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City of Crystal » Resident » Community Development » METRO Blue Line Extension
METRO Blue Line Extension
The Blue Line Extension is a Metro Transit and Hennepin County project that would extend light rail transit from Target Field station in Minneapolis to the vicinity of Oak Grove Parkway and West Broadway in Brooklyn Park.
The city staff contact is Community Development Director John Sutter at 763-531-1130,
john.sutter@crystalmn.gov.
There may be openings for Crystal representatives on two project advisory committees, the Business Advisory Committee and Community Advisory Committee. For more information, visit the city's Boards and Commissions page.
Upcoming Meetings/
• View the Metro Transit Community Engagement webpage.
• Leave a comment on the interactive map.
• Email feedback or invite project staff to present at your community or business meeting by emailing Sophia Ginis.
Jan. 18, 2022: Crystal City Council Resolution commenting on Metro Transit's Route Modification Report.
Jan. 6, 2022: In-person Community Open House from 5-7 p.m. at Crystal City Hall, 4141 Douglas Dr. N. to view and comment on design concepts and traffic simulations for the Crystal segment.
Dec. 21, 2021: City Council work session materials regarding design concepts and traffic simulations for the Crystal segment.
Dec. 13, 2021: Metro Transit Draft Route Modification Report released.
Sept. 29, 2021: In-Person Community Open House from 5 - 7 p.m. at the Crystal Community Center, 4800 Douglas Dr. N. (same materials as Sept. 23 work session).
Sept. 23, 2021: City Council work session - Presentation Materials.
July 29, 2021: Virtual Community Meeting - presentation - video.
July 26, 2021: In-Person Community Open House at Becker Park (same materials as July 20 work session).
July 20, 2021: City Council work session staff report.
May 18, 2021: City Council work session presentation.
April 20, 2021: City Council work session presentation.
March 11, 2021: The project released initial routes for consideration and public comment:
Initial Route Summary
Initial Route Evaluation Report
BNSF Alignment No Longer Being Considered
The following information and links are related to the proposed alignment that would have used the BNSF corridor. Please note that this proposed alignment is no longer being pursued by Metro Transit.
Metro Transit is proposing to expand light rail transit (LRT) service to the northwest suburbs. The Metro Blue Line Extension (route map) would run from Minneapolis to Golden Valley, Robbinsdale, Crystal and Brooklyn Park. It would provide direct, "one seat" service from Crystal to regional destinations like downtown Minneapolis, MSP International Airport and the Mall of America. Riders could also transfer to the Green Line LRT serving the University of Minnesota and St. Paul to the east, and St. Louis Park, Hopkins and Eden Prairie to the southwest.
Crystal would have a station and park & ride lot at the southwest corner of Bass Lake Rd. and Bottineau Blvd.
The "municipal consent" phase was completed in March 2016. The City Council held a public hearing on Feb. 16, 2016 and the City Council adopted this resolution on Feb. 29, 2016. The resolution states that the city chooses to neither approve nor disapprove the municipal consent plans, which means that the plans are deemed approved under state law. Note that the proposed pedestrian bridge over Bottineau Blvd. for the Bass Lake Rd. station has not been included in the Blue Line Extension project. See the city's Sept. 12, 2016 letter to Metropolitan Council on this subject.
METRO Blue Line Extension project plans are complete. The next steps prior to bidding and construction are for Metro Transit to secure an easement to use eight miles of the BNSF corridor and apply for a grant from the Federal Transit Administration. Visit the METRO Blue Line Extension webpage for more information. You may also view the roll plot for the Crystal segment and the updates presented to the city council on July 18, 2017, Oct. 12, 2017, Jan. 16, 2018 and April 17, 2018.
Bass Lake Road Station Area Planning
Beginning in 2015, Hennepin County and the City of Crystal collaborated on a land use plan for the area around the Bass Lake Rd. station. Community meetings were held in September and November, 2015 and January 2016. The final report was completed in July, 2016. Click here to view materials related to this plan. You may also contact City Planner Dan Olson at dan.olson@crystalmn.gov or 763-531-1142.


This past week, one woman found a much less fattening way to use sprinkles.
The Internet is a black hole for strange, weird and wonderful things‹especially when it comes to food. Rather than dive in yourself, let F&W do it for you. Here, four of the most absurd food items we saw this week.
Sprinkle Art: Cake designer Michelle Wibowo created a reproduction of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam in frosting, 10,000 marshmallows and 500-million colored sprinkles. While it is sad to think about all of those sprinkles going uneaten, the piece, which took about 168 hours to create, is incredible.
Taco Bell's Waffle Taco: On March 27, Taco Bell will debut its breakfast menu to throngs of cheering, bleary-eyed college kids who can't wait to cure their hangovers with dishes like breakfast burritos and, the stars of the show, waffle tacos. Essentially, these are breakfast tacos where the tortilla has been swapped out for a waffle with a side of syrup. We don't know how it will taste, but can predict that it's sure to be the stickiest breakfast around.
Mac and Cheese Bagel: This may be a sign of the coming apocalypse. Tompkins Square Bagels in New York is offering a carbohydrate monstrosity: a toasted bagel, scooped out and filled with macaroni and cheese. You can also add bacon for just a dollar. Because that's what it was missing.
Bacon Gets Sporty: Speaking of America's favorite meat product, which jumped the shark so long ago it's in an entirely different ocean now, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, a Phillies Triple-A baseball team, recently debuted their uniform redesign featuring wavy strips of bacon on the shirt and hat. Maybe the opposing team will become so hungry just looking at that bacon logo that they'll forfeit and run to the closest Waffle House or Denny's (depending on what part of the country the game is in).
Donarts: Can't we just leave doughnuts alone? The answer, apparently, is no. Donarts—half doughnut, half tart—are the latest pastry hybrid to hit the news. The Green Radish, a vegan food truck in New York City, will debut these weird-sounding baked goods in March. They'll be available in three flavors including vanilla-almond with raspberry glaze and mango dots.


