text:
Q: Facebook Photo Upload in IE 9 and get the response. FormData undefined I have a Facebook application to upload photo to Facebook. When uploaded, I keep track of the id given by Facebook to that photo for application use. Following is the code I use and it works fine in FireFox and Chrome.
$('#uploadForm').submit(function(e) {
e.preventDefault();            // to prevent the default submit
$('#message').val(photoMessage);
var formData = new FormData($('#uploadForm')[0]);
// this is where the problem is. IE does not understand FormData - SCRIPT5009: 'FormData' is undefined
        $.ajax({
        type : 'POST',
        url : $('#uploadForm').attr('action'), // graph api url -
        xhr : function() { // custom xhr
            myXhr = $.ajaxSettings.xhr();
            return myXhr;
        },
        cache : false,
        contentType : false,
        processData : false,
        data : formData,
        success : function(msg) {
                      alert (msg.id);

in FF and Chrome, I get the msg.id. This is the ID set by Facebook for the uploaded photo and I need this. In IE 9, I get the error,

SCRIPT5009: 'FormData' is undefined

I understand that FormData is supported only from IE10. The workaround I tried for IE ()
$('#uploadForm').submit(function(e) {
            e.preventDefault();
            $('#message').val(photoMessage);

            var options = {     // as FormData is not supported, we create out own js object
                    url     : $('#uploadForm').attr('action'),
                    type    : 'POST',
                    contentType : false,
                    processData : false,
                    success:function( data ) {   // not reaching
                        alert (data.id);
                    },
                };
           $('#uploadForm').ajaxSubmit(options); // submit data
                    return false;

Photo is uploaded to Facebook successfully. But the problem is, instead of giving "data" inside my success function, IE asks to save json as a file. When user click save, it will download file to client computer.
If the server side was in the developer control, he could fix this by setting "response_content_type to text/plain". But as the response is coming from Facebook, we don't have a control over that.
Is there a way that we can upload photo Facebook from Facebook (tab/iframe) application and get the response to read the id given by Facebook.
UPDATE
I found this from here
Browsers that support the XMLHttpRequest Level 2 will be able to upload files seamlessly and even get progress updates as the upload proceeds. For older browsers, a fallback technology is used which involves iframes since it is not possible to upload files using the level 1 implmenentation of the XMLHttpRequest object. This is a common fallback technique, but it has inherent limitations. The iframe element is used as the target of the form's submit operation which means that the server response is written to the iframe. This is fine if the response type is HTML or XML, but doesn't work as well if the response type is script or JSON, both of which often contain characters that need to be repesented using entity references when found in HTML markup.
To account for the challenges of script and JSON responses when using the iframe mode, the Form Plugin allows these responses to be embedded in a textarea element and it is recommended that you do so for these response types when used in conjuction with file uploads and older browsers.
It is important to note that even when the dataType option is set to 'script', and the server is actually responding with some javascript to a multipart form submission, the response's Content-Type header should be forced to text/html, otherwise Internet Explorer will prompt the user to download a "file".
Oops. Seems like I am stuck. Because Facebook would return response in json format and I have no control over that.


(Brook | Pool | Washing basin) In a dream, a pond represents a noble, generous, magnanimous, dominant and a beneficial person. If the pond is filled with water in the dream, it represents a generous and a well respected person. If one takes his ritual ablution from it in the dream, it means that he will escape from danger by God's leave, and if he drinks from its water, it means that he will receive a financial gift from a person in authority. Reaching a pond in a dream means walking into adversities, betrayal and perfidy….
To see a pond in your dream, denotes that events will bring no emotion, and fortune will retain a placid outlook. If the pond is muddy, you will have domestic quarrels. See Water Puddle and kindred words….
Dreaming of a fish-pond, denotes illness through dissipation, if muddy. To see one clear and well stocked with fish, portends profitable enterprises and extensive pleasures. To see one empty, proclaims the near approach of deadly enemies. For a young woman to fall into a clear pond, omens decided good fortune and reciprocal love. If muddy, the opposite is foretold….
(Conveyor | Steps | Travels) In a dream, stairways represent the vehicle of rising in station, advancement in worldly gains, seeking the blessings of the hereafter, and the rising of one's station in the hereafter. A stairway in a dream also could represent the days of one's life and their term. If one sees a staircase which he recognizes in the dream, it could represent the servant of a house, its owner, or its accountant. If a sick person sees himself climbing an unknown staircase which is leading him to the upper room from where he can see paradise in the dream, it means that he may die from his illness and reach what he saw. If obstacles hinder his way or impede his climb in the dream, it means that he is detained, and the immediate blessings of such a gift will be veiled to him. Descending a staircase in a dream means arriving from a journey, resigning from one's job, impeachment, or it could represent a pedestrian. If one's descent leads him to his family, house, or farmland in the dream, it means money. If what he reaches at the end of the staircase is unknown, and if one meets people, or souls he does not recognize in the dream, it also denotes what we have earlier explained. If during one's climb or descent he falls into a well, or if a giant bird grabs him and flies away with him, or if a beast devours him, or if he steps into a boat that sails away as he steps into it, or if he takes a step to find himself riding an animal, or a vehicle of some type, the staircase then represents the stages of one's life and what he encountered during the journey of his life, all replayed or screened before his eyes at the point of descending into his grave, or as a book one reads after his death. If he does wake up and finds himself healthy and fit, it means that he will become a tyrant, an unjust person, an atheist and a reprobate. If one sees himself descending a staircase that leads him into a mosque, lush foliage, green fields, a fresh breeze of spring, or into a pond to take a ritual ablution to perform his prayers in the dream, it means that he will become a true believer, repent for his his sins and abandon his blameworthy conduct. Otherwise, if he descends upon adverse elements such as snakes, lions, steep hills, corpses, or a field of scattered remains in a dream, then it represents major trials and adversities. If the steps are made of clay in one's dream, they indicate positive signs. However, a stairway could be regarded as unfavorable if its steps are made of backed bricks. If they are made of stones in the dream, they mean business success, along with a heart like a stone. If the staircase is made of wooden steps in the dream, it means reaching a high rank which is compounded with hypocrisy. If they are made of gold in the dream, then they mean achieving success and gaining authority. If they are made of silver in the dream, they represent one's entourage and attendants. Climbing a staircase in a dream also means sharpening one's intellect and awareness. In a dream, a stairway is also interpreted to mean leading a life of ascetic detachment and devotion. Coming near a staircase in a dream also means attaining success and a growing piety. Each step represents a different station. Climbing a staircase in a dream also represents the dangers one may have to cross. Seeing a staircase with five steps in a dream represents the five time prayers, or the pulpit where the Imam stands to deliver his Friday sermon. That is why some interpreters qualify the staircase in one's dream as glad tidings, good news, prayers, charity, alms giving, fasting, or a pilgrimage. God knows best….
To see a well-fed ox, signifies that you will become a leading person in your community, and receive much adulation from women. To see fat oxen in green pastures, signifies fortune, and your rise to positions beyond your expectations. If they are lean, your fortune will dwindle, and your friends will fall away from you. If you see oxen well-matched and yoked, it betokens a happy and wealthy marriage, or that you are already joined to your true mate. To see a dead ox, is a sign of bereavement. If they are drinking from a clear pond, or stream, you will possess some long-desired estate, perhaps it will be in the form of a lovely and devoted woman. If a woman she will win the embraces of her lover. See Cattle….
Dreaming of a donkey braying in your face, denotes that you are about to be publicly insulted by a lewd and unscrupulous person. To hear the distant braying filling space with melancholy, you will receive wealth and release from unpleasant bonds by the death of some person close to you. If you see yourself riding on a donkey, you will visit foreign lands and make many explorations into places difficult of passage. To see others riding donkeys, denotes a meagre inheritance for them and a toiling life. Dreaming of seeing many of the old patriarchs traveling on donkeys, shows that the influence of Christians will be thrown against you in your selfish wantonness, causing you to ponder over the rights and duties of man to man. To drive a donkey, signifies that all your energies and pluck will be brought into play against a desperate effort on the part of enemies to overthrow you. If you are in love, evil women will cause you trouble. If you are kicked by this little animal, it shows that you are carrying on illicit connections, from which you will suffer much anxiety from fear of betrayal. If you lead one by a halter, you will be master of every situation, and lead women into your way of seeing things by flattery. To see children riding and driving donkeys, signifies health and obedience for them. To fall or be thrown from one, denotes ill luck and disappointment in secular affairs. Lovers will quarrel and separate. To see one dead, denotes satiated appetites, resulting from licentious excesses. Dreaming of drinking the milk of a donkey, denotes that whimsical desires will be gratified, even to the displacement of important duties. If you see in your dreams a strange donkey among your stock, or on your premises, you will inherit some valuable effects. Dreaming of coming into the possession of a donkey by present, or buying, you will attain to enviable heights in the business or social world, and if single, will contract a congenial marriage. Dreaming of a white donkey, denotes an assured and lasting fortune, which will enable you to pursue the pleasures or studies that lie nearest your heart. For a woman, it signals entrance into that society for which she has long entertained the most ardent desire. Woman has in her composition those qualities, docility and stubbornness, which tallies with the same qualities in the donkey | both being supplied from the same storehouse, mother Nature | and consequently, they would naturally maintain an affinity, and the ugliest phase of the donkey in her dreams are nothing but woman's nature being sounded for her warning, or vice versa when pleasure is just before her….
Dreaming of pondering over addition, denotes that you will have a struggle to overcome difficult situations, which will soon prominently assume formidable shapes in your business transactions. To find some error in addition, shows that you will be able to overcome enemies by fortunately discerning their intention before they have executed their design. To add figures with a machine, foretells that you will have a powerful ally who will save you from much oppression. If you fail to read the figures, you will lose fortune by blind speculation….
Dreaming of a latch, denotes you will meet urgent appeals for aid, to which you will respond unkindly. To see a broken latch, foretells disagreements with your dearest friend. Sickness is also foretold in this dream….
Dreaming of hearing a minister reading his text, denotes that quarrels will lead to separation with some friend. Dreaming that you are in a dispute about a text, foretells unfortunate adventures for you. If you try to recall a text, you will meet with unexpected difficulties. If you are repeating and pondering over one, you will have great obstacles to overcome if you gain your desires….


