LESSON 3: What Are Fossils?
LESSON 8: The Rock Cycle: Where do Metamorphic Rocks Fit?
LESSON 9: What Makes Igneous Rocks?
Quick Write: How are rocks used?
SWBAT ask and answer questions about key details in informational texts and other media.
Today students continue with hands on, cross-curricular learning. They dive into information about how minerals make up rocks.
Weather permitting, I will start with the students outside. Today, we continue our topic of Earth Sciences and learn about minerals. I will continue to involve my students in asking and answering questions about rocks. One question we ask and answer is: How are rocks used? To start answering this question, I am asking my students to briefly observe their playground. I will have them share before going back to our room and spend time writing about their observations.
The Common Core State Standards expects students to be exposed to informational texts in different ways. The expectation is for students to use informational text appropriately and efficiently. Today, we continue with exploring minerals by asking questions about them.
To meet this goal, I will be showing my students a short video on what are minerals? During the video, I will be pausing at particular points to give the students time to take notes. They will use a template I have created with questions about minerals?
Following this, each student will receive an informational sheet on particular minerals. They will choose one of the minerals to investigate. They will spend time reading about it and then filling out a template that I have designed for the study of minerals. This template will be displayed on the concept/question board.
Students will be given time to share their learning with their peers.
In the end, we will gather on the rug and debrief our learning.
Since our language arts time is after recess, I will sit with my students on a bench and ask them to look around their playground and outside: observingourplayground. I will ask them, how are rocks used? I will have a few of them share. I will ask them to remember what they observed because once upstairs they will be writing briefly in their journal about how rocks are used. In having them observe their playground with this context in mind is to build their awareness of their world.
If you have time to do this kind of activity, I suggest you do it because it makes students that much more engaged in the lesson to come. However, it would be fine to also just show students some pictures that you have found that show different ways rocks are used in a community and achieve a similar effect in less time.
Once back in the room, I ask students to spend time writing in their journal about HowWeUseRocks. I am doing this because I want to create awareness in my students on how we gather information about rocks from different sources. One student stated the SidewalkhasaTypeofRock. Another student observed StatuesAreMadeOutofRock. While another student clearly states, I know how rocks are used.
I like to ask my students about their prior knowledge about topics we are learning about. In this way, I am assessing and validating their prior knowledge. It gives me an indication of their conceptual understanding. Working with English Language Learners, it a good idea to give them many opportunities to practice with academic language.
I ask my students what they know about minerals. First they will pair share with each other: PairSharingWhatAreMinerals, and then I will transcribe their responses on a chart: WhatAreMinerals.
Next, I would like to know what questions students still have about minerals: QuestionsAboutMinerals. I have them pair share again and then I transcribe their responses on a chart. I start the chart by writing the first question: what are minerals? (I don't want them asking this question; I want them asking other, more specific ones).
Now that we are done listing the questions, I am providing them with a strategy by which to evaluate their questions. I ask if there there any questions that repeat. I am creating awareness of the type of questions they are asking. And, more importantly, I am making think about the quality of their questions: EvaulatingQuestions.
Then, I ask the students to choose two questions from the list and add them to their journals. Later on, I will give them an opportunity to choose one to investigate further: ChoosingTwoQuestions.
This video can be used for both the rock lesson and this lesson. For this lesson, the mineral information starts at the 4:34 time. But, I let my students watch the first part without interruption because it is be a good review.
I gather students on the rug and explain that now they will be conducting research. Students will receive a page of informational text about minerals (see reflection in this section for the book where I got the pages). Students need exposure to different types of informational text so that they become comfortable with any text that comes across their way. They will choose one of the minerals. They will read about their mineral and then write their findings in a template I have designed for this task: Researching Minerals.
The template include three categories. They are to write 2-3 details about what they observe from the photos and what they read from the text. The last category asks them to write about they get from both the photos and the text. Here are some of their finished templates: ImResearchingWulfente and ReadingAboutMinerals.
The last box asks them to write about what surprised them about their mineral. In asking this question, I am asking them to synthesize what they are researching.
As students work, I will walk around and give them support. Some students will need support with the words they are reading. Some students will want to be listened to as to what they are discovering. One students was amazed that gold can be found in different shapes. While another student found out the nickname for their mineral. Others will need help with how to start organizing their information on the template. Others will need support with staying on task.
After students finish their work, we will add our work to our concept question board. This board displays our work and shows how this work is growing and and evolving. It is fun to come and read and discover what are minerals! Other work is there to model GoodUseofTextandPhotos, in their research.


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Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase
"Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure, which enables searching at various levels of specificity.
An enzyme found primarily in the LIVER that catalyzes the N-methylation of NICOTINAMIDE and other structurally related compounds.
D08.811.913.555.500.650
N-Methyltransferase, Nicotinamide
Nicotinamide N Methyltransferase
Nicotinamide-S-Adenosylmethionine Methyltransferase
Methyltransferase, Nicotinamide-S-Adenosylmethionine
Nicotinamide S Adenosylmethionine Methyltransferase
Nicotinamide Methylase
Methylase, Nicotinamide
Nicotinamide Methyltransferase
Methyltransferase, Nicotinamide
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase".
Enzymes and Coenzymes [D08]
Enzymes [D08.811]
Transferases [D08.811.913]
One-Carbon Group Transferases [D08.811.913.555]
Methyltransferases [D08.811.913.555.500]
Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase [D08.811.913.555.500.650]
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is related to "Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase".
Methyltransferases
5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase
Acetylserotonin O-Methyltransferase
Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase
DNA Modification Methylases
Glycine N-Methyltransferase
Guanidinoacetate N-Methyltransferase
Histamine N-Methyltransferase
Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase
Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase
Phosphatidyl-N-Methylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase
Protein Methyltransferases
tRNA Methyltransferases
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase".
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase" by people in this website by year, and whether "Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase" was a major or minor topic of these publications.
Below are the most recent publications written about "Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase" by people in Profiles.
Eckert MA, Coscia F, Chryplewicz A, Chang JW, Hernandez KM, Pan S, Tienda SM, Nahotko DA, Li G, Blaženovic I, Lastra RR, Curtis M, Yamada SD, Perets R, McGregor SM, Andrade J, Fiehn O, Moellering RE, Mann M, Lengyel E. Proteomics reveals NNMT as a master metabolic regulator of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nature. 2019 05; 569(7758):723-728.
Ramsden DB, Parsons RB, Ho SL, Xie T, Waring RH, Williams AC. Further studies in xenobiotic metabolism and Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol. 2001; 86:105-13.
Hernandez, Kyle
Eckert, Mark
Yamada, Seiko Diane
Lengyel, Ernst Robert
Lastra, Ricardo
Ovarian Neoplasms
Speech Perception
Adv Neurol

