text:
Home Features Tooth root testing of steels with high cleanliness
Tooth root testing of steels with high cleanliness
Moritz Trippe
Christoph Lopenhaus
Christian Brecher
Lily Kamjou
Elias Lothman
For applications with a high manufacturing and surface quality, high quality steels show a high potential for increasing the load carrying capacity as well as power density.
The power density of gearboxes is continuously increased through different research activities. Besides new material developments, steel cleanliness comes to the forefront in order to meet future requirements regarding load carrying capacity of gears. The experimental quantification of load carrying potentials for high quality steels is the basis for introducing cleanliness as a design parameter.
In this article, investigations on the tooth root load carrying capacity of steels with different cleanliness levels are presented. The investigations are carried out on a pulsator test rig with a standardized FZG-C gear geometry. To determine and compare the different behaviors of the tested steels, correct force application in the test rig needs to be ensured. By this, it is possible to clearly separate the endurance strength for different cleanliness levels within the same steel grade composition.
For the pulsator testing, an approach for checking and ensuring correct clamping of the gears is presented. Using this procedure, endurance tests on conventionally manufactured gears with different cleanliness levels are carried out. Resulting mean values of the tooth root strength as well as scattering of test results are evaluated, and the influence of higher cleanliness on an increasing mean value and decreasing scattering is proved. The confidence level of the mean value is discussed regarding the overall number of tests.
As a conclusion, the impact of steel cleanliness on increasing endurance strength and decreasing scattering is separated from manufacturing and testing influences. A higher level of cleanliness takes into account the influence of the occurring failure mechanisms. Especially for applications with a high manufacturing and surface quality, high quality steels show a high potential for increasing the load carrying capacity and thereby the power density.
1 Introduction and Motivation
For many years, demanding applications such as bearings and diesel injection systems have been driving the development of air-melt, high-volume production, clean steels. Through environmental legislation and a continuously ongoing strive to improve power density in many applications, the gear industry is now showing an increased interest for clean steels as well. This is due to steel cleanliness impact on endurance strength, relevant to many high-cycle fatigue gear applications. Also, with more frequent use of sophisticated after-processing techniques, such as superfinishing and shot peening, the importance of the material quality is increasing. This in itself is a driver for the use of cleaner steels, since previously, other factors such as surface quality has been the weakest link.
The test results of the investigated variants with different material cleanliness show that the load carrying capacity is in some way affected by improved cleanliness. In addition to the load carrying capacity, the cleanliness also influences the scatter of the test results.
2 Aim and Approach
The increasing demands on gears with regard to power density require new approaches to the design of gear geometry as well as an increase in material load carrying capacity. Steels with a high cleanliness are already being used in applications with extremely high material demands. In this paper, the influence of the cleanliness of a material on the tooth root load carrying capacity and the test scatter will be investigated.
The aim is to determine the increase in load carrying capacity taking into account the test scatter and to separate it from influences from the test itself and the test geometry. For this purpose, three variants with different degrees of cleanliness for the same steel grade are investigated.
The tests are carried out on a pulsator test rig using a standardized gear geometry. In order to guarantee correct load application in the test and to reduce the influence of the test setup on the scatter, a procedure for checking the pressure distribution in the pulsator test is presented. The tests in the area of fatigue strength are analyzed with regard to mean values and scattering. Taking into account the confidence intervals, the load carrying capacities of the investigated variants are compared, and the influence of the degree of cleanliness on the load carrying capacity is highlighted.
3 Theoretical Influence of the Cleanliness on the Endurance Strength
Previous investigations on the influence of material defects on the load carrying capacity show that the size and distribution of defects are important parameters. The material cleanliness characterizes the number of defects and their frequency of occurrence.
Murakami investigates the influence of inclusions in the material on the load carrying capacity. Especially for hard steels with HV > 400, the size of defects or inclusions has a significant influence on the load carrying capacity [11]. Henser states in his work that a higher cleanliness leads to an increased tooth root load carrying capacity of beveloid gears [4]. Konowalczyk analyzes the influence of the defect size on the tooth flank fracture load capacity. The size of defects has a decisive influence on the load carrying capacity, independent of the core hardness and case depth. A reduction of the defect size leads to a significant increase of the load carrying capacity regarding tooth flank fracture [9].
On the basis of the existing work on the influence of material cleanliness on the load carrying capacity, it can be expected that the load carrying capacity will increase with higher cleanliness. The defect size has a primary influence on the fatigue strength. The number of defects, on the other hand, influences the scatter of the test results around the fatigue strength.
4 Investigated Materials and Test Gears
For the investigations, three different degrees of cleanliness of a 20MnCr5 material were considered. The investigations were carried out using the standardized FZG-C gear geometry in a pulsator test to determine the tooth root load carrying capacity. The conventional gear manufacturing chain includes the process steps turning, soft machining, heat treatment and gear grinding. All variants were heat treated in the same batch. During the grinding process, only the tooth flank was machined. In the following, the properties of the examined materials as well as the gear geometry and manufacturing quality of the examined components are presented.
4.1 Material Characteristics
Three different 20MnCr5 materials were tested, with assumed different cleanliness levels, a conventional 20MnCr5 as a reference, a bearing quality 20MnCr5 (236F; steel 1), and an ultraclean isotropic quality 20MnCr5 (236Q; steel 2). Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the steels.
Table 1: Chemical composition of materials, casting format and area reduction.
Steels 1 and 2 were produced in a scrap based, air-melt, and ingot cast process route, and the reference material comes from a high-volume iron ore based continuous cast process route. These differ mainly in what starting material the steel is produced from as well as the metal casting and forming processes.
Although these materials might look similar on paper, steel 2 especially, differs in its properties. Strict process control in the whole steel making process results in a type of steel that displays similar fatigue performance properties achieved normally in certain re-melting processes [10].
Clean steels reduce the probability of finding detrimental defects in the loaded volume, i.e., the inclusions are made to be as small as possible, which is achievable through inclusion control and increased area reduction through metal forming.
Cleanliness evaluation using SEM was performed, looking at approximately 7,000 mm2 in total for series- production material and only defects larger than 10 µm were detected. Defects larger than 10 µm as well as the longest, or largest inclusion, are recorded in this simple approach (Table 2).
Table 2: Results from SEM evaluation.
Ultrasonic immersion testing is used to examine larger material volumes to establish material quality on a macro-cleanliness level, since it clearly separates clean from less clean steel. This type of testing was used to examine macro cleanliness for all three types of steel, calibrated to a 0.2 mm flat bottom hole (FBH) [16]. A volume corresponding to between 4-6 kg was evaluated for each material and no indications were found for steel 1 or steel 2 materials and only very few indications for the reference, indicating decent macro-cleanliness. Previous studies [2] have shown that little difference is normally found regarding micro-cleanliness with standard rating methods, whereas methods covering larger areas or volumes give a better understanding of the material properties.
4.2 Gear Geometry and Manufacturing Quality
The investigations on the pulsator test rig were carried out on the standardized FZG-C test gear. The gear data of the pinion is shown on the left side in Figure 1. Since only one gear is needed for investigations on a pulsator test rig, only the pinion of the FZG-C gear set was used. The right part of Figure 1 shows the manufacturing quality of the tested gears for the respective variants. The evaluation of the gear quality is carried out in the form of the IT tolerance classes of ISO 1329-1:2013 [15]. For the evaluation of the gear quality, a four-teeth measurement was carried out for all tested gears on a Klingelnberg P16 gear-measuring center. Subsequently, the maximum deviations of the considered deviation variables were transferred to the IT classes of ISO 1329-1:2013.
Figure 1: Gear data and manufacturing quality.
Figure 1 shows the maximum tolerance classes of all measured gears. The correct load application in the pulsator test rig is particularly influenced by the manufacturing quality of the tooth flank. Accordingly, the deviation parameters of the flank in profile and helix direction are evaluated. The IT qualities of the three investigated variants lie in similar ranges. For the investigations, a maximum IT class of IT = 6 was defined in order to reduce the influence of manufacturing errors on the fatigue strengths determined. All examined gears comply with this tolerance limit or show a better quality. The high manufacturing quality should enable a precise determination of the tooth root endurance strength, so that the actual influence of the cleanliness of the material on the load carrying capacity can be determined.
In addition to the quality of the tooth flank, the geometry and roughness of the tooth root have a decisive influence on the tooth root load carrying capacity. The maximum tooth root stress usually occurs at the 30°-tangent in the tooth root [8, 12, 14]. A small root radius at this point leads to a higher stress at the same load and thus to a reduced load carrying capacity. For this reason, the radius of the tooth root fillet in this area is considered in order to exclude any influence on the test results. Since the gears were manufactured conventionally, the tooth root was not machined after the heat treatment. All gears were blast cleaned after heat treatment to remove the surface oxidation. The root fillet was measured on a Klingelnberg P16 gear-measuring center. The radius ρF,30° in the range of the 30°-tangent was then determined on the basis of the measured point cloud. The root fillet radii were determined for each investigated pinion at four gaps.
In Figure 2 the mean tooth root radii at the 30°-tangent of the three considered variants are shown on the left side. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum measured radii are shown as deviation bars. The mean tooth root radii are ρF,30°,Ref,mean = 2.22 mm, ρF,30°,steel 1,mean = 2.24 mm and ρF,30°,steel 2,mean = 2.22 mm. The tooth root geometry of the three variants therefore shows no significant deviations. Since the mean values of the root radii correspond, the deviations only have an influence on the scatter determined in the pulsator tests. Due to the similar scatter of the tooth root radii of the three variants, it is to be expected that the influence on the scatter of the tooth root load carrying capacity will be similar as well.
Figure 2: Tooth root geometry and roughness.
Apart from the geometry of the tooth root fillet, the roughness in the tooth root has an influence on the achievable load carrying capacity in the test [8, 12, 14]. High roughness values act as notches and thus promote the initiation of cracks on the surface. In order to evaluate the roughness of the investigated pinions, the average roughness depth Rz was measured in the range of the 30°-tangent. The measurement starts in the tooth root and runs in profile direction to the tooth tip. The curvature of the root fillet was filtered from the measurement using a fourth degree polynomial. The roughness was measured on two gears per variant at two gaps each.
On the right side of Figure 2, the Rz values of the left and right flank of the examined variants are shown. The mean roughness depths of the variants are similar. The Rz values of the variant Ref show a slightly larger scatter. However, since the influence of this measured roughness variation on the load carrying capacity according to ISO 6336 is small, no influence on the determined fatigue strength in the test is to be expected.
5 Test Setup and Testing Procedure
The tests on the tooth root load carrying capacity were carried out in the pulsator test as an analogy test to examine the tooth root. In contrast to the running test, the number of influencing factors on the test result is reduced in the pulsator test. Thus, it is possible to consider the influence of the material cleanliness on the tooth root load carrying capacity in an isolated way. Furthermore, the test setup in the pulsator test allows several tests to be carried out on one gear, thus reducing the number of test gears required. In the following, the test setup, the verification of the load distribution, and the testing and evaluation procedure used are explained.
5.1 Test Setup and Alignment Check
The pulsator test approximates a part of the load curve in the tooth mesh. Figure 3 shows the clamping situation of a spur gear in the pulsator. The gear is clamped between two pulsator jaws. One of the two jaws is stationary and connected to a load cell. The other pulsator jaw carries out a mechanically actuated, pulsating movement and thus loads the teeth with a sinusoidal load, which is monitored by the load cell. The positioning of the pulsator jaws is based on the support of the tip of the adjacent teeth, which allows central alignment of the gear in the pulsator jaw contact.
On the right side of Figure 3, a diagram is shown with the tooth root stress over the path of contact A – E of the spur gear used. The ordinate of the diagram is normalized to the maximum tooth root stress.
Figure 3: Test setup and contact line in pulsator test.
Furthermore, the areas for single tooth contact "1" and double tooth contact "2" within one tooth mesh are shown. It becomes clear that the point of maximum tooth root stress lies in the outer point of single tooth contact, since only one tooth transmits the entire torque and, at the same time, the lever arm is the largest. Because the number of clamped teeth defines the contact line in the pulsator test, it is not possible to test exactly the outer point of single tooth contact. For the tests, the number of clamped teeth is selected in a way that the resulting contact line is as close as possible to the outer point of single tooth contact. For further calculations of tooth root stresses, the position of the contact line during testing is considered. A mechanical minimum preload, the upper pulsator force FPuls,U, must be present for the none-positive fixation of the test gear between the pulsator jaws, so that the gear remains at its defined clamping position during the test. In contrast to the running test, the amount of preload cannot assume the minimum value zero. The associated influence on the load carrying capacity is classified as negligible, if the amount of the minimum preload lies within a range of 3-7.5 % of the amount of the maximum lower pulsator force FPuls,l [17]. For the tests presented, an upper pulsator force of FPuls,U = -1 kN was selected. With an expected mean lower pulsator force of FPuls,l < -20 kN, the selected preload meets the Weigand criterion [17]. The number of clamped teeth was set to zclamped = 3 for all tests.
The tooth root load carrying capacity determined in the test depends significantly on the correct load application in the test. The highest load carrying capacity is obtained with an even load distribution over the tooth width. Helix slope deviations of the clamped teeth, misalignment, damaged pulsator jaws or incorrect clamping lead to local stress peaks in the tooth root over the tooth width and influence the determined strengths with regard to mean value and scatter. In order to be able to analyze the influence of material cleanliness on mean value and scatter, the method shown in Figure 4 is used to check the load distribution in the pulsator test setup.
Figure 4: Check of pressure distribution in the test setup.
The Fujifilm Prescale pressure film can be used to determine the contact pressure in the gear-pulsator jaw contact. The pressure film turns red at loaded areas. The color density allows direct conclusions about the contact pressure. In this way, it is possible to identify and correct an uneven pressure distribution. During pulsator testing, the load distribution was checked every third test and, if necessary, corrected.
5.2 Testing and Evaluation Procedure
