2003-01-16 Assigned to CORDELIA LIGHTING, INC. reassignment CORDELIA LIGHTING, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AMERICAN POWER PRODUCTS, INC.
A dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection provides the benefits of dusk to dawn, timed, and motion detection control. A dusk to dawn type sensor detects the onset of darkness and turns on the lights for a predetermined duration of time. Once the duration of time expires, the lights will be shut off. Subsequently, motion within the monitored area will be detected by a motion detector and cause the light to be turned on for a selectably predetermined amount of time. The timer can randomize the actual time in which the lighting controller shuts off the light and goes into the motion detection mode. A latch mechanism disables the operation of the system upon momentary interruption of the power.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/951,385 filed on Sept. 25, 1992, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to devices designed for use with lighting systems, and particularly to a control system for a combination timer and motion detector for use with lighting which turns off the lighting after a certain time period after dark, and turns the lighting back on during the dark period upon detection of motion.
There are many situations where lighting needs to be controlled in an automatic manner. Timers have been used to turn off lighting at a precise time of day when a building is unoccupied to give the impression that people are present within the building. Such impressions lessen the likelihood that the building will be burglarized or vandalized. A major drawback to the use of a timer is the precision with which it operates. If a potential burglar or vandal notices that the lights are shut down at a precise time of day over a period of days, he might conclude that the building is unoccupied.
Many commonly obtainable timers are motor driven and based on a 24 hour period. The current required for the motor drive usually militates against the use of battery backup in small systems. As a result, a loss of power will cause such a system to shift its timing forward such that the lighting is turned on later and turned off later. The change in timing wastes electricity to the extent that the lighting is on during the daytime, and risks the impression of non-occupancy in the time period between the time when the lights should have been turned on and when they actually have been turned on.
Other systems for lighting control include the dusk to dawn control systems. These systems are configured to turn lights on and off solely based upon the amount of sunlight present. These systems are primarily designed to keep the perimeter of a building illuminated constantly, and are not intended to give an impression of building occupancy.
Controlling a lighting system based on the amount of sunlight present has disadvantages based upon energy usage. Since the illuminated area will remain illuminated all night, the energy consumption is greater than that which would be required for an illumination period lasting from one third to one half of the night time. Further, it may be easier to notice an illumination cycle which occurs solely at the dawn and dusk hours and which is therefore indicative of a dusk to dawn control system.
A further method of control for a light system is the use of the motion detector. A motion detector may use a variety of methods of detecting movement including infrared, sound, or visible optics. A simple motion detector may be activated to switch on a light upon the detection of motion. However, there may be significant amounts of normal activity during the early evening hours which would undesirably activate the lighting system which the motion detector is controlling.
In the case of a sonic detection system, cars or people may continue to move within the monitored area in the time period before illumination based upon movement is to occur. In the case of a light based detection system, car headlights from a high traffic level in the monitored area may cause the detection system to be repeatedly tripped in the early evening. Infrared based systems may repeatedly trip due to pedestrian traffic in the early evening. Such repeated tripping would reveal the presence of a motion detection system which could lead to its being disabled during the daylight hours. Ideally, a motion detection system should operate unexpectedly upon an intruder at a time when the intruder will most likely be in the monitored area improperly.
Another problem with controlled lighting systems is the effort required to override the timed, dusk to dawn, and motion detection controls. The user usually is forced to approach the timer box which may be remotely located from the light switch. The timer must be tripped, reset, or disabled, depending upon its configuration.
What is needed in lighting control technology is a method which eliminates several of the disadvantages in timer only, motion detection only, and dusk to dawn only lighting control. The presence of motion control should be masked during the early evening when continued activity is present. The timed turning on and off of the light should not occur at the same time each day. The motion control aspect of lighting control should be totally disabled in the daytime both to mask the presence of motion detection and to save energy in not lighting the area during daylight.
The dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection of the present invention provides the benefits of dusk to dawn, timed, and motion detection control combined in a way to largely eliminate the problems associated with the use of each of the control schemes singly. The dusk delay system of the present invention utilizes a dusk to dawn type sensor to detect the onset of darkness. As the surrounding monitored area becomes dark, the lights controlled by the control of the present invention switches the lights on. Motion within the monitored area will have no effect since the lights are already illuminated.
A few hours after dusk, a timer causes the lights to be turned off, after which the motion detection system is active to detect intrusions into the monitored area. For the remainder of the night, the lights remain off, and the controller remains in the motion detector mode. At sunup, the dusk to dawn sensor senses the daylight condition, and the motion detection mode is ended and the light remains off. The light continues to remain off during the day and until dusk when the system repeats its steps.
The timer can randomize the actual time in which the lighting controller shuts off the light and goes into the motion detection mode. In this manner, the time at which the light is observed to go off will be dependent both upon the occurrence of sundown and upon a randomization of the average time past sundown at which the motion detection mode is to be engaged.
The dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection of the present invention also provides a latch mechanism to disable the operation of the system. The user can shut the system power off, and then back on again within a half second to latch the lights into a full on condition. From the full on latched condition, the system can be returned to normal control by shutting power off for a few seconds followed by the re-introduction of power. The system can also be returned to normal operation by the occurrence of daylight conditions.
FIG. 5 is a logic block diagram illustrating the logic of operation of the dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
Referring to FIG. 1, a lighting fixture 21 is mounted on an outside wall 23, and may range in sophistication from ordinary to decorative. The fixture 21 shown in FIG. 1 is decorative. Fixture 21 has an upper dome 25 which is usually removable to facilitate the replacement of lamp bulbs if necessary. A transparent middle section contains glass windows 27 to both facilitate the transmission of light, and to protect the bulb or other source of light within lighting fixture 21.
A base 31 supports the glass windows 27, the lighting source within the lamp, and provides a pathway for the transmission of energy to the fixture, usually through a base mount portion 33 and the outside wall 23. The base 31 is swivelable with respect to the base mount portion 33 as will be seen in FIG. 2. At the forward most major surface of the base 31 is a fresnel lens 35 mounted in a window 37. The fresnel lens is typically a subdivided lens, containing many smaller lenses which focus electromagnetic energy in different directions.
The fresnel lens 35 used for the fixture 21 is intended for infrared electromagnetic energy transmission, and may therefore appear opaque with respect to electromagnetic energy in the visual portion of the spectrum. The use of a "sectioned", or multi section fresnel lens 35 concentrates the focal point of electromagnetic energy into a series of lines. A series of "rays" 41 are shown emanating from the fresnel lens 35 in FIG. 1. These are representative of projections of concentration from a point source at a distance behind the fresnel lens 35. A detector placed behind fresnel lens 35 would experience increased sensitivity to energy propagating along one of the projections of concentration, or rays 41 in front of the fixture 21.
Fixture 21 may be mounted to the left or right of a walkway or entrance to a building. As a result, the highest probability of detection of motion may occur in an area other than the. monitored area which projects in a direction normal to the window 37. Consequently, the base 37 may be swiveled with respect to base mount portion 33 to direct the monitored area to one side or the other of fixture 21. This is illustrated in FIG. 2. An angled boundary 51 illustrates the angular width of the monitored area. Dashed arrows illustrate the rotatability of the fixture 21, and consequent rotatability of the angular monitored area. In this way, the fixture 21 can be rotated to predominantly monitor an area to the right, left, or at an angle with respect to the base mount portion 33.
Referring to FIG. 3, a power source 101 may be any type of power source but will most probably be an alternating current power source of the type found in homes and businesses. Power source 101 will most likely be a 115 volt alternating current power source. Power source 101 is connected by power lines 103 and 105 to a manual switch 107. In a residential application, manual switch 107 would be a wall switch similar to other wall switches used to operate internal and external home lighting. In an industrial application, manual switch 107 may be a lighting master switch used to operate a multiplicity of individual lighting units.
A pair of power lines 109 and 111 extend from the manual switch 107 to an internal switch 113. Internal switch 113 is typically a semiconductor type switch which is capable of actuation to the closed and open positions through the application of a small signal, such as a 5 volt signal used in transistor-transistor computer logic.
A pair of power lines 115 and 117 extend from the internal switch 113 to a lighting load 119. Lighting load 119 is representative of any of a number of lighting appliances including incandescent, fluorescent and halogen lamps. Lighting load 119 may include multiple lights, or it may include single lights, especially of the exterior decorative lights used in residential buildings.
Power lines 103 and 105, 109 and 111, and 115 and 117 are capable of handling the voltage and current demanded by the lighting load 119. Connected to the power lines 109 and 111 is a direct current power supply 121. Power supply 121 is connected to and supplies power to a latch 123 as well as to the other structures in the system of the present invention. Latch 123 is controllably connected to internal switch 113 to cause internal switch 113 remain closed upon engagement of the latch 123. If the power from the power lines direct current power supply to the latch 123 is interrupted and re-introduced within a short time, the latch is engaged, and causes internal switch 113 to remain closed.
Direct current power supply 121 draws a small amount of current from the power lines 109 and 111, and is used to power all of the circuitry shown in FIG. 3 with the exception of the manual switch 107 and the lighting load 119.
A timer 125 is connected to internal switch 113. Timer 125 is connected to cause the opening of internal switch 113 upon elapse of a specified time. The specified time before which timer 125 opens internal switch 113 may be randomized by timer 125 in order to prevent the opening of switch 113 too near to the same time each day. For example, if timer 125 were set for 4 hours, and was set to randomize about a 30 minute time period, the timer might open the internal switch 113 at any time between 31/2 and 41/2 hours. If the randomization were based upon a normal probability distribution, the internal switch 113 would on average open at a time nearer to 4 hours than nearer to the limits of its possible range of closing times.
A light sensor 127 is connected to timer 125. Light sensor 27 detects the onset of darkness and triggers the beginning of timing of timer 125. Light sensor 127 is preferably oriented and designed not to be triggered by automobile headlights nor brief cloudy periods. Slight changes in the time of sunset each day will cause the timer 125 to begin timing at correspondingly differing times of the day.
A decay timer 129 is also connected to internal switch 113. Decay timer 129 is connected to cause the closing of internal switch 113 and to hold internal switch 113 closed for a pre-selectable time period. Decay timer 129 is connected to a motion detector 131. Motion detector 131 triggers the decay timer 129 upon the detection of motion in an area to be monitored. Once the decay timer 129 is triggered by the motion detector 131, the decay timer continues to hold internal switch 113 closed for a pre-selectable period of time during which no new motion is detected by the motion detector 131. If motion detector 131 detects new motion during the time in which the decay timer 129 is holding the internal switch 113 open, the decay timer 129 is reset to continue holding internal switch 113 open for the preselected time since the last detection of motion occurred.
Referring to FIG. 4, a complete circuit diagram for the dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection of the present invention includes the functions shown in the blocks of FIG. 3 including the internal switch 113, direct current power supply 121, latch 123, timer 125, light sensor 127, decay timer 129 and motion detector 131.
At the bottom of FIG. 4, the power supply portion of the circuit is shown. Switch 107 is illustrated in series with a first terminal 201 and power supply line 103. Second terminal 203 is fed by power supply line 105 and completes the two wire power conduit for supplying alternating current power into the circuit of FIG. 4, and also further to the lighting load 119. Terminal 201 is connected to the cathode of a diode D1. The anode of diode D1 is connected to one side of a resistor R1 which has a nominal value of about 10k ohm. A capacitor C1 is connected in series between terminal 201 and the other side of resistor R1 and has a nominal value of about 1 microfarad. A resistor R2 having a nominal value of about 47 ohms is connected at the junction of connection between capacitor C1 and resistor R2.
The other side of resistor R2 is connected to the anode of a diode D2 and to the cathode of a zener diode D3. Zener diode D3 is set to hold the voltage at about 9 volts. The cathode of diode D2 is connected to a capacitor C2 which has a nominal value of about 220 microfarads. The other end of capacitor C2 and the anode of zener diode D3 are both connected to terminal 203.
The cathode of diode D2 and the terminal 203 are connected into a voltage regulator U5 through two separate connectors. A commercially available 78L05 voltage regulator U5 has been found to be adequate for this circuit. The direct current voltage output of the voltage regulator U5 is labeled V+ and indicate what is preferably a 5 volt power source. This 5 volt power source is utilized to power several circuit components of FIG. 4, as will subsequently be discussed.
The anode of zener diode D3 is connected to one side of a triac Q1. Triac Q1 may be the commercially available L2004f51. The other end of triac Q1 is connected to a terminal 205 which is connected to power line 117. A terminal 207 is connects terminal 201 with power supply line 115. Triac Q1 has a gate which will be referred to later.
At the latching portion of the circuit, the voltage supply V+ is made available to a resistor R3 having a nominal value of about 220k ohms. The other end of resistor R3 is connected to one end of a resistor R4 having a nominal value of about 150k ohms. The other end of resistor R4 is connected to one end of a resistor R5 having a nominal value of about 100k ohms. The other end of resistor R5 is connected to ground. The junction between resistors R5 and R4 form a reference REF1 which will be reintroduced into the schematic and discussed later.
The junction between resistors R3 and R4 is connected to one end of a resistor R6 which has a nominal value of about 470k ohms. The other end of resistor R6 is connected to a capacitor C3 having a nominal value of about 1 microfarad. The other end of capacitor C3 is connected to ground. The other end of resistor R6 is also connected to a the positive input of an operational amplifier OP1, the positive input of an operational amplifier OP2, and the anode of a diode D4. The output of operational amplifier OP1 is connected to the negative input of operational amplifier OP2.
The output of operational amplifier OP2 is connected to the cathode of a diode D5, while the anode of diode D5 is connected to the negative input of operational amplifier OP1. The negative input of operational amplifier OP1 is also connected to one end of a resistor R7 having a nominal resistance of 1 million ohms. The other end of resistor R7 is grounded. The negative input of operational amplifier OP1 is also connected to one end of a capacitor C4 having a nominal value of 0.1 microfarads. The other end of capacitor C4 is grounded.
The negative input of operational amplifier OP1 is also connected to one end of a resistor R10 having a nominal resistance of 470k ohms. The other end of resistor R10 is connected to the cathode of a diode D9, while the anode of diode D9 is connected to the anode of diode D2 and the cathode of zener diode D3.
The output of operational amplifier OP1 is connected to the anode of a diode D6. The cathode of diode D6 is connected to a resistor R9 having a nominal value of about 470k ohms. The other end of resistor R9 is grounded.
The decay timer 129 portion of the circuit includes a diode D7 having a cathode connected to the cathode of diode D6, and an anode connected to the output of an operational amplifier OP3. The negative input of operational amplifier OP3 is connected to the voltage reference REF1 which was previously discussed as being connected to the junction between resistors R4 and R5.
The positive input of operational amplifier OP3 is connected to one end of a capacitor C6 having a nominal value of about 47 microfarads. The other end of capacitor C6 is grounded. The positive input of operational amplifier OP3 is also connected to a switchably selectable series combination of resistors R11, R12, and R13, having nominal values of about 2.2 million ohms, 1.8 million ohms, and 82k ohms, respectively.
A dual triple pole switch set SW1 is wired to bypass one, two, or none of the resistors in the series. In position A, the switch SW1 bypasses the resistors R11 and R12, leaving only resistor R13 between the positive input of operational amplifier OP3 and ground. In position B, the switch SW1 bypasses the resistor R11 leaving resistors R12 and R13 between the positive input of operational amplifier OP3 and ground. In position C, the switch SW1 bypasses none of the resistors leaving resistors R11, R12 and R13 between the positive input of operational amplifier OP3 and ground. The parallel side of switch SW1 will be later discussed.
The positive input of operational amplifier OP3 is also connected to the cathode of a diode D12. The anode of diode D12 is connected to the output of a NOR gate NOR1.
The timer portion of the circuit includes a NOR gate NOR2 having a pair of inputs shorted together and connected to one input of NOR gate NOR1. NOR gate NOR 2 has an output connected to one end of a capacitor C7 which has a nominal value of about 0.1 microfarad. The other end of capacitor C7 is also connected to a resistor R14 having a nominal value of about 1 million ohms. The other end of resistor R14 is grounded. The other end of capacitor C7 is connected to the trigger input of a timer T1. Timer T1 may be the commercially available CMOS 4060B. Connected to the side of timer T1 is a series of circuit elements which determine the speed of the timer T1. A first end of a resistor R15 having a nominal value of 750k, a first end of a capacitor having a nominal value of 1 microfarad, and a first end of a resistor R16 having a nominal value of 4.7 million ohms are joined together. The second ends of resistors R15 and R16, and capacitor C8 are joined to the appropriate inputs of the timer T1.
The output of the timer T1 is connected to the anode of a diode D13, while the cathode of the diode D13 is connected to the second end of resistor R16. The output of the timer T1 is also connected to one input of a NOR gate NOR3. The other input of NOR gate NOR3 is connected to the inputs of NOR gate NOR2, to the previously mentioned one input of NOR gate NOR1, and to one end of a capacitor C5 having a nominal value of about 0.1 microfarads. The other end of capacitor C5 is connected to both inputs of a NOR gate NOR4. The output of NOR gate NOR4 is connected to the cathode of diode D4.
The output of NOR gate NOR3 is connected to the anode of a diode D10. The cathode of diode D10 is connected to the A pole of a three pole switch SW2. The B pole of three position switch SW2 is shorted with the selector portion of the switch. The C pole of the three position switch SW2 is connected to the cathode of a diode D11. The anode of diode D11 is connected to the output of NOR gate NOR2.
