we adore your babyishness. oh, please slow down! everyday you look different and everyday you seem to develop in a certain way that we are simply in awe. you have learnt to turn your head from one side to another really quickly, and to coo and grunt in response to us. you are also able to push yourself up briefly when we place you on your tummy. and your neck muscles are pretty strong - able to turn your head from left to right when doing tummy time. wow! we are amazed by how God helps you to grow, and we are so enamoured by how God has made you SO adorable :) i always ask PP, are all babies this cute? or is it because you are our baby, and we are biased?
bathtimes are your favourite! you seem to like it cool. how blessed we are that our new home is cooling and breezy most of the time.
morning routines for us can be abit daunting with the amount of things we need to do. thank God that He gives mummy strength and enables me to go through the daily experiences. you have peed, pood and puked on mama during the most unexpected times. but after each morning when you take your nap, mama looks at you with a grateful heart (and quickly jumps to clear up and gobble up some breakfast).
like we have said, when you are deep in sleep, nothing can really wake you up. this is what your "ah jek" did to you that day. through it all, you were still soundly asleep. he even had to ask, "is he alive??" we are thankful for that, because our place noisy with planes and construction in progress!
What a privilege to watch Ezra grow! At times when we don't know what he wants and are at our wits ends, we are grateful to God that we can at least pray. And how God answers our prayers. God has also always provided for all that we need, such that we have no lack!
Having a mama to stay home full-time is really the most difficult for the mummy, but thank God for His appointed pattern. Being able to see the boy's morning smiles and snoozes are blessings that cannot be bought. I am thankful for mam who works really hard and takes very precise and detailed care for you Ezra boy. You have been in good hands al these while, for God has given you a very capable mama!
We pray that you will be used by God mightily one day. But yes in the mean time, do slow down boy!


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Coston's art selected for Rosenzweig Exhibition
by News Release | Nov 4, 2013
Two of Daniel Coston's acrylic paintings have been selected for the 2013 Irene Rosenzweig Biennial Exhibition at the Arts & Science Center in Pine Bluff.
The show opens on November 14 and will run until December 30. His two paintings – Coy's Castle and Bouquet of Pipes will both be on display in the ASC's gallery.
Coy's Castle depicts an old cotton gin in Coy, Ark., east of England and just south of Highway 165. Like most of Coston's work, it's an acrylic painting on a masonite board. It is 16 by 34 inches, and was completed in 2011.
The Fayetteville artist was born in Monticello where his art can be seen in many businesses and homes.
Selected from over one hundred entries from a seven-state region, the 2013 Rosenzweig Exhibition promises to be exceptional. Juried by Matthew Lopas, Professor of Art at Hendrix College, the exhibition includes work from sixteen selected artists working in painting, printmaking, photography, and sculpture.
A Best in Show prize of $1,000 and three $100 awards will be presented to winning artists at the exhibition opening November 14th. The Irene Rosenzweig Foundation alongside the ASC Endowment Fund, Inc. established the Irene Rosenzweig Exhibition Fund in 1992. Proceeds from the fund sponsor the exhibition and purchase artwork for the ASC Permanent Collection.
An opening reception will be held from 5–7 pm on Thursday, November 14th. Juror Matthew Lopas will present awards at 5:30 pm. The exhibition will remain on display through December 30.
Work is available for purchase.
Irene Rosenzweig was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, in 1903. Rosenzweig graduated first in the Pine Bluff High School Class of 1920. She received a doctorate from Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania and was awarded the Prix de Rome Fellowship from the American Academy in Rome. Fluent in French, German, Spanish, Latin, and Greek, she served as tutor to the Franklin D. Roosevelt family in the White House. Rosenzweig died in Pine Bluff in 1997.
The Center, located at 701 Main St. in Pine Bluff, is open 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday, 1-4 p.m. Saturday and is closed on Sunday. Support for the Center is provided in part by the Arkansas Arts Council, an agency of the Department of Arkansas Heritage, and the National Endowment for the Arts. Hands-on science exhibits are offered through the Center's partnership with Arkansas Discovery Network, a consortium of seven museums in Arkansas funded by the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation.
For more information, contact the center at (870) 536-3375, [email protected] or visit the website.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Levels and trends of childhood undernutrition by wealth and education according to a Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure: evidence from 146 Demographic and Health Surveys from 39 countries
Sebastian Vollmer1,2,
Kenneth Harttgen3,
Roland Kupka2,4,
S V Subramanian2
1 Department of Economics & Centre for Modern Indian Studies, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
2 Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
3 ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
4 UNICEF, New York City, USA
Correspondence to Professor Sebastian Vollmer; svollmer{at}uni-goettingen.de
Background Governments have endorsed global targets to reduce childhood undernutrition as part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Understanding the socioeconomic differences in childhood undernutrition has the potential to be helpful for targeting policy to reach these goals.
Methods We specify a logistic regression model with the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) as the outcome and indicator variables for wealth quartiles, maternal education categories and a set of covariates as explanatory variables. Wealth and education variables are interacted with a period indicator for 1990–2000 compared with 2001–2014 to observe differences over time. Based on these regressions we calculate predicted CIAF prevalence by wealth and education categories and over time.
Results The sample included 146 surveys from 39 low-income and lower-middle-income countries with an overall sample size of 533 217 children. CIAF prevalence was 47.5% in 1990–2000, and it declined to 42.6% in 2001–2014. In 1990–2000 the CIAF prevalence of children with mothers with less than primary education was 31 percentage points higher than for mothers with secondary or higher education. This difference slightly decreased to 27 percentage points in 2001–2014. The difference in predicted CIAF prevalence of children from the highest and lowest wealth quartiles was 21 percentage points and did not change over time.
Conclusions We find evidence for persistent and even increasing socioeconomic inequalities in childhood undernutrition, which underlines the importance of previous calls for equity-driven approaches targeting the most vulnerable to reduce childhood malnutrition.
Childhood undernutrition
Evidence exists for socioeconomic inequalities in stunting in low-income and middle-income countries.
There is no comprehensive study for Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure and other childhood undernutrition outcomes.
There are large and persistent inequalities in childhood undernutrition by wealth and education.
The findings underline the importance of equity for targeting childhood undernutrition prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries.
Childhood undernutrition is linked to 45% of all child deaths,1 lower adult height, lower educational achievement and lower economic productivity in later life.2 The global burden of childhood undernutrition is concentrated in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. In light of the severe consequences related to childhood undernutrition, governments have endorsed global targets to reduce chronic undernutrition (stunting) by 40% by 2025 and to reduce and maintain the prevalence of acute undernutrition (wasting) to less than 5% in children under 5 years of age.3 The achievement of these targets is also supported by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2.4 It has been argued that good nutrition is essential for achieving many of the other SDGs.5
The existing body of evidence on inequalities in childhood undernutrition has focused on single indicators and on economic dimensions at single time points. Furthermore, the commonly used indicators of stunting, wasting, and underweight partly overlap and therefore do not provide a comprehensive estimate of the proportion of undernourished children in the population.6 We therefore analysed 146 data sets from 39 countries to assess trends in childhood undernutrition across socioeconomic indicators.
The data for this study is from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). These surveys are administered by ICF International and are nationally representative cross-sectional surveys in low- and middle-income countries. They are conducted at varying intervals from 1985 and are still ongoing.
Sampling plan
The DHS used a multistage, stratified sampling design. Each country was divided into regions and within these subnational regions, populations were stratified by urban and rural areas of residence. Within these stratified areas a random selection of enumeration areas taken from the most recent population census was drawn. These primary sampling units (PSU) were selected with a probability proportional to the population size. In the second stage of sampling, on average 25 households within the PSU were randomly selected for an interview by equal probability systematic sampling.
Within each sampled household the household members were listed and women eligible for a more detailed interview were identified. Typically, this was a woman who was between the ages of 15 and 49. In some surveys the interview was limited to ever-married women, and in others it was women aged 10–49. Details of height and weight at the time of the interview were recorded for children born in the last 3 to 5 years. The DHS provided weights for calculating nationally representative statistics. Survey data from DHS surveys are distributed in recode format. For the study, the child recode is used, which contains one record for every child of the interviewed woman born in the 5 years preceding the interview. The study sample is restricted to countries for which at least two DHS are available and information on anthropometric outcomes is included, allowing analysis of trends over time. Depending on the country, anthropometric outcomes of children are available for children aged between 0 and 35 months and between 0 and 60 months. To allow cross-country comparisons and comparisons over time, we restrict the age of children to less than 36 months. The study sample consists of 146 surveys from 39 countries, resulting in information on 590 185 children aged between 0 and 35 months, capturing a period between 1991 and 2014. A detailed list of the survey years by countries can be found in table 1.
List of countries and survey years used in the analysis
The outcome is the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) for children under 3 years of age. The CIAF incorporates the three forms of undernutrition: stunting, underweight and wasting, and thus provides a single aggregate figure of all undernourished children in the population.7 The CIAF is a binary variable, which is one if a child is either stunted, underweight, wasted or any combination of the three. The Composite Index of Severe Anthropometric Failure (CISAF) is a binary variable, which is one if a child is either severely stunted, severely underweight, severely wasted or any combination of the three. Stunting is defined as low height for age, underweight as low weight for age, and wasting as low weight for height. z-Scores are evaluated relative to the WHO reference population and z-scores of less than −2 SD define undernutrition for the respective indicator. z-Scores of less than −3 SD define severe undernutrition for the respective indicator. For all surveys, we calculate the z-scores using the new WHO growth standard, which allows comparisons over time.8 We focus on children under 3 years of age to have a comparable sample across countries, because in some surveys anthropometric data for children between 3 and 5 years does not exist. Biologically implausible values are defined by the WHO for height (stunting) as z-scores <−6 or >6; for weight (underweight) as <−6 or >5; and for weight for height (wasting) as <−5 or >5. Observations with these biologically implausible values were dropped.8
The two main exposure variables are wealth and education. To account for wealth we constructed an asset index using principal component analysis of a range of household assets, such as electricity, radios, televisions, quality of dwelling and type of drinking water source. Observations are then divided into quartiles according to their value of the asset index and a categorical wealth exposure variable for the four quartiles is constructed.9
Education information in DHS data sets was coded in a way that allows comparison across countries despite differences in educational systems. We construct a categorical variable for maternal education using the levels 'no or less than primary education', 'primary or incomplete secondary education' and 'secondary education and above'.
