates that European authorities as well as individual Europeans have a distinct responsibility to curb this evil before it is allowed to again overwhelm the Jewish people, and worse spread to other lands.
We must not veer our eyes as Jews elsewhere suffer from anti-Semitism, ignoring the problem since it fails to rise to such a threatening level around us.
Mr. Chairman, before I close, I wish to provide a few recommendations toward this end. First, I recommend that Canada create a post of a Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism. When I held this position in the United States, I had very few international compatriots with whom to speak. Second, you should require your Foreign Ministry to publish an annual report on Anti-Semitism that could be assembled by your embassies overseas. Third, you should require the government to assemble annual reports on acts of anti-Semitism occurring in Canada. In this way, you will have a base of data from which to work.
Ignoring this problem is an abandonment of the Jews there and another scar upon the history of Jews and of freedom and good will itself. As Edmund Burke is said to have declared, "All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing." It is certainly time to do something now. Thank you Mr. Chairman.
Originally published here: https://www.jewishresearch.org/quad/CPCCA_Rickman.html


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text:
From Conservapedia
Scranton is a city in Pennsylvania, part of the larger metropolitan area of Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton. It was once a major center of the anthracite mining and textile industries and was the first U.S. city with an electrified streetcar system. The nickname is "The Electric City". Once a major U.S. city, Scranton's population peaked in the 1930 census and has been falling since. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 76,415. Anthracite mining ceased in the city after the 1959 Knox Mine Disaster. The TV series The Office is set in Scranton.
Scranton is home to the National Park Service's Steamtown National Historic Site at the site of the old Lackawanna railway yards. The Electric City Trolley Museum is next to Steamtown, devoted to the history of the trolley. The Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum is located in McDade Park in Scranton. Adjacent to the museum is an underground coal mine tour in the old Lackawanna No. 190 Slope Mine.
Joe "Joseph" Biden
Joe Biden was born in Scranton.
Retrieved from "https://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Scranton&oldid=1729803"
Pennsylvania Cities and Towns
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This page was last modified on February 9, 2021, at 10:27.
About Conservapedia


But this assiduous approach to implementing the marijuana law wasn't enough to avoid a serious hiccup.
"My bank told me either stop selling cannabis or close my accounts," says Esteban Riviera, the pharmacist. "I stopped selling cannabis.
"I was the first pharmacy registered to sell cannabis," he adds, chuckling drily at the irony, "but I was also the first pharmacy that stopped selling cannabis in Uruguay."
Lenders like Esteban's rely on partnerships with US banks for their international transactions. But those partnerships came under threat when the US banks learnt their Uruguayan counterparts were accepting marijuana money.
Uruguay might be a sovereign country, but it's still affected by the US's strict finance laws on controlled substances.
Pharmacies are the only places allowed to sell recreational marijuana in Uruguay and - partly because of the restrictions facing banks - there are only 17 doing so in a country of 3.5 million people.
So, 18 months after marijuana went on sale, the novelty may have waned, but the queues haven't.
"I am standing in the sun, burning hot, waiting for 2pm when they'll start selling," explains a young woman in the queue outside another Montevideo pharmacy - one still selling cannabis.
"This is one of the pharmacies who have more packages to sell without reserving online. There's a lot of pharmacies who have less, so a lot of people go home without weed and that's pretty sad."
The regulator also controls how strong the marijuana is. The level of THC - the psychoactive part of cannabis that gets you high - is limited and balanced with the level of CBD, another compound in the plant that's said to have a calming effect.
The price - about £5 for a five-gram packet - is also set by the regulator. Pharmacy owner Gabriel Llano says he only gets about 20% of the purchase price from each packet he sells, although there's a higher profit margin on related products like snacks and smoking papers, which are a slightly odd sight in a pharmacy.
When sales begin, customers come in one at a time and put a thumb and finger on a print reader to prove that they're registered to buy - and haven't already reached their limit for the month.
Then they hand over their cash. It has to be cash, Gabriel explains, because that's the condition on which his bank has let him keep his account. The bank's official line is that it doesn't work with businesses linked to cannabis and that it's continuing to close the accounts of such businesses "when appropriate".
The rationale for changing the law here was to move buyers from the illegal market to a new legal one. But the queues outside pharmacies suggest that in the legal market, supply isn't meeting demand.
"In Uruguay, no one had ever grown marijuana on a big scale before," says Diego Olivera, the secretary-general of Uruguay's National Drugs Board, who also oversees the cannabis regulator, IRCCA.
He says that now cannabis firms are more experienced, "we anticipate that they are going to be able to produce at a faster pace".
Diego accepts that Uruguay's approach has been more cautious than that of some US states where marijuana has been legalised.
That's meant recreational sales haven't been bringing in big profits for the companies involved. But the government is much more supportive of businesses growing marijuana for medicinal use, which was also legalised under the 2013 law.
This is perhaps why a big Canadian cannabis company - Aurora - recently paid $220m (£167m) to buy ICC. Aurora said that the deal would position it as the market leader in Latin America.
"One of the most accepted uses of THC is for chronic pain, specifically when it is neuropathic," Helena Gonzalez Ramos, Fotmer's manager of quality and research and development, explains. "That is rigidity in your muscles, palliative care, vomiting [and] nausea."
Uruguay's approach to recreational marijuana has limited the business potential of the industry. But when it comes to medicinal marijuana, Uruguayan companies like Fotmer are aiming to help shape a rapidly growing global industry.
"The main markets nowadays are Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Germany, and some others, mainly in Europe," Helena says. "And the regulation is changing all the time so the forecasts are also promising as medical marijuana is legalised around the world."
For more on this story, you can listen to the World Service's Global Business radio programme on Uruguay and its marijuana laws.