The tests to determine the fatigue strength in the tooth root are carried out according to the staircase method. In this procedure, the load of the following test depends on the previous test result [1, 7]. In the case of damage, the load is reduced by one step and increased by one step in the case of a run out. The damage criterion is a crack in the tooth root in the area of the 30°-tangent or a broken tooth. In addition to the small number of tests to determine the mean value, an additional fictitious point can be evaluated in this procedure [7]. The maximum number of cycles to be achieved for a run out is NG = 6*106 load cycles. The evaluation of the staircase is carried out according to Hück's method and is shown in Figure 5. In order to make a conclusion about the scatter of the results in addition to the mean value, 15 tests were carried out for each material variant. The step distance for all tests is d = 1 kN.
Figure 5: Staircase method and evaluation procedure acc. to Hück [7].
In addition to the tooth root load carrying capacity, the scatter of the tests and the statistical reliability of the determined values are evaluated. For this purpose, the confidence intervals of the mean values of the variants are calculated as shown in Figure 6. The determination of a mean value from a finite number of tests corresponds to an estimated value x and usually does not correspond exactly to the true mean value µ. If the test points correspond to a normal distribution, the true mean value µ and the estimated value x can be displayed as shown in Figure 6 on the left. The highest probability of occurrence is the true mean µ. For different sequences of test points, different estimated values x result. The probability of occurrence of the estimated values with a normal distribution of the test points is indicated by the curve in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Calculation of confidence interval of the mean value.
Since the true mean value µ is usually not known and the number of experiments to determine the estimated value x is finite, it makes sense to determine a range that contains the true mean value µ with a defined probability, taking into account the scatter of the test results. The confidence interval for the estimated value x indicates the range in which the true mean value µ with the defined coverage probability (1-α) is located. The smaller the standard deviation of the experiments, the smaller the confidence interval around the estimated value. The same applies to a larger number of tests. For a larger coverage probability, the confidence interval increases. [3]
Previous investigations on case-hardened steel gears have shown that the test points are normally distributed in the staircase method [6]. Accordingly, a normal distribution is assumed for the evaluation of the tests. Furthermore, the usual coverage probability of 95 percent is selected for evaluation. Based on the comparison of the calculated confidence intervals of the respective mean values, a statement can then be made as to whether the compared mean values are identical or not from a statistical point of view.
The calculation of the tooth root stress from the pulsator forces is carried out based on the ISO 6336-3 standard calculation [14]. The used factors and equations are shown in Figure 7. The first step is the calculation of the nominal tooth root stress σF0 for a failure probability of 50 percent.
Figure 7: Calculation approach for tooth root stress acc. to ISO 6336-3.
The factors YF and YS take into account influences from the form of the tooth root fillet and variance in force application on the tooth root stress. Both factors are calculated for the clamping position in the pulsator test rig using the position of the contact line as well as the measured tooth root radius ρF. The factor Yβ rates the influence of the helix angle on the distribution of the tooth root stress and is one because a spur gear is tested. The K factors are all one, since the occurring loads in the pulsator test rig are measured and controlled and the load distribution in the contact of tooth and pulsator jaws is uniform.
The calculation of the allowable stress σFE as well as the nominal stress σFlim depend on several assumptions. One assumption is that the fatigue strength of the tooth root determined in the running test is 10 percent lower compared to the pulsator test because, in the pulsator test, the weakest tooth of a gear doesn't always fail [6]. Another assumption is that it is possible to transfer the fatigue strength from a failure probability of 50 percent to 1 percent by the factor 0.86 for case-hardened steels [6]. This factor depends on the huge amount of data, which are the basis of the ISO 6336 standard. As these factors have not yet been confirmed for clean steels, a calculation of the values σFE and σFlim is subjected with uncertainties.
6 Test Results and Evaluation
The results of the investigations of the three material variants are presented in the following. Subsequently, a comparison of the determined load carrying capacities is made taking into account the confidence intervals and the increase in load carrying capacity of the tested steels is quantified. Finally, the resulting nominal stress numbers of the three variants are compared to the values of the ISO 6336 – 5.
6.1 Reference Material
Figure 8 shows the test results of the Ref variant. The frequency of the applied load in all tests was approximately f = 30 Hz. The results were determined for a failure probability of 50 percent. All tests were carried out on the same test bench. The endurable mean double amplitude of the pulsator force is Fptp,mean,Ref = 22.63 kN. The corresponding tooth root stress according to ISO 6336 is σF0,mean,Ref = 1302.45 N/mm2. Four load steps occur in the staircase procedure. The S/N diagram of the tests carried out shows the damages lie in a range from 105 to 106 load cycles.
Figure 8: Test results of the reference material.
6.2 Steel 1 Material
The test results for the steel 1 variant with a higher material cleanliness are shown in Figure 9. The endurable mean double amplitude of the pulsator force is Fptp,mean,steel 1 = 24.5 kN. The increased material cleanliness is assumed to affect the increase of the fatigue strength, but the scatter of the test points in the staircase is comparable with the scatter of the variant Ref. The S/N diagram shows that the number of load cycles of damages decreases. For steel 1, no break occurs after 6*105 load cycles, which is significantly lower compared to the Ref variant.
Figure 9: Test results of the steel 1 material.
The shift of the damages to lower load cycles is likely due to the improved material cleanliness. The reduced number and size of defects in the material result in fewer potential crack origins in the material. This reduces the local stresses in the material and increases the load carrying capacity. The defects still present in the material, however, represent potential crack starting points again under the increased load. In the case of crack initiation at a defect, the crack growth in the material progresses faster due to the increased stresses and a damage of the tooth root occurs earlier.
Figure 10 shows the test results of the steel 2 variant. The endurable mean double amplitude of the pulsator force is Fptp,mean,steel 2 = 24.25 kN. In contrast to the other two variants, only three load steps occur in the staircase of this variant. The scatter of the test results is therefore lower. The S/N diagram of the tests carried out shows that the average number of load cycles in the event of damage is reduced analogously to variant steel 1. Accordingly, the further increase in the cleanliness of steel 2 does not lead to a further increase in the load carrying capacity, but to a reduced test scatter and a reduced number of load cycles in case of a breakage. The reduced size of defects in the material can explain this change.
Figure 10: Test results of the steel 2 material.
Since the size of defects for steel 2 is smaller than for steel 1, the probability that a detrimental defect is in the critical area of the tooth root with the maximum stresses is lower. The scatter of the test results decreases accordingly. At the same time, however, the probability increases that other damage mechanisms, which are not caused by material defects, will limit the load carrying capacity. Accordingly, the average endurable load does not change. Nevertheless, it is to be expected that an improved surface quality and increased residual compressive stresses will increase the differences between the different steel grades. With residual compressive stresses, for example, the occurring failure modes will probably change from surface failures to sub-surface failures because the crack initiation at the surface is prevented [5]. In this case, the higher cleanliness of the material will lead to higher strengths.
6.4 Comparison of Results Considering the Confidence Intervals
The test results of the investigated variants with different material cleanliness show that the load carrying capacity is in some way affected by improved cleanliness. In addition to the load carrying capacity, the cleanliness also influences the scatter of the test results. To quantify the influences, the endurable mean pulsator forces of the three variants are compared in Figure 11. In addition to the determined mean values x, the standard deviations of the respective test series and the single-sided confidence intervals CIx of the mean values are shown. The load capacity increase of variant steel 1 to the reference variant Ref amounts ∆ = 8.3 % or ∆σ = 107.63 N/mm2. The examination of the confidence intervals shows that a significant increase in the load carrying capacity exists, taking into account the possible scattering of the mean value. The mean values of the variants steel 1 and steel 2 differ by ∆ = 1%. The consideration of the respective confidence intervals makes clear that the mean values of these variants are equal from a statistical point of view, since the confidence interval of steel 2 lies within the interval of variant steel 1.
Figure 11: Comparison of mean values considering the confidence intervals.
The standard deviations of the experiments lie within a range of s = 2.7 – 4.1% and thus correspond well with Höhn's values [6]. A comparison of the test scatter on the basis of the calculated standard deviations is not performed, since more than the 15 tests performed per variant are necessary for a reliable determination of the standard deviation [7].
In order to classify the determined strengths of the different materials, the nominal stress numbers σFlim of the ISO 6336 – 5 are shown in Figure 12. The classifications ML, MQ, and ME describe the material quality. The value of the respective class indicates the expected strength of the corresponding material qualities. Furthermore, the values of the nominal stress numbers σFlim determined in the tests are shown. The calculation of the values is based on the formulas and factors presented in Figure 7. The class ML stands for moderate requirements on material quality and heat treatment. Experienced manufacturers can achieve the requirements of class MQ at moderate costs. The ME class represents requirements necessary for a high degree of operational safety. [13]
Figure 12: Classification of test results acc. to nominal stress numbers from ISO 6336-5.
The strength of the Ref variant is σFlim,Ref = 487.10 N/mm2 and lies in the range of the class MQ -c so the strength of this material is already in the upper levels of the ISO 6336 – 5 classification. The variants steel 1 and steel 2 have strengths of σFlim,steel 1 = 527.35 N/mm2 and σFlim,steel 2 = 521.97 N/mm2. These values correspond to class ME and represent a significant increase in the nominal stress number. Since all material variants were manufactured and heat-treated in the same way, the increase in load carrying capacity is due to the improved material cleanliness. The level of the steels with high cleanliness corresponds to the class for the highest demands on the material quality ME of the ISO 6336 – 5.
In conclusion, it can be stated that the higher cleanliness of the material steel 1 leads to an increased tooth root load carrying capacity in the tests compared to the reference material Ref. A further increase in the material cleanliness does not result in a further increase in the load carrying capacity, but does reduce the test scatter. The service life of a component can thus be predicted very precisely for the material variant steel 2, since the fatigue strength value is subject to less uncertainty. In the design, the safety factor can thus be reduced and the power density additionally increased.
7 Summary and Outlook
In standardized testing such as the pulsator testing for gears, it appears possible to distinguish between different steel performance levels. The investigations carried out show an increase of the fatigue strength of approximately ∆ = 8% for the clean steels. For the reference variant, the fatigue strength is already high with a value of σFlim,Ref = 487.10 N/mm2. However, with clean steels, the distinction between the clean steel 1 variant and the ultra-clean steel 2 variant is more difficult to determine. Other limiting factors, including the surface quality and sometimes the test itself, can make these differences less obvious. One aspect that is apparent from the pulsator testing is that the scatter in material behavior decreases with improved cleanliness. From a statistical point of view, regarding the confidence intervals, the clean and ultra-clean variants have the same fatigue strength for the chosen test parameters. For a different residual stress state at the surface or an improved surface quality, it is assumed that the differences between the variants will increase due to changing failure modes. Regarding the classification of the ISO 6336 – 5, the investigated variants can be classified in the top range of MQ-c and ME.
In a continuation of this investigation, further analysis on the gears is to be done to enhance the understanding of the residual stress state, hardness profiles, and deeper examination of the failed gears.
Dixon W. J.; Mood A. M.: A Method for Obtaining and Analyzing Sensitivity Data. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 241(43): S.109–126, 1948
Fagerlund J.; Kamjou L: Fatigue Performance and Cleanliness of Carburizing Steels for Gears, Columbus, 2017
Fahrmeir, Heumann, et al. 2016: Statistik. 8. Aufl, Berlin: Springer, 2016
Henser J.: Berechnung der Zahnfußtragfähigkeit von Beveloidverzahnungen. Diss. RWTH Aachen University, 2015
Höhn B.-R.; Tobie T. et al: Steigerung der Zahnflankentragfähigkeit durch Kombination von Strahlbehandlung und Finishingprozess, Frankfurt a.M., 2010
Höhn B.-R.; Winter H. et al: Lebensdauerstatistik, Frankfurt a.M., 1999
Hück M.: Ein verbessertes Verfahren für die Auswertung von Treppenstufenversuchen. Werkstattstech. online 24: S.406–417, 1983
Klocke F.; Brecher C.: Zahnrad- und Getriebetechnik. 1. Aufl, München: Hanser, 2017
Konowalczyk P.: Grübchen- und Zahnflankenbruchtragfähigkeit großmoduliger Stirnräder. Diss. RWTH Aachen University, 2018
Löthman, Elias, et al: Gear Performance beyond current standards, München: VDI Wissensforum, 2019
Murakami Y.: Metal fatigue. 1. Aufl, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2002
Niemann G.; Winter H.: Maschinenelemente. 2. Aufl, Bd 2, Berlin: Springer, 2003
Norm, 2003: Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears. Strength and quality materials (6336 Teil 5): ISO copyright office, Geneva
Norm, 2006: Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears. Calculation of tooth bending strength (6336 Teil 3): Beuth, Berlin
Norm, 2013: Cylindrical gears. ISO system of flank tolerance classification. Definitions and allowable values of deviations elevant to flanks of gear teeth (1328 Teil 1): ISO copyright office, Geneva
Ovako: Detection of non-metallic inclusions in steels with high cleanliness demands such as case- or through hardening bearing steels by the ultrasonic method, 2017
Weigand U.: Werkstoff- und Wärmebehandlungseinflüsse auf die Zahnfußtragfähigkeit. Diss. TU München, 1999.
Printed with permission of the copyright holder, the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1001 N. Fairfax Street, Suite 500, Alexandria, Virginia 22314. Statements presented in this paper are those of the authors and may not represent the position or opinion of the American Gear Manufacturers Association. (AGMA) This paper was presented October 2019 at the AGMA Fall Technical Meeting in Detroit, Michigan. 19FTM13
Previous articleSolberg Manufacturing
Next articleDeveloping a new sales pipeline: Tips to help improve your strategy during a pandemic
Moritz Trippe is affiliated with the Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL).
Christoph Löpenhaus is with WZL der RWTH Aachen.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christian Brecher is head of the Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL) and is chairman of Machine Tools at RWTH Aachen University in Aachen, Germany.
Lily Kamjou is with Ovako.
Elias Löthman is with Ovako.
Why selective plating stops gears from grinding to a halt
Tooling & Workholding: Why precision clamping matters
Integrated Approach for Gear Testing of High-Performance Clean Steels
Predicting Gear Sliding Losses
Finding the ideal materials for gears
Forging Ahead for Gear Applications
It's All on the Surface
Forging: 101
Influence of Central Members Radial Support Stiffness on Load Sharing Characteristics of Compound Planetary Gearsets
Profile Relief and Noise Excitation in Helical Gears
An Animated Approach to Plotting Profiles
Conjugate Action Law in Intersected-Axes Gear Pairs and in Crossed-Axes Gear Pairs
Load intensity distribution factor evaluation from strain gauges at the gear root
BIG GEARS Better Inspection
The Case for Cold Rolling
Higher Contact Ratios for Quieter Gears
Lubrication and its role in gear-failure analysis
Increasing Static Friction with Laser
Could switching from machining to grinding improve the manufacturing process?
Transient friction and wear simulation of worm gears during running-in
Rapid and precise manufacturing of special involute gears for prototype testing
Industry 5.0: Revolution or revision
Integrated optimization of gear design and manufacturing
Intelligent generating grinding quality assurance for e-transmission gears
Opportunities of Efficiency Improvement by the Use of Hydro Lubricants
Q&A with Jenny Blackford
Industry Standards For Steel Cleanness
'Sounds' can be good, such as the hum of a well-designed...