In December 2017, the Czech national digital skills and jobs coalition (DIGI coalition) celebrated its first year in operation.
Its formation was initiated by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MŠMT) following the example of other EU countries, to fulfil the shared European Union vision in the Digital skills and jobs coalition. It represents one of the ten key initiatives proposed under the new Skills agenda for Europe and aims to support digital skills that are quickly becoming a basic requirement for the performance of most occupations in line with the requirements of Industry 4.0.
The formation of the DIGI coalition fulfils one of the goals of the Digital education strategy of the Czech Republic up to 2020. The Coalition seeks to support, connect and inspire organisations whose ambition is to foster digital education for the labour market through synergies of cooperating organisations, their targeted activities, and specific commitments of individual members. Its 67 members include representatives of state institutions, entrepreneurs and the non-profit sector. Coalition members have made several commitments, including providing one obligatory semester of practical training at a faculty of informatics and setting up a digital education centre focused on elderly citizens. In municipalities, local employers and representatives of schools aim to encourage foreign language acquisition and digital education through purchases of IT equipment for schools and provision of internships in companies.
The coalition organises panel discussions, roundtables, workshops and other joint meetings to create space to debate and discuss selected topics. It provides support for conferences, seminars and campaigns promoting IT fields and digital skills.
The DIGI coalition faces multiple challenges that require agreement of various parties: preparing learners in formal and non-formal education for a digital world; teacher training; the impact of digitalisation on interpersonal relationships; how to address digital literacy and computational thinking in primary and secondary schools curricula; big data in education; and the need for pedagogical research on use of digital technologies in teaching or the position of network administrators in schools.
While the current way of teaching in general education focuses primarily on the user's approach to technology, future emphasis should be given to the development of computational thinking. Digital literacy should become an integrative part of all other disciplines. MŠMT has announced projects, under the ESF, with the participation of pedagogical faculties in developing teaching materials for the new approaches and topics to be incorporated into current updating of 10 year-old curricula. In 2017, the ministry also provided support to tertiary professional schools that will be engaged in the development of digital teaching material of foreign languages and vocational subjects and creation of massive open online courses (MOOC). A key priority of Czech digital education is to promote greater applicability of creative commons' licences in education, particularly for resources and teaching materials paid from public sources. At regional level, the goal is to create and build human resources – lecturers, network administrators and ICT professionals – to avoid the need buy in digital support.


text:
Texarkana organization giving kids opportunities to take to the skies
by: Donald Britton
TEXARKANA, Texas (KTAL/KMSS) – 4 States Youth Flyers is giving young people ages 8 through 18 a free opportunity to fly inside of an airplane and learn about potential career opportunities.
The nonprofit organization was founded by Carl A. Bandy, Sr. in August of 2021. Bandy is a Texarkana-based pilot and full-time middle school science teacher. He says the goal of the organization is to expose as many young people as possible to airplanes, whether it be for a career or for fun.
"I looked around for the different opportunities that we have, or do not have, for young people and I just felt inspired that we need to find something for them that is unique and different," Bandy said.
Before the kids can get inside the plane Bandy goes over the different features of his aircraft, naming each item and its function.
The organization is based out of Texarkana, but the nonprofit flies out of 12 airports within a 70-mile radius.
"We take students off, and pilots off, from one airport and return them back to the same airport. We give them an overview of what it takes to fly and the person who's in the right seat as my copilot will actually be the person manipulating the controls."
After the first flight, each student is awarded a certificate, a logbook, and becomes an EAA member. The membership gives them access to pilot and aviation courses, as well as aviation scholarships.
Information about Flights, donating, or sponsoring youths, can be found at 4statesyouthflyers.org.
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text:
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII), also known as Sly Syndrome
Heather A. Lau, MS, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology; Associate Director, Division of Neurogenetics; Director, Lysosomal Storage Disease Program at NYU Langone Health, discusses Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII), also known as Sly syndrome. MPS VII is a progressive condition that affects most tissues and organs. The severity of MPS VII varies widely among affected individuals.
The most severe cases of MPS VII are characterized by hydrops fetalis, a condition in which excess fluid builds up in the body before birth. Most babies with hydrops fetalis are stillborn or die soon after birth. Other people with MPS VII typically begin to show signs and symptoms of the condition during early childhood. The features of MPS VII include a large head (macrocephaly), a buildup of fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus), distinctive-looking facial features that are described as "coarse," and a large tongue (macroglossia). Affected individuals also frequently develop an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), heart valve abnormalities, and a soft out-pouching around the belly-button (umbilical hernia) or lower abdomen (inguinal hernia). The airway may become narrow in some people with MPS VII, leading to frequent upper respiratory infections and short pauses in breathing during sleep (sleep apnea). The clear covering of the eye (cornea) becomes cloudy, which can cause significant vision loss. People with MPS VII may also have recurrent ear infections and hearing loss. Affected individuals may have developmental delay and progressive intellectual disability, although intelligence is unaffected in some people with this condition.
MPS VII causes various skeletal abnormalities that become more pronounced with age, including short stature and joint deformities (contractures) that affect mobility. Individuals with this condition may also have dysostosis multiplex, which refers to multiple skeletal abnormalities seen on x-ray. Carpal tunnel syndrome develops in many children with MPS VII and is characterized by numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hands and fingers. People with MPS VII may develop a narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis) in the neck, which can compress and damage the spinal cord.
The life expectancy of individuals with MPS VII depends on the severity of symptoms. Some affected individuals do not survive infancy, while others may live into adolescence or adulthood. Heart disease and airway obstruction are major causes of death in people with MPS VII.
Source: Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine


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text:
DataLend
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DataLend API
EquiLend
BondLend
The Purple
By Tom Ashton, Product Specialist, DataLend
The first half of 2019 has not been kind to the fixed income market, with total revenue down 30%. Average on-loan balances (-15%), fees (-18%) and utilization (-17%) were all down relative to the same period in 2018. At the same time, there was an increase in supply, as average daily lendable grew from $6.84 trillion in 2018 to $7.01 trillion in 2019.
Fixed income revenue in North America overall was down 32% in H1 due to lower on-loan balances along with lower average fees ($812.4 billion from $915.4 billion and 10.75 bps from 14.08 bps, respectively). Convertible and corporate debt saw the biggest decreases in revenue in the region, down 49% and 27% respectively, although average daily balances were up compared with H1 2018. The decrease is mainly due to lower fees and utilization.
Revenue in EMEA was down 26%, grossing $312.6 million in H1 2019. As per the global trends, on-loan balances were down 22% year on year, but average fees and utilization dropped only slightly; fees were down 1 basis point to an average of 19 bps, while utilization dropped from 21% to 18%.
The fixed income story in Asia follows the same plot as the other regions so far in 2019, with revenue, on-loan balances, fees and utilization falling when compared to the same period last year. The exception has been total lendable, which increased 9% from $288.6 billion in H1 2018 to $313.7 billion in H1 2019. Australia and Japan continued to dominate the supply in the region, accounting for almost 60% of the total availability in Asia.
Here's Why
The fixed income markets suffered in 2019 as a result of global macro uncertainty, central bank actions, lack of conviction from hedge funds and banks' decreased demand for high-quality liquid assets (HQLAs) for collateralization purposes.
Historically, a driver of U.S. Treasury balance was the USD/JPY pair trade. Recently there has been a narrowing in the spread on this trade, causing some borrowers to close out these trades completely.
In the U.K. market, Brexit has had a significant impact on specials, and in general, liquidity worries across the market are contributing to a slump in demand.
However, among the ocean of negative news there is one pearl of positivity, and that is in North American agency debt, where revenue was up 13% from $11.1 million in the first half of 2018 to $12.6 million from January through June 2019. Increased revenue was primarily driven by higher fees, which were up 22% year over year.
Tom Ashton
Product Specialist, DataLend
thomas.ashton@equilend.com
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When a consumer leases a vehicle, they sometimes have to put money down to decrease the monthly payments. When you take over a lease, you avoid this initial outlay of cash and just continue the monthly payments as set out in the lease. It's a pretty sweet deal!
Some people have to get out of their lease for various reasons (job loss, separation, company vehicle, etc.). Because there can be financial drawbacks to ending a lease, the person giving up their lease may sweeten their offer with an incentive, like covering a few monthly payments. You'll find that information on the vehicle listings on our site. Take advantage of it!
Some vehicles listed on ByeByeLease.ca have been repossessed by a dealership after only one or two years of use. Monthly payments may be reduced to move these almost-new models. In other cases, the sellers offer incentives that translate into lower monthly payments for the buyer.
A vehicle is leased for a monthly payment of $350. There are 30 months left on the lease. The seller offers a $1,500 bonus. The buyer therefore saves $50 per month. You just can't find a better deal!
Since you're taking over an ongoing lease, you just continue the initial contract. A short-term lease is a good deal for people who like to change vehicles often or who don't want to be bound by a long-term contract.
Vehicles listed for a lease takeover are still covered by the manufacturer's warranty for the duration of the lease. That's a detail that can pay off big!