As remixers they worked on tracks by artists as Tiff Lacey, Bilal El Aly & Vince Aoun, T.O.M., DJ Shy, TechTreck, Andrew Fields, Danyella, FloE, Mike Spinner and many more.
We now present their first original track on our label, which allready was featured on our Trance Academy CD sampler from last year. The track has really catchy vocals which reminds us a bit of earlier Above & Beyond tracks. On the remix we asked the really talented The OmegA Man from South Africa, This guy makes a more laidback, proggy approach and makes the package complete.


text:
contact@zahilectures.com
About the Grand Lecture Tour
USA Grand Lecture Tour
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The time to discover the secrets of ancient Egypt has finally come!
Dr. Zahi Hawass, the world's most celebrated archaeologist and former Minister of State for Antiquities in Egypt, brings the mysteries of the pharaohs to the United States on his first-ever grand lecture tour in May and June of 2023.
Join the real-life Indiana Jones for an epic journey of exploration and discovery. Don't miss out on this unforgettable evening as Dr. Hawass reveals the most closely guarded secrets of ancient Egypt and presents his groundbreaking new discoveries and latest research live on stage. As the man behind all major discoveries in Egypt over the last few decades and director of several ongoing archaeological projects, Dr. Hawass may yet surprise you with unexpected revelations that will make news across the world.
The lecture will be followed by a Q&A session and book signing.
The time to reveal the deepest secrets of ancient Egypt has finally come! You'll hear about the most remarkable discoveries that haven't been announced yet and explore some of the greatest mysteries in history. This evening will be one to remember!
- Dr. Zahi Hawass
About the Lectures
Lost Golden City - Pyramids - Mummies - King Tut - Cleopatra - & Much more!
The world's most famous archaeologist brings his masterful storytelling to the United States to introduce the latest findings from his quest to unveil the secrets of Egypt's ancient past.
Dr. Hawass will highlight his discovery of the Lost Golden City, which has recently made headlines all over the world and is considered one of the most important archaeological discoveries of modern times.
He will reveal the mystery behind the sudden death of King Tutankhamun and recount the discovery of the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut.
Dr. Hawass will share the latest findings from the largest excavation ever undertaken in the Valley of the Kings — the search for Queen Nefertiti.
He will disclose groundbreaking new findings among the pyramids and divulge the mysteries of the Great Sphinx. Are there secret tunnels underneath this enigmatic monument? Are we close to finding the lost tomb of Khufu, the builder of the greatest of all the pyramids?
Dr. Hawass will also discuss how he and his team use modern technology to make new discoveries at Saqqara, home to Egypt's very first pyramid, the Step Pyramid, as they continue the search for the tomb of its builder, Imhotep.
He will give you exclusive insight into the present work on the hunt for the long-lost tomb of Cleopatra and Mark Antony. A mystery thousands of years in the making may now be close to being solved.
Finally, Dr. Hawass will share with you true-life stories of his personal experiences over the course of his esteemed scientific career and decades of research.
What's more, if you've ever wanted to ask Dr. Hawass about the fascinating history of ancient Egypt, a Q&A session at the end of the lecture will be your chance!
Don't miss out on this one-and-only evening with Dr. Zahi Hawass!
And discover the stories
of Ancient Egypt
Prices start from $79
Registration is required. The event is expected to sell out.
About Dr. Zahi Hawass
There is no better person to bring the history of ancient Egypt to life than Dr. Zahi Hawass. For over 20 years, he held the keys to all Egyptian antiquities, first as the Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and then as the first Minister of State for Antiquities. Thanks to his major discoveries and TV documentaries featuring his adventures and expertise, Dr. Hawass has become the world's most famous archaeologist.
