We are timber drying kiln suppliers and drying machine manufacturers.
.Massage your scalp for increased blood flowIt all begins at the scalp.Dont forget to take your vitaminsMulti vitamins are good for you inside and out so you can kill 2 birds with one stone! Vitamins help strengthens your virgin hair from root to end and assists with preventing breakage. Ok Im kidding about the credit score but the point is .
A very tight brushing with a wet and tangled hair can be harmful to your hair ends, the hair ends will split open.Never overuse the hairdryerNever overuse the hairdryer, do not copy the other women who do, by resorting to such a desperate attempt to try to give more volume to their hair these women by using brute force and the hairdryer create themselves an alopecia by traction.WATER IS YOUR BEST FRIENDIm sure youve heard this time and time again, but its absolutely true. If you wish to use a towel, dont rub it, instead blot your hair gently with a soft towel and let it dry off.3. Keeping dead ends doesnt do you any good and if youve experienced heat damage its wise that you cut that off too.7. Conditioner aids in strengthening your locks and gives it its shine.
Very simple reason the more you hire expert hardwood lumbers the moreyou expect for the better results in your wood cutting and wood crafting works. In addition, you have to sort out the element of quality and guaranteebased wood cutting services into your own appointed hardwood lumbers.
Then, you will have to buy the latest hardwood lumbertools and techniques in order to elevate your wood crafting works all over theplace. In fact, they arevery hard to sort out, but you can definitely be able to find out your ownversatile and trendy hardwood lumber via in-depth interviews and crossquestioning. From mahogany genuine 8/4 lumber to genuinemahogany turning squares, from walnut black 6/4 lumber to cocobolo turningsquares, from hickory 8/4 lumber to zebrawood turning squares and from alder8/4 lumber to African Blackwood pen blanks, the hardwood lumber self createddesigns and models can be made available in all other possible sizes in linewith your specific needs and requirements cost effectively. The very first thing which you have to doyourself is the selection of a thoroughly professional and dedicated hardwoodlumber. Despite the quality and wood drying equipment validity, you haveto pay more attention to find out versatile hardwood lumbers. It also means that you have to pay more attention toyour cost of production.Are you running a wood project? Do you wantto improve the quality of crafted woods? If yes, you will need to search forthe hardwood lumbers in order to get done the job perfectly. Therefore, if you need any assistanceregarding the hardwood lumbers and cutters, please feel free to patch up withbest hardwood lumber online so as to fulfil your desires cost effectively. .
Even most professional stucco guys can't get a perfect match.(I get tired just talking about it!)In addition to being a whole lot of labor, you can run into major problems trying to install the exterior product around each window opening. It can be done, but not by you. This should be the narrowest measurement. If you choose to go this route, you have to remove the exterior around each window opening, pull out the nails holding the aluminum window to the studs, nail in the new vinyl window, apply flashing, caulk, and re-install the exterior around each window. What if each window is surrounded by brick? Let's not even go there! You would have to remove the bricks, then re-install them all when finished. You want to use either the replacement frame like the one used to replace the wood sash windows, or something called a retrofit frame , that is popular in the west where stucco is a common exterior.When discussing the proper frame style for replacing the wood sash windows, i explained the difference between new construction frames versus replacement frames. What if you have wood siding? Well, you can cut away 2" of the siding around each window to get to the nail fin, then you can apply 1 X 2 or 1 X 3 trim around each window. Measure the height the same way. You don't need to deduct 3/8" from the height like you did on the width. When replacing aluminum windows, there is another option we have to consider regarding frame style. The outside leg and the center leg form the first pocket.
Trust me, you don't want to replace your old aluminum windows with new construction vinyl windows. Since the procedure for measuring is the same regardless of the frame style chosen, this article will discuss the proper measuring procedure, and future articles will explain the difference in the installation process for replacement wood drying kiln versus retrofit.Next week i will discuss whether your home is a candidate for retrofit frames or replacement frames. When measuring the height, measure as close to the center of the window as possible. Let's go over each frame type.If you look at the portion of the aluminum frame that goes around the window opening into your surrounding walls, you will see three separate "legs" that form two pockets.
Clear technical specifications are needed which can be incorporated into supply contracts. wood drying kiln manufacturers Many of these companies use technology from Austria, Sweden, Germany and other countries who have been working with biomass boilers extensively over the last 20 years.This means that while it is all eminently usable, one batch will allow a particular piece of equipment to operate according to specification, but another may cause blockages in the fuel feed line, inefficient operation, emissions, condensation in the flue, or automatic shut down of the equipmentas it moves outside its design operating regime. Perhaps the three most important points are:1. We will refer to wood fuel boilers as biomass boilers in this guide.This guide is principally concerned with wood fuelled boiler systems, not room stoves (although we do provide basic information on stoves). In different equipment, however, the second batch of fuel may be perfectly acceptable. Austria has approximately 100,000 biomass boilers installed, with a reliable local wood fuel supply network in place.
Typically the boilers will be fed with either wood chip or wood pellets, however smaller systems for domestic buildings may also use logs.2. Biomass boilers can operate at 92% efficiency levels, comparable with modern gas condensing boilers.If you are considering installing a biomass boiler system there are many important things you mustconsider for successful project. CEN/TC 335 is the technical committee developing the draft standard to describe all forms of solid biofuels within Europe, including wood chips, wood pellets and briquettes, logs, sawdust and straw bales. Use proven technology Your project should not try to do anything that hasn't been donebefore!By the end of this guide you should be able to go some way towards addressing each of these points, and with the help of the Wood Fuel South West Advice Service, we hope to ensure you have access to a reliable heat supply. . Know which fuel is suitable for your project Logs, wood chips or wood pellets.
In this case, top layer is as durable as solid wood.Nevertheless, if you want to install flooring in a high-traffic area, wood drying machine manufacturers we would strongly recommend that you go for real wood, because solid wood panels are thicker and longer-lasting. Moreover, fitting is less costly as compared to solid wood installation. In general, solid timber is thicker as compared to engineered floors.Solid wood flooring is available in various floor finishes: it can be lacquered, oiled or unfinished. They come in a variety of plank lengths, widths and finishes. In most cases, engineered wood can be fitted more tightly. Solid wood floors are durable and improve the look and the value of your property. However, engineered wood has better protection and can be prefinished. Moreover, you can sand this type of floor multiple times in order to renew the appearance of your floor.Solid wood is manufactured from a single piece of wood. In the case of solid wood, the most common profile is tongue-and-groove. However, if you want to install your floor over underfloor heating, solid wood is not the right choice. Solid timber is also more affordable as compared to engineered wood. This makes it possible to sand the floor again to smooth the surface, which sometimes becomes uneven over time.
However, engineered flooring does not allow for much sanding in the future, as the boards are thin. In general, solid wood floors are durable, comfortable and warm to walk on. Engineered boards are larger in terms of length and width than solid wood planks. Solid wood flooring comes in various types of maple, oak and walnut. . In addition, the edges of such boards are bevelled, thus looking great. Thanks to engineered wood your floor can look naturally and you can spare yourself all the problematic flaws. You can sand and refinish them if need be.But, in spite of several disadvantages, solid wood also has some considerable advantages that are worth mentioning at this point. Its most common thickness is between 18 and 20 mm. It is highly recommended that floors of this type be fitted by professionals who have the required knowledge and experience. Should you have any doubts, consult a professional.
The old-fashioned facsimile machine is a useful office gadget, but a growing number of businesses has opted to turn their computers into fax machines instead. This saves costs because there is no longer a necessity to invest in fax machines, and paper usage is significantly reduced. So what are the options available to turn a computer into a fax machine? Overall, there are two ways to go about doing it.(a) Using Faxing Software.(b) Online Faxing Services.Using Faxing SoftwareIf your existing computer has a dial-up modem, then all that is needed to turn it into a fax machine is to install a fax software. Such programs can easily integrate seamlessly with many common applications such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Adobe Photoshop, and they are very easy to use.If you leave the computer and modem on, it can also receive faxes. Faxes received are all stored in the computer hard disk and can be retrieved at any time.
This can reduce paper wastage significantly because you can view the fax on the screen and delete those you don't want. In contrast, ordinary fax machine prints out everything it receives.Virtually all fax softwares are now sold online, and buyers can download it immediately. Installation is very easy and seldom requires any technical know-how.Many of them are sold as sharewares, meaning you can use it legally for a specified period of time without having to pay anything. If you want to continue using it after the specified period expires, then you need to purchase a license. Otherwise, you need to uninstall the program from your computer.Online Faxing ServicesOnline faxing, which is sometimes referred to as "Internet faxing", uses the power of the Internet to send and receive faxes, often as email attachments. Such faxing services normally require a monthly membership fee, and members are allowed to receive and send a predetermined number of faxes per month. If your company has an international clientèle, then online faxing is ideal because it is relatively inexpensive compared to the other methods of faxing.Installation of proprietary softwares are usually not needed, because most of these services are web-based. This means faxes are sent or received by accessing the service provider's website.
Some of the key advantages of Internet faxing are:(a) faxes can be sent or received anywhere in theworld an internet service is available;(b) fax tracking features; and(c) bulk faxing (sending faxes to multiple recipientsvia a single transmission).However, like everything else, online faxing service quality portable saw mill suppliers differs between different providers. Hence, there is a need to pick the best service provider which can meet the needs of your company. Here are some important factors to take into consideration when screening a service provider:* Quality of customer support service.* Reliability of faxing service.* User friendly interface.* Pricing.* Number of allowed faxes to be sent or received permonth.Many of these online fax service providers do offer free trials. It is advisable to sign up for these trials to evaluate their customer service support quality and also the ease by which to send or receive faxes.
December the 15th 2011 uncover the release from the updated secret traffic machine product from Matt Bacak. This Secret traffic machine Review for Dec 2011 will indicate manufacturer updates and why received happened.You may please note, originally, bring about traffic machine was released early there is much surprise. This item actually taught us simple tips to drive web-site visitors each and every of sites, then these big changes befell for the way bing indexed our sites.There's reasons why why I enforce using the work of Matt Bacak. He's lots of undisputed giants Affiliate marketing industry. Naturally, I'd adore being where position someday. Hey, there's no law against dreaming!I've been from your Secret traffic machine method simply because it was originally released, which were quite some time ago. We used it during one site, and I'm currently ranked timber drying kiln suppliers 1 in the search engines.com while using.
The fashion clearly still works, and, without bragging, I tend to be quite able at making use of it! Couldn't wait obtain my on the job a copy within the new edition, and I'm literally scripting this just a couple of hours after picking it up!The sales video is no doubt a hype-fest! Let's be clear, getting yahoo traffic alone is pretty unlikely to make you to the millionaire, unless you're happy work some seriously insane hours perhaps! May well a comfy full-time income assuredly, I'm living evidence that, web site probably won't be illustrates million-dollar mark!Matt also stutters most within a video, which has been unusual for him. To be fair he'd stated that his goal would have been to choose this era of Secret traffic machine the most well liked product he's ever created within his 120 month online career, so it's reasonable count on him to get excited.One thing's with certainty, you will traffic if you need make money online. Since the time When i first started working with it, the trick Traffic Machine method may perhaps be one my favourite tactics to generate traffic. It's free to execute, and since the traffic we're getting is from google it is highly targeted, meaning you'll earn more per visitor compared to a lot of traffic sources.I've always implemented the technique hand up till now, primarily because I didn't possess choice! It's still much more quickly achieve than traditional SEO, so no complaints here! Rather than Secret traffic machine package incorporates software to automate electronic evidence involved.
I've had a quick play around with the wine and it's organization a pretty useful timesaver when implementing it, so it's a welcome addition in direction of new package.You're going to find for the Secret traffic machine course will push one to grow faster than many courses intended for "newbies". While Bacak does mention much of the fundamentals in the last videos, he's clearly planning to go to the meat of his method and talk much about initial # techniques of generating traffic.In conclusion, having the new changes to qualify for the search engines like google I'm sure it's critical that you carry on to learn what is actually happening Online to make sure quickly continue to keep manage our business's better whilst keeping the benefits being released in, Personally i think instantaneous squeeze page provides us the missing information we must accomlish this.
.Thestorage tray on this machine is useful for measuring your documents andmeasuring the size of spines that you have on hand. However, traydoesn't hold enough combs to make it very useful. It would have beenbetter to use the space to make the chip tray larger instead ofoffering storage for a few dozen combs.Althoughthis machine offers a stylish design that will fit well inside anoffice environment, it is made primarily out of plastic. This shouldnot be a problem for most office environments. However, heavy users andproduction environments should consider a more industrial machine withall metal components. Recommendation: TheFellowes Quasar-E is an excellent choice for users who are looking topurchase a full featured electric plastic comb binding machine for usein a medium sized office.It can bind both thin and thick documents using plastic combs and is exceptionally easy to use.However,it is not a good choice for users who need to bind documents that arelonger or shorter than eleven inches. It is also not designed for highvolume production environments.
It can be a real challenge to find theright plastic binding machine for your office or organization. Thereare a lot of different manufacturers and machines out there, so it canbe hard deciding which machine is best. One of the most esteemedproducers of comb binding machines is Fellowes, a company that is knownfor its high-quality paper shredders, laminators and binding machines.One of their best products is the Galaxy E, an electric comb bindingmachine that lets you produce professional-looking documents quickly.Here are the top three reasons why you should give the Fellowes GalaxyE a look when shopping for a binding machine.
High performance and high capacity. TheFellowes Galaxy E electric plastic comb binding machine is one of thebest machines available because it offers a high level of performance,plus an awesome binding capacity. The Galaxy E is capable of bindingdocuments up to two inches thick (approximately 500 sheets), so it is agreat choice if you need to bind both thin and thick booklets.
The machine also offers a pretty impressive punching capacity as it canpunch up to 25 sheets per lift. Plus, this is an electric comb bindingmachine, so you will be able to produce a lot of documents with verylittle effort. The machine also has a storage tray for your bindingcombs, as well as vertical loading slot that assists you in accuratelypunching your documents, so binding with the Galaxy E is saw mills manufacturers really easy. It can increase your productivity.One of the things that makes the Galaxy E stand out is the fact thatits binding mechanism can be used apart from the machine. This meansthat one person can punch the documents for binding while anotherperson finishes off the process by binding the booklets with plasticbinding combs. Not every plastic comb binding machine has this feature,but it's a great one to have because it can really speed up theproduction of your documents and lead to greater overall productivity.