Covariates
Our choice of covariates was motivated by the UNICEF conceptual framework of causes of undernutrition.10 Covariates include indicator variables for the age and sex of the child and the birth order. Child age was classified into four categories: 0–5 months, 'between 6 an 11 months', 'between 12 and 23 months' and 'between 24 and 35 months'. Further covariates include an indicator variable for rural versus urban location of the household, the marital status of the mother defined by a categorical variable 'has partner/no partner', and the age of the mother at birth of the child. Age at birth was defined by a variable with the following categories: 'less than 14 years', 'between 15 and 19 years', 'between 20 and 24 years', 'between 25 and 29 years', 'between 30 and 34 years', 'between 35 and 39 years', 'between 40 and 44 years', and 'between 45 and 49 years'. Further we define dummy variables for the time period the survey was conducted, between 1990 and 2000, or between 2001 and 2014.
We specify a multilevel logistic regression model with the CIAF and CISAF as outcome variables and indicator variables for the wealth quartiles and education categories, as well as the above-mentioned covariates as explanatory variables. We estimate a two-level model with the child data as level 1 and country as level 2. We further include an indicator variable for the survey period between 2001 and 2014 as an explanatory variable and interact it with the wealth and education categories. All regression results are unweighted, following recommendations provided by the DHS manual. SEs are clustered at the PSU level. We predict the prevalence of CIAF and CISAF in each time period based on these regression results for each wealth and education category. The analysis is also performed using stunting, underweight and wasting, as well as their severe forms, and all results are shown in the online supplementary appendix.
Supplementary appendix
[Appendix_Revised.pdf]
The DHS data collection procedures were approved by the ICF Macro International (Calverton, Maryland, USA) Institutional Review Board, as well as by the relevant body in each country that approves research studies on human subjects. Oral informed consent for the interview/survey was obtained from respondents by interviewers.
The original sample included all DHS that contain anthropometric data and comprised 159 surveys from 51 countries conducted between 1990 and 2014. The surveys to calculate the CIAF and CISAF indicator included a total of 590 185 observations for children aged between 0 and 35 months. There were 17 357 observations that were lost for countries that only have one survey and therefore do not allow comparisons over time. Another 39 611 observations were lost due to missing observations in the outcome variable and to missing data in covariate. The final CIAF and CISAF samples for the main analysis include 146 surveys from 39 countries with an overall sample size of 533 217 children. The sample composition for stunting, underweight and wasting is shown in online supplementary figure A1.
CIAF prevalence was 47.5% in 1990–2000 and it declined to 42.6% in 2001–2014. CISAF prevalence declined from 23.7% to 20.3%. We observe wealth and education gradients in CIAF prevalence in both periods. In 2001–2014 CIAF prevalence was 51.4% for the poorest quartile and 30.1% for the richest quartile. It was 50.9% for children of mothers with less than primary education and 22.9% for mothers with secondary or higher education. All differences are purely descriptive and not adjusted for covariates (table 2). Predicted prevalence of CIAF and CISAF adjusted for the full set of covariates was quite similar to the unadjusted prevalence (table 3). The corresponding results for stunting, underweight and wasting, as well as by country, are shown in online supplementary tables A1–A3.
Bivariate distribution of the prevalence of CIAF and CISAF among children aged less than 3 in the final analytic sample by wealth quintile and by mother's attained education for the periods 1990–2000 and 2001–2014
Predicted prevalence (PP) and 95% CIs of CIAF and CISAF among children aged less than 3 in the final analytic sample by country for the periods 1990–2000 and 2001–2014
In 1990–2000 the CIAF prevalence of children with mothers with less than primary education was 31.7 percentage points greater than for mothers with secondary or higher education. This difference slightly decreased to 27.4 percentage points in 2001–2014. Differences in predicted CIAF prevalence of children from the highest and lowest wealth quartiles were 21.3 percentage points in 1990–2000 and only marginally decreased to 20.0 percentage points in 2001–2014. The relative difference in CIAF prevalence between the poorest and richest quartile decreased from a factor of 2.4 in 1990–2000 to a factor of 2.2 in 2001–2014. The relative difference between the lowest and highest education category slightly increased from a factor of 1.6 in 1990–2000 to a factor of 1.7 in 2001–2014 (figure 1). The corresponding estimates for stunting, underweight and wasting are shown in online supplementary figures A2–A4.
Absolute and relative differences in predicted prevalence of CIAF and CISAF between lowest and highest wealth and education categories for 1990–2000 and 2001–2014. Predicted prevalence is based on regression models adjusting for age in months, gender, birth order of child, age of mother at birth, household wealth, matejrnal education, urban residence and marital status of mother. Source: Demographic and Health Surveys data. CIAF, Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure; CISAF, Composite Index of Severe Anthropometric Failure.
Predicted CIAF prevalence increased in seven countries and decreased in the remaining 32 countries. Increases were seen in Armenia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Morocco, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The highest decrease was seen in Ethiopia (figure 2). Predicted CISAF prevalence increased in nine countries (figure 3). Besides the total sample, figure 3 also shows the number of countries where the predicted prevalence in CIAF and CISA among children ages between 0 and 35 months is smaller or larger in the period 2001–2014 compared with the period 1990–2000 by asset index quartiles. For households belonging to the richest quartile, the predicted CIAF prevalence increased in 12 countries, and the predicted CIAF prevalence increased in 14 countries between the periods 1990–2000 and 2001–2014 (figure 3). Figure 4 shows the number of countries where the predicted prevalence in CIAF and CISAF is higher or lower in the period 2001–2014 compared with the period 1990–2000. Predicted CIAF prevalence increased in seven countries for children of mothers with less than primary education and in 17 countries for children of mothers with more than secondary education between 1990–2000 and 2001–2014. For the CISAF the respective numbers were 9 and 19 (figure 4). The results for each country are shown in online supplementary figures A5–A6, and the country-level results for stunting, underweight and wasting are shown in online supplementary figures A7–A9.
Absolute differences in predicted prevalence of CIAF among children aged less than 3 in the final analytic sample between the periods 1990–2000 and 2001–2014 for the total sample. Predicted prevalence is based on regression models adjusting for age in months, gender, birth order of child, age of mother at birth, household wealth, maternal education, urban residence and marital status of mother. Source: Demographic and Health Surveys data. CIAF, Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure.
Number of countries for which predicted prevalence in CIAF and CISAF among children aged less than 3 increased from 1990–2000 to 2001–2014 in the full sample and by wealth quartiles. Predicted prevalence is based on regression models adjusting for age in months, gender, birth order of child, age of mother at birth, household wealth, maternal education, urban residence and marital status of mother. Source: Demographic and Health Surveys data. CIAF, Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure; CISAF, Composite Index of Severe Anthropometric Failure.
Number of countries for which predicted prevalence in CIAF and CISAF among children aged less than 3 increased from 1990–2000 to 2001–2014 by educational attainment of the mother. Predicted prevalence is based on regression models adjusting for age in months, gender, birth order of child, age of mother at birth, household wealth, maternal education, urban residence and marital status of mother. Source: Demographic and Health Surveys data. CIAF, Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure; CISAF, Composite Index of Severe Anthropometric Failure.
In figures 5 and 6 we compare the gap in predicted CIAF and CISAF prevalence between the richest and poorest wealth quintile and the highest and lowest education category, by country and over time. Observations above the diagonal indicate that the gap in predicted CIAF prevalence between the richest and poorest quartile (highest and lowest education category, respectively) in this country increased over time. There is a substantial number of countries for which the socioeconomic gap in predicted CIAF and CISAF prevalence increased. The country-level analysis for (severe) stunting, underweight and wasting is shown in online supplementary figures A10–A11.
Absolute differences between the poorest and richest quartile predicted prevalence (PP) in CIAF and CISAF among children aged less than 3 in 1990–2000 and 2001–2014. PP is based on regression models adjusting for age in months, gender, birth order of child, age of mother at birth, household wealth, maternal education, urban residence and marital status of mother. Source: Demographic and Health Surveys data. Country codes: AM (Armenia), BD (Bangladesh), BJ (Benin), BO (Bolivia), BF (Burkina Faso), CM (Cameroon), TD (Chad), CO (Colombia), CD (Congo, Democratic Republic), CG (Congo, Republic), CI (Cote d'Ivoire), DR (Dominican Republic), EG (Egypt, Arab Republic), ET (Ethiopia), GH (Ghana), GN (Guinea), HT (Haiti), IA (India), JO (Jordan), KE (Kenya), LS (Lesotho), MD (Madagascar), MW (Malawi), ML (Mali), MA (Morocco), MZ (Mozambique), NM (Namibia), NP (Nepal), NC (Nicaragua), NI (Niger), NG (Nigeria), PE (Peru), RW (Rwanda), SN (Senegal), TZ (Tanzania), TR (Turkey), UG (Uganda), ZM (Zambia), ZW (Zimbabwe). CIAF, Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure; CISAF, Composite Index of Severe Anthropometric Failure.