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Why Are Viking Yachts So Expensive? (Explained)
Boating / By Morten Storgaard / November 7, 2022 November 13, 2022
Viking Yachts has been in business for over five decades, building luxury performance sportfishing and cruising yachts.
The company was started by brothers Bill and Bob Healey in 1964 when they bought Peterson-Viking Boat Builders, which, at the time, was a small, struggling New Jersey builder of 37-foot wooden sportfishing boats.
Since then, Viking Yachts has grown to become an international leader in semi-custom fiberglass yachts, with over 4,000 Vikings delivered worldwide.
But why are Viking Yachts so expensive? Keep on reading to find out why:
The Short Answer To Why Viking Yachts Are So Expensive:
Viking Yachts are expensive because Viking is arguably one of the best-built boats in the performance sportfishing niche in the world. You're paying for a quality product that has been developed by a team who is one of the most passionate about boating and sportfishing in the industry.
How Much Do Viking Boats Cost?
Are Viking Yachts Built Better Than Other Yachts?
Are Viking Yachts More Expensive Than Similar Brands?
How Quickly Do Viking Boats Depreciate Compare To Other Brands?
The Viking Motor Yacht Collection
What Are The Cheapest Viking Boats?
The Viking Billfish Range
Do People Typically Pay Full Price Or Get A Discount?
Viking Yachts offers a huge range of boats, including 34 different models. Their website does not give new boat prices.
New base boat prices are difficult to establish as each model comes with different power options and semi-customer choices.
Each Viking Yacht is usually built to order, so no two Viking Yachts are the same, although some stock models are available.
However, according to one of their agent's websites, Staten Island Yacht Sales, new prices for their smallest model, the Billfish 38, start from around $1 million.
The price for largest Viking model, their 93′ Motor Yacht, has a starting price of just over a cool $10 million.
These prices are for the base model only. When you start adding on extras like compulsory safety equipment, optional navigation packages, fishing equipment, and other toys, you can easily add on a few hundred thousand dollars more.
But, if your budget won't stretch as far as a new Viking Yacht, you could look at the second-hand boat market. At the time of writing, Yachtworld.com had 337 used Viking Yachts for sale. These yachts range in size from 35 – 93 feet.
Prices start from $39,900 for a 1986 Viking 35 Convertable and go up to $9,950,000 for a 2017 Viking 92 Enclosed Bridge.
The benefits of buying a good second-hand model are that these boats usually include extra inventory the previous owner has added on, so you don't have to spend the extra dosh.
Of course, this is just the cost of buying the actual boat. For the real cost of owning a Viking Yacht, you need to factor in mooring and club fees, marine insurance, crew costs, and any scheduled maintenance fees on top of the actual price.
Beware these 4 Most-Common Problems With Viking Boats. Check out our article here!
Viking Yachts' mantra is to 'build a better yacht every day,' and they seem to be achieving just that.
Viking has been building the highest-quality sportfishing boats and motor yachts for nearly 60 years. The Viking brand has achieved legendary status with countless fishing tournament wins by Viking owners.
This is in addition to the cutting-edge design and technology used on new models and the relentless pursuit to build the perfect boat. There is no other boatbuilder that can compete with a Viking in this niche market today.
How has Viking achieved this status? Viking has built its reputation by investing in groundbreaking manufacturing capabilities and a fantastic team that allows 90% of every Viking Yacht to be built in-house.
Except for certain components on board, such as the engines, transmissions, pumps, hoses, air conditioning units, electronics, and tuna towers (done at Viking's own subsidiary company, Palm Beach Towers), everything else is produced directly by the Viking factory.
This in-house production ensures that Viking has one of the industry's most thorough quality control systems, making the quality of Viking Yachts better than other yachts.
Viking Yachts are considered the Rolls-Royce of the sportfishing and luxury motor yacht world. Similar brands include Bertram, Hatteras Yachts, Merrit Boats and Cheoy Lee Yachts.
As new boat prices are difficult to come by, we've done a price comparison of similar models that are available on the used-boat market.
We compared the different sportfishing brands based on the following search criteria:
Size: 65 – 80 feet in length
Year: 2005 – 2015
Boat Brand Size Year Price
Viking 70 2011 $3,595,000
Bertram 70 2009 $1,499,00
Hatteras Yachts 72 2009 $2,350,000
Merrit Sportfish 72 2009 $4,499,000
Cheoy Lee 76 2012 $1,990,00
[Info courtesy of Yachtworld.com]
At first glance, the Viking Yacht is not the most expensive, but it's certainly not the cheapest either!