Was there ever a question on this subject on the show. I seem to half-remember one. How did it go?
Flash would remember that, monkbarns.
Valuable insight on this question is provided by Isaac D'Israeli (1766-1848), the father of British prime minister Benjamin Disraeli. Isaac was an amateur scholar who published several books of historical and literary "curiosities," which were quite popular in their day. D'Israeli lampooned the Scholastic philosophers of the late Middle Ages, notably Thomas Aquinas, who were famous for debating metaphysical fine points.
Aquinas wrote several ponderous philosophical tomes, the most famous of which went by the awe-inspiring title Summa Theologica, "summary of theology." It contained, among other things, several dozen propositions on the nature of angels, which Thomas attempted to work out by process of pure reason. The results were pretty tortured, and to the hipper-than-thou know-it-alls of the Enlightenment (i.e., D'Israeli's day), they seemed a classic example of good brainpower put to nonsensical ends.
For example, D'Israeli wrote, "Aquinas could gravely debate, Whether Christ was not an hermaphrodite [and] whether there are excrements in Paradise." He might also have mentioned such Thomistic puzzlers as whether the hair and nails will grow following the Resurrection, and whether or not said Resurrection will take place at night.
I have not been able to turn up the text D'Israeli refers to (my 17th-century files are just a mess), but it sounds like the work of some would-be comedian. Martinus Scriblerus (dimestore Latin for "Martin the Scribbler") is a pseudonym of a sort in common use among Enlightenment satirists, and the quoted items are burlesques of actual treatises in Aquinas's Summa.
Fact is, Aquinas did debate whether an angel moving from A to B passes through the points in between, and whether one could distinguish "morning" and "evening" knowledge in angels. (He was referring to an abstruse concept having to do with the dawn and twilight of creation.) Finally, he inquired whether several angels could be in the same place at once, which of course is the dancing-on-a-pin question less comically stated. (Tom's answer: no.) So the answer to your question is yes, medieval theologians did get into some pretty weird arguments, if not quite as weird as later wise guys painted them.
"Martinus Scriblerus" is a reference to a satirical work by Pope, Arbuthnot & Swift, written sometime before 1714, which does not in fact contain the line in question.
As to how many Angels can dance on a pin head, I would refer everyone here to "Good Omens" by Messrs. Pratchett and Gaiman for the best answer.
Oh excellent! I thought it was established that D'Israeli, despite his duff reference to Martinus Scribblerus, was the originator of this whole idea. Ralph Cudworth is quite new to me. Thanks, Flash. See how we advance the frontiers of knowledge.