How sweet is this unisex children's pullover, made in Caron Simply Soft?
As winter approaches, a crew neck pullover is a staple in any child's wardrobe. Use your imagination to invent a cozy sweater that wraps them in the comfort of our popular Caron Simply Soft. Try a different color version for every day of the week!


text:
How Your Pet Can Affect Your Health
Exercise and Pets Go Hand in Hand
According to a 2012 study, people who walked their dogs had higher levels of physical activity and tended to weigh less than people who didn't dog walk. These findings could lead one to assume that responsible dog owners may be in better health and have a lower obesity risk. Obesity is tied to many health conditions, including sleep disorders, asthma and possibly irritable bowel syndrome.
Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, "Obesity and asthma." Journal of Physical Activity and Health, "Dog walking is associated with a favorable risk profile independent of moderate to hig Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "The Relationship Between Obesity and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders" CDC, "Health Benefits of Pets" American Heart Association, "Pet Ownership and Cardiovascular Risk" Psychosomatic Medicine, "Cardiovascular reactivity and the presence of pets, friends, and spouses: the truth about cats and dogs National Institutes of Health, "Can Pets Help Keep You Healthy?" The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, "Association with companion animals and the expression of noncognitive symptoms in Al National Multiple Sclerosis Society, "Multiple Sclerosis and Pets" Paws With A Cause, "SERVICE DOGS" New York Times, "Forget the Treadmill. Get a Dog." Arthritis Foundation, "Rheumatoid Arthritis" National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, "Restless Legs Syndrome Fact Sheet" CNN Health, "Dogs: A medicine for mental health problems?" The New York Times, "A Cancer Patient's Best Friend" Northwestern University, "A Helping Paw: Trained Therapy Dogs Aid Cancer Patients" Courtesy of Michael Pettigrew | Dreamstime Courtesy of Wollertz | Dreamstime Courtesy of Andres Rodriguez | Dreamstime Courtesy of Monkey Business Images | Dreamstime Courtesy of Zts | Dreamstime Courtesy of Patrick | Dreamstime By Pdpics, via Wikimedia Commons Courtesy of Goldenkb | Dreamstime Courtesy of Alena Ozerova | Dreamstime Courtesy of Monkey Business Images | Dreamstime
http://www.dailyrx.com/slideshow/how-your-pet-can-affect-your-health/exercise-and-pets-go-hand-in-hand
The Power of Pets for Your Mental Health
A New Player in Eczema Treatment
Breast Cancer Survival: Going Up