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Thinking in 3D
Box Challenge
The great conspiracy
Telling a convincing lie
Exploring a 3D space
Texture and Detail
Understanding texture
Observation and memory
Don't worry about shading here
Cast shadows
Implicit vs explicit
Detail density
Constructional Drawing
Observation vs construction
A technique for learning
Lesson 2: Contour Lines, Texture and Construction
If you haven't yet completed the 250 box challenge, make sure you tackle that first. Not only will it help further develop your grasp of how to construct forms freely rotated in 3D space, it will also help you develop the kind of discipline and patience that will serve you throughout this entire course.
Keep in mind that if you're on the 'official critique' track, you must get your 250 box challenge marked as complete before moving onto this lesson. And of course, be sure to balance it with the 50% rule from Lesson 0.
When we start out, we know exactly what we're doing when it comes to drawing. We're taking a pen, a pencil, a stylus or whatever else, and we're making marks on something very, very... flat. We're not fools - we know that's exactly what we're doing, and we're very much in on the great conspiracy.
What conspiracy? The one where we fool our audience into thinking everything we draw is in fact 3D. That's what perspective is all about, right? Tips and tricks to fool those idiots and rubes into believing in something that isn't real?
Unfortunately, we tend to be too smart for our own good. The fact that we understand that what we're drawing is just a series of marks on a flat page is something we communicate to the viewer through subtle properties of the actual marks we put down. To put it simply - we're subconsciously speaking to the viewer's subconscious that none of this is real.
The trick is more about learning to lie effectively. That's what these drawings are - they're illusions created to trick the viewer into believing in something that isn't actually there. The best way to tell a lie isn't to be extra clever, but rather to be a fool. When we believe in the lie we're selling, everything we say and do will reinforce the lie, whether we're conscious of it or not. It's this wealth of information all pointing to the impossible, and the fact that it all does it in a cohesive, consistent manner, that makes this impossible thing believable.
Aside from the basic technical skills covered in lesson 1, that's ultimately what Drawabox is about. It's about taking students who are all too aware of what they're doing and gradually teaching them to believe in fairy tales. It's not something that just happens, it's not a truth that'll sink in the moment you're told - because there's no truth to it at all. It's all a lie.
So when you move through the exercises in this lesson and those moving forward (especially those where we're drawing actual objects like plants, insects, animals, vehicles, etc.) we're not learning to draw those objects. We're using them as a theme for exercises targeted at making you understand how everything you draw is three dimensional, solid, tangible and real. This is much more fundamental than learning how to draw a tiger or a porsche.
The first thing we need to get used to is the idea that the space we're drawing in is no longer defined by the flat piece of paper. This page is instead a window, one that looks out onto a vast three dimensional world that continues on even where you cannot see it. When you look out a window of a building, you know full well that what you're able to see is not the entirety of what exists out there. Think of the page as being the same.
What we need to familiarize ourselves with is the concept of the third dimension - that of depth - and the idea that objects are not only going to be to the left and to the right, or above and below. They will also be farther away from us, as well as closer. Perspective comes into play here, with the simplified rules such as objects that are closer appearing larger, and those farther away appearing smaller. There's also foreshortening - those that are very close will have more dramatic foreshortening, and those farther away will themselves flatten out with foreshortening that is shallower and more gradual.
Now that we've discussed exploring the entirety of the three dimensions available to us, let's look at the objects that can exist within space - more specifically, their surfaces.
Contour lines are the marks that run along the surface of an object. In doing so, they provide our eyes and brain with valuable information describing just how those surfaces themselves flow through space.
For example, let's imagine that inside of our 3D world, there exists a piece of paper, and on that piece of paper, there has been made a single straight line down its length. The paper is flat and straight, so the line still reads as visually being straight. But what if we were to take that piece of paper and rolled it up?
Now that line as we see it would be curved, wrapping faithfully around the cylinder we've created and describing to us the transformation that piece of paper has undertaken, from being flat to cylindrical. That is what a contour line does.
Not only does it provide the viewer's brain with additional information to help understand what it is looking at, but it also helps us as we're drawing to better understand how these forms and surfaces exist in three dimensional space. That ultimately comes back to helping us believe in the lie we're trying to create.
This also means that every single mark that exists on a surface can also work against us. We are in full control of which marks go where, so we could absolutely draw a line that appears straight on the surface of a cylinder, and it would immediately ruin the illusion by making the cylinder read as flat.
Every Drawabox lesson consists of lecture content and exercises that are assigned as homework. It's best to complete this homework before moving onto the next section. As this lesson consists of three sections (thinking in 3D, texture, construction), it is best that you only submit your work for review when you've completed all three.
2 filled pages of the Organic Arrows exercise
2 filled pages of the Organic Forms with Contour Lines exercise (1 page of contour ellipses, 1 page of contour curves)
All the assigned work for this section should be done in ink, using fineliners/felt tip pens as described here.
Texture and Detail >>>
This page has student-made readings/recordings
ScyllaStew
They can be helpful for those of you who cannot follow along with the text, or who need live examples for the exercises to follow along with.
Just keep in mind that as the lessons themselves are continually being updated and adjusted, the audio recordings may not be completely up to date.
Like the Staedtlers, these also come in a set of multiple weights - the ones we use are F. One useful thing in these sets however (if you can't find the pens individually) is that some of the sets come with a brush pen (the B size). These can be helpful in filling out big black areas.
Still, I'd recommend buying these in person if you can, at a proper art supply store. They'll generally let you buy them individually, and also test them out beforehand to weed out any duds.
The minimum pledge for this lesson is $5.00/month. The orange button above will take you to the reddit thread for this lesson, you can post a link to your work there and I'll be notified. Once I catch the submission, I'll add it to this backlog spreadsheet.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We are delighted to welcome you to DOMISILAMI campsite and would like to invite you to share in our WELCOME DRINK on Sunday evening.
At our campsite you will find: RELAXATION in our oasis of greenery, AMUSEMENT for young and old, CONVENIENCE with our shops, WONDER at the beauty of QUIBERON.
All the pleasures of the SEA, with the BEACH of QUIBERON BAY 100 metres away. On the COTE SAUVAGE, your senses will be awakened by the splendour of NATURE.
Share all these emotions with FRIENDS at DOMISILAMI campsite.