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text:
Margaret Higgins Sanger, Planned Parenthood Founder And Organized A Clinic In Harlem
Margaret Higgins Sanger, born Margaret Louise Higgins, September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966, also known as Margaret Sanger Slee, was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.
Sanger used her writings and speeches primarily to promote her way of thinking. She was prosecuted for her book Family Limitation under the Comstock Act in 1914. She was afraid of what would happen, so she fled to Britain until she knew it was safe to return to the US. Sanger's efforts contributed to several judicial cases that helped legalize contraception in the United States. Due to her connection with Planned Parenthood Sanger is a frequent target of criticism by opponents of abortion, although Planned Parenthood did not begin providing abortions until 1970, after Sanger had already died. Sanger, who has been criticized for supporting negative eugenics, remains an admired figure in the American reproductive rights movement.
In 1916 Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, which led to her arrest for distributing information on contraception after an undercover policewoman bought a copy of her pamphlet on family planning. Her subsequent trial and appeal generated controversy. Sanger felt that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives, they needed to be able to determine when to bear children. She also wanted to prevent so-called back-alley abortions, which were common at the time because abortions were illegal in the United States. She believed that while abortion was sometimes justified it should generally be avoided, and she considered contraception the only practical way to avoid them.
… she organized a clinic in Harlem with an all African-American advisory council, where African-American staff were later added…
In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which later became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. In New York City, she organized the first birth control clinic staffed by all-female doctors, as well as a clinic in Harlem with an all African-American advisory council, where African-American staff were later added. In 1929, she formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control, which served as the focal point of her lobbying efforts to legalize contraception in the United States. From 1952 to 1959, Sanger served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. She died in 1966, and is widely regarded as a founder of the modern birth control movement.
Sanger was born Margaret Louise Higgins in 1879 in Corning, New York, to Michael Hennessey Higgins, an Irish-born stonemason and free-thinker, and Anne Purcell Higgins, a Catholic Irish-American. Michael Hennessey Higgins had emigrated to the USA at age 14 and joined the U.S. Army as a drummer at age 15, during the Civil War. After leaving the army, Michael studied medicine and phrenology, but ultimately became a stonecutter, making stone angels, saints, and tombstones. Michael H. Higgins was a Catholic who became an atheist and an activist for women's suffrage and free public education. Anne was born in Ireland. Her parents brought the family to Canada during the Potato Famine. She married Michael in 1869. Anne Higgins went through 18 pregnancies (with 11 live births) in 22 years before dying at the age of 49. Sanger was the sixth of eleven surviving children, and spent much of her youth assisting with household chores and caring for her younger siblings.
Supported by her two older sisters, Margaret Higgins attended Claverack College and Hudson River Institute, before enrolling in 1900 at White Plains Hospital as a nurse probationer. In 1902, she married the architect William Sanger and gave up her education. Though she was plagued by a recurring active tubercular condition, Margaret Sanger bore three children, and the couple settled down to a quiet life in Westchester, New York.
In 1911, after a fire destroyed their home in Hastings-on-Hudson, the Sangers abandoned the suburbs for a new life in New York City. Margaret Sanger worked as a visiting nurse in the slums of the East Side, while her husband worked as an architect and a house painter. Already imbued with her husband's leftist politics, Margaret Sanger also threw herself into the radical politics and modernist values of pre-World War I Greenwich Village bohemia. She joined the Women's Committee of the New York Socialist party, took part in the labor actions of the Industrial Workers of the World (including the notable 1912 Lawrence textile strike and the 1913 Paterson silk strike) and became involved with local intellectuals, left-wing artists, socialists and social activists, including John Reed, Upton Sinclair, Mabel Dodge and Emma Goldman.
Sanger's political interests, emerging feminism and nursing experience led her to write two series of columns on sex education entitled "What Every Mother Should Know" (1911–12) and "What Every Girl Should Know" (1912–13) for the socialist magazine New York Call. By the standards of the day, Sanger's articles were extremely frank in their discussion of sexuality, and many New York Call readers were outraged by them. Other readers, however, praised the series for its candor. One stated that the series contained "a purer morality than whole libraries full of hypocritical cant about modesty". Both were published in book form in 1916.
During her work among working-class immigrant women, Sanger met women who underwent frequent childbirth, miscarriages and self-induced abortions for lack of information on how to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Access to contraceptive information was prohibited on grounds of obscenity by the 1873 federal Comstock law and a host of state laws. Seeking to help these women, Sanger visited public libraries, but was unable to find information on contraception. These problems were epitomized in a story that Sanger would later recount in her speeches: while Sanger was working as a nurse, she was called to the apartment of a woman, "Sadie Sachs", who had become extremely ill due to a self-induced abortion. Afterward, Sadie begged the attending doctor to tell her how she could prevent this from happening again, to which the doctor simply advised her to remain abstinent. A few months later, Sanger was called back to Sadie's apartment — only this time, Sadie" died shortly after Sanger arrived. She had attempted yet another self-induced abortion. Sanger would sometimes end the story by saying, "I threw my nursing bag in the corner and announced … that I would never take another case until I had made it possible for working women in America to have the knowledge to control birth." This story – along with Sanger's 1904 rescue of her unwanted niece Olive Byrne from the snowbank in which she had been left—marks the beginning of Sanger's commitment to spare women from the pursuit of dangerous and illegal abortions. Sanger opposed abortion, but primarily as a societal ill and public health danger which would disappear if women were able to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
Given the connection between contraception and working-class empowerment, Sanger came to believe that only by liberating women from the risk of unwanted pregnancy would fundamental social change take place. She launched a campaign to challenge governmental censorship of contraceptive information through confrontational actions.
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Sanger became estranged from her husband in 1913, and the couple's divorce was finalized in 1921. In 1922 she married her second husband, James Noah H. Slee.
In 1914 Sanger launched The Woman Rebel, an eight-page monthly newsletter which promoted contraception using the slogan "No Gods, No Masters". Sanger, collaborating with anarchist friends, popularized the term "birth control" as a more candid alternative to euphemisms such as "family limitation" and proclaimed that each woman should be "the absolute mistress of her own body." In these early years of Sanger's activism, she viewed birth control as a free-speech issue, and when she started publishing The Woman Rebel, one of her goals was to provoke a legal challenge to the federal anti-obscenity laws which banned dissemination of information about contraception. Though postal authorities suppressed five of its seven issues, Sanger continued publication, all the while preparing Family Limitation, another challenge to anti-birth control laws. This 16-page pamphlet contained detailed and precise information and graphic descriptions of various contraceptive methods. In August 1914 Margaret Sanger was indicted for violating postal obscenity laws by sending The Woman Rebel through the postal system. Rather than stand trial, she fled the country.
Margaret Sanger spent much of her 1914 exile in England, where contact with British neo-Malthusians such as Charles Vickery Drysdale helped refine her socioeconomic justifications for birth control. She shared their concern that over-population led to poverty, famine and war. At the Fifth International Neo-Malthusian Conference in 1922, she was the first woman to chair a session. She organized the Sixth International Neo-Malthusian and Birth-Control Conference that took place in New York in 1925. Over-population would remain a concern of hers for the rest of her life.
During her 1914 trip to England, she was also profoundly influenced by the liberation theories of Havelock Ellis, under whose tutelage she sought not just to make sexual intercourse safer for women, but more pleasurable. Another notable person she met around this time was Marie Stopes, who had run into Sanger after she had just given a talk on birth control at a Fabian Society meeting. Stopes showed Sanger her writings and sought her advice about a chapter on contraception.
Early in 1915, Margaret Sanger's estranged husband, William Sanger, gave a copy of Family Limitation to a representative of anti-vice politician Anthony Comstock. William Sanger was tried and convicted, spending thirty days in jail while attracting interest in birth control as an issue of civil liberty. Margaret's second husband, Noah Slee, also lent his help to her life's work. In 1928, Slee would smuggle diaphragms into New York through Canada in boxes labeled as 3-In-One Oil. He later became the first legal manufacturer of diaphragms in the United States.
Some countries in northwestern Europe had more liberal policies towards contraception than the United States at the time, and when Sanger visited a Dutch birth control clinic in 1915, she learned about diaphragms and became convinced that they were a more effective means of contraception than the suppositories and douches that she had been distributing back in the United States. Diaphragms were generally unavailable in the United States, so Sanger and others began importing them from Europe, in defiance of United States law.
On October 16, 1916 Sanger opened a family planning and birth control clinic at 46 Amboy Street in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn, the first of its kind in the United States. Nine days after the clinic opened, Sanger was arrested. Sanger's bail was set at $500 and she went back home. Sanger continued seeing some women in the clinic until the police came a second time. This time Sanger and her sister, Ethel Byrne, were arrested for breaking a New York state law that prohibited distribution of contraceptives, Sanger was also charged with running a public nuisance. Sanger and Byrne went to trial in January 1917. Byrne was convicted and sentenced to 30 days in a workhouse but went on hunger strike. She was force-fed, the first woman hunger striker in the US to be so treated. Only when Sanger pledged that Byrne would never break the law, was she pardoned after ten days. Sanger was convicted; the trial judge held that women did not have "the right to copulate with a feeling of security that there will be no resulting conception." Sanger was offered a more lenient sentence if she promised to not break the law again, but she replied: "I cannot respect the law as it exists today." For this, she was sentenced to 30 days in a workhouse. An initial appeal was rejected, but in a subsequent court proceeding in 1918, the birth control movement won a victory when Judge Frederick E. Crane of the New York Court of Appeals issued a ruling which allowed doctors to prescribe contraception. The publicity surrounding Sanger's arrest, trial, and appeal sparked birth control activism across the United States, and earned the support of numerous donors, who would provide her with funding and support for future endeavors.
In February 1917 Sanger began publishing the monthly periodical Birth Control Review.
After World War I, Sanger shifted away from radical politics, and she founded the American Birth Control League (ABCL) in 1921 to enlarge her base of supporters to include the middle class. The founding principles of the ABCL were as follows:[57]
We hold that children should be (1) Conceived in love; (2) Born of the mother's conscious desire; (3) And only begotten under conditions which render possible the heritage of health. Therefore we hold that every woman must possess the power and freedom to prevent conception except when these conditions can be satisfied.
After Sanger's appeal of her conviction for the Brownsville clinic secured a 1918 court ruling that exempted physicians from the law prohibiting the distribution of contraceptive information to women (provided it was prescribed for medical reason), she established the Clinical Research Bureau (CRB) in 1923 to exploit this loophole. The CRB was the first legal birth control clinic in the United States, staffed entirely by female doctors and social workers. The clinic received extensive funding from John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his family, who continued to make anonymous donations to Sanger's causes in subsequent decades.
John D. Rockefeller Jr. donated five thousand dollars to her American Birth Control League in 1924 and a second time in 1925. In 1922, she traveled to China, Korea, and Japan. In China she observed that the primary method of family planning was female infanticide, and she later worked with Pearl Buck to establish a family planning clinic in Shanghai. Sanger visited Japan six times, working with Japanese feminist Kato Shidzue to promote birth control. This was ironic, since ten years earlier Sanger had accused Katō of murder and praised an attempt to kill her.
In 1928, conflict within the birth control movement leadership led Sanger to resign as the president of the ABCL and take full control of the CRB, renaming it the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (BCCRB), marking the beginning of a schism that would last until 1938.
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Sanger invested a great deal of effort communicating with the general public. From 1916 onward, she frequently lectured (in churches, women's clubs, homes, and theaters) to workers, churchmen, liberals, socialists, scientists, and upper-class women. She once lectured on birth control to the women's auxiliary of the Ku Klux Klan in Silver Lake, New Jersey.
She wrote several books in the 1920s which had a nationwide impact in promoting the cause of birth control. Between 1920 and 1926, 567,000 copies of Woman and the New Race and The Pivot of Civilization were sold. She also wrote two autobiographies designed to promote the cause. The first, My Fight for Birth Control, was published in 1931 and the second, more promotional version, Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography, was published in 1938.
During the 1920s, Sanger received hundreds of thousands of letters, many of them written in desperation by women begging for information on how to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Five hundred of these letters were compiled into the 1928 book, Motherhood in Bondage.
Sanger worked with eminent African American leaders and professionals who saw a need for birth control in their communities. In 1929, James H. Hubert, a black social worker and the leader of New York's Urban League, asked Sanger to open a clinic in Harlem. Sanger secured funding from the Julius Rosenwald Fund and opened the clinic, staffed with black doctors, in 1930. The clinic was directed by a 15-member advisory board consisting of black doctors, nurses, clergy, journalists, and social workers. The clinic was publicized in the African-American press as well as in black churches, and it received the approval of W. E. B. Du Bois, the co-founder of the NAACP and the editor of its magazine, The Crisis. Sanger did not tolerate bigotry among her staff, nor would she tolerate any refusal to work within interracial projects. Sanger's work with minorities earned praise from Martin Luther King, Jr., in his 1966 acceptance speech for the Margaret Sanger award.
From 1939 to 1942 Sanger was an honorary delegate of the Birth Control Federation of America, which included a supervisory role—alongside Mary Lasker and Clarence Gamble—in the Negro Project, an effort to deliver birth control to poor black people. Sanger, over the objections of other supervisors, wanted the Negro Project to hire black ministers in leadership roles. To emphasize the benefits of hiring black community leaders to act as spokesmen, she wrote to Gamble, "We should hire three or four colored ministers, preferably with social-service backgrounds, and with engaging personalities. The most successful educational approach to the Negro is through a religious appeal. We don't want the word to go out that we want to exterminate the Negro population, and the minister is the man who can straighten out that idea if it ever occurs to any of their more rebellious members." New York University's Margaret Sanger Papers Project says that though the letter would have been meant to avoid the mistaken notion that the Negro Project was a racist campaign, conspiracy theorists have fraudulently attempted to exploit the quotation "as evidence she led a calculated effort to reduce the black population against their will".
In 1929, Sanger formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control in order to lobby for legislation to overturn restrictions on contraception. That effort failed to achieve success, so Sanger ordered a diaphragm from Japan in 1932, in order to provoke a decisive battle in the courts. The diaphragm was confiscated by the United States government, and Sanger's subsequent legal challenge led to a 1936 court decision which overturned an important provision of the Comstock laws which prohibited physicians from obtaining contraceptives. This court victory motivated the American Medical Association in 1937 to adopt contraception as a normal medical service and a key component of medical school curriculums.
This 1936 contraception court victory was the culmination of Sanger's birth control efforts, and she took the opportunity, now in her late 50s, to move to Tucson, Arizona, intending to play a less critical role in the birth control movement. In spite of her original intentions, she remained active in the movement through the 1950s.
In 1937, Sanger became chairman of the newly formed Birth Control Council of America, and attempted to resolve the schism between the ABCL and the BCCRB. Her efforts were successful, and the two organizations merged in 1939 as the Birth Control Federation of America. Although Sanger continued in the role of president, she no longer wielded the same power as she had in the early years of the movement, and in 1942, more conservative forces within the organization changed the name to Planned Parenthood Federation of America, a name Sanger objected to because she considered it too euphemistic.
In 1948, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation in 1952, and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international women's health, family planning and birth control organization. Sanger was the organization's first president and served in that role until she was 80 years old. In the early 1950s, Sanger encouraged philanthropist Katharine McCormick to provide funding for biologist Gregory Pincus to develop the birth control pill which was eventually sold under the name Enovid.