Dr. Hawass's major discoveries over the course of his career include the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza, the Valley of the Golden Mummies at Bahariya Oasis, and, most recently, the Lost Golden City in Luxor. His support strengthened the search for the so-called hidden doors inside the Great Pyramid. Dr. Hawass currently directs ongoing excavations at Giza, Saqqara, and the Valley of the Kings. He has also been leading the search for the tomb of Cleopatra and Mark Antony on the premises of a Ptolemaic temple near Alexandria.
Dr. Hawass received his Ph.D. in 1987 from the University of Pennsylvania. He has earned several honorary degrees, has written more than 50 books about Egypt, and was recognized by Time magazine as one of the Top 100 Most Influential People in the world. Known for his charisma and ability to engage the public, Dr. Hawass has been raising awareness of archaeology and the preservation of Egypt's precious heritage for more than 30 years.
Office hours: 8am–4pm EST Monday–Friday.
Our consultants will be happy to give you all the information you need.
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An Evening with Dr. Zahi Hawass is organized by Archaeological Paths, an international leader in travel and event production.
Over the past decade, Archaeological Paths has been an exclusive partner to Dr. Hawass, organizing tours of Egypt with the participation of the famous archaeologist. Our tours are also attended by other world-renowned experts in the field of archaeology, museum directors, and high-profile ministers; and even used to include the participation of late First Lady of Egypt, Dr. Jehan Sadat. Archaeological Paths' journeys provide a comprehensive view of Egypt's history, culture, and customs. In addition, we create tailor-made tours for royalty, presidents, and stars of the silver screen.
Archaeological Paths is dedicated to making a real difference in archaeology and related fields. We are an active supporter of Dr. Hawass' large-scale excavation projects at Egypt's most important sites, such as the Valley of the Kings. We are involved in a variety of activities that promote the archaeology of Egypt, from book publishing and documentary production to organizing world lecture tours, conferences, and exhibitions.
I do believe that the name of Archaeological Paths should go down in history, written in gold, for its contribution to promoting the legacy of ancient Egypt.
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Danny Koevermans joins technical staff of PSV Women
Last update: 18 minutes ago
Update: 18 minutes ago
Danny Koevermans returns to PSV. The former attacker's first season as an assistant trainer to work for the first vrouwenelftal of the Locals.
Koevermans continued Thursday signed a contract for one year until mid-2020. He is standing in next month for the first time on the training ground The Herdgang.
The four-time international of the Dutch national team between 2007 and 2011 as a player for PSV. He was in 131 official games and 49 goals, and was in the 2007/2008 season champion.


CIRCLES is a new Mixed Media Modern Mosaic series, that begins with the loss of my mom and the circle of life. I get lost in the repetition of pattern and texture using mostly a monochromatic palette to create a vibrant piece in a uniformed square. There is a little bit of my mom in every piece, each tells a very personal story of love and life.
I love the visual impact of a space filled with little stories that can be displayed in a grouping or stand alone as an individual piece. I am so attracted to color & texture and as I began this work, a circle became the starting place for each piece. My mom was a collector of beautiful objects, so I took apart things she left behind to be incorporated into my art.
Each piece measures 12" X 12" and can be purchased individually or put together as a grouping, in a grid covering an entire wall, a horizontal or vertical presentation, or singularly they stand alone.