Local Liberal Democrat Councillors in Westfield have called for a clear timetable to bring streets back into good condition.
Across the city, Talk Talk are installing new ultra-fibre optic cables to boost internet connections across York, building on the offer that the city has for residents and businesses. In some place, there has been the opportunity to improve what was what was previously in the street; however, the sheer scale of the works, and the consequences of delays and droughts has taken its toll.
In response, local Liberal Democrat Councillors have launched a petition for residents to complete repair works.
"Local Councillors have worked with Talk Talk from the start to ensure that residents were aware of the complaints procedures and we have pushed for a regular update to inform local residents on what is happening in their street.


The Jubilee field straddles the West Cape Three Points and Deepwater Tano licences offshore Ghana. The Jubilee field is developed via a FPSO vessel with a facility capacity of 120,000 bopd. First oil was delivered in December 2010.


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by Motorsport Australia Rally Championship
by Rob James
Bates brothers show no fear in Toyota virtual series
News NSW/ACT
Lewis and Harry Bates have expanded their virtual racing skills to the circuit world after completing a one-two finish in the opening GR Supra GT Cup round at the digital Fuji International Speedway.
The event was the first of seven qualifying rounds for the international open competition, which puts drivers of all skills from around the world against each other in PlayStation's popular Gran Turismo game.
With the Bates brothers part of the Australia/New Zealand qualifying region, the duo entered the competition as wildcards and proved they were no easy beats, despite having little experience with the game.
While older brother Harry may be the current RSEA Safety Motorsport Australia Rally Champion, it was 23-year-old Lewis who ultimately enjoyed bragging rights in the series' opening qualifying round.
Lewis qualified on pole and led the 20-car field for the whole race, while Harry worked his way up from third place to finish behind his younger brother in second.
Following on from the season opener, Lewis was thrilled with the opportunity to be part of the new series and start of the campaign with a win over his older brother.
"I wish it was real life. We don't take sim racing as serious as real life, but it was really nice to beat him for a change. I just need to turn that into reality," Lewis said.
"Toyota asked us midway last week to get involved, but we didn't have the game, so we had to get onto it quickly. I was hopeless at the start, but I used the whole weekend to practice and it obviously helped.
"The fact we both finished in the top two for our group within the region was quite nice. We had purchased a proper sim, but it didn't arrive in time for the race, so we had to use makeshift sim. Hopefully we get it for the next round.
"I don't have much circuit racing experience, just one small sprint race at Wakefield, so it was good fun. Who knows, there might be a future in this?"
The brothers have another six rounds to obtain as many good results as they can in order to qualify as Australia and New Zealand representatives in the finals later this year.
Click here for more information of the series.
The next round of the GR Supra GT Cup round will be on 17 May at the Nürburgring in Germany.
Tags: Harry BatesLewis BatesToyota


this is my first buggy I bought probably over 10 years ago. I have tried to sell or trade it several times with no luck, so I decided to rebuild it. I call it the conglomeration because it is a conglomeration of parts.


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Maraya Art Centre
Maraya Art Park
1971 - Design Space
Jedariya
Curate With Us
Home» EXHIBITIONS » Maraya Art Centre » Adel Abidin: Blueprint
Adel Abidin: Blueprint
Date: Monday 11 Mar, 2013 - Sunday 16 Jun, 2013
Time: 12:00 a.m. - 12:00 a.m.
Venue: Maraya Art Centre, Al Qasba, Block (E), Third Floor (Maraya Art Gallery) Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Curated By: Sara Raza
Maraya Art Centre is proud to present the unique exhibition Blueprint by renowned Finnish-Iraqi artist Adel Abidin, curated by Sara Raza Maraya's London based associate curator. Blueprint employs informal architecture and sound to create a large scale interactive drawing. Transforming the gallery into a mock factory, this powerful new work explores the manufactured and globalised nature of "Arab" identity in a post-Arab Spring era and raises important questions during this time of great transition.
Blueprint is intended to be an ironic visual cultural assessment of the multi faceted and complex nature of Arab identity with Abidin arguing that "all identities are man made and comparable to factory production. As a visual artist I am interested in how these identities are being managed and produced."
The exhibition's title echoes the architectural and engineering practice of producing an actual blueprint, which Abidin adapts by creating a technical drawing for a machine that one would ordinarily find in an industrial factory. This drawing is further punctuated by a powerful animated sound element especially engineered to contribute to an overbearing and exaggerated factory ambiance. Ultimately, the exhibition Blueprint aims to visually address the absurdities of manufactured identities and their subsequent distribution for global consumption.
A full English and Arabic translation color catalogue will be printed with an introduction by Maraya Art Centre's manager Giuseppe Moscatello and curatorial text by Sara Raza. An education and outreach program will also take place for general visitors, school and university groups to engage and comment on the exhibition.
As a video, installation and photography Adel Abidin's multi-media practice explores the complex relationships between culture, politics, and identity. Using a sharp palette of irony and humor Abidin gravitates towards social situations dealing with elusive experiences and cultural alienation. Abidin uses his cross-cultural background to create a distinct visual language often laced with sarcasm and paradox, while maintaining his ultimately humanistic approach.
Abidin was born in Baghdad in 1973 and currently lives and works in Helsinki, Finland. He has exhibited in both group and solo exhibitions including the Helsinki Museum of Contemporary Art, the Centre of Contemporary Art, Salamanca, the 10th Sharjah Biennale, and 52nd Venice Biennale. In 2011, he presented new work in a string of solo exhibitions at Darat al-Funun in Amman, Gallerie Anne de Villepoix in Paris, and Wharf: Centre D'art Contemporain De Basse, Normandy. He also exhibited his critically acclaimed video installation, Consumption of War, at the Iraq Pavilion at the 54th Venice Biennale. In addition recent 2012 exhibitions have included: L'institut du Monde Arabe, a major solo show at Arter in Istanbul and at Kunsthalle Winterthur, Switzerland as well as being selected to participated in the Arab Express group show at The Mori Art Museum.
About Maraya Art Centre
Al Taawun Road, PO Box 62932
Tel:+971 6 556 6555
www.maraya.ae
info@maraya.ae
Sat. – Thurs.: 10 a.m. – 7 p.m.
Fri.: 2 p.m. – 7 p.m.


