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text:
Library Menu: Oxford High School
Editorial and Production Staff
Topical Outline
Acetaminophen-Balmer
Acetylsalicylic Acid
Acid-Base Chemistry
Acne Medication
Active Site
Agricultural Chemistry
Allosteric Enzymes
Allotropes
Al-Razi, Abu-Bakr Muhammed ibn Zakariya
Anfinsen, Christian
Arrhenius, Svante
Atomic Nucleus
Avery, Oswald
Avogadro, Amedeo
Baekeland, Leo
Balmer, Johann Jakob
Bardeen-Cavendish
Bardeen, John
Base Pairing
Becquerel, Antoine-Henri
Berthollet, Claude-Louis
Berzelius, Jöns Jakob
Bioluminescence
Bohr, Niels
Boltzmann, Ludwig
Boyle, Robert
Bragg, William Henry
Bragg, William Lawrence
Brønsted, Johannes Nicolaus
Bunsen, Robert
Caldwell, Mary
Calvin, Melvin
Cannizzaro, Stanislao
Carnot, Sadi
Carothers, Wallace
Carver, George Washington
Catalysis and Catalysts
Cavendish, Henry
Cellulose-Cortisone
Chadwick, James
Chalcogens
Chappelle, Emmett
Chardonnet, Hilaire
Charles, Jacques
Chemical Informatics
Chemistry and Energy
Chevreul, Michel
Cholecalciferol
Cleve, Per Theodor
Cofactor
Colligative Properties
Combinatorial Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
Concentration Gradient
Cori, Carl and Gerty
Cosmetic-Curium
Cottrell, Frederick
Coulomb, Charles
Curie, Marie Sklodowska
Photo and Illustration Credits
Author: Eugene C. Cordero
Editor: J. J. Lagowski
From: Chemistry: Foundations and Applications(Vol. 1. )
Document Type: Topic overview
Lexile Measure: 1330L
With each breath, the lungs inhale air filled with nitrogen and oxygen, the most abundant natural gases in the atmosphere. Also inhaled, however, are small quantities of gases and particles that are pollutants. Understanding the effects of these pollutants and how to control their emissions has been a continuing challenge for many centuries.
Humans have made a large impact on the state of the atmosphere ever since they first began using fire for light, cooking, and heat. When early populations traded their nomadic lifestyle for one based on agriculture, concentrations of air pollutants began to accumulate around permanent communities. With population growth came an increase in the use of fire, along with an increasing demand for wood.
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries as wood became more difficult to find, growing cities began looking for alternate sources of energy. The solution was coal—plentiful, cheap, long-lasting, and hailed as the perfect new source of energy. The only "inconvenience" was the heavy black smoke that resulted from its burning. It was not long, however, before this inconvenience became a serious health concern.
As industrialization increased over the next few hundred years, the burning of coal and wood produced some of the unhealthiest air ever recorded. In some European cities, hundreds of deaths were blamed on episodes of excessive smoke and soot. London's air was especially filthy: The mixture of smoke and fog (later termed "smog") was at times so thick that it affected visibility. As little was done to control the burning of coal, many cities in Europe, Asia, and the Americas suffered from poor air quality.
Although the burning of coal remains one of the largest global sources of air pollution, the rise of automobiles in the mid-twentieth century was another major source. This was especially true on the west coast of the United States, where the ever-rising automobile population, coupled with a large petroleum industry, generated a different type of pollutant; cities became known for "brown smog," a layer of pollution that forms in sunny skies and causes irritation to the lungs and eyes.
Although Earth has its own sources of naturally produced air pollutants, humans have had a far larger effect on Earth's atmosphere. One of the mostPage 72 | Top of Article striking examples of this pollution is acidic deposition, or "acid rain." Acid rain occurs when emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which typically come from coal-burning power plants and automobile emissions, react with water and oxygen to form acidic compounds such as nitric acid and sulfur-containing acids, according to the following reactions:
S + O2 → SO2
SO2 + O3 → SO3 + O2
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
2NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO
NO + O2 → NO2
Once airborne, these pollutants can travel long distances before returning to Earth's surface as rain or snow, or in a dry form.
Not all atmospheric acidity is due to atmospheric pollution, as Earth also has natural sources of sulfur and nitrogen. Natural sources of sulfur dioxide include volcanoes and forest fires. Air is a natural source of nitrogen oxides, as is lightning, according to the following reactions:
O2 + N2 → 2NO
Even "normal" rain (rain that has not formed in a polluted atmosphere) is acidic because of the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere:
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
Over the millennia, normal rain has created limestone caves because calcium carbonate is slightly soluble in solutions of H2CO3:
CaCO3 (s) + H2CO3 (aq) → Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
The additional burden of human air pollution, however, has made acid rain an important environmental concern. Acid rain may acidify lakes and streams, making the water unsuitable for some fish and other wildlife. Further damage has been reported in soil and tree vegetation, which are sensitive to the acid level of rainwater.
Acid rain also speeds the decay of buildings, statues, and other man-made structures. Natural treasures such as the Taj Mahal in India, the Acropolis in Greece, and cathedrals in Germany and Britain have suffered significant damage due to acid rain. Although large sums of money are being used to help repair these structures, some damage is beyond repair.
Many governments have enacted controls on the chemicals responsible for acid rain. Although there have been some improvements in acid levels in lakes and streams, there are still many scientists who believe that stricter controls are necessary to reduce the risk to Earth's land and water.
Page 73 | Top of Article
These statues, "Saints and Sinners" by sculptor Marshall Fredericks at Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, were exposed to acid rain. The reaction of water with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides forms acidic compounds, speeding the statues' decay.
Fluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion
Ozone (O3) is a gas consisting of three oxygen atoms. The ozone layer of the atmosphere acts as a shield protecting Earth's surface from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. When ozone absorbs UV radiation, it decomposes into an oxygen molecule (O2) and an oxygen atom (O) as:
2O3 + UV radiation → 3O2 + O
Even a relatively small decrease in the ozone layer could produce significant risks to human, animal, and plant life. For example, scientists estimated that even a 1 percent decrease in global ozone levels would produce 10,000 more cases of skin cancer each year.
Fluorocarbons are a class of chemicals widely used in various technologies, including air conditioning, aerosol cans, and fire extinguishers. While the chemicals have proved extremely useful, it was not until the 1970s (when growing concentrations of chlorine were detected in the upper atmosphere) that scientists first realized that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a type of fluorocarbon, could potentially destroy ozone.
The widespread growth of CFCs produced an unsuspecting increase in upper atmosphere chlorine. When a CFC molecule is released into the atmosphere,Page 74 | Top of Article it can remain for many years without reacting with other chemicals. Once the CFC molecule reaches the upper atmosphere, however, it can be broken apart by UV radiation, thus releasing a chlorine atom. It is this release of chlorine that poses the serious risk to Earth's ozone layer, because it is involved in a series of ozone depleting reactions in which a chemical family or a particular species is depleted, leaving the catalyst unaffected. Ozone can be affected by such a cycle. In the presence of a chlorine atom (Cl), atomic oxygen and an ozone molecule are converted into molecular oxygen via the following two-step process:
O3 + Cl → ClO + O2
ClO + O → Cl + O2
A single chlorine atom can potentially destroy many thousands of ozone molecules. Notice that a chlorine atom is consumed in the first reaction and preserved in the second reaction. Chlorine atoms thus act as catalysts in the depletion of ozone.
It was not until the Antarctic ozone hole was discovered in 1985 that scientists first realized how fragile the ozone layer can be to specific chemicals. In 1987 thirty-one countries agreed to protect the ozone layer through a reduction and elimination of the chemicals that destroy ozone. This international agreement, known as the Montreal Protocol, has successfully reduced the use and production of CFCs, with the long-term goal of restoring the ozone layer to its original state.