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text:
\section{Introduction}

Einstein's general theory of relativity (GR) is the theoretical basis of modern physics which describes gravitation as a geometric theory of space-time.  Many theoretical predictions of Einstein's theory have been experimentally confirmed over the years. Gravitational lensing is a famous prediction by GR which has been confirmed in the early days during a total solar eclipse by Eddington and widely studied in modern observational cosmology \cite{sch,glensing}. On the other hand, wormholes arise as solutions to the Einstein's field equations of general relativity with no experimental evidence whatsoever until today \cite{tw1,tw2,tw3}. Today, the interest in those exotic objects continues to be of pure speculative nature.

In a recent study, Gibbons and Werner (GW), discovered a new method to calculate the deflection angle of light by emplying the GBT to the optical geometry \cite%
{gibbons1}. Furthermore they have shown this method to give an exact result in the weak limit approximation for Schwarzschild black hole spacetime \cite{gibbons1}. Then, this method was extended to calculate the deflection angle in a Kerr black hole \cite{werner}, rotating global monopole and cosmic string \cite{kimet1,kimet2,kimet3}, light deflection under the Lorentz symmetry breaking and  quantum effects \cite{kimet4,kimet5}, deflection of light in Rindler modified Schwarzschild black hole \cite{sakalli}, strong deflection limit for finite-distance corrections \cite{asahi1,asahi2,asahi3}, and references therein. The GW method is shown to be exact in leading order terms which is quite an amazing result since allows the computation of the deflection angle by choosing
a domain \textit{outside} of the light ray which is a bit different from the usual belief which describes light deflection as an effect related to the spacetime curvature due to the mass inside of the impact parameter.

Recently, gravitational lensing was also investigated in the context of wormholes. The deflection angle in Ellis geometry was first pointed out by Chetouani and Clement \cite{wh0}. More recently, Nakajima and Asada, studied light deflection by Ellis wormholes \cite{wh4}, morover gravitational microlensing by Ellis wormhole was investigated by Abe \cite{wh5}. Furthermore, Dey and Sen, studied the strong limit and the relativistic images in Janis--Newman--Winnicour (JNW) wormhole spacetime \cite{wh2}.  Nandi, Zhang and Zakharov studued the deflection of light by  wormhole solutions considered in the Einstein minimally coupled theory and in the brane world model \cite{wh3}. Bhattachary and Potapov investigated the deflection of light by Ellis wormhole using three different methods: direct integration method, perturbation method, and invariant angle method \cite{wh1}, whereas in Ref. \cite{wh6} wave effect in gravitational lensing by the Ellis Wormhole was investigated. Tsukamoto studied the strong and weak deflection limit by Ellis wormhole \cite{wh8,wh9,wh10}. In particular the deflection angle in the weak limit by Ellis wormhole was found to be \cite{wh1,wh4}
\begin{equation}
\hat{\alpha}\simeq \frac{\pi a^2}{4 b^2}+\mathcal{O}(\frac{a^4}{b^4}).  \label{1}
\end{equation}
where $b$ is the impact parameter.

In this paper, we shall try to answer  the following question: can we calculate the deflection angle by wormholes using the GBT? More precisely, we shall elaborate two well known wormhole solutions: firstly, the Ellis wormhole, and secondly, the JNW wormhole. Let as note that, at large distance, the deflection angle by JNW wormhole using stadard methods was found to be \cite{wh2}
\begin{equation}
\hat{\alpha}\simeq \frac{4m \gamma}{r_{0}}+\mathcal{O}(\frac{m^2}{r_{0}^2}).  \label{2}
\end{equation}
where $\gamma>1$ corresponds to the (JNW) wormhole and $r_0$ is the distance of closest approach of light to the compact object which can be approximated with the impact parameter in the weak limit.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we shall introduce the Ellis optical wormhole spacetime and calculate the Gaussian optical curvature. In the second part, we shall apply the GBT to this geometry to compute the deflection angle.  In Sec. III, we elborate on the JNW wormhole spacetime.  We draw our conclusions in Sec. IV. Throughout this paper we  shall use natural units, i.e. $G=c=\hbar=1$.