However, this is just a quick comparison. To get a true picture of the value of each yacht, you will need to compare detailed inventories and the overall condition of each boat.
A typical new boat will lose 10-15% of its value within the first year, then slows for the next five years.
A new car will depreciate faster. However, a boat costs more to maintain than a car.
Boat ownership should never be about a good return on investment, as you will always be disappointed. The real value of boat ownership is in the time you use your boat, the experiences you have, and the memories you make.
In addition, the best thing you can do to slow the depreciation of your boat is to look after it properly. Follow the routine maintenance guide with your boat, always keep it clean and in 'ship-shape' condition, and promptly attend to any minor problems.
When it comes to resale value, you can have the best inventory, but if your boat looks 'tired' or appears not well maintained or cared for, you may find it difficult to sell for the desired price.
Are Viking Yachts Reliable & Good? Find out in our article here for more information!
What Are The Most Expensive Viking Boats?
As with any brand, the bigger the boat, the more expensive it will be, and Viking is no exception.
Viking produces six different lines of boats with a total of 34 models, ranging in size from 38 to 93 feet.
The most expensive Viking Yachts are in the luxury motor yacht collection.
If cruising in elegant luxury, having space for entertaining guests, and living aboard for extended journeys to exotic locations sounds like your thing, then one of Viking's Motor Yacht models should be on your wishlist.
The Viking MY collection offers three models, the Viking 75′ Motor Yacht, the 82′ Cockpit Motor Yacht, and their new flagship 93′ Motor Yacht, introduced in 2018 to acclaimed reviews.
Each of the three Viking Motor Yacht models has everything you can expect from Viking. From impeccable construction and quality to their unique interior and exterior styling for a sleek yet stylish look.
The interior accommodation is enormous, and there are numerous spaces on board each model for privacy, relaxation, and sunbathing.
Or if socializing is more your thing, dining al fresco is recommended, or you can enjoy the view from the flybridge lounge while sipping on a cocktail.
While there is no such thing as a cheap Viking Yacht, their smaller range of Billfish models may fit your pocket better:
The Billfish series can trace its origins to when Viking purchased the waterfront boat-building factory from Ocean Yachts and called it Viking Mullica. One of Ocean Yacht's best-selling models was the 37 Billfish. Viking took these molds and put their stamp on the model.
The 37 Billfish proved to be highly successful as it was an excellent step up for the big center-console fishermen who wanted the versatility and accommodations of a sportfishing boat while staying under the 40-foot size.
Because of this success, Viking launched a 38 Billfish, a Billfish 380, and a 46 Billfish in 2019, which are still in production today.
But if you still find the entry-level $1 million price tag too steep, your cheapest option for a Viking Yacht is to look at the second-hand boat market.
At the time of writing, we found that the cheapest Viking Yacht for sale is on offer for $39,900 for a 35′ Viking Convertable from 1986.
However, we recommend you always inspect the boat first-hand if you opt for a second-hand boat. If you are happy with your initial viewing and are happy to place an offer, always make your offer subject to a satisfactory marine survey. Suppose the marine survey raises any unexpected problems.
In that case, you can either use that to negotiate the price further or if there is a serious problem, you can walk away from the deal altogether.
Viking Yachts is in the business of building their boats; they have an international network of dealers for selling them.
Typically for a new boat, people will pay full price; however, you may be able to negotiate a discount, depending on the dealer.
To negotiate with a dealer, keep an eye on how long a particular boat has been up for sale. It takes, roughly on average, around seven months for a Viking Yacht to sell.
If a boat is taking longer than this, then the previous owner, or the broker, may start to panic about how long a boat is taking to sell, and therefore, they may be open to a lower offer.
Also, keep an eye on the listed prices and the selling price. Viking Yachts typically sell for just under 10% of the asking price. So, if you're a good negotiator, you can stand your ground if you make a reasonable offer.
Finally, check out boat shows. Boat shows and Viking events are great places to view the range of Viking Yachts.
Not only are they a great place to view the yachts, but often the company may offer show or event incentives to get you to sign on the dotted line. Make sure you go to these shows or events with clear intentions – you don't want to regret an impulsive purchase later.
Yachtworld.com – Viking Yachts for sale
Why Purchase a Viking Yacht? — Top 10 Reasons