Sanger died of congestive heart failure in 1966 in Tucson, Arizona, aged 86, about a year after the U.S. Supreme Court case Griswold v. Connecticut, which legalized birth control in the United States. Sanger is buried in Fishkill, New York, next to her sister, Nan Higgins, and her second husband, Noah Slee. One of her surviving brothers was College Football Hall of Fame player and Pennsylvania State University Head Football coach Bob Higgins.
While researching information on contraception, Sanger read treatises on sexuality including The Psychology of Sex by the English psychologist Havelock Ellis and was heavily influenced by it. While traveling in Europe in 1914, Sanger met Ellis. Influenced by Ellis, Sanger adopted his view of sexuality as a powerful, liberating force. This view provided another argument in favor of birth control, as it would enable women to fully enjoy sexual relations without fear of unwanted pregnancy. Sanger also believed that sexuality, along with birth control, should be discussed with more candor, and praised Ellis for his efforts in this direction. She also blamed Christianity for the suppression of such discussion.
Sanger opposed excessive sexual indulgence. She wrote that "every normal man and woman has the power to control and direct his sexual impulse. Men and women who have it in control and constantly use their brain cells thinking deeply, are never sensual." Sanger said that birth control would elevate women away from a position of being an object of lust and elevate sex away from purely being for satisfying lust, saying that birth control "denies that sex should be reduced to the position of sensual lust, or that woman should permit herself to be the instrument of its satisfaction." Sanger wrote that masturbation was dangerous. She stated: "In my personal experience as a trained nurse while attending persons afflicted with various and often revolting diseases, no matter what their ailments, I never found any one so repulsive as the chronic masturbator. It would not be difficult to fill page upon page of heart-rending confessions made by young girls, whose lives were blighted by this pernicious habit, always begun so innocently." She believed that women had the ability to control their sexual impulses, and should utilize that control to avoid sex outside of relationships marked by "confidence and respect." She believed that exercising such control would lead to the "strongest and most sacred passion." However, Sanger was not opposed to homosexuality and praised Ellis for clarifying "the question of homosexuals… making the thing a—not exactly a perverted thing, but a thing that a person is born with different kinds of eyes, different kinds of structures and so forth… that he didn't make all homosexuals perverts—and I thought he helped clarify that to the medical profession and to the scientists of the world as perhaps one of the first ones to do that."
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Sanger opposed censorship throughout her career. Sanger grew up in a home where orator Robert Ingersoll was admired. During the early years of her activism, Sanger viewed birth control primarily as a free-speech issue, rather than as a feminist issue, and when she started publishing The Woman Rebel in 1914, she did so with the express goal of provoking a legal challenge to the Comstock laws banning dissemination of information about contraception. In New York, Emma Goldman introduced Sanger to members of the Free Speech League, such as Edward Bliss Foote and Theodore Schroeder, and subsequently the League provided funding and advice to help Sanger with legal battles.
Over the course of her career, Sanger was arrested at least eight times for expressing her views during an era in which speaking publicly about contraception was illegal. Numerous times in her career, local government officials prevented Sanger from speaking by shuttering a facility or threatening her hosts. In Boston in 1929, city officials under the leadership of James Curley threatened to arrest her if she spoke. In response she stood on stage, silent, with a gag over her mouth, while her speech was read by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.
After World War I, Sanger increasingly appealed to the societal need to limit births by those least able to afford children. The affluent and educated already limited their child-bearing, while the poor and ignorant lacked access to contraception and information about birth-control. Here she found an area of overlap with eugenicists. She believed that they both sought to "assist the race toward the elimination of the unfit." They differed in that "eugenists imply or insist that a woman's first duty is to the state; we contend that her duty to herself is her duty to the state." Sanger was a proponent of negative eugenics, which aimed to improve human hereditary traits through social intervention by reducing the reproduction of those who were considered unfit.
Sanger's view of eugenics was influenced by Havelock Ellis and other British eugenicists who held that environmentally acquired traits were inherited by one's progeny. Consequently, she rejected race and ethnicity as determining factors. Instead she stressed limiting the number of births to live within one's economic ability to raise and support healthy children. This would lead to a betterment of society and the human race. Sanger's view put her at odds with leading American eugenicists, such as Charles Davenport who took a racist view of inherited traits. She continually rejected their approach.
In "The Morality of Birth Control," a 1921 speech, she divided society into three groups: the "educated and informed" class that regulated the size of their families, the "intelligent and responsible" who desired to control their families in spite of lacking the means or the knowledge, and the "irresponsible and reckless people" whose religious scruples "prevent their exercising control over their numbers." Sanger concludes, "There is no doubt in the minds of all thinking people that the procreation of this group should be stopped."
Sanger's eugenic policies included an exclusionary immigration policy, free access to birth control methods, and full family planning autonomy for the able-minded, as well as compulsory segregation or sterilization for the "profoundly retarded". Sanger wrote, "we [do not] believe that the community could or should send to the lethal chamber the defective progeny resulting from irresponsible and unintelligent breeding." In personal correspondence she expressed her sadness about the aggressive and lethal Nazi eugenics program; and donated to the American Council Against Nazi Propaganda. In addition, Sanger believed the responsibility for birth control should remain with able-minded individual parents rather than the state, and that self-determining motherhood was the only unshakable foundation for racial betterment.
Sanger's story has been the subject of several biographies, including an award-winning biography published in 1970 by David Kennedy, and is also the subject of several films, including Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story. In 2013, the American cartoonist Peter Bagge published Woman Rebel, a full length graphic novel biography of Sanger that received much critical acclaim. Sanger's writings are curated by two universities: New York University's history department maintains the Margaret Sanger Papers Project, and Smith College's Sophia Smith Collection maintains the Margaret Sanger Papers collection.
Sanger has been recognized with several honors. In 1957, the American Humanist Association named her Humanist of the Year. Government authorities and other institutions have memorialized Sanger by dedicating several landmarks in her name, including a residential building on the Stony Brook University campus, a room in Wellesley College's library, and Margaret Sanger Square in New York City's Noho area. In 1993, the Margaret Sanger Clinic—where she provided birth control services in New York in the mid twentieth century—was designated as a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service. In 1966, Planned Parenthood began issuing its Margaret Sanger Awards annually to honor "individuals of distinction in recognition of excellence and leadership in furthering reproductive health and reproductive rights." The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Sanger. Her speech "Children's Era", given in 1925, is listed as #81 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank). There is also a bust of her in the National Portrait Gallery, which was a gift from Cordelia Scaife May. She has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.
Sanger was also an inspiration for Wonder Woman, a comic book character introduced by William Marston in 1941. Marston was influenced by early feminist thought while in college, and later formed a romantic relationship with Sanger's niece, Olive Byrne. According to Jill Lepore, several Wonder Woman story lines were at least in part inspired by Sanger, like the character's involvement with different labor strikes and protests.
Due to her connection with Planned Parenthood, many who are opposed to abortion frequently condemn Sanger by criticizing her views on birth control and eugenics. In spite of such controversies, Sanger continues to be regarded as a force in the American reproductive rights movement and woman's rights movement.
This entry was posted in bio, biography, Harlem, Parents and tagged Emma Goldman, Free Speech League, Havelock Ellis, James Curley, John Reed, Kato Shidzue, Mabel Dodge, Margaret Higgins Sanger, Margaret Louise Higgins, Negro Project, Planned Parenthood, Robert Ingersoll, Sadie Sachs, The Morality of Birth Control, Upton Sinclair by Harlem World Magazine. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Interpreting survival data from clinical trials of surgery versus stereotactic body radiation therapy in operable Stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients
Pamela Samson, Kathleen Keogan, Traves Crabtree, Graham Colditz, Stephen Broderick, Varun Puri, Bryan Meyers
Objectives To identify the variability of short- and long-term survival outcomes among closed Phase III randomized controlled trials with small sample sizes comparing SBRT (stereotactic body radiation therapy) and surgical resection in operable clinical Stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Patients and methods Clinical Stage I NSCLC patients who underwent surgery at our institution meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria for STARS (Randomized Study to Compare CyberKnife to Surgical Resection in Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer), ROSEL (Trial of Either Surgery or Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Early Stage (IA) Lung Cancer), or both were identified. Bootstrapping analysis provided 10,000 iterations to depict 30-day mortality and three-year overall survival (OS) in cohorts of 16 patients (to simulate the STARS surgical arm), 27 patients (to simulate the pooled surgical arms of STARS and ROSEL), and 515 (to simulate the goal accrual for the surgical arm of STARS). Results From 2000 to 2012, 749/873 (86%) of clinical Stage I NSCLC patients who underwent resection were eligible for STARS only, ROSEL only, or both studies. When patients eligible for STARS only were repeatedly sampled with a cohort size of 16, the 3-year OS rates ranged from 27 to 100%, and 30-day mortality varied from 0 to 25%. When patients eligible for ROSEL or for both STARS and ROSEL underwent bootstrapping with n = 27, the 3-year OS ranged from 46 to 100%, while 30-day mortality varied from 0 to 15%. Finally, when patients eligible for STARS were repeatedly sampled in groups of 515, 3-year OS narrowed to 70–85%, with 30-day mortality varying from 0 to 4%. Conclusion Short- and long-term survival outcomes from trials with small sample sizes are extremely variable and unreliable for extrapolation.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.11.005
Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Stereotactic body radiation therapy
Samson, P., Keogan, K., Crabtree, T., Colditz, G., Broderick, S., Puri, V., & Meyers, B. (2017). Interpreting survival data from clinical trials of surgery versus stereotactic body radiation therapy in operable Stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer, 103, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.11.005
Interpreting survival data from clinical trials of surgery versus stereotactic body radiation therapy in operable Stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients. / Samson, Pamela; Keogan, Kathleen; Crabtree, Traves; Colditz, Graham; Broderick, Stephen; Puri, Varun; Meyers, Bryan.
In: Lung Cancer, Vol. 103, 01.01.2017, p. 6-10.
Samson, P, Keogan, K, Crabtree, T, Colditz, G, Broderick, S, Puri, V & Meyers, B 2017, 'Interpreting survival data from clinical trials of surgery versus stereotactic body radiation therapy in operable Stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients', Lung Cancer, vol. 103, pp. 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.11.005
Samson P, Keogan K, Crabtree T, Colditz G, Broderick S, Puri V et al. Interpreting survival data from clinical trials of surgery versus stereotactic body radiation therapy in operable Stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer. 2017 Jan 1;103:6-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.11.005
Samson, Pamela ; Keogan, Kathleen ; Crabtree, Traves ; Colditz, Graham ; Broderick, Stephen ; Puri, Varun ; Meyers, Bryan. / Interpreting survival data from clinical trials of surgery versus stereotactic body radiation therapy in operable Stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients. In: Lung Cancer. 2017 ; Vol. 103. pp. 6-10.
@article{d7615b146de748bf92b21bd6711d4799,
title = "Interpreting survival data from clinical trials of surgery versus stereotactic body radiation therapy in operable Stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients",
abstract = "Objectives To identify the variability of short- and long-term survival outcomes among closed Phase III randomized controlled trials with small sample sizes comparing SBRT (stereotactic body radiation therapy) and surgical resection in operable clinical Stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Patients and methods Clinical Stage I NSCLC patients who underwent surgery at our institution meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria for STARS (Randomized Study to Compare CyberKnife to Surgical Resection in Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer), ROSEL (Trial of Either Surgery or Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Early Stage (IA) Lung Cancer), or both were identified. Bootstrapping analysis provided 10,000 iterations to depict 30-day mortality and three-year overall survival (OS) in cohorts of 16 patients (to simulate the STARS surgical arm), 27 patients (to simulate the pooled surgical arms of STARS and ROSEL), and 515 (to simulate the goal accrual for the surgical arm of STARS). Results From 2000 to 2012, 749/873 (86{\%}) of clinical Stage I NSCLC patients who underwent resection were eligible for STARS only, ROSEL only, or both studies. When patients eligible for STARS only were repeatedly sampled with a cohort size of 16, the 3-year OS rates ranged from 27 to 100{\%}, and 30-day mortality varied from 0 to 25{\%}. When patients eligible for ROSEL or for both STARS and ROSEL underwent bootstrapping with n = 27, the 3-year OS ranged from 46 to 100{\%}, while 30-day mortality varied from 0 to 15{\%}. Finally, when patients eligible for STARS were repeatedly sampled in groups of 515, 3-year OS narrowed to 70–85{\%}, with 30-day mortality varying from 0 to 4{\%}. Conclusion Short- and long-term survival outcomes from trials with small sample sizes are extremely variable and unreliable for extrapolation.",
keywords = "Clinical trials, Lung cancer, Stereotactic body radiation therapy, Surgery",
author = "Pamela Samson and Kathleen Keogan and Traves Crabtree and Graham Colditz and Stephen Broderick and Varun Puri and Bryan Meyers",
doi = "10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.11.005",
journal = "Lung Cancer",
T1 - Interpreting survival data from clinical trials of surgery versus stereotactic body radiation therapy in operable Stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients
AU - Samson, Pamela
AU - Keogan, Kathleen
AU - Crabtree, Traves
AU - Colditz, Graham
AU - Broderick, Stephen
AU - Puri, Varun
AU - Meyers, Bryan
N2 - Objectives To identify the variability of short- and long-term survival outcomes among closed Phase III randomized controlled trials with small sample sizes comparing SBRT (stereotactic body radiation therapy) and surgical resection in operable clinical Stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Patients and methods Clinical Stage I NSCLC patients who underwent surgery at our institution meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria for STARS (Randomized Study to Compare CyberKnife to Surgical Resection in Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer), ROSEL (Trial of Either Surgery or Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Early Stage (IA) Lung Cancer), or both were identified. Bootstrapping analysis provided 10,000 iterations to depict 30-day mortality and three-year overall survival (OS) in cohorts of 16 patients (to simulate the STARS surgical arm), 27 patients (to simulate the pooled surgical arms of STARS and ROSEL), and 515 (to simulate the goal accrual for the surgical arm of STARS). Results From 2000 to 2012, 749/873 (86%) of clinical Stage I NSCLC patients who underwent resection were eligible for STARS only, ROSEL only, or both studies. When patients eligible for STARS only were repeatedly sampled with a cohort size of 16, the 3-year OS rates ranged from 27 to 100%, and 30-day mortality varied from 0 to 25%. When patients eligible for ROSEL or for both STARS and ROSEL underwent bootstrapping with n = 27, the 3-year OS ranged from 46 to 100%, while 30-day mortality varied from 0 to 15%. Finally, when patients eligible for STARS were repeatedly sampled in groups of 515, 3-year OS narrowed to 70–85%, with 30-day mortality varying from 0 to 4%. Conclusion Short- and long-term survival outcomes from trials with small sample sizes are extremely variable and unreliable for extrapolation.
AB - Objectives To identify the variability of short- and long-term survival outcomes among closed Phase III randomized controlled trials with small sample sizes comparing SBRT (stereotactic body radiation therapy) and surgical resection in operable clinical Stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Patients and methods Clinical Stage I NSCLC patients who underwent surgery at our institution meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria for STARS (Randomized Study to Compare CyberKnife to Surgical Resection in Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer), ROSEL (Trial of Either Surgery or Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Early Stage (IA) Lung Cancer), or both were identified. Bootstrapping analysis provided 10,000 iterations to depict 30-day mortality and three-year overall survival (OS) in cohorts of 16 patients (to simulate the STARS surgical arm), 27 patients (to simulate the pooled surgical arms of STARS and ROSEL), and 515 (to simulate the goal accrual for the surgical arm of STARS). Results From 2000 to 2012, 749/873 (86%) of clinical Stage I NSCLC patients who underwent resection were eligible for STARS only, ROSEL only, or both studies. When patients eligible for STARS only were repeatedly sampled with a cohort size of 16, the 3-year OS rates ranged from 27 to 100%, and 30-day mortality varied from 0 to 25%. When patients eligible for ROSEL or for both STARS and ROSEL underwent bootstrapping with n = 27, the 3-year OS ranged from 46 to 100%, while 30-day mortality varied from 0 to 15%. Finally, when patients eligible for STARS were repeatedly sampled in groups of 515, 3-year OS narrowed to 70–85%, with 30-day mortality varying from 0 to 4%. Conclusion Short- and long-term survival outcomes from trials with small sample sizes are extremely variable and unreliable for extrapolation.
KW - Clinical trials
KW - Stereotactic body radiation therapy
U2 - 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.11.005
DO - 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.11.005
JO - Lung Cancer
JF - Lung Cancer
10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.11.005