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Charles Barkley Got Dunked On By Dutch Star Memphis Depay For His 'Guarantee' The USMNT Would Beat The Netherlands
Bill DiFilippoAssociate EditorInstagramTwitter
The "I believe that we will chant" is something of a relic from the 2014 World Cup. Despite that, Charles Barkley came awfully close to chanting it during a recent episode of Inside the NBA while discussing the USMNT's run in Qatar. After the Americans made it out of their group with a 1-0 win over Iran, Barkley invited all challengers to take on Gregg Berhalter's squad.
This included a signature Barkley guarantee that the USMNT would be able to beat the Netherlands in their first knockout stage game. That didn't happen — the Americans fell to the European giants, 3-1, thanks to a goal and two assists by Denzel Dumfries. It was a heartbreaking loss, but to the victor goes the spoils, and by "spoils," I mean "opportunity to get a joke off at the expense of Charles Barkley."
The NBA on TNT Twitter account made fun of Barkley for getting a guarantee wrong, which included tweeting out a picture with the scoreline over top of a picture of Chuck looking crestfallen. Dutch star Memphis Depay, who scored the team's first goal on the day, saved that picture of Barkley and put it on Twitter with a simple message: "Lotta bark, no bite."
Lotta bark, no bite. pic.twitter.com/a43wWacY9v
— Memphis Depay (@Memphis) December 3, 2022
Credit where it's due, this is incredibly funny from Memphis. As for Barkley, he'll have to sit back and wait until the 2026 World Cup to watch the men's side play in the tournament again, where they are guaranteed to participate as the host nation. There is, of course, the chance to watch the USWNT at the World Cup next summer, and because they are the two-time defending champions, I assume Barkley is going to throw out a few guarantees for that one. Here's hoping they work out a little better.
Topics: #Charles Barkley, #SoccerTags: CHARLES BARKLEY, SOCCER, USMNT


text:
Q: storing different java types in the same list of lists? If i have a dog, cat and mouse class, - create a few objects of each animal and add them to each indivual dog, cat and mouse type specific list.
Can i then store them in the same list of lists as objects ?
i have tried with:
 List<Object> animalData = new ArrayList<>();

and then tried adding the ex: mouse array to the animal array without succes.
what i want:
list animals<<dogs>,<cats>,<mouses>>

A: If you make them all extend a single class then yes you can.
class Animal {

}
class Cat extends Animal {

}
class Dog extends Animal {

}
class Mouse extends Animal {

}
List<Animal> animals = Arrays.asList(new Cat(), new Dog(), new Mouse());

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Discussion in 'Other Guitars, other instruments' started by bobbystahr, Oct 28, 2011.
I have, and I may have posted about this before, a 1958 Supro 3/4 size single bridge end pickup[actually a magnet in a metal covering, heh heh heh] but over the years the tail piece and bridge have gone missing. The only tailpiece I've found online or anywhere similar to the original has a 2 1/4 " string spacing and as my axe is 3/4 size I need a 2 1/8" max spacing.
My Supro has a wood bridge.
I get daily emails for a Valco guitar search on eBay. Vintage wood bridges and tailpieces like these show up not infrequently. As for the tailpiece, have you seen these reproductions?
They come in gold and chrome. Seller doesn't mention the string spacing.
They don't list the string spacing, so I'd confirm that before ordering. Just in case. And don't make the mistake of ordering an archtop bridge for a flat top guitar. Seems obvious, but I did it last year. If your guitar still has the bridge studs in place then you don't need the base, but you'll need to confirm the stud spacing matches the bridge holes.
Listing is expired but he probably has more.
They were all wood back then. I have a '57 Supro Belmont that I use for slide, and the wooden bridge was cracked and in bad shape. My tech had a brass bridge that fit perfectly, so that's what's on there now. No complaints from me at all.
I would check out the repro tailpieces.


Rivaroxaban belongs to the class of antithrombotic agents. Rivaroxaban reduces a risk of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation with one or more risk factors, such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack. It is indicated for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults.
It is formulated as film-coated tablet and tablet for oral administration.
Rivaroxaban is a factor Xa inhibitor. Inhibition of factor Xa interrupts the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of the blood coagulation cascade, inhibiting both thrombin formation and development of thrombus. By blocking factor Xa, the level of thrombin decreases, which reduces the risk of blood clots forming in the veins and arteries, and also treats existing clots.


We respect your concerns about privacy and value every relationship we have with visitors that comes to our website.
To remember that you are signed in to your account.
To store your items in the shopping cart between page visits.
To remember your choice of language and currency preference.
You can withdraw your consent for these cookies by clicking here.


text:
Is Winnie the Pooh a Metaphor for Mental Health?
There's more than just a children's story: the beloved book might also provide an illuminating way of looking at post-traumatic stress disorder.
Mental health,
dissociation,
ptsd,
Winnie-the-Pooh has been one of the world's best loved fictional creations since he first appeared in 1926. Thanks in part to the Walt Disney cartoons based on his adventures in Hundred Acre Wood, he and his friends Piglet, Eeyore, Owl, Rabbit and Tigger have charmed generations of children and adults. But as well as imparting valuable lessons about friendship, could the Winnie-the-Pooh stories also provide insight into mental health conditions?
The idea may sound counterintuitive, but it isn't a new one. An article entitled "Pathology in the Hundred Acre Wood: a neurodevelopmental perspective on A.A. Milne", which appeared in the Canadian Medical Association Journal in 2000, suggested that each of the characters might be interpreted as embodying the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is a condition which can develop after a person has been exposed to an event like war, assault, sexual assault or some other threat to their life which can cause mental or physical distress, changes in the way sufferers think and feel and an increase in the fight-or-flight response – all symptoms which can make it difficult for sufferers to live a normal life.
Having fought in some of the most bloody battles of World War I, Pooh's creator A. A. Milne, like many of his fellow veterans, may have returned home with an undiagnosed case of PTSD. Some see the Pooh stories as an attempt to forge a connection with his son, Christopher Robin, and the theory claims that in them, Milne uses the characters to represent individual symptoms of the condition.
Piglet might be seen as representing the anxiety and hypervigilance which can arise in the aftermath of trauma, leaving us constantly anticipating danger. Tigger's hyperactive impulsiveness and recklessness are common symptoms of trauma response, while Eeyore's depression might illustrate how trauma can impact the ways in which we view ourselves and others, making us self-critical, quick to withdraw from social interaction and unable to experience happiness. Rabbit, meanwhile, highlights the inflexible obsession with rules which can develop after traumatic events have threatened our understanding of the way the world works, and the pompous Owl shows the difficulties with intimacy common among those struggling with PTSD, which often leaves sufferers too emotionally exhausted for genuine intimacy and connectedness. And with his obsessive search for honey, Pooh sounds very much as though he might be suffering from dissociation, a condition where, after dis-associating to cope with a traumatic situation, the mind begins to dissociate frequently as a coping strategy, the dissociation manifesting as a preoccupation with, for example, food, exercise or drugs.
But Pooh and his friends also highlight how reductive it is to reduce sufferers to nothing more than a list of problematic symptoms. Though Pooh may be somewhat obsessive, he's also kind, funny and a good friend, and despite Tigger's hyperactivity being exhausting, he is also fun and full of energy. Together, Pooh and his friends form a creative and compassionate group of friends, underscoring the importance of looking at our experiences collectively and reminding us that, though life with PTSD can be challenging, we needn't be defined only by our fears and anxieties.
Other articles from "Society"
How Women Are Striving to Find a Balance Between Work and Family
There's immense pressure on women to balance their work and home lives. Could not trying so hard be the first step?
The Growing Popularity of Mental Health Accounts on Instagram
Despite its reputation for superficial glitz, Instagram has proven itself a surprisingly good resource for those seeking mental health support during the pandemic
Netflix's Ratched May Still Have Something Important to Say, Despite Its Flaws
The show's confused attempt to address mental health care underlines the fact that the issue needs more attention
Teens Did Surprisingly Well in Quarantine
More sleep, more quality time with family and a healthier relationship with social media are helping them cope better with the current restrictions
Can Horror Movies Be Bad for Your Mental Health?
As the winter nights draw in, more and more of us will be curling up on the sofa with a horror film. But can scary movies have negative effects on our mental health?
Psychological disorders are the second health concern in Europe
Agnese Cattaneo, Chief Medical Officer Angelini Pharma, talks about a recent research on the awareness about mental health and the impact of the pandemic.
When a tv series takes mental health seriously
It's called 'Pure' and it is able to accurately tell about an obsessive-compulsive disorder of a 24-year-old girl without skimping on the laughs