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All articles filed in Wonder Woman Wonder Woman Review
Wonder Woman 1984 – Review
By: Sheraz Farooqi December 22, 2020 March 24, 2022
DCEU, Film ReviewsWonder Woman 1984, Wonder Woman Wonder Woman Review
While carried on the strength of its cast, Wonder Woman 1984 fails to deliver. Unfortunately, it does not reach the inspiring heights of its predecessor, and an uneven script and a less-than-stellar story prevent it from being great. Directed by Patty Jenkins, and featuring the return of Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, the highly anticipated…
The Other Side of Slytherin


One of the founding fathers of the Potbellied Pigs, Nick VP sadly passed away in 2010 losing a battle to cancer. His memory lives on through his wife, his daughter and throuh the Pigs. Rest well big fella from all your friends and family.


The import and export B2B portal Health and Medical under the main sector Animal and Veterinary, Extract, Health Care Products is located at the sectors. Medical Devices is the sector ERCP Stone Extraction Balloon and es medikal are produced by the firm. Predominantly Turkish - ERCP Stone Extraction Balloon of manufacturer, exporter, wholesaler, importer and suppliers, including a B2B portal bysharing.com foreign Health and Medical followed by the sector firms. es medikal produced by the Company ERCP Stone Extraction Balloon product-related documents, certificates, pictures and request Detailed Product Information. ERCP Stone Extraction Balloon purchase requests are communicated to the company directly. If you are looking for different products, Health and Medical under the sector Animal and Veterinary, Extract, Health Care Products You can browse the sectors. bysharing B2B portal, manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, import and export companies are located.


text:
all he could do he was fettered by a sense of restraint that consciousness produced. [Note: The Diary of Samuel Pepys had been a favorite of Twain's since the early 1870s. MTCI 346-52; See also Gribben 539-40.]
October 15 Monday – The S.S. Minnehaha arrived in New York City with the Clemens family on board [MTHHR 451]. The steamship was slow in getting into the pier at West Houston Street. At 10 p.m. the gangplank was positioned. Sam waited until most of the passengers had disembarked. When he did so he was surrounded by "a few friends" and newspaper men. Paine reports a remark Sam made to them:
"If I ever get ashore I am going to break both of my legs so I can't get away again" [MTB 1110].
From the N.Y. Herald, Oct. 16, p.1:
He talked to them for fifteen or twenty minutes in a serious strain, brightened once or twice with characteristic bits of humor. One of the reporters thought that possibly his seriousness was in reality a joke, and asked him. The reply was: "I never told the truth that I was not suspected of lying, and never told a lie that I was not believed."
One of the first questions asked of him was as to his views on the political situation. His answer was that on general principles he as an anti-imperialist.
"Once I was not anti-imperialist," he said. "I thought that the rescue of those islands from the government under which they had suffered for three hundred years was good business for us to be in. But I had not studied the Paris Treaty. When I found that it made us responsible for the protection of the friars and their property I changed my mind."
NOT DECIDED HOW TO VOTE.
When asked as to how he would vote, Mr. Clemens replied: "I have not decided who I am going to vote for. I have paid taxes in Hartford for nine years, and I suppose I am entitled to vote."
He went on to say that he was a mugwump, that it was not likely that he would vote for Bryan, but he might vote for McKinley. … [Note: see Scharnhorst for a collection of excerpts from other newspapers and some in depth analysis: p. 357-64.]
And from the New York Sun Oct. 16, p.2 "Mark Twain Home Again":
Samuel L. Clemens, ruddy but composed as always, walked down the gangway from the Atlantic Transport Line steamship Minnehaha last evening after a ten-day trip from London and made such headway as he could across the pier between friends and a crowd of newspaper reporters who were awaiting him. He was touched on one shoulder and clutched by the opposite elbow and when he tried to go ahead, being unable to look both ways at once, he found his way blocked by a tackling line which opened only to clog his way again at the sides. Never ruffled, Mr. Clemens quietly but cheerily greeted the friends and as quietly put in such sentences as he could between times to the waiting newspaper men, who finally corralled him and held him to themselves for a few minutes as the representatives of the larger number of friends who could not go to the pier to meet him.
Mr. Clemens innocently frightened one of the reporters by telling him that he was just getting ready to swear, but the appearance of a customs officer restored confidence. Another reporter confided to the author that his city editor had sent positively the worst equipped man in his office to interview a humorist.
"My boy," said Mark Twain, "I don't know about that. Humor is so serious. When you sit down to write humor go at it seriously; if the humor doesn't come, don't write it."
…He had come home in pretty good health, he said, and practically without any plans, except that he should remain in New York this winter and in the spring go to Hartford, his home. His writings while here would probably only be some magazine work. He said that he had two or three works under way… [Note: See the full text in Fatout, MT Speaking, p.342-3.]


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Premium Motorcycle manufacturer Ducati unveils Multistrada 1200 Pikes Peak in Delhi
India: By launching the Multistrada 1200 Pikes Peak in Indian market, premium motorcycle maker Ducati is poised to target the Indian two wheeler market. The company has launched their new model in Indian Metropolitan cities – Delhi, Mumbai, Gurgaon, Pune & Bengaluru which will be available at a price of USD 30,600 (ex-showroom Delhi).
The Multistrada 1200 Pikes Peak is equipped with Ducati Testastretta twin-cylinder engine with cutting edge technology. The motorcycle also has excellent features such as Cornering ABS, Cornering Lights, Ducati wheelie control, Ducati Traction control along with cruise control. The motorcycle is also loaded with Ducati Multimedia System that enables the bike to be connected with a smartphone along with key multimedia function which is capable of displaying information on the colour TFT dashboard.
"The Multistrada 1200 Pikes Peak is a motorcycle in which touring capability meets performance. With its race inspired looks and cutting edge technology, the Pikes Peak is in a league of its own and we're sure enthusiasts will appreciate this version of the Multistrada" said, Ravi Avalur, Managing Director, Ducati India.
The Pikes Peak is an enhanced and more improved version of company's existing model Multistrada 1200 S which registered a victory in Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in Colorado, which is one of the most challenging races across the world.
According to a recent report published by TechSci Research, "India Premium Motorcycles Market Forecast & Opportunities, 2020", India premium motorcycles market is projected to grow at a CAGR of over 27% during 2015-20. Rising number of high net worth Individuals coupled with an increasing number of premium motorcycle players focusing on setting up domestic production or assembly units in India are the major factors expected to drive the country's premium motorcycles market over the next five years. In 2014, Southern India comprising Hyderabad, Chennai, Kerala, Bangalore, etc. dominated the India premium motorcycles market, followed by Northern India. Harley Davidson Motor Company dominated the premium motorcycles market in India in 2014, however, on account of recent entry of other global giants such as Triumph Motorcycles, Indian Motorcycles and Benelli in India, Harley is expected to face stiff competition in the coming years.
TechSci Research believes that, the decision taken by Italian manufacturer to launch their new model in India is expected to support the market share of Ducati over the next five years.


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Teorie velkého impaktu (anglicky The Giant Impact Formation, někdy také Big Splash) je vědecká hypotéza o srážce mladé planety Země (Prazemě) s hypotetickou protoplanetou Theiou. Hypotézou se vysvětluje vznik Měsíce, případně i vytvoření podmínek pro vznik života na Zemi.