The struggle to improve air quality has persisted for many years. Although many cities still have air pollution episodes that are classified as unhealthy, stricter emission controls mean that the air over most major cities is cleaner today than it was in the mid-twentieth century. Even so, issues such as acid rain and ozone depletion continue to pose serious environmental challenges that require cooperation between science and policy.
SEE ALSO AIR POLLUTION .
Eugene C. Cordero
Jacobson, Mark Z. (2002). Atmospheric Pollution: History, Science, and Regulation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Scorer, Richard S. (2002). Air Pollution Meteorology. Chichester, U.K.: Horwood.
World Meteorological Organization (1998). Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998. Report No. 44. Geneva: WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project.
Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2005 Gale, COPYRIGHT 2007 Gale, Cengage Learning
Acid rain,
1: 71-72
air pollution and,
coal burning and,
Air pollution,
atmospheric chemistry of,
smog,
Atmospheric chemistry,
2: 144-145
2: 144t
Automobile emissions
acid rain and,
air pollution from,
Brown smog,
skin,
Chlorine,
ozone and,
Chlorofluorocarbons,
definition of,
ozone depletion and,
Coal,
Fluorocarbons,
Forest fires,
Industrialization,
Lakes, acid rain and,
Limestone,
solubility of,
Limestone caves,
Montreal Protocol,
Nitrogen,
Ozone layer (Stratospheric ozone),
Chlorofluorocarbons and,
depletion of,
holes in,
Rain,
brown,
Smoke,
2: 99-100
Soot,
Streams, acid rain and,
Volcanos,
Wood burning,
Acid deposition

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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There are 197 solar PV installations in Ma Ma Creek's postcode, 4347, totaling 724.94 kW of capacity. The 4347 postcode accounts for 0.013% of all the solar installations in Australia.
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Lifehouse is teaming with LARS this Thanksgiving season to help local families have a holiday meal. You can help by bringing in non-perishable Thanksgiving sides. Canned vegetables, boxed stuffing, cranberry sauce, etc. are all great ideas. Items can be placed in the grocery cart in the lobby.


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"Paramore's Hayley Williams has been an icone of an entire generation's angst. Now, at 28, she's finding she has her own unrest to deal with." - Fader Magazine, story par Alex Frank.
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Tat, Thomas Ho Chee. Fränti, Pasi. (2018). Real-time Electric Vehicle Load Forecast to Meet Timely Energy Dispatch. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI 2018), 148-153. 10.1109/SOLI.2018.8476758.
Electric vehicles are more eco-friendly and energyefficient than the conventional internal combustion engine vehi-cles. This technology adds new challenge to the existing energydistribution network. Specifically, electric vehicles are allowedto start charging their batteries the moment they are parkedinto a charging lot which creates a unpredictable load on theenergy distribution network. Ideally, the energy supply systemmust always be in a state where the amount of energy consumedis equal to the amount of energy produced. This priori is also forthe reduction of energy wastage. Hence, load forecasting serves asan estimated preemption for the supply system. In this paper, timeseries techniques for electric vehicles' load forecasting are pro-posed. Experiments are given using Singapore's energy dispatchsystem. A framework to provide the relevant electric vehicles'load forecast to fulfill the timing criteria is also proposed.


text:
Report: The geopolitics of energy
Special report | When the sun sets on oil
The Middle East and Russia are ill-prepared for a low-carbon future
Traditional oil producers suggest clean energy is not a threat
Listen to this story.
Save time by listening to our audio articles as you multitask
THE HIGHLIGHT OF a trip to the vast Shaybah oil field in Saudi Arabia's "empty quarter" is a stroll at dusk to the top of a range of silky sand dunes. There you can watch the sun set over the pride of the Saudi petroleum industry as a muezzin in the mosque below strikes up a call to prayer. Unfortunately, executives from Saudi Aramco, the state oil company, challenged your correspondent to a running race. By the time he reached the top, he was coughing so badly that he missed the sunset; and the banter drowned out the muezzin. "If only we could turn this sand into silicon for solar panels," one joked. "We'd be rich."
Like many petrostates, Saudi Arabia, the world's biggest oil exporter, is aware that demand for petroleum may one day fall victim to solar panels, electric vehicles, more frugal consumption and so on. But how seriously do the big oil producers take the threat? The answer comes in two parts. The first concerns their response to the recent onslaught of American shale production. The second is about their reaction to the prospect of "peak oil" (the beginning of the end of the world's addiction to oil) over the next few decades. For now, the former appears to carry far more weight than the latter, even though peak oil may eventually cause what some call "the mother of all oil crises".
Start with the impact of shale. The galloping rise in American oil production up to 2014 caught many traditional oil producers off guard and contributed to a rapid increase in global oil stocks to unsustainably high levels. The subsequent oil-price crash clobbered oil-producing countries that had been spending lavishly on social programmes. They acted swiftly.
A reeling Saudi Arabia unveiled a plan to sell off 5% of the world's biggest oil company, Saudi Aramco, to raise $2trn for the country's public-investment fund. This is part of the kingdom's so-called Vision 2030 strategy, designed by Mohammad bin Salman, the crown prince, to reduce the country's dependence on oil and diversify the economy to provide new sorts of jobs for a young population. But in the absence of high oil prices it is unlikely to raise anything like the sums he wants.
In late 2016 OPEC and non-OPEC producers, led by Saudi Arabia and Russia, agreed to curtail production by a combined 1.8m barrels a day (or about 2% of global output) to push up prices. So far the plan has not only worked, it has set the stage for an "axis of love" between Russia's president, Vladimir Putin, and Prince Mohammad. Despite their support for opposite sides in the Syrian civil war, and despite Russia's long-standing friendship with Iran, they now talk of developing long-term joint projects, especially involving Russian natural gas.
Whether they are seriously preparing for the longer-term threat—of falling oil demand as the world switches to electric vehicles—is harder to answer. Publicly, leaders of Saudi Arabia and Russia dismiss the risk that demand will collapse. They predict that cars, trucks and planes will still consume growing amounts of fuel into the middle of this century, and that plastics and petrochemicals will still use a lot of oil. But some observers think that concern about peak oil is leading them to hedge their bets and may be one reason the Saudis are selling off part of Aramco.
Drill, habibi, drill
What should petrostates do about output if oil demand ebbs? In theory they should pump as hard as possible now so they can bank the money while they can. But that would set off a battle for market share among producers which would drive down oil prices further. Those with the lowest costs, such as Saudi Arabia, which can produce oil for as little as $6 a barrel, might feel that this is a fight they are bound to win.
However, a paper published in January by Spencer Dale of BP and Bassam Fattouh of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies casts doubt on this idea. It argues that Middle Eastern oil producers should focus not on the cost of extraction but on the "social cost" of oil: their spending on social commitments such as health care, education and public-sector employment. The authors use the oil price needed to achieve balanced budgets as a rough proxy. This is close to $60 a barrel. Mssrs Dale and Fattouh argue that until such countries can shift their economies away from oil, they will need to cover these social costs. So instead of fighting each other for market share, they will seek to maintain long-term alliances, such as the current OPEC-plus arrangement. Yet in the past such pacts have always unravelled because of cheating on quotas. And investors in Aramco might balk at sacrificing short-term revenues for long-term strategic objectives. So perhaps the Aramco IPO will be the high-water mark of Saudi Arabia's co-operation efforts.