text:
https://www.farmprogress.com/sites/all/themes/penton_subtheme_southwestfarmpress/images/logos/footer.png
Grazing Systems
Feedlots
Bumper grain harvest underway on Texas mid-coast, cotton just ahead
Group meets to advance agroforestry in Southwest
NMSU to develop a Sustainable Food and Agricultural Systems center
Reiley brothers to be named Conservation Farmer in October
Possible post-Tropical Storm Barry armyworm outbreak
As brisket grows in popularity, prices reach all-time highs
Vegetable production budgets available for High Plains growers
When should I water my yard? WaterMyYard has an app for that
Home>Livestock
Hay drop to save cattle underway in Southeast Texas
The drama still continues two weeks after the storm, cattle still lost or stranded, ranchers unable to reach remote areas where flood waters remain standing in fields and roads are still closed and impassable.
lhawkes | Sep 11, 2017
Hurricane Harvey rescuers have moved from saving people from drowning in their homes to saving cattle from starving to death in flooded fields.
At the time of landfall on Aug. 25, Hurricane Harvey was the strongest tropical system to reach the U.S. coast line in over a dozen years. The powerful storm packed sustained winds of 135 mph with gusts well over 155 mph, a category 4 major storm that devastated communities on the mid-Texas coast.
The devastation in its wake is enormous, especially in communities like Rockport, a popular fishing and retirement community on the Texas coast, and Port Aransas, located on a barrier island just offshore from Corpus Christi. At one point more than 30,000 were harbored in public shelters, many still sheltered there, their homes destroyed and their family belongings lost forever.
In rural areas stretching from Corpus Christi and over 300 miles up the coast to the Louisiana border, farms and ranches and small communities dot the rural countryside. This is cotton and grain country, and also home to over a million beef cattle and other livestock. The losses have been staggering, up to $200 million to agricultural interests alone.
And the drama still continues over two weeks after the storm, cattle still lost or stranded, ranchers unable to reach remote areas where flood waters remain standing in fields and roads are still closed and impassable.
Air drops only way
Federal, state and civilian help has been pouring into the area since the storm ravaged the state, including National Guard units from 11 states. State parks and wildlife biologists and rescue workers, animal health rangers and civilian volunteers from across Texas and beyond responding to the livestock drama unfolding across the hardest hit areas.
Many cows and steers have been located, but with no way to reach the animals, they remain stressed, in poor health, many are starving for lack of food. Some are stuck in mud, or sheltered on small patches of dry land surrounded by flood water.
Fortunately, aviation units from the Texas National Guard, from Alabama, Oklahoma, Louisiana and Mississippi and other states are responding, loading bales of hay and launching what promises to be the largest air drop of hay in history, an attempt to provide rescue food for livestock until waters finally recede and herds can be collected, treated, and moved to safety.
Many ranchers have already reported huge losses, some losing well over 50-percent of their herd to flood waters, many more still missing.
Danny Phend of Phend's feed and livestock store in Winnie, located mid way between Houston and Beaumont, reported to NPR Radio that the numbers of lost cattle will be devastating when all is said and done.
Still searching for animals
"Most of our customers are not even able to find the majority of their stock, only about 20 percent of their herds for some," Phend reported. "Around here cattle and rice are a big deal."
The losses to both have been high.
Officials estimate every lost cow represents a $1,000-$2,000 loss for ranchers, and the numbers of lost or dead animals keep rising. As military helicopters fly above flooded fields, they are reporting "dead animals everywhere." No one seems ready to guess how many animals may have perished, but most agree, the total will be devastating.
Texas Army National Guard pilot Randolph Robinson flies a CH-47 Chinook Helicopter, a large, dual rotary-blade chopper designed to carry heavy loads of military equipment and personnel. In recent days it has been filled with bales of hay donated by farmers and ranchers across areas of Texas and other states outside the zone of storm destruction. Flying missions from dusk till dawn, Robinson and other National Guard pilots have been air dropping those bales when they spot cattle stranded and hungry.
"Roads are still underwater, areas where folks' homes are located are still underwater," said Robinson. "But our focus right now is on saving the cattle. We had a group of ranchers asking for help [because] cows had been stranded since the storm came ashore, and they are not in good shape. No one can reach them in these remote areas, and they are hungry."
Flying non-stop to help
Choppers have been flying non-stop as state animal biologists and state animal health veterinarians with the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) attempt to identify where small groups of animals are stuck in mud or stranded in water from aerial photographs, from satellite photos and by using UAV (drone) fly-overs.
Pilots and flight crews say the choppers are flying the same way they do in combat missions. Once they drop their loads of hay, they return to a landing area and never power down as ground crews load more bales of hay inside the aircraft for continuous runs back and forth across affected areas to stranded cattle.
In recent days, the skies over Southeast Texas have become crowded with helicopters. More Chinooks are arriving from National Guard units from as far away as Utah and Ohio, offering machines and extra hands to handle the cattle emergency.
"We found a tremendous number of cattle stranded in areas that were inaccessible and wouldn't be accessible for quite some time in Jefferson and nearby counties," said Lt. Tony Viator with the Jefferson County Sheriff's Department. "We began dropping hay, but we quickly realized we wouldn't be able to support that mission over such a broad region. So we contacted the Guard and they sent Zach. We couldn't have done this without his help."
Chief Warrant Officer Zach Koehn from the 149th Aviation Regiment of the Texas National Guard explained that the hay-drop operation was a state-mandated effort to restore a $25 million livestock industry investment and protect Texan livelihood.
More than ranches at stake
"It's not just the ranchers, it's the truckers that carry the cattle and feed, its the veterinarians that take care of the cattle's medical needs. Nationally this is where a lot of meat comes from and it has the potential to raise the price of beef nationwide," Koehn said.
Many local ranchers came to pitch in moving bales of hay onto the trailers and into the helicopters.
"These guys aren't getting paid to be here," said Koehn. "They're here because they know it needs doing for their community, and we're thankful for all of their help."
TAGS: Beef Outlook Business
Will courts decide future of checkoff programs?
Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef talks antimicrobials