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Biting insects
Black flies bite people and many different animals.
Black flies are active spring through summer and bites are most common during spring.
Wear a long-sleeved shirt, pants and a hat to avoid black fly bites.
Repellents are not always effective but may provide some help.
How to identify black flies
Black fly adult
Black flies are also called gnats or buffalo gnats. Thirty species of black flies occur in Minnesota. All species are very similar in appearance to each other.
Small (1/16 inch)
Stout, dark colored, rounded back
Broad wings, short legs
Few hairs on body
Black fly larva
Worm-like and legless
End of abdomen is enlarged
Two fan-like structures near the head
Biology of black flies
Plus sign (+) if content is closed, 'X' if content is open. Life cycle
Eggs are laid in rivers, streams and other running water:
Black fly larvae in a river
Directly onto the water, or
On the leaves of aquatic plants and objects.
Once they hatch, the larvae attach themselves to stones, grass, branches, leaves and other objects under the water.
Larvae develop under water for 10 days to several weeks depending on species and water temperature.
Pupae last for a week, before transforming into adults.
Adults live for about three to six weeks.
Both males and females feed on flower nectar for flight energy.
Only females bite to take a blood meal.
Most adults can fly about 10 miles from their breeding source.
They can be carried much further on air currents.
Plus sign (+) if content is closed, 'X' if content is open. Common black fly species in Minnesota
Simulium venustum is an aggressive biter that develops in smaller streams.
Adult females feed on humans and other animals.
It has one generation in the spring (April to early June).
Simulium johannseni is a moderately aggressive biter that develops primarily in the Crow, South Fork Crow and Minnesota rivers.
Adult females feed on both mammals and birds.
It has one generation in the spring at about the same time as S. venustum.
Simulium meridionale can bite people but is less aggressive than the species described above.
Adult females feed on mammals and birds.
It develops in the Minnesota, South Fork Crow and Crow rivers.
It is abundant May to July, producing three to six generations.
Simulium luggeri is usually a nuisance by flying around your head.
Adult females feed on humans and other mammals.
It develops primarily in the Mississippi and Rum rivers (smaller numbers also occur in the Minnesota and Crow rivers).
There are five to six generations a year. They are active from May to October.
Simulium vittatum is not known to bite people. It prefers horses, cattle and other large mammals.
It develops in smaller streams as well as large rivers.
It occurs throughout spring and summer.
Black fly bites
Black flies can be a serious problem because they bite. When black flies are active they can develop into very large swarms.
Black flies use blade-like mouthparts to slash the skin and feed on blood.
Bites are concentrated on exposed areas of skin, especially along the hairline, feet, ankles and arms.
Bites can produce reactions from small red spots and little or no irritation to a lot of irritation and swelling.
Sensitivity varies from person to person.
Black flies can attack many different domestic and wild animals, including birds.
In extreme circumstances, black fly bites have killed animals through severe blood loss.
Sometimes black flies are nuisances by just swarming around people without biting. Because they like to swarm around heads, they might crawl into the nose, ears, eyes and mouth.
Black flies are most active a couple of hours after sunrise and a couple of hours before sunset.
They are most active on calm days and in sheltered areas (wooded areas).
They are less of a nuisance on windy days and in open areas.
Black flies are attracted to dark colors such as navy blue.
Can black flies spread disease?
In Minnesota, black flies are not known to spread diseases. In other parts of the world, they can spread serious diseases.
How to protect yourself from black flies
It is very difficult to prevent black flies from biting, especially when they are in large numbers.
There is no control measure to reduce black flies in an area since they can fly from up to 10 miles away or more.
To reduce black fly bites try these suggestions:
Avoid areas with high black fly populations, such as lowlands, areas with dense vegetation or sheltered and shady areas.
Avoid being outside when black flies are most active, generally at dawn and dusk.
Wear white or brightly colored clothing. It is less attractive to the flies than dark-colored clothing.
Cover up bare skin with shoes, socks, long sleeves shirts, long pants and hats.
Wear a head net, similar to a bee keepers veil. You can find them in outdoor stores and gardening catalogs.
Insect repellents, such as DEET, are not always effective but may provide some relief.
Jeffrey Hahn, Extension entomologist
Insects that infest homes
Nuisance insects
Insects that infest products and houseplants
Insect relatives
Biting insects and insect relatives
Diagnose a problem
These tools will guide you step-by-step through diagnosing a plant problem or identifying an insect.
What's wrong with my plant?
What insect is this?
Connect with Extension
Contact | 612-624-1222 | mnext@umn.edu
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sam Ray, the creative force behind Teen Suicide, always meant for his latest album to be the end of a chapter. It's the Big Joyous Celebration, Let's Stir the Honeypot (Run For Cover Records) makes clear within minutes that there is very little door closing going on here. With a sound that ranges from the lofi electronic pop of "Obvious Love" to the shambling twang of "Long Way Down" to the americana of "Neighborhood Drug Dealer", the sheer ground covered across the 26 song tracklist can be dizzying.
Critical praise poured in from multiple music sites, making it redundant to sit here and delve further into the themes behind the album. Writers at Spin gave it a 9/10, named it one of the top 50 albums of 2016, and saw fit to publish an an incredibly in-depth look at the process behind writing the album. With all of those distinctions, it's hard not to consider this album an instant classic. Like other albums deserving of that title, it comes to life anew with each listen, giving the audience back as much as they are willing to put in.
Three songs were tracked with engineer/producer Sean Mercer, who also contributed drums and vocals to the album alongside a staggeringly long list of other musicians. "Living Proof", "Long Way Down", and "Alex" make their mark as having an elevated fidelity that serves to cut through the haze surrounding other tracks. The genre hopping tracklist allows the different recording styles to exist next to each other without pushing the listener away. Sean and Sam worked together to achieve a more saturated sound, using cassette recorders and utilizing Mobtown's array of analog preamps and effects. This helped to submerge the recordings into the carefully crafted universe that this album inhabits. It's hard to imagine just where this album points to for future recordings, but it appears as though the door has been left wedged open for now and we'll catch a glimpse soon.


With RA Shaw's award-winning talents these homes and property designs will be a culmination for which the Turks and Caicos has become famous. Strict construction management to carefully bring to life the masterful signature designs blending chic modern contemporary elements with latest and greatest in Caribbean design.
With R.A. Shaw's award-winning talents these homes and property designs will be a culmination for which the Turks and Caicos has become famous. Strict construction management to carefully bring to life Ron's masterful signature designs blending chic modern contemporary elements with latest and greatest in Caribbean design.
East Point Estates will be a fully gated and managed 5 Villa Luxury enclave within the gated community of Leeward.
Guest parking provides space for 3 cars.
22×20 carport provides covered access to main home – ideal for shading and inclement weather. This carport will feature a rooftop open deck with sectional lounge sofas and fire pit.
Main entry – Grand solid steel swinging door with double latch deadbolt locking system.
All stairwells will be matching rendered concrete and finished with a slight Stained finish options will be selected by each buyer. Railings will be brushed aluminum with elegant hardwood handrails.
Elevated 25×22 Main living offers unobstructed views of the entire interior living space with clear sight lines through to the 1500 sf infinity pool and oversized water frontages.
19×19 dual master bedrooms on the main level, both with ensuite baths, indoor/outdoor showers and private patios offering direct pool and beach access.
The 2nd level will also feature a secondary laundry room and linen storage room and 2nd level beverage center.
Connecting the second level master suite to two additional guest bedrooms will be a 22×28 open deck with oversized lounging sofas and fire pit.
Two additional 11×18 guest suites with ensuite baths and private balconies with complete the second level of this masterpiece.
21-foot wide accordion style patio doors provide access to the pool and beach. These elegant oversized 10-foot-high glass patio doors allow abundant natural light openness not to mention exception views from any angle of the interior.
All outdoor patios through to the docks will be a rendered concrete with textured non-slip salted finish.
1500 sf full-fill, heated pool with sunk in lounge fire pit overlooking the private beach oasis and the beautiful turquoise waters of the Turks and Caicos Islands.
Two-bedroom standalone Beach Cottage with direct access to pool and beach.
Large high capacity propane tank at entry gate for easy This single tank services all appliances, dryer, pool heater, fire pits, pool side grill and backup generator.
Well thought out landscaping and exterior lighting packages designed for tropical beauty, privacy and Use of the best indigenous products to control irrigation costs and maintenance.
All homes will have a propane powered backup generator to run the entire home during any power disruptions.


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News for John Simm fans
'Men of the World' on DVD? Yes, please!
http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/men-of-the-world-please-release-it-on-dvd/
It worked with 'Crime and Punishment'!
Dear fellow fans/discerning viewers:
Fellow fan site The Railway Arms once helped persuade the BBC to make the decision to release a DVD of 'Crime and Punishment' (in which John played Raskolnikov) and for years we have bemoaned the fact that the only way to see this classic situation comedy, 'Men of the World' have been sub-standard quality recordings purchased online. Now obviously we would all much rather pay for a properly licensed and better quality product but if one isn't available...
So please go and add your voice to this worthwhile cause - it won't take a minute!
Here's what we said to Aunty Beeb, and there's a clicky link at the bottom:
We respectfully request that you release a DVD of the 1994 series situation comedy 'Men of The World', starring David Threlfall ('Shameless', 'What Remains' numerous theatre productions and films) and John Simm ('Crime & Punishment', 'The Lakes', 'State of Play', 'Exile', 'Sex Traffic', 'Mad Dogs', 'Doctor Who', 'The Village' and the upcoming 'Prey'...).
Not only are both actors now widely acclaimed, each with their own enthusiastic fanbase, but the series, written by Daniel Peacock ( The Young Ones, Little Armadillos, Only Fools and Horses, Robin of Sherwood, The Bill, Doctor Who, Casualty, One Foot in the Grave...) was a genuine comedy and a great example of two of our finest actors in their early years.
Lenny Smart (Threlfall) and Kendle Bains (Simm) are flatmates and work together as travel agents in Manchester. Thirtysomething Lenny attempts, with the help of old friend Gilby (Peacock), to turn sensitive 23-year-old Kendle into a "real man".
Please help a new generation who have never had the chance to see this classic learn what great comedy timing is. And it has a really catchy theme tune, too!
To sign our petition, please go here: http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/men-of-the-world-please-release-it-on-dvd/
Men Of The World
Created by a small group of fans when it seemed that we might be in danger of losing the two biggest online resources for information about John's career


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Die Replikationskrise oder Krise der Reproduzierbarkeit beschreibt eine sich über mehrere Fachbereiche erstreckende methodische Krise, durch die bekannt wurde, dass eine Vielzahl an Studien nicht durch Replikation bestätigt werden konnten.

In der Psychologie wird seit 2011 verstärkt über diese methodische Krise diskutiert. Damit einher gehen zunehmende Zweifel an der Reliabilität veröffentlichter psychologischer Studien. Einer großen öffentlichen Beachtung ausgesetzt und Mitauslöser für die Diskussion um die Replikationskrise in der Psychologie waren die von dem Sozialpsychologen Daryl Bem berichteten "Vorahnungen" in Gedächtnisexperimenten, zu denen es gleich drei (fehlgeschlagene) Replikationsversuche gab. Der kritische Bericht über diese Falsifikation wurde von Science und zwei psychologischen Fachzeitschriften abgelehnt, bevor er in der Online-Publikation PLOS ONE erschien.

In der Medizin wird die von John Ioannidis 2005 veröffentlichte Publikation Why Most Published Research Findings Are False als Ursprung der in diesem Fachbereich stattfindenden Diskussion um die Replikationskrise gesehen.