If the producers are not able to control the market, reform will become more urgent. But it will be tough. Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 depends almost exclusively on the will of the young crown prince, who has ripped up a long-established model of rule by consensus, with unpredictable consequences. His sense of urgency is not matched by experience, and progress is patchy. Saudi Aramco is taking longer to list than planned.
Other Middle Eastern producers, such as the United Arab Emirates, are also hedging their bets, talking up clean energy but also reaffirming their commitment to using fossil fuels for half their energy needs until at least 2050. Like Saudi Arabia, they are blessed not just with oil but with sun and space, which offer ideal conditions both for large solar-photovoltaic parks, which harvest the sun during daylight hours, and concentrated solar plants, which store the heat generated by the sun in molten salt and release it as electricity at any hour of day or night. But at present Middle Eastern oil producers see renewable energy mainly as a way to use less oil and gas at home so they have more of it available for export. They do not consider clean energy to be an existential threat.
As for Russia, it appears to be even blinder to the prospect of the energy transition. It has given short shrift to renewables. Beyond oil and gas, most of its attention is on nuclear energy. And it is still betting heavily on oil. Partly thanks to global warming, last year it started drilling in the Laptev Sea, in the Arctic Circle, despite low prices and semi-frozen terrain that would put off most Western oil companies.
The wild card for petro-producers is what happens to demand for oil and gas in the developing world, particularly in China. Last year China overtook America to become the world's largest oil importer, and those imports are forecast to continue growing rapidly for at least a decade. At least for now, China's energy relationship with the Middle East and Russia is likely to become closer. State companies from all three regions are investing in each other's assets. Chinese funding has helped Russia finance drilling projects, despite Western sanctions. The same may happen with Iranian gas. Saudi Aramco has invested in a refinery in China's Fujian province. Russia has offered to sell Arctic gas to Saudi Arabia.
The end of oil will not be linear. If oil prices slump, electric vehicles may look less attractive. Concerns about over-investment in oil may produce unexpected price spikes. But if the producers do not embrace economic reform, they could find themselves in deep trouble very quickly. They need only look at Venezuela to see how rapidly falling oil revenues can force an autocratic state to break its bargain with the people, leading to economic turmoil, social instability and regional tension.
This article appeared in the Special report section of the print edition under the headline "When the sun sets on oil"
From the March 17th 2018 edition


text:
info@nuwaupianism.com
Malachi York
The Holy Tablets
Wrong Knowledge
Ask The Nuwaupians, You Are Aware That It's A Myth That Habiybah Washington Recanted Right?
Chuck Morgan
Malachi York - The Leader
Question: Ask The Nuwaupians, Did You Know Habiybah Washington Cleared Up This So-called Recantment?
Answer: They'll be shocked.
"...everyone deserves a second chance, even when they do something wrong..."
This is an update regarding the 2004 so-called recantment video. When members of the Nuwaupian cult decided to re-push the old video from 2004, Habiybah Washington wrote the following to Set The Records Straight".
"Time to set the fucking record straight with these damn nuwaubians and that recantment video. Malachi Dwight whatever the fuck York has molested and abused multiple children. Out of guilt and sorrow for a man I have been raised to believe in and after having been pursued and harassed for feeling sorry for him, I recanted my statement feeling sorry and pity. Courage is what it to accept that in the end I was not the perpetrator, and in fact I was a victim. The only wrong I have done is turning my back on all the other victims to save the man that has preyed on us all. I stand on the side of truth and justice. Let him seek mercy though his creator. That man has hurt so many people and YES he is a Pedophile that has preyed on children. That is the whole TRUTH that shall remain true."
-Habiybah Washington: August 21, 2016
Since Nuwaupians ignore the facts that she refused to go all the way with a recantment, so she maintained her original statements, now she makes it clear in no uncertain terms.
Habiybah Washington is seen on video making statements to Nuwaupians that what she said in court was all lies. That video was originally intended for Nuwaupian, however when the court became aware of her video and statements AFTER York's sentencing, this set the stage for a possible new trial because one of the star witnesses gave a possible recant. When a herring convened, Ms. Washington maintained her original testimonies of York's molestation her beginning at age 13 as well as the vivid details of what happened to the other victims at the hands of York which she witnessed.
Meanwhile, Nuwaupian cult members took the video, posted it on Youtube and a pro-Nuwaupian website and Youtube, promoting the fallacy that Habiybah recanted. Unfortunately this distortion of reality and the facts does not work in the Nuwaupian cult's favor. In this post you'll see from unsealed court transcripts, the words of Habiybah Washington during the herring after York's conviction. When given the chance to recant, she stands firm and with much courage, does NOT recant, thus York is denied a new trial.
Watch the video and listen close to what she says, then read what she stated in court as to why she lied to NUWAUPIANS in the video, this would include the lie about a Jacob York conspiracy theory.
On August 14, 2004 Ms. Washington gave her reasons for making the video and signing an affidavit.
York Attorney: J. Marks- Before you made these affidavits, you went up to New York and you made a video tape?
Habiybah Washington: Yes.
York Attorney: J. Marks- Did anyone coerce you to make the videotape?
Habiybah Washington: No.
York Attorney: J. Marks- Whose idea was it to make the videotape?
Habiybah Washington: My Lawyer told me that that's what you wanted.
York Attorney: J. Marks- Okay. And that was after you told your lawyer, in substance, that you lied at the trial?
Habiybah Washington: Yes
York Attorney: J. Marks- And he suggested to you that you make a videotape documenting the fact that you lied?
York Attorney: J. Marks- And you did that voluntarily?
Habiybah Washington:Yes.
York Attorney: J. Marks- Was the videotape true or false?
Habiybah Washington: NO
York Attorney: J. Marks- Did you tell Jacob that nothing was happening to the kids on the land
York Attorney: J. Marks- And was that true?
York Attorney: J. Marks- So you're saying you lied to Jacob?
York Attorney: J. Marks- Now, tell us what your thought processes were, if you wouldn't mind. Why was it that you made these false affidavits?
Habiybah Washington: I couldn't handle his sentence. I mean, I don't know. I didn't think that I could live with myself with him being in jail. I didn't think that testifying against him in trial would have a big effect on me like it did. I didn't think that it was fare for me to judge him, you know, I think everybody deserves a second chance, even if they do something wrong, and I don't know. I thought that, you know, the only way that I can feel good is, you know, if I try to take it back. I didn't think he deserved it.
Habiybah stated why she did the videotape and lied on the affidavit, because...
"...everybody deserves a second chance, even if they do something wrong..."
So when given the chance to recant, in court, even after signing an affidavit she maintains her original testimony that York did molest the children in the case including herself.
Habiybah says York is guilty AFTER her own video
Husna Evans says York is guilty AFTER her video
Hasna Evans says York is guilty AFTER her video
Sakina Black says York is guilty AFTER her video
Hanaan Merrit says York is guilty AFTER Habiybah's video
Issa Johnson says York is guilty AFTER Habiybah's video
Below is how the Associated Press presented it in the News.
Witness in York case maintains original testimony was true
Associated Press August 14, 2004
Macon, Ga. -- A key government witness in the case of a leader of a quasi-religious sect convicted of child molestation and racketeering said she tried to recant her testimony because she felt sorry for him.
Attorneys for Malachi York, head of the United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors, had sought a new trial because one of the witnesses had made sworn statements in contradiction to trial testimony that said she had not been molested by York.
But witness Habiybah Washington said on the witness stand on Friday that her trial testimony against York was true. During the trial, she said York molested her beginning when she was 13 and that York molested other children as well.
She said she later recanted her testimony because she felt sorry for York and that "everyone deserves a second chance, even when they do something wrong."
York's defense attorney Jonathan Marks told Judge Ashley Royal that because Washington stuck to her original testimony, he wanted to withdraw his motion for a new trial. But York instructed Marks to leave the motion in place.