text:
Circle secretaries and CHQ office bearers are requested to send the items for the next National Council meeting immediately.
Since the Chairperson of the National Council has already committed to hold the next meeting of the National Council in September, which is being insisted by BSNLEU, all circle secretaries and CHQ office bearers are requested to immediately send items for the next National Council meeting.
Com.C.K.Gundanna, CS, BSNLEU, Karnataka circle, donated his one month pension towards 9th All India Conference.
On 05th November, 2018, in a circle level meeting held at BSNLEU, Tumakuru district, Com.C.K.Gundanna, CS, BSNLEU, Karnataka circle, has donated Rs.28,000/-, which is his one month pension, as his contribution for the 9th All India Conference of BSNLEU, to be held at Mysuru, from 17th to 20th December, 2018. On behalf of Circle Union and also the Reception Committee, Com. M.C. Balakrishna, President, Com.Sudharshan, Working President, Com.J.V. Keshav, Treasurer, received the cheque of Rs.28,000/-.
Hindi translation of "Time is running out and strike will become unavoidable - AUAB meeting decides to inform the government."
वक्त गुजरता जा रहा है, हड़ताल सुनिश्चित रूप से होगी- सरकार को सूचित करने का AUAB की मीटिंग में निर्णय..
AUAB की कल मीटिंग सम्पन्न हुई। कॉम चंदेश्वर सिंह,GS, NFTE व Chairman, AUAB ने अध्यक्षता की। कॉम पी अभिमन्यु, GS, BSNLEU व Convenor, AUAB ने सभी का स्वागत किया और मीटिंग में चर्चा हेतु एजेंडा प्रस्तुत किया। मीटिंग में BSNLEU, NFTE, SNEA, AIBSNLEA, AIGETOA, BSNL MS व BSNL OA के जनरल सेक्रेटरीज या उनके प्रतिनिधि उपस्थित थे। मीटिंग में AUAB द्वारा प्रस्तुत डिमांड्स के निराकरण की प्रगति की समीक्षा की गई। मीटिंग में यह आकलन किया गया कि 4G स्पेक्ट्रम और वास्तविक वेतन पर पेंशन कॉन्ट्रिब्यूशन के मुद्दे पर समुचित प्रगति हुई है। साथ ही, मीटिंग इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुंची कि 3rd पे रिवीजन और पेंशन रिवीजन के मसले पर उल्लेखनीय प्रगति नही हुई है। यह भी निष्कर्ष निकाला गया कि इन मांगों के निराकरण के लिए उपलब्ध समय केवल फरवरी 2019 तक ही है और पार्लियामेंट इलेक्शन की घोषणा भी मार्च 2019 में कभी भी हो सकती है। एक बार चुनाव की घोषणा हो जाने के बाद आचार संहिता प्रभावशील हो जाएगी और उसके बाद किसी भी मांग का निराकरण संभव नही होगा। उपर्युक्त परिप्रेक्ष्य में मीटिंग में यह निर्णय लिया गया कि गवर्नमेंट को यह सूचित कर दिया जाना चाहिए कि AUAB पुनः हड़ताल पर जाने के लिए बाध्य होगी। यह भी निर्णय लिया गया कि AUAB एडिशनल सेक्रेटरी, टेलीकॉम से व्यक्तिगत रूप से मिल कर उन्हें इस बाबद सूचित करें।
BSNLEU pays it's respectful homage to the martyrs.
It is on this day that, freedom fighters, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Raj were hanged by British imperialists in 1931. The three martyrs sacrificed their life not only to remove the British tyranny, but also to end exploitation. While paying our respectful homage to the martyrs, BSNLEU vows to fight against all types of exploitations..
Tamil Nadu circle union organising conventions against the US attempts to topple the democratically elected government of Venezuela.
The United States, which claims itself to be the champion of democracy and human rights, is trying to topple the democratically elected government of Venezuela, by hook and crook. It's whole intention is to install a puppet government in Venezuela, so that the US multinational companies can loot the enormous oil reserves of that country. The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) and the Trade Union International (TUI) of Transports and Communications, have called on the working class to protest against the US interventions in Venezuela. The Tamil Nadu circle union of BSNLEU has taken decision in it's recently held circle executive committee meeting, to organise conventions in four places, against the US interventions in Venezuela. The convention at Chennai will be held on 17-06-2019, together with the Chennai Telephones circle union. Com.G.Ramakrishnan, Member, Politburo of the CPI(M) and Com.P.Abhimanyu,GS, will be addressing this convention. The other conventions will be held at Coimbatore, Madurai and Nagercoil. CHQ heartily congratulates the Tamil Nadu circle union, for taking this initiative.
Central Trade Unions congratulate Defense Employees for successful strike in the interest of working people of the country.
The Central Trade Unions (CTUs) namely INTUC, AITUC, HMS, CITU, AIUTUC, TUCC, SEWA, AICCTU, LPF, UTUC in their meeting on 21st August 2019, at Delhi congratulated the defense employees for successful strike from 20th August in all industrial, non-industrial (Clerical, office staff) defense production units,Junior Officers, Charge Hands have walked out of 41 ordnance factories (OF) as declared almost a month back, against Modi Government's plans to corporatize and then to privatise them. This move of the Government will put national security at risk and hence is anti-national.
The Government wants these 41 Indian Ordnance Factories to produce Rs. 30,000 Cr worth of goods by 2024. The Unions have accepted the challenge, but want the government to assure them that the plans to corporatize the ordnance factories will be shelved.
The workmen in essential services like fire-fighting, water and electric supply, hospitals in the Ordnance Factories colonies have also struck work, but are back manning those services voluntarily, foregoing the salaries for the days of strikes.
This massive strike has been peaceful, except in West Bengal, where the oldest ordnance factories are situated. There are reports that the Police lathi-charged the striking workers, injuring scores of them, four seriously. We condemn this unprovoked lathi-charge.
The CTUs call upon the Modi Government to pay heed to the voice of these soldiers behind the lines, who have struck work not for any of their immediate financial demands but for guaranteeing the supply lines to our Armed Forces. The Government's plans of corporatization of ordnance factories will jeopardize just that guarantee.
CTUs also extended their support to the agitations being carried out for almost a month against the move of corporatisation of production units in Railways with an eye on its huge lands and resources actually to pave way for privatisation to benefit corporate houses. It is hearting to note that the family members of the affected employees are also participating in these agitations.
We call upon all our affiliated unions and Independent Federations/Associations to organise solidarity action programmes on 27th August throughout the Country in support of striking defense employees and agitating railway employees.
INTUC AITUC HMS CITU AIUTUC
TUCC SEWA AICCTU LPF UTUC
Memorandum submitted to Shri T.Rangaiah, M.P, Anantapuram, Andhra Pradesh circle.
Mahapadav on 09.11.2017.
Joint Committee meeting on payment of PLI, to be held in the first week of January, 2018.
Consequent to the protest demonstration conducted by BSNLEU on the PLI issue, meeting was held between the Director (HR) and the two Recognised Unions on 16-10-2017, wherein, it was decided to constitute a joint committee to decide about the quantum of PLI to be paid. However, the joint committee is still not constituted. The GS and Dy.GS met shri Ashutosh Gupta, GM (Restg.) today, and insisted to hold the joint committee meeting without further delay. After discussion, it was agreed to conduct the meeting in the first week of January.
Views of the 4th day satyagraha at Corporate Office.
BSNLEU urges upon the Director (HR) to ensure early approval of the Management Committee, for the alternative designations to the left out Non- Executives.
Com. P.Abhimanyu, GS and Com. Swapan Chakraborty, Dy. GS, met Ms. Sujata Ray, Director (HR) today, and demanded to ensure early approval by the Management Committee, for the alternative new designations, finalised in the Designations Committee meeting held on 31.05.2018. The Director (HR) responded positively and assured to do the needful.
Issues related to the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana circles.
The BSNLEU representatives who met Shri A.M. Gupta, GM(SR) today, insisted for the prompt resolution of certain issues related to the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, which are already taken up by BSNLEU. They insisted the sending back of women employees, covered by the Child Care Leave, reduction of the 3 year tenure to 2 years, and also sending back of the employees who are retiring within one year. The GM(SR) replied that action is being taken on the 2nd and 3rd issues, while the views of the circle administrations of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have been sought in respect of the first issue.
Sabarimala- Supreme Court judgement is being violated by the BJP for political gains.
We have seen many times, when working class went on strike, the court, including various High Courts and the Supreme Court, have intervened and have ordered that the strike should be withdrawn. Obeying to the judgements, trade unions have withdrawn their struggles. But, we are seeing now, that the Supreme Court judgement on Sabarimala is being openly violated. In September, the Supreme Court ordered that women between the age group of 10 to 50 could also enter the Sabarimala temple. But, immediately, this judgement was projected by some people, as an "insult to Hindu religion and to Lord Ayyappa". They say that court should not interfere in the matters of religious faith.
Many women, in the 10 to 50 years of age group, who tried to enter the Sabarimala temple after the Supreme Court judgement, were abused, harassed and were even beaten and chased away. Finally, when two women managed to reach the main entrance, the chief priest, Kandararu Rajeevaru, threatened to shut down the temple. But, now it is proved that the Sabarimala protests are being organised only for taking political advantage.
The Kerala BJP president, Sreedharan Pillai has been caught on camera, boasting how the Sabarimala agitation is being organised by the BJP. In the video, the State BJP president says that the Sabarimala head priest was worried about the contempt of Supreme Court, and had contacted him in this regard. The following is the statement of the BJP State President, about what he told the head priest.
"I told him you are not alone. This won't be contempt of court. If there is contempt of court case registered, then it will be against us first. There will be tens of thousands of people with you. When I told him that he won't be alone, he said that, that one word was enough for him. And he took a stern decision that day. It was that decision that put the state government and the police on the backfoot," the BJP leader is telling party men in the video. He also says in the video, "Sabarimala issue is a golden opportunity for us."
So, now it is crystal clear that, the Sabarimala agitation is being organised by the BJP, for taking political gains. The Hindu religious feelings are being exploited for political gains. One of the basic principles of Democracy is "All are equal before law and no one is above law."
Now, when the law of the land is being violated by the party which is ruling at the Centre, let us see what the Supreme Court of the country is going to do. The court, which uses to be stubborn with the working class, should show the same stubbornness now also, to uphold the rule of law.
[ Source: The NDTV]
PMO directs DoT to ensure salary payment to BSNL employees till June, 2019.
Media reports say that, the PMO has directed the DoT to ensure that, payment of salary is made to the BSNL employees without any delay, till June, 2019. We welcome this move of the PMO. At the same time, it is also true that, the non-payment of salaries on the due date to BSNL employees, became a very big issue. The media highlighted this issue massively. Undoubtedly, it created a very big embarrassment to the Prime Minister and to the ruling party, especially during this election season. That is why the PMO has made this intervention. While welcoming this step, we also wish to tell the PMO that, it is very important that BSNL stands on it's own legs. For this, the DoT should ensure that BSNL immediately gets 4G spectrum. The DoT should immediately allow BSNL to monetise it's vacant lands. The DoT should also allow BSNL to take bank loans for it's operational expenditures. Payment of dues to BSNL, should not be unnecessarily delayed/held back by the DoT.
Hindi translation of "The AUAB writes to the CMD BSNL, demanding withdrawal of the notices issued for imposition of break-in service, under FR 17A."
FR 17 A के तहत जारी ब्रेक इन सर्विस के नोटिस वापसी की मांग करते हुए AUAB ने CMD BSNL को लिखा...
बीएसएनएल प्रबंधन द्वारा फरवरी 2019 में हुई 3 दिवसीय हड़ताल में शामिल होने के लिए कुछ लीडर्स को FR 17A के तहत ब्रेक इन सर्विस करने हेतु नोटिस दिए गए हैं। AUAB इन नोटिस की वापसी हेतु पूर्व में मांग कर चुकी है, क्योंकि FR 17A, BSNL CDA रूल्स में नही है। AUAB ने इस के शीघ्र निदान हेतु पुनः एक बार CMD BSNL को पत्र लिखा है।
Telangana circle union organises a huge seminar at Hyderayad.
Telangana circle union of BSNLEU organised a huge seminar at Hyderabad yesterday. The programme started with hoisting of the Union flag by Com.P.Abhimanyu, GS. Com.Mohan Reddy, Circle President, presided over the huge meeting held in the Asman Mahal Auditorium. Com.J. Sampath Rao, Circle Secretary, welcomed everyone and initiated the discussion. Com.M.N. Reddy, veteran leader, as well as former Assistant General Secretary of AITEU, Class-III, addressed the meeting and spoke on the present policy of the government towards BSNL. Com.P.Abhimanyu, GS, addressed the meeting and explained about the present financial condition of BSNL, the proposals of the government for the revival of BSNL, the demands of the AUAB to turn BSNL in to a viable PSU, etc. The General Secretary also explained about the issues which have been taken up / settled after the 7th Membership Verification. He called upon the comrades to actively participate in all programmes to ensure a strong and prospering BSNL. Finally, Com.G. Sambhasiva Rao, ACS, proposed vote of thanks.
Donations received with thanks from Assam Circle to the "Contract Workers Relief Fund".
(1) Tezpur District Union-- Rs.5,000/-
(2) Com. M.R. Das, Patron - Rs.3,000/-
(3) Com. Bijoy Deka, C/S - Rs.2,000/-
(4) Com. Jayanta kr. Chowdhury, ACS - Rs.1,500/-
(5) Com. Nipu Bezbaruah, AGM - Rs.1,000/-
(6) Com. S.B. Roy, V.P, Rs.1,000/-
(7) Com.Fazal Ali, Org. Secy., Rs.1,000/-
(8) Com. Ajit Gogoi, V.P - Rs.1,000/-
(9) Com. Apu Roy, Org. Secy. - Rs.1,000/-
(10) Com. Bijoy Thakur, A.C.S - Rs.1,000/-
(11) Com. Meghnath Ray, Org. Secy. - Rs.1,000/
(12) Com. Jiban Gohain, Org. Secy. - Rs.500/-
(13) Com. Pabitra Deka, Treasure - Rs.500/-
(14) Com. Dipak Mahanta, V.P - Rs.500/-
Com.Swapan Chakraborty, Deputy General Secretary, BSNLEU, bereaved.
Mrs. Minu Biswas, elder sister of Com.Swapan Chakraborty, Dy.GS, BSNLEU, passed away at Kolkata, today. She was 75 years old. She fell down inside her house day before yesterday and was admitted in a hospital. However, she passed away in the hospital today. The funeral took place at around 4:00 pm today. We deeply condole the death of Mrs. Minu Biswas and convey our heartfelt condolences to Com.Swapan Chakraborty, Dy.GS and all the members of his family.
Memorandum submitted to Shri Santhokh Singh Choudhari, Member of Parliament from Jalandhar.
Second day of the successful Mahapadav.
The Mahapadav, organised by the Central Trade Unions and independent Federations and Unions, was held massively and successfully for the second day today. Tens of thousands of workers participated in the Mahapadav. Leaders of the Central Trade Unions addressed. Totally, 996 comrades of BSNLEU participated in today's Mahapadav.