The B pole of switch SW1 is connected to the positive input of an operational amplifier OP4. The positive input of an operational amplifier OP4 is also connected to the cathodes of diodes D6 and D7. The negative input of operational amplifier OP4 is connected to the reference REF1 previously discussed. The output of operational amplifier OP4 is connected to one end of a resistor R38 having a nominal value of 680 ohms. The other end of resistor R38 is connected to the gate of triac Q1.
The light sensor 127 portion of the circuit is at the upper left side of FIG. 4. The 5 volt reference from voltage regulator U5 is introduced into one end of a resistor R18 having a nominal value of 470k ohms. The other end of resistor R18 is connected to one end of a resistor R19 having a nominal value of 220k ohms. The other end of resistor R19 is grounded. The other end of resistor R18 is also connected to one end of a resistor R17 having a nominal value of 220k ohms, and to the positive input of an operational amplifier OP5. The other end of resistor R17 is connected to the output of operational amplifier OP5.
The 5 volt reference from voltage regulator U5 is also introduced into one end of a resistor R20 having a nominal value of 220k ohms. The other end of resistor R20 is connected to a CdS photocell PH1 having a maximum nominal resistance of about 1 million ohms. The other end of photocell PH1 is grounded.
The other end of resistor R20 is connected to the anode of a diode D8. The cathode of diode D8 is connected to one end of a resistor R21 having a nominal value of about 1 million ohms. The other end of resistor R21 is connected to the negative input of operational amplifier OP5, and into the anode of a diode D14. The cathode of diode D14 is connected to one end of a resistor R22 having a nominal value of about 2.2 million ohms. The other end of resistor R22 is connected to the anode of diode D8 and to the photocell PH1. The cathode of diode D14 is connected to one end of a capacitor C17 having a nominal value of about 1 microfarad. The other end of capacitor C17 is grounded. The negative input of operational amplifier OP5 is also connected to the second side of parallel three position switch SW1 at the select pole. The A pole of the second side of parallel three position switch SW1 is connected to the 5 volt power supply, voltage regulator U5. When the A pole of switch SW1 is connected with the 5 volt power supply, the dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection assumes test status, and the motion detector can be tested, even during daylight.
The motion detection portion of the circuit is located at the left side of FIG. 4. The 5 volt power supply from voltage regulator U5 is made available to a resistor R36 which has a nominal value of 100k ohms. The other end of resistor R36 is connected to the drain of a pyroelectric detector P1, such as the commercially available Nippon RE-200B. The gate of the pyroelectric detector P1 is grounded. The source of the pyroelectric detector P1 is connected to a resistor R37 having a nominal value of 47k ohms and to a capacitor C14 having a nominal value of 0.1 microfarads. The other ends of resistor R37 and capacitor C14 are connected to ground.
The source of pyroelectric detector P1 is also connected to the positive input of an operational amplifier OP6. The negative input of operational amplifier OP6 is connected to a grounded series combination of a resistor R35 having a nominal value of about 22k ohms and a capacitor C12 having a nominal value of about 10.0 microfarads. The negative input and the output of operational amplifier OP6 is bridged by a parallel combination of a resistor R34 having a nominal value of about 1 million ohms and a capacitor C11 having a nominal value of about 0.022 microfarads.
The output of operational amplifier OP6 is connected to the negative input of an operational amplifier OP7 through a series combination of a capacitor C10 having a nominal value of about 10.0 microfarads, and a resistor R33 having a nominal value of about 22k ohms. The positive input of operational amplifier OP7 is connected to ground through a parallel combination of a capacitor C9 having a nominal value of about 100.0 microfarads, and a resistor R31 having a nominal value of about 100k ohms. The positive input of operational amplifier OP7 is also connected to the 5 volt power supply voltage regulator U5 through a resistor R30 having a nominal value of about 100k ohms.
The negative input and the output of operational amplifier OP7 is bridged by a parallel combination of a resistor R32 having a nominal value of about 1 million ohms and a capacitor C15 having a nominal value of about 0.022 microfarads. The output of operational amplifier OP7 is connected to the cathode of a diode D15 and to the anode of a diode D16. The anode of diode D15 and cathode of a diode D16 are connected to the positive and negative inputs, respectively, of an operational amplifier OPS.
The positive input of operational amplifier OP8 is connected to one end of a resistor R24 having a nominal value of about 1 million ohms. The other end of resistor R24 is connected to the 5 volt power supply voltage regulator U5 through a resistor R23 having a nominal value of about 1 million ohms. Here it can be seen that the 5 volt power supply is connected to ground through a capacitor C16 having a nominal value of about 220 microfarads.
The negative input of operational amplifier OP8 is connected to one end of a resistor R25 having a nominal value of about 1 million ohms. The other end of resistor R25 is connected to ground through a resistor R26 having a nominal value of about 470k ohms. The other end of resistor R25 is also connected to one end of a resistor R27 having a nominal value of about 1 million ohms, and to a thermistor R39 having a nominal value of about 10k oils at 250. The other end of resistor R39 is also connected to one end of an adjustable resistor R29 having a nominal value of about 500k ohms. The other end of resistor R29 is also connected to one end of a resistor R28 having a nominal value of about 22k ohms. The other end of resistor R28 is connected to the other end of a resistor R27 and to the junction between resistors R24 and R23.
The output of operational amplifier OP8 is connected to the other input of NOR gate NOR1, and the circuit is completed.
Referring to FIG. 5, a logic diagram of the operation of the dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection of the present invention provides a graphic representation of the interdependencies of the block diagram of FIG. 3. The source 101 is controlled manually by manual switch 107. Internal switch 113 is controllably connected to latch 123 and to a logical OR function 301. Latch 123 is sensibly connected to the power supplied through manual switch 107.
Thus, the actuation of the internal switch 113 can be accomplished from the latch 123 or the OR function 301. One input of the OR function 301 is controlled by the decay timer 129. Decay timer 129 is controlled by an AND function 303. One input of the AND function 303 is controlled by the output of motion sensor 131 while the other input of the AND function 303 is controlled by level detector 127.
The output of level detector 127 is input into the timer 125 and to one input of an AND function 305. The other input of the AND function 305 is the output of timer 125. The output of the AND function 305 is the other input to the OR function 301. In FIG. 5 it can be seen that the latch 123 can independently cause closure of the internal switch 113. It can also be seen that if the level detector output is high due to the darkness condition, the and functions 303 and 305 are enabled to thus enable the timer 125 and the motion sensor 131. Timer 125 is activated as soon as level detector 127 detects a dark condition. Timer 125 acts to keep AND function 305 on until the time set on the timer 125 expires, at which time the AND function 305 is disabled.
However, since level detector 127 continues to enable AND function 303 during the dark period, the motion sensor 131 is free to activate the decay timer 129 which in turn activates and holds activation of the or function 301 for a predetermined period. This holding function continues despite the absence of a signal from motion detector 131 due to lack of motion, and continues for the predetermined period. Additional movement will reset the holding function and restart the time during which the holding is to take place.
The operation of the dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection of the present invention generally has been explained using the block diagram of FIG. 3 and the logic diagram of FIG. 5. In the preferred embodiment, the system of the present invention has a variety of operation options. In the motion detection mode, the circuit has been specified to have 3 selectable time-out periods, namely 5 seconds, 2 minutes, and 5 minutes. The timer 125 is ideally set to activate the lighting load 119 for four hours at dusk before reverting to the motion detector mode. The dusk to dawn photoelectric detector turns on at dusk, and off at dawn. The latch 123 is a manual override which allows the lamp to be turned ON at any time from manual switch 107, such as a standard wall switch. This latching feature automatically resets to a de-latched condition at dawn.
When switch SW1 is placed in position A, a test is enabled to allow the checking of the installation and detection range of the dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection system. This test feature works in any light condition. Any motion will activate the lamp for a period of 5 seconds after motion ceases. The daylight sensor prevents operation during daylight hours.
Adjustment of the variable resistor R29 allows the setting of the detection sensitivity and range of from about 30 feet to less than 10 feet, based upon the use of the materials recited in the specification.
In normal operation, the dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection system will automatically turn on at dusk and remain on for a period of 4 hours and then revert to the standard motion detector mode. However, if power is removed or applied during the night while in this mode, the system will turn the lighting load on for a period of four hours before reverting to the motion detection mode. When the switch SW2 is switched to the C pole or position, the system will simply turn the lighting load on at dusk and remain on until dawn.
The latch 123 will allow the system to be remotely turned on from manual switch 107, such as a standard wall switch at any time by simply turning the wall switch off and then on within 1/2 second. However, the power must be applied for a minimum of 5 seconds before this manual override feature can be activated. In the event of a power outage which may potentially activate the override mode, and as an energy saving feature, the system will automatically reset the override mode and turn the lamp OFF at dawn. The system will then revert to any one of the other modes in a normal fashion. The override mode may be canceled at any time by turning the manual switch 107 off for at least 5 seconds then back on.
The operation of the circuitry in FIG. 4 is as follows. As the power is applied to terminals 201 and 203, the capacitor C1 acts to limit the current to the zener diode D3. The zener diode Z3 and Diode D2 set the input voltage to the voltage regulator U5 to a little less than 9 volts. As soon as power is applied, to the zener diode D3, the negative input to the operational amplifier OP1 quickly charges. The positive input to the operational amplifier OP1 charges more slowly, and is supported by a relatively large capacitor. As a consequence of this relative speed in charging the operational amplifier OP1 inputs, the output is initially low.
This low output is initially supplied to the positive input of operational amplifier OP4. Combined with the input of REF1 to the negative input of operational amplifier OP4, the output of OP4 is low, and applied to triac Q1 through resistor R38, keeping triac Q1 initially open.
When set to enable full dusk actuation followed by motion detection, the position of SW2 is in the A position. If it is night time, the resistance of photocell PH1 will be at its maximum, and the negative input to the operational amplifier OP5 will be higher than the level of the voltage of the voltage divider formed by R18 and R19 at about 220/690×5 volts. Consequently the output of OP5 begins in the "low" level due to its input circuitry. A low input to NOR2 causes a "high" NOR2 output, thus starting the timer T1. The output of the timer is initially low causing the output of NOR3 to be initially high, thus causing operational amplifier to be driven high, since the 5 volt-0.7 volt signal from NOR3 is more than the 100/570×5 volt signal from REF1. This gates triac Q1 open and the lighting load 119 is energized.
If the system is energized in the daylight, the positive input to operational amplifier OP5 will prevail, the output of NOR2 and NOR1 will be "low" the output of operational amplifier OP5 will be "low", the negative input to operational amplifier OP4 will prevail making the output of operational amplifier OP4 low, and preventing the triggering of triac Q1.
In the case where the system is energized in darkness, the timer T1 output is low until the time, preferably about four hours, runs out. When time runs out, the output of timer T1 goes "high", driving the positive input of operational amplifier OP4 and the output of operational amplifier OP4 "low". This triggers the gate of triac Q1 through resistor R38 to close, and shuts off the lighting load 119.
After lighting load 119 is shut off, the motion detection portion of the circuit may thereafter detect motion. Upon detection of motion, the pyroelectric detector P1 causes the positive input to operational amplifier OP6 to go "high", triggering the negative input to operational amplifier OP7 which causes the output of operational amplifier OP7 to go "low." A "low" signal at the output of operational amplifier OP7, in conjunction with the diodes D15 and D16, causes the output of the operational amplifier OP8 to go "low."
Since the other input to NOR gate NOR1 is "low" during darkness periods, a "low" signal from operational amplifier OP8 into NOR gate NOR1 causes its output to be "high." This "high" output propagates through operational amplifier OP3, diode D7, and the positive input of operational amplifier OP4, thus triggering triac Q1 through resistor R38, triggering triac Q1 closed.
Once the motion detected by the pyroelectric detector P1 ceases, the positive charge held by capacitor C6 and against diode D12 begins draining through the resistors R11, R12, and R13, depending upon the setting of the switch SW1. The current can switchably be caused to drain through resistor R13 alone for the quickest drain, through resistors R12 and R13 for the next quickest drain, and through resistors R12, R13 and R14 for the slowest drain. The resistance values of R12, R13 and R14, and the capacity of capacitor C6 will ideally correspond to the earlier mentioned time periods of 5 seconds, 2 minutes, and 5 minutes.
When the latch 123 is used, the power to terminals 201 and 203 is temporarily interrupted. Normally, the negative input to operational amplifier OP1 is significantly higher than the divided voltage available at its positive input available from the junction between resistors R4 and R5 and through resistor R6. In this case, the voltage at diode D6 is "low." Further, a low input to the negative input of operational amplifier OP2 causes the positive input to predominate, and thus the output of operational amplifier OP2 is "high." This "high" potential is transmitted back to the negative input of operational amplifier OP1, reinforcing its initial state. Although the voltage at the negative input to operational amplifier OP1 is higher than the voltage at the positive input to the to the operational amplifier OP1, the positive input is supported by a larger capacitor and can hold its positive bias longer.
When power is interrupted, the negative input to OP1 drains to ground much faster than the positive input. When the power is quickly re-introduced, the positive inputs to the operational amplifiers OP1 and OP2 are "high." This "high" state is transmitted through diode D6, the positive input to operational amplifier OP4 and on to close triac Q1. The "high" state at the output of operational amplifier OP1 dominates the negative input of operational amplifier OP2, causing the output of OP2 to go "low". This "low" output communicates with the negative input of operational amplifier OP1 through diode D5, to keep it "low", allowing the positive input of operational amplifier OP1 to dominate, thus keeping the output of OP1 "high."
However, when the presence of daylight occurs, operational amplifier OP5 goes "high", and this potential is transmitted to the inputs of NOR4. This causes the output of NOR4 to go "low", and the input of NOR4 begins draining current through the diode D4 from the positive inputs to the operational amplifiers OP1 and OP2. The current drain enables the potential on the positive inputs to the operational amplifiers OP1 and OP2 to dominate. This causes a "low" potential to be transmitted through diode D6 to OP4, while the REF1 input to OP4 dominates causing a "low" input to be transmitted through R38 to triac Q1, causing triac Q1 to open, shutting off the lighting load 119.
When switch SW2 is placed at pole B, the positive input to operational amplifier OP4 is isolated from the timing and dusk daylight circuitry. The system then acts purely as a motion detector.
When switch SW2 is placed at pole C, the positive input to operational amplifier OP4 is affected by dusk dawn sensor. Since a daylight condition results in a "high" input into both the NOR gate NOR2 and the NOR gate NOR1 the outputs of those NOR gates are "low", and the "low" output from NOR gate NOR2 is transmitted through diode D11, pole C of switch SW2, causing the output of operational amplifier OP4 to be "low", thus opening triac switch Q1.
Alternatively, a night condition results in a "low" input into both the NOR gate NOR2 and the NOR gate NOR1 causing the outputs of those NOR gates to be "high". The "high" output from NOR gate NOR2 is transmitted through diode D11, pole C of switch SW2, causing the output of operational amplifier OP4 to be "high", thus opening triac switch Q1. In an alternate path, the "high" output from NOR gate NOR1 is transmitted through diode D12 and into the positive input of operational amplifier OP1 to cause the output of operational amplifier OP1 to be "high". This "high" output of operational amplifier OP1 is transmitted through diode D7 to the positive input of operational amplifier OP4, thus causing the output of operational amplifier OP4 to be "high", opening triac switch Q1.
When switch SW1 is placed in the A position, the voltage reference is made available to the negative input of operational amplifier OP5 causing the output of operational amplifier OP5 to be "low." This "low" condition is equivalent to a night time signal, effectively forcing the circuit to assume a night time operational standing. In this mode, the motion detection capability can be tested, even in daylight. This feature facilitates the ability to test and adjust the system, especially during daylight hours when the system is most likely to be installed and tested.
Although the invention has been described with reference to particular illustrative embodiments thereof, many changes and modifications of the invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, included within the patent warranted hereon are all such changes and modifications as may reasonably and properly be included within the scope of this contribution to the art.
second timer means having an input coupled to said output of said light sensor means for generating said second control signal for a second predetermined duration of time, said second predetermined duration of time being greater than said first predetermined duration of time, wherein the load is coupled to the source of power for a time period defined by said second predetermined duration of time when said ambient light level is below said predetermined value, subsequent to expiration of said second predetermined duration of time the load is coupled to the source of power for a time period defined by said first predetermined duration of time when said ambient light level is below said predetermined value and said motion detector means detects movement within the monitored area.
2. The dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection as recited in claim 1 further comprising latch means connected to said switch means for holding said switch means closed when said source of power is temporarily interrupted.
3. The dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection as recited in claim 1 further comprising a selector switch coupled to said first timer means for manually selecting said first predetermined duration of time.
4. The dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection as recited in claim 1 further comprising a power supply, powerable by said power source and connected to said switch means, said motion detector means, said first timer means and said light sensor means.
voltage regulation means, connected to said voltage clamping means, for providing constant voltage power.
6. The dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection as recited in claim 1 wherein said motion detector means further comprises an infrared motion detector.
7. The dusk delay system for outdoor motion detection as recited in claim 1 wherein said motion detector means further comprises means for changing the size of the monitored area.
motion detector circuitry connected to said pyroelectric detector for generating a motion signal upon the detection of movement in a monitored area.
test switch means having a first output coupled to said light level detection circuitry for applying a bias voltage thereto to generate said detection signal irrespective of said ambient light level and a second output coupled to said second timer means for substantially reducing said second predetermined duration of time to thereby enable testing of said motion detector means.
ES2155303A1 (en) * 1996-07-31 2001-05-01 Emhart Inc "lock".