!MARRIAGE:Maryland Marriage Records, v 25 b, p. 75. SOURCE:Mentioned in will of father John Collins, dated 10 Feb 1748 , probated 13 March 1748 , Queen Ann's, Maryland SOURCE:Colonial Churches of Queen Anne's Co., MD - John Collins, Joh n Collins, Jr., and Ric hard Collins were listed as pew holders of St . Luke's at Church Hill in 1731.!MARRIAGE:Maryl and Marriage Records, v 25 b, p. 75. SOURCE:Mentioned in will of father John Collins, dated 10 Feb 1748 , probated 13 March 1748 , Queen Ann's, Maryland SOURCE:Colonial Churches of Queen Anne's Co., MD - John Collins, Joh n Collins, Jr., and Ric hard Collins were listed as pewholders of St . Luke's at Church Hill in 1731. Father's will 19 Feb 1748 !MARRIAGE:Maryland Marriage Records, v 25 b, p. 75.
[S40] Family Records: Rawlins, Lyle, Lyle Rawlins, Film 3466, Part 1, pages 333, 334.


The Dementia Friendly Awards was launched by Alzheimer's Society in 2013. The awards celebrate and showcase the achievements of those across the UK who are leading the way on creating dementia-friendly communities and improving the lives of everybody affected by dementia. Nominations are now open for the fifth Dementia Friendly Awards.
All people with dementia should be provided with information on research studies they could participate in, according to new guidelines on best practice released by NICE.
Dementia - Potentially modifiable or not?
As a doctor researcher within UCL psychiatry, I am concerned with what works to help people with dementia and their families and to generate and help implement research which makes a difference to future dementia challenges.
New study aims to assess whether a medication called Guanfacine can improve thinking, in people with Alzheimer's Disease.
It easy to think at the beginning of a study that once care homes have been recruited, the rest of the study will be plain sailing.... think again!