text:
Posted by The Raven Report on February 27, 2017 December 1, 2017
Even religious figures needed to blow off steam every now and again, especially during the bloated, indulgent period of 16th-century Rome. Held firmly in place by the influence of the notorious Borgia family, the great Renaissance city was subject to much of what Pope Alexander VI and his second son Cesare did. Prone to self-indulgent excess, the Borgias epitomized the corruption and blatant debauchery of the period by throwing lavish social events for the privileged set with a rather discerning guest list. One such occasion arose the night of October 30, 1501, when a huge banquet was organized in the Papal Palace including both nobility and senior officials of the Catholic Church—but it also included prostitutes, nude entertainment, and all-night sex games.
The infamous party later became known as the Banquet of the Chestnuts and has gone down in history as one of the raciest nights in medieval history—and that's saying something. Although widely disputed, the feast was legitimized by a first-hand written account and shed considerable light on the morality of the papal office, particularly the negativity surrounding the Borgia rule. Salacious though it was, this notorious feast did more than just entertain—it illuminated the duplicitous and flawed nature of religious authority and reminded the masses that even highly moral men touched by God need to get down sometimes.
The infamous banquet was thrown in honor of the season and hosted by Pope Alexander VI and his son Cesare Borgia who made sure the food was delectable and the wine plentiful. Held in the official residence of the Pope himself—the Apostolic Palace with over 1,000 rooms—the invitation was extended only to his inner circle. The banquet table overflowed with roasted meats, dried fruit, and all sorts of sweet delicacies, as servants bustled around the room filling wine glasses in quick succession. Fifty of Rome's finest prostitutes had been included in the guest list, and the air was buzzing with sexual tension as the candles burned low and the last dishes were cleared.
The servants removed the candelabras from the table and placed them on the floor, introducing the next chapter in the evening's activities. Among the many guests, the hired courtesans began to dance seductively and undress while chestnuts were strewn around the floor. The burning flames illuminated the wide eyes and delighted grins of the watching guests as the women began crawling around on all fours, picking up the chestnuts with their nether regions, sometimes two at a time. At an hour when the pope should have been at prayer, he was likely pouring himself a fresh glass of Montepulciano d'Abruzzo and enjoying the show with his two of his favorite children, Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia.
It wasn't long before the dinner guests got involved, throwing down barrettes, brooches, and even gloves for the dancers to pick up. Those with more ambition decided to burn off dinner by getting down and dirty with their choice of courtesan, quickly turning the shindig into a scene that would make Caligula proud. Prizes were soon announced for anyone (including cardinals and priests) with the most ejaculations, and tunics of silk and other fineries were handed out to the winners by the Pope himself.
Of course, Vatican historians have worked hard through the years to disprove this lurid account of a papal orgy, claiming those details were fabricated by enemies of the church. But titillating as it may be, the Banquet of Chestnuts in not a story easily dismissed by history. Pope Alexander VI was widely regarded as one of the controversial religious figures of the Renaissance period, while his surname Borgia has become synonymous with scandal, nepotism, and incest.
The late October date played a major part in the nature of the feast, as All Hallows was a sanctified church holiday with ties to the dead and the season of plenty. It was an otherworldly time when charnel houses were opened, cadavers were dressed in finery and displayed, and farmers celebrated the end of a productive year. Larders were full, wood was chopped, and people were prepared for pleasure and the promise of abundance. As the leaves turned red and the night became chillier, the season of winter began in medieval Rome where masquerading, performances, and processions of all kinds were embraced. The success of this holiday time depended greatly on the actions of the aristocrats and papal authority who were expected to set the tone for revelry and upcoming festivals. Although most Catholics probably predicted a church festival, the Borgias (in their typical fashion) offered up an evening above and beyond anything anyone expected. One thing was for sure, the season was getting off to a hell of a start.
Even though the Banquet of Chestnuts has been called the most infamous fête in Europe, its historical telling varies between sources. Nonetheless, there is a first-hand account of the feast preserved in a Latin diary called Liber Notarum by Protonotary Apostolic and Master of Ceremonies Johann Burchard who wrote about the evening in his personal diary. Sandwiched in between a visit to Civita Castellana and a fight involving some donkeys, Burchard's passage on the feast describes a scene none too flattering to the Pope who apparently did not leave when the party took a turn. According to him, the pope was known to greatly admire male virility and often measured a man's machismo through his sexual prowess.
But did it really happen? Some say absolutely not—impossible! The Pope would never have participated in such an event. Religious historians say it would be inconsistent with his otherwise "decent ways" of writing and has been consistently questioned by the majority of experts. Hmmm, not exactly iron-clad. While it is agreed Cesare Borgia likely did hold a feast in the Vatican with some colorful characters, evidence suggesting it morphed into an all-night orgy is sparse and conflicting. Regardless, Burchard's recollection of the party stands as a primary source on the subject with the strength to establish its veracity. Plus, um—he was there.
It comes as no surprise some religious historians have found the Banquet of Chestnuts to be nothing but a ruse to embarrass the Catholic Church and tarnish religious history. In 1925, well-known Vatican researcher Peter de Roo wrote a piece entitled Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, His Relatives and His Time in which he painted the Pope as a devoted Italian patriot and a "tireless upholder of the best traditions of the papacy." His undoubtedly thorough research found nothing incriminating on the question of the Banquet of Chestnuts, and he believed Burchard's account was probably written by someone else who was making some unwieldy assumptions. The question of de Roo's objectivity as a Vatican researcher was certainly an issue, but other historians have also had trouble legitimizing the notorious evening.
For those who dispute the Banquet of Chestnuts ever happened, it's helpful to consider Pope Alexander VI's personal life. Although supposedly dedicated to the Catholic Church, he did father at least five children out of wedlock with two different women, the second of whom was persuaded to abandon her husband once the Pope took office so she could move into an adjoining room in his palace. This simplified his clandestine visits to her bed and kept the public eye out of his way. Of course, the news of this illicit affair soon spread throughout Rome, and his mistress was labeled either the "Pope's Whore" or the "Bride of Christ."
With this level of personal drama and history, it certainly seems possible a man like Pope Alexander VI may have suffered from a weakness of the flesh. It wouldn't be the first time. He had been elected to the papal office in a landscape of corruption of bribery that would come to epitomize his papacy. He suffered numerous scandals—including rumors he slept with his own daugther—and was accused of nepotism on many occasions. When the Florentine friar, Girolamo Savonarola, denounced the pope for his sinful way of life, the Pope was said to have laughed outright rather than argue. He seemed neither ashamed or concerned about his reputation because he was a man who lived on his own terms.
The House of Borgia was of Spanish origin and rose to prominence in the Catholic Church in the mid 15th century when Rodrigo Borgia became Pope Alexander VI in 1492. His rise to power was swift, as he was eternally focused on his family's ambition and how to maximize his power. He used his daughter Lucrezia's several marriages as a way to form alliances and conspired with his son Cesare to pay off his any rival who dared oppose him. His reign was characterized by opulent living, ruthless suppression of haters, greedy amassing of fortune, and an insatiable carnal appetite. However, it's also worth pointing out Pope Alexander VI had a significant influence on the Age of Enlightenment, as his love of magnificence and splendor encouraged considerable advances in art and architecture during his reign.
The only person who overshadowed the licentiousness of the Pope was his oldest son, Cesare Borgia. Born around 1475, the young man was guided through the ranks by his father, who made sure he rose to prominence in Roman society. Although ordained as a bishop at the age of 15 and a cardinal at 18, Cesare's penchant for women and violence led him to resign and pursue a military career, eventually becoming his father's chief protector and strategist. In this role, he instigated a number of military conflicts in the name of papal authority and gathered the endless riches that would fund the regime's well-known affluence. His brutality and amoral attitude were feared by many, and it was widely believed he had killed his older brother Giovanni and slept with his sister Lucrezia. There's little doubt the historical figure of Cesare Borgia would have applauded an evening of debauchery and done his duty as an enthusiastic guest.
When trying to determine the truth of the Banquet of Chestnuts, the setting is pretty key. After all, it didn't just happen anywhere—it took place in arguably one of the most sacred buildings on earth. The Apostolic Palace in Vatican City, Rome where the party was allegedly held is still the official residence of the Pope and a building steeped in considerable history. It contains the Papal Apartments with private rooms and study, offices for the sovereign entity of the Catholic Church, the Raphael Rooms, the Borgia Apartment, and the famous Sistine Chapel. It is a serious building which makes the thought of a medieval orgy on the grounds even more startling. Walls throughout the palace have been decorated by some of the most impressive painters in Europe like Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Perhaps it is this setting of upstanding religious history that makes the story of Pope Alexander VI's risqué gathering so hard to digest, and yet, what better place to find privacy among like-minded revelers?
Perhaps the truth of the night in question lies somewhere in the middle and is subject to the moral threshold of the society examining it. While Burchard's account of the Banquet of Chestnuts may have been toned down by 19th and 20th-century translators who found the whole event too shocking to detail, the fête in question is an excellent example of history's malleable nature and its ability to reflect the condition of the those telling the story. When William Manchester penned his book A World Lit Only by Fire just three years ago, he embellished the story with details of exhausted men slumped over the dinner table after fornicating their brains out all night. He also upped the ante by suggesting the courtesans used various medieval sex toys. Perhaps this new information appeared because Manchester himself felt the story needed a little more spice to whet the contemporary appetite, or possibly he just found a new interpretation of past works. Professional historians have largely dismissed his book because it contained some factual errors and relied too heavily on his personal views, both of which the journal of the Medieval Academy of America say contained "gratuitous eccentricities of judgment."
As the centuries pass, the story of the Banquet only seems to get wilder with each new telling, all the while pressing the button of Catholic hypocrisy, both morally and socially. There was a time not so long ago when this view would have been received with great disdain and even fear, as it put into question the foundations that upheld a large section of human faith. Shaking the tree where religion lives is never easy on the soul, and this story of base behavior was disturbing because it hinted at the possibility that corruption outweighs goodness in most things—and that is a hard notion to live with. If you can't trust those in power, those with moral authority, who can you trust? Suddenly, the ground is removed from beneath our feet, and history (along with humankind) becomes a bestial and comic convergence of events without meaning or value.
But it's important to remember even if the Banquet of Chestnuts in all its glory were true, one's faith in morality as a whole does not have to suffer. We—as voyeurs of the past—do not have to turn a blind eye and scoff at that which makes us uncomfortable. Part of history's challenge asks us to look it dead in the eye and question how it changes what we know. Rather than letting the stories of Pope Alexander VI and his surly Borgia clan put a damper on God, let it be what it is—a reminder that people are still people with flaws, weaknesses, and undeniable passions, no matter how shiny the throne. In the case of religious figures, this is painfully true.
By placing humans in a strict moral framework with no room for human expression or weakness, we set them up for failure—just like God did with the tree of knowledge—because the expectation is unrealistic. Man absolutely, positively has to eat the apple because it is his destiny. Through the ages, civilization has consistently denied humans room to embrace their nature (a fact that has been painfully illustrated through recent scandals in the Catholic Church), and this has only led to feelings of shame, inadequacy, and fear. If Pope Alexander VI did, in fact, watch naked prostitutes slither around the dinner table, what does that really mean? Only that he is just a regular man of his time—fallible and full of ego. It is only when we try to elevate man in the name of religion that he becomes a buffoon and dark smudge on history.
For those who suspect Pope Alexander VI was guilty of licentiousness and duplicity, the vision of his death may seem apropos. He was a larger-than-life figure while he was alive, always aggrandizing the Borgia family during his papacy. When he died in 1503 at the age of 72, his body lay in state for many days. The August heat quickly took its toll on the remains, and according to an Italian theologian, "It was a revolting scene to look at that deformed, blackened corpse, prodigiously swelled, and exhaling an infectious smell; his lips and nose were covered with brown drivel, his mouth was opened very widely… therefore no fanatic or devotee dared to kiss his feet or hands, as custom would have required." People often say we die as we lived, which in this case would suggest the Pope was more than a little rotten on the inside. Either way, it's known he was one of the most sexually active religious figures in all of European history and had a dubious record as a moral man. It's also known that one evening in late October, he threw one of the sexiest parties in history.
Previous Post Finding Lilith: The Most Powerful Hag in History
Next Post How The History of Necromancy Revealed A Love Of The Dead
Pingback: Pope Alexander VI - The Decadent Borgia Pope Who Epitomized The Sex Obsessed Vatican World!
Pingback: The Feast of Roderic Borgia, Pope Alexander VI – Zero Equals Two!
Pingback: حفلة جنسية على شرف البابا.. كيف حول ألكسندر السادس الكنيسة إلى «بيت للمتعة»؟ – مدونة عادل تالك
Pingback: حفلة جنسية على شرف البابا.. كيف حول ألكسندر السادس الكنيسة إلى «بيت للمتعة»؟ – دار الحكمة
Pingback: ماذا تعرف عن البابا ألكسندر السادس؟ - ساسة بوست
Pingback: ماذا تعرف عن البابا ألكسندر السادس؟ – لحظة
Tom More says:
As a Catholic, I am not in the least surprised at human failings..one can imagine a most startling headline.. "Pope Elopes!" which would indeed make the news, but having studied Aristotle and Thomistic philosophy, which gives us "final cause'.. hearts don't just happen to beat and eyes don't just happen to see but are supposed to..the teleological view shared by everyone, I would point out that the criticism of moral law.. which almost all of us follow willingly or otherwise of necessity, or the religious sensibility in its true manifestation is not a denial of conflicting impulses and motives or ends, or human failings, but rather the universal call to love. Do not steal informs life. Sexual moderation is not just useful, but necessary if one would love another. Using another literally debases them, treats them as less than they are, free willed rational creatures whose very identity is fully in being a rational being ordered towards the objective good. And that the stunning and astonishing reality of life in this grand cosmos is permeated with teleology and involved complexity and consciousness leads most normal minds to search for the source of these elements of what Einstein called MIND.. manifest in acting for an end.
I find Roman Catholicism offers the only fully coherent worldview from every dimension, the philosophical, psychological , religious and theological as well as the historical and am happy to defend my reasoning, but my point here is to point out that the final cause of moral acts and behavior with our without our failings as pope or layperson, is forever love, that which moves us all without itself moving, the Uncaused Cause or Unmoved Mover of Aristotle, the God of western monotheism and of Christ's body, His church.
I would encourage you to look elsewhere for this teleological wisdom you seek. Roman Catholicism is a spiritual relic and must be cast aside in the pursuit of—what I would dare say is an "evolutionary"—understanding of our condition as human beings on earth, present within a much larger cosmos we can't begin to understand. Don't limit yourself. But if Abrahamic religions are your jam, I say go with the Jews. They are the chosen people.


text:
Vivien de l'Étang, mort le  à Coutances, est un évêque de Coutances du .