\section{Ellis wormhole}
\subsection{Gaussian Optical Curvature}
Let us start by writing the line element for the Ellis wormhole which is given by  \cite{wh4}
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{d}s^2=-\mathrm{d}t^2+\mathrm{d}r^2+(r^2+a^2)(\mathrm{d}\theta^2+\sin^2\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi^2),  \label{3}
\end{equation}
as was noted in  \cite{wh4}, in order to cover the entire spacetime geometry, the radial coordinate $r$ must run from $-\infty$ to $\infty$. In the special case, by setting $r=0$, the throat of the wormhole is recoverd. We shall restrict ourselves by considering only one part of the wormhole geometry by setting $r>0$.

Let us now find the optical metric by considering first the null case by writing $\mathrm{d}s^{2}=0$, and after considering the deflection on the equatorial plane $\theta =\pi /2$, one can easily find the Ellis wormhole optical metric given by
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{d}t^{2}=\mathrm{d}r^{2}+(r^2+a^2)\mathrm{d}\varphi^2. \label{4}
\end{equation}%

After we introduce a new variables $r^{\star }$, and hence a new function $%
f(r^{\star })$, as follows
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{d}r^{\star }=\mathrm{d}r,\,\,\,f(r^{\star })=\sqrt{r^2+a^2 }, \label{5}
\end{equation}%
the Ellis wormhole optical metric reads
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{d}t^{2}=\tilde{g}_{ab}\,\mathrm{d}x^{a}\mathrm{d}x^{b}=\mathrm{d}{%
r^{\star }}^{2}+f^{2}(r^{\star })\mathrm{d}\varphi ^{2}. \,\,\,\,(a,b=r,\varphi) \label{6}
\end{equation}%

The nonzero components are found to be
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{\Gamma} _{\varphi \varphi }^{r}&=&-r,\\
\tilde{\Gamma} _{r\varphi }^{\varphi}&=&\frac{r}{r^2+a^2}.
\end{eqnarray}

The first important quantity to be found is the Gaussian optical curvature $K$. Following the arguments in Ref. \cite{gibbons1}, $K$ can be calculated as
\begin{eqnarray}\label{9}
K &=&-\frac{1}{f(r^{\star })}\frac{\mathrm{d}^{2}f(r^{\star })}{\mathrm{d}{%
r^{\star }}^{2}},  \\
&=&-\frac{1}{f(r^{\star })}\left[ \frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}r^{\star }}%
\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}r}\left( \frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}r^{\star }}%
\right) \frac{\mathrm{d}f}{\mathrm{d}r}+\left( \frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}%
r^{\star }}\right) ^{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}^{2}f}{\mathrm{d}r^{2}}\right] .\notag
\end{eqnarray}%

Now taking into account Eqs.  \eqref{5} and \eqref{6},  after some algebra from Eq. \eqref{9} we obtain the following result
\begin{equation}\label{10}
K=-\frac{a^2}{\left(r^2+a^2\right)^2}
\end{equation}

Later on, we shall use this importan result together with the GBT to find
the deflection angle in the following section.

\subsection{Deflection angle by Ellis wormhole}

Having computed the Gaussian optical curvature we can proceed further by writing the GBT to the wormhole optical geometry More specifically, for the non-singular region $\mathcal{D}_{R}$ and boundary $\partial
\mathcal{D}_{R}=\gamma _{\tilde{g}}\cup C_{R}$ the GBT can be stated as follows \cite{gibbons1}
\begin{equation}
\iint\limits_{\mathcal{D}_{R}}K\,\mathrm{d}S+\oint\limits_{\partial \mathcal{%
D}_{R}}\kappa \,\mathrm{d}t+\sum_{i}\theta _{i}=2\pi \chi (\mathcal{D}_{R}).
\label{11}
\end{equation}

In the left hand side of the last equation $\kappa $ stands for the geodesic curvature, $K$ as we know stands for the Gaussian optical curvature, while $\theta_{i}$ is the exterior angle at the $i^{th}$ vertex. On the other hand  $%
\chi (\mathcal{D}_{R})$ is known as the Euler characteristic number.