This method is the natural direction that the bullet travels through the gun.
The compact / light weight design enables you to carry into the field.
Brass is naturally softer than the gun bore so it will not scratch or damage firearms.
Many of our systems are derived and built specifically for the military. Our military items are of military grade and are manufactured to the highest quality standards.
Most systems clean more than one firearm.
The bore obstruction removers are designed to avoid deforming a stuck bullet and will gently force it out of the bore with multiple taps from the Memory-Flex® cable.
Our solvent cleans, lubricates, prevents rust, penetrates, and demoisturizes.
Our O12 cleaners are USDA BioPreferred® and are safe on all gun metals. Safe for the environment, these cleaners are biodegradable with no harsh odor.
Our Memory-Flex® cables are aircraft grade coated cable with compression crimped fittings that will support up to 750 lbs of pull force. They won't break, harm the bore, or damage the crown!
Our Memory-Flex® cables enable proper cleaning of limited breech firearms without disassembly ( ex. revolvers, lever actions, semi-auto's).
The 100% cotton patches can be used on all firearms, and utilized for up to 6 cleanings.
Many cleaning instructions recommended that you do not run a tight patch. This is because the rod is so cheap it will break or bend. Run as tight a patch as possible, as this will mold the patch into the corners of the rifling. One tight patch will do the work of 20 or more times with a loose patch.