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Home > Movies & Entertainment > Indian Television > Indian TV Anchors > Parizaad Kolah
Parizaad Kolah, Indian Television Anchor
Parizaad Kolah is an Indian television presenter, who started her career as a model and eventually hosted a range of television shows.
Parizaad Kolah Marshall is an Indian television actress and presenter, who has hosted the first and one of the most successful stand-up comedy shows on Indian television, 'The Great Indian Laughter Challenge', which was presented on STAR One.
Early Life and Education of Parizaad Kolah
Parizaad Kolah was brought up in Parsi Colony in Mumbai. She completed her higher education at H. R. College of Commerce and Economics, and has worked in theatre as well as a runway model.
Career of Parizaad Kolah
Parizaad Kolah started her career as a model as she had an ambition to do so from her childhood, and began working with several ad agencies since her college days. Later, she also appeared in many popular music videos, like "Keh Doon Tumhe" by DJ Aqeel.
Parizaad Kolah's popularity shot up and she started to move her career to the television industry, and hosted a TV reality show 'The Great Indian Laughter Challenge', which was liked by the television viewers and received the highest ratings. She had also acted in a Bollywood film, the 2003 romantic comedy 'Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon', but continued to stay with television, being more comfortable and ambitious with her career and performances in the small screen. She also successfully completed the Ekjute Annual Theatre Workshop 2005, conducted by Nadeera Zaheer Babbar. Parizaad has hosted a wide range of shows and live events, from sport based ones for channels like TEN Sports to Bollywood based ones like Zoom TV, interviewing film personalities like Amitabh Bachchan and Sushmita Sen on one of its shows "Filmi Fever". When interviewed, she stated that it was very difficult for her to play her role in every season, as the audience looked for a change and something new in the show, so she always tried to bring a new look in the show with her attire and her performance.
Personal Life of Parizaad Kolah
Parizaad Kolah tied the knot to businessman Navroze Marshall in December 2005. They have a daughter together.
This article is a stub. You can enrich by adding more information to it. Send your Write Up to content@indianetzone.com
Indian Television Hosts
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The Great Indian Laughter Challenge Season 4
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More Articles in Indian TV Anchors (10)
Mini Mathur
Gurbani Judge
Parizaad Kolah
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Bhairavi Raichura is an Indian TV actress best remembered for the character portrayal of 'Kaajal Bhai' in "Hum Paanch�. She launched the first serial under her own production house in 2012.
• Aaj Tak
Aaj Tak is one of the leading Hindi news channels providing current and updated news. It has been voted the most trusted news source in India. It was founded in 2000 and is owned by the India Today Group.
• Kabhi Toh Nazar Milao
Kabhi Toh Nazar Milao is a Hindi TV serial based on a dramatic love story. The serial was launched by UTV and was aired on Sony Television in 2006.
• Benaf Dadachandji
Benaf Dadachandji is an Indian Hindi television and movie actress. She is best known for her role of 'Baby' in the popular TV series 'Baa Bahoo Aur Baby'. She was also seen in the movie 'Bobby Jasoos'.
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Agent Carter – "Smoke & Mirrors" Review
Rachel Aparicio·
· February 4, 2016 ·3 min read
This week's Agent Carter delved deeper into the past of both Peggy, and her current arch nemesis Whitney Frost. The episode was punctuated by a series of flashbacks of both women's childhood, adolescence and formative adult years to reveal how they came to be where they are, and how they each dealt with the gendered expectations that weighed upon their upbringings. We discover Peggy worked at Bletchley during the early part of the war, and was almost married before joining the SSR after her brother was killed. Conversely, Whitney (aka Agnes), after being shut out of formal higher education due to her sex, left her Midwestern entrapment in Oklahoma for Hollywood, discovering her pretty face was a more viable means to her own ends than shows of intellect.
The episode clearly is meant to parallel their experiences to a degree, and particularly to give Whitney a more sympathetic origin, rather than just keeping her a one-note villainess. Indeed, it left me wondering if she isn't actually being set-up for a redemption arc, which I would certainly be interested in seeing. While she seems fairly ruthless and power-hungry, I would not yet characterize her as irredeemable. Her skills as a scientist are top-notch, and she would no doubt be useful to Peggy in her forthcoming establishment of S.H.I.E.L.D, but we'll see.
In the meantime, our hero is still fighting the noble fight against the powers that be to hold the Arena Club responsible for their sinister doings, and as the old saying goes, no good deed goes unpunished. Their SSR office gets audited by the War Department the very moment they are due to raid the Arena Club in search of the tapped evidence that would incriminate its members definitively. Much of the episode follows her exploits to uncover information about the organization by kidnapping Chadwick's bodyguard, aka her would-be assassin from last week. She and Jarvis end up taking him out with a combination of tranquilizer gun and brute force, the former being otherwise employed to corral the more errant members of Stark's mansion menagerie, namely the koala. According to Jarvis, "Its adorable appearance belies its vile temperament." LOL.
LACKLUSTER
The End Of A Saga In Star Wars: The Rise Of Skywalker
Hope Parsons·
· December 22, 2019 ·4 min read
When they finally have Chadwick's thug in their clutches, Peggy doses him with a concoction of Stark's that brings on severe cold symptoms, but which she convinces him is a particularly virulent and powerful strain of malaria, to which she will only provide the antidote in exchange for information. The tactic is successful, but for naught, when Peggy is prevented from acting on the intel due to the interferences of the higher-ups. She is not to be dissuaded in the long-term, but in the short term it is a roadblock, and it leads to an emotionally satisfying confirmation between Peggy and Sousa that they have each other's backs, no matter what. Whether romantic or not, their dynamic is always well-used screen time, in my opinion.
Speaking of romance, Peggy's mutual attraction with the currently intangible good Dr. Wilkes becomes a bit more fraught this episode, as we discover he is experiencing an unknown effect of his quantum state that seems to be endangering his continued existence. He is being drawn towards some sort of black void that appears ready to swallow him up. His joint work with Stark has not yet yielded any useful results that would return him to his former state, and his situation is apparently growing direr. I sincerely hope he is not destined to bite it any time soon. I really love Wilkes as an individual character, and his dynamic with Peggy, and it would be a tremendous shame to so quickly eliminate the one main member of the current cast who is a person of color. Drama needs real stakes to be compelling, so to make the threat is a legitimate move, but I, for one, really hope they do not follow through.
Although this episode was not quite as action packed, or plot heavy as most others before it, it did a lot of work flesh out certain characters, and give depth particularly to our antagonist, who definitely deserves to be treated with a bit of nuance. One of the nice things about this show is its willingness to go a bit beyond surface-level stock characters to bring a bit more depth to people's motives, which always makes for a more rewarding viewer experience. Although it may not have been to everyone's taste, I certainly enjoyed the backstory building that I sense will actually render a significantly more satisfying pay-off by season's end.
Agent CarterDaniel SousaDr. WilkesEdwin JarvisJarvisPeggy CarterWhitney Frost
Rachel Aparicio
Rachel is a PhD drop-out and fangirl extraordinaire (at least on her better days). She is painfully addicted to genre TV and follows too many shows to list. But some of her current favorites include Supernatural, Lucifer and Bob's Burgers. She also has a deep-seated love of kittens and red wine.
Bae Watch Wednesday: Peggy Carter
OTP Tuesday: Steggy
Women's History Month: What to Binge Watch? — 'Agent Carter' on Hulu
FANFIC FRIDAY: The 100 Femslash: Clexa
Supernatural 'Don't You Forget About Me' Review: Wayward Daughters Choose Family


Two stories of wives who weren't who they appeared to be. First, 30-year-old Ann Miller of Raleigh, NC seemed to have it all: a great job, a handsome husband and a beautiful baby.
A North Carolina woman leads a double life; an elderly husband winds up dead after his wife takes him to a swimming pool.
Elisa McNabney was living the high life in Sacramento, CA. Her husband Larry was a successful personal injury attorney, and since Larry's many TV commercials featured him in western gear, he was known as "The Marlboro Man."
Tim and Larissa Schuster are a successful couple in Clovis, California. Larissa owns a thriving biochemistry lab, while Tim works at a hospital and manages their home and two kids.
Two stories feature deadly wives willing to exchange love, for lust and greed. First, all-American girl, Morgan Wixon, meets small town boy, Kevin Mengel, and falls in love. The couple marries, has children, and owns a successful business together. There's just one problem--Morgan is happiest when having affairs with Kevin's friends. Her unfaithfulness nearly destroys the marriage, but Kevin wants to work things out. Unfortunately for him, Morgan has other ideas and uses text messaging to plan his demise. Then, meet Texas beauty and former homecoming queen, Darlene Gentry. She marries a handsome husband, has three sons, and lives an idyllic life, until one night her husband is murdered. When detectives start poking holes in Darlene's account of what happened--she finds a special place to hide the truth, and believes authorities will never beat her at her own game.
In the all-American town of Edgewood, Kentucky, Stephen and Adele Craven fit right in. He's a commercial airline pilot, and she's a stay-at-home mom with two adorable kids. Though they've been together for more than a decade, things aren't perfect at the Craven house--Stephen is frequently away for work, and Adele fills her time with play dates, neighborhood activities--and a not-so-secret lover on the side. But when Stephen turns up dead, investigators are faced with a puzzling crime scene, conflicting testimony, and a search for evidence that makes finding a needle in a haystack look easy. It will take years, two trials and a determined team of detectives and prosecutors to ultimately bring Stephen Craven's killers to justice.
Two stories feature deadly wives willing to do anything to make their husbands disappear. First, Lynn Stomps and her husband Gerry, live on a tree farm in Oregon. When the couple arranges to meet a buyer for their boat--everything goes wrong-Lynn winds up injured, and Gerry disappears. But when police start probing Lynn's story, their search for clues leads them to a grisly and unexpected truth. Across the country, New Jersey nurse, Melanie McGuire and her husband Bill, have worked hard and are finally buying their dream house. Despite the new home, there is tension in the marriage and following a nasty argument, Bill packs up, leaves, and disappears without a trace. Melanie tells police that Bill is a gambler, and they begin looking for him in Atlantic City--yet, nothing prepares them for how and where they will find Bill McGuire.
Two stories feature Southern wives desiring love--and money. First, country-girl Cristie Sehorne and her husband, Lee, have two children and live in Florida.
Two stories feature scheming wives incapable of telling the truth. First, Navy man Cory Voss and his wife Catherina "Cat" Voss are a young couple raising two children in Newport News, Virginia. Despite Cory's love and devotion, Cat secretly falls for another man. But betraying her marriage vows is just one angle in Cat's complicated web of lies, and eventually she seeks a more permanent solution to finally end her marriage. Then, Barbara Garcia and her husband Cipriano, are retirees living in Hobart, Indiana. After sharing more than four-decades of marriage, the seniors have weathered most of life's ups and downs together. But when Cipriano is found dead in another state, Barbara becomes a suspect, and investigators learn she has many different versions about what may--or may not--have happened to her husband.
Two stories feature deadly wives that are the polar opposites of their partners. First, bubbly Rebecca Salcedo is a popular, young single mom with lots of friends.
Sadie Proffitt and her husband David, 50, are a retired couple who move from Florida to Texas to be closer to Sadie's son. While Sadie is friendly with many residents at the sprawling apartment complex where they live.


Smaller isn't a limitation. Smaller is an invitation. An invitation to be nimble. And honest. And accountable. Small thoughts are out in the world living and learning while big thoughts incessantly conspire and calculate from a comfortable chair. We think smaller, which does not mean our approach is predetermined or limited in its reach. Because we think smaller, we conduct business in real time. We sustain efforts to make the complex concise and the intimidating inspiring.


People don't usually ask us this question, but when I conduct a Mini SEO Audit and offer a quote on SEO services they always ask "what do you mean update my site?" and then the question comes "how often?".
The #1 recommendation for any Search Engine Optimization campaign is to keep your content fresh. This means that web pages and blog posts should be added and/or updated regularly.
Why? It's easier to understand what happens if you don't update your website regularly.
If you had a brick and mortar shop you most likely have a sign outside and people will know if you are open if the lights are on and perhaps there is an "OPEN" sign. If the company goes out of business the building and the sign might still be there but it would be pretty obvious to foot traffic that you are no longer open for business.
Well on the Internet, your business is digital and the search engines are looking for ways to determine #1 if a website is a business and #2 if it is open for business. How do they do this? They check the timestamp on each of your web pages and blog posts.
If you created a website 5 years ago and have never updated it, your website would look outdated and possibly out of business. But the more common issue would be that your business' online competition might be more active and therefore current in the digital space and would move into top search positions, therefore bumping your search results down. You might not think this is an issue if you are thinking of your compeition, but in the Internet your online competition could be non-businesses who use the same or similar terminology as your business.
Before Content Management Systems (CMS) like WordPress, SquareSpace, and Wix were around, your website was probably build in html and you needed a programmer to make changes (if you didn't have an SEO consultant). Business owners would reluctantly make changes because of the time, scheduling, and money spent to do this. However, now with all the CMS website builders it is easier than ever for business to blog and update their websites.
In life, I lean towards "less is more" however in this situation, "more is better"! However for some small to medium size businesses they can't afford "more" so I recommend the absolute minimum updates for SEO should be once a month. That means either a new blog post or updates to existing web pages or blog posts. This is where SEO gets creative.
Many aspects of SEO and the techniques implemented are often fairly technical. However, Content Marketing and monthly SEO work is the creative aspect of this business. Usually, we conduct an SEO strategy for Content Marketing and review it closely with clients to determine the relevance for their prospects/clients and the feasibility of developing the content needed.
Blogging for Business is one of the ways to update your website regularly. If you post a single blog post each month – that's your monthly update. But if your blog is not integrated into your website, then you are not technically helping your business website unless you include updated links to new blog posts or include an rss feed.
How we update and optimize your website each month.
In our Monthly SEO campaigns we edit and optimize content you send us or we create content and optimize it each month. We always welcome clients to be actively engaged in their SEO campaigns by at least sending photos, testimonials, case studies, or topics. Our clients are the subject-matter-experts in their business so anything they send will be relevant. In some cases, we can research and create content for our clients. Often our clients will send us content and we reformat, optimize, and post it to the website.
The essence of our Do-it-Yourself SEO coaching service offers both brainstorming and accountability to business owners to stay on track of their SEO. A one-hour a month conversation can go a long way and keep a business on track.
Need some ideas about what to update to help improve your business' visibility on the Internet?
Find out more about our Monthly SEO service, our DIY SEO coaching, and our SEO Consulting.


Occupational health and hygiene professionals work to protect people and the environment by analyzing business practices and inspecting workplaces. They often design and deliver programs, procedures, and trainings to organizations and businesses that help prevent disease and injury to workers and damage to the environment.
Occupational health and hygiene graduate programs require students to complete core classes, electives, and a thesis, dissertation, or another final project, some programs may require students to pass a comprehensive exam at the conclusion of their studies.
These course subjects and others may offer students a well-rounded exploration of the field of occupational health and hygiene.
In addition, many students may elect to study the above subjects and others in greater depth through particular departments. This allows students to concentrate their graduate work on areas of study that they find the most interesting. In many graduate programs, students may also learn about best practices in industry management and top research methodology strategies.
Whether or not occupational health and hygiene graduate students need to complete a practicum or internship depends on the program and desired occupation. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, some employers may prefer to hire students who have participated in internships. Students might want to consider utilizing campus and department resources to secure internships during their academic programs.
In addition, graduate students who hope to pursue careers as professors or researchers in occupational health and hygiene may want to explore opportunities to participate in assistantships, fellowships, and teaching positions while enrolled in their programs.
Certification is optional in the field of occupational health and hygiene but it may be valued by certain employers. Typically, to take any of the exams for certification in the industry, students must have completed an accredited academic program and acquired experience in the industry in which they want to be certified. Certification can be earned through a variety of organizations depending on the industry in which the professional works.
In addition, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) lists a more exhaustive list of professional organizations by specialization here.
These and numerous other specializations exist above even more sub-categories of increasingly defined specializations.
Occupational health and hygiene specialists with graduate degrees might pursue careers as researchers, educators, managers, analysts, inspectors, engineers, and investigators. They work in a wide variety of industries and settings in public and private sectors for small, medium and large for-profit and non-profit organizations, institutions, and businesses. They often work fulltime in offices but spend the majority of their time traveling locally, nationally, or globally depending on their specializations, responsibilities, and industries.
The following chart shows the annual median wage for professionals in the field of occupational health and hygiene.


The man who pushed Drake off the top spot and claimed #1 Album of the Year... Tom Francis is coming to Dunedin.
George FM wants to send you along... FOR FREE!
Text the keyword 'tom' with your name to 966 to be in the draw to win 1 of 5 double passes!
With support from DJ NODZ.
Tickets can be purchased from eventfinda.co.nz (2x for $15) or $10 at the door!