Furthermore we shall find the geodesic curvature which can be calculated as $\kappa =\tilde{g}\,(\nabla _{\dot{%
\gamma}}\dot{\gamma},\ddot{\gamma})$, with the unit speed relation given by $\tilde{g}(\dot{\gamma},\dot{%
\gamma})=1$, where $\ddot{\gamma}$ is the unit acceleration vector. In our setup, we are interested in the weak limit approximation, therefore if we let  $R\rightarrow \infty $, our two jump angles ($\theta _{\mathit{O}}$ , $%
\theta _{\mathit{S}}$) become $\pi /2,$. In other words the total angle is given as a sum of jump angle to the source $\mathit{S}$, and observer $\mathit{O}$, i.e. $\theta _{\mathit{O}%
}+\theta _{\mathit{S}}\rightarrow \pi $ \cite{gibbons1}.  The integration domain is considered to be outside of the light ray with the Euler characteristc number $\chi (\mathcal{D}_{R})=1$. The GBT yields
\begin{equation}
\iint\limits_{\mathcal{D}_{R}}K\,\mathrm{d}S+\oint\limits_{C_{R}}\kappa \,%
\mathrm{d}t\overset{{R\rightarrow \infty }}{=}\iint\limits_{\mathcal{D}%
_{\infty }}K\,\mathrm{d}S+\int\limits_{0}^{\pi +\hat{\alpha}}\mathrm{d}\varphi
=\pi
\end{equation}

Let us know compute the geodesic curvature $\kappa$. To do so, we first point out that $\kappa (\gamma _{\tilde{g}})=0$ since  $\gamma _{\tilde{g}}$ is a
geodesic.  We are left with the following $\kappa (C_{R})=|\nabla _{%
\dot{C}_{R}}\dot{C}_{R}|$,  where we have choosen $C_{R}:=r(\varphi
)=R=\text{const}$.  The radial part is evaluated as
\begin{equation}
\left( \nabla _{\dot{C}_{R}}\dot{C}_{R}\right) ^{r}=\dot{C}_{R}^{\varphi
}\,\left( \partial _{\varphi }\dot{C}_{R}^{r}\right) +\tilde{\Gamma} _{\varphi
\varphi }^{r}\left( \dot{C}_{R}^{\varphi }\right) ^{2}.  \label{12}
\end{equation}

The first term gives zero contribution and the second part can be calculated if we make use of the  $\tilde{\Gamma} _{\varphi \varphi }^{r}=-R$ and $\dot{C}_{R}^{\varphi }=1/\sqrt{R^2+a^2}$, following from the unit speed condition. Hence, the geodesic curvature  yields
\begin{eqnarray}\notag
\lim_{R\rightarrow \infty }\kappa (C_{R}) &=&\lim_{R\rightarrow \infty
}\left\vert \nabla _{\dot{C}_{R}}\dot{C}_{R}\right\vert ,  \notag \\
&=&\lim_{R\rightarrow \infty }\left( \frac{R}{R^2+a^2}\right),  \notag \\
&\rightarrow &\frac{1}{R}.  \label{14}
\end{eqnarray}%

Now from the Ellis wormhole optical metric for very large, but constant $R$, it follows that
\begin{eqnarray}\notag
\lim_{R\rightarrow \infty } \mathrm{d}t &=&\lim_{R\rightarrow \infty
}\left( R \sqrt{1+\frac{a^2}{R^2}}\right) \mathrm{d}\varphi\\
&\to & R \, \mathrm{d}\varphi.   \label{15}
\end{eqnarray}%

From the last two equations we find that  $
\kappa (C_{R})\mathrm{d}t= \mathrm{d}\,\varphi
$. Considering the GBT and choosing the line as  $r=b/\sin \varphi$, where $b $
is known as the impact parameter which gives the minimal
radial distance.  In that case we can easely find the deflecton angle to be computed as follows
\begin{eqnarray}\label{16}
\hat{\alpha}=-\int\limits_{0}^{\pi}\int\limits_{\frac{b}{\sin \varphi}}^{\infty}K\mathrm{d}S.
\end{eqnarray}