Royal did not rule on the motion on Friday.
York was sentenced to 135 years in federal prison in April. His January conviction was based on the testimony of cult members who said he regularly molested children and manipulated the sect's finances from 1998 to 2002, when federal agents raided their compound.
Habiybah NEVER recanted that,
- York started the sexual touches (fondling) at age 13
- York started anal and oral sex with her when she was 14
- York began vaginal sex with her at age 15, ejaculating (outside) of her vagina.
- York had anal and oral sex with other children that Habiybah herself helped recruited for him.
What people who claim that she recanted are missing is this, her statements are also corroborated by other victims and witnesses. These are witnesses and victims who never attended the Florida trip with Jacob York, which debunks the Nuwaupian's conspiracy theories. No witness could listen or watch the testimony of other witnesses on the stand. All witnesses in court trials are sequestered from each others testimony. This is done so that each witness gives a more accurate account and can't repeat what other witnesses testified to. It wasn't until AFTER testifying that witnesses could watch the trial. Only after they were excused from the witness stand could they be allowed to watch the trial and NOT before. That's way even the people who testified for York, still don't know much about the entire case, because they didn't see or hear anything from other victims. Because the testimonies corroborates with each others, is proof positive that they were telling the truth.
The following are portions of the court transcripts from that August 14, 2004 testimony of Habiybah Washington.
Upon reading all of the above information, Nuwaupians will continue to deny what happened AFTER the video. Nuwaupians can sign up for a PACER account at http://www.pacer.gov/ which is the online Electronic Federal Court System. You can download the public documents filed in York's cases, unfortunately however, some Nuwaupians believe the site to be a Government Conspiracy website, so they would rather dwell in a perpetual state of cognitive dissonance rather than seek out the actual facts regarding the case, motions, herrings and the trial.
Many have forgotten that Habiybah gave interviews about York's sex with children even before the trial. Here's Habiybah in an interview discussing community life and Dr. York's activities.
Apparently Nuwaupians forgot or are ignoring her words in this intereview. When the Nuwaupians are total frustrated and have completely run out of options, they pull out the last line of defense for York by claiming that in New York the age of consent is 17, which is a backdoor admission that they believe York to be guilty. One cult member wrote in the Nuwaupian Debate Forum group on Facebook,
"don't you realize that in NY the legal age to have sex is 17 "
This shows that Nuwaupians have not taken the time to investigate the age of consent laws. Here's the actual facts, (no pun)
"New York has allowances for minors who are below the age of consent (but older than 13) and close to the same age. These provisions exist because age of consent laws are meant to prevent minors from being sexually exploited by adults, where there is almost always a significant power imbalance. It is not meant to punish individuals who are close to the same age for engaging in consensual, non-exploitative sexual conduct "
In New York, a person who is under age 16 but older than 13 years old can consent to sex with a person who is no more than 4 years older.
In New York, the crime of 3rd degree rape is committed when a person over the age of 21 has sex with a person under the age of 17.
So the law is specific on the age limits, Habiybah Washington, Amala Noel, Salaam Laroche and other children said in court that they were between ages, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 17. York was 30 years older than Habiybah Washington, thus this constitutes child rape.
Habiybah and others stated that they were in their pre-teens or early teens when he started a sexual relationship with those children.
Q. Ms. Washington, at what age or should I say did Mr. York at some time begin a sexual relationship with you?
Habiybah Washington: I was 13.
Q. And when you were 13 and Mr. York began to do sex acts on you and where were you living then?
Habiybah Washington: I was living in New York.
Q. Do you recall how old Mr. York would have been when you were 13?
Habiybah Washington: He's 30 years older than me, so I think he was 43.
York violated the child predator laws of the United States.
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Legal Topics > Criminal Law and Police > Personal Crimes > Sexual Abuse - Criminal
New York Age of Consent Lawyers
Authored by Ken LaMance, LegalMatch Law Library Managing Editor and Attorney at Law
What is the Age of Consent for Sex in New York?
In New York, the age of consent for sex is seventeen. This applies to men and women, and applies to both heterosexual and homosexual conduct.
However, as in many other states, New York has allowances for minors who are below the age of consent (but older than 13) and close to the same age. These provisions exist because age of consent laws are meant to prevent minors from being sexually exploited by adults, where there is almost always a significant power imbalance. It is not meant to punish individuals who are close to the same age for engaging in consensual, non-exploitative sexual conduct.
In New York, the crime of 3rd degree rape is committed when a person over the age of 21 has sex with a person under the age of 17. It can be punished by 4 years in prison. The punishments are far more severe when the victim is younger. If the victim is under 15, the punishment is up to 7 years in prison. A qualified New York lawyer can provide you more information if there is a legal basis for a case involving non-consensual sexual contact.
For the Benefit Of The Readers:
In the Facebook group USA vs. YORK there's an important dialogue regarding the belief that Habiybah Washington recanted, it's a conversation between a York supporter and a former Nuwaupian and York legal adviser. It's posted here because it's nessaray and beneficial to the issue of this topic.
USA VS. YORK - First lets look at the (faulty) logic Nuwaupians are using:
Nuwaupian to this very day, still use Habiybah Washington's video and attempt to recant as if its credible. So you as a Nuwaupian or any Nuwaupian is in fact contradicting the very logic being used by the organization. If she is not credible, then why use her statement at all? You can't pick and choose. If she is not credible, then take her out of the equation altogether of any propaganda.
Paa Anukh Ptah: this is not the video it is a signed affidavit. i used her statement not in his defense i used it to support MY claim. if u take her out the equation the case would have turned out different seeing that she was a KEY witness on the Gov Behalf.
USA VS. YORK: Next, lets take the same logic and apply it to Dr. York:
Dr. York was sworn under oath and pleaded guilty in the Federal court and on a separate day he pleaded guilty while sworn under oath in the State court which is the one that was video taped. In his sworn testimony under oath, Dr. York stated that he was not forced or coerced by anyone and was properly represented by attorneys during which time he pleaded guilty in both venues. Dr. York was also told of the penalties and consequences of pleading guilty and Dr. York accepted it while sworn under oath.
Dr. York changes his story later and says he was under duress and tortured without demonstrating any evidence of torture or being under duress other than statements.
So by this same logic, Dr. York is not credible. By this same logic Dr. York also expects to be believed from statements as evidence and nothing else, but at the same time speaks against basing things on statements without other evidence. In other words, the listed victims testified in court and gave statements against Dr. York and Nuwaupians do not want to accept those statements because they are just statements, but at the same time, Nuwaupians expect people to believe Dr. York's statements about the case, including duress and torture for the guilty pleas without providing any other evidence to support it. So again, we see a double standard.
Paa Anukh Ptah: yes applying that logic i can overstand and agree. but that is not the issue at hand. I only wanted to point out that by her own words she commited perjury. she being the key witness and not being a Credible witness raise a red flag.
USA VS. YORK: My above 2 comments address the faulty logic of this topic thread and that which Nuwaupian use. Now let's address the facts of the issues brought up in the topic post:
<< In this SWORN AFFIDAVIT She STATED 1) She understood that she was facing Perjury for the Affidavit >>
Singling out this affidavit when there are other sworn statements made by her before and after is analogous to Christians picking and choosing verses out of the Bible out of context. This is what is going on here.
Yes Habiybah was told about perjury. She was also told the punishment for perjury and the likelihood and/or lack of likelihood that she would be indicted for perjury by the same prosecution that she testified for in court.