Podle této hypotézy v době před 4,533 miliardami let došlo ke srážce (impaktu) vznikající Země s protoplanetou velikosti Marsu a hmotnosti 66×1019 až 84×1019 tun (11 až 14 procent hmotnosti Země). Tato srážka způsobila vyvržení materiálu ze Země a z Thei na oběžnou dráhu Prazemě. Z tohoto materiálu se vytvořil prstenec, který se postupně zformoval do podoby planetárního měsíce.

Podle jiných teorií se na formování Měsíce podílelo větší množství vesmírných objektů.

Původ teorie
Již v roce 1898 se George Howard Darwin (syn Charlese Darwina) domníval, že se Měsíc ze Země oddělil a vzdálil odstředivou silou.

V 70. letech 20. století vyslovili A. G. W. Cameron a W. Ward hypotézu, že Měsíc vznikl při střetu Prazemě s tělesem desetkrát méně hmotným, než je hmotnost současné Země. S podobnou hypotézou přišli i W. K. Hartman a Donald R. Davis.

A. G. W. Cameron a W. Ward svou hypotézu založili na velkém momentu hybnosti, který má systém Země-Měsíc. Tento moment hybnosti je největší ze všech systémů planet a měsíců ve sluneční soustavě.

W. K. Hartman a Donald R. Davis na teorii velkého impaktu přišli při zkoumání, proč je na Měsíci málo chemického prvku železa.

Současná teorie velkého impaktu

Podle dřívějších poznatků vznikla Theia na oběžné dráze blízko oběžné dráhy Země, pravděpodobně v jednom z Lagrangeových bodů. Vzniklá protoplaneta Theia však měla vzhledem k Zemi velkou hmotnost, a proto vlivem gravitace došlo k přiblížení Thei k Zemi, až došlo k téměř tečné srážce.

Přiblížení obou protoplanet způsobilo rozžhavení obou plášťů těles v místě střetu a tento materiál vytvořil kolem Země prstenec, ze kterého vznikl Měsíc. Zbytek Thei dopadl na Zemi. Prstenec obíhající Zemi tvořilo 80 % materiálu z pláště Thei, ostatní byl materiál ze Země. Protože v tu dobu byl již materiál obou těles převážně diferenciován (železo bylo zkoncentrováno v jádru těles), vysvětluje se tak malé železné jádro Měsíce.

Podle novějších výpočtů nevzniklo z prstence obíhající hmoty jedno těleso, ale tělesa dvě. Menší těleso mělo poloměr asi 600 km (dnešní Měsíc má poloměr 1730 km). Tyto "protoměsíce" se nacházely na kolizních drahách a proto se po čase srazily. Vysvětluje to rozdílný vzhled přivrácené a odvrácené strany Měsíce. Menší protoměsíc podle této teorie dopadl na tu část druhého tělesa, kterou dnes vidíme jako přivrácenou stranu Měsíce. Vytvořil zde rozsáhlé pánve ("měsíční moře"), které se na odvrácené straně Měsíce nevyskytují.

Podle nejnovějších měření rozdílu izotopického složení vznikla Theia dále od Slunce. Ukazuje se také, že vzorky odebrané z jistých částí povrchu Měsíce (což byl také argument teorie impaktu), nemusejí být reprezentativní a odpovídat těm uvnitř Měsíce.

Impakt mohl dodat Zemi těkavé prvky jako uhlík, dusík a síru, které jsou důležité pro vznik života. I veškerá voda (hydrosféra) mohla být impaktem na Zem přinesena.

Údaje podporující teorii velkého impaktu
Vznik protoplanety Thei v blízkosti Země podporuje podobný poměr izotopů kyslíku 16O, 17O a 18O na Zemi i na Měsíci. Teorii velkého impaktu podporuje velikost momentu hybnosti soustavy Země-Měsíc. Měsíční horniny obsahují málo těkavých prvků, takže Měsíc musel projít během svého vývoje obdobím vysokých teplot. Toto období nastalo při rozžhavení materiálu, ze kterého se vytvořil Měsíc.

Další hypotézy vzniku Měsíce

Vznik Měsíce odtržením ze Země
Tuto hypotézu poprvé vyslovil George Howard Darwin, když si uvědomil, že pokud se Měsíc od Země vzdaluje, musel být kdysi jeho součástí. Odtržení Měsíce vysvětlil velkou rotací Země a tím i velkou odstředivou silou.

V roce 1907 vyslovil astronom W. H. Pickering domněnku, že k odtržení došlo v oblasti Tichého oceánu a způsobilo odtržení Evropy od Ameriky.

Pro tuto teorii by musela mít soustava Země-Měsíc 3,7× větší moment hybnosti, než má nyní.

Měsíc dvojče Země
Další z teorií je, že Měsíc vznikl současně se Zemí ze zárodečného oblaku. Podle této hypotézy by však obě tělesa musela obsahovat podobné složení materiálu, na Měsíci je však, na rozdíl od Země, málo těkavých prvků.

Měsíc zachycen Zemí
Americký astronom T. J. J. See přišel s hypotézou, že Měsíc by mohl být tělesem zachyceným z okolí. Pak by ale musela mít soustava Země-Měsíc menší moment hybnosti, než má dnes.

Impaktů bylo více
Podle teorie (Raluca Rufu, Weizmann Institute, a kol.) z roku 2017 mohlo být impaktů více, menších, a Měsíc ve své současné podobě se zformoval až na oběžné dráze Země z menších těles.

Odkazy

Poznámky

Reference

Související články
 Vznik a vývoj sluneční soustavy
 Protoplaneta

Externí odkazy

Měsíc
Hadaikum
Teorie
Impakty

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Cutchogue-New Suffolk
By Barbara Sheryll
Reading about the North Fork residents on pilgrimage to Israel in Carol Gillooly's Oysterponds column brought a smile to my face. Even more so did Carol's offer to place our prayers in the Western Wall. Regretfully I did not respond. Humbly, I'm happy to share that my inaction didn't prevent my desire from coming to fruition. Miriam Serano shared that my family and I came to her mind while she stood at the Western Wall, where she prayed for us, and others, as she was overwhelmed with the spirit that accompanies the "holiest place on Earth." It's such a blessing to live in a community in which we can truly feel connected to God and all of life's blessings!
Coincidently, while I was thinking I'd like Carol to place my prayers in the Western Wall, I took my youth group to see "Letters to God." This movie was inspired by the true story of an extraordinary 8-year-old boy who develops a friendship with God through daily prayers that take the form of letters. Inspired by the story, I felt comforted that my prayers were as well received from home. Though I must admit it's nice to know that thanks to Miriam all bases are covered. Now that's a small world story of a different sort!
The students at Our Lady of Mercy Regional School in Cutchogue recently participated in a St. Jude Children's Research Hospital fundraising program in which children get sponsors and then do math problems. The students raised $2,000 in the Math-a-Thon, which will be used to provide oxygen for three patients. Way to go, OLM!
Congratulations to Myles Williams, New Suffolk School's winner of the Southold Town tree committee poster contest. Myles received a $25 gift card and an award certificate at the last Town Board meeting at Southold Town Hall.
The Cutchogue-New Suffolk Historical Council will host several special events this summer to celebrate its 50th anniversary. One is an exhibit of unique and antique chairs, which will open in August at the Schoolhouse on the Village Green. Community members are invited to help by lending the council chairs that have special meaning to them. For more information contact June Metzner, 734-7113.
To recognize Global Youth Service Day, the Southold Youth Bureau and Peconic Land Trust co-sponsored an event last Friday at Charnews Farm that brought young people from across Southold together to plant seedlings, do grounds cleanup and prepare beds for planting.
The youth bureau invites parents and teens to a presentation on "Teen Depression: Signs, Symptoms and Stories," Tuesday, May 11, 7 p.m., at the Southold Recreation Center.
This week at the library: Learn Kenpo cardio kickboxing with Roseann Anderer. Monday, May 3, 5-6 p.m. $20 registration fee for four sessions. On Tuesday, May 4, at 6:30 p.m., Al Krupski will speak on soil maintenance for optimum plant growth.
Creation Station Cafe, behind the United Methodist Church in Cutchogue, will celebrate its grand opening Friday, May 7, at 7:30 p.m. Christian folk singers/songwriters, Bill Cooper and Bette Kron will perform. Admission is free; donations accepted. For information, contact Mary Crump at 734-6033 or [email protected]
Barbara Sheryll
Email Barbara Sheryll Email Created with Sketch. Email Barbara Sheryll
2020 Community Leader of the Year: Kenny Black
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"Fly high, angels," reads one of 91 engraved bricks that surrounds a new swinging bench memorial at Tasker Park...


text:
Back To POTY
S R S R
H I H I
E P G N E G P N
F R R S H O R N F H R R O S S
F E O H T T O E F T E O T H H
I C S L T E O T T W L I O S C T T E L E
B E R T E H F N C I H C B C E E N T R H I F E F
R D L S Y O I E F G O N E N O R D A I L I O Y I E G N N F I F
A E D W S N C R I R H V G R O V A E S C D H P N S P S R R G O I C I
D R A T E H E S I G P O E H H R E D R T E O S T S O P S G H I H R E E E
F B W W N A N S A L T M I O V N A A W N F B L W S W V W N A W U O T I A M A W L S L
O Y E I S L O T M D O S L R E T M M I T M O Y E I T E E R I O L I T R O L M S M M I D T D
R W B D M E R R E K B L W T R C R I B R W M E D O C R W C H R T K L B I C E R R
D A U C N B A P E H R U U E Y I A S A Y F U H Y L U D C U A B R N A C H H A P H A E S E I U Y F L H U R E E U
L R O E L A A T N N N T M L O N L R O N L L E L H T T A M A M N N O L N A A N
C S N U S E C L D C I I C T G F O B C R I C C W N C U I S E C S B D T F L T P D O C G I T R W C I C D D I
I A L N D D I A I E I T T I O H O U I I E T I I A L I N T A D I D I A O E O A O T I U I H T O E A I T I I I T
T L E T A O T C N N T E E T W A R T O T S E T T L E T T E L O T A O L W N R C W O N T T A E W S L T E T N N E
Y L Y Y Y N Y E G D Y D D Y N M D H N Y T D Y Y L Y Y Y D L N Y Y N E N D D E N N G H Y M D N T L Y D Y G G D TOTAL
MICHAEL OAKES 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
MATT MURRAY 1 56 23 2 0 1 0 4 0 15 2 12 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 17 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 70 251
LEE NAYLOR 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 0 0 0 15 1 46 5 0 105
DENNIS IRWIN 3 11 39 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64
MARC EDWORTHY 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 11 36 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55
MOHAMMED CAMARA 0
LUDOVIC POLLET 0 5 1 6
JOLEON LESCOTT 2 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 1 0 2 8 0 11 21 13 10 43 0 0 28 27 14 16 17 5 14 2 0 0 1 35 13 7 35 1 9 0 12 3 1 2 3 1 30 20 3 426
PAUL BUTLER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 14 2 2 1 6 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 16 3 56
MARK CLYDE 3 2 0 2 14 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 29
COLIN CAMERON 0 38 2 0 36 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 10 4 1 7 0 0 13 0 0 4 5 7 1 0 0 0 15 35 0 5 56 1 0 53 7 2 19 325
MARK KENNEDY 2 3 0 9 0 6 2 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 45
SHAUN NEWTON 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 14
ALEX RAE 4 2 2 18 8 2 2 0 0 0 5 1 40 1 6 0 5 5 10 2 0 0 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 2 2 0 1 3 141
PAUL INCE 12 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 33 6 0 37 1 2 5 6 3 2 4 12 0 0 38 1 4 0 0 20 10 40 20 0 0 1 0 1 3 1 4 3 284
KEVIN COOPER 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 2 8 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
KEITH ANDREWS 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
IVAR INGIMARSSON 7 11 6 0 2 2 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 33
JOHN MELLIGAN 0 0 0
DEAN STURRIDGE 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 19
KENNY MILLER 1 14 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 1 2 0 0 5 0 5 2 1 2 10 37 20 0 2 1 0 35 1 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 2 160
NATHAN BLAKE 1 0 5 3 47 0 0 1 0 51 2 1 10 3 9 4 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 149
GEORGE NDAH 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 14 35 1 39 48 13 2 5 5 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 209
MICHAEL BRANCH 0
CARLTON COLE 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
ADAM PROUDLOCK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
TOTAL 21 77 73 23 64 5 2 5 72 77 21 2 55 10 70 4 21 81 65 28 76 13 64 68 2 4 69 52 74 24 65 77 14 10 72 4 12 61 73 60 55 27 21 66 79 62 7 8 59 14 26 69 86 52 101 2402