If we substitute the result found in Eq. \eqref{10} then the
deflection angle $\hat{\alpha}$ can be found by solving the following integral
\begin{eqnarray}\label{17}
\hat{\alpha}&=&-\int\limits_{0}^{\pi}\int\limits_{\frac{b}{\sin \varphi}}^{\infty}\left(-\frac{a^2}{\left(r^2+a^2\right)^2}\right)\sqrt{\det \tilde{g}}\mathrm{d}r\mathrm{d}\varphi\\\nonumber
&= &\pi-2\,\text{EllipticK}(-\frac{a^2}{b^2})
\end{eqnarray}

Solving this integral, we find that the deflection angle is given in terms of the complete elliptic integral of the first kind.  Approximationg the solution in leading order terms we find
\begin{equation}
\hat{\alpha}\simeq \frac{\pi a^2}{4 b^2}-\frac{9 \pi a^4}{64 b^4}+\mathcal{O}(\frac{a^6}{b^6}).  \label{18}
\end{equation}

As we can see this result is consistent with Eq. \eqref{1}. However we note that only the leading term in the deflection angle given by Eq. \eqref{18} is correct, while the second term is not (see for example \cite{wh4}). This is due to the straight line approximation used in computing the integral \eqref{17},  even though  Eq. \eqref{17} gives an exact result for the deflection angle with the integration domain $\mathcal{D}_{\infty}$. In principle, therefore, the problem of second-order correction terms can be resolved, but this goes beyond the scope of this paper.

\section{Janis-Newman-Winnicour wormhole}
\subsection{Gaussian Optical Curvature}
Let us write the Janis--Newman--Winnicour (JNW) wormhole solution in the form found by Virbhadra as follows \cite{wh11}
\begin{eqnarray}\notag
\mathrm{d}s^2&=&-\left(1-\frac{2m}{r}\right)^{\gamma}\mathrm{d}t^2+\left(1-\frac{2m}{r}\right)^{-\gamma}\mathrm{d}r^2+r^2 \times \\
&&\left(1-\frac{2m}{r}\right)^{1-\gamma}\left(\mathrm{d}\theta^2+\sin^2\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi^2 \right),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\gamma=M/m$, in which $M$ is the Arnowitt, Deser and Misner (ADM) mass. Note that $M$ is related to the
asymptotic scalar charge $q$ by $M^2=m^2-k q^2/2$, where $k>0$ and represents the matter-scalar field coupling constant \cite{wh7}. Setting $\gamma>1$ corresponds to the JNW wormhole. In a similar fashion as in the last section we consider the null case and the equilateral plane yielding the JNW optical metric
\begin{equation}\label{20}
\mathrm{d}t^{2}=\frac{\mathrm{d}r^{2}}{\left(1-\frac{2m}{r}\right)^{2\gamma}}+\frac{r^2 \mathrm{d}\varphi^2}{\left(1-\frac{2m}{r}\right)^{2\gamma -1}}.
\end{equation}%

The new variable  $r^{\star }$, and the new function $f(r^{\star })$, takes the following form
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{d}r^{\star }=\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\left(1-\frac{2m}{r}\right)^{\gamma}},\,\,\,f(r^{\star })=\frac{r}{\sqrt{\left(1-\frac{2m}{r}\right)^{2\gamma -1}}}%
.
\end{equation}%

The nonzero Christoffel symbols to the optical metric are found as
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{\Gamma} _{\varphi \varphi }^{r}&=&-\left( r- \left( 2\,\gamma+1 \right) m \right) ,\\
\tilde{\Gamma} _{r\varphi }^{\varphi}&=&{\frac {r- \left( 2\,\gamma+1 \right) m}{r \left( r-2\,m \right) }}.
\end{eqnarray}

With the Gaussian optical curvature
\begin{equation}
K=\frac{m \left( 2 \gamma m +m -2 r \gamma \right)}{r^2 \left(r-2m\right)^2}\left(1-\frac{2m}{r}\right)^{2\gamma},
\end{equation}
or, after we consider only the linear terms in $m$, we find
\begin{equation}\label{25}
K\approx - \frac{2m \gamma}{r^3} \left(1-\frac{2m}{r}\right)^{2\gamma}.
\end{equation}