Reproduzierbarkeit der Untersuchungsergebnisse durch andere Forscher ist eine fundamentale Anforderung an wissenschaftliche Forschungsarbeiten, insbesondere in den Naturwissenschaften. Auch in anderen empirischen Wissenschaften wie der Psychologie und der Medizin sollten wichtige Ergebnisse durch unabhängige und qualifizierte Untersucher kontrolliert werden. Damit ist die Erwartung verbunden, dass wissenschaftliche Forschung sich in ihrem Verlauf selbst kontrolliert und sich schrittweise auf der Grundlage der replizierten Befunde weiterentwickelt.

Ausgangslage
Dass zahlreiche nicht-reproduzierbare Untersuchungsergebnisse publiziert wurden, ist in der Geschichte und Methodenlehre der Wissenschaften durchaus bekannt (vgl. Publikationsbias in der Medizin). Auch in der Vergangenheit gab es einzelne Stimmen, die zu einer Replikation psychologischer Ergebnisse aufforderten. Bereits 1959 hatte der Statistiker Theodore Sterling bei seiner Analyse der Artikel in vier Psychologie-Zeitschriften festgestellt, dass fast alle Arbeiten positive Ergebnisse berichteten. Er sah hier einen Zusammenhang mit den Auswahlkriterien für eingereichte Manuskripte, welche die Publikation "positiver" Ergebnisse begünstigen; eine erneute Analyse zeigte im Jahr 1995 eine unveränderte Sachlage.

Die Frage der Reproduzierbarkeit wichtiger Befunde wird auf einigen Gebieten der Psychologie – wie auch in der Medizin – hauptsächlich in den gründlich referierenden Übersichten-Reviews zu kontroversen Themen oder in den auch statistisch zusammenfassenden Metaanalysen diskutiert (siehe evidenzbasierte Medizin). Demgegenüber sind in den Literaturbanken der Psychologie nur relativ wenige Publikationen über erfolgreiche und nicht erfolgreiche Replikationen psychologischer Experimente oder systematisch variierende Generalisierbarkeitsstudien verzeichnet. Gelegentlich äußert sich das in Fachkreisen durchaus vorhandene Problembewusstsein angesichts unerwarteter und wenig wahrscheinlicher Ergebnisse in dem ironisch-spöttischen Hinweis auf das Journal of Irreproducible Results, dessen Beiträge die Leser zum Lachen und dann zum Nachdenken bewegen sollen (Wissenschaftlicher Witz). Diesem 1955 gegründeten Magazin folgten 1995 die satirischen Annals of Improbable Research mit realen und fiktiven Experimenten zu oft absurden Themen.

In den Lehrbüchern der Methodenlehre der Psychologie werden die Strategien der Replikationsforschung eher beiläufig behandelt. Es mangelt noch an methodologischer Diskussion, an Konventionen und systematischen Ansätzen, und es gibt "Jede Menge Murks:"

Ursachen der Replikationskrise
Welche Gründe hat dieser Mangel wissenschaftlicher Kontrolle? Sich mit Replikationen zu befassen, könnte als wenig kreativ gelten; entsprechende Publikationen würden dann kaum zum wissenschaftlichen Ansehen beitragen, so dass sie zumindest für jüngere Wissenschaftler weniger förderlich wären als die Publikation "neuer" Befunde. Für diese Vermutung spricht die sehr reservierte Einstellung der Herausgeber vieler wissenschaftlicher Zeitschriften. In einer 1993 veröffentlichten Umfrage unter 79 Herausgebern von Social Science Journals lehnten 94 Prozent die Annahme von Manuskripten über Replikationsstudien ab, 54 Prozent der Gutachter meinten, dass sie eine neue Studie einer Replikationsstudie vorziehen. Könnte darüber hinaus auch die Sorge mitspielen, dass zu viele publizierte Befunde nicht reproduzierbar sind? Im Hinblick auf das Reproducibility Project zitiert Siri Carpenter verschiedene Meinungen. So wird zwar diese "kühne Initiative" anerkannt, jedoch zu bedenken geben, dass das Projekt, falls es nur wenige Experimente bestätigen würde, auf eine unfaire Anschuldigung der Psychologie hinauslaufen könne:

Ein Senior der Psychologie habe von dem geplanten Reproducibilty Project abgeraten, weil die Psychologie unter Druck stehe und ein solches Projekt die Psychologie schlecht aussehen ließe. Dagegen lobten andere Wissenschaftler die Initiative. Andere Disziplinen könnten von dieser Art der Selbst-Reflexion profitieren. Der Organisator des Projekts, Brian Nosek, erläuterte seinen Standpunkt:

Fragwürdige Forschungsmethoden
In den USA und allmählich auch in Deutschland ist in allgemeinen Wissenschafts-Zeitschriften eine zunehmend kritische Einstellung gegenüber den üblichen Publikationsweisen und der mangelnden innerfachlichen Kontrolle zu erkennen. Das Interesse an Replikationsstudien wurde durch systematische Nachweise statistischer Mängel und durch extreme Fälle von Datenfälschung erhöht. Zunehmend wird die Forderung nach Qualitätskontrolle, beispielsweise nach Qualitätssicherung in der Psychologischen Diagnostik erhoben.

 Ein neueres Beispiel für Betrug und Fälschung in der Wissenschaft gab der bekannte Sozialpsychologe Diederik Stapel, der mindestens 30 Publikationen mit erfundenen Daten verfasste. (Diese Fälschungen wurde allerdings nicht durch Replikationsversuche entdeckt, sondern aufgrund von Hinweisen aus seinem Arbeitskreis.) Außerdem bestehen aktuelle Vorwürfe gegen zwei weitere Sozialpsychologen: Dirk Smeesters und Jens Förster.
 Die Anzahl der Rückrufe von nicht mehr vertrauenswürdigen wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen in der Medizin, aber auch in den Sozialwissenschaften, ist zwar gering, hat jedoch deutlich zugenommen, wobei "Betrug" der Hauptgrund war. Die Rückrufquote scheint auch mit dem Impact-Faktor, d. h. dem Ansehen der Zeitschrift, zusammenzuhängen.
 In einer auf 2155 Antworten basierenden Umfrage zur Untersuchung der Forschungspraxis von Psychologen in den USA ergab sich: 43 Prozent räumten ein, unpassende Daten fortgelassen zu haben, 35 Prozent taten so, als ob das überraschende Ergebnis genau das war, was sie erwartet hätten, 2 Prozent räumten ein, bereits Daten frisiert zu haben.
 Die Untersucher haben einen Entscheidungsspielraum bei der Versuchsplanung: wie viele Personen, wie viele abhängige Variablen usw. Beispielsweise könnte die Chance, signifikante Ergebnisse zu erhalten, verdoppelt werden, wenn die Untersuchungsteilnehmer in zwei Altersgruppen oder wenn sie nach Geschlechtszugehörigkeit aufgegliedert werden. Außerdem können in paralleler Weise zusätzliche Prüfstatistiken berechnet werden. Ein Untersucher hat viele "Freiheitsgrade" dieser Art und könnte versucht sein, durch solche, eventuell im Nachhinein getroffenen "flexiblen" Entscheidungen die gewünschten "positiven" Ergebnisse zu erreichen. Im Extremfall werden die Hypothesen erst formuliert, wenn die Ergebnisse vorliegen.
 In vielen Forschungsbereichen der Psychologie und der Medizin sind wegen des erheblichen Aufwandes Untersuchungen mit nur 20 bis 30 Personen üblich, beispielsweise in den Neurowissenschaften. Oft wird übersehen, dass die statistischen Ergebnisse aufgrund der wenigen Daten einer Kleinstichprobe sogar in das Gegenteil verkehrt werden können, wenn der Autor bereits vor den Berechnungen einen auffälligen Wert, einen "Ausreißer", berücksichtigt oder ausklammert.
 Eine systematische Reanalyse klinischer Untersuchungen ergab, dass die Schlussfolgerungen zu den untersuchten Behandlungen bei 35 % der Publikationen substanziell von denjenigen der ursprünglichen Publikationen abweichen. Wenn in den Folgestudien die Effektstärke deutlich abnimmt, wird von einem Decline-Effekt gesprochen.
 Andere Autoren weisen auf die begrenzte Aussagekraft der statistischen Signifikanz eines Befundes hin und fordern, dass stets auch die Größenordnung des Effektes (Effektstärke) eines Untersuchungsergebnisses in geeigneten Kennwerten angegeben wird (Analyse der Power). Die Durchsicht von 1000 Publikationen ergab, gegen die theoretische Erwartung, dass die Effektstärke bei steigendem Stichprobenumfang abnimmt, d. h. ein spezieller Publikationsbias anzunehmen ist.
 Bei umfangreicher Überprüfung von Forschungsarbeiten in der Medizin stellte der Epidemiologe John Ioannidis sehr häufig Mängel fest. Diese oft zitierte Studie wurde zwar in statistischer Hinsicht kritisiert, doch wurde die Anzahl der falsch positiven Ergebnisse auf der Basis von 77 430 Artikeln in fünf wichtigen Zeitschriften der Medizin zwischen 2000 und 2010 immerhin auf 14 Prozent geschätzt, allerdings zeigte sich in diesem Zeitraum keine Zunahme dieser Tendenz.
 In zahlreichen Publikationen der Psychologie gibt es Fehler der statistischen Analyse. In 18 Prozent der geprüften 281 Beiträge gab es Mängel der statistischen Auswertung und in 15 Prozent mindestens einen Fehler, wobei diese oft zugunsten der Hypothese ausfielen.
 Da heute nahezu alle Forschungsergebnisse in der Psychologie und Medizin auf statistischen Analysen beruhen, d. h. die Wahrscheinlichkeit des beobachteten Resultats gegenüber der Zufallserwartung prüfen, müssen unter einer größeren Anzahl von publizierten Befunden einige zufällig positive und einige zufällig negative Befunde enthalten sein. Untersuchungen ergaben jedoch in vielen Wissenschaftsgebieten einen unglaubwürdig hohen Prozentsatz "positiver" Resultate. Einige Untersucher werden angesichts eines negativen Ergebnisses, das ihren Erwartungen widerspricht, geneigt sein, diese Arbeit in der Schublade ("File-Drawer-Problem") zu belassen und vorzugsweise ihre signifikanten positiven Ergebnisse zu veröffentlichen. Eine Analyse von 4600 Studien aus verschiedenen Disziplinen ergab vor allem für die Fächer Psychologie und Psychiatrie einen relativ hohen Anteil positiver Ergebnisse. Von diesen Untersuchungen bestätigten 91,5 Prozent die Untersuchungshypothese. Damit waren die Chancen positiver Ergebnisse 5-mal höher als beispielsweise in den Geowissenschaften. Fanelli meint, dass in den "weicheren" Wissenschaften weniger Hindernisse bestehen, die bewussten und die unbemerkten Tendenzen zugunsten eines positiven Ergebnisses selbstkritisch zu kontrollieren.
 Das gegenwärtige System wissenschaftlicher Publikationen in der Psychologie begünstigt die Veröffentlichung nicht-replizierbarer Ergebnisse.