SYBYL WALKER ( Miss Keane, Sparrow's Assistant, Hatty, Tooley, Italian Girl, Frau General, Hakim, Spanish Gentleman, Older Visconti in Travels with my Aunt) has been seen on Broadway in The Tempest and Off- Broadway in Dinah Was, The Good Doctor, Henry VIII (Shakespeare in the Park), and Insurrection: Holding History (The Public Theatre).
She also appeared in Off-Broadway and regional productions of From The Mississippi Delta which earned her a Drama Desk Award nomination, a Helen Hayes Award (Arena Stage), a Connecticut's Critics Circle Award (Hartford Stage), and a Joseph Jefferson Award (Northlight Theatre).
Other awards include a Joseph Jefferson Award for The Colored Museum (Victory Gardens Theatre) and a Barrymore Award nomination for Another Midsummer Night (American Music Theatre Festival). Sybyl was last seen performing her critically acclaimed, Ovation Award-nominated and NAACP Award-nominated solo play Beneath Rippling Water at the 2011 Hollywood Fringe Festival.
Other L.A. theatre includes performances at The Pasadena Playhouse, The Matrix Theatre, Canon Theatre, The Egyptian Theatre, Theatre of NOTE, Black Dahlia, and ICT (Ovation and NAACP Award nominations for Dinah Was), and regional appearances include Seattle Repertory, Actor's Theatre of Louisville, and Long Wharf Theatre.
Film and TV credits include Dreamgirls, Numb3rs, Related, NYPD Blue, Dragnet, Lizzie McGuire, Einstein: E=mc2, Oz, Law & Order, American Dream, The Last Shot, and 24 Nights. A graduate of SMU, Sybyl is also an award-nominated playwright, an author, singer, poet, and gourmet cook / raw food chef.


My sister – doctor, professional speaker, businesswoman – reads bodice-rippers. She says it's her guilty pleasure, these lurid tales of bare-chested men and women running (in nightdresses) from towers. She was so into one once that she read right through the boarding of her flight, looking up at chapter's end to find her gate empty and plane gone.
Myself, I always feel an obligation to read books that challenge my beliefs and views. I've read Mao's Little Red Book. I've read a book on Intelligent Design. I've read the Gita. I've even gone against every progressive viewpoint I carry when I read John Ringo's Live Free or Die, a book about bold conservatives and worthless liberals. I didn't want to just turn the pages; I wanted to rip them out and throw them to the floor, I was so pissed at some of the oversimplifications.
And then I read The Serene Invasion, a lefty sort of book. And you know what? For an okay scifi novel, it went down really easy. I rather liked the progressives being the good guys and the angry conservative gun-freaks as the villains.
And now there's Trapped, a nature-thriller about a grizzled old park ranger who is really pissed about the policies being inflicted on him, including the recent guns-in-parks legislation. After a homicide incident, he is transferred from Yellowstone to Glacier. However, he's also been asked to testify against guns in an upcoming senate hearing. This makes him a target. And who is better with targets than the ARF (The American Rifle Foundation)? Through splinter organizations, a hit is put on him.
And if this isn't bad enough, the poachers and wolf-shooters are out for him too. I mean, the guy hasn't so much as unpacked his suitcase and the tentacles of evil are reaching for him.
A trap is baited for him – he's to be crossfired. But his love interest discovers this and races to the rescue. For more details, you'll have to read it yourself. I'll not spoil it for you.
I'm not going to say that this is balanced in any way. There is no careful weighing of the issues (when does that happen these days, anyway?). The bad guys are gun-drunk hicks with bad teeth. The heroes are clean cut kids and nature purists. And that's fine – like my sister, I'm recreational on this one. The twists are satisfying, the chases fun, and the climax tense.
A map would have been nice, though. I get that the author has hiked and camped in all these places, but it's hard to enjoy heading the bad guys off at the pass when you have no idea what's involved. And I'll note that, if I'm even being setup for a dry-gulching and my girlfriend figures it out and alerts the burly Indian ranger to intercede, please, please, please don't prove your love by demanding to be taken along. Talk about boat anchors! All she did was slow him down, and eventually had to be carried off the mountain in a stretcher. That was really a bit of pointless romanticism, specifically included as a proof of her love for her man. But frankly, if you love someone, don't get in the way of their rescue.
But still, if you are a lefty naturalist, you'll love this one. One fun read!