Meet Minilogue — the stylish, innovative, 37 slim-key fully programmable analog polyphonic synthesizer.
Minilogue's newly developed analog synthesizer circuit delivers polyphony and full programmability at a great price — exactly what today's musician needs. With the Minilogue, you can get your hands on the powerful sound that's only possible with real analog, and find inspiration with features including a polyphonic step and motion sequencer, on board tape-style delay, multiple sound shaping and filter options, and an oscilloscope display. All of these seamlessly integrated features make Minilogue as fun and easy to use as it is powerful. It's the next-generation analog synthesizer for musicians of all types.
Dimensions (W x D x H) — 500 x 300 x 85 mm / 19.69" x 11.81" x 3.35"
Weight — 2.8 kg / 6.17 lbs.


Dan Andriacco's Baker Street Beat: All Too Elementary?
In glancing over the shelves of my library, I note quite a few editions of the Canon "adapted for young readers."
For example, I have a "Great Illustrated Classics" edition and a "Treasury of Illustrated Classsics" edition of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Neither has all the stories. The former has three, the latter has five. One story they have in common is "The Adventure of the Speckled Band," and the differences are instructive.
The "Great Illustrated Classics" rendition by Malvina G. Vogel makes the startling alteration of telling the tale in the third person: "It was early in April in the year 1883 when Sherlock Holmes and his assistant, Dr. John Watson, were sharing Holmes's bachelor apartment at 221B Baker Street that the good doctor awoke one morning . . . "
"I awoke one more morning to find Sherlock Holmes standing, fully dressed by the side of my bed. Usually, he was a late riser, but it was only 7:15. I blinked at him in surprise."
In a lavishly color-illustrated edition of the "The Speckled Band" as a separate book, adaptor David Eastman goes with a simpler first sentence: "Early one morning I awoke to find my friend, Sherlock Holmes, standing by my bed."
I also have two adaptations of The Hound of the Baskervilles and a four-volume set of adaptations from Avon Camelot (once again including "The Speckled Band" as well as 13 other tales).
We could argue the strengths and weaknesses of these various adaptations, but the bigger question is whether there should be any adaptations at all. Would it be better to wait until young readers are capable of reading the original rather than presenting them with something that's close but no cigar? What do you think?
Any thing to get them to read and start on Sherlock Holmes, unless it's butchered to bad.
Funny thing is some people in Poland tend to think that Sherlock Holmes is for kids/young immature people. I guess it's bad influence of Hollywood adaptations like the one with Downey Jr.


What are the temperatures like on Mount Kilimanjaro?
It is usually much colder than people expect on Mount Kilimanjaro, both in terms of actual temperature and also in how they feel. It's very helpful to look at a photo slideshow and note how people are dressed. Usually people only wear shorts or short sleeves on the first and last days on Kilimanjaro - the two lowest days. Other than that you will be wearing long pants and long sleeves, and adding layers as you move up the mountain - first a fleece jacket, then a windbreaker / rain jacket over it, and eventually a down jacket often at the two highest camps. Rain jackets and rain pants are worn for warmth and wind layers at higher altitudes even when it's dry. Warm hat and gloves are often brought out at the second camp on the mountain, where frost usually appears on our tents for the first time. Crater Camp may have temperatures around 0 to +10 degrees F overnight, sometimes colder. Wind chill is variable but when it's windy, it feels much colder of course. Generally, Kilimanjaro will not be what you picture as equatorial Africa in terms of temperature. It is usually colder than people expect, and people "feel" the cold more than they expect at any given temperature due to the altitude. The coldest times usually are when you are in camp and not moving around as much, rather than while hiking.
Will there be snow on Mount Kilimanjaro?
You don't walk on Kilimanjaro's glaciers and snowfields, but you will see them from the trail and camps. Sometimes there is snow on the trail and in the camps - more likely at Crater camp, but sometimes lower on the mountain after storms. Like any large mountain, Kilimanjaro can make her own weather at any time of year so one must be prepared for rain and snow in any season.
What kind of gear do I need to climb Mount Kilimanjaro?
We provide our climbers with an extensive gear packing list far in advance of the trip. Some gear such as sleeping bags and hiking poles can be rented with advance notice. You do not need mountaineering (winter) boots, crampons, ropes, or ice axes.
I'm worried about carrying my 15-20 pound daypack for 8 days on Mount Kilimanjaro at altitude.
With advance notice and for a fee of $200 USD, we can easily hire an extra porter to hike next to you and carry your daypack. This is especially important for those who aren't used to hiking with a pack on, or climbers who are more worried than average about the effects of being at altitude. The daypack porter can be shared by two hikers as long as they hike next to each other so the daypack porter can assist both of them. This is in contrast to the porters carrying the camping gear and your luggage, who hike quickly ahead of you to the next camp so you don't have access to your luggage during the hike.
How fit do I need to be to climb Mount Kilimanjaro?
People of all fitness levels and experience levels climb Mount Kilimanjaro. However, it is important to be physically fit and to have an exercise/training plan prior to your climb. It's helpful to have hiking and camping experience, although not everyone does. Please talk to us about your concerns in advance of registration.
What are my chances of getting to the top on these western routes?
In general, chances are very high on the 8 day or longer western routes on Mount Kilimanjaro. Summit success rates are estimated at 98% in general; some seasons we have had 100% summit success. Contrast that to 50-60% on the 5 day Marangu route and you can see why we recommend taking your time to acclimatize. Our suggestion is to take 8-9 day Lemosho route if you have the time and budget; if not, consider 7 day Machame or Rongai route, and only consider 6 day climbs if you absolutely don't have the time or money for a longer option, and are willing to accept that summit success rates are a concern with short climbs.
What if there is an illness or injury on Mount Kilimanjaro? How do you deal with emergencies?
Taking our longer routes with more acclimatization time greatly reduces the chances of having a serious altitude illness emergency. However, we are always prepared, and injuries can happen on Kilimanjaro as anywhere. Our head guides have Wilderness First Responder training. Our groups are equipped with oxygen and Gamow® or similar hyperbaric bags. These are used to treat the patient while arranging evacuation for serious altitude illness. Tanzania has hospitals we use for emergencies. Serious cases may be transferred to Nairobi. Rest assured, we have plans in place to ensure you are evacuated as quickly and safely as possible in any type of emergency. But most importantly, we work hard to avoid emergencies in the first place. Please be assured that we have enough resources in our climbing groups that if someone in the group needs to stop their ascent and go to a lower camp or back to town, the rest of the group can continue their climb. One important thing to keep in mind is that even if your travel insurance "promises" you they can get you a helicopter evacuation from anywhere very quickly, that's just not the reality in Tanzania. Communication, logistical, and weather challenges mean in almost all cases, we can evacuate a person off Kilimanjaro long before a helicopter would actually arrive. Our guides and porters are well trained for this, though it rarely happens.


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text:
Q: PHP pattern match to identify a specific string with a number in I am putting "merge" fields in my text, ie:
::sub_menu::33::
I want to be able to find all occurrences of this pattern:
::sub_menu::(any number)::
Then I'll go on to extract the number and replace it (I don't need help with that bit thanks).
I've used preg_match_all before, but am not sure how to use it when I want to use a specific string as part of the match? Any help much apprciated.

A:
I want to be able to find all occurrences of this pattern: ::sub_menu::(any number)::

You can use this regex:
/::sub_menu::\(\d+\)::/

To use it in preg_match_all use:
if ( preg_match_all('/::sub_menu::\((\d+)\)::/', $input, $match) )
    print_r($match[0]);

A: You can use:
preg_match("/::sub_menu::\((\d+)\)::/", $input_line, $output_array);

The $output_array for an input of ::sub_menu::(33):: will contain:
Array
(
    [0] => ::sub_menu::(33)::
    [1] => 33
)

A: You can try this one:
$input = '::sub_menu::33::';
/* if you have one or more numbers,  use (+) quantifiers*/
if ( preg_match('/::sub_menu::[0-9]+::/', $input, $match) )

/* if you want to put min/max quantifiers min by 2 and max by 10*/
if ( preg_match('/::sub_menu::[0-9]{2,10}::/', $input, $match) ){

    print_r($match);

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Disney Junior est la marque pré-scolaire du groupe Disney qui a remplacé Playhouse Disney. Elle est une chaîne de télévision déclinée dans de nombreux pays. Elles dépendent toutes de Walt Disney Television.

Historique

Le , Disney annonce l'arrêt de la chaîne de soap operas SOAPnet et son remplacement par une chaîne pour enfant baptisée Disney Junior pour 2012.

Le , Disney Channels France annonce la création en 2011 de Disney Junior pour la tranche des 3-7 ans.

Le , Disney annonce lancer aux États-Unis le  un bloc de programmes nommé Disney Junior sur Disney Channel en attendant le lancement de la chaîne dédiée en 2012.

Le , Disney annonce le renommage de Playhouse Disney UK en Disney Junior le . La chaîne Disney junior doit être déclinée dans 23 pays de l'Europe, du Moyen-Orient et de l'Afrique courant 2011.

Le , Disney annonce le lancement d'un bloc musical nommé Radio Disney Junior associant Radio Disney au contenu de Disney Junior à compter du .

Le , Astral Media annonce le renommage de Playhouse Disney en anglais et en français au Canada en Disney Junior à compter du .

Le , Disney annonce le lancement de treize nouvelles séries pour la saison 2011-2012 de Disney Channel, Disney XD et Disney Junior.

Le , Disney annonce le renommage des Playhouse Disney d'Australie et de Nouvelle-Zélande en Disney Junior à compter du . Le  Disney annonce le renommage de Playhouse Disney France en Disney Junior pour le . Le , Disney annonce le remplacement de Playhouse Disney en Allemagne par Disney Junior à compter du 14 juillet 2011. Le , Disney annonce le lancement de Disney Junior en Belgique et aux Pays-Bas à compter du .

Le , Disney annonce le remplacement de Playhouse Disney par Disney Junior en Afrique du Sud sur le bouquet DStv. Le , Television Media Korea annonce le lancement le  de Disney Junior en Corée du Sud. Le , la chaîne devient disponible sur la plateforme de téléphonie mobile Digital+ móvil.