Wichtige Aspekte der methodologischen Diskussion sind in einer Aufsatzsammlung Special Section on Replicability in Psychological Science: A Crisis of Confidence? weiter ausgeführt. In Verbindung mit einer Problemübersicht: Zur Reproduzierbarkeit psychologischer Forschung hat Joachim Funke einen Blog zum Thema eingerichtet.

Das Reproducibility Project

Aufgabenstellung
Das von Brian Nosek und zahlreichen amerikanischen und auch einigen internationalen Mitarbeitern gegründete Reproducibility Project hat sich die Aufgabe gestellt:

Das Reproducibilty Project wird innerhalb des Center for Open Science COS organisiert und finanziert. Diese non-profit-Einrichtung setzt sich das Ziel "to increase the openness, integrity, and reproducibility of scientific research." Für das Projekt wurden die ersten 30 Artikel des Jahrgangs 2008 der drei genannten Zeitschriften für eine möglichst genaue Replikation ausgewählt. In einer Anleitung sind wichtige Details und Kriterien festgelegt. Die Nachuntersucher sollen sich an die ursprünglichen Autoren wenden, um methodische Details zu erfahren.

In den USA ist dieses Projekt in den Wissenschaftsmagazinen sehr beachtet und als mutige Initiative, die fachinterne Bedenken zu überwinden hatte, begrüßt worden. Von Psychologen wurden die Absicht des Projekts und das Konzept der Reproduzierbarkeit sehr unterschiedlich kommentiert.

An dem Projekt beteiligten sich 270 Wissenschaftler aus 125 Institutionen, darunter 14 deutsche Institute. In einer Anleitung waren wichtige Details und Kriterien festgelegt. Die Nachuntersucher sollten sich an die ursprünglichen Autoren wenden, um methodische Einzelheiten für eine möglichst genaue Replikation zu erfahren. Der Ergebnisbericht basiert auf 100 Publikationen der drei amerikanischen Journals. Die Auswahl aus den insgesamt 488 Artikeln des Jahrgangs 2008 wird als zufallsähnlich ("quasi-random") bezeichnet. Es gab eine Anzahl von Eignungskriterien und ein stufenweises Verfahren, welche der Themen den potenziellen Projektmitarbeitern für den Replikationsversuch nach und nach angeboten wurden. Aufgenommen wurden jene 100 von 113 Replikationsversuchen, die rechtzeitig für den Ergebnisbericht fertiggestellt waren. Dieses eigentümliche Auswahlverfahren hat zur Folge, dass die Ergebnisse nicht auf die Gesamtheit der 488 Publikationen und noch viel weniger auf die experimentelle Psychologie insgesamt verallgemeinert werden können.

Ergebnisse
Die Zweituntersucher bemühten sich, das Experiment und dessen einzelne Bedingungen einschließlich der statistischen Auswertung möglichst genau nachzuformen; dabei wurden sie in der Regel durch die Erstuntersucher sowie durch die Projektleitung unterstützt. Nachdem jeweils die differenzierten statistischen Auswertungen abgeschlossen waren, beurteilten die Zweituntersucher, ob die Replikation gelang. In 39 % der Fälle wurde diese Frage bejaht. Die Mehrzahl der publizierten Forschungsergebnisse konnte also nicht bestätigt werden.

Der zusammenfassende Projektbericht und die ergänzenden Unterlagen enthalten differenzierte statistische Analysen, in denen verschiedene Gesichtspunkte und Kriterien solcher Vergleiche berücksichtigt sind. Neben der statistischen Signifikanz (Überzufälligkeit) kann auch die Größe des experimentell herbeigeführten Unterschieds zwischen der Experimentalgruppe und der Kontrollgruppe (Effektstärke) herangezogen werden. Außerdem können die Erst- und Zweituntersuchungen statistisch zusammengefasst werden und die Korrelation beider Indizes mit Einflussgrößen (Moderatorvariablen) geprüft werden. Die Autorengruppe fasst das Reproducibility Project zusammen:

"We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47 % of original effect sizes were in the 95 % confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39 % of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68 % with statistically significant effects."

Kommentare und Kritik
Die Autorengruppe kommentiert rückblickend:

Bereits kurz nach der Veröffentlichung (28. August 2015) wurde das Hauptergebnis auch in deutschen Medien kritisch kommentiert. Die enttäuschende Bilanz des Reproduzierbarkeits-Projekts bedeutet für die Psychologen und ihre Fachgesellschaften eine massive Herausforderung, die fundamentalen Forschungsstrategien zu überdenken und die Anforderungen an wissenschaftliche Publikationen zu reformieren. Andere Disziplinen sind angeregt, dem Vorbild dieser selbstkritischen Open Science Collaboration in der Psychologie zu folgen. Die geringe Reproduzierbarkeit ist dabei nicht nur wissenschaftlich problematisch: Verschiedene Studien belegen, dass geringe Reproduzierbarkeit auch das öffentliche Vertrauen in die Psychologie schädigt.

Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPs) hat in einer Stellungnahme die Ergebnisse eher positiv kommentiert, was wiederum Kritik von einigen Fachvertretern hervorgerufen hat. Die Kritik richtet sich einerseits auf die zu positive Darstellung der Ergebnisse in der DGPs-Mitteilung, andererseits auf grundsätzliche Mängel der Studie.

Als Limitationen der Studie wird weiterhin angeführt, dass die ausgewählten Arbeiten überwiegend spezifische Themen und Subdisziplinen betreffen: d. h. Kognitionspsychologie, Priming (Psychologie), Auswirkung einer durch spezielle Instruktion beeinflussten Einstellung (Psychologie), Fragestellungen auf Basis einfacher, computer-gestützter Versuche. Die Themen sind also nicht repräsentativ für die gesamte Psychologie. Anspruchsvollere Untersuchungen hinsichtlich Forschungsaufwand, Methoden, Apparatur und Teilnehmern, d. h. nicht nur Studierende der Psychologie, sind in der Minderzahl. Das Projekt befasst sich mit Experimenten, während ein großer Anteil psychologischer Forschung nur aus quasiexperimentellen Untersuchungen (siehe Psychologisches Experiment), Veränderungsmessungen, Korrelationsanalysen und Kriterienvorhersagen besteht. Keineswegs berührt sind das Problem der Kontextabhängigkeit und die Frage nach der praktisch wichtigen, externen und ökologischen Validität, die nur unter Alltagsbedingungen im Feldexperiment und im Labor-Feld-Vergleich geprüft werden können. Folglich sind, bei aller Anerkennung für das durch Größenordnung und Methodik herausragende Reproducibiliy-Project, dessen Befunde nicht einfach auf die Forschungsergebnisse der empirischen Psychologie zu verallgemeinern.