\subsection{Deflection angle by JNW wormhole}

We can now finally  apply GBT to the JNW wormhole optical metric  by calculating first the geodesic curvature with the help of the nonzero Christoffel  symboles and the unit speed conition. In this particular case we find
\begin{eqnarray}
\lim_{R\rightarrow \infty }\kappa (C_{R})&=&\lim_{R\rightarrow \infty } \left\lbrace \frac{R-\left(1+2 \gamma \right)m}{R^2 \left(1-\frac{2m}{R}\right)^{1-\gamma}}\right\rbrace,  \notag \\
&\rightarrow &\frac{1}{R}.  \label{14}
\end{eqnarray}%
and similary  $\mathrm{d}t\to R \,\mathrm{d}\varphi$. Using the result \eqref{25} the deflection angle gives the following integral
\begin{equation}
\hat{\alpha}=-\int\limits_{0}^{\pi}\int\limits_{\frac{b}{\sin \varphi}}^{\infty}\left[- \frac{2m \gamma}{r^3} \left(1-\frac{2m}{r}\right)^{2\gamma}\right]\sqrt{\det \tilde{g}}\mathrm{d}r\mathrm{d}\varphi\\\nonumber.
\end{equation}

Evaluating the above integral we find the solution to be in terms of the Appell hypergeometric function  of two variables
\begin{widetext}
\begin{equation}
\hat{\alpha}=\frac{\gamma}{2 \gamma+1}\left[\pi-\frac{mb}{\sqrt{(2m+b)(2m-b)}}\frac{\text{AppellF1}\left(2(1+\gamma);\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}; 3+2\gamma; \frac{b}{b+2m}, \frac{b}{b-2m}\right)} {1+\gamma} \right].
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}

In what follows we shall consider three special cases:
\begin{itemize}
\item First case: $\gamma=2$
\end{itemize}

Letting $\gamma=2$, corresponds to JNW wormhole  when the scalar charge $q$ is complex \cite{wh2}. In this particular case, the deflection angle is found to be
\begin{equation}
\hat{\alpha}\simeq \frac{8 m}{b}-\frac{8 m^2 \pi}{b^2}.
\end{equation}

\begin{itemize}
\item Second case: $\gamma=1/2$
\end{itemize}
Setting $\gamma=1/2$, corresponds to JNW wormhole when the scalar charge $q$ is real. The deflection angle is found to be
\begin{equation}
\hat{\alpha}\simeq \frac{2 m}{b}-\frac{ m^2 \pi}{2 b^2}.
\end{equation}

\begin{itemize}
\item Third case: $\gamma=1$
\end{itemize}
Setting $\gamma=1$, one finds the Schwarzschild spacetime. The result can be approximated as
\begin{equation}
\hat{\alpha}\simeq \frac{4 m}{b}-\frac{2 m^2 \pi}{b^2}.  \label{30}
\end{equation}

Hence, by comparing these results with our Eq. \eqref{2} we conclude  that only the first order terms in $m$ agrees with the results reported in Ref. \cite{wh2}. Again, this is to be expected due to the straight line approximation, in other words the agreement between the GW method and the geodesics approach breaks down for the second order terms like $m^2$.

\section{Conclusion}

In this paper, we have calculated the deflection angle of light in a Ellis wormhole and Janis--Newman--Winnicour (JNW) wormhole geometry using the GW method by extending the GW method in the context of wormholes. We have introduced the JNW and Ellis wormhole optical metrics and employed the GBT to these metrics. Then we have found an \textit{exact} result in the weak limit approximation in leading order terms, unfortunately, this manuscript does not study the second-order corrections  due to the straight line approximation involved while computing the deflection angle. In the case of Ellis wormhole, we have shown that the deflection angle is given in terms of the complete elliptic integral of the first kind,  whereas in the case of JNW wormhole, the deflection angle is expressed in terms of Appell hypergeometric functions. The importance of these results on the the other hand, are purely conceptual, since the gravitational lensing phenomenon can also be viewed as partially topological effect of the global spacetime topology with a domain of integration \textit{outside} of the light ray.

\section*{ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS}
I would like to thank the anonymous referee and the editor for their valuable and constructive suggestions  to improve
the paper. Also I would like to thank Prof. Gerard Clement and Dr. Naoki Tsukamoto for their comments on my paper.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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