<< NOW I DO OVERSTAND that Many Disgruntled Ex Members will say that she later explained that she LIED to help him out.. >>
This is not coming from disgruntled Nuwaupians. Habiybah's statements are recorded in the TRANSCRIPTS of the New Trial Hearing of August 13th 2004 where her Affidavit (that is focused on in this thread) was being addressed. In those transcripts Habiybah said that the only reason she did the video and affidavit was to help Dr. York out. Again, these are not the words of disgruntled Nuwaupians as is being implied.
<< She COMMITED PERJURY :Perjury, also known as forswearing, is the willful act of swearing a false oath or of falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, . >>
Habiybah did not perjure herself. The fact that she took back her affidavit relieved her of perjury violations and of any recantations. This is the reason why Habiybah did not legally recant or perjure herself. This is why it was referred to as an "attempted recantation."
<< SHe is NOT A CREDIBLE WITNESS and has proven that she has a difficult time telling the TRUTH... BEFORE you attack me please read the document below. Thank you for your time. >>
There is no need to be insecure to think that you will be attacked. What is addressed in this group are the arguments made not the people. The argument made here is based on a hypocritical premise as well as faulty logic and ignorance of legal procedures governing these issues. This argument also neglect the full context of Habiynah Washington's involvement in the case and ignores the very court hearing that addressed the Affidavit. You can not talk about the Affidavit in a vacuum like that as if it was not addressed in court under oath and cross examined. These mistakes is why this issue keeps coming up to no benefit at all.
<< yes applying that logic i can overstand and agree. but that is not the issue at hand. I only wanted to point out that by her own words she commited perjury. she being the key witness and not being a Credible witness raise a red flag .. >>
Again, as I have explained... to focus on the affidavit in isolation is of no benefit at all and it leads to faulty conclusions as yours. Also, the issue of credibility itself is inherent in the argument for Dr. York as well because if she is not credible then neither is Dr. York as outlined above. You can't pick and choose based on how you feel. Doing so will only keep people chitchatting in circles. It will fade over time.
USA VS. YORK: Another note,
One thing that this group is to focus on is the facts. Its not about propaganda. This issue was addressed many times even in this group. It only keeps coming up because people like yourself and others refuse to do all of the homework and accept information from other websites that do the same.
The point of posting this topic is to convince readers here that Habiybah is not a credible witness. If everyone here concedes to that, then they would also have to concede that Dr. York is not credible and has no integrity either. Then what? So its best to deal with all of the facts and not pick and choose things out of context to advance an agenda based on ignorance.
On this page of her sworn testimony after she did the affidavit that is the focus of this topic, she was asked if she testified that she has sex with Dr. York at 13 and she said yes. She was then asked is it correct that it was false and she said no.
On this page we read Habiybah was asked about the affidavit that is the focus of this topic thread and if at that time she said it was accurate to the best of her ability and she said yes. Then she was asked if it is in fact accurate and she said no.
On this page we see that Habiybah says that she and others did not give false testimony at trial and that she did the affidavit because she thought it would help Dr. York.
Paa Anukh Ptah: yes i read that as well. i have that downloaded. this doc i also use to support my claim.yes using the same logic on York will provide the same argument against him. i have no intentions to cause disruption. i see where u are coming from . But the topuc here is Ms Washington as a key witness..
USA VS. YORK: We see here that Habiybah said the video tape she did was not true.
The topic here is credibility. You are focused on Washington in your argument. The issue of credibility covers all witnesses because the Jury did not just hear from Washington. So again, you and others should learn to use the full context. Otherwise, you are just having discussions about issues that were addressed many many many times before. 10 years from now, someone is going to be saying the same things all because they neglect to do all the homework and keep everything in context.
Its very obvious that you and other Nuwaupians only question Washington's credibility because she took back her affidavit. Because at the time she did the video and then the later affidavit, she also had no credibility because she obviously changed her story to do the video and affidavit in the first place. So this issue is only being raised out of a dislike and not from the full context of facts within the case. If Habiybah Washington left her affidavit intact and stood behind it, no Nuwaupian would be saying "Habiybah is not credible." They would back and support her 1000% in that case.
With the logic shown in the topic statement/question, at the time Habiybah Washington did her video and later affidavit, she committed perjury according to the topic post and its definition given. YET at that time, no Nuwaupian claimed Habiybah committed perjury or questioned her credibility. Even though she now gave two different stories (1-at trial and 2-in her video/affidavit). The reason why no Nuwaupian questioned her credibility or said she committed perjury was because her actions was in favor of Dr. York. As long as her actions worked in favor of Dr. York it was all good. Nobody flinched.
Then when the normal process continued and it came time for Habiybah to testify and stand behind her affidavit in court under cross examination, she pulled back her affidavit and said she lied on the video and affidavit to help Dr. York. NOW suddenly, Nuwaupians scream foul and say Habiybah is not credible and she perjured herself and throw her under the bus.
This is what this topic post really reflects. It reflects the wayward swing of Nuwaupian emotions and not based on facts. Anything that is not in favor of York is bad evil, negative demon, devil, etc. whether its facts or not. Anything that favors York is good, angel, heavenly, welcomed, cheered, whether its facts or not. So with Nuwaupians its NOT about FACTS, its all about the EMOTIONAL ties that York's followers have for him by any means necessary. The organization is documented to be about Facts but in reality its an organization of indiscriminate loyalty to Dr. York, not facts. Facts are ignored for the most part.
The claim made is based on a logically contradictory premise. The question itself is rooted in dislike as explained. 1 question can show this to be the case....
1) At the time Habiybah did her video and affidavit which was a change from her previous trial testimony, why didn't the Nuwaupians question her credibility or make accusations of perjury?
The answer to this question shows that its not about her credibility or if she perjured herself. It shows that it has everything to do with whether her actions help Dr. York or hurt him. In other words, If Habiybah lied to help Dr. York - its all good and she's an angel. If she tells the truth and it hurts Dr. York, she is the devil. So its not about accuracy/truth/facts.... its about whatever to help Dr. York.
This has been the motivation and fuel behind Dr. York's fight for freedom. Not facts, but rather, make up anything and everything that could possibly help him hence the Liberian, Ghana, Native American projects that people work on, the UCC, Moorish, etc. projects.
I hope that you have gained a better understanding of what actually took place and see how the Nuwaupian cult purposly gave you a tiny fraction of the events.
Plagiarism - The Masters Who Guide York's Pen
The Holy Tablets - The Holy Book Of Nuwaupians
Right Knowledge Gone Wrong
Ask The Nuwaupians: What Exactly is Unlawful Sexual Activity? 06 January 2023
Ask the Nuwaupians, Did You Know that *Dr. York Impregnated a 17 Year Old in 1992? 17 October 2021
Ask The Nuwaupians, Did You Know the Book The Sacred Wisdom of Tehuti was Plagiarized from The Mystical Book Called Kybalion? 18 September 2021
Ask The Nuwaupians, Is Your God Paa Nabab Yaanuwn A/K/A *Dr. York a Wimp 30 August 2021
Ask The Nuwaupians, Was Kish of Mesopotamia the Kush/Cush of the Bible? 14 August 2021
Ask The Nuwaupians, Did Johnnie Eugene Brown Ever Visit Tama-Re? 12 July 2021
About Nuwaupianism
Website containing 360 questions to ask Nuwaupians.
Expose' detailing the doctrine of Malachi York.
© 2015 Those Who Care. All Rights Reserved.


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Home » Grow Crops » Grow Fruits and Vegetables » Fruit and Vegetable Planting » America's Native Bamboo
America's Native Bamboo
Mention the word "bamboo" and visions of China, panda bears and exotic jungles readily come to mind for most of us living in the Western Hemisphere. Indeed, the majority of the 1,450 species of true bamboo found throughout the world originate in Southern and Southeastern Asian countries, with a few scattered species found in Africa and the beech forests of Chile in South America.