Le , Disney annonce le lancement de Disney Junior USA pour le  Le , Comcast et Disney-ABC Television Group lancent aux États-Unis, 3 applications iOS pour regarder en direct ou à la demande les émissions des chaînes Disney Channel, Disney XD et Disney Junior. Le , DirecTV annonce ne pas être parvenu à un accord avec Viacom et remplace donc la chaîne Nickelodeon Jr par Disney Junior.

Le , Disney Junior UK passe en HD sur BSkyB. Le , Disney Junior lance des applications smartphones pour sa version américaine permettant de regarder les épisodes des séries diffusées sur la chaîne. Le , Netflix annonce un partenariat avec le Disney-ABC Television Group pour être le seul distributeur américain à diffuser en streaming des séries de Disney XD et Disney Junior. Le , Disney lance une nouvelle version du site de Disney Junior.

Le , à la suite de leur partenariat le mois précédent, Disney et Dish annonce le lancement de Disney Junior sur les bouquets de Dish. Le , Univision annonce l'ajout de deux séries de Disney Junior à son bloc de programmes jeunesse du samedi, Planeta U. Le , le fournisseur d'accès polonais Netia ajoute Disney Junior à son bouquet jeunesse.

Le , Disney Junior est lancée en Hongrie.

Le , Disney Junior lance la production d'une série télévisée d'animation intitulée Mira, Royal Detective sur une jeune fille dans un monde fictif nommé Jalpur inspiré par l'Inde prévue pour 2020.

Le , Disney annonce l'arrêt de la chaîne Disney Junior pour le , depuis le lancement réussi de Disney+ au Royaume-Uni et en Irlande.

Identité visuelle (logo)

Les chaînes

Chaînes actuelles
 Disney Junior France :
 Disney Junior Australie :
 Disney Junior New-Zeland :
 Disney Junior España :
 Disney Junior Afrique :
 Disney Junior Pologne :
 Disney Junior Korea :
 Disney Junior Germany :
 Disney Junior Belgique :
 Disney Junior Nederland :
 Disney Junior USA :
 Disney Junior Japan :
 Disney Junior Hungary :
 Disney Junior Canada :

Anciennes chaînes
 Disney Junior (Québec) :  - , remplacé par Télémagino
 Disney Junior Canada :  - , remplacé par Family Jr
 Disney Junior Italia :  - , lancé par Disney+
 Disney Junior UK :  - , lancé par Disney+
 Disney Junior (Inde) :  - , lancé par Disney+ Hotstar
 Disney Junior (Brésil) :  - , lancé par Disney+

Notes et références

Liens externes
  (américain)

Chaîne de télévision internationale
Filiale de la Walt Disney Company
Chaîne de télévision destinée à la jeunesse
Disney-ABC Television Group

Chaîne de télévision à plusieurs déclinaisons

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It is the most abundant amino acid in the body, despite the fact that it's not essential. The majority of this amino acid is stored in muscles, followed by the lungs, where much of the amino acid is made. Chemical formula C5H10N2O3.
It has been called a "conditionally essential" nutrient because it is non-essential in regular situations, but in severe injury or illness becomes insufficient.
This amino acid is a precursor of glutamate, a key amino acid used for the transamination of alpha-keto acids (organic compounds) to form other alpha amino acids.
One of the well-established roles of this amino acid in human health is its healthy contribution to the integrity of the intestinal mucosa. This role is slightly related to the fact that it is a critical nitrogen source for rapidly dividing human cells, such as those that line the gastrointestinal tract.
The main location of this amino acid consumption in the body is in the small intestine. Amid times of stress, the small intestine responds by utilizing more Gln and by more efficiently transporting Gln that has been ingested.
It is one of the most readily available non essential amino acids for use as an energy source and it is a important source of energy for many rapidly dividing cell types in vitro.
Improves gastrointestinal health because it is an essential nutrient for the intestines to rebuild and repair.
Provides energy to neurons when the glycemia levels are low. This aspect of this amino acid is said to lower cravings for alcohol and sugar.
This amino acid helps the body to produce glutathione, that is a strong antioxidant.
Improves athletic performance and recovery from endurance exercise.
It has been used as a component of oral supplementation to reverse muscle wasting (cachexia) in patients with advanced cancer or AIDS/HIV.
It is also considered important for the maintenance of the renal tubules, contributing to a good and healthy function of the kidneys.
It plays a central role in both systematic and cellular detoxification processes.
This amino acid easily crosses the blood-brain barrier where it is transformed into L-glutamic acid.
It has also been shown to improve the adverse effects for people who are undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. This is quite useful because in 2017, about 595,690 people will die from the disease in the United States and 1,685,210 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed.
By taking it as a supplement, this amino acid can help suppress or curb the sometimes uncontrollable cravings for alcohol or sugary foods.
While your physical body normally produces all the content of this amino acid that it needs, a prolonged illness or a serious injury may require you to increase your dietary intake.
Therefore, foods high in this amino acid, include – spirulina, asparagus, beets, broccoli, wheatgrass, raw parsley, kale, cabbage (especially red cabbage is considered the densest vegetable form of this amino acid) and raw spinach.
For children ten years and younger: DO NOT give this amino acid to a child unless your health care specialist prescribes it as part of a complete amino acid supplement.
People with liver disease, kidney disease, or Reye syndrome (a rapidly progressive encephalopathy) should not take this non essential amino acid as a nutritional supplement.
It is not 100% known whether it passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby.
Considering the potential interactions and side effects with medications, you should take nutritional supplements only under the guidance of a knowledgeable health care specialist.


How to start Organic farming! – Page 2 – Its a Wonderful Life!!!
Use of natural fertilizers will be beneficial for the soil and it will also grow your crops more efficiently and healthier, on the other hand using unhealthy fertilizers will be harmful to your health as well as for your crops.
7. Nature of the soil!
Nature of your soil is really important in growing crops. Healthier the soil, healthier the crop will be. Always choose right soil for your garden.
8. Always have an eye upon weeds!
Weeds are very harmful for the crops, these are the plants which are of no use in the farm. Always have a keen eye over them and remove them whenever you see them.
You can customize your Farm with the number of the crops you are planning to grow. Always make your farm smaller in area to manage your crops more accurately and to avoid weeds.
Some of the birds and worms are helpful to your garden. Learn about the helpful worms and birds in order to make your crops grow more.


text:
Home / Books / Non-Fiction / Politics / Navy Carrier Battle Groups
Navy Carrier Battle Groups
U. S. Government Accountability Office (
PaperBackMay 1, 2013
GAO provided information on policy considerations, future requirements, and force structure of carrier battle groups, focusing on: (1) the size and makeup of future naval carrier forces in response to reduced defense spending; and (2) alternatives for meeting national security requirements with fewer carriers. GAO found that: (1) changes in the international security environment shifted the U.S. strategy from containment of the former Soviet Union to ensuring regional stability by strategic deterrence, maintaining an overseas presence, crisis response, and maintaining a rebuilding capability; (2) the Navy plans to downsize its battle carrier force to 12 ships even though carrier battle groups are still needed because of their superior sustainability and flexibility capabilities; (3) the costs of procuring new carrier-based aircraft could exceed $120 billion and reduce the affordability of future carrier procurements and the number of aircraft deployed; (4) the Navy plans to extend the life of existing tactical and support aircraft; (5) carrier battle group alternatives, which are intended to fill gaps resulting from downsizing, include utilizing amphibious assault ships and surface combatants equipped with advanced missiles and weapons systems; (6) existing surface combatants could sufficiently fulfill regional contingencies and have strike, antiair, antisurface, and antisubmarine warfare capabilities; (7) advanced assault ships include flight decks, a variety of munitions, and landing craft launch capabilities, but lack multimission capabilities; (8) decreasing the frequency and duration of carrier operations and training will not significantly reduce operation and support costs, since up to 80 percent of the costs are fixed, including maintenance and personnel; and (9) cost savings can be realized by reducing the size of the carrier force and the complement of aircraft.
Write a review - Navy Carrier Battle Groups
Title: Navy Carrier Battle Groups
Author: U. S. Government Accountability Office (
Publisher: BiblioBazaar
Subtitle: The Structure and Affordability of the Future Force
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
State Road 276 (NM 276) is a state highway in the US state of New Mexico. Its total length is approximately . NM 276's eastern terminus is at NM 105, and the western terminus is at the end of state maintenance by Lower Rociada.

Major intersections

See also

References

276
Transportation in San Miguel County, New Mexico


I am having a course project this semester for the title "cryptography in DDS". I have a good knowladge of the cryptography system, however, I can't figure out how to proceed with DDS. By the way I am new to DDS and anyother real-time middleware architecture. I would like to implement my project using java. Please give me indications so that I can narrow my focus and contribute a vital work. (what to read and how to proceed throughout the implementation).
Currently the DDS specification does not specify any means to perform encryption or any cryprographic operation. From what I know the only solution offerered by DDS vendors is based on transport-level standards, such as TLS or DTLS which perform the encryption on the TCP/UDP connection itself. But I doubt this is what you want.
That said there is an on-going effort at the Object Management Group to create a standard for "Secure DDS". This will provide a plugin architecture that would allow differnt approaches to cryptography (as well as Authentication and Access Control) to be "plugged in". In addition the standard does provide builtin Cryptographic support for things like AES-256 and the means to do secure key distribution and secure multicast.
If you are interested in this I have posted some presentations on this work-in-progress on my slideshare page: http://www.slideshare.net/GerardoPardo but there has been an update just this week which I have not posted yet. I will upload it and post a follow up message here.
Very thankful, but the encryption I am thinking would be at the application layer level not at transport layer level (as you mentioned). I will leave you a comment soon after few more litrature survey.
I have read what is reported on your draft about the security issues, the possible threats, and the general requirements. I surveyed several more litratures on more or less related topics. Currently I'm planning to address the security issues mentioned just for a sample publish/subscribe scenario and measure the effects on the QoS. Would you please comment on this? will this be a good contribution for a term project? what else i've to consider?
I am not sure what you mean by "measure the effects in the QoS". Do you mean measure the impact of encryption or adding message authentication codes on the data-distribution performance? In DDS the word "QoS" is used often to indicate behavioral properties such as DURABILITY, the use of a RELIABLE protocol, Filtering, the amount of History maintained etc. This should not be impacted by security/authentication/encryption. What would be impacted are things like the throughput, latency, CPU utilization etc.
Another angle of study related to DDS security could be to not focus on cryptography, which is a fairly low-level thing, but focus instead on things like Authentication or Access control. In these areas there are many open questions like for example the best way to integrate DDS with standard authentication and identity management frameworks or single sing-on protocols such as OAuth2.0.


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Caution urged on android advice
Members of the superannuation sector have warned about the risks of relying on technology and robo-advisers.
Industry Fund Services (IFS) chief executive Bill Danaher attendees at the Conference of Major Superannuation Funds (CMSF) that he believed more electronic and automated services were crucial to keeping advice affordable.
He said that complete holistic advice often cost fund members around $3,000, which is too much for the average person.
Mr Danaher said this is where the technologically-based services step in, but they would never replace traditional advice.
He said there should always be an option for people speak to a human being at some point in the process.
Mr Danaher was one member of a panel at the CMSF talks, which concluded that while robo-advice came with little or no cost, members were unlikely to properly value something they did not have to pay for.
It was suggested that such robo-advice services should be made free for those with low account balances.


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When I was younger, I gave things up for Lent. Lately I find it more helpful to take on new things instead. Now, I take on new spiritual practices, trying to focus on my spiritual life. I seek God's Kingdom through labyrinth walks, centering prayer, or some other action. There's a part of myself that actually believes that Lenten practices will help me find the Kingdom.
Jesus was always telling those around him that the Kingdom of God was near. He used sermons and poetry and stories to try and explain what he meant. In the Parable of the Fig Tree, Jesus reminds us of the hope we can find in the changing of the seasons. The trees around us may still be bare but we know that they'll sprout leaves soon. Our world may seem bleak but the Kingdom – the world of peace and justice and equality that our Creator intended for us – is near. We may not reach it in our lifetimes but, if we follow Jesus' example, our actions will bring it just a bit closer.
My Lenten practices won't change the world. They won't even change my own life as much as I'd hope. I can't let that weigh me down. If we let ourselves get burdened by doubt and worry, the Kingdom will keep slipping away. Instead we can focus on the Kingdom, remember that the trees will bloom again, and seek solace in the peace of Christ.
Rev. Tom O'Brien is Senior Pastor of Memorial Congregational Church, United Church of Christ in Sudbury, MA.


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AIRHOGS' DILLON THOMAS PURCHASED BY BREWERS
MOORHEAD, MINNESOTA — The contract of Texas AirHogs' OF Dillon Thomas has been purchased by the Milwaukee Brewers, the American Association announced on Tuesday..
Thomas carried the AirHogs, batting .333 with 13 home runs, 54 RBIs and 14 stolen bases. At the time his contract was purchased, the Houston Texas native was first in the league in doubles (37), second in OPS (1.021), first in slugging (.601), and third in OBP (.420).
Thomas originally began his professional career in 2011 after being drafted in the fourth round of the 2011 MLB Draft by the Colorado Rockies. The left handed slugger spent seven seasons in the Rockies' organization before signing with Texas in the offseason. He is the 17th American Association player to be purchased by an MLB organization since the end of the 2017 season.
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Baths are always a great way for me to listen to my own heart and listen to God's. I'm relaxed under the warm and steamy water, just listening, yielded and still. This morning, like many mornings recently, my heart was running to what kind of fruit my life has born. Pretty deep thoughts for 6 a.m. in the morning. God was speaking to my heart about the fact that I have been trying to prove myself my entire life. What does that even mean, proving myself? Proving what, and to whom? I let the thoughts run their course, conversing with the Lord in silence. No one else would even know anything was going on. But my mind was firing on all cylinders as I listened. to both God and myself, bantering back and forth about this odd subject. And yet, how odd is it really? How many of us are trying to prove we have worth and value in our lives? Maybe it's not as obscure a struggle as I originally thought.
The conversation continued in my heart as I dried off and wandered out to my usual chair, in my usual corner to have an actual time alone with God. Glancing next to me I am reminded of the high school pictures that my husband found while cleaning the basement yesterday. I was so young, so naïve, so full of dreams and ideas. I used to grieve when I would think back to my dreams of all I thought that I would do and be. But I realize now that those dreams were my thoughts for myself, my plans, my determinations. But God had a different plan for me, though it would take me years of trying to realize my own plans, and failing, to understand this. So many closed doors and seeming rejections. So many disappointments and tears along the way. Disillusionment, anger, shaking my fists at the heavens. Only to end up right back here, alone, with my God, some 30 years later. I wonder how many others have felt as I do? How many countless millions have felt their lives have ebbed away and not accomplished much? Do framed degrees and awards on the wall actually mean someone's life has value? It can? But not having them is no indication of a life devoid of purpose.
We really have no way to measure the worth of our own lives. This is left alone, with Our Precious Lord. I yield to His understanding and not my own, His plan, not my dreams, His purpose, not my wants. I find my comfort in His Word, especially in the verse I will close with.


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Equally Weighted Vote
From Electowiki
An Equally Weighted Vote is the concept that every vote should carry equal power or weight. In 1964, Wesberry v. Sanders, The U.S. Supreme Court declared that equality of voting - one person, one vote - means that "the weight and worth of the citizens' votes as nearly as is practicable must be the same."
Votes can be unequally weighted at a number of different stages in the election process. First, a vote can be unequal due to the voting method itself. Any voting method which allows Vote Splitting ensures that voters do not have an equally weighted vote in elections which have more than two candidates. Second, votes for representatives to a larger geographical area who are representing a district within that area can be unequally weighted due to district lines which may bias an election in favor of one faction or another. When district lines are intentionally drawn in order to marginalize specific factions, (reducing the weight of those voters relative to others) it's known as Gerrymandering.
The Electoral College and other mechanisms which use representatives to determine elections rather than directly using the votes cast also violate the Equally Weighted Vote, particularly in cases where electors or representatives are not allocated proportionately to the population. In the case of the Electoral College each state is awarded electors based on the number of members of congress. The House of Representatives is based on population, which would ensure that electoral votes were equally weighted as nearly as is practicable, but each state is also awarded two additional electors per state corresponding to their two Senators. This results in US presidential elections which specifically violate the Equal Vote Criterion.
The 1964, Wesberry v. Sanderscase cited above addressed Gerrymandering. In the case of district lines it's impossible to ensure that elections will not favor one faction or the other over time as populations grow and change, but it is "practicable" to prevent and mitigate this phenomena. However in the case of vote splitting and the Electoral Collage achieving a perfectly Equally Weighted Vote is fully possible.
1 Equal Vote Criterion
2 The Test of Balance
3 Voting methods which ensure an Equally Weighted Vote
4 Vote unitarity
Equal Vote Criterion[edit | edit source]
Any voting method or election which passes the Test of Balance passes the Equal Vote Criterion and can be said to guarantee an Equally Weighted Vote.
The Test of Balance[edit | edit source]
The test of balance is defined as the following "Any way I vote, you should be able to vote in an equal and opposite fashion. Our votes should be able to cancel each other's out."
Voting methods which ensure an Equally Weighted Vote[edit | edit source]
Voting Methods which ensure an Equally Weighted Vote with any number of candidates include Approval Voting, Score Voting, STAR Voting, as well as a number of others. In general Cardinal Voting methods ensure an Equally Weighted Vote for each voter. Many Condorcet methods (most that can be calculated only with the pairwise counting matrix, most Condorcet-cardinal hybrids, etc.) also pass the criterion.
Choose One Plurality Voting only satisfies the Equal Vote Criterion in elections with two candidates only. Instant Runoff Voting (often referred to as Ranked Choice Voting) does not satisfy and the Equal Vote Criterion.
Vote unitarity[edit | edit source]
One generalization of the Equally Weighted Vote for the multi-winner or proportional context is vote unitarity. The basic idea is that the vote should stay equally weighted throughout the election tabulation. A voters influence on electing subsequent winners should directly depend on the amount of support they gave for prior winners. This means that the vote weight is conserved throughout the process.
There is an important nuance to this with regards to Surplus Handling; if, say, every voter gives one of the winners a perfect score, then instead of everyone's vote having no influence on the other winners, vote unitarity tries to ensure some kind of proportional decrease in voting power such that every voter still has a the correct amount of influence on the remaining winners. The simplest implementation of this is with Sequentially Spent Score.
In summary, there is a proportional relationship between how much support the voters give to the winners and the amount of influence that is removed from the voters, to ensure that every voter has a chance to fairly elect someone they prefer. The prominent Single Transferable Vote, and Reweighted Range Voting methods fail vote unitarity.
Some voting methods which pass the Equal Vote Criterion (which has also been called "Frohnmayer balance" in reference to its creator) don't pass a generalized form which refers to more than two voters being able to cancel each other out.
STAR may or may not pass the generalized criterion depending on how it is defined. Example:
Example modeled off of https://rangevoting.org/TobyCondParadox.html:
3 A:5>B:4>C:0
2 B:5>A:4>C:0
2 B:5>C:4>A:0
2 C:5>A:4>B:0
Scores are A 31, B 32, C 18, with A pairwise beating B and thus being the STAR winner. Removing 6 votes that constitute a cycle and a kind of pairwise tie and a definite scored tie for A, B, and C (2 A:5>B:4>C:0, 2 B:5>C:4>A:0, 2 C:5>A:4>B:0 votes, which give a total of 9 points to A, B, and C, and create a Condorcet cycle between the three where A>B, B>C, and C>A are all matchups of 4 to 2) yields:
1 A>B>C
2 B>A>C
Without even looking at the scores, B must win here, since A and B are unanimously preferred as the top 2 candidates and a majority prefers B>A. [1]
If it is considered a kind of "pairwise tie" for there to be a Condorcet cycle between the three candidates where each candidate's pairwise matchups are either 4 to 2 or 2 to 4, then STAR fails. But if one requires the pairwise tie to be an exact pairwise tie between all candidates, then this example doesn't show a failure for STAR.
The passing or failure of Condorcet methods of this generalization is also similarly dependent on how a pairwise tie is interpreted (shown in https://rangevoting.org/TobyCondParadox.html).
Approval voting and Score voting pass the generalized form of the criterion, since removing any number of votes that constitute a scored tie for all candidates won't change the difference in scores between any candidates, thus since the winner must have originally had more approvals/points than all other candidates, they will still have more and thus still win.
↑ https://www.reddit.com/r/EndFPTP/comments/f51ww6/the_meaning_of_one_person_one_vote/fhwk752/
Retrieved from "https://electowiki.org/w/index.php?title=Equally_Weighted_Vote&oldid=13313"
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A backpacker's adventure in Kota Kinabalu
By: Angela V. Ignacio Philippine Daily Inquirer / 05:47 AM November 12, 2011
"Kota Kinabalu? Where's that?!" A friend had asked when I'd told them where I was going.
Some of us might associate the Eastern Malaysian state of Sabah with the first season of "Survivor"—namely, Pulau Tiga island. But as far as infrequent flyers like me were concerned, Kota Kinabalu was definitely uncharted territory, and therefore, a choice destination for an adventure.
Together with fellow writers, I recently hied off to KK to take part in the annual Cebu Pacific Media Backpackers' Challenge. Ten contestants were divided into teams of two, with each team named after a popular destination in Sabah. The Daily Tribune's Deni Afinidad and I made up Team Kinabatangan, representing Malaysia's river-region known for its lush wildlife.
The mechanics were simple: Visit as many places and do as many activities as you can with the least amount of money. Each team was given a budget of RM1,000 (about P14,000) to spend for three full days, including accommodation and transportation expenses. Canon Philippines also lent us their latest point-and-shoot and DSLR cameras to document our entire trip.
DAY 1: History lessons and a rainy river cruise
The kick-off point was at the Sabah Tourism Board, one of the last three surviving buildings from the pre-WWII era, and the "0 km" marker in front represented the point from which all distances in KK were measured. It's right smack in the middle of Gaya Street, where a good number of reputable backpacker hostels and budget-friendly dining establishments were located, so it was a good area to start getting acquainted with the city.
KK, I daresay, is a lot like Manila in many ways. Most of the locals either know a little Tagalog, or originally hailed from our country, so the language barrier doesn't really pose a problem. After wandering for a couple of hours, we realized a lot of the tourist attractions were only accessible via taxi, ferry, or rented transportation, and that we'd only waste precious time learning how to commute.
We decided we were better off with a package tour, since it included a guide, meals and transportation. There were lots of tour operator agencies in Wisma Sabah building, just beside Gaya Centre Hotel (the official "home base" for the challenge). There, we met Mary Lopez, a KK-based Pinay who works for Only In Borneo Tours, and she gladly helped us maximize our limited budget and timetable using the available tour packages.
Because the weather was a bit unpredictable for island-hopping and beach activities, we passed up on Tunku Abdul Rahman Park (a cluster of five islands), Pulau Tiga, and diving hotspots like Sipadan Island in favor of more accessible tourist attractions.
While waiting, we reserved beds at a backpacker's hostel in Gaya Street so we could unload our backpacks. We then took a quick taxi ride to the Sabah State Museum complex, located about 15 minutes from the city.
We booked the afternoon Klias River Cruise in Kuala Penyu, a two-hour drive south of KK. Aboard an 80-ft-long house boat called "Kunang-Kunang" (which means "fireflies"), we cruised down Klias River and tried to spot the proboscis monkeys among the trees.
After a dinner buffet spread that included tasty grilled lamb chops, we tried our hand at fishing, where you can opt to have your catch cooked for you to enjoy or release back into the river. Come evening, the lights on the boat were turned off for the "firefly show." The soft twinkling scattered all around us made the whole swamp look like an upside-down night sky. Beautiful.
DAY 2: Culture, adventure and water-related torture
Our first stop of the day was white-water rafting in Kiulu River, about 1 ½ hours north of KK. Neither of us had tried any form of extreme sports before, but we were reassured that the river was "friendly" enough for first-timers.
Apparently, falling overboard was an unspoken rite of passage of sorts. When our raft "accidentally" capsized for the first time, it was such an exhilarating experience, and we came up sputtering and happy. But the second time, we slammed headlong into a wall of rock and the raft fell on top of me. The adrenaline rush was still there, but when half the river is in your lungs and the other half sloshing around in your sinuses, you couldn't help losing your appetite for daredevil stunts altogether.
The two-hour tour ended with a free lesson on body rafting, which was basically floating face-up and letting the current take you downstream. This tour was hands-down the highlight of our trip, but at that point, I was only too happy to stay on dry land for the rest of our stay.
For the second tour, we set off for Mari-Mari Cultural Village in Inanam to check out where (and how) the five main tribes in Sabah had lived. We sampled authentic rice wine, fresh honey, and local delicacies like kuih jala (fried lacy crepes).
When we got back to KK, we set out to do a mini-food trip. We walked to Handicraft Market (also known as Filipino Market, since many of the hawkers there are Pinoy) to try some local snacks, and had a late dinner near Kampung Air Night Market, a dampa/food court that serves every kind of local viand imaginable.
Our must-try list: roti kahwin with teh tarik or "pulled tea"; bak kut teh (meat bone soup); kopi tarik (tea/coffee drink) and kaya toast at Fook Yuen coffee shop; Tenom coffee; coconut pudding; barbecued chicken wings; and of course, the fresh seafood—stingray curry, baby octopus, giant prawns, and buttered lobsters.
But the undisputed #1 item on our list would be Beryl's chocolates, a local brand that everyone who's been to KK is raving about and craving for.
DAY 3: Nature tripping and marathon trekking
Climbing the famous Mt. Kinabalu sounded very exciting, but a tour would take about two full days and we didn't have the time, money or stamina for it at this point. We instead explored Kinabalu National Park, Malaysia's first Unesco World Heritage site, which was several hours away from KK by bus. We first visited the park's Botanical Garden, where our tour guide showed us the world's smallest orchid and other rare flora.
We were lucky enough to stumble upon a Rafflesia site, which wasn't part of the actual tour. Giant Rafflesias bloom for only about a week and we were told they weren't in season, but we couldn't pass up the chance to see (and smell) a "corpse flower." We gladly paid a whopping RM30 each just to go through the tangle of trees and mud and witness a rare natural wonder.
The Canopy Walkway tour involved going up and down the foot of the mountain, which was pretty challenging for people like me who were chained to a desk 24/7. Good thing I'd packed my comfy Vibram FiveFingers shoes, which made the long trek a whole lot more bearable.
We would've loved to soak our aching joints in the Poring Hot Springs, but the tour bus had to leave for KK. And, just when we thought we'd never see the sunset or the peak of Mt. Kinabalu, the rain mercifully stopped long enough for us to enjoy a fleeting but precious glimpse of both.
Second place!
With a total of 46 activities on a budget of around RM350, first place went to Team Kinabalu, made up of Manila Standard's Joba Botana and Letsgosago.net's Jonel Uy (whose team also got first place last year). They were awarded three open round-trip tickets per person to any international Cebu Pacific destination, plus a 4D/3N package to KK. Our Team Kinabatangan came in second, with a total of 55 activities on an RM945 budget, and we were each awarded two tickets to any international destination.
It was a close race, but in the end, we were all quite happy with our prizes; after all, no team went home empty handed. Considering this was our first time in KK, I'd say we experienced much more than what we'd actually spent for.
Special thanks to Cebu Pacific, Sabah Tourism Board, Tourism Malaysia, Canon Philippines, Stratworks, Mhay Rondael and Mary Lopez of Only In Borneo Tours.
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