text:
You Can Hang Libratone's Sexy New Speakers on the Wall
Joe Flaherty
Libratone's range of speakers blur the line between gadget and furniture. The new addition can be proudly hung on a wall or discretely tucked into a bookshelf.
libratone-03
The Libratone Loop ($499.95) blurs the line between gadget and furniture thanks to its portable nature and cashmere cover. Photo: Libratone
In the 1980s, any consumer electronics worth their salt had a mirrored "piano black" finish, and Apple made glossy white and chrome de rigueur in the first decade of this century. But if an upstart called Libratone has its way, all our audio equipment, and walls, will soon be covered with wool from Pashmina goats.
The Copenhagen-based, 35-person startup released their first cashmere-covered sound system back in 2010. While audiophiles appreciated the built-in digital signal processing and ribbon-based tweeters, they didn't like how the sound systems dominated the design of their living rooms. Libratone's newest product, the $499.95 wall-mountable Loop, solves that problem and blurs the line between gadget, furniture, and art. The 13.1" disc can be hung in an optimal acoustic location and directs sound 360-degrees throughout the room while adding a spot of color and a conversation starter to an otherwise unadorned wall.
Libratone was started by a trio of techie music lovers, but they quickly realized a strong visual design would be required to participate in the portable audio arms race being waged by Jawbone, Sonos, and Bose. So they hired designer Kristian Krøyer to give them an edge, however soft. His first move was creating a trademark look, which resulted in wrapping the speakers in wool. "We wanted to be different, and we wanted a far stronger reference to home interior," says Krøyer. "We also wanted something that just looks and feels good. Wool was the perfect answer."
>We wanted a far stronger reference to home interior.
The results were striking visually and the material didn't impact the acoustics in simulations, but the felt samples their factory provided muffled the music, forcing the team to improvise a solution. "After talking to a lot of felt manufacturers and unsuccessfully testing of all their samples in the sound lab, I ended up at the local fabric shop, desperately trying to blow through every felt-like material they had," says Krøyer. Several strange looks and hundreds of Kronner later, he had purchased samples—almost all of which failed. Fortunately, one sample showed promise and after a little detective work, the product went to market.
Krøyer brings an avant-garde attitude to the brand and regularly hires designers to creatively deface his products. One artist embroidered the woolen wraps with scenes from Scandinavian fairy tales while another plastered the plastic bits of a speaker with comic book panels. "We like to see ourselves as rebels with some kind of tie to creative professionals," he says. "By doing partnerships with other creative underdogs, we form our own little playground where we can have fun, get to be in eye-level with our customers, and set ourselves apart from the traditional consumer electronic industry." By allowing the Loop to be mounted on the wall, Libratone has created a new canvas for creative embellishment.
With the physical product portfolio rounded out, the team is now turning it's attention to work on the companion app, which is functional, but a bit less refined than their hard goods. "At the moment you might say, 'Oh nice. This app can ease the setup and enhance the sound of the product,' but our ambition is for you to say 'Wahoo! This app is beyond cool.'"
The Loop, and other Libratone products are available on their website with prices ranging from $399.95-$1,299.95.
Joseph Flaherty writes about design, DIY, and the intersection of physical and digital products. He designs award-winning medical devices and apps for smartphones at AgaMatrix, including the first FDA-cleared medical device that connects to the iPhone.
TopicsAppsArchitectureCopenhagenFurnitureInteraction Designspeaker


The first experimental photographs in this series, 'Twilight over Mandava', were taken in beautiful winter twilight using a digital camera. Later, while digitally editing the images I was surprised at some of the qualities that would come through. The light reminded me of the sublime essence to be found in the work of the great Romantic painter, Casper Von Friedrich and brought to mind the painting 'Abbey in the Oakwood', with its moon a redemptive symbol of hope and Christianity.
I have continued using this approach in subsequent photographs, pointing the camera at an almost blacken sky in an attempt to capture the last light of the day. I relish the element of chance and the resulting grainy, etching-like textures found in the images.


text:
Q: How to set up this scope with association in Rails? I'm having trouble writing and testing a scope involving a couple of joins and associations.  I'll try to keep my explanation brief but as thorough as possible.
I have the following associations:
ExpertTopic > Topic > Articles > Posts
and the following code:
class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :articles, :order => "position", :dependent => :destroy
  has_many :posts, :through => :articles

  has_many :expert_topic, :dependent => :delete_all
  has_many :experts, :through => :expert_topic
end