Some bamboo species grow more densely than any forest you can imagine and produce giant canes as big around as a small tree, while others are as diminutive as a clump of native big bluestem prairie grass to which all bamboo is related. In fact, bamboo belongs to the true grass family Poaceae which contains some 10,000 recognized species and represents the fifth-largest plant family on Earth.
The United States is home to three very distinct native species of bamboo, which are collectively known as cane.
Native Bamboo: Cane History & Ecology
When the first Europeans set out to explore the New World they encountered massive canebrakes so dense they were nearly impenetrable. These natural obstacles were so massive that explorers had to navigate around them, sometimes for miles. While cane was present in much of the southern and southeastern half of the United States, the largest canebrakes in North America were found along the edges and floodplains of major rivers such as the Mississippi and its tributaries.
River or giant cane is the largest and most noticeable of the three native types of bamboo.
While these great brakes were a boon for wildlife and native peoples alike, early explorers and settlers found them little more than an impediment to travel — until they learned that cattle not only loved to eat river cane, but quickly grew fat on it. Soon enough the brakes would be eradicated by overgrazing and the settlers' desire to farm the rich, fertile soil that the cane helped produce.
Native Americans admired the rich soil found in canebrakes, often clearing small plots along the edges to grow corn, beans, squash and melons. Native people took great care in nurturing and protecting the canebrakes because they also supported a wide array of bird and animal species that were another source of food.
As in all early indigenous cultures, plants served many roles within the society. River cane was not only a subsistence crop, but a source of strong, straight and sturdy material used to construct an array of tools, weapons, basketry, traps, cages, footwear, bedding and even lodging.
Environmentally Sound
Unfortunately, like so many of the abundant natural resources found in the New World, early settlers quickly decimated river cane through overgrazing and farming. This was the beginning of the end for American canebrakes.
Today a whopping 98 percent of America's native bamboo has been extirpated from the landscape, raising concerns for the future of the infinite life forms that rely on the habitat created by them. A. J. Hendershott, writing for Missouri Conservationist Magazine in 2002, succinctly describes the importance of canebrakes: "Cane thickets make great wildlife cover. Indigo buntings, cardinals, hooded warblers, evening grosbeaks, water thrushes and other songbirds use it for refuge from predators. Golden mice, southeastern shrews and other small mammals hide in cane stands, too. Swamp rabbits use canebrakes for cover and food, hence their nickname: canecutters."
Cane also helps build and prevent the loss of topsoil along the river's edge, while reducing the introduction of sediment to the river system through deforestation, road-building and farming. Sediment buildup can clog gravelly or rocky riverbeds that fish and other native aquatic species need to reproduce.
Needless to say, native bamboo isn't just for the birds. Cane growing along embankments and floodways improves water quality by controlling erosion and stabilizing embankments, particularly during times of flooding. In fact, cane's deep rhizomes hold soil better than any riverside plant, including trees.
Identification & Culture
With such an important role in the ecosystem, the call to restore native bamboo was quickly acted upon and many riparian areas are once again home to these native plants. It also brought about the discovery of a new species of cane found in the Appalachian Mountains in 2007. Appropriately dubbed, Arundinaria appalachiana, hill cane joined river cane (Arundinaria gigantea) and switch cane (Arundanaria tecta) to make up the only temperate native species of bamboo found in the Northern Hemisphere.
Although typically referred to as canes, these three distinct species are true bamboos that are very closely related to species found in Asia and parts of South America. All three are "running" bamboo, which means they spread via creeping rhizomes.
River cane spreads into large patches or thickets.
Even with extensive restoration efforts and native cane becoming more common, most people don't know the difference between the three native species and any number of non-native ornamental species.
If you're driving down the highway and see a thick stand of brightly colored giant bamboo, chances are you are witnessing what I call "landscape renegades" of Asian origin.
According to Margaret Cirtain from the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of South Carolina, the most common and aggressive species of non-native bamboo found in the wild is golden bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea), sometimes referred to as yellow or fishpole bamboo. Her article, "Identifying Native Bamboos," found on the Native and Naturalized Plants of the Carolinas and Georgia website (namethatplant.net/article_nativebamboo.shtml), is an excellent and detailed resource for anyone interested in learning how to tell the difference between native and non-native bamboo species.
America's native bamboos were originally found growing in various parts of the southeastern United States, depending on the species: from Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas on the western edge, along the southern boundaries of the Great Lakes north and east to New York and south along the coastal region to southern Florida and every state in between.
River or giant cane is the largest and most noticeable of the three natives. This lowland species prefers growing on the banks and along the floodplains of large rivers and their tributaries. The more sedate and diminutive switch cane and hill cane, found primarily in the southern states, prefer the drier and partly shaded woodland settings found at the edges of seeps, springs, small creeks, draws and wet-weather streams.
Humans can enjoy native bamboo as a privacy screen or windbreak, to create shady nooks or hide unsightly obstacles such as propane tanks or ugly fences. Native bamboo often grows where grass won't and is a great help at slowing down water and preventing erosion. When dried, the canes make wonderful building materials for garden trellises and plant supports, as well as a myriad of crafty and useful items. Like all true bamboos, native species spread via an underground system of segmented rhizomes from which their roots grow. All bamboos are classified as "clumping" or "running."
Clumping bamboo tends to grow outward in a circular fashion, rarely moving far beyond its original planting site. On the other hand, running bamboo seeks out new territory via creeping rhizomes that spread in all directions, often creating dense screens or stands. Although all of our native species are running bamboo, river cane is larger and much more aggressive than the other two, especially when it is grown in rich, moist, loamy soils — the ideal of conditions for any bamboo species.
Planting native cane, particularly hill and switch cane in heavy soils or in areas that are excessively dry or sunny might somewhat curtail their growth and hence, their wandering habits.
I strongly suggest planting any of these species in a place that will not infringe on neighboring property or wander into flowerbeds, under landscape blocks, or other sensitive areas. Plan to mow at least 4 or 5 feet around the entire patch, just in case.
In general, native bamboos are heat- and cold-tolerant perennials that prefer rich, consistently moist, slightly acidic soils with a pH of 6-6.5. All but hill cane are evergreen in their native habitats, though the leaves may brown slightly during the winter months.
River cane is the largest of the three native bamboos, reaching heights of 6 feet and spreading as far as it is allowed by soil and water conditions. When mature, river cane can tolerate periods of running or standing water and full sun.
Switch cane generally grows to heights of around 6 feet at maturity when grown in excellent condition found in consistently moist soils and partial-shade generated by large trees like pine and oak. Hill cane, which is deciduous, also reaches up to 6 feet, but prefers full shade from mature trees and well-drained slopes or swales. Hill cane is especially fond of seeps and springs in its native habitat.
The two biggest problems homeowners face when growing native bamboos include the scarcity of authentic nursery plants and the length of time it takes them to reach maturity. Keep in mind that removing plants from public lands is often illegal without a permit and may degrade the size or quality of the stand. The simplest method is to locate a reputable native plant nursery and buy from them.
If you're having a hard time finding a nursery specializing in native bamboo, try contacting your local conservation department. Whatever you do, do not buy bamboo "seed." Bamboo rarely, if ever, blooms and produces seed, so either the advertisement is a scam or the person selling the seed has been misinformed.
Switch cane generally grows to heights of around 6 feet at maturity.
Should you have a private, identifiable source of true native bamboo, or are interested in dividing specimens you already have, take care to dig them carefully. Take only clumps that include a large portion of culms, rhizomes and roots while still retaining as much natural soil around them as possible.
Transplanting is best undertaken in late winter or early spring. Start by digging a hole at least twice as deep and wide as the rhizomes you are working with and backfill with high-quality loamy soil. If your soil is less than ideal, adding plenty of shredded organic material at planting time is helpful to get new roots growing quickly. Much like irises, the rhizomes of bamboo must be covered with only a few inches of soil. If buried too deeply, they can rot.
As the bamboo matures, spent leaves fall and accumulate around the base of the plants. These leaves make perfect mulch, containing high levels of silica and other chemicals that the plants recycle into the nutrients they need to grow. Until this occurs naturally take steps to provide young plants with 2 inches of organic mulch, which helps keep the soil consistently moist and cool in the summer and warm in the winter.
Because bamboo is related to grass, which contains high levels of nitrogen and silica, any kind of grass also makes excellent mulch for bamboo. Otherwise, hay, wood chips or leaves work well.
In addition to mulching, newly planted bamboo may need to be shaded from the hot summer sun for a short time to prevent leaf scorch. They will also need regular, deep watering to ensure steady growth. This is especially true in the early period after transplanting and on very hot or windy days in the first year after transplanting.
Although mature river cane can tolerate periods of inundation by water, none of the three native species ever grow in standing water, and young plants that are watered too much or planted in water-logged soils suffer as much as those not watered enough. Keep the soil moist, but not soggy.
If you are concerned about bamboo running amuck through your neighborhood, plan for that before you plant. Utilize natural barriers that are at least 6 inches deep and span a large area, such as along concrete driveways, roadways, rocky embankments and cement foundations. Planting bamboo within an area of lawn can also be helpful, as regular mowing will prevent rhizomes from spreading out-of-bounds.
Another alternative is to install impenetrable bamboo barriers at planting time. Visit any nursery that specializes in bamboo for more information on installing barriers. If you don't have naturally loose soil in the area in which you are planting, avoid creating a deep bed of loamy soil at planting time. Keeping the relatively hard native soil beneath bamboo rhizomes can help stop the rhizomes from ducking under barriers. The Bamboo Garden website (bamboo garden.com), has a lot of useful information on planting and containing bamboo.
Native Bamboo: Beyond Aesthetics
Once your native bamboo is mature, you can selectively harvest canes for a variety of uses. The shoots of all three native bamboo species are delicious, having a crunchy texture and a taste akin to raw sweet corn. They're also nutritious and low in fat and calories.
According to a brochure by Cooperative Extension Service at Washington State University, one cup of bamboo shoots is reported to contain approximately 14 calories and half a gram of fat. They are also high in fiber and a good source of heart-healthy potassium (640 mg per 1 cup serving).
Fresh bamboo shoots also contain healthy phytochemicals that have antioxidant, antimutagenic, antibacterial and antiviral actions. They also include lignan, a natural phytoestrogen, and phenolic acids, which are known to be powerful antioxidants and anti-inflammatories. Besides being tasty and good for you and the environment, growing and selling native bamboo rhizomes, potted plants, cane poles and delectable young shoots, can also bring added income to your farm business.
America's native bamboo is as important and valuable today as it has ever been. It is an important natural and cultural resource that Americans should employ, both in the home landscape and in the wild. By avoiding exotic Asian cultivars and planting only America's native bamboo species, we do ourselves and our environment a great service.
This article appeared in the September 2018 issue of Acres U.S.A.
Jill Henderson is an artist, author and organic gardener. She is editor of Show Me Oz, a blog featuring articles on gardening, seed saving, nature ecology, wild edible and medicinal plants and culinary herbs. She has written three books: The Healing Power of Kitchen Herbs, A Journey of Seasons: A Year in the Ozarks High Country and The Garden Seed Saving Guide.


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The Key to All Mythologies Symbol Analysis
The Key to All Mythologies is the name of the work of theological scholarship to which the 45-year-old Rev. Edward Casaubon has dedicated several decades of his life. The grand title of the work highlights its ambitious scope, and when Dorothea first hears about it, she is captivated by the idea that the work will constitute a major contribution to knowledge. However, early on in Dorothea's marriage to Casaubon it emerges that the project is not as significant as it at first appears. Will Ladislaw informs Dorothea that because Casaubon does not read German, he has not been able to keep up with the latest developments in the field of theology, which means that The Key to All Mythologies is doomed to be outdated and irrelevant. Casaubon dies without finishing the project; he entrusts the notes to Dorothea and asks her to shape them into a finished product, but at this point Dorothea realizes that it will never amount to anything and considers it a "tomb" in which Casaubon has buried her. Like the cottages, The Key to All Mythologies thus symbolizes the failure of unrealized ambitions. However, because of Casaubon's show of confidence in the work, it also represents the dangers of self-delusion. Casaubon is secretly insecure about the project, but instead of admitting this he becomes secretive and cagey about it. The Key to All Mythologies is seemingly impressive, but ultimately insubstantial.
The Key to All Mythologies Quotes in Middlemarch
The Middlemarch quotes below all refer to the symbol of The Key to All Mythologies. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
). Note: all page numbers and citation info for the quotes below refer to the HarperCollins edition of Middlemarch published in 2015.
Book 4, Chapter 42 Quotes
Thus his intellectual ambition which seemed to others to have absorbed and dried him, was really no security against wounds, least of all against those which came from Dorothea. And he had begun now to frame possibilities for the future which were somehow more embittering to him than anything his mind had dwelt on before.
Related Characters: Dorothea Brooke, Rev. Edward Casaubon
Related Symbols: The Key to All Mythologies
And here Dorothea's pity turned from her own future to her husband's past - nay, to his present hard struggle with a lot which had grown out of that past the lonely labour, the ambition breathing hardly under the pressure of self-distrust; the goal receding, and the heavier limbs; and now at last the sword visibly trembling above him! And had she not wished to marry him that she might help him in his life's labour? - But she had thought the work was to be something greater, which she could serve in devoutly for its own sake. Was it right, even to soothe his grief - would it be possible, even if she promised - to work as in a treadmill fruitlessly?
The Key to All Mythologies Symbol Timeline in Middlemarch
The timeline below shows where the symbol The Key to All Mythologies appears in Middlemarch. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
...educated man who has spent many years writing an ambitious work of religious history ( The Key to All Mythologies ). (full context)
...spends at Tipton during his and Dorothea's engagement forces him to neglect his scholarly project, The Key to All Mythologies . Dorothea suggests that she should learn to read Latin or Greek to help him... (full context)
..."thoroughness." Casaubon has tried to show Will the importance of patience via his work on The Key to All Mythologies , but it has not worked. He says he will support Will for a year,... (full context)
At Lowick, Dorothea finds Casaubon's instructions for her to finish The Key to All Mythologies , which she now regards as a "tomb." Now that he is dead, Dorothea no... (full context)


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The cultural disarmament of progressive Catholic bishops
Conservative bishops and their allies, especially in the United States, continue to overshadow their more progressive confreres in putting forth a vision for the Church
Archbishop Charles Chaput as he is welcomed by Pope Francis during his weekly General Audience in Saint Peter's Square. Vatican City, 26 March 2014. (Photo by EPA/Osservatore Romano/MaxPPP)
By Massimo Faggioli | United States
Archbishop Charles Chaput, who retired as the ordinary of Philadelphia a little more than a year ago, has just published his latest book.
The 76-year-old Capuchin is one of the leading American bishops driving "culture war" Catholicism in the United States.
And, as it was with his previous publications, the rollout of this new volume was a carefully planned operation.
There were interviews with the author to announce the book's release and endorsements from a number of U.S. religious conservatives. They included clerics, journalists, academics and Catholic media celebrities.
Things Worth Dying For is the provocative title of the archbishop's new work. And like his earlier books -- and high-profile lectures -- it is part of his ecclesial leadership style and effort to put forth a very particular vision for the Church and society.
Archbishop Chaput and many of his views need to be challenged. But most liberal and progressive Catholics are just ignoring him. They do so at their own peril.
It is striking that Chaput seems to be the only US bishop in the 21st century who seems capable or willing to offer to the wider public – Catholics and non-Catholics alike – his vision in a format that leaves an impression and a deeper effect than the occasional interview or speech.
The late Cardinal Francis George OMI, who served as archbishop of Chicago from 1997-2014, was probably the country's only other bishop this century to do so. And he, too, spoke out from the conservative end of the Catholic spectrum.
An effective way to influence the Church and society
Even though Archbishop Chaput is now retired, he has retained his role as one of the leading public voices in the American Catholic culture wars.
We were reminded of this a few weeks ago when he wrote an article pressuring the US Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) to study the issue of giving communion to President Biden because of his support of the Democratic Party's pro-choice policies.
Chaput's books are not academic essays, but more like pamphlets. To be a bishop you do not have to be academic, and not every bishop has to publish books.
But for a bishop that aspires to have a leadership role in the public conversation about the Church in these turbulent times, publishing a book is an effective way to do it.
Chaput writes readable essays that put forth a thesis and a proposal. He seems to be one of the last bishops capable or willing to do this.
Perhaps that is partly because the current crisis of institutional Catholicism seems to have brought an end to the tradition of bishops and cardinals who were also something like public intellectuals.
There were the philosophical works of Karol Wojtyla, the biblical and spiritual essays of Carlo Maria Martini, the cultural and anthropological critique of Camillo Ruini, the fundamental theology of Karl Lehmann and, of course, the mostly political theology of Joseph Ratzinger (published during his years as prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith).
All of these men are either dead or retired. Today it is rare to find a bishop who is publishing books that are more than a mere collection of his homilies.
In addition to Chaput, there is also Cardinal Robert Sarah in Rome, former prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of Sacraments. He has written a number of books in the past several years and the one he published on the priesthood in early 2020 caused much controversy.
There are other conservative authors in the United States – among both the clergy and the laity – that continue to offer their combative and bellicose view of Catholicism. George Weigel, of course, is among the best known.
Where are the progressive Catholic voices?
The question is why, on the other side of the Catholic spectrum, there are no bishops that publish books that offer a vision of the Church and of society that is different and alternative to the one offered by Archbishop Chaput, Cardinal Sarah and Mr. Weigel.
The phenomenon is not particular to the Church in the United States, by the way.
And there are many possible reasons why it exist.
The first has to do with the changes in the intellectual profile of those who are appointed bishops, which can vary from one country to another.
Nearly 40 years ago sociologists Pierre Bourdieu and Monique de Saint Martin looked at the situation among the bishops in France.
They noted the there was a shift from appointing bishops who were from "les héritiers", the Catholic intellectual "aristocracy", to those who were part of "les oblats", "zealots" and administrators.
This newer type of French bishop was a man whose concern and identity was to preserve the institutional Church, since he lacked a deep intellectual and non-clerical formation.
A second reason for the phenomenon is linked to the massive changes in the actual job of being a bishop (sex abuse scandal, downsizing of Church structures, collapse in the social role of the clergy, etc.), which leave no time or energy to write books.
This change in the job description is one of the reasons more and more candidates to become bishops refuse.
Inability to articulate a vision, loss of moral authority
A third reason is that the bishops today are overwhelmed by the ideological insanity that infests their episcopal conferences. The United States is a prime example.
The USCCB these past several years has invested its authority on different issues in a hugely disproportionate way.
Look, for example, at the moral judgements the conference so often makes on LGBTQ and "pelvic issues" while remaining totally silent on the new version of Jim Crow racism that target the voting rights of Americans (many of them, Catholics) in certain states.
A fourth possible reason is that the bishops who are different from Chaput cannot articulate their vision of the Church and Catholicism.
It is something that can be seen in Catholic academia as well, where it has become more difficult, from the liberal standpoint, to make an effective argument for what I would call "ecclesiodicy" -- a reasonable defense of the existence of the institutional Church and the possibility of reforming it.
A fifth reason could be that progressive bishops believe they lack the moral authority to articulate a vision of the Church. The ongoing abuse scandal seems to have silenced their voices of more than their conservative confreres'.
This is despite the fact that the moral and theological burden of the scandal is part of the legacy of John Paul II and Benedict XVI (even before he was elected pope) and of the generation of bishops these two men appointed and promoted.
A sixth reason -- progressive bishops don't know who would be interested in such a vision. Both the young clergy and professional Catholic theologians seem to be more detached than ever before from the bishops, for different reasons.
The young conservative clergy because their heroes are the Chaputs and the Sarahs; progressive theologians because Catholic academia has moved towards a vision that is post-institutional and post-ecclesial -- if not in theory, certainly in practice.
A seventh reason is that progressive bishops lack the ecclesiastical-industrial complex that supports authors on the Catholic right: the media system (especially the EWTN colossus), conservative Catholic think tanks, schools and universities, magazines, associations and organizations like Napa Institute and the Knights of Columbus.
While conservative media eagerly gives support to cultural warrior bishops, non-conservative Catholic media and progressive bishops mutually maintain a careful distance.
An eight and, perhaps, final reason for this phenomenon is that there is a market for reactionary non-fiction and Church politics that is much stronger among conservatives than the liberal-progressives.
The so-called "Francis bishops" remain silent
There is a conservative "Party of God" that invests in culture, while the progressive side invests in other kinds of endeavors that reflect the kind of Christianity they believe in (e.g. work for the poor and marginalized).
In doing so, the progressive side fails to reach a large audience in the institutional Church and those who still hold the keys to structural change.
It is important to acknowledge that there is an asymmetry between the voice of cultural warriors and that of progressive Catholicism, while obviously being careful not to generalize the terms "conservative" and "progressive".
Pope Francis has probably arrived about a decade too late, especially for the Church in the United States (though not only here).
He was elected after the pontificates of John Paul II and Benedict XVI, which contributed (far beyond their intentions, I believe) to radicalize conservative Catholicism in a traditionalist sense and boosted the clerical system.
In this asymmetry, conservatives have a very clear playbook -- the culture wars.
Progressives are trying to withdraw from those wars that have caused huge damage to the Church, both intellectually and spiritually.
Raimon Panikkar, a Catholic philosopher and theologian whose Spanish mother was a Catholic and Indian father was Hindu, famously said that "cultural disarmament" is an effective way to peace.
But cultural disarmament must be explained and articulated, otherwise it looks like unconditional surrender.
Finally, Francis' pontificate seems to be pretty much focused on Pope Francis, thanks to the Vatican's communications department andthe popes' unofficial spokespersons and interpreters.
The so-called "Francis bishops", those most supportive of the pontificate's aims and vision, seem capable only of repeating or imitating what is coming.
It would be easy to compile a bibliography of books written by bishops and Catholic intellectuals that are openly critical of Francis. And it's not difficult to make a list of the books and treatises authored by the pope himself.
But it would be much more difficult to put together a catalogue of books written by bishops and Catholic intellectuals that try to articulate Francis' vision for the Church and society.
And this is not something that can be blamed on the pope or his opponents.
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Easter eggs even in lockdown: a family ritual
How to carry shame
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Getting out of it together
Catholicism after Ratzinger and the Synod on synodality
Benedict XVI "santo subito"?
Ratzinger and the reshaping of post-Vatican II Catholicism
The US bishops' conference and the Napa Institute
Conjectures of a former bystander