Biographie
Pendant l'épiscopat de Vivien de 1202 à 1208, la Normandie revient à la France après la conquête de Philippe-Auguste sur Jean sans Terre. Les seigneurs qui possèdent des terres en Angleterre et en Normandie, doivent opter entre les deux et beaucoup de paroisses restent sans seigneur.

Source
Histoire des évêques de Coutances, 1839

Évêque de Coutances
Clergé français du XIIIe siècle
Décès en 1208
Décès à Coutances

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The VLM Viva la Musica Diamond Violin Shoulder rest has fully adjustable hardware: legs fold in & rotate 360 degrees for more compact storage. Minimal contact with instrument allows for better sound. Flexible tempered steel end members assure best grip on violin. Beautiful flamed maple with gold-colored fittings.


text:
Home Gigs Live Music in Lexington for July 2017
Live Music in Lexington for July 2017
You can find live music in Lexington, Kentucky almost every night of the week. Below is your music menu for all of July!
River Girls III, 6 p.m., The Burl
Marbin, 9 p.m., The Burl
Blair Crimmins and the Hookers, 9 p.m., Cosmic Charlie's
Chainshot/ Yautja/ NerdRage/ Spit Fetish, 9 p.m., The Green Lantern
Whitney Acke/ Allen Dargavell, 7 p.m., J Render's Southern Table & Bar
Rooster's Crow Album Release Show/ Eric Bolander, 9:30 p.m. Willie's Locally Known
Lex Brunch with Live Music, 10 a.m., The Burl
Summer of Sundy: Sundy Best and Friends, 2 p.m., The Burl
Tunes In The Vine, 6:35 p.m., Equus Run Vineyard
Jazz Brunch w/ Gail Wynters, 11 a.m., Willie's Locally Known
Old Time Jam, 6 p.m., Broomwagon Coffee + Bikes
Fourth of July Festival, noon, Downtown Lexington
Southland Jamboree, 7 p.m., MoonDance Ampitheatre
July 4th Cool Out w/ Big Fresh/ Slow Fi, 8 p.m., The Burl
Big Band and Jazz Concert Series, 7 p.m., MoonDance Ampitheatre
WRFL Sunburn Series: Beat Awfuls, 7 p.m., Al's Bar
Imaginary Tricks and Radiolaire, 9 p.m. The Burl
Hot Brown Smackdown/Big Atomic, 9 p.m., The Burl
Ben Lacy and Corey Cross, 7 p.m., J Render's Southern Table & Bar
Craig Campbell, 7 p.m., Manchester Music Hall
Summer Night in Suburbia Concert Series, 7 p.m., MoonDance Ampitheatre
The Sway/ Chelsea Nolan/ Ethan Hunt, 9 p.m., Willie's Locally Known
C2 and The Brothers Reed/ Angela Perley and The Brothers Reed, 9 p.m., The Burl
Willie Eames, 8 p.m., J Render's Southern Table & Bar
Webb Wilder and The Beatnecks, 9:15 p.m., Willie's Locally Known
Gunpowder Gray/ Disable/ Guignol/ Frustrate, 9 p.m., Best Friend Bar
Jazz Brunch: Lee Carroll's Jazz Quartette, 11 a.m., Willie's Locally Known
Heckler's Breakfast and Irenka/Logan Fox/Hepburn & Winter, 7 p.m. Al's Bar
House and Land/ Englishman/ Joseph Allred, 7:30 p.m., The Burl
Ben Miller Band, 8:30 p.m., Willie's Locally Known
Broncho/ Billy Changer, 10 p.m., Cosmic Charlie's
Feed The Soul Lunch and Music Series, 11:30 a.m., Lyric Theatre & Cultural Arts Center
Willie Nelson & Family/Dawes, 8 p.m. Riverbend Music Center.
Steelism, 8 p.m., The Burl
Jazz: Live at the Library, 7 p.m., Farish Theatre
Yacht Rock Review, 8 p.m., Manchester Music Hall
The Go Rounds, 9 p.m., The Burl
Dale Ann Bradley, 9 p.m., Willie's Locally Known
Mad Anthony and Vibrolas, 9 p.m., The Green Lantern
Dock Steffey, 8 p.m., J Render's Southern Table & Bar
Joslyn and The Sweet Compression, 9:30 p.m., Willie's Locally Known
Robert Frahm Trio Jazz Brunch, 11 a.m., Willie's Locally Known
The Threads/ Isle Of Eight/ Sweet Country Meat Boys/ Champs of The Sun, 9 p.m., The Burl
DJ Rice, 8 p.m., J Render's Southern Table & Bar
Jandergan/The King of Mars, 9 p.m., The Burl
Buck the Taxidermist/ Radiolaire/ Mr. Badger, 9 p.m., Best Friend Bar
Nicole Adkins/ Joslyn and The Sweet Compression, 8 p.m., The Burl
Split Lip Rayfield/ Billy Strings, 9 p.m., The Burl
Chris Knight, 10 p.m., Cosmic Charlies
Tom Keifer, 7 p.m., Manchester Music Hall
Blackfoot Gypsies and Futurebirds/Bendigo Fletcher/Johnny Conqueroo, 9 p.m., The Burl
Rashomon/ Disinfectant/ Felchers/ Frustrate, 9 p.m., Best Friend Bar
Future Thieves/ Guthrie Brown, 9 p.m., Cosmic Charlie's
Scott Whiddon Alum Release with Italian Beaches and Volare Strings, 9:30 p.m., The Green Lantern
Fastball, 10:30 p.m., Willie's Locally Known
David Nance Band, 7 p.m., Best Friend Bar
Fuel, 8 p.m., Manchester Music Hall
Nikki Lane, 9 p.m., Cosmic Charlie's
Swellshark, He's Dead Jim, and Basie, 8 p.m., Al's Bar
The Tillers, 9 p.m., The Burl
Bit Brigade, 10 p.m., Cosmic Charlie's
Frontier Folk Nebraska and William Matheny, 7 p.m., The Burl
MOJOTHUNDER and Frontier Folk Nebraska, 9 p.m., The Burl
Jesse Malin, 9 p.m., Cosmic Charlie's
Trippin' Roots, 8 p.m., J Render's Southern Table & Bar
Gangstagrass/ Maggie Lander, 8 p.m., Willie's Locally Known
Seven Circle Sunrise, 7 p.m., Manchester Music Hall
Jerry Jacobs, 7 p.m., The Tin Roof
The Ark Band, 10 p.m., Willie's Locally Known
Sunday July 30
Tunes In The Vine, 6:35 p.m., Equus Run Vineyards
Jazz on the Porch, 3 p.m., Talon Winery
Jack Broadbent, 8:30 p.m., Willie's Locally Known
Tuesday Aug. 1
Graham Nash, 7:30 p.m., Lexington Opera House
Subscribe to the Ace e-dition for Lexington news, arts, culture, and entertainment, delivered to your inbox every Thursday morning.
Previous articleAce Eats Out – July 2017: Lexington food and restaurant news and events
Next articleRestaurant Week Postponed Until Next Year
Rebecca Feigin
What to do for New Year's Eve 2019 and New Year's Day 2020 in Lexington, KY??
How to get Kiss Tickets for Rupp Arena
Live and Local in Lexington – August 2019


The Fellowship has obtained a first look at VAN HELSING VS THE WEREWOLF #3 from Zenescope Entertainment. The issue, which hits stores September 13th, is written by Chuck Dixon; with art by Allan Otero, colors by Robby Bevard, and letters by Jim Campbell.
Stranded at the top of the world, Liesel Van Helsing works to uncover the source of centuries old vampire clan high in the frozen heights of the Himalayas. Newly allied with Chinese agent Wu Shen Hao, the greatest vampire hunter of them all faces a horde of the undead while a bestial lycanthrope stalks the mountain passes. Chuck Dixon (BANE: Conquest) brings all the blood, bullets and brutality you're looking for as this horror epic builds toward its violent climax.


text:
Il Museo geomineralogico e del caolino è un museo di Schio che raccoglie numerosi esemplari di minerali e varie testimonianze riguardanti l'attività estrattiva del caolino, in passato praticata nella zona del Tretto.

Storia
Il museo nasce ufficialmente nel dicembre 2006 con il comodato d'uso della collezione di Ugo De Grandis, membro del Gruppo mineralogico scledense nato negli anni settanta. La prima sede trova spazio in alcuni locali del consiglio di quartiere di Magrè; nell'ottobre del 2013 il museo viene trasferito presso le scuderie della dismessa caserma degli alpini, a Schio, di proprietà del Comune. I locali più adeguati permettono l'allestimento della sezione dedicata al caolino. Il museo fa parte della rete di musei vicentini denominata Musei Altovicentino. Nello stesso edificio è ospitata anche l'esposizione dei cimeli della prima guerra mondiale intitolata a Tito Caporali.

Collezione
L'esposizione è strutturata in due sale: la sala geomineralogica e la sala del caolino.

La sala geomineralogica, che include più di 3000 pezzi, è suddivisa a sua volta in quattro sezioni: la prima che illustra la litologia del territorio scledense e vicentino; la seconda che raccoglie una collezione mineralogica sistematica ed include pezzi di provenienza sia locale, che nazionale e estera; la terza che include varie "curiosità" (i minerali falsi, i minerali sintetici, eccetera) e la quarta che espone le varietà minerali del territorio.

La sala del caolino raccoglie vari reperti quali attrezzature, oggetti, immagini fotografiche, materiale di laboratorio, campioni di caolino grezzi e lavorati estratti dalle miniere di Val dei Mercanti di Torrebelvicino e località Pozzani a Tretto quale testimonianza della tradizionale attività estrattiva.

Galleria d'immagini

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Musei di scienze della Terra d'Italia
Musei di Schio
Musei di geologia