Absolute differences between the no education and secondary or higher education of the mother predicted prevalence (PP) in CIAF and CISAF among children aged less than 3 in 1990–2000 and 2001–2014. Predicted prevalence is based on regression models adjusting for age in months, gender, birth order of child, age of mother at birth, household wealth, maternal education, urban residence and marital status of mother. Source: Demographic and Health Surveys data. Country codes: AM (Armenia), BD (Bangladesh), BJ (Benin), BO (Bolivia), BF (Burkina Faso), CM (Cameroon), TD (Chad), CO (Colombia), CD (Congo, Democratic Republic), CG (Congo, Republic), CI (Cote d'Ivoire), DR (Dominican Republic), EG (Egypt, Arab Republic), ET (Ethiopia), GH (Ghana), GN (Guinea), HT (Haiti), IA (India), JO (Jordan), KE (Kenya), LS (Lesotho), MD (Madagascar), MW (Malawi), ML (Mali), MA (Morocco), MZ (Mozambique), NM (Namibia), NP (Nepal), NC (Nicaragua), NI (Niger), NG (Nigeria), PE (Peru), RW (Rwanda), SN (Senegal), TZ (Tanzania), TR (Turkey), UG (Uganda), ZM (Zambia), ZW (Zimbabwe). CIAF, Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure; CISAF, Composite Index of Severe Anthropometric Failure.
We have presented prevalence as well as predicted prevalence of CIAF and CISAF by wealth and maternal education categories for all low-income and lower-middle-income countries for which mutually comparable DHS-based anthropometric data of children exist. While the overall CIAF and CISAF prevalence is slowly decreasing, we find that the percentage point difference in predicted CIAF prevalence between the poorest and the richest households did not change over time and as a consequence even increased if measured in relative terms. The percentage point difference in predicted CSIAF prevalence between the poorest and the richest households slightly decreased and remained constant if expressed in relative terms. For levels of maternal education, both the percentage point difference as well as the ratio of predicted CIAF and CISAF prevalence between the lowest and the highest education categories slightly decreased. For a substantial number of countries, the socioeconomic gap in CIAF and CISAF prevalence worsened.
Previous research on socioeconomic inequality in childhood undernutrition mostly focused on single indicators such as stunting. According to the most recent global estimates, between 1990 and 2015 the stunting prevalence declined from 39.6% to 23.2% globally. Progress towards international stunting targets is highly variable between and within countries.11 There is clear evidence from national surveys of socioeconomic inequalities in stunting within countries.12–16 To illustrate, in a multicountry analysis of 50 surveys conducted between 1990 and 2001, the stunting prevalence was 1.8 times higher in the poorest quintile of households than in the richest quintile17; in a subsequent analysis of 79 population-based surveys conducted between 2000 and 2012, the poor/rich stunting ratio was 2.47.1 These findings are also supported by an analysis of 47 population-based surveys demonstrating inequalities in stunting across wealth quintiles.18 In a trend analyses based on 179 data sets obtained between 1990 and 2011 from 80 countries, stunting inequalities persisted using a corrected concentration index.19 The increased prevalence of stunting among poor households can be explained by lower access to high-quality foods, increased exposure to health risks, as well as lower access to preventive and curative services.20 Furthermore, economic inequality may increase the risk of child stunting independent of other risk factors.21 22
To our knowledge this is the first study that systematically investigates socioeconomic inequality in undernutrition prevalence using CIAF and CISAF for all low-income and middle-income countries for which comparable data exist. We chose the CIAF and CISAF because even though the three most commonly used indicators of stunting, wasting and underweight represent different physiological forms of undernutrition, these forms of undernutrition all share similar causal factors.23 24 Individual estimates of stunting, wasting and underweight underestimate the overall burden of undernutrition. On the other hand, prevalence estimates cannot be added to comprehensively capture the burden of undernutrition given that children may suffer from more than one form of undernutrition. The use of CIAF and CIASF identifies all undernourished children and therefore provides a single estimate of the burden of undernutrition in a population.7 Nandy et al demonstrated the usability of the CIAF and CIASF using anthropometric data from a nationally representative survey from India. The researchers also showed that further disaggregating the CIAF and CIAS helped identify the most vulnerable subpopulations, as children with overlapping anthropometric failures were at highest risk for poverty and morbidity.25 These results should be re-examined using data from other countries.
We find persistent or even increasing socioeconomic differences in CIAF and CISAF prevalence. Our results therefore underline the importance of previous calls for equity-driven approaches targeting the most vulnerable to reduce child undernutrition.26 Strategies aiming to reduce childhood undernutrition should identify the most marginalised communities through data disaggregation of population-based household surveys or specialised data collections. They should then identify and strive to overcome barriers that prevent poor children and families from accessing and using nutrition services. Such strategies should be underpinned by efforts to address underlying drivers of child undernutrition.
The data for this research were collected by the Demographic and Health Surveys Program (www.dhsprogram.com), under a contract from the US Agency for International Development. We acknowledge support with the open access fee by the German Research Foundation and the Open Access Publication Funds of the University of Goettingen.
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Contributors SV, KH, SVS conceptualised the study. KH analysed the data. SV contributed to the data analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. KH, RK, SVS contributed to the interpretation of the results and writing.
Funding None.
Disclaimer RK is a Unicef staff member. The opinions and statements in this article are those of the author and may not reflect official Unicef policies.
Ethics approval The DHS data collection procedures were approved by the ICF Macro International (Calverton, Maryland) Institutional Review Board, as well as by the relevant body in each country that approves research studies on human subjects. Oral informed consent for the interview/survey was obtained from respondents by interviewers.
Data sharing statement All data are publicly available.


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Trump's Top Economic Adviser Wrong About Deficit
Larry Kudlow says the federal deficit is "coming down rapidly." The reality is very different.
South Africa: Land Battles Fuel Economic Fears
Stealing property from millions of black South Africans was the country's original crime. But more than two decades after the fall of white minority rule, only a few have seen the land returned.
Trump's Immigration Practice Is Destroying the Economy
President Trump claims this is "the best economy in the history of our country." So why are his own policies wrecking it?
The Best Places to Find a Job in the U.S.
If you're ready to pack up and make a new start, these are the places you might want to check out.
The Economy Is Booming—Where's Our Thanks To Trump?
Lots of supposedly smart people laughed when Trump suggested the days of 3 or even 4 percent annualized growth might be just around the corner.
Saudi Arabia Vs. Russia: How Do They Compare?
Both countries play important roles in world affairs and have powerful, authoritarian leaders. But their similarities end there.
Polio Back in Venezuela As Crisis Cripples Healthcare
Ongoing economic turmoil has led to a shortage of vaccines for the deadly virus.
Bill Maher Hopes Economy Crashes to Get Rid of Trump
"Real Time" host Bill Maher said on his show last night that Americans either have to "root for a recession or lose your democracy."
50 Most Expensive New York City Neighborhoods
When people say New York City is expensive, they aren't kidding.
Trump's Tariffs Could Cost U.S. 400,000 Jobs
They may cost 16 jobs across other industries for every steel or aluminum job created.
Iran May Give China World's Largest Gas Field
Iran has given French company Total two months to obtain exemptions from U.S. sanctions, or else China gets its share of the South Pars gas field.
Goldman Sachs Economist Warns U.S. Outlook 'Not Good'
Goldman Sachs is warning its clients that the long-term fiscal outlook for the United States is "not good" because of high levels of deficit spending.
Americans' Job-Finding Optimism Reaches New Highs
The number of Americans who believe now is a good time to find a job has risen about 25 percent since President Donald Trump was elected, in 2016.
Israel's New Exodus
The "Startup Nation" is experiencing a massive brain drain—and the problem is only getting worse.
Venezuelan Cash Worth Less Than 'Warcraft' Coin: Report
Venezuela's national currency, the bolivar, has undergone huge drops and apparently now ranks well below the money used in the fictional world of the "Warcraft" series.
California Beats U.K. as World's Fifth Biggest Economy
Only the U.S., China, Japan and Germany boast a bigger economy that the Golden State.
Obama Top Aide Credits Obama for Low Unemployment Rate
"If you think about what the economy was like when President Obama took office, we were losing 750,000 jobs a month."
Can Cuba's New President Complete Castro's Revolution?
Díaz-Canel has to force Raúl Castro's economic reforms through a resistant bureaucracy—something even Raúl had trouble doing.
Economic Growth Falling Short of Trump's Predictions
The 2.3 percent growth rate did exceed economists' expectations, however.
U.S. Sanctions on Russia Hit McDonald's French Fries
Sanctions, a wobbling ruble and trade embargoes mean that hundreds of McDonald's restaurants in Russia are looking for a new source for their potatoes.
Russians Back Putin, but Think Government Is Failing
While the president's personal approval is only a few points from its record peak, most Russians disapprove of the prime minister, the government and parliament.
Plurality of Dems Say Trump Responsible for Economy
A new poll shows that most Americans think President Donald Trump is responsible for the state of the U.S. economy.
The Gender Pay Gap Does Not Exist
That level of pervasive pay gap simply doesn't exist.
What Have We Learned from the 2008 Financial Meltdown?
Looking back, what are we to make of the last ten years?
Democrats Fear Medicare Cuts Coming as Deficit Grows
"Today's CBO report confirms that major damage was done to our fiscal outlook in just the past few months. This is the first forecast to take into account the recent tax and spending legislation, and it's clear that lawmakers have added significantly more debt on top of an already unsustainable trajectory."
China Defends Role in Africa, Calls U.S. 'Hegemonic'
China said the U.S. should abandon its "tinted glasses" and "hegemonic mindset" toward Beijing's growing economic and military role in Africa.
Next Recession Could Hit Before 2020 Election: Analysts
The impressive economy, which had so far boosted President Donald Trump, may not last.
Trump China Tariff Takes Aim at iPhone
Suddenly, $999 for the iPhone X doesn't seem so bad.
Three Things Kim Jong Un Wants From Donald Trump
Experts say North Korea would only give up its nuclear weapons if the future of Kim Jong Un's government was guaranteed.
Can Petro Cryptocurrency Save Venezuela's Economy?
The country is suffering from such severe hyperinflation that residents are buying basic goods with duffel bags full of cash.


The little school is tucked away in a gang-ridden section of town in what's considered one of the most violent nations in the world, and the directors and teachers have been providing protection and nurturing care for each of the students since 2010. Orphan Outreach joined the Jubilee School as a partner two years later, sending teams and provision to the children and caregivers. The partnership has been transforming to the community, and the little students are thriving.
A team of individuals in the US asked what might be needed at the Jubilee School to educate and empower the students even more. They heard from Emily Romero, director at the school, that a few books had been collected but there was no place for them to be used by the children. Her dream was to have a library. But both funding and space were issues at school. The team of prayer warriors in the US asked the Lord how they might honor the teacher's husband and help the school. Austin recounts what happened next. "That prayer led to the people building a library – and then meeting the very children and teachers they had been serving through prayer.
If you'd like to know more about donating books to the Jubilee School library, let us know. And your sponsorship of a student from the Jubilee School ensures they have supplies and resources to continue their education. Meet your sponsor child today!


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MATSUKO has a software solution based on artificial intelligence able to create 3D holograms of real people. The company captures humans as a 3D volumetric video, using only one casual camera. The 3D video can be either transmitted in real-time in teleconferencing or replayed later in virtual/augmented/mixed reality.
CEO of MATSUKO is Matus Kirchmayer was the lead developer in the world's biggest gaming studio Ubisoft in Montreal. He and his team developed the technology behind the big titles such as Assassin's Creed, Watch Dogs, Far Cry and many other 3D video games. Today, MATSUKO licenses their technology to selected verticals such as skincare/cosmetics and security.
Managing partner in charge of the investment:
Tweets by MatsukoCompany
© 2020 Neulogy Ventures
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Tag Archives: farm
Duncan Breaks Ranks with TN GOP on Farm Bill
A scaled-down version of the Farm Bill passed the US House Thursday, and Tennessee's Congressional delegation voted along strict party lines today–with one exception. So reports WPLN.
Knoxville Representative John Duncan is one of only 12 Republicans voting no.
The bill strips out any language governing food stamps, and that's a big reason why Democrats don't like it.
Duncan takes issue with a measure that would expand crop insurance for farmers.
"You start a small business you have to pay 100% of your insurance, and then on top of that you
From a Wasnington Post blog, here's a list:
The dozen GOP lawmakers who bucked the party were Reps. Justin Amash (Mich.), Paul Cook (Calif.), Ron DeSantis (Fla.), John Duncan (Tenn.), Trent Franks (Ariz.), Phil Gingrey (Ga.), Tim Huelskamp (Kan.), Walter Jones (N.C.), Frank LoBiondo (N.J.), Tom McClintock (Calif.), Matt Salmon (Ariz.) and Mark Sanford (S.C.).
This entry was posted in agriculture, Congress and tagged bill, break, duncan, farm, jimmy, john, ranks, republican, vote on July 12, 2013 by Tom Humphrey.
Farm Bill Creates Odd Alliance in TN Congressional Delegation
Tennessee's congressional Republicans usually find themselves on the same page as think tanks and advocacy organizations that call for restraining government spending, observes The Tennessean. But when it comes to setting federal agricultural policy for coming years through a farm bill currently making its way through Congress, that's not the case.
While there is uncertainty over what happens next, the versions of the farm bill offered so far have been backed by seven of the nine Republicans in the congressional delegation — Reps. Stephen Fincher of Frog Jump, Marsha Blackburn of Brentwood, Diane Black of Gallatin, Scott DesJarlais of Jasper, Scott Fleischmann of Ooltewah and Phil Roe of Johnson City. And Sen. Lamar Alexander voted for his chamber's version.
Among Tennessee Republicans, only Rep. John Duncan Jr. of Knoxville and Sen. Bob Corker voted the way farm bill critics preferred.
"For a bill that spends close to $1 trillion, just under $18 billion in savings is not nearly enough," Corker said.
Both Democrats in the delegation — Reps. Jim Cooper of Nashville and Steve Cohen of Memphis — voted against the bill, but Democrats had slightly different reasons for opposing the legislation. They especially disliked a $20 billion cut in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, better known as food stamps, in the House bill.
"It would have cut programs that help children and seniors while protecting subsidies for millionaires, agribusiness and even foreign banks," Cooper said. "We must do a better job of protecting taxpayer dollars and prioritizing our nation's agricultural policies."
As it happened, advocates for the poor and the environment joined the conservative and anti-government spending groups in opposition.
This entry was posted in agriculture, Congress and tagged bill, congressional, delegation, Democrats, farm, republicans, Tennessee, voting on June 23, 2013 by Tom Humphrey.
Rep. Andy Holt's Hog Farm Has Problems With TDEC Permit
As part of a lengthy review of the "tricky" politics of the so-called "ag gag bill," Andrea Zelinski includes a rundown on sponsor Rep. Andy Holt's 'shaky' dealings with TDEC permits on his hog farm.
While Holt is pushing hard for these new rules on farm animals, he has a shaky history of following other regulations on own hog farm in West Tennessee.
Since 2009, the state has repeatedly found Rep. Andy Holt's 1,400-hog farming operation out of compliance with regulations set by two state agencies, according to a review of records by The City Paper, such as operating without a valid permit and failing to submit certain manure quality tests to state officials.
The latest notice came April 30 from the Department of Agriculture, giving him a 30-day window to complete his application for a Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation permit, known as a CAFO. His last permit expired in August of 2009.
"Operating your CAFO without a permit is a violation of state, and possibly federal rules," read the letter by Sam Marshall from the Department of Agriculture's Water Resources division.
While the Department of Environment and Conservation has sent Holt two violation notices and three letters urging him to get a permit and warning him against dumping hazardous waste, the department has not leveled civil penalties against the lawmaker, according to TDEC.
"There are a number of operators in the same position as Mr. Holt," said Shannon Ashford, a TDEC spokeswoman. "It is not that the operators have ignored the process. They made submittals that did not meet the requirements of the regulations. If the deficiencies are not corrected, the department will consider enforcement action."
Holt's farm includes contract swine owned by Tosh Farms, which are then sold to a packer, according to the Holt Family Farms website. His operation also includes a cow calf operation and a goat herd, sells brown eggs and includes a pumpkin patch for school and group visits.
Since his permit expired, TDEC has sent Holt several notifications that his permit was incomplete and reminded him he was banned from dumping hazardous waste "under any circumstance" without the proper permit.
"We're in the process of applying here for a permit, and we'll finish that sometime here very soon," said Holt, who added acquiring other farms and testing and analyzing materials has slowed his application down. "There's several things that take some time. It's our intention to be law abiding. That's the purpose."
…Regardless of him running behind on regulations on his farm, Holt said the attention needs to be on getting livestock abuse reported quickly.
"Sometimes their investigations, which have taken weeks or months to complete, have left several animals in a horrible situation," said Holt, who the Weakley County sheriff's office has said has been subject to no animal abuse complaints. "Nowhere along the way does it say that you have to come in with 30 counts to indict an individual.
"I'll always lose the emotional issue if folks don't use logic associated with that emotion."
This entry was posted in agriculture, environment, Legislature and tagged AG, agriculture, andy, Department, environment, farm, gag, hog, Holt, permits, TDEC on May 10, 2013 by Tom Humphrey.
Todd Served DUI Sentence in Madison County
State Rep. Curry Todd served his required sentence on a Davidson County DUI conviction in a Madison County jail, reports Jackson Baker (who initially thought Todd, R-Collierville, had been jailed on a new offense).
Todd was incarcerated from Thursday, January 31, to Saturday, February 2, at the Madison County Penal Farm.
…His 48-hour stay at the Madison County Penal Farm was, in fact, the time he was obliged to serve as a result of last year's conviction in Nashville — the one and only on his record.
The change of venue and place on the calendar were at Todd's request, and it was all worked out between the court and law-enforcement authorities of Davidson and Madison counties, explained Madison County Sheriff David Woolfork.
"That sort of thing happens all the time," said Woolfork, who described Todd's time at the penal farm as uneventful. What did he do there? "Oh, he tore up uniforms," said Woolfork, who went on to elucidate that the Sheriff's Department was in the process of revamping the uniforms of its officers and that Todd labored away at the redesign of several.
That meant, among other things, removing the chevrons from one place on a sleeve and re-stitching them somewhere else.
And why did Rep. Todd choose Madison County as the place of his incarceration? "Oh, probably because he heard what a great sheriff I was," Woolfork said.
Or it may have been because Jackson is a place on the map between Nashville and Memphis, both the latter places housing ample numbers of inquisitive media people.
In any case, Todd was quickly free to go.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged county, curry, dui, farm, jail, madison, penal, sentence, served, Todd on February 9, 2013 by Tom Humphrey.
Ramsey, Some Other Legislators, Open to 'Tweaking' Greenbelt Law
As an auctioneer and a cattleman, Lt. Gov. Ron Ramsey is familiar with Tennessee's Greenbelt Law and believes the property tax break is working as it should in the "overwhelming majority" of cases — he suspects at least 90 percent.
At the same time, he said, "I'm sure there are incidences across the state where there are unintended consequences."
Although many legislators see no problem with the law, even praise it, Ramsey, as presiding officer of the state Senate, is willing to consider "tweaking" it to prevent abuses.
For example, the law now requires that a property produce $1,500 in gross "agricultural income" annually to qualify for greenbelt status, a figure unchanged for 20 years. Research by the News Sentinel and The Commercial Appeal of Memphis for a recent series of articles also indicates the provision is difficult to enforce.
"Maybe that's too low," said Ramsey of the $1,500 threshold in an interview. "We could look at raising that or, even better, make it so the local governments may police it more."
This entry was posted in Ron Ramsey, state taxes, Taxes and tagged beth, break, bureau, farm, greenbelt, Harwell, Ramsey, rhedona, Ron, rose, tax on October 28, 2012 by Tom Humphrey.
West Tennessee Solar Farm Officially Opens
News release from Department of Economic and Community Development:
STANTON, Tenn.– Tennessee has cut the ribbon on the state's largest solar power array. DOE Deputy Secretary Poneman, Deputy Governor Ramsey and University of Tennessee President Dr. DiPietro joined a crowd of almost 200 to celebrate the opening of the West Tennessee Solar Farm. The Farm officially began generating power today.
The Haywood County facility is capable of generating 5 megawatts of electricity, enough to power 500 homes and offset 250 tons of coal each month. That makes it the largest solar-energy array connected to the Tennessee Valley Authority's grid.
This entry was posted in economic development and tagged farm, opens, solar, Tennessee, west on April 13, 2012 by Tom Humphrey.
Solar Farm Behind Schedule
JACKSON, Tenn. (AP) — The construction of a solar farm in West Tennessee has been delayed.
The West Tennessee Solar Farm in Haywood County is now expected to go online early next year, according to the Memphis Daily News (http://bit.ly/ryauvP). The undertaking being spearheaded by the University of Tennessee Research Foundation was originally was scheduled to be completed this month.
Project manager Elliott Barnett of Signal Energy LLC of Chattanooga, which designed and is building the farm, blamed the delay on "the upgrade of the electrical lines that go from the solar farm to the Chickasaw Electric Cooperative substation."
He said the substation is where the power will actually hook into the grid and about nine miles of line needed upgrading.
The solar panels by Interstate 40, which have been getting attention recently from passing motorists, were actually the easiest part of the project, he said.
"It was built for the purpose of generating revenue and serving as an example for the state furthering the whole sweep of renewable projects that we want to be a part of," Barnett said. It is being financed with federal stimulus funding.
The Tennessee Valley Authority plans to buy power from the farm, and Barnett said it should generate about $100,000 in revenue each month.
The project won't end there. The Tennessee Department of Transportation has future plans to develop an interstate exit and a center for visitors in the middle of the solar array.
Eric Rank, the general manager of Solar and Renewable Power Systems, said he thinks a visitors' center would be a good way to keep the public informed on solar technology.
"They need to know how it operates. Everybody still thinks solar systems are based on the use of batteries," he said. "There's a lot of education that needs to be done."
This entry was posted in government programs and tagged delay, farm, open, schedule, solar, Tennessee, west on November 7, 2011 by Tom Humphrey.
Knoxville Lawyer, Fred Thompson in Lawsuit Contending Political Contributions Swayed Judge's Decision
From R. Neal at Knoxviews:
Noted Knoxville attorney Gordon Ball is co-lead counsel on a blockbuster case filed in the Illinois Supreme Court involving State Farm, a $1 billion class action lawsuit, and an allegedly corrupt judge. Former Senator Fred Thompson, who recently led an effort to block "tort reform" liability limits in Tennessee, is co-counsel.
According to the lawsuit, State Farm and its lawyers got an Illinois Supreme Court Justice elected by pumping $2.5 to $4 million into his campaign through PACs, and six months later the judge cast a deciding vote to reverse on appeal a $1.05 billion class action consumer fraud judgment against State Farm involving bogus replacement parts for wrecked cars.
The plaintiffs seek to have the reversal vacated and the original judgement restored to "correct a judgment obtained through fraud and concealment." They allege that "State Farm's extraordinary financial and political support for Justice Karmeier's 2004 campaign created a constitutionally-unacceptable risk of bias such that his participation and vote to reverse the $1.05 billion judgment deprived Petitioners of their due process rights." They had previously requested the judge to recuse himself from the case but he refused.
UPDATE; Chicago Tribune story HERE.
This entry was posted in campaign finance, Courts, judges and tagged Ball, contributions, farm, Gordon, Illinois, insurance, state on September 9, 2011 by Tom Humphrey.
On Snakes, Hogs, Guns and Legislators
State Sen. Stacey Campfield contends a precedent for passage of his "guns on campus" bill has been set by advancing legislation that's intended to let an Overton County farm overseer shoot snakes or wild hogs.
As passed 92-1 by the House, the bill in question authorizes "farm employees" of the University of Tennessee and the state Board of Regents to carry weapons.
The bill, HB185, came before the Senate Judiciary Committee on Wednesday afternoon, shortly after the panel had voted to postpone until 2012 any action on Campfield's guns-on-campus bill, which would allow faculty and staff of universities to carry guns if they have a handgun carry permit. A House committee also killed the bill for this year.
Sen. Ken Yager, R-Harriman, said an agreement had been reached by all parties concerned to amend the "guns on farms" bill to exclude all UT facilities and, in effect, apply only to one 1,200-acre farm in Overton County that has been leased by Tennessee Technological University, part of the Regents system.
The farm overseer, whose family owned the farm for years, wants to "protect himself from snakes," Yager told colleagues, and needs to carry a gun to do so.
"I believe it's illegal to shoot snakes in Tennessee," said Campfield.
"What else are you supposed to do with them?" replied Yager, touching off a round of convoluted debate.
This entry was posted in Guns, Legislature, Stacey Campfield and tagged Campfield, farm, guns, hogs, snakes on May 7, 2011 by Tom Humphrey.
Deer Bill Dead For the Year; Nicely Blames 'Bald-Faced Lie'
Rep. Frank Niceley has abandoned – for this year — his two-pronged effort to legalize whitetail deer farming in Tennessee, blaming "misinformation" and "outright lies" about the proposal for creating a hostile environment in the Legislature.
The Strawberry Plains Republican took HB94 "off notice" in the House Agriculture Subcommittee Tuesday. That was a bill on an unrelated topic that Niceley took over from another legislator previously to get the deer farming proposal before the committee that he chairs.
He dropped the same idea as proposed earlier in a separate bill, HB1112, last week in the House Conservation and Environment Subcommittee. In that case, Niceley's move to amend the bill officially to incorporate the deer farming language failed on a 3-3 tie vote.
Niceley proposed afterwards to have the bill passed out of subcommittee, then held in full committee until next year with a "summer study" on the matter.
This entry was posted in environment, Legislature and tagged deer, farm on April 20, 2011 by Tom Humphrey.


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HomeFoo Fighters: Sonic Highways
Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways
Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways is a TV show on American national television from HBO with an average rating of 3.1 stars by WatchTVOnDemand.com's visitors. We have 12 episodes of Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways in our archive. The first episode of Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways was broadcast in January, 2015. Did you miss an episode of Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways but don't you wan't that to happen in the future? Please set an alarm and add Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways to your favorites, so we can remind you by email when there's a new episode available to watch. Completely free: handy!
Rating:3.1 of 5Total number of episodes:12Last broadcast:01/12/2015 at 11:07AM
Episode 8: New York City
01/12/2015 4.0 162 x
Season finale. Dave Grohl explores the melting-pot ingredients that have contributed to the evolution of the NYC music scene. Among those interviewed are KISS' Paul Stanley, producer Jimmy Iovine, Nora Guthrie, Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore, Chuck D of Public Enemy, LL Cool J, Beastie Boys' Mike D, and producer Rick Rubin. ...
Episodes 2014
Episode 7: Seattle
While Foo Fighters set up to record with Death Cab for Cutie's Ben Gibbard at Robert Lang Studio, Dave Grohl chats with Lang, Duff McKagen (Guns N Roses), Chris Cornell (Soundgarden) and Nancy Wilson (Heart) about Seattle's northwest sound. Dave delves deep into Seattle's rich musical heritage and also interviews the co-fo...
Episode 6: New Orleans
Dave Grohl chats with Dr. John, Allen Toussaint, Cyril Neville and Trombone Shorty about New Orleans' unique history, 'jazz funerals,' Mardi Gras Indians, and the effects of Hurricane Katrina. Meanwhile, Dave bonds with Ben Jaffe, scion of a famous jazz family and leader of the legendary Preservation Hall Jazz Band, before...
Episode 3: Nashville
Foo Fighters head to the Music City: Nashville, TN, home of the Grand Ole Opry and legendary artists like Johnny Cash, Kenny Rogers, and more. Dave sits down with Dolly Parton, Tony Joe White, Willie Nelson, Emmylou Harris and producer Tony Brown to talk about Nashville's musical influences. Meanwhile, the Foo Fighters pre...
Episode 4: Austin
Dave Grohl chats with Terry Lickona, executive producer of TV's 'Austin City Limits.' Dave delves into the roots of the Austin music scene: from the blues of Jimmie Vaughan, to the psychedelic rock pioneered by Roky Erickson's 13th Floor Elevators, to punk bands Scratch Acid and the Big Boys. He also discusses the impact o...
Episode 5: Los Angeles
Foo Fighters' Dave Grohl and Pat Smear, an L.A. native whose band The Germs were pioneers of the city's punk scene, visit legendary KROQ DJ Rodney Bingenheimer. Dave and the Foos then head to the desert to record with Eagles guitarist Joe Walsh at Rancho de la Luna, an iconoclastic studio in Joshua Tree.


On September 23rd, Montgomery County residents will gather at the Music Center at Strathmore in North Bethesda for the Leggett Legacy Forward event celebrating County Executive Ike Leggett and his wife Catherine's years of outstanding service and their commitment to higher education. The event is a culmination of their effort to establish a legacy gift that will serve the county in perpetuity -- the Ike and Catherine Leggett Scholarship. The scholarship will benefit the county's historically underrepresented students in higher education through the Achieving Collegiate Excellence and Success (ACES) program.
The Leggett's goal is to raise one million dollars to support the scholarship. Donations are being accepted before, during, and after the free event.
The Strathmore is a long way from Alexandria, Louisiana, where Isiah "Ike" Leggett was born in 1945. Ike was one of 12 siblings in the post-war deep-south, where poverty was a fact of life, segregation ruled the land, and higher education was an unrealistic dream. But Ike was determined to pursue a bachelor's degree and did so at Southern University. After graduating, Ike served as an officer in the U.S. Army in the Vietnam War. When he returned, he continued his education at Howard University Law School. It was this decision that was instrumental in forming his future. Over the next few years, Ike served as a lawyer, a White House Fellow under President Jimmy Carter, and a university professor. Four college degrees later, Ike became the first African American elected to the Montgomery County Council.
Ike became one of the County's most respected public servants, and education was at the core of his platform. He and his wife, Catherine, have always firmly believed that education is instrumental to everyone's success. The Ike and Catherine Leggett Scholarship is their way of making sure that the commitment lives on after Ike's third term as County Executive ends in December.
The ACES program is a partnership among Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS), Montgomery College (MC), and the Universities at Shady Grove (USG). This free program provides access to individualized academic coaching, career readiness, and scholarship opportunities.
The event is free and open to everyone, but those interested in attending must reserve a ticket through either the Leggett Legacy Forward or the Strathmore website. ACES students and coaches will attend and provide information to anyone interested in learning more about the program. In addition, award-winning jazz musician Marcus Johnson will perform.
The Leggetts are encouraging all Montgomery County residents to support the Ike and Catherine Leggett Scholarship fund. To donate visit the Montgomery College Foundation or the Universities at Shady Grove Foundation.


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Home ARTE Armenia and the History of Art of the Written Word
Armenia and the History of Art of the Written Word
Muriel Mirak-Weissbach
When Mesrob Mashtots arrived in Etchmiadzin with his alphabet, he was happier (in the words of his biographer Koriwn) than was Moses descending with the holy tablets from Mount Sinai. Truly, his invention of the Armenian alphabet in 405 A.D. marked the beginning of a new era for the nation and the people. If human language is one of the characteristics that distinguishes us as a species, each written script is what identifies us as a people. And the fact that Armenians were so fortunate to have a magnificent phonetical alphabet so early contributed to development in the cultural and religious realm, in literature and music.
The growth of a rich language culture, maintained and transmitted over centuries through manuscripts and printed books, has been a crucial factor in preserving Armenian national and cultural identity through centuries, despite conflicts, conquests, expulsions and even the threat of extinction through genocide. In 1512 Armenia was one of the earliest Christian nations of the Orient to print books, a fact commemorated 500 years later by UNESCO, when it named Yerevan world book capital.
In early manuscripts of the Bible and other religious works, the written word soon became the object of an art form, known as calligraphy. The graceful, elegant forms shaped by Mesrop as letters in the alphabet lent themselves to transformation into objects of beauty. From the earliest manuscripts to later printed books, calligraphy and illustrations became an integral component of literature. And the Mashtots-Matenedaran Manuscript Institute in Yerevan houses thousands of magnificent examples.
At Gallery 25 in Gyumri
In Gyumri, the cultural capital of Armenia, an important initiative is preserving this heritage. The project is called "Book Art & Calligraphy 2" and it opened on June 8 at the Berlin Art Hotel/Gallery 25. This is its second year. Financed by the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Armenia, it is organized and implemented by the "Für Armenien" foundation. The purpose of the initiative is to re-evaluate the role of the manuscript-book in Armenian life and it covers a variety of topics, the core of which is book art and calligraphy. Gallery 25, founded in 2001, includes 16 active members and artists, who organize exhibitions and events in the Berlin Art Hotel.
"The Archetypes" exhibit
This year the events which lasted over several days, opened with an exhibition, entitled, "Archetypes", featuring the works of Ararat Sarkissian, who is an Honored Artist of the Republic of Armenia. He created this series about three decades ago, presenting the alphabets of ancient peoples, including Assyrian, Urartian, Egyptian, Mayan, among others. Following the vernissage of the exhibition, the artist delivered a lecture-master class.
The next day, The Tale of Davit the Lad and Khandut the Lass was presented by the author Ararat Sarkissian and poetess Roza Hovhannisyan – the translator of the epic into Karno dialect, which is spokwen in Gyumri and the Spitak region. In the course of the conversation, the artist printed images from the epic on clay boards with the help of cylinders, an old technique he has maintained and developed.
On the third day of the project a master class on calligraphy and handmade postcards was held by Gyumri painter Vahan Topchyan. Those who participated were teenagers from the Gyumri and Vanadzor branches of the National Center of Aesthetics, Art School after Merkurov, and the A3 painting group of the Gyumri branch of the Fine Arts Academy. The youngsters crafted and illustrated handmade postcards, and took the opportunity to present questions to the artist.
Vahan Topchyan and youngsters
The "Book Ode" open-air book art fair was held on the fourth day of the project. Contemporary writers from Gyumri displayed their own books, and various souvenirs related to the book and calligraphy were presented by the handcraft specialists from Yerevan and Gyumri. To conclude the series of events, painter and graphic artist Taron Saharyan delivered a lecture on the topic, "The Evolution of Armenian Writing in the Middle Ages," reflecting the historical and cultural process in the transformation of writing and font formation.
Recovering Memory through Art
The leit-motif of the initiative is that art can recover and preserve the identity embodied in language-culture, even though the civilizations and peoples concerned may have vanished from history, or been threatened with extinction. For artist Sarkissian this is the leading motivation for his extraordinarily creative efforts. "For me," he has written, "the human experience, amassed during the course of thousands of years, is tremendously important." (https://araratsarkissian.wordpress.com/). Memory, therefore, must be preserved, if identity is to survive. Certain crucial events threatening the destruction of Armenian cultural heritage had a decisive impact on him. When asked in one interview, what inspired his prints, he answered, "My main inspirations are old scripts, manuscripts and history. For example, in 2006, a whole grave of Armenian cross-stones was destroyed in Julfa. I was so sad that I couldn't stop thinking about recreating them on paper. I sort of gave them a second life, and this is how I struggle to preserve my culture." (https://www.homofaber.com/en/discover/discover-ararat-sarkissian) Another decisive event was the 1988 earthquake that devastated Gyumri, threatening to eradicate its identity.
To preserve this cultural testimony, Sarkissian explored and mastered techniques associated with the arts of the ancient world. For example, he learned to produce paper himself, as he explained in the same interview, from an artist he found in Jordan. Later he experimented with the technique, adding his own ingredients, like okra and Armenian herbs. He explained the importance of using such original techniques: "I firmly believe that the old techniques and traditions can be turned into something innovative. With my prints in various languages, maps, and cross-stones, I want to show that the old can be turned into new. We can't read those scripts, but they can be an art piece to look at."
Sarkissian's work was presented at the 55th Venice Biennale, in the Armenian Pavilion which was not far from the old Armenian printmaking exhibition on Saint Lazarro island, and was the most memorable event he could cite.
Source: https://mirrorspectator.com/2022/07/28/preserving-the-art-of-the-written-word/
Hovhannisyan
Mesrob Mashtots
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text:
180 Family Chiropractic Chiropractor located in Mandan, ND and also serving Bismarck
Dr. Nagel In The News
X-Ray Motion Study
Adult New Patient Form
Child New Patient Form
The Wellness Way
180 Family Chiropractic
Chiropractors located in Mandan, ND
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects as many as 11% of all children between the ages of 7 and 11. Dr. Steve Nagel at 180 Family Chiropractic in Mandan, North Dakota also serving Bismarck, North Dakota. Believes the best treatment is a drug-free, total wellness approach.
"Dr. Steve is one of the smartest Chiropractors I've ever met."
Kevin L. Facebook
"I love coming here an I would really recommend it to anyone!"
Heather B. Facebook
"My family and I have been regular visitors at 180 Chiropractic for several years now."
David M. Facebook
"I truly believe that Dr. Steve has a magic touch and would recommend him to everyone!"
Angie G. Facebook
"I will continue to bring my son here for many months to come!"
Meagan C. Facebook
"Would I advise someone to go for treatments at 180 Family Chiropractic? ABSOLUTELY!!!"
Deborah S. Facebook
"The staff are all amazingly kind and compassionate."
Meagan L. Facebook
"The staff at 180 Family Chiropractic are amazing!"
Nicci S. Google+
"Dr. Steve and the staff are excellent at what they practice."
Paul B. Google+
"The staff is VERY friendly and I often leave feeling like I'm leaving my friends!"
180 Family Chiropractic ADHD
ADHD Q & A
What is ADHD?
ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. According to the CDC, ADHD is the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. Even though ADHD is often diagnosed in childhood, the symptoms often last into adulthood. Children with ADHD often have trouble with impulse control, paying attention, breaking down large tasks into manageable parts, or hyperactivity.
How do I know if my child has ADHD?
As of 2011, as many as 11% of all children between the ages of 7 and 11 were diagnosed with ADHD. Some of the typical behaviors associated with ADHD are:
Forgetting or losing things
Squirming or fidgeting
Making careless mistakes
While many children exhibit these behaviors at some point in their lives, children with ADHD experience them for longer periods of time and with more severity. Often times these symptoms interfere with their ability to learn at school, interact with their peers, or participate in activities. An ADHD diagnosis can be made by a school psychologist. Several attention-oriented tasks, a parent questionnaire, a teacher questionnaire, and a child questionnaire are administered and scored.
How does chiropractic care treat ADHD?
At its root, ADHD is a neurological problem. While many physicians and psychiatrists use stimulants to treat ADHD, it does not address the neurological needs of the child. Dr. Steve Nagel uses his knowledge of total body wellness to identify vertebrae that are out of alignment thereby contributing to nervous system interference that may be exacerbating a child's ADHD symptoms. Once these subluxations are corrected, normal nervous system function can resume thereby reducing a child's symptoms. Once a child's spine is in proper alignment and the nervous system is functioning, Dr. Nagel will discuss exercises, stretching, and nutrition as ways to extend the effectiveness of a child's chiropractic treatment. The result is a child free from ADHD symptoms without medication.
180 Family Chiropractic is in network with Blue Cross Blue Shield, Sanford Health, Medicaid and Medicare. If we are out of network with your policy, we will help you to submit to your insurance carrier. We also have plans that make care affordable if you do not have insurance. We accept all auto carriers when treating patients after automobile accidents.
View partial list of companies
Sanford Health
"I cannot say enough good things about Dr. Steve. I feel he has completed changed my life for the better."
"My family and I have been regular visitors at 180 Chiropractic for several years now. Everyone there has been so encouraging and professional."
"Dr Steve is very knowledgeable and skilled at what he does. The staff is friendly and makes you feel welcome and at ease."
Karen K.
"Dr. Steve takes the time to listen to your concerns. He and his staff are very caring and professional. I would recommend them to anyone."
Angela L.
"Thanks Dr. Steve and Angie for all the support, if you have problems with getting and keeping weight off this is the way to go."
Sandi K.
"Dr Steve has changed our lives for the better! He has been a huge part of our family's health plan for 3 years now and we are so thankful for how our life has changed!"
2008 Twin City Dr.
Mandan, ND 58554
Monday 8:30 am - 6:00 pm Tuesday Closed Wednesday 8:00 am - 6:00 pm Thursday 8:30 am - 6:00 pm Friday Closed Saturday Closed Sunday Closed
180 Family Chiropractic, Mandan, ND
Address: 2008 Twin City Dr., Mandan, ND 58554


Happy Halloween! It's almost time to pull out those costumes and enjoy some Halloween festivities. Need something fun to do? Join us at our October events listed below. Choose a theme and host a spooky scene or be a zombie for a night at our Zombie 5K Run at Forest Community Park. We have several upcoming volunteer opportunities available and a variety of events! Individuals, businesses, groups, clubs, Greek organizations and more are encouraged to participate. For more details about these events or to sign up to volunteer visit brec.org/volunteer.
Choose a theme and host a spooky scene, be a zombie for a night, or help with games at our children's village. We have several volunteer opportunities at our BREC-A-Boo events so sign-up today! For more information contact volunteer@brec.org.


Coach 2® makes incentive spirometry easier for patients and clinicians alike. The one-way valve ensures patients inhale, rather than exhale into the unit.
All in one portable desktop spirometer.
Incentive Spirometer, Voldyne 5000, Small Volume Measurement up to 2500ml, Compact, Built In Handle - TELEFLEX MEDICAL, INC.
VOLDYNE® 2500 incorporates features and instructions that assist in performing effective post-operative deep breathing and coughing exercises and provides incentive for doing so.
Spirometer, Micro 1 - MICRO DIRECT INC.
Full-featured pocket spirometer. Features include four test parameters with % predicted, diagnostic interpretation and post bronchodilator comparison.
Incentive Spirometer, Voldyne 5000, Large Volume Measurement up to 5000ml, Compact, Built In Handle - TELEFLEX MEDICAL, INC.
VOLDYNE® 5000 incorporates features and instructions that assist in performing effective post-operative deep breathing and coughing exercises and provides incentive for doing so.
Screening Device, COPD, PulmoLife, Storage Pouch - MICRO DIRECT INC.
A simple and easy-to-use solution for COPD in adult smokers. The PulmoLife spirometer measures and displays a patients FEV1, FEV1% predicted and a "Lung Age" estimation.
AirLife® volumetric incentive spirometers simplify deep breathing therapy with an intuitive design that prompts patients to correctly perform and monitor their own breathing exercises, even without direct supervision.
Spirobank II™ Smart spirometer uses the latest cutting edge technology and allows clinicians to transfer data to a PC via USB cable.
The Spirodoc® has various operation modes: "advanced" parameters for the specialist, "reduced" set of parameters for screening as well as a "simplified" version for Home Care operation.
The AstraTouch Desktop Spirometer provides easy navigation and multifunctional capabilities help to make a diagnostic decision from the screen data or from its resident printer.
Spirometer, MicroLab MK8, Transducer, Touch Screen, Internal Printer, 2000 Patient Test Memory - MICRO DIRECT INC.
MicroLab MK8, developed specifically for the professional, employs precision Gold Standard Digital Volume Transducer, which is especially suited to measuring the very low flow rates in COPD patients.
Spirometer Kit is a simple, reliable, single patient use device to monitor, screen, and test for a multitude of pulmonary function parameters.
Spirometer, MicroLoop, Transducer, Touch Screen, 2000 Patient Test Memory, Spida 5 PC Software - MICRO DIRECT INC.
MicroLoop, developed specifically for the professional, employs precision Gold Standard Digital Volume Transducer, which is especially suited to measuring the very low flow rates in COPD patients.
Incentive Spirometer, Pediatric Voldyne, Small Volume Measurement up to 2500ml, Compact - TELEFLEX MEDICAL, INC.
Pediatric VOLDYNE® incorporates features and instructions that assist in performing effective post-operative deep breathing and coughing exercises and provides incentive for doing so.
Spirometer, Spiro Check, LCD Display, Auto Off, 2.5 Ounces, 4.5 in x 2.5 in x 2 in - MICRO DIRECT INC.
A quick test using the Spiro Checkmeasures and displays a patient's FEV1and FEV1% on its large LCD display and uses these results to calculate and display a ?Lung Age' estimation.
Incentive Spirometer, Triflo II, Inspiratory Exerciser, Compact, 3 Balls, 3 Chambers - TELEFLEX MEDICAL, INC.
The Triflo™ II Inspiratory Exerciser is a flow-oriented, 3-ball incentive spirometer.
Incentive Spirometer, Air-Eze, Breathing Exerciser, Compact, 200-1200cc/sec Flow Rate - TELEFLEX MEDICAL, INC.
The Air-Eze® flow-oriented incentive spirometer features a wide flow rate range from 200-1200cc/sec, a low resistance design, a sliding incentive indicator, and a compact design.
AirLife® brand Airx flow incentive spirometer is disposable and designed for exercising and measurement of volume flow.
Spirometer, Alpha, Desktop, Color Display, Internal Printer, Rechargable, Autoclaveable Flow Head - MICRO DIRECT INC.
Simple desktop spirometer. Features include 12 test parameters with % predicted, diagnostic interpretation, NHANES III normals, post bronchodilator comparison and printed report with graphs.
Astra300™ Spirometer includes bright, sensitive touchscreen.
The Easy on-PC uses the power of your PC, laptop, or tablet, leveraging True Flow ultra sound technology for a complete spirometry solution.
Spirometer, SpiroUSB, w/Spida 5 - MICRO DIRECT INC.
The Micro Direct SpiroUSB combines a digital volume transducer with user-friendly, multi-window Spirometry PC Software to create a powerful solution for PC-based spirometry.
The SPIROVIT SP-1 simplifies complex lung function testing. The user-friendly screen displays real-time flow/volume loops and measurement matrices. Data can be either printed or transmitted to a PC.
Button Cell Batteries designed for PiKo lung health monitors.
Incentive Spirometer, Lung Volume Exerciser, Dual Chamber, Adjustable Flow Setting - TELEFLEX MEDICAL, INC.
The Hudson RCI LVE (lung volume exerciser) encourages deep, prolonged inspiration.
The One Flow™ FVC Memo measures PEF, FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC% with session date and time displayed. It is ideal for GP surgeries, hospitals, in the community or for occupational health.
Plugs directly into the USB socket on your PC.Real time Flow/Volume loops and Volume/time curves with PRE/POST comparison.
Spirometer, Orbit, w/Starter Kit, Software, Mouthpieces, Noseclips - VectraCor, Inc.
Touchscreen Spirometer and eDiary for home use.


text:
Here's how the Victoria Royals pre-season is going so far
(Victoria Royals)
The Victoria Royals are off to a tremendous start of the pre-season and that bodes well for when the real thing starts up next week.
The Royals record is 2-1 so far, and they have their last bout of the pre-season tonight in a road exhibition game against the Kamloops Blazers.
Last year the Royals just missed making the playoffs, which marks the first time they didn't make the playoffs in the history of the franchise.
However, they fought through the season valiantly and faced many roadblocks along the way due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
This year, things are looking a bit more normal as they are going to have more games against teams residing outside the province of BC.
Tonight's game is the last one before the team has their home opener at the Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre on September 23rd.
Preseason finale in Kamloops!
📍 Sandman Centre
⏰ 7:00 pm
📝 >> https://t.co/AxJL1SvvvP#ReadyToRoar pic.twitter.com/gNdXsw3ob2
— Victoria Royals (@victoriaroyals) September 14, 2022
The team is hoping to enter the 2022-23 regular season coming off a win with a positive win/loss ratio.
"That was one of the most physical games I've seen our team play in a while," said General Manager and Head Coach Dan Price in a media release on Wednesday.
"Ryan Spizawka, Luke Rybinski and Anson McMaster were noticeable in this area. Also, the line of Alex Edwards, Anthony Wilson and Reggie Newman were very impactful with their speed, physicality and tenacity, which helped them create several scoring chances and two goals."
"We were able to get some good situational work in with all of the special teams play tonight, and we'll build off of all of those things for tomorrow's game in Kamloops."
Single-game tickets are on sale for the Victoria Royals as of last week.
Single game tickets now on sale for the Victoria Royals upcoming season
They could use all the fan-powered help they can get to start this season of WHL hockey off right!
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Each life is a journey-a uniquely personal passage through time.
hopelessness. God is able to bring you safely to your destination.
every dark and frightening valley.
You will show me the way of life, granting me joy of your presence.
Even when we think we walk alone...He is with us each step we take!
You pass through dry, parched areas on your journey through life.
for you, just as He does for the plants and creatures of the desert.
Water... is like God... a life giving substance that nothing can replace!
Every man dies; not every man lives.
The best bridge between hope despair is often a good nights sleep.
Take care of yourself by resting you body, soul and spirit.
so try and leave the day's care with God each night. He's going to be up anyway!
We know all things work for good for those who love him.
in Christ for the next life... that's how all things work for good!
He was bruised for our iniquities and by his stripes we are healed.
And He will meet us anywhere... any time.. He is never too busy!
completely left me, but is so much better... praises for that!
horror, he realized he had been bound with his own chains!
of being in "Gods Waiting Room!"
things and miss the joy of God's greater work in the world.
It reminds me of Paul's report that Demas had forsaken him.
Demas has forsaken me, having loved this present world.
take us away from serving God!
kindness and gentleness. He will never lead us where He can't keep us.
Father of heavenly lights, who does not change with the shifting shadows.
his nostrils the breath of life Genesis 2:7.
How it must grieve God that mankind has rebelled ever since creation.
The older I get the more I realize that most "things" are insignificant.
You are worried and upset about many things, but one thing is needed.
repair bill and soon toys turn into burdens!
of life, Jesus opens His arms of love and offers a fresh beginning.
I have not come to call the righteous, but the sinners, to repentance.
We are tempted to cultivate a false image for others to see.
the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart.
is the one bleeding inside... so be generous with your hugs and smiles!
and healing for your broken heart and wounded spirit.
it a lovely comparison in how God cares for us.
Greetings:God bless you this day!
For God gives wisdom and from his mouth come knowledge and understanding.
You may be the only sermon some will ever see, so preach a good one!
Why are you so fearful? Why is it you have no faith?
Jesus, we would be different... but would we?
What do our actions in the last few months reveal about our affections?
tried His patience too far?
parts of the world, that are suffering persecution for their faith!
that good news to others by forgiving them.
A simple statement, that packs a BIG punch!
I have found there are three stages in every great work of God.
3. Then it is done!
And why don't we believe the above Scripture?
him. Do you have eyes, but fail to see, like I did that night?
of God, He will forgive my unfinished "good intentions."
and pleasant memory of people we love who are no longer around.
And the sweet fragrance of forgiveness is ours through Christ!
She said, "That was sweet of God wasn't it? To get me these butterflies!"
God had provided the butterfly knobs!
Thank God that His hand of authority reigns over all people and nations.
Who is the King of glory? The Lord of hosts, he is King of glory!
same family intimacy when we do the will of God.
Whoever does God's will is my brother, sister and mother.
in our physical family, or church family, Jesus must smile His approval!
As followers of Jesus Christ, we are called people of influence.
We lead others to the One whose touch can change their lives.
For good or bad... we are an influence in the life of someone today.
God has not placed you in your present position for your own benefit.
and involve risk. Yet God is always with you and He is faithfully at work.
it and will rescue us. But even if he does not, we will not serve your gods.
each day has it's own risks!
Welcome to August... can you believe how fast this year has gone?
Mark 1:35 "Very early, Jesus departed for a solitary place and prayed."
Though our Savior is holy, He placed great importance in prayer.
Following His example, how essential should prayer be for us?
day, as an additional source of spiritual nourishment.
Prayer is our line of communication with God... and His line is never busy!


May is Healthy Vision Month, a national eye health observance established by the National Eye Institute (NEI) in May 2003. NEI is one of the National Institutes of Health, an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Healthy Vision Month is designed to elevate vision as a health priority for the Nation. Millions of people living in the United States have undetected vision problems, eye diseases, and conditions. Please join us in educating people in your community about the importance of comprehensive dilated eye exams in maintaining eye health and preserving sight.


text:
Basher's Murderer Released
BY ARTHUR S. LEONARD
California bows to courts, releases gay man who killed high school taunter
A confluence of state and federal court decisions, both concluding that the California parole system had violated the federal due process rights of convicted murderer Robert Rosenkrantz by continuing to deny him parole after he had served more than the minimum length of his sentence, resulted in the man's release to the custody of his family on August 5.
On August 1, U.S. District Judge Gary Allen Feess in Los Angeles approved a magistrate's report recommending that the court grant a writ of habeas corpus requiring Rosenkrantz's release. Just a few days later, the California Supreme Court refused to override a ruling issued earlier by Los Angeles Superior Court Judge David Wesley, whose decision was based on a similar legal analysis.
Rosenkrantz was 18 years old, closeted, and had just graduated high school in June 1985. He was celebrating by having sex with a male companion in his parents' beach house, when his younger brother Joey and a friend, Steven Redman, a classmate of Rosenkrantz, who suspected he was gay, arrived to spy on him. Redman, carrying a flashlight, kicked in the door of the beach house, yelled, "Get the fuck out of here you faggots," and struck Rosenkrantz with the flashlight, breaking his nose. At the same time, Joey, who had a stun gun, burned his brother's hand. Rosenkrantz ran out to his car and retrieved a BB gun and used it to try to prevent Redman and Joey from leaving the beach house, but they phoned Rosenkrantz's father and, when he showed up, told him they had seen Rosenkrantz with another man who had his pants down.
Rosenkrantz insisted to his father he was not gay and that the two were mistaken, but his father, angry, threw him out of the house. The youth spent the next few days living in his car, brooding about his situation, and then obtained an Uzi machine gun, did some target practice, and went to confront Redman and demand that he recant what he had told Rosenkrantz's father. "Redman refused and continued to taunt and ridicule petitioner," wrote the federal magistrate. Press accounts report that Redman again called Rosenkrantz a "faggot." Enraged, Rosenkrantz pumped ten rounds into Redman, killing him, then fled for a month before finally surrendering to police.
The state sought a first degree murder conviction, but the jury, evidently having some empathy for Rosenkrantz's situation, would only go for second degree, resulting in a sentence of 15 years to life, plus two years for using a firearm. Rosenkrantz proved to be a model prisoner, compiling a perfect record, and earning first an associate degree and then a bachelor's degree in prison. He also completed every available therapy and counseling program, earned several vocational certificates, and garnered glowing recommendations from prison officials in support of his applications for parole once he had served his minimum time.
But Rosenkrantz ran into a stone wall when it came to gaining release, despite winning several preliminary rulings from parole boards and courts. California's restrictive parole system gives the governor final say on such matters, and there Rosenkrantz ran into trouble. In 2002, the state Supreme Court upheld a decision by Democratic Governor Gray Davis to deny parole, based mainly on the nature of the original offense, characterized at various times as a cold-blooded, execution-style murder. Rosenkrantz's parole appeals became notorious in the California gay community, where many people came to understand the nature of the provocation and strain under which Rosenkrantz was operating 21 years ago.
Ultimately, what impressed the state and federal judges who ruled this summer was the failure of parole authorities or the government to take account of the changes in Rosenkrantz as a result of his incarceration. By continuing to deny parole based entirely on the nature of the offense, the courts found, the state was depriving Rosenkrantz of his right to due process of law, since the governing statutes provide that a convict who has served the minimum time required under his sentence is entitled to release if his rehabilitation results in his no longer being a danger to the community. It was clear to the judges that Rosenkrantz had accepted responsibility for what he had done, understood and acknowledged that it was wrong, and transformed himself to become a useful, non-threatening member of society.
Judge Feess' decision in federal court ordered the state to release Rosenkrantz on reasonable terms of parole by the end of August. The subsequent state Supreme Court order, denying a stay of Judge Wesley's state court release order, resulted in Rosenkrantz quickly being released to his family, his parents having long since accepted him as a gay son. He has a computer-related job waiting for him.
The state can appeal both of the decisions on the merits, but in the interim Rosenkrantz is finally free on bail, and it seems unlikely that the appellate courts would find fault with these decisions. Both rulings make clear that the state's procedures in Rosenkrantz's case have to date amounted to nullification of the jury's determination that he was not guilty of first degree murder—and therefore is entitled to parole upon a proper showing of his rehabilitation.