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What if computers could think (screaming in digital), what if there came a time when everything in your mind was visible to the gov't & shared by all computers.
7, Screaming In Digital (Live At Moore Theatre, Seattle, WA July 2001). 8, I Remember Now ... 28, Screaming In Digital - 2001/Live At Moore Theater, Seattle , WA.
In my head, you fulfill my fantasy. In my head, you'll be screaming more. In my head, it's going down. In my head, it's going down. In my head. Yeah. In my head.
Lyrics to 'Rage/Mindcrime Suite: Requiem' by Queensryche.
Lyrics to 'Empire/Promised Land Suite: I Am I' by Queensryche.
Lyrics to 'Rage/Mindcrime Suite: Eyes of a Stranger' by Queensryche.
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Lipids in Health and Disease
Relationship between non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and carotid atherosclerosis in normotensive and euglycemic Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults
Hui Ma1,
Huandong Lin2,
Yu Hu1,
Xiaoming Li2,
Wanyuan He3,
Xuejuan Jin4,
Jian Gao5,
Naiqing Zhao6,
Boshen Pan7 &
Xin Gao2
Lipids in Health and Diseasevolume 16, Article number: 55 (2017) | Download Citation
We investigate whether non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) provides a better estimate of cardiovascular risk than other lipid profiles in normotensive and euglycemic middle-aged and elderly adults.
A total of 512 males and 958 females were enrolled from the Changfeng Study. A standard interview, anthropometric measurements and laboratory analyses were performed for each participant. Bilateral carotid intima-media thicknesses (CIMTs) were measured using ultrasonography, and the presence of carotid plaques was assessed.
The mean values of non-HDL-C were 3.4 ± 0.8 mmol/l and 3.6 ± 0.9 mmol/l for male and female subjects, respectively. Compared with female subjects with non-HDL-C in the first quartile, female subjects with non-HDL-C in the fourth quartile had 1.317-fold increased risks for carotid plaques after adjusting for conventional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and increasing quartiles of all lipid levels. Non-HDL-C was positively associated with the CIMT after adjusting for CVD risk factors in female subjects (β = 0.062, P = 0.034).
These results suggest that non-HDL-C is independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis in normotensive and euglycemic females.
Lipoprotein abnormalities play a role in the accelerated atherosclerosis. Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been the primary measure used to estimate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by guidelines for over 3 decades, there are now many studies demonstrating consistent outperformance by non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) [1, 2]. Moreover, recommendations from the International Atherosclerosis Society Expert Dyslipidemia Panel [3] and the National Lipid Association [4] recommend non-HDL-C also as a primary target of therapy. Non-HDL-C, which represents the total cholesterol content of apolipoprotein B (apo-B) containing lipoproteins, is particularly useful in risk assessment for diabetic patients rather than LDL-C levels [5]. Non–HDL-C is a quick and simple calculation of total cholesterol (TC) minus high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and can be obtained in the non-fasting state without affecting results. In studies, researchers have shown that non-HDL-C is a better marker of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk than LDL-C in patients with CVD and diabetes [6, 7]. In the Strong Heart Study, Lu et al. [8] found non-HDL-C to be a better predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes compared to LDL-C [hazard ratio (HR) 2.23 and 1.80 for the highest tertile of non-HDL-C among men and women, respectively]. In diabetic men of the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study, comparisons of nested models highlighted that non-HDL-C add significantly to the prediction of CVD risk beyond LDL-C [9]. Tohidi et al demonstrated that among the non-diabetic population, non-HDL-C was a significant predictor of incident CVD in both genders; similar to the association shown among non-diabetic Arab community [10]. However, the Rancho Bernardo Study of 1386 women and 1094 men (mean age, 69 years) found that non-HDL-C was not superior to individual lipids, lipoproteins, or their ratios in the prediction of fatal CHD and CVD in a 10 year follow-up [11]. As shown by previous reports, non-HDL-C may be associated with the prognostic factors of CVD, such as diabetes [12] and hypertension [13], which may themselves affect CVD events. Therefore, the relationship between non-HDL-C and atherosclerosis may be confounded by the presence of hyperglycemia and hypertension. In addition, it has been shown that non-HDL-C values vary between different ethnicities. The above large scale studies were mostly confined to the individuals in Europe and North America, which could not reflect the features of other ethnicities. Few studies have directly compared the relative usefulness of conventional lipid particles for prediction of subclinical atherosclerosis in the Chinese population. Given the risk for CVD in Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults [14], more evidence is needed to evaluate the association between non-HDL-C and atherosclerosis.
Accordingly, in this study we aim to compare the association of non-HDL-C, LDL-C, HDL-C and TC with carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid plaque, reliable markers of the severity of atherosclerosis [15] in Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults with normal blood pressure and normal glucose tolerance (NGT).
The subjects were participants in the Changfeng Study, a community-based study of chronic diseases among middle-aged and elderly individuals which has been described elsewhere [16, 17]. From June 2009 to June 2012, 5485 participants were initially enrolled. We excluded 4015 participants for the following reasons: lack of physical examination and laboratory assessments (n = 110), prevalent CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke, or) (n = 404), prevalent hemodialysis (n = 2), prevalent hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, the use of antihypertensive medications, or diagnosed hypertension) (n = 2672), prevalent diabetes or pre-diabetes (fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L, OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) 2 h glucose ≥7.8 mmol/L, the use of hypoglycemic medication, or diagnosed diabetes) (n = 812), triglycerides ≥4.5 mmol/L or the use of lipid-lowering therapy (n = 12), and use of the antiplatelet agents (n = 3). Finally, 1470 subjects (512 males and 958 females) were included in the analysis.
The study was approved by the ethical committee of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Interviews, physical examinations and ultrasound scans were performed at the Changfeng Community Health Service Center. Trained nurses interviewed the participants and obtained their medical history and lifestyle. Weight and height were measured while the participant was clothed in a light gown. The waist circumference was measured midway between the lowest rib margin and the iliac crest in a standing position. The hip circumference was measured at the widest level over the greater trochanters. The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated from these values. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the weight divided by the height squared (kg/m2). The resting blood pressure was measured 3 times, and the mean value was used for the analysis. Blood samples were obtained after a fasting period of at least 10 h. TC, HDL-C and triglycerides (TG) were measured using a model 7600 automated bio-analyser (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The level of LDL-C was calculated using the Friedewald equation. Non-HDL-C is calculated as TC minus HDL-C [7]. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2 h glucose levels following a 75 g oral glucose challenge (PPG) (postprandial blood glucose) for non-diabetics were measured using the glucose oxidase method. Serum insulin was measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay using an immunoassay analyzer (Roche Cobas-6001, Switzerland) (coefficient of variation <5.0%). Homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta cell function (HOMA-B%) were used to estimate insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion [18].
Carotid ultrasonography was performed (using a GE Logic P5 (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA) scanner with a 10-MHz probe) on all participants by an experienced radiologist who was blinded to the participants' details. Right and left CIMT were measured in the common carotid artery approximately 1 cm proximal to the bifurcation at the far wall during end diastole. The CIMT was quantified at plaque-free sections of the carotid arteries as the distance between the lumen-intima and media-adventitia interfaces. Three values were measured on each side, and the average CIMT was used for the analysis. Carotid plaque was defined as the presence of focal wall thickening resulting in a thickness that is ≥ 50% greater than that of the surrounding vessel wall or as a focal region with a CIMT greater than 1.5 mm that protrudes into the lumen that is distinct from the adjacent boundary, according to American Society of Echocardiography [19]. The near and far walls of bilateral common carotid arteries, the carotid bifurcation, and the internal carotid artery were scanned for the presence of plaques. Repeated measurements on the same subjects (performed in 103 subjects) yielded an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 0.96).
Hypertension was defined according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee [20]. Glucose tolerance was evaluated based on OGTT as set by the American Diabetes Association 2010 criteria [21]. The diagnosis of dyslipidaemia was based on Chinese guidelines for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemia in adults [22]. The diagnosis of CVD and peripheral vascular disease (PAD) was based on self-reports and confirmed using medical records.
The data were expressed as the means ± SD, frequencies or medians with 25th and 75th percentiles. Skewed variables were logarithmically transformed to improve normality prior to analysis. Association between increasing quartile of lipid values and carotid atherosclerosis was initially assessed with a chi-square analysis, stratified by gender. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine the association between the lipid profiles and the CIMT. Logistic regression was then employed to further quantify the association between lipid level quartiles and carotid plaque, with the lowest quartile as reference. The multivariate regression analysis was adjusted, as follows: model 1: age, SBP, DBP, FBG, PPG, BMI, WHR, smoking (yes or no), HOMA-IR and HOMA-B%. In model 2, we adjusted for all lipid variables in addition to risk factors in model 1 to assess the independent association of each lipid profile with carotid atherosclerosis. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for a 1-unit increase in the lipid profiles. SPSS 16.0 for Windows (SPSS 16.0 Inc, USA) was used to perform the statistical analyses. All statistical tests were two tailed, and p-values < 0.05 were considered significant.
Population characteristics
A total of 512 males and 958 females were evaluated. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subjects are shown in Table 1. The mean values of CIMT were 0.746 ± 0.142 mm and 0.694 ± 0.119 mm in males and females, respectively. The prevalence of carotid plaques was 27.0% and 14.4%. The mean values of non-HDL-C were 3.4 ± 0.8 mmol/l and 3.6 ± 0.9 mmol/l. A total of 21.6% of the subjects were current smokers. The differences between genders in terms of age, BMI, WHR, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, smoking, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B%, CIMT, and the presence of carotid plaques were statistically significant.
Table 1 Characteristics of the study subjects
The mean lipid values were well within the recommended range by the guidelines of Joint Committee for Developing Chinese guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults [22]. The majority of the study population (n = 1082, 73.6%) had LDL-C levels <3.37 mmol/l, whereas 36.6% (n = 538) had LDL-C <2.6 mmol/l. Only 1.4% (n = 20) of participants had LDL-C ≥ 4.9 mmol/l. Low HDL-C (<1.04 mmol/l was observed in 113 cases (7.7%) of the study population.
Association of carotid plaque and lipid levels
Figure 1 shows the prevalence of carotid plaque according to increasing quartiles of lipid levels. The presence of carotid plaque increased significantly across increasing quartiles of TC level in the male subjects, whereas prevalence increased significantly across increasing quartiles of TC, LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels in the female subjects. The highest chi-square value was observed for the relationship of non-HDL-C levels in the prevalence of carotid plaque (chi-square = 9.18) in females.
a Prevalence of carotid plaque across quartile of lipid levels in male subjects. TC: 2.65–4.15mmol/L 1st quartile; 4.17–4.69mmol/L 2nd quartile; 4.71–5.28mmol/L 3rd quartile; 5.29–8.84mmol/L 4th quartile. LDL-C: 1.05–2.27mmol/L 1st quartile; 2.28–2.69mmol/L 2nd quartile; 2.7–3.23mmol/L 3rd quartile; 3.24–6.65mmol/L 4th quartile. HDL-C: 0.21–1.12mmol/L 1st quartile; 1.13–1.3mmol/L 2nd quartile; 1.31–1.55mmol/L 3rd quartile; 1.56–4mmol/L 4th quartile. Non-HDL-C: 1.51–2.78mmol/L 1st quartile; 2.79–3.3mmol/L 2nd quartile; 3.31–3.94mmol/L 3rd quartile; 3.96–7.87mmol/L 4th quartile. b Prevalence of carotid plaque across quartile of lipid levels in female subjects. TC: 3.07–4.62mmol/L 1st quartile; 4.63–5.15mmol/L 2nd quartile; 5.16–5.73mmol/L 3rd quartile; 5.74–9.62mmol/L 4th quartile. LDL-C: 1.12–2.45mmol/L 1st quartile; 2.46–2.94mmol/L 2nd quartile; 2.95–3.47mmol/L 3rd quartile; 3.48–6.81mmol/L 4th quartile. HDL-C: 0.5–1.33mmol/L 1st quartile; 1.34–1.57mmol/L 2nd quartile; 1.58–1.85mmol/L 3rd quartile; 1.86–3.27mmol/L 4th quartile. Non-HDL-C: 1.45–2.98mmol/L 1st quartile; 2.99–3.56mmol/L 2nd quartile; 3.57–4.17mmol/L 3rd quartile; 4.18–8mmol/L 4th quartile
In a multivariate model adjusting for age, BMI, WHR, FBG, PPG, SBP, DBP, smoking, logHOMA-IR and logHOMA-B%, male subjects with TC and non-HDL-C in the fourth quartiles had 2.213-fold and 2.149-fold increased risks for carotid plaques relative to those in the lowest quartiles (Table 2, model 1). In the meanwhile, female subjects with TC and non-HDL-C in the fourth quartiles had 1.786-fold and 1.590-fold increased risks (Table 2, model 1). After simultaneously controlling for increasing quartiles of all lipid levels (Table 2, model 2), only females with non-HDL-C in the fourth quartiles had 1.317-fold increased risks for carotid plaques relative to those in the lowest quartiles. On the other hand, no such association was seen with TC, LDL-C and HDL-C.
Table 2 Adjusted odd ratios for carotid plaque according to lipid levels in male and female subjects
Association of CIMT and non-HDL-C levels
The multiple linear regression revealed that the non-HDL-C was positively correlated with the CIMT after adjusting for traditional CVD risk factors including age, BMI, WHR, FBG, PPG, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, smoking, logHOMA-IR and logHOMA-B% in female subjects (Table 3). However, no such association existed in male subjects (Table 3).
Table 3 Association of Non-HDL-C with CIMT by linear regression analysis
Our study showed that non-HDL-C was independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis in a normotensive and euglycemic female population. The CIMT and the prevalence of carotid plaques significantly increased with increasing non-HDL-C after adjusting for conventional CVD risk factors and all lipid levels in female subjects. However, no relationship was found between non-HDL-C and carotid atherosclerosis in male subjects.
Non-HDL-C has recently become a more and more important topic in cardiovascular research [1–3]. Non-HDL-C reflects the number of atherogenic particles present in the plasma. This includes very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) and LDL. Although a number of studies have demonstrated that non-HDL-C activity is associated with the development of cardiovascular events [1–5], it is still debated whether non-HDL-C provides a better estimate of cardiovascular risk than other lipid profiles. The participants in the Strong Heart Study [8] and the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study [9] were diabetic patients. Although Tohidi's study [10] was conducted using nondiabetic participants, these studies excluded only subjects with fasting blood glucose levels ≥7.0 mmol/L, 2 h plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, or subjects who were using hypoglycaemic medications. Therefore, the results may be confounded by the inclusion of subjects with impaired glucose regulation or postprandial hyperglycemia. Moreover, the previous studies enrolled study populations with different proportions of hypertension. As noted, recent studies have demonstrated that there was a close association between non-HDL-C and cardiovascular risk factors, such as hyperglycemia and hypertension [12, 13]. Therefore, the relationship between carotid atherosclerosis and non-HDL-C would be affected by the chronic effects of CVD risk factors. The impact of residual confounding factors would remain after adjusting for CVD risk factors in previous studies. To exterminate the various effects of CVD risk factors on the relationship between carotid atherosclerosis and non-HDL-C, we explored the relationship in the subjects with normal blood pressure and NGT. Thus, the association between non-HDL-C and carotid atherosclerosis was not confounded.
Non-HDL-C is the sum of the masses of cholesterol in the atherogenic apoB lipoprotein particles. In of principle, non–HDL-C represents a broader, more inclusive measure of atherogenic risk. Atherogenic dyslipidemia consists of the combination of an increase in VLDL, with a reduction of levels of HDL-C, also accompanied by a high proportion of small and dense LDL particles [4]. Atherogenic dyslipidemia is considered the main cause of the residual risk of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is still presented by any patient on treatment with statins despite maintaining LDL-C levels below the values considered to be the objective [23]. The finding suggests opportunities for further risk reduction of CVD. Emerging research has identified potential surrogate lipid markers for assessing cardiovascular risk, including non–HDL-C. The dynamic flux of lipoproteins between subtypes under direction of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) makes direct assessment of total atherogenic burden a challenge, which is significantly improved by non–HDL-C [24, 25]. Several years ago, non-HDL-C was highlighted as an important secondary lipid therapeutic goal in the U.S. National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel [26]. The recent recommendations from the International Atherosclerosis Society Expert Dyslipidemia Panel [3] and the National Lipid Association [4] also recommend non–HDL-C as a primary target of therapy.
Using non-HDL-C levels offers several practical advantages over other traditional lipid parameters for routine clinical practice. First, measurement of the non–HDL-C level has no additional cost or inconvenience because it is easily calculated from the standard lipid profile without the need for prior fasting. Second, non-HDL-C level might also identify a group of individuals who have all of the potentially atherogenic lipid fractions [LDL-C, lipoprotein (a) [11], IDL-C [5] and VLDL-C remnants [5]. Finally, they can also be an exact marker in diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia, which can cause LDL-C level calculations using the Friedewald formula to be potentially inaccurate [3, 4]. In addition, the adoption of non–HDL-C across all levels of triglycerides would substantially simplify implementation of clinical guidelines.
In the present study, we did not find the association between non-HDL-C level and carotid atherosclerosis in male as the previous studies reported [27, 28]. Our study showed that non-HDL-C levels are better targets compared with other lipid profiles in female subjects, which presented as a stronger linear relationship with increased CIMT and a more powerful discriminatory ability for carotid plaque prediction. The results were in line with another population-based study in America [29]. Mora et al. found among initially healthy women, those with LDL-C < 121 mg/dl (3.13 mmol/l), non-HDL-C was more closely associated with coronary risk than LDL-C [29]. The diversity may be due to the sex-related differences and ethnic differences in lipid level and atherosclerosis [30]. Additionally, the non-HDL-C levels of the male subjects in this study were relatively lower in comparison with females, while ages, BMI, WHR, blood pressure, and current smokers were higher, which may contribute to the insignificant correlation between non-HDL-C and carotid atherosclerosis in males. However, we cannot further elaborate on the reasons behind this phenomenon.
Thus, our results may have important clinical implications with adding non-HDL-C into the evaluation tools for improving the detection of CVD among community based female subjects. The American College of Cardiology [6], American Diabetes Association [31] and National Lipid Association [25] have already recommended reporting non-HDL-C levels as part of routine lipid panel results. In the context of patient care, screening based on the non-HDL-C would enable clinicians to provide early interventions. An early evaluation of the non-HDL-C would be advantageous for the early detection of CVD, and individuals with increased non-HDL-C might benefit from more aggressive lifestyle modifications and dietary regimen.
Our study has limitations. It was a cross-sectional study, so no conclusion about cause and effect can be made. Our results reflect the relationship within the middle-aged and elderly subjects, limiting our external validity. Indeed, using the Friedwald formula there in an inherent risk of miscalculating the actual LDL-C levels, especially in the presence of elevated TC. In our cohort there were no patients with TC > 10.36 mmolL (400 mg/dl). The strengths of the study were that it was conducted on a population-based cohort. Additionally, we used both CIMT and carotid plaques as the surrogate markers of atherosclerosis [32].
In conclusion, our study shows that among the traditional lipid measures, non-HDL-C was more strongly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis as estimated by measurement of CIMT and carotid plaque in community based female subjects. The third Adult Treatment Panel of the NCEP has recommended LDL-C as the primary target of therapy and the use of non–HDL-C as a secondary target of lipid lowering for individuals with TG concentrations ≥2.26 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) [33]. However, many individuals are at increased risk of CHD due to elevated concentrations of atherogenic lipoproteins not reflected in LDL-C measurement. Our results support the viewpoint that non–HDL-C may be a potentially better marker in evaluating the cardiovascular risk than LDL-C. The use of non-HDL-C instead of LDL-C as a primary target for cholesterol lowering therapy deserves further investigation.
apo-B:
Apolipoprotein B
CETP:
Cholesterol ester transfer protein
CHD:
CIMT:
Carotid intima-media thickness
FBG:
Fasting blood glucose
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HOMA-B%:
Homeostasis model assessment index for beta cell function
HOMA-IR:
Homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance
HR:
Hazard ratio
IDL:
Intermediate density lipoproteins
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LPL:
NGT:
Normal glucose tolerance
non-HDL-C:
Non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
OGTT:
Oral glucose tolerance test
Ors:
Odds ratios
PPG:
Postprandial blood glucose
TC:
Total cholesterol
TG:
VLDL:
Very low density lipoproteins
WHR:
Waist-to-hip ratio
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The Shanghai Changfeng Study has also received support from Changfeng Health Center, the Health Bureau of Putuo District, and the committees of all the sub-communities of Changfeng. The contributions of all the working staff and inhabitants are greatly acknowledged.
This work was supported by grants from the National Key Basic Research Program of China (grant no. 2012CB524906 to X. Gao), the Shanghai Municipal Health Project Grant (grant no. 2013ZYJB0802 to X. Gao), the Shanghai Health and Family Planning Commission Foundation (Grant Nos. 12GWZX0103 and 2013SY005 to X. Gao), the National Ministry of Education Program (Grant No. 985III-YFX0302 to X. Gao), the Shanghai Hospital Development Center Foundation (SHDC12012201 to X. Gao).
All datasets generated and analysed during this study are available from the corresponding authors upon email request.
Conceived and designed the experiments: HM HDL XML YH XJJ JG NQZ BSP XG. Performed the experiments: HM HDL XML WYH JG. Analyzed the data: HM NQZ JG. Wrote the paper: HM XG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Department of Geriatrics, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
Hui Ma
& Yu Hu
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
Huandong Lin
, Xiaoming Li
& Xin Gao
Department of Ultrasonography, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
Wanyuan He
Clinical Epidemiology Center, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
Xuejuan Jin
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
Jian Gao
Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
Naiqing Zhao
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 20032, China
Boshen Pan
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Correspondence to Xin Gao.
Non-HDL-C
Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT)
Carotid plaque
Carotid atherosclerosis