text:
Member Guest Post with Samsung Ads – Go With the Show! How Audiences are Fragmenting Across VOD Platforms, and What Trends Advertisers Should Look For
In this week's member guest blog post, we welcome Alex Hole, VP Samsung Ads Europe, as he shares new exclusive insights into how Samsung TV audiences embraced TV streaming during 2020.
Last year was a disruptive year for every industry. TV was no exception. Despite video on demand (VOD) platforms having been in existence for nearly two decades, the last 12 months have seen an unparalleled rate of growth across all TV consumption but in particular OTT content.
At Samsung Ads, we use ACR (automatic content recognition) on millions of Samsung Smart TVs across Europe to gain insights into how Samsung TVs are being used, and which services are most popular. In our new report, 'Decoding the on-demand TV landscape', we reveal just how much those viewing habits changed on those TVs over 2020.
In January 2020, we began the year with an almost even split between linear and streaming viewing time on our Smart TVs across Europe (51% and 49%, respectively). By the end of the year, the balance had tipped in streaming's favour, with streaming viewership time increasing by 5% to account for 54% of total TV time. Whilst this shift towards streaming on our TVs is not unexpected — it is a significant increase in just 12 months.
Looking more specifically at streaming, we saw some interesting trends emerge. There was strong growth for subscription video on demand (SVOD) services, with viewing time across SVOD showing significant increase, particularly in Italy and the UK, growing 47% and 43% respectively. It's likely this increased demand was fuelled by the continued growth of services like Netflix and Amazon Prime, and also the launch of Disney+ in Europe last year. The latter is on a rapid growth trajectory, with some estimating it might surpass Netflix in subscription numbers in just three years!
While SVOD services accounted for half of the total viewing time of VOD services on our TVs across Europe in 2020, ad-supported video on demand (AVOD) services also grew their share from 25% of viewing time in January to 31% by December. Spain was a particular standout, with AVOD viewing time growing an incredible 95%. Italy and Germany also saw strong demand here, with a 78% and 73% increase in AVOD viewing time respectively.
This is an emerging trend for advertisers to watch. AVOD, while still relatively new, is showing promising growth numbers. Advertisers who have watched the rise of SVOD with some concern around how to reach 'streamers' can now see the potential opportunity to reach these audiences in ad-supported OTT environments. Audiences today increasingly split their viewing time between linear, SVOD, AVOD, BVOD (and more!) giving advertisers plenty of opportunity to connect with them, if only they can follow the data.
Indeed, the evolution of TV viewership is incredibly complex, and audiences are becoming increasingly fragmented as their choices multiply. As viewers have grown used to choosing what they want to watch, when they want to watch it, advertisers have an opportunity to evolve and shape strategies around these choices. There are promising new opportunities opening up within curated streaming environments, enabling advertisers to reach highly engaged viewers once thought of as 'lost' to streaming.
The audience habits that emerged over 2020 reinforces that TV is undergoing continual change and is evolving quickly. Viewers are being provided with new services and ways to interact with content they want on the biggest screen in the home. This, in turn, provides new opportunities for advertisers to reach new audiences and complement their existing Linear TV Schedules. As content options grow and technology improves, the industry will evolve alongside viewership trends. This is an exciting time for advertisers looking to connect with viewers on the biggest screen in the home.


text:
The Political Body
"Politics makes liars of us all, Lieutenant."
- Joe Devlin (Columbo: The Conspirators, 1978)
Frans and Tineke Steenmeijer's Moord in het provinciehuis (Murder at Provincial House, 1999) originally appeared in the Frisian language, as Moard yn it provinsjehûs, followed in 2001 with the publication of a Dutch edition and can therefore by categorized as a streekroman (regional novel) with the northern province of Friesland (Frisia) as a backdrop – which probably explains how the book managed to elude me until recently. But when I came across the book and read the plot description, I immediately recognized the characteristics of a potential impossible crime story.
According to the synopsis, the story concerns the murder of a provincial politician, shot through the heart, during a meeting of the College of Deputies in a room closed from the outside world. A brief internet search lead me to a website, cataloging Dutch crime-fiction, mentioning that the book opened with "a pleasant, old-fashioned locked room mystery."
So my curiosity was duly aroused and wanted to know whether Murder at Provincial House qualified as a genuine locked room novel or simply dealt with a murder committed in a closed-circle of suspects, because the two are often conflated with one another. Well, it turns out the plot worked with both tropes.
Murder at Provincial House opens during one of the regular assemblages of the college of the Gedeputeerde Staten van Friesland, but the rituals and routine of the gathering is disturbed when, during a talk on spatial planning, "a strange plop" is heard and one of them slumps back in his chair – a growing bloodstain on his shirt. Someone has shot Fons van Thorn, while everyone sat around him, but nobody in the room could possibly have discharged a gun without being seen. And a search of the premise failed to produce the proverbial smoking gun.
It's as if the bullet came out of nowhere and the problem of an inexplicable death in a closed, and watched, room in which several witnesses were present was reminiscent of Max Afford's The Dead Are Blind (1937) and E.R. Punshon's Six Were Present (1956). But the locked room angle here was rather quickly disposed off.
During the second chapter, one of the people present in the room notices, what could be called, a clue and the impossibility is fully explained when the third chapter rolls around. Obviously, this altogether too slender plot-thread was inspired by Havank's "De vergrendelde kamer" ("The Bolted Room"), collected De Schaduw & Co (The Shadow & Co, 1957), which I happened to have reviewed here only a fortnight ago, because the authors are apparently great admirers of Havank – an enthusiasm shared by their own series-character, Rijksinspecteur Doede Deschesne. So they probably got the idea for the locked room from that short-short story and tweaked it a bit.
Understandably, I was disappointed that the book stopped being an impossible crime by the end of the second chapter, but the explanation showed the killer had knowledge of both the layout of the historic building and movement of the people. Since the crime-scene was a government building and all of the potential suspects were elected representatives or government employees the investigation is given to a special investigator of the Rijksrecherche (state police), Doede Deschesne.
Deschesme has his work cut out for him. The victim was the dictionary definition of an infant terrible. A personality trait not everyone around him found endearing.
Frisian edition
Fons van Thorn was a gynecologist who retired early and, "more or less as a joke," began his own political movement, under the banner of the Gezond Verstand Partij (Common Sense Party), which pulled seven seats underneath the political establishment in previous provincial elections – allowing him to become the Deputy of Environment and Housing. Something that earned him the ire of one of his colleagues, Anna Kup-Boltini, who's fanatical environmentalist and wanted the position to reshape local policy. But he also has a sworn enemy within his own party, Abel Hondelaar, who had been plotting a coup d'état.
And there there are the personal motives. Van Thorn was a known philanderer and his latest conquest was a young girl from the finance department, Wiegertje de Groot, which put an end to her relationship with Wigle Adema. They were planning to move in together, but then Van Thorn appeared on the stage. So this gives the young man a potential motive and he does not exactly go out of his way to give Deschesme the idea he's barking up the wrong tree.
All of this, and more, has to be sorted out by Deschesme and his capable assistant, Henri Dulder, who loves Columbo and sometimes couldn't resist to imitate the famous TV-detective. So this makes for a pleasant read and the story-telling nostalgically reminded me of the glory days of A.C. Baantjer, but with a plot that appeared to be moving along the same lines as the excellent police-detectives by M.P.O. Books and the Commissioner Daan Vissering series by Cor Docter.
Sadly, these positive attributes did not extend all the way to the solution. The murderer was revealed to be a minor character, which is not necessarily a bad thing, but the only tangible clue pointing in this direction was a slip of the tongue. Something that's even harder to spot when you learn about the weak, wishy-washy motive of the murderer. There were a plethora of legitimate suspects with genuine motives, but the authors went for the most underwhelming combination of the two. So that was a bit disappointing.
There was, however, a possibility for a clever, Agatha Christie-style solution using the disputed alibi of one of the suspects. A different combination of people, involved with the alibi, would be required, but it would have given the story a splendid and satisfying solution in the Golden Age tradition.
So, all in all, Murder at Provincial House has some first-class story-telling, but the plotting was less than perfect and the ending was underwhelming. A pity since the book had all the potential to be one of those rare Dutch detective novels that could stand toe-to-toe with its foreign counterparts.
On a semi, related note: my fellow locked room connoisseur, "JJ," wrote a blog-post, titled "A Little Help for My Friends – Finding a Modern Locked Room Mystery for TomCat Attempt #1: Murder in the Oval Office (1989) by Elliott Roosevelt," which weirdly synchronizes with this review. The plots of both books deal with the impossible shooting of a politician inside a secured room of a iconic government building, but Murder in the Oval Office also has a Dutch connection as the author and the detective, Eleanor Roosevelt, were Dutch-Americans. You would almost think we planned this, but we were both unaware what the other was reading.
I wish Patrick was still around to point an accusatory finger at the mischievous ghost of Harry Stephen Keeler.
Toe-Tags: Foreign Mysteries, Frans Steenmeijer, Impossible Crimes, Locked Room Mysteries, Post-GAD, Tineke Steenmeijer
JJ @: The Invisible Event May 29, 2017 at 9:32 AM
Well, well, well, something is afoot, eh? Quick, mention how unlikely it is that someone wil republish JDC in his entirety, or how we'll never see another Soji Shimada book translated, or...gah, my mental wishlist has abandoned me in a panic!
It's a shame, too, that in both cases both your book and mine turned out to be fairly minor in their impossibilities in spite of promising starts and settings. Still, I'd rather this one -- which I'm probably never going to get to read, since I need to learn French, Japanese, and German befoe I tackle Dutch -- be skippable than a masterpiece...purely from a selfish perspective, y'understand!
Ha! All of Carr's work getting reprinted or another Shimada translation coming out is as likely to happen as one of Joseph Commings' lost manuscripts turning up out of nowhere. Not any time soon, my friend. Not any time soon.
Well, I hope that will do the trick!
JJ @ The Invisible Event May 29, 2017 at 9:34 PM
Nice. And now we wait...
The Locked Room Reader VII: Miracles in Dutch
Fenced In
The Body in the Library
Where Journeys End, Lovers Meet
The Curmudgeon Got Cut
Driven to the Grave
Fatal Flaws: A Short Overview of Ruined Detective ...
Murder Adrift
Speak Like a Child
Take Your Medicine
Return from the Grave