And:
class ExpertTopic < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :topic, :inverse_of => :expert_topic
  belongs_to :expert, :inverse_of => :expert_topic

  scope :live, joins(:topic => {:articles => :post})
    .where("topics.article_count > ? AND posts.live = ?", 0, true)
end

With the live scope in ExpertTopic, I'm trying to narrow down to those experts associated with topics with all live posts in them (through articles).
In the Rails console ExpertTopic.live.to_sql is:
"SELECT `experts_topics`.* FROM `experts_topics` INNER JOIN
`topics` ON `topics`.`id` = `experts_topics`.`topic_id` INNER JOIN
`articles` ON `articles`.`topic_id` = `topics`.`id` INNER JOIN
`posts` ON `posts`.`id` = `articles`.`post_id` WHERE
(topics.article_count > 0 AND posts.live = 1)"

I'm testing my scope with the following code in expert_topic_spec.rb:
describe ExpertTopic do
  before do
    @post1 = FactoryGirl.create(:pending_post)
    @post2 = FactoryGirl.create(:live_post)
    @post3 = FactoryGirl.create(:pending_post)
    @post4 = FactoryGirl.create(:live_post)
    @non_live_topic = FactoryGirl.create(:topic_with_posts, :posts => [@post1, @post2, @post3])
    @live_topic = FactoryGirl.create(:topic_with_posts, :posts => [@post2, @post4])
    FactoryGirl.create(:expert_topic, topic_id: @non_live_topic.id)
    FactoryGirl.create(:expert_topic, topic_id: @live_topic.id)
  end

  it 'finds and returns only expert with live topic' do
    ExpertTopic.all.count.should == 2
    ExpertTopic.live.uniq.count.should == 1
  end
end

The logic is that since @non_live_topic contains at least one post that's not live it is not considered live and hence shouldn't be returned by a call to ExpertTopic.live.  However, the last assertion fails because ExpertTopic.live.uniq.count returns 2 instead of 1.
I don't know if my scope is written incorrectly or if it's my test, and I'd really appreciate someone's help in debugging!
Thanks!

A: You wrote:

The logic is that since @non_live_topic contains at least one post that's not live it is not considered live

This is not correct.  The live scope doesn't exclude ExpertTopics that are associated with a non-live post.  It simply includes ExpertTopics that are associated with one or more live posts. This means that if both a live and non-live post are associated, it will be included.
To change the scope to the logic you expect you'll need to use an exclusion clause, for example:
scope :live, lambda {
    non_live_sql = joins(:topic => {:articles => :post})
      .where("topics.article_count > ? AND posts.live = ?", 0, false)
      .select('expert_topics.id').to_sql
    joins(:topic).where("topics.article_count > ? AND expert_topics.id NOT IN (#{non_live_sql})", 0)
}

There are other ways in SQL to exclude items, but this is probably the simplest to build in rails without involving a DSL such as Squeel or writing out a large query by hand.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Tangmere Military Aviation Museum was born when a group of like-minded enthusiasts met to discuss ways of keeping the memory of RAF Tangmere alive.
In 1981, West Sussex County Council donated a large SECO hut to the group and in June 1982, following much hard endeavour, the embryo Museum opened its doors to visitors. We have grown considerably since then to exhibit a vast number of artefacts.
In 1987, the Museum became a Charitable Trust and Limited Company. As such, its full title is the Tangmere Military Aviation Museum Trust Ltd and it is governed by Memorandum and Articles of Association.
The Museum's governing body is the Trust Council, comprising 9 elected Trustees who, in effect, constitute the Company's Board of Directors. The Council is responsible for all matters of policy, including the allocation of departmental budgets. Day to day management is delegated to the Museum's Director who oversees a Management Team comprising the following areas of responsibility: Curator, Operations, Safety, Education, Engineering, Publicity and Simulators. The cafeteria (operated via franchise) and shop (Museum Trading Company) respond directly to the Trust Council.
Charity Commission Reg No: 299327.


It would seem that resorting to legal means to avoid editorial notices doesn't always work.
Despite Saad's legal efforts, he is now up to 11 retractions, along with multiple expressions of concern.
With the agreement of the Editor-in-Chief, the editorial board and the publisher Bioscientifica Ltd, the Journal of Endocrinology is publishing an Expression of Concern regarding an article that appeared in the journal in 2005, in volume 186 part 1, pages 193–201. The journal was alerted to the potential manipulation of Western blots in the figures outlined below. After investigation by journal staff, experts in the field and consultation with the authors, we could not rule out the possibility that the Western blots had been manipulated.
The similarity of the Western blots raises questions about the reliability of some of the data in the article. Repetition of experiments was proposed by the authors; however, the potential delay caused by this was deemed unacceptable by the Editor-in-Chief and the publisher.
It appears that within Figure 4, the same lane has been used for the 'without insulin' result within bands 2, 3, 5 and 7, even though they represent different conditions.
Furthermore, it appears Figure 6 contains multiple immunoblots spliced together.
"Melanin-concentrating hormone induces insulin resistance through a mechanism independent of body weight gain" has been cited 13 times since it was published in 2005, according to Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science, formerly part of Thomson Reuters.
PubPeer users have raised questions about figure 4 of the paper.
The last author is Lício Velloso, also based at UNICAMP, and a previous co-author of Saad's. Last year, Velloso retracted three papers (one of which included Saad), and took responsibility for accidentally mixing up images.
this is a 12 years old paper. We no longer have originals. NIH suggests 5 years for lab data keeping. The splices in that paper are clear. No one tried to hide any splice.
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