Zusätzlich wird angemerkt, dass es einen allgemeinen Maßstab, welcher Prozentsatz fehlgeschlagener Replikationsversuche als problematisch oder sehr problematisch gelten müsste, kaum geben könne. Nosek meint, dass vielleicht als Hauptergebnis nicht die bloße Anzahl der reproduzierbaren Untersuchungen wichtig sein könnte, sondern die Einsicht, welche Merkmale eine erfolgreich zu replizierende Untersuchung auszeichnen. Der Projektbericht enthält zahlreiche methodische Überlegungen und Anregungen für künftige Untersuchungen der Reproduzierbarkeit wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten – auch in anderen Disziplinen.

Folgerungen

Empfehlungen
Eine Autorengruppe nennt einige allgemeine methodische Prinzipien und verlangt, dass die Autoren ihre Forschung durchsichtiger machen: der Forschungsplan ist vor dem Untersuchungsbeginn zu dokumentieren und möglichst mit open access zu archivieren, das Forschungsmaterial und vor allem die Daten sind grundsätzlich verfügbar zu machen, wie es mit der Idee eines Internationalen Studienregisters erhofft wird. Die internetbasierte Kooperation bietet viele neue Wege. Empfehlungen werden auch an Herausgeber und Gutachter der Zeitschriften, an die akademischen Lehrer und an Institutionen und Geldgeber gerichtet.
Wird die Prüfung der Reproduzierbarkeit einmal zum wissenschaftlichen Standard der Psychologie werden? Konkrete Maßnahmen und Einrichtungen wurden bisher kaum durch die Fachgesellschaften, sondern durch einzelne Initiativen geschaffen.

Genauere Publikationsrichtlinien
Das amerikanische Committee on Publication Ethics COPE hat zusammen mit anderen Organisationen Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing: revised and updated entwickelt.

Brian Nosek und Mitglieder der Projektgruppe formulierten in einem begleitenden Aufsatz Richtlinien für Transparenz, Offenheit und Reproduzierbarkeit. Die 8 Standards der Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines sind jeweils in 3 mehr oder minder anspruchsvolle Ebenen gegliedert und sollen helfen, die fachliche Qualität eines Aufsatzes einzustufen und die Glaubwürdigkeit der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zu erhöhen.

Studienregister
Das System PsychFileDrawer ermöglicht die Archivierung von erfolgreichen und erfolglosen Replikationen aus allen Bereichen der Psychologie verbunden mit einem Diskussionsforum. Eine Übersicht über bereits vorliegende Replikationsstudien im Zeitraum von 1989 bis 2013 führt 53 Replikationsversuche auf, die überwiegend scheiterten. Jeffrey Spies, Brian Nosek u. a. haben im Open Science Framework OSF eine Website geschaffen, wo leicht Informationen über Projekte, Versuchspläne (Studiendesigns) vor dem Untersuchungsbeginn, Studienmaterialien, in zitierbarer Weise dokumentiert und damit auch registriert werden können. Eines der Hilfsmittel ermöglicht Benutzern, denen ein Replikationsversuch misslang, nach ähnlichen Erfahrungen zu suchen.

Open-Access-Daten
In der Open-Access-Bewegung wird gefordert, dass grundsätzlich zu einer wissenschaftlichen Publikation auch die zugehörigen Primärdaten zugänglich gemacht werden.
Datensätze aus der Psychologie können in Deutschland auf freiwilliger Basis im Forschungsdatenzentrum für die Psychologie innerhalb des Leibniz-Zentrum für Psychologische Information und Dokumentation (ZPID) archiviert werden. Diese Data Sharing-Plattform wurde speziell auf die psychologische Forschung ausgerichtet, doch wird diese besondere Möglichkeit gegenwärtig noch nicht sehr breit genutzt.

Die von der American Psychological Association für die von ihr herausgegebenen Zeitschriften zu jeder Publikation vorgesehene Archivierung der primären Daten ist noch nicht implementiert. Neben der juristisch schwierigen Frage nach dem Eigentum und den speziellen Nutzungsrechten an solchen Daten (Urheberrecht) gibt es auch organisatorische Probleme. Zumindest bei Forschungsprojekten, die aus öffentlichen Mitteln gefördert werden, müsste zu erreichen sein, dass nicht nur die Berichte, sondern auch die Daten öffentlich zugänglich sind. Diese Regelung sollte bereits bei der Antragstellung definiert und zugesichert werden.

Im Journal of Open Psychology Data JOPD können Datensätze, die einen besonderen Wert für Reanalysen haben, archiviert werden.

Zeitschriften auch für negative Befunde
Dem Publikationsbias vorbeugen sollen neuartige Zeitschriften, in der sog. Null-Ergebnisse und im Sinne der Hypothese negative Replikationsversuche (Falsifikationen) veröffentlicht werden können. Das PsychFileDrawer. Archive of Replication Attempts in Experimental Psychology publiziert experimentalpsychologische Wiederholungsstudien unabhängig von ihrem Ausgang; es enthält darüber hinaus eine Liste von 20 Arbeiten, deren Replikation von den Besuchern dieser Website vorrangig gewünscht wird.

Inzwischen gibt es Zeitschriften für die Veröffentlichung nichtsignifikanter Befunde in der Medizin und in den Naturwissenschaften: das Journal of Unsolved Questions, das Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis, das Journal of Contradicting Results in Science, das Journal of Negative Results in ecology and evolutionary biology, das Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine und The All Results Journals.

Literatur
 Alexander, Anita; Barnett-Cowan, Michael; Bartmess, Elizabeth; Bosco, Frank A.; Brandt, Mark; Carp, Joshua; Chandler, Jesse J.; Clay, Russ; Cleary, Hayley; Cohn, Michael; Costantini, Giulio; DeCoster, Jamie; Dunn, Elizabeth; Eggleston, Casey; Estel, Vivien; Farach, Frank J.; Feather, Jenelle; Fiedler, Susann; Field, James G.; Foster, Joshua D.; Frank, Michael; Frazier, Rebecca S.; Fuchs, Heather M.; Galak, Jeff; Galliani, Elisa Maria; Garcia, Sara; Giammanco, Elise M.; Gilbert, Elizabeth A.; Giner-Sorolla, Roger; Goellner, Lars; Goh, Jin X.; Goss, R. Justin; Graham, Jesse; Grange, James A.; Gray, Jeremy R.; Gripshover, Sarah; Hartshorne, Joshua; Hayes, Timothy B.; Jahn, Georg; Johnson, Kate; Johnston, William; Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A.; Lai, Calvin K.; Lakens, Daniel; Lane, Kristin; LeBel, Etienne P.; Lee, Minha; Lemm, Kristi; Mackinnon, Sean; May, Michael; Moore, Katherine; Motyl, Matt; Müller, Stephanie M.; Munafo, Marcus; Nosek, Brian A.; Olsson, Catherine; Paunesku, Dave; Perugini, Marco; Pitts, Michael; Ratliff, Kate; Renkewitz, Frank; Rutchick, Abraham M.; Sandstrom, Gillian; Saxe, Rebecca; Selterman, Dylan; Simpson, William; Smith, Colin Tucker; Spies, Jeffrey R.; Strohminger, Nina; Talhelm, Thomas; van't Veer, Anna; Vianello, Michelangelo: An open, large-scale, collaborative effort to estimate the reproducibility of psychological science. In: Perspectives on Psychological Science. Volume 7 (6), 2010, S. 657–660. (online)
 Jens Asendorpf, Mark Connor, Filip de Fruyt, Jan de Houwer, Jaap J. A. Denissen, Klaus Fiedler, Susann Fiedler, David C. Funder, Reinhold Kliegl, Brian A. Nosek, Marco Perugini, Brent W. Roberts, Manfred Schmitt, Marcel A. G. Vanaken, Hannelore Weber, Jelte M. Wicherts: Recommendations for increasing replicaility in psychology. In: European Journal of Personality. Vol. 27, 2013, S. 108–119.(online)
 Jürgen Bortz, Nicola Dörig: Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation für Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 3-540-33305-3.
 Siri Carpenter: Psychology's bold initiative. In an unusual attempt at scientific elf-examination, psychology researchers are scrutinizing their field's reproducibility. In: Science, 335, 30 March 2012, S. 1558–1561. (online)
 Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Open Science Collaboration, Science 349, (2015) doi:10.1126/science.aac4716
 Fred N. Kerlinger, Howard B. Lee: Foundations of behavioral research. 3. Auflage. Fort Worth, Narcourt, 2000, ISBN 0-15-507897-6.
 Brian A. Nosek, Jeffry R. Spies, Matt Motyl: Scientific utopia: II. Restructuring incentives and practices to promote truth over publishability. In: Perspectives on Psychological Science. Vol. 7, 2012, S. 615–631. (online)
 Karl Schweizer: Eine Analyse der Konzepte, Bedingungen und Zielsetzungen von Replikationen. In: Archiv für Psychologie. 141, 1989, S. 85–97.
 Stefan Schmidt: Shall we really do it again? The powerful concept of replication is neglected in the social sciences. In: Review of General Psychology. 2009, 13 (2), S. 90–100, doi:10.1037/a0015108
 Ed Yong: Jede Menge Murks. Viele wissenschaftlichen Studien lassen sich nicht reproduzieren. Das wirft Fragen zum Forschungsbetrieb auf – und zur Veröffentlichungspraxis von Fachzeitschriften. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft. Februar 2013, S. 58–63.

Weblinks
 Center for Open Science

Einzelnachweise

Wissenschaftsforschung
Wissenschaftspraxis
Wissenschaftliches Publizieren
Experimentalpsychologie
Evidenzbasierte Medizin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
https://lonzowire.usatoday.com/2018/03/01/lonzo-ball-lakers-to-test-winning-streak-vs-dwyane-wade-heat/
Lonzo Ball, Lakers to test winning streak vs. Dwyane Wade, Heat
The trouble for Lonzo Ball and the Los Angeles Lakers began well before their Thursday night matchup with the Miami Heat (4:30 p.m. PT, Spectrum SportsNet). On Wednesday, the Purple and Gold lost rookie guard Josh Hart to a hand injury, leaving them short a key cog against a tough Eastern Conference opponent.
In some respects, Hart's absence could (and maybe should) alert these Lakers to the dangers lurking before them. A squad as young as theirs is bound to trip up at American Airlines Arena after a night out on South Beach—even more so on the heels of a three-game winning streak against bottom-of-the-barrel competition.
The Heat haven't exactly been world-beaters themselves so far through the 2017-18 NBA season. But at 32-29, with a stout defense (seventh in efficiency, per NBA.com), a superb coaching staff led by Erik Spoelstra and the triumphant return of Dwyane Wade to "Wade County," Miami is no pushover.
Dwyane Wade is in LaVar Ball's corner: 'He's crazy over his kids'
The trouble begins with Goran Dragic at point guard. The first-time All-Star is averaging 17.5 points and 4.9 assists with his typical assortment of sneaky dribble moves and nifty finishes around the rim. Joining him in the nightly two-man dance is Hassan Whiteside, a walking double-double who's posted 14.2 points and 11.9 rebounds per game this season.
Whiteside, in particular, has the size and skills the punish the Lakers inside, where they've been vulnerable from the get-go. As for Dragic, the loss of Hart leaves L.A. with one fewer option to stick on the slippery Slovenian.
The Lakers, though, are far from hopeless on that front. Kentavious Caldwell-Pope is an able backcourt defender. Zo has proved to be effective in that regard, too.
But L.A.'s youth and lack of depth on the perimeter, especially with Corey Brewer getting bought out, could be a problem against the Heat. That's certainly true if the 36-year-old Wade gets to schooling opponents more than a decade his junior.
LaMelo Ball, Dwyane Wade trade social-media love on Twitter
In truth, the bigger issue for the Lakers will be scoring against a stodgy, stingy Heat squad. According to NBA.com, Miami ranks 28th in pace at 97.3 possessions per game—more than five possessions slower than L.A.'s top-ranked pace (103.16 per game).
The Lakers should have their opportunities to create tempo against Miami, which ranks 23rd in turnover percentage (15.1). If L.A. can generate some easy scores and keep the Heat on their heels, the Purple and Gold could come out with their third straight road win and fourth in a row overall.
That will depend, in part, on Lonzo's role. If his minutes restriction is lightened enough for him to start from the get-go, the Lakers will have a chance to establish the pace they prefer early on. They may have a tougher time doing that if head coach Luke Walton opts for, say, Isaiah Thomas or Alex Caruso to hold the fort for the injured Hart until Ball is ready to reclaim his spot.
Should the Lakers pull out the victory, they would already have more wins than they notched through all of 2016-17, with six weeks and 21 games yet to be played.
Lakers lose Josh Hart, Lonzo Ball's placeholder, to hand fracture


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An Interactionist View Of Language Emphasizes That
Name The Compound Al2O3
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The name for al2o3 is aluminum oxide what is the name and formula of the principal aluminum compound in it?
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See also Iupac Name Of Acetaldehyde
Nh4 2So3 Compound Name


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Horizon Media has engineered a multiplatform buy that will send Geico's reptilian mascot to some wild and wooly places.
Per terms of a deal with National Geographic Channel, the insurance company will serve as the presenting title sponsor of Dangerous Encounters with Brady Barr and Wild. The Geico buy includes a series of four 30-second vignettes, as well as branded content across NGC's digital platforms and a customized insert in the March issue of National Geographic magazine.
The on-air "Unlike Humans" vignettes will run across NGC's schedule throughout 2009. Each execution will feature humans attempting to mimic gecko behaviors, and while it's unlikely that any of the subjects will detach his or her tail when threatened by predators, one can imagine that there will be a fair amount of gurgling, chirping and tongue-flicking on display.
The Geico brand enjoys prominent placement on the Dangerous Encounters mini-site, appearing in an interactive "How Gecko Are You?" game and in pre-roll ads attached to clips of the show. In order to gauge the efficacy of the campaign, NGC will provide Geico with a steady stream of research data and analysis.
Although terms were not disclosed, the Geico deal represents one of the most expansive in NGC's eight-year history, and is estimated to be worth upwards of $10 million. NGC senior vp, media sales Rich Goldfarb nailed down the sponsorship during the 2008 upfront.
Geico in 2007 spent $595 million on measured media, per Nielsen Monitor-Plus, and about $470 million through September of last year.
The network and the insurance company have been partners since NGC's inception. In addition to recurring 30-second on-air spots, the Geico gecko regularly makes appearances on the channel's Web site in both traditional banner ads and skyscrapers.
New episodes of Dangerous Encounters premiere Saturday nights at 8 p.m. on NGC.


text:
Lajos Iván (Pécs, 1906. február 3. – Tartaul, Szovjetunió (ma: Krasznaja Poljana, Setszk járás, Kazahsztán), 1949. szeptember 10.) politikai író.

Életrajza
Pécsett született 1906. február 3-án Lajos Ferenc komáromi születésű tanár és a nagyszécsényi származású Beke Lina gyermekeként.

Középiskoláit és jogi tanulmányait szülővárosában végezte. 1924-ben a pécsi főreálban érettségizett. Öt évvel később az Erzsébet Tudományegyetemen őt avatták fel elsőként "sub auspiciis gubernatoris" kitüntetéssel jogi doktorrá. 1935-ben tanügyi fogalmazógyakornok, később fogalmazó lett. Tanulmányai jellemzően a 20. század közép-európai kérdésihez kapcsolódtak. Beállítottsága erősen monarchikus, ellensége volt a fasizmusnak. 1939-ben Pécsett jelentette meg nagy feltűnést keltő, s a hatóságok által elkobzott Németország háborús esélyei a német szakirodalom tükrében című, később általánosan a "szürke könyv"-ként emlegetett munkáját, amelyben bebizonyította, hogy a küszöbön álló második világháború óhatatlanul Németország vereségével fog végződni. A munkát számos európai nyelvre lefordították. 1944-ben Mauthausenbe hurcolták, ahonnan 1945 nyarán tért haza. Kinevezték a Közoktatásügyi Minisztérium osztálytanácsosává, 1946. június 17-én hivatalosan eltűnt. 1949. szeptember 10-én hunyt el a Karlag (Karagandai láger) nevű szovjet-kazah büntetőtáborban, Tartaulban (ma: Krasznaja Poljana, Setszk járás).

Művei

 Ausztria-Magyarország különbéke kísérletei a világháborúban (Pécs, 1926)
 Az olasz nő legendája (Pécs, 1927)
 A restaurációs kísérletek külpolitikája (Pécs, 1930)
 A horvát kérdés (Pécs, 1932)
 IV. Károly élete és politikája (Pécs, 1935)
 Tanulmányok a világháború diplomáciájából (Pécs, 1938)
 Szót kérek! A "Szürke könyv" mérlege (röpirat, 1945)

Jegyzetek

Források

Cikk a Rubicon c. folyóiratban
Murányi Gábor: Egy epizodista főszerepe - Lajos Iván történész élete és halála, Noran Kiadó, 2006.
Ablonczy Balázs: A miniszterelnök élete és halála, Jaffa Kiadó, 2018
Pritz Pál: Lajos Iván élete és halála, Múltunk 2007. 3. szám
Csáki István: Egy főszereplő végjátéka. Dr. Lajos Iván történész életének utolsó epizódja, united p.c. Kiadó, 2020,

Magyar írók
1906-ban született személyek
1949-ben elhunyt személyek
Pécsi írók, költők
Pécsiek


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Games To Improve Memory and Concentration
Home » Blog » Games To Improve Memory and Concentration
Whether you're getting up there in years, or you have older loved ones, we're all eager for ways to stay sharp and focused. Luckily, when it comes to improving your mind's health, there's an option that's both effective and fun—playing games.
According to a Harvard study, playing games can improve memory and concentration, especially as we age. Although games cannot reduce the risk of diseases such as dementia, Dr. Julie Brody-Magid explains: "they may help with improving select brain skills and can play an important role in maintaining overall brain health."
Below is a list of five games to improve memory and concentration. All of these options will help keep your mind flexible, responsive, and alert—plus, they're enjoyable to play!
When choosing games to improve memory and concentration, consider one of the all-time classics: chess. Studies show the benefits of learning or casually playing chess for cognitive function. While other research suggests that regular or expert chess play can have effects on auditory memory and cognitive abilities.
This fascinating game of strategy can also serve as a social activity by playing with a friend or family member. Alternatively, if you prefer, you can play on a phone, tablet, or computer. The latter will allow you to choose from virtual competitors, so you're able to challenge your mind further.
Video games are an often-overlooked option when it comes to mental improvement—especially for seniors. However, playing video games can do wonders for your memory and concentration. In particular, new preliminary research suggests strategy-based video games (which focus on planning and skillful thinking) may help improve brain function in older adults.
Not only that, but video games can be a fantastic way to bond with friends or younger relatives. For example, older adults can bridge the gap with grandchildren by playing video games together, both improving their minds while also forging deeper relationships.
There's almost nothing more enjoyable than setting in with your breakfast and a crossword puzzle. But these classics games do far more than simply entertain. Crossword puzzles may delay the onset of memory loss, according to a scientific study.
Keep in mind that the most successful puzzles are the ones you find challenging. If you can finish a puzzle with hardly any thought, it's time to move on to more difficult options. Crossword puzzles are also one of the simplest games to improve memory and concentration. You can use a book of crosswords, or even play on your phone or tablet.
If you want to be social, try a competitive version of crossword puzzles. At Vineyard Bluffton, we host Scrabble and Boggle competitions, for residents to work on word association games together.
Unlike crosswords, sudoku puzzles are based on numbers, making them a fun way to branch out. Instead of relying on pop culture references, facts, and puns, sudoku puzzles require careful reasoning to find a digit's place. Like crosswords, you can play in a book or on an electronic device, making them easy to enjoy anywhere.
If you find yourself loving sudoku puzzles, embrace it. One study found that the more you play, the stronger the effect on cognitive function for seniors. Meaning you don't have to feel guilty about being addicted!
Jigsaw puzzles are undoubtedly one of the most calming and tranquil games to improve memory and concentration. There are few things more soothing than a warm drink, a comfortable chair, and opening a new puzzle! Even better, every time you click a piece into place, your brain produces dopamine. This "feel good" chemical not only brightens your mood, but it'll encourage you to keep playing—and keep improving your memory.
While you're having all this fun, you'll also be doing your brain a favor. Recent studies show that jigsaw puzzles can boost visuospatial cognitive abilities, (the ability to see and understand what's around you as well as perceive spatial relationships). Another study explains further, stating that regular jigsaw puzzle playing "strongly taps multiple visuospatial cognitive processes including perception, constructional praxis, mental rotation, speed, flexibility, working memory, reasoning, and episodic memory."
Play Games to Improve Memory and Concentration
Taking care of your mind doesn't have to be a chore. Instead, you can dive into a fun, enjoyable pastime while exercising your mind. Whether it's crosswords, puzzles, sudoku, chess, or even video games, feel free to jump into an engaging hobby! No matter your interests, there's a memory- and concentration-boosting game that's right for you.
Remember, the more enjoyable an activity, the more likely you are to stick with it—so take time to find your favorite hobby.
vineyardseniorliving2021-12-04T20:24:04+00:00
Valeo Senior, a Valeo Groupe Americas Division
Copyright © 2022 Vineyard


Insight and analysis on the latest legal issues that matter to you and you clients.
Clarity is Irwin Mitchell's Private Wealth e-briefing. Specifically tailored for you, it aims to provide expert guidance on key legal developments in private wealth to help you understand the issues, possibilities and solutions to meet your client needs - whether business or personal.
A monthly review of developments in employment law and looks at the issues that matter to employers and HR professionals.
Regular pensions legal updates for business.
A Quarterly look at the UK manufacturing industry, the latest developments and an overview of legal issues that businesses need to be aware of.
Legal updates for the sector issued monthly during term.
Legal updates for the property industry.


The Catholic Education sector has been handsomely reimbursed for signing up to the federal Government's education reforms.
Their 'bad behaviour' and blatant lack of accountability has been generously rewarded.
· On top of the increasing billions in : basic funding grants; capital grants; taxation exemptions - not to mention SES overpayments to weathy schools - The Catholic system is expected to receive $1.6 billion of extra funding over the next six years. $1 billion comes from the federal government.
As public schools are starved of funds and abandoned, aggressive religious groups are happy to take them over.
There are two obvious examples: One in Mernda, Victoria, the other in Spence, Canberra.
As the Catholic Education system becomes more and more centralised and ramps up its lobbying expertise at public expense, so attacks on the nerve systems of our public education systems continues apace. Where central public education administrations have not been taken over by private school advocates, they will be dispersed. Madness!
Both parties, Liberal and Labour, are committed to the isolation of public schools from a centralised support system. They are turning them into 'independent schools.' This represents the death knell for our proud systems of public education which have distributed educational opportunities to so many disadvantaged children in so many far flung places.
The new Federal Education Minister is Bill Shorten.
So Bill Shorten, like Abbott and Pyne will be able to use his old boy Jesuit networks to get around the snags surrounding the Gonski reforms.The State Aid auction is on again.
Bill Shorten and Kevin Rudd are entering into the usual Catholic backroom deals. The majority suffer to appease the minority.
Already the Catholic system has gained the ability to move money around within their school system and the Gonski idea of education funding following a disadvantaged student wherever they attend school will not be adhered to in the Catholic system. They will also receive about $3 billion extra over the next six years. ( AFR 4 July 2013) This means that any hope of a a transparent, equitable system based on individual need has gone-ski.
The Catholic Church has become an imperium in imperio – a State within a State – holding governments to ransom.
DOGS have followed the Catholic 'management' of 'Needs' policies of all government since the Whitlam Govenrment's Karmel Committee fiasco in 1973. Perhaps the most extraordinary was the deal they struck with Howard's SES system.
For the Catholic Church 'the poor will always be with us' but they can be the responsibility of the public system.
In 2013, forty years after the State Aid floodgates opened, the 'needs' of the institution known as the Catholic church must be met before any funding can flow to disadvantaged children in the public sector.
What is surprising is that journalists are finally prepared to remark upon it. Consider the article by Tim Dodd in the Australian Financial Review of Monday 8 July 2013.
How has the Catholic church system got to its favoured position, with at least 77% public funding, when other religious schools allegedly only receive 45% of their income from governments? he asks.
The way the Catholic school system has got to the influencial position it has today is a study in successful political manoeuvring.
Until 1970, no non-government schools received recurrent funding in Australia. But the tap was opened fully when the Whitlam government introduced needs-based funding. Since then, the Catholic church has negotiated skilfully, notably in a deal with the Howard government in 2004.
The growth in government funding for Catholic schools over the past four decades has enabled them to move away from a non-professional teaching staff mainly composed of nuns and brothers to the professional system they have today.
Now, as federal Labor negotiates its Better Schools plan ( formerly known as Gonski) the Catholics are an objectlesson. They are not going public, as are the groups representing other independent shools,. But they are quietly negotiating, as they always have, with a keen eye for political opportunity.
The hidden 'State Aid' to private schools in Australia, the cash which provides ever more opulent resources to enhance their market profile, is gained through 'CHARITABLE' TAXATION EXEMPTIONS .
A cashed-up private school like Geelong Grammar a charity case? you ask. Well — Yes.
Australian churches are supported by the taxpayer though tax-exemptions as "charities" and their tax-exempt schools also receive substantial direct grants from the taxation citizens pay: a double whammy. The church schools always want more, but the churches themselves are not prepared to reveal their accounts to show that additional public funds are in fact needed. Author of The Purple Economy, Dr Max Wallace* reveals what is known about this murky situation and suggests a way to clear up the financial secrecy.
DOGS defend and promote public education because it is the only system which is open to all children. It is the cornerstone of a democracy. When it is encouraged with billions of dollars of taxpayer funds the private sectarian system cuts across and undermines the public system. It is the basis of a plutocracy, an aristocracy or worst of all, a theocracy.
Many of our public schools are inspiring.But the edge is taken off our pleasure when we observe the neglected infrastructure and the increasing indeed chronic unfairnesses of our Australian society.
Many parents wishing to enrol their children in public schools throughout Australia are confronted with a choice between Buckleys and None. Australian conservative governments no longer accept responsibility for the entitlement of EVERY Australian child to a public secondary education.


The studies have shown the mosquito-borne virus can destroy cells responsible for glioblastoma, the most common form of brain cancer.
MIAMI: The Zika virus can wreak havoc on the brain of a developing fetus, but its destructive power may also be harnessed to fight a stubborn form of adult brain cancer, researchers said today. Early studies have shown the mosquito-borne virus can destroy cells responsible for glioblastoma, the most common form of brain cancer. Glioblastoma affects 12,000 people per year in the United States, and was recently diagnosed in US Senator John McCain. The standard treatment is chemotherapy and radiation.
But most patients die within two years. "It is so frustrating to treat a patient as aggressively as we know how, only to see his or her tumor recur a few months later," said Milan Chheda from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. "We wondered whether nature could provide a weapon to target the cells most likely responsible for this return." The secret to Zika's apparent success, the latest experiments show, is that the virus specifically takes aim at brain cancer stem cells, the kind that tend to survive chemotherapy and spread. When a pregnant woman is infected with Zika, she faces a higher risk of bearing an infant with an unusually small head because Zika destroys these very cells, leading to the irreversible condition known as microcephaly. Zika tends to attack neuroprogenitor cells, which are common in fetuses but rare in adults.
"We showed that Zika virus can kill the kind of glioblastoma cells that tend to be resistant to current treatments and lead to death," said study co-author Michael Diamond, professor of medicine at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. Researchers injected either Zika virus or a saltwater placebo directly into the brain tumors of 33 mice, said the report in The Journal of Experimental Medicine. Two weeks later "tumors were significantly smaller in the Zika-treated mice," said the report. These mice also survived "significantly longer than the ones given saltwater." More work is needed before the treatment can be safely attempted in humans.
The virus would likely be injected directly into the brain during surgery to remove the primary tumor. Extra studies on Zika's effects on the brain tissue of epilepsy patients showed the virus did not infect non- cancerous brain cells. "We see Zika one day being used in combination with current therapies to eradicate the whole tumor," said Chheda.


A few days ago after completing the oil purge process, the propeller was pitched to 71.4 degrees and photos of the setup were posted on the DOG Aviation Blog and fortunately caught the eye of a fellow builder. One of the perks of sharing the building process of the Van's RV-12 via the DOG Aviation Blog is there are many eyes watching the build, producing feedback from around the world. After posting the photo covering the process of using a digital level to set the pitch of the propeller, I received an Email from Nick, a fellow RV-12 builder in Colorado, saying one of us pitched the propeller wrong and would be saying "crap" …. Well, that would be me …. Crap!
Nick referenced a photo on a page 47-07 in the latest version of the plans, which is not in my plans. I had viewed the new page online and the use of the digital level seemed simple enough … but I managed to mess it up by rotating the prop blades the wrong way to obtain the required 71.4 degrees … DUH! The DOG Aviation RV-12 would have had the first RV-12 in the fleet that could back into a hangar under its own power. Many thanks Nick for the sharp eyes and taking the time to write and get me pointed "pitched" in the right direction so to speak.
This photo is incorrect … the photo was posted a few days earlier on the Blog covering use of a digital level to set the initial pitch to 71.4 degrees. What Nick spotted as being incorrect is the level is leaning in the wrong direction … good eyes Nick! The level should be leaning to the left or aft and NOT forward as it is here.
One unfortunate aspect of pitching the propeller blades the other way is the gap seals were shaped when the blades were in the opposite position, so it required many hours of filing with a jeweler's files to get the shape acceptable. I did not want to remove the blades by myself or bother friends, yet again, for the same task. So with only a very tiny gap to work with, blue masking tape was placed on the prop for protection and the gap seals were slowly reshaped using lots of careful filing until there was approximately 1/16" gap between the gap seal and propeller when the blades were positioned correctly … an allowance was made in case the blades need to be pitched shallower because the 71.4 degrees is just a starting point. Builders will adjust the pitch to best fit their needs based on many factors such as field elevation, runway length and type of flying they mostly do.
Carefully filing one of the gap seals using a jeweler's file to obtain the necessary clearance between the gap seal and the prop blade when the propeller blade is positioned correctly.
After filing both gap seals, the propeller blades were adjusted to 71.4 degrees (correctly this time) and the bolts were tightened one flat at a time and the angle rechecked and tweaked if necessary. After a couple of cycles of tightening the blades by one flat on the bolt, the blades were pretty much locked in position. At this point the propeller bolts were tightened in four stages of torqueing checking the blade angles after each stage ... 75 inch pounds, followed by 10 ft. lb., 14 ft. lb. and final torque of 19 foot pounds. The final blade angles ended up at 71.4 degrees and 71.35 degrees. Time to put the spinner back on and move on.
This is the correct orientation of the digital level when using the TOOL-00002 pitch tool with a digital level to set the propeller blade pitch to 71.4 degrees. The level should be leaning aft as it is in this photo.
The final result after torqueing the bolts to 19 foot pounds.


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This Hometown ranch home is so very charming and full of options for living space. Very well maintained with several extras like the flagstone foyer, Sunroom with cupola, family room with full wall brick fireplace, concrete patio, macadam off street parking, carport, finished basement with den and wet bar, full bath, laundry room and workshop. Hardwood floors under carpets,3 bedrooms and 2.5 baths . Adjacent to this home there is a second lot available for sale for $19,900, .35 of an acre. New roof being installed on home!
Driving Directions: Rt 309 North from Tamaqua, right onto Dennison (State Farm) right onto Cumberland, Locust street is on your right. Home on left.
Living Area: 1,776 Sq. Ft.
Finished Above Grnd: 1,776 Sq. Ft.
9 Locust Street, Tamaqua, PA 18252 (MLS# 1004967182) is a Single Family property with 3 bedrooms, 2 full bathrooms and 1 partial bathroom. 9 Locust Street is currently listed for $145,000 and was received on September 12, 2018. Want to learn more about 9 Locust Street? Do you have questions about finding other Single Family real estate for sale in Tamaqua? You can browse all Tamaqua real estate or contact a Coldwell Banker agent to request more information.


An infected toenail can be painful and unsightly. The cause of the infected toenail must be determined before the proper treatment can be chosen. Ingrown or traumatized toenails may lead to a bacterial infection. These kinds of infections typically include heat, redness, swelling and ultimately pus. For an infected toenail caused by bacteria, you have to see your doctor to get appropriate antibiotics. Another type of infected toenail is caused by a fungus, typically the same one that causes athlete's foot. A dead toenail or black toenail can be the result of injury to the nail bed or black toenail fungus. The end result is the toenail falling off and a new one growing in its place. In order to get the best toenail fungus treatment, also known as onchomycosis treatment, you should really consult your doctor.
These are the top 10 infected toenail treatment options. Your doctor can advise you about which is best for you.
1.	Over the counter topical antifungal medications. Ask your pharmacist about the options. You may have to use them for as long as a year.
2.	Prescription topical antifungal medications.
3.	Oral antifungal medications. These medications are expensive and not appropriate for everyone. Ask your doctor.
4.	Laser treatment. Laser light is set to penetrate the nail and only destroy the fungus.
5.	Tea tree oil mixed with lavender oil applied to the nail and tissue.
6.	Soak the affected nails in antiseptic mouthwash combined with an acidic substance like apple cider vinegar or lemon juice.
7.	Olive oil with lemon juice used to massage the feet.
8.	Toenail removal is sometimes recommended to treat infected toenails. This way your doctor will get access to the underlying tissues and the root of the toenails and apply appropriate treatment to the area.
9.	Homemade exfoliating pastes. You can mix apple cider vinegar and coarse rice flour to make a paste.
10.	Prevention is, of course, the best treatment. Keep the feet dry through frequent changes of socks. Wear cotton socks. Wear well fitting and ventilate shoes. Avoid exposure to fungus by wearing shower sandals in public swimming pools, beaches, and public showers. Don't share nail grooming implements, shoes or socks with others.