Find answers, learn how to best engage fans and drive your views, and promote your latest news on YouTube.
Learn the basics of creating and managing your channel, and start connecting with fans.
Learn about music copyright, cover songs, and YouTube's Content ID system for rights management.
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Get information about how your fans find your music, and what keeps them engaged, with YouTube Analytics.
Create a visual and interactive portfolio of your credited work through playlist curation.
We'll walk you through the basics of setting up an Official Artist Channel and how to use YouTube fully to engage with fans, drive video views, and promote concerts & tours.
We'll walk your through the best way to connect and engage your fans on YouTube.
How do I get my music into the YouTube Music App?
The YouTube Music app shows content that our system and our partners have identified as appropriate for a music experience. Be sure to categorize your uploads as "Music" in Advanced settings of Video Manager, under the "Category" drop down. In most cases, there's nothing you need to do to get your music content into the app, but categorizing it will help.
Learn more about how we determine what goes in the YouTube Music app.
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This new layout is being rolled-out gradually. To be eligible for an Official Artist Channel, make sure you already have a YouTube channel that's owned and operated by you as an artist, your manager, or your label, and have at least 3 music videos on YouTube. We'll let you know when your channel has been upgraded to an Official Artist Channel.
How can I manage my presence on Google with Official Artist Channels?
In the Artist Center of Creator Studio, you can update your artist biography, and add photos. Content that you make available here may also be displayed on YouTube properties such as your channel and YouTube charts, as well as other Google sites, such as Google+ and Google Play. Learn more.
Where is my Official Channel Music Note?
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If your music gets a Content ID Claim, there's a couple things you can do, depending on the situation. Learn more here.
For Copyright takedowns, if you believe this was given in error, you can resolve the copyright strike in three ways: wait for it to expire, get a retraction, or submit a counter notification. More details here.
How do I grow my subscriber base?
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Use YouTube Analytics to understand your video reach ex: what is the size of your active audience, how thumbnail impressions turned into views and Watch time etc. Visit our Creator Academy to learn more.
As a YouTube creator, you're always looking to strengthen your relationship with your audience.
That's why we've created the Community tab, a fun new way to share your creativity and complement your upload schedule, all while interacting with your audience on YouTube.
Learn more about Community posts.
Just sign in, tap directly on the Community tab in your channel, then take your pick of ways to post.
Post on a regular schedule to complement your video uploads and involve your subscribers. Each post will show up in your subscribers feeds, so make sure your posts are meaningful. That way your subscribers will be encouraged to click through.
Make sure you have the latest version of the YouTube app.
To cut down on any confusion for your viewers, Community will be disabled until Discussion is turned off.
How to turn off Discussion.
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Go behind the scenes of your channel with exclusive making-of photos.
Tease your next video with a gif of its best moment.
Promote your merch, e-store, book tour or even tickets for your next concert.
Show your subscribers that you listen by replying and hearting comments.
Poll to learn what your audience wants to see next: You can quiz your subscribers on what they want to see next and consider refining your content based on their suggestions. Community input may help you decide where to invest your time, producing more types of videos that your community requests.
Grow excitement with GIFs: Consider offering a sneak peek of the best moments from each video with a GIF and get your subscribers fired up to watch.
Bring them backstage: Give your subscribers an exclusive look backstage during your tour or at a shoot by posting pictures or quick videos. You can even ask for their opinion on the creative process. Hint: Try using photos with yourself clearly visible so viewers recognize you.
Offer exclusive content: Try posting pictures or GIFs that your audience can't find anywhere else. Consider posting fun pics of your day, your adventures, or even your pets. Providing a unique experience for your subscribers on the Community tab is a great way to keep your audience coming back for more.
Recognize your fans: Utilize the Community tab as another place for interacting with your audience. Consider featuring your "super" fans, calling out to them, or answering their top questions. Plus, you can heart comments from viewers, or reply to them with images and GIFs.
You can use Community posts to cross-promote videos uploaded to other YouTube channels —including collabs, videos from your secondary channel, or videos you just find entertaining!
You can thank your most loyal fans or even call out some of their special contributions.
How do I go Live on my phone?
See "scheduling live stream on mobile" here.
To earn money from your videos, you'll want to follow the 4 steps listed here, including agreeing to the YouTube Partner Program Terms. On January 16, 2018, we announced new eligibility requirements for the YouTube Partner Program. Once a channel reaches 4,000 watch hours in the previous 12 months and 1,000 subscribers it will be reviewed to join the program.
YouTube Analytics offers all kinds of data to help you assess what's working well. You can find out where viewers discover your content, which videos have the most watch time, and how fans engage with your content. For a deep dive on YouTube Analytics, take this course.
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With Music Charts, you can check out a weekly ranking of the top music on YouTube. You can see the top 100 videos (ranked by view count) or a breakdown by viral videos (scored using a number of popularity factors), tracks, or Artists.
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Note: Music Charts and Insights include Artists for which we've received industry-standard metadata, typically supplied by a label or distributor. Music Insights contains data since September 1, 2014. YouTube is constantly adding new Artists and locations to the database.


text:
package exaliquo.blocks;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;

import cpw.mods.fml.relauncher.Side;
import cpw.mods.fml.relauncher.SideOnly;
import net.minecraft.block.BlockCake;
import net.minecraft.block.BlockEndPortal;
import net.minecraft.client.renderer.texture.IconRegister;
import net.minecraft.entity.player.EntityPlayer;
import net.minecraft.item.Item;
import net.minecraft.item.ItemStack;
import net.minecraft.potion.Potion;
import net.minecraft.potion.PotionEffect;
import net.minecraft.util.Icon;
import net.minecraft.world.World;

public class BlockEndCake extends BlockCake
{
	@SideOnly(Side.CLIENT)
	private Icon[] icon;

	public BlockEndCake(int id)
	{
		super(id);
	}

	@Override
	@SideOnly(Side.CLIENT)
	public void registerIcons(IconRegister register)
	{
		icon = new Icon[4];

		for (int i = 0; i < icon.length; i++)
		{
			icon[i] = register.registerIcon("exaliquo:EnderCake_" + i);
		}
	}

	@Override
	@SideOnly(Side.CLIENT)
	public Icon getIcon(int side, int meta)
	{
		return side == 0 ? icon[side] : (side == 1 ? icon[side] : (meta > 0 && side == 4 ? icon[3] : icon[2]));
	}

	@Override
	public boolean onBlockActivated(World world, int x, int y, int z, EntityPlayer player, int par6, float par7, float par8, float par9)
    {
		int meta = world.getBlockMetadata(x, y, z) - 1;
		ItemStack item = player.getCurrentEquippedItem();

		if (player.capabilities.isCreativeMode)
		{
			if (item != null && item.getItem() == Item.eyeOfEnder)
			{
				world.setBlockMetadataWithNotify(x, y, z, 0, 2);
				return true;
			}
			else
			{
				player.travelToDimension(1);
				return true;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			if (item != null && item.getItem() == Item.eyeOfEnder)
			{
				if (meta > 0)
				{
					world.setBlockMetadataWithNotify(x, y, z, meta, 2);
					--item.stackSize;
					return true;
				}
			}
			else
			{
				nomEndCake(world, x, y, z, player);
				return true;
			}
		}
		return false;
    }

	private void nomEndCake(World world, int x, int y, int z, EntityPlayer player)
    {
        if (player.canEat(false))
        {
            int l = world.getBlockMetadata(x, y, z) + 1;

            if (l >= 6)
            {
            	return;
            }
            else
            {
            	player.getFoodStats().addStats(2, 0.1F);
                world.setBlockMetadataWithNotify(x, y, z, l, 2);
                if (world.provider.dimensionId == 0)
                {
                	if (!BlockEndPortal.bossDefeated) player.addPotionEffect(new PotionEffect(Potion.resistance.id, 200, 1));
                	player.travelToDimension(1);
                }
            }
        }
    }

	@Override
	public int onBlockPlaced(World world, int x, int y, int z, int side, float hx, float hy, float hz, int meta)
    {
        return meta = 5;
    }

	@Override
	public void onBlockAdded(World world, int x, int y, int z)
    {
		if (world.provider.dimensionId == 1)
		{
			world.scheduleBlockUpdate(x, y, z, this.blockID, 12000);
		}
    }

	@Override
	public void updateTick(World world, int x, int y, int z, Random rand)
	{
		if (world.provider.dimensionId == 1)
		{
			int meta = world.getBlockMetadata(x, y, z) - 1;
			if (meta > 0) world.setBlockMetadataWithNotify(x, y, z, meta, 2);
			world.scheduleBlockUpdate(x, y, z, this.blockID, 12000);
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub