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Rios Montt Convicted of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: The Sentence and Its Aftermath
by The Archive
This post can also be found on the Open Society Justice Initiative website, created in partnership with the National Security Archive.
By Jo-Marie Burt
Ríos Montt leaves the Guatemalan tribunal, where he is being tried on genocide charges. (Photo credit: Daniel Hernández-Salazar)
On the afternoon of Friday, May 10, 2013, a Guatemalan trial court (High Impact Court "A") found General Efrain Rios Montt, former de facto head of state, guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity. The conviction was for crimes committed against Guatemala's Maya Ixil indigenous population during Rios Montt's 17-month rule in 1982 and 1983. The judge presiding over the trial court read out an hour-long summary version of the tribunal's ruling to a packed courtroom, with the full judgment to follow.
Rios Montt, 86 years old, was sentenced to 80 years in prison – 50 years for genocide and 30 years for crimes against humanity, served consecutively. His house arrest was revoked and the judge ordered his immediate transfer to Matamoros Prison. His co-accused, Mauricio Rodriguez Sanchez, former head of military intelligence, was acquitted of both charges.
The verdict came 30 years after the crimes and 13 years after the complaint was brought by survivors to the Public Ministry. The trial started on March 19, 2013 in an increasingly polarized environment. The three-judge panel of presiding judge Yassmin Barrios and her associates, Patricia Bustamante Garcia and Pablo Xitumul de Paz, overcame several attempts by the defense to derail the process—including one on the day of the verdict—before a sentence was finally handed down.
In issuing its conviction of Rios Montt on genocide and crimes against humanity charges, the court found that witness and expert testimony proved beyond a reasonable doubt that, under Rios Montt's command, the Guatemalan armed forces elaborated and implemented a series of plans designed to eliminate the Maya Ixil population as a group, since they considered that the Ixil supported the guerrillas.
The summary of the judgment relied on testimony and other evidence presented to the court over the course of the 27 hearings since the trial's opening. Judge Barrios identified, with specificity, the testimony of expert and fact witnesses that formed the foundation of the court's judgment. This includes the testimony of more than 90 Ixiles who were direct survivors of violence or relatives of victims and who testified before the court, as well as experts from a variety of disciplines and specialties—forensic anthropologists and archeologists, military experts, academic experts in racism and state discrimination, forced displacement, and sexual violence in armed conflict, among others.
The court found that Rios Montt had command responsibility. According to Judge Barrios, Rios Montt had "full knowledge of what was happening and did nothing to stop it—having the knowledge of the events, and the power and the capacity to do so." To support the finding that Rios Montt had knowledge of the crimes, the tribunal noted, for instance, that there were regular reporting requirements (every fifteen days) up the chain of command to the president, evidenced in the annexes of one of the military operational plans entered into evidence in the case.
The court also relied on the military expert witnesses—including the defense's military expert, General Quilo Ayuso—to find that Rios Montt, as de facto head of state, knew or should have known about the actions identified in the indictment. ("[C]onsideramos que el acusado, José Efraín Ríos Montt, tuvo conocimiento de todo lo que estaba ocurriendo y no lo detuvo a pesar de tener el poder para evitar su perpetración.")
The court further relied on these experts to find that Rios Montt authorized the military operational plans. The court found that Rios Montt actively developed the national security plan. It also found that he ordered the development of Plan Victoria 82, knew of it and authorized its enactment.
The court ruled that the prosecution and civil parties had proved the concrete crimes identified in the indictment—the murder of 1,771 Ixiles, the forcible displacement of 29,000, and at least 9 cases of sexual violence, and various cases of torture. The court described the nature of the violence deployed against the Maya Ixil as including indiscriminate massacres, rape and sexual violence against women, infanticide, the destruction of crops to induce starvation, the abduction of children, and the forcible displacement and relocation of surviving populations into militarized "model villages."
The court also described the forced participation of the population into self-defense patrols (patrullas de auto-defensa civil, or PACs) as a method of destroying modes of self-governance and undermining local indigenous authorities—who implemented and enforced the obligation that men join the patrols.
Drawing on the evidence presented, the court was "totally convinced" that there was an intention on the part of the Guatemalan army to eliminate the Maya Ixil as an ethnic group, and that the elements of the crime of genocide were met. ("[E]stamos totalmente convencidos de la intención de producir la destrucción física del grupo ixil.") The court found that the crimes were committed as part of a systematic plan to destroy the Maya Ixil as a group, and not spontaneous acts. The court found that there was sufficient evidence presented of planning by the military high command, including in the aerial bombing campaigns in the mountains which affected the most vulnerable.
Racism, the tribunal found, was one of the causes of the genocide.
In reading a summary of the judgment, Judge Barrios highlighted that the military documents themselves demonstrated that, among the objectives of the armed forces was the destruction, at least in part, of the Maya Ixil, who it considered to be the enemy. Some of the military operational plans of the time—Plan Victoria 82, Plan Firmeza 83, and Plan Operacion Sofía—outlined efforts to systematically attack the Maya Ixil who were perceived to be rebellious, difficult to control and the social base of the guerrilla.
The court described Victoria 82 and Firmeza 83 as outlines of the military objectives, and Operacion Sofia as the concrete operationalization of these objectives. For instance, telegrams annexed to Plan Operacion Sofia establish that children were captured and detained in military installations, and that the military had control of the population.
The court found that the Army, under Rios Montt, did not distinguish between unarmed civilians and people who were armed. The court also noted the killing by soldiers of fetuses—"the seed that has to be eliminated"—as support for the finding of sufficient intent to commit genocide.
Women were raped, Judge Barrios said, not only as the "spoils of war," but as part of the systematic and intentional plan to destroy the Ixil ethnic group by exercising violence on women's bodies as a way to destroy the social fabric and thereby ensure the destruction of the Ixil population. Judge Barrios made specific reference to the testimony of one woman, who narrated how she was raped by more than 20 soldiers while she was held prisoner in a military base. The tribunal noted that sexual violence results in pain and suffering that is still experienced by many of the women, and that the violence has an inter-generational effect, noting that women reproduce life as well as culture.
The tribunal made reference to the forensic evidence presented in court, as well as statistical evidence presented by Patrick Ball showing that 5.5% of the Ixil population had been killed during the period in question—with the Ixil killed at a rate eight times higher than that of the ladino population.
Rodriguez Sanchez was acquitted of all charges. The court found that, as director of intelligence, Rodriguez Sanchez did not have command responsibility, and that his responsibility for and involvement in the crimes had not been sufficiently established.
The court relied in part on the prosecution's military expert, Robles Espinoza, who stated that the military intelligence unit (D2) was not involved in operations and could not authorize any actions. ("D2 no tiene injerencia en el campo de operaciones y no se le puede responsabilizar de ninguna acción.") The court did recognize that Rodriguez Sanchez, in his role as director of military intelligence, elaborated the military operational plans.
Despite Rodriguez Sanchez' acquittal, the court ordered him to remain detained (in a military hospital), as he has been, until the sentence is final (firme). According to his lawyer, the sentence should be entered on Friday, May 17, but it could take up to four months before the sentence is considered final.
In her concluding remarks, Judge Barrios stated, "without justice, there will be no peace." She affirmed that the implementation of justice helps with the recognition of the truth and the assurance that these types of crimes will not be repeated. She further ordered the Public Ministry to continue its investigations of others who may have responsibility for these crimes.
The tribunal scheduled two further hearings—on Monday, May 13 at 8:30 am to hear the court's ruling on reparations for the victims; and on Friday, May 17 at 3 pm for the reading of the full judgment.
The Courtroom: Before and After the Verdict
The mood was tense in the hours leading up to the sentencing. Witnesses, observers, and the press filed into the courtroom for the 8 am hearing. That final hearing of the trial included only Rodriguez Sanchez's final statement and a call for the parties to reconvene at 4 pm for the verdict. Many observers, fearful that they would not be able to get back into the building, or that there would be no more space in the courtroom, remained until the sentencing in the afternoon.
Early in the day, Judge Carol Patricia Flores, a pre-trial judge who handles evidentiary and other matters in connection with the case, generated uncertainty when she emitted a ruling re-affirming her April 18 annulment of the trial and its regression to November 2011—a time before the indictment of either Rios Montt or Rodriguez Sanchez. Some legal experts assured those present that once the oral phase of the trial was completed, no further injunctions could prevent the sentence from being handed down, but the uncertainty remained until the judges returned to issue the verdict just after 4 pm.
By the afternoon, the courtroom was packed to standing room only, and many struggled to enter. At the end of a turbulent week, expectations were high.
Supporters of the former head of state applauded Rios Montt's entry into the courtroom before the verdict was read, and strongly criticized the verdict afterwards. Family members of the two defendants were in the courtroom, including Rios Montt's daughter, Congresswoman Zury Rios Montt, as well as members of the Guatemalan Association of Military Veterans (AVEMILGUA) and the Foundation Against Terrorism (Fundacion Contra el Terrorismo), who have staunchly opposed the trial.
They were far outnumbered, however, by survivors, relatives of victims, and their supporters, who cheered in elation in response to the tribunal's verdict. Among those in attendance were Rigoberta Menchú, who brought the first genocide case against Rios Montt before a Spanish court (La Audiencia Nacional), and Helen Mack Chang, sister of Myrna Mack, who was killed in 1990 by members of the Presidential High Guard (Estado Mayor Presidencial) due to her work researching violence and its aftermath among Ixil and other Mayan communities.
Immediately after the pronouncement of the verdict, chaos broke out as it seemed that Rios Montt, with his attorney, Francisco Garcia Gudiel, was perhaps trying to leave the courtroom through a side door. Judge Barrios shouted that Rios Montt could not be permitted to leave without police escorts transporting him directly to prison.
"The sentence is condemnatory, and it must be implemented," Judge Barrios called out, her voice trembling. She ordered security to protect the two exits while she sought the support of the police and the Office of the Human Rights Ombudsman (Procuradoria de Derechos Humanos).
Judge Barrios also shouted to Rios Montt's attorneys: "As lawyers you must not obstruct the application of justice!" Judge Barrios told the lawyers that they could leave, but that the accused was prohibited from leaving. She restated that the panel of judges would remain in the courtroom until the police arrived to escort Rios Montt to prison. Judge Barrios urged the people in the gallery to begin filing out in an orderly fashion, though most remained until after Rios Montt was transported to prison.
Judge Barrios struggled to maintain order in the courtroom, and it took at least 30 minutes for the police escorts to arrive even though it had been anticipated that a verdict would be announced at that time. Security arrangements seemed improvised at best.
The press corps contributed to the chaos. Journalists and photographers swarmed around Rios Montt to register his reaction to the verdict. The press ignored the judge's repeated and strident demands that they step back from Rios Montt, instead continuing to register his declarations. At one point, the defense table collapsed under the weight of all the press leaning or sitting on it to get a shot of the now condemned general.
Eventually the National Police arrived, and the chaotic situation dissipated.
As calm returned to the courtroom, the crowd began to sing a poem by Otto Rene Castillo: "Here, no one cried / Here, we only want to be human / Eat, laugh, fall in love, live / Live life, not die." The song and its haunting words evoked the memory of those who died in Guatemala's internal armed conflict.
At around 6 pm, Rios Montt was escorted out of the courtroom to a cell at the Matamoros military base. As he left the room, more applause and chanting ensued: "Justice! Justice! Justice!" "This is what a real judge looks like!" And, simply, "Yassmin! Yassmin!," recognizing the tribunal's presiding judge. Some of the Maya Ixiles stood up and called out "Tantixh!"—thank you!—to the three judges, bowing their heads. Judge Barrios replied with appreciation of the recognition, but with insistence that "we are only doing our duty."
In the minutes between the verdict and Rios Montt's departure to Matamoros Prison, Rios Montt spoke willingly to the assembled press. According to media reports, he claimed that the tribunal was "an international show trial that will affect the heart and soul of the Guatemalan people." He affirmed that he was at peace, despite the court's verdict, as he believed he had obeyed the law and not caused bloodshed of his "brothers." ("Es un show político internacional que va a afectar el alma y el corazón del pueblo guatemalteco, pero nosotros tenemos paz porque nunca derramamos o no nos manchamos las manos de sangre de nuestros hermanos.")
In contrast to the statements of his most ardent defenders, who have asserted that the country needs to avoid prosecutions to prevent destabilization, Rios Montt said "the only way to have peace is through justice." However, he insisted that justice was lacking in the court's sentence. ("La única manera de tener paz es haciendo justicia y precisamente de eso adolecemos hoy.")
Rios Montt further stated that the judgment was not grounded in law and would be overturned, and that the judges ruled based on "institutional or personal" interests rather than the interests of the country.
Rios Montt's attorney, Garcia Gudiel, said that there were 12 pending legal challenges, and also asserted with confidence that the judgment would fall on appeal.
Reactions to the Verdict
The impact of the Rios Montt judgment has been hailed as historic. For the first time, a domestic court has proven capable of investigating, prosecuting and sentencing an accused former head of state for genocide. The Rios Montt trial and verdict are being discussed as an example of justice for Latin America and the world.
At the same time, due to the fact that the process unfolded in a context of massive and recurring legal and political challenges, many observers questioned at various stages whether this demonstrated that the obstacles to such a prosecution were too monumental for the Guatemalan justice system. The numerous legal challenges lodged at different judicial authorities stymied the trial for several weeks, and left even some of the lawyers confused. The prosecution and civil parties repeatedly identified their perception that the defense used these amparos, or constitutional challenges, as a way to threaten the continuation of the trial, rather than as legitimate efforts to protect the rights of the accused.
Further, at some critical instances, some highlighted that the trial demonstrated the risks of political interference and corruption. At the start of the trial, President Otto Perez Molina stated that, in his view and based on personal knowledge, he did not believe that there was genocide in Guatemala. After the temporary suspension of the trial, high-profile former government officials identified that the charges and the trial threaten to destabilize the country; soon after, President Perez Molina strongly endorsed this view. By this point, a witness had already implicated the president in controversial testimony.
President Perez Molina's position shifted markedly as the trial progressed. After the judgment, President Perez Molina insisted that he respected the independence of the judiciary and the trial's judgment in this case. He highlighted the verdict as an "opportunity" for reconciliation. However, he also noted that the sentence against Rios Montt had not yet been ratified. Moreover, he repeated his long-stated assertion that in Guatemala "there was no genocide"—qualifying this that it was "based on [his] experience." In an extended interview with CNN En Español after the conclusion of the trial, the president was forced again to confront the fact that a witness in the case had explicitly implicated him in related crimes.
The environment around the trial became increasingly polarized as it progressed, and that did not dissipate after the verdict. Throughout the trial, high-profile voices in Guatemala vociferously challenged criminal prosecutions of military officers for human rights violations. They contested that a genocide ever occurred and viewed the prosecution as undermining the role of the military in saving the country from falling into the hands of communist rule.
After the verdict, on Sunday, military families marched in front of the Matamoros military base in support of Rios Montt. Also on Sunday, the powerful business association CACIF (the Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations) called for the verdict to be overturned. CACIF rejected the tribunal's legal reasoning, saying the intention to commit genocide had not been adequately demonstrated; charged the tribunal with violating due process and other procedural guarantees; and insisted that the sentence was politically motivated, fuelled polarization and undermined the rule of law in Guatemala.
In the end, the recognition of the significance of the judgment was hailed by domestic and international actors. The Center for Legal Action for Human Rights (CALDH), one of the civil parties to the genocide trial, applauded the verdict, affirming that the judgment "confirms what has been claimed over the past 30 years, and acknowledges that crimes against humanity should be punished in order to ensure that they never again occur."
Sebastian Elgueta, representing Amnesty International, stated: "With this conviction, Guatemala leads by example in a region where entrenched impunity for past crimes sadly remains the norm." James Goldstone, Executive Director of the Open Society Justice Initiative, identified that this verdict demonstrates that accountability "for the gravest international crimes" is possible "despite the considerable political challenges that such prosecutions can face."
The U.S. Embassy in Guatemala also issued a statement on Sunday recognizing the verdict as important for the rule of law in Guatemala and an opportunity for "true reconciliation" and progress forward. In its statement, the Embassy highlighted that "it was not Guatemala, as a country, that was on trial, but two individuals, one of whom was acquitted and the other convicted."
For Helen Mack, a Guatemalan human rights defender, the trial marks a watershed for Guatemala—the first time Guatemala's indigenous population have had an opportunity to make their voices heard in a court of law, and a demonstration that truth and justice for the victims can be achieved through peaceful, democratic means.
Benjamin Geronimo, on behalf of the survivors' group Justice and Reconciliation Association, the civil party which initiated the case, recognized that this conviction is important but only part of a larger struggle. There will be certain appeals, and according to Geronimo, there should also be further prosecutions.
Emi MacLean, Legal Officer of the Open Society Justice Initiative, contributed to the research and writing of this blog.
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Home / Esports News
Marvel's Avengers: What Are The Harm Challenges? Full Challenge, How To and more!
By Nick Farrell
Easy XP!
The beta for the highly anticipated Marvel's Avengers is available today for all players!
While the game offers a full single-player campaign, much of its longevity is built around multiplayer.
Although video games based on movies have not fared in the past, this one is gearing up to be one of the best in quite some time.
Now, there is a set of challenges that players are struggling to figure out.
Here are the Harm challenges!
The Harm
Some players have not been able to unlock or figure out what they need to do to complete this set of challenges. As the game itself has not told some players what they need to do complete them.
However, thanks to FireMonkey_ who is one of the most well know gaming leakers, we now know what the challenges are.
They noted the following:
For those curious, the Harm challenges in the Avengers beta is to complete 10 waves of enemies 3 times
Or atleast thats what it was for me
— 🎄 Santa Ricky 🎄 (@FireMonkey__) August 8, 2020
So all players will need to do is make sure they survive 10 waves of enemies three times, which may be challenging at first.
However, we are sure you will be able to complete this!
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Fine ales and home cooked food in the Lake District
When we first spoke to Sophie and Michael at the Blacksmiths Arms in Broughton Mills, Cumbria they had an existing website which had been set up by the previous owners, with a charming sketch of the Blacksmiths Arms on the homepage. Focussing on the day-to-day running of their Lakeland inn, updating the website had fallen on the back-burner with the content becoming outdated and not relevant to what they were offering.
A popular, traditional Lake District establishment offering real ales and good food which is locally sourced, there was a desire for a website which felt more fitting with the quality of experience that the Blacksmiths Arms offers. In addition, they required a website which allowed them to easily update content as last minute as possible either directly or through on-hand support, in particular menus and opening hours which change seasonally.
We wanted to make the experience of building a new website as pain-free and seamless for Sophie and Michael as possible. In the background we built the framework of the WordPress website so that they had a visual template for how we could display the information, making it easier for them to write some up-to-date content for the site. Not wanting to lose the traditional feel of the Lakeland Inn, we opted for large header images of the professional photography they had taken of the Blacksmiths Arms.
Knowing that they are popular with locals as well as the many visitors to the nearby Cumbria and Lake District hotspots such as Coniston, Broughton-in-Furness and Ulverston, we made the contact details as visible as possible, and ensured that the site is entirely responsive and mobile friendly. We also wanted to bridge the old with the new - the website features one page for the history of the Blacksmiths Arms, and one page featuring a social media board which displays posts from their ever popular Facebook page, they also a serge of traffic on the day that their chef Mark Satterthwaite was on BBC MasterChef The Professionals, which our hosting coped easily with.
Overall the website is simple but stylishly built, communicating everything that a visitor to the cosy Lakeland inn would need to know whilst offering a glimpse at the true essence of the Blacksmiths Arms.
"A friendly, personal, yet professional service. We are delighted with our new website and the back-up support that Freshspace provide."
Sophie and Michael Lane, THE BLACKSMITHS ARMS


Your hosts, Lee and Donna Perry, relocated to Ann Arbor from Grand Blanc, MI in 2010. Lee, a retired obstetrician/gynecologist, and Donna, a former teacher, have three grown children and five special granddaughters, two of whom are the namesakes of Avalyn Garden.
Donna and Lee live on the premises with their goldendoodle, Molly, who is much loved and pampered, but not allowed to venture into the guest or public areas. They are looking forward to welcoming you to their bed and breakfast and sharing their knowledge of, and appreciation for, the Ann Arbor community.


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Het kabinet-Fransen van de Putte was een Nederlands kabinet in 1866 onder de facto leiderschap van Fransen van de Putte.

Nadat in januari dat jaar de minister van Binnenlandse Zaken Thorbecke en de minister van Justitie en Financiën Olivier hun ontslag hadden aangeboden, kreeg de voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer Van Reenen van koning Willem III de opdracht voor vervanging te zorgen. Deze weigerde de opdracht te aanvaarden, waarop de koning Fransen van de Putte aanstelde. De ministers die waren aangebleven, werden beschouwd als Puttianen, medestanders van Fransen van de Putte. Het liberale kabinet kwam al spoedig ten val over de grondpolitiek in Nederlands-Indië. Met steun van acht Thorbeckianen zorgden de conservatieven voor aanneming van een amendement-Poortman op de ontwerp-Cultuurwet. Dat amendement was onaanvaardbaar voor het kabinet.

De Cultuurwet van Fransen van de Putte moest in Nederlands-Indië verhuur van grond aan niet-inlandse bedrijven en grondbezit door inlanders mogelijk maken. Het amendement-Poortman beoogde inlanders wel het gebruiksrecht van de grond te geven, maar niet het bezit. Dat bezit moest in handen blijven van de dessa (het dorp).

Na aanneming van het amendement trok het kabinet op 18 mei 1866 het wetsvoorstel in en trad het af.

Ministers

Fransen van de Putte

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Guitarist Steve Vai reportedly once said that, upon hearing Prince cover one of his most popular songs, "Tender Surrender," his mind was blown. "I almost died!" he reportedly said.
Quartz points to an interview in which Miles Davis discussed Prince: "His father took him to see James Brown when he was young, he got on the stage and danced with him.
He has that, he has Jimi Hendrix, and Marvin Gaye. … He combines all that, all the time. That's what he is. And his concept on the stage is like Charlie Chaplin." Davis later compared Prince to Brown, Gaye, Hendrix, and Chaplin again in his 1989 autobiography, this time adding Sly, Little Richard, and Duke Ellington to the mix. "I think Prince's music is pointing toward the future," he wrote.
A 2004 video showcases Prince's brilliance on guitar.


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Home » Celebrities » Mark Consuelos returns home to Kelly Ripa after four-month work commitment
Mark Consuelos returns home to Kelly Ripa after four-month work commitment
Fox News Flash top entertainment headlines for December 15
Fox News Flash top entertainment and celebrity headlines are here. Check out what's clicking today in entertainment.
Mark Consuelos and Kelly Ripa have finally reunited after work commitments kept them apart for almost four months.
Consuelos was in Vancouver, Canada, shooting the new season of "Riverdale" while Ripa stayed in New York City to co-host her morning talk show.
The 49-year-old typically flies back and forth between Vancouver and New York but couldn't due to coronavirus quarantine compliance rules on set.
The actor made a special appearance Monday on "Live with Kelly and Ryan" and spoke about being separated from his better half for so long.
KELLY RIPA, MARK CONSUELOS TO PRODUCE TWO TRUE CRIME MOVIES WITH LIFETIME
"It was a nice reunion for sure," Consuelos told Ripa and Andy Cohen, who was filling in for Ryan Seacrest.
"In Vancouver, I don't sleep very well. I make it to the couch. I fall asleep around 9 and I wake up at about 1 o'clock in the morning and then I kind of go to bed around 2," he added. "This is the first time in three, four months that I've been actually sleeping."
Ripa chimed in, "He's very cuddly when his needs need to be met and then he detaches. I think if he could, he would beam himself back to Vancouver."
She joked, "I'm teasing, I'm teasing!"
The couple has been married for 24 years and shares three kids together – Michael, 23, Lola, 19, and Joaquin, 17.
Ripa returned to the set to film "Live" in New York City after remotely shooting since March, when she spent extended time with Consuelos.
(L-R) Kelly Ripa and Mark Consuelos reunited after four months apart because of work commitments.
(Kevin Mazur/Getty Images)
The "All My Children" alum revealed it was the longest consecutive period of time she spent with her husband since they got married in 1996.
"It was a testament that we really like each other. I'm sad not to wake up with him, it's very sad. I will miss him, that's all I can say," Ripa described.
She added: "So it was a good marriage honey, I really enjoyed the time we spent together."
Consuelos similarly reflected on their closeness amid the pandemic in an interview on SiriusXM's Radio special "Quarantine with Bruce" on Sept. 10.
"You kind of assess where you are with your relationship when you have to spend this much time together. And, and … we really like each other, which is great," he said.
Consuelos added: "I think families got to slow down just a little bit, especially in our world where we're traveling so much different countries, you know, different schedules. It was nice. It was really, really nice just to get that time together."
Fox News' Mariah Haas contributed to this report.
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This formula is made combining Jia Wei Xiao Feng San, Qing Bi Tang and Xin Yi San, with addition or deletion of various herbs.
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WorldMark Branson, MO RCI Gold Crown Resort … to the right; with just a glance you can tell you have arrived in the music mecca that is Branson, Missouri.
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Forty-one of you responded to my challenge last week, to complete the sentence, "Before I die, I want to . . . ." I had quoted Thomas Merton: "If you want to identify me, . . . ask me what I am living for, in detail, and ask me what I think is keeping me from living fully for the thing I want to live for." Were those forty-one responses your way of telling me who you are? Were they how you tell each other who you are?
Thirteen of you said something about your personal life. Some responses were lighter: You want to be a train engineer or go to Disney or see the Grand Canyon. Others were deeper: You want to live a full, joyful life full of happiness; you want to become a better person; you want to enjoy each day more and have fewer worries; you want to be at peace with yourself.
Two kinds of responses were divided into groups of equal numbers. Nine of you wrote something about relationships: You want to see your children happy in life, spend more time with family and less time with work, you want to be more loving, caring, and supportive to your friends in need. And nine others wrote about faith formation: You want to study and really know what God intends for us and fulfill the life God wants for you; you want to be a better Christian, live life to the fullest, serve God, have a peaceful departure.
Other responses had to do with serving others and sharing your faith. Five of you wrote about wanting to contribute to community, show love to others, serve God and help people more. And four of you said you want to help others find peace and joy in their faith, or let your children and grandchildren know how much God loves them, or make sure your family is prepared for whatever comes their way and be better Christians.
Now the question is, are those idle desires, things that would be nice someday, or, to borrow Merton's words, are those the desires that identify you? Are those the things you're living for? And are you willing to add the details that make them specifically defining of who you are? Are they things that give order to your life, and do they establish the priorities around which you make decisions about how you live each day?
Nicodemus came to Jesus one night with questions about the life Jesus described. I think Jesus was describing the abundant life Nicodemus dreamed about and wanted to live for, and I think Nicodemus didn't know how to get there despite all the details he had clustered around his dream. He simply didn't know how to take the next step. And when Jesus told him that no one can even see that life without being reborn, this time "from above" (John 3:3), Nicodemus hit the wall of his own intellect, his own ability to create the results he desired. "How can that happen?" he wanted to know (John 3:9).
Maybe it would start for Nicodemus like it started for Abram. He would have to leave his kindred and his father's house (Gen. 12:1) – leave the life he had known, the world into which he had been so effectively socialized, and start the journey toward something new. And he would have to start the journey without knowing what the destination looked like, which meant he would have to give up his favorite visions of what his future would hold. He would have to trust that God would show him the destination, in God's own time.
Knowing our destination is not journeying in faith; it's simply relying on our own wits and expecting God to help us, and it's bound to bring us to a dead end sooner or later. But cutting loose from what holds us, surrendering even the things we're living for in all their precious details, and stepping out toward something God will show us in God's own time – now there's a journey of faith, there's the labor of new birth, there's the first step into the Promised Land.
So forget about giving up your trifling indulgences for Lent. Instead, give up all you know, all you have counted on in the future, and throw yourself into the mercy of a loving God.
I read this recently: Lord God. We ask that you make us expectant rather than planners: we ask you to make us seekers rather than know-all's. Prayer of George McLeod.(founder of a monastic community in Iona) I've felt very challenged lately to 'begin again' fixing my eyes on Jesus and letting Him author not me. a blank page, not knowing but knowing the One who does, takes a deeply significant trust. Your last paragrapgh isnt a concept but a reality God is lovingly beckoning us to.
Thank you for your comment. That last paragraph is for me a deepening reality and a deepening challenge, one that I find to be enriching my life in hard and unexpected ways. It feels more real than I knew reality could be, and more of a blessing.
← Before I die . . .


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Iron Lake O'Connor Series
Iron Lake O'Connor Series quantity
EAN: N/A Categories: Adventure, Mystery & Thriller, Fiction
Iron Lake "Cork" O'Connor Series by William Kent Krueger
Part Irish, part Anishinaabe Indian, Corcoran "Cork" O'Connor is the former sheriff of Aurora, Minnesota. Embittered by his "former" status, and the marital meltdown that has separated him from his children, Cork gets by on heavy doses of caffeine, nicotine, and guilt. Once a cop on Chicago's South Side, there's not much that can shock him. But when the town's judge is brutally murdered, and a young Eagle Scout is reported missing, Cork takes on a mind-jolting case of conspiracy, corruption, and scandal.
As a lakeside blizzard buries Aurora, Cork must dig out the truth among town officials who seem dead-set on stopping his investigation in its tracks. But even Cork freezes up when faced with the harshest enemy of all: a small-town secret that hits painfully close to home.
The Man Who Died Twice
Murder at Mallowan Hall
The Center Cannot Hold


text:
Remembering David Brumbaugh
Multiple capitol sources are confirming news of the passing of Rep. David Brumbaugh, of Broken Arrow. David served these past sessions as chairman of the Republican Caucus. He and his wife & daughters reside in Broken Arrow and represent a large portion of BA in the state legislature.
Brumbaugh was elected in 2010 and his seat is known as a bastion of Tea Party conservatism. David also operated an energy company. His ancestry includes two former Oklahoma governors, according to an interview he made for the capitol media services.
Funeral plans are not yet released and further details will be expected Sunday.
Sources close to the family say Brumbaugh had been suffering from complications of diabetes and a heart condition was also a concern. He's been seen using a cane from time to time.
Brumbaugh served as a state co-chair for the Ted Cruz campaign and Brumbaugh also served Oklahoma Republicans as a delegate to the GOP National Convention, in Cleveland, OH.
David Van Risseghem reports the events and adds some perspective.
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X Counts have not been handled well by the results systems used for Vegas. The results come from two main sources. The NFAA's website and Ianseo.
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Ianseo simply doesn't display X's for each round, only the total.


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Duke Of Windsor (King Edward VIII)
Nazis In England
U.S Terrorism Prince Philip Pictured at Nazi Funeral/The Nazi Relative that the Royals Disowned
Prince Philip Pictured at Nazi Funeral/The Nazi Relative that the Royals Disowned
Alex Constantine - December 16, 2007
Prince Philip Pictured at Nazi Funeral
by ANDREW LEVY, Daily Mail
Prince Philip (circled) at the Nazi funeral in 1937
Prince Philip has broken a 60-year public silence about his family's links with the Nazis.
In a frank interview, he said they found Hitler's attempts to restore Germany's power and prestige 'attractive' and admitted they had 'inhibitions about the Jews'.
The revelations come in a book about German royalty kowtowing to the Nazis, which features photographs never published in the UK.
They include one of Philip aged 16 at the 1937 funeral of his elder sister Cecile, flanked by relatives in SS and Brownshirt uniforms.
One row back in the cortege in Darmstadt, western Germany, was his uncle, Lord Mountbatten, wearing a Royal Navy bicorn hat.
Another picture shows his youngest sister, Sophia, sitting opposite Hitler at the wedding of Hermann and Emmy Goering.
Explaining the attraction of the Nazis, 84-year-old Prince Philip told an American academic: "There was a great improvement in things like trains running on time and building. There was a sense of hope after the depressing chaos of the Weimar Republic.
"I can understand people latching on to something or somebody who appeared to be appealing to their patriotism and trying to get things going. You can understand how attractive it was."
He added that there was 'a lot of enthusiasm for the Nazis at the time, the economy was good, we were anti-Communist and who knew what was going to happen to the regime?'
Philip stressed that he was never 'conscious of anybody in the family actually expressing anti-Semitic views'. But he went on to say there were 'inhibitions about the Jews' and 'jealousy of their success'.
Philip was born Prince of Greece and Denmark on Corfu in 1921, the youngest of five children and the only son of Prince Andrew of Greece and Princess Alice of Battenberg. All four of his sisters married German princes and three - Sophie, Cecile and Margarita - became members of the Nazi party.
Sophia's husband, Prince Christoph of Hesse, became chief of Goering's secret intelligence service and they were frequent guests at Nazi functions.
Philip went on to fight with distinction for the Allies in the Second World War before marrying the young Princess Elizabeth in 1947, five years before she became Queen. He served with the Royal Navy where, by 1945, he had risen to the rank of first lieutenant on a destroyer and was mentioned in despatches.
All of his sisters and brothers-inlaw are now dead but he keeps in contact with his German relatives.
His comments on the family's Nazi connections appear in Royals and the Reich, by Jonathan Petropoulos, to be published in Britain in May.
The Nazi Relative that the Royals Disowned
By MICHAEL THORNTON
Behind the Queen's diamond wedding is the extraordinary untold story of howher marriage was almost scuppered by Philip's links to one of Hitler's closest henchmen...
The scene was one of devastation and squalor.
At a prisoner-of-war camp in Germany, in the weeks following the death of Hitler and the fall of the Third Reich, a 60-year-old man, crippled by arthritis, stumbled painfully round a rubbish dump.
He scrabbled in the rotting refuse until he discovered an old tin can. Starving, he pulled up grass to add to the thin soup his American captors allowed him for sustenance.
No one looking at him would have believed that this forlorn figure had once been one of the richest and highest-ranking men in Britain, a royal duke, the grandson of Queen Victoria, a Knight of the Garter, and the first cousin of kings and emperors.
Against his own wishes, fate had exiled him to a land where he never chose to live and placed him on the losing side in two World Wars.
Now he was a prisoner, ostracised by his royal relations and branded a traitor to his country.
The tragic history of Prince Charles Edward, to be explored next week in a TV documentary, has a certain ironic relevance to the recent diamond wedding anniversary celebrations of the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh.
Sitting quietly in Westminster Abbey at the service of thanksgiving two weeks ago was a small group of former royal personages with names and faces hardly known to the British public.
Their presence was significant.
It testified to the fact that the marriage of Elizabeth and Philip, though a popular fairy tale in the glamour-starved years of post-war austerity and now regarded as a source of stability to Britain's monarchy, was by no means hailed with rejoicing in royal circles 60 years ago.
In fact, evidence that is still held off-limits in secret archives suggests that it almost never happened at all.
The little group of ex-royals to whom I have referred were described in the media as "Prince Philip's distant German relations".
Relations, yes. Distant, no.
They were Philip's nieces and nephews, the children of his sisters, all three of whom were excluded from receiving invitations to the royal wedding in 1947, owing to the fact that their husbands were German officers, in some cases with strong Nazi connections.
Philip's youngest sister, Princess Sophie of Hanover, had married Prince Christopher of Hesse-Cassel, who was an SS Colonel attached to Heinrich Himmler's personal staff and became head of the sinister Forschungsamt - a security service under Hermann Goering's command that carried out surveillance on anti-Nazis.
Sophie and Christopher even named their eldest son Karl Adolf in Hitler's honour.
Christopher's brother, Prince Philip of Hesse-Cassel, had joined the National Socialist party in 1930, becoming the Nazi governor of Hesse in 1933, and later acted as the liaison between Hitler and Mussolini.
Our own Prince Philip, who Anglicised his name to Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, really had the Germansounding family name of Schleswig-Holstein- Sonderburg-Glucksburg.
Although his marriage to the young Elizabeth was skilfully promoted and manipulated by Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten, and the Princess had been deeply infatuated with the tall, blond, Viking Prince for at least eight years, the match was bitterly opposed at the very highest levels.
Leading the opposition was Philip's future mother-in-law, Queen Elizabeth, afterwards the hugely popular Queen Mother.
One of her brothers, Captain Fergus Bowes-Lyon, had been killed at 26 fighting at the Battle of Loos in 1915. Queen Elizabeth had a dislike of Germans, and this had increased through the scenes of destruction she had witnessed during her visits to the blitzed areas of Britain.
Now, here was her daughter, who would one day be monarch, proposing to marry - only two years after the defeat of the Third Reich - a Prince of German blood, whose four sisters had all married Germans and whose brothers-in-law had fought for Hitler.
Queen Elizabeth, who was shrewd and had a highly developed sense of expediency, was aware that there was a new, post-war spirit of republicanism in the air.
She thought this marriage - to a man she referred to in private as "The Hun" - was dangerous, and that it risked reminding people that her husband's family was German in origin, descended from the Hanoverians, and that her own mother-in-law, Queen Mary, was a German Princess.
"Queen Elizabeth opposed the marriage," said her friend, the Dowager Lady Hardinge of Penshurst.
"She distrusted the Mountbattens, and felt that her daughter ought to marry a British duke. She lobbied against it, and said to me at the time: 'The trouble is that Philip is so impossibly attractive, and Lilibet (Princess Elizabeth) just cannot see beyond that.'"
In the end, with deep misgivings, the King and Queen gave their consent and the marriage went ahead.
But Philip's sisters and their husbands were excluded.
The only member of his German family to be invited was his mother, Princess Alice, and even she was requested to divest herself of the sombre grey nun's habit she had adopted after suffering a nervous breakdown when her bisexual husband, Prince Andrew of Greece, left her for a mistress in Monte Carlo.
But there was one royal figure whose scandalous life and career perhaps did more than anything else to unite the opposition to Philip's entry into the Royal Family.
This was his cousin, the British-born Prince Charles Edward.
At the time of Philip's marriage, Charlie was living in obscurity and utter disgrace, ostracised by all but one of his royal relations and reviled as a traitor to Britain.
The Channel 4 documentary traces the tragic tale of how this man, born into the British Royal Family, was forced against his will into accepting a German dukedom, found himself fighting for theKaiser in World War I, was deprived of all his British titles and branded a "traitor peer" - and then, even more tragically, assisted Hitler's rise to power and ended his days as a convicted Nazi.
His Royal Highness Prince Leopold Charles Edward, second Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence and Baron Arklow, was born at Claremont House, Surrey, on July 19, 1884.
He was Queen Victoria's favourite grandson. King George V was his first cousin - as were Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, and Russia's last Czar, Nicholas II.
"He was a very happy little boy," says his granddaughter, Victoria Huntington-Whiteley.
But Charlie, as he was known in the family, had a tragic destiny in store for him.
When he was a carefree 14-year-old schoolboy at Eton, his mother, the widowed Duchess of Albany, wrote to him: "Don't forget work and duty over your pleasures. Don't be lazy and indolent.
"If my words read hard, understand that they come out of a full heart, full of love and anxiety, to help you become a good man, so that you bring no shame on Papa's name."
But while he was still only a boy, his grandmother, Queen Victoria, made a decision that was to ruin his life.
She decreed that Charlie should become Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the German principality from which the Queen's husband Albert had come.
Charlie's granddaughter Victoria says: "He didn't know anything about Germany. He couldn't even speak the language. He didn't want to go".
But Queen Victoria insisted.
And so, at 16, Charles Edward was forced to leave his home and become Carl Eduard, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, with 13 castles in Germany and Austria, hunting lodges, hotels, a power station, tens of thousands of hectares of rich arable farmland in Bavaria and a duchy with an income worth £17million in today's value.
He was enrolled at Germany's top military academy by the bombastic Kaiser, who then married off Charlie to his own niece, Victoria, by whom he had three sons and a daughter.
And when, in 1914, war was declared following the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Charlie found himself in the nightmare situation of fighting for the Kaiser against the country of his birth.
In Britain, as the great monarchies of Europe - the Hapsburgs of Austria, the Romanovs of Russia, and finally the Hohenzollerns of Germany - tumbled from power, Charlie's first cousin, King George V, hastened to dump the German name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and adopted Windsor as the new title of Britain's royal dynasty. Charlie was left high and dry.
After the war ended in 1918, worse was to follow. George V removed all Charlie's British titles as well as the status of Royal Highness, and struck his name from the register of the Knights of the Garter. He was declared 'a traitor peer".
Germany was now a republic, and Charlie, believing that Communism was responsible, tragically allied himself with the extreme right-wing group led by a charismatic and ranting former army corporal - Adolf Hitler.
By 1933, when Hitler seized power as Chancellor of Germany, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg was among his most fervent supporters.
Charlie returned to Britain in 1936 to attend George V's funeral, but because he no longer had the right to wear a British uniform, he shockingly wore German military attire, complete with a stormtrooper's metal helmet.
As president of the newly-formed Anglo-German Fellowship, he tried to engineer personal dealings between his cousin, the new pro-German King Edward VIII, and Hitler.
When Edward's abdication only 11 months later scuppered that plan, Charlie again found himself out in the cold, treated with icy distance by the new King, George VI, and his dominant and strong-minded consort, Queen Elizabeth, who wanted no part of him.
Hitler made him president of the German Red Cross, in which he presided over the horrific programme of enforced euthanasia, in which some 100,000 mostly disabled people, including children, judged by the Nazis unworthy of life, were murdered. The extent of his involvement in this barbarism was never really established.
When war inevitably came in 1939, Charlie once again found himself on the wrong side.
His three sons were sent to fight for the Germans, and one of them, Prince Hubertus, was killed on the Eastern front.
As the Allies advanced, Hitler, before committing suicide in his crumbling Berlin bunker, sent a telegram to Charlie in Coburg, warning him not to fall into the hands of the Americans.
Yet that is precisely what happened.
In spite of being a cousin of King George VI, he was held in the harshest internment camps.
The one member of the British Royal Family who had always stood by him, his sister Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, flew to Germany with her husband and was horrified to find him starving, "scavenging on a rubbish dump to find a tin to eat from".
Put on trial as a Nazi, Charlie pleaded not guilty.
He claimed he had acted honourably and did not know of any crimes by the regime. He was not believed.
Though he was exonerated of complicity in actual war crimes, he was judged to have been "an important Nazi".
His houses and estates were confiscated, and he was almost bankrupted by heavy fines. Only his failing health saved him from remaining in prison.
Now a penniless, convicted criminal, he was given a chauffeur's cottage in the stables of one of his estates.
"He thought it was wonderful," relates his granddaughter Victoria.
"He had everything he loved.
"He had his wife, he had pictures, he had his little dog. And it didn't matter how small, it could have been even one room, he would have been happy not to be in prison any more."
By this time, Charles Edward had cancer, he was crippled by arthritis and blind in one eye.
He was exiled for ever from Britain and would never be permitted to return to the land it was deemed he had betrayed.
Yet, even in his disgrace, he was unable to let go of his royal birthright.
In 1953 he made one last journey from his house to a cinema in Coburg, to watch a colour film of the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey.
His granddaughter Victoria says: "I think he would have cried, seeing all his relations, especially his sister, and he would have thought: 'So sad I can't be there with them. It could have been me sitting there, too.'
"And for him, I think that must have been the worst moment."
The man ordered to leave his homeland as a 16-year-old Eton schoolboy clung on to one last memento he had brought with him from England.
"He always slept in a particular bed, which came from Claremont House. He said it was his little bit of England, as he could never come to England again."
He died in that bed on March 6, 1954, at the age of 69.
Prince Charles Edward, sometime Duke of Albany, and later, at his grandmother Queen Victoria's insistence, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, is never mentioned today in the British Royal Family.
He has been airbrushed from the history of the House of Windsor.
Yet his adored sister Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, became one of Britain's best-loved royals, a game old lady who was the only member of the Queen's family to travel on public transport.
She made her final appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace in 1977, at the age of 94, for the Queen's Silver Jubilee, standing in almost the same place as she had as a child, 90 years earlier, for Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. She died in 1981.
Elizabeth II has made four State visits to Germany, but Coburg, where her disgraced cousin Charlie reigned as Duke, remains one town she has never entered.
• Hitler's Favourite Royal is on Channel 4 at 9pm next Thursday.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=498894&in_page_id=1770
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text:
2014년3월20일
표지 기사: 모션 인식 세포인 DSGC의 정보 처리에 관여하는 대뇌 피질 내 영역
방광암의 분자생물학적 특성 분석 및 잠재적 치료 타깃 확인
뼈 내 특정 혈관 상피세포에 의한 신생혈관 형성과 골 생성 간의 상관 관계
항생제, 파넥신 1 채널, 그리고 아폽토시스 간의 예상치 못한 관련성
안드로메다 II 내 낮은 질량 은하계 간의 병합 관측
지잘학적 기간 동안 황화물 산화 및 탄산염 용해를 통한 이산화탄소 공급
공룡 깃털 내의 핵심 생리학적 변화를 확인할 수 있었던 멜라노솜 진화 연구
In vivo 이미지 촬영을 통한 장내 줄기세포의 다이나믹 한 기능 수행 분석
자가면역성 질환 위험성과 관련된 IL-35 생성 B 세포
IRX3와 연관된 장기적인 FTO 내 기능과 비만 간의 상관 관계
What lies beneath p.273
A focus on specific biological targets rather than constellations of symptoms heralds a more scientific approach to the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
How to get ahead p.273
The success of the $1,000 genome programme offers lessons for fostering innovation.
Past wisdom p.274
The recent Nature PastCast series is instructive as well as entertaining.
Telescope captures view of gravitational waves p.281
Images of the infant Universe reveal evidence for rapid inflation after the Big Bang.
Stem-cell method faces fresh questions p.283
Papers describing acid-bath technique under more scrutiny after institute's investigation finds errors in methodology.
Incoming NSF director faces challenges in Congress p.285
Former Purdue University president France Córdova inherits an agency at a crossroads.
Water returns to arid Colorado River delta p.286
US–Mexico agreement paves the way for a rare environmental test.
NIH rethinks psychiatry trials p.288
Mental-health division will no longer fund research aiming to relieve symptoms without probing underlying causes.
Tuning the brain p.290
Deep brain stimulation has shown promise in treating conditions such as Parkinson's disease. Now scientists are using the technology to eavesdrop on problem neural circuits.
The $1,000 genome p.294
With a unique programme, the US government has managed to drive the cost of genome sequencing down towards a much-anticipated target.
Near-Earth space shows its stripes p.308
Electrons in Earth's magnetic field often exhibit a striped pattern of intensity as a function of electron energy and altitude. A model that factors in some unexpectedly important effects can now explain this feature. See Letter p.338
Closing the distance on obesity culprits p.309
Genetic variation in a non-protein-coding region of the gene FTO is implicated in obesity. A study finds evidence that, rather than affecting FTO itself, variations in this region influence expression of a distant gene, IRX3. See Letter p.371
Photonics illuminates the future of radar p.310
The first implementation of a fully photonics-based coherent radar system shows how photonic methods for radio-frequency signal generation and measurement may facilitate the development of software-defined radar systems. See Letter p.341
The disassembly of death p.312
During the cell-death program known as apoptosis, cells break up into membrane-bound fragments. It emerges that this process is controlled by the protein pannexin 1 and can be deregulated by an antibiotic. See Article p.329
Vessels of rejuvenation p.313
The identification of specialized endothelial-cell populations in the blood vessels of bones, and their signalling pathways, reveals how the vasculature contributes to bone formation. See Article p.323 & Letter p.376
Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma OPEN p.315
This paper reports integrative molecular analyses of urothelial bladder carcinoma at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels performed as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas project; recurrent mutations were found in 32 genes, including those involved in cell-cycle regulation, chromatin regulation and kinase signalling pathways; chromatin regulatory genes were more frequently mutated in urothelial carcinoma than in any other common cancer studied so far.
Coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis by a specific vessel subtype in bone p.323
Bone homeostasis and repair declines with ageing and the mechanisms regulating the relationship between bone growth and blood vessel formation have remained unknown; this mouse study identifies the endothelial cells that promote the formation of new bone, a small microvessel subtype that can be identified by high CD31 and high Emcn expression.
Unexpected link between an antibiotic, pannexin channels and apoptosis p.329
The pannexin 1 channel on the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells mediates the release of find-me molecular signals to attract phagocytic cells for clearance of the apoptotic cells; here the quinolone antibiotic trovafloxacin is identified as a direct inhibitor of pannexin 1, which results in dysregulated fragmentation of apoptotic cells and may partly explain quinolone toxicity.
The remnant of a merger between two dwarf galaxies in Andromeda II p.335
Driven by gravity, massive structures like galaxies and clusters of galaxies are believed to grow continuously through hierarchical merging and accretion of smaller systems. Observational evidence of accretion events is provided by the coherent stellar streams crossing the outer haloes of massive galaxies, such as the Milky Way or Andromeda. At similar mass scales, around 1011 solar masses in stars, further evidence of merging activity is also ample. Mergers of lower-mass galaxies are expected within the hierarchical process of galaxy formation, but have hitherto not been seen for galaxies with less than about 109 solar masses in stars. Here we report the kinematic detection of a stellar stream in one of the satellite galaxies of Andromeda, the dwarf spheroidal Andromeda II, which has a mass of only 107 solar masses in stars. The properties of the stream show that we are observing the remnant of a merger between two dwarf galaxies. This had a drastic influence on the dynamics of the remnant, which is now rotating around its projected major axis. The stellar stream in Andromeda II illustrates the scale-free character of the formation of galaxies, down to the lowest galactic mass scales.
Rotationally driven 'zebra stripes' in Earth's inner radiation belt p.338
Structured features on top of nominally smooth distributions of radiation-belt particles at Earth have been previously associated with particle acceleration and transport mechanisms powered exclusively by enhanced solar-wind activity. Although planetary rotation is considered to be important for particle acceleration at Jupiter and Saturn, the electric field produced in the inner magnetosphere by Earth's rotation can change the velocity of trapped particles by only about 1–2 kilometres per second, so rotation has been thought inconsequential for radiation-belt electrons with velocities of about 100,000 kilometres per second. Here we report that the distributions of energetic electrons across the entire spatial extent of Earth's inner radiation belt are organized in regular, highly structured and unexpected 'zebra stripes', even when the solar-wind activity is low. Modelling reveals that the patterns are produced by Earth's rotation. Radiation-belt electrons are trapped in Earth's dipole-like magnetic field, where they undergo slow longitudinal drift motion around the planet because of the gradient and curvature of the magnetic field. Earth's rotation induces global diurnal variations of magnetic and electric fields that resonantly interact with electrons whose drift period is close to 24 hours, modifying electron fluxes over a broad energy range into regular patterns composed of multiple stripes extending over the entire span of the inner radiation belt.
A fully photonics-based coherent radar system p.341
The next generation of radar (radio detection and ranging) systems needs to be based on software-defined radio to adapt to variable environments, with higher carrier frequencies for smaller antennas and broadened bandwidth for increased resolution. Today's digital microwave components (synthesizers and analogue-to-digital converters) suffer from limited bandwidth with high noise at increasing frequencies, so that fully digital radar systems can work up to only a few gigahertz, and noisy analogue up- and downconversions are necessary for higher frequencies. In contrast, photonics provide high precision and ultrawide bandwidth, allowing both the flexible generation of extremely stable radio-frequency signals with arbitrary waveforms up to millimetre waves, and the detection of such signals and their precise direct digitization without downconversion. Until now, the photonics-based generation and detection of radio-frequency signals have been studied separately and have not been tested in a radar system. Here we present the development and the field trial results of a fully photonics-based coherent radar demonstrator carried out within the project PHODIR. The proposed architecture exploits a single pulsed laser for generating tunable radar signals and receiving their echoes, avoiding radio-frequency up- and downconversion and guaranteeing both the software-defined approach and high resolution. Its performance exceeds state-of-the-art electronics at carrier frequencies above two gigahertz, and the detection of non-cooperating aeroplanes confirms the effectiveness and expected precision of the system.
Sulphide oxidation and carbonate dissolution as a source of CO2 over geological timescales p.346
The observed stability of Earth's climate over millions of years is thought to depend on the rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) release from the solid Earth being balanced by the rate of CO2 consumption by silicate weathering. During the Cenozoic era, spanning approximately the past 66 million years, the concurrent increases in the marine isotopic ratios of strontium, osmium and lithium suggest that extensive uplift of mountain ranges may have stimulated CO2 consumption by silicate weathering, but reconstructions of sea-floor spreading do not indicate a corresponding increase in CO2 inputs from volcanic degassing. The resulting imbalance would have depleted the atmosphere of all CO2 within a few million years. As a result, reconciling Cenozoic isotopic records with the need for mass balance in the long-term carbon cycle has been a major and unresolved challenge in geochemistry and Earth history. Here we show that enhanced sulphide oxidation coupled to carbonate dissolution can provide a transient source of CO2 to Earth's atmosphere that is relevant over geological timescales. Like drawdown by means of silicate weathering, this source is probably enhanced by tectonic uplift, and so may have contributed to the relative stability of the partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 during the Cenozoic. A variety of other hypotheses have been put forward to explain the 'Cenozoic isotope-weathering paradox', and the evolution of the carbon cycle probably depended on multiple processes. However, an important role for sulphide oxidation coupled to carbonate dissolution is consistent with records of radiogenic isotopes, atmospheric CO2 partial pressure and the evolution of the Cenozoic sulphur cycle, and could be accounted for by geologically reasonable changes in the global dioxygen cycle, suggesting that this CO2 source should be considered a potentially important but as yet generally unrecognized component of the long-term carbon cycle.
Melanosome evolution indicates a key physiological shift within feathered dinosaurs p.350
Inference of colour patterning in extinct dinosaurs has been based on the relationship between the morphology of melanin-containing organelles (melanosomes) and colour in extant bird feathers. When this relationship evolved relative to the origin of feathers and other novel integumentary structures, such as hair and filamentous body covering in extinct archosaurs, has not been evaluated. Here we sample melanosomes from the integument of 181 extant amniote taxa and 13 lizard, turtle, dinosaur and pterosaur fossils from the Upper-Jurassic and Lower-Cretaceous of China. We find that in the lineage leading to birds, the observed increase in the diversity of melanosome morphologies appears abruptly, near the origin of pinnate feathers in maniraptoran dinosaurs. Similarly, mammals show an increased diversity of melanosome form compared to all ectothermic amniotes. In these two clades, mammals and maniraptoran dinosaurs including birds, melanosome form and colour are linked and colour reconstruction may be possible. By contrast, melanosomes in lizard, turtle and crocodilian skin, as well as the archosaurian filamentous body coverings (dinosaur 'protofeathers' and pterosaur 'pycnofibres'), show a limited diversity of form that is uncorrelated with colour in extant taxa. These patterns may be explained by convergent changes in the key melanocortin system of mammals and birds, which is known to affect pleiotropically both melanin-based colouration and energetic processes such as metabolic rate in vertebrates, and may therefore support a significant physiological shift in maniraptoran dinosaurs.
The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans p.354
Genomic studies have shown that Neanderthals interbred with modern humans, and that non-Africans today are the products of this mixture. The antiquity of Neanderthal gene flow into modern humans means that genomic regions that derive from Neanderthals in any one human today are usually less than a hundred kilobases in size. However, Neanderthal haplotypes are also distinctive enough that several studies have been able to detect Neanderthal ancestry at specific loci. We systematically infer Neanderthal haplotypes in the genomes of 1,004 present-day humans. Regions that harbour a high frequency of Neanderthal alleles are enriched for genes affecting keratin filaments, suggesting that Neanderthal alleles may have helped modern humans to adapt to non-African environments. We identify multiple Neanderthal-derived alleles that confer risk for disease, suggesting that Neanderthal alleles continue to shape human biology. An unexpected finding is that regions with reduced Neanderthal ancestry are enriched in genes, implying selection to remove genetic material derived from Neanderthals. Genes that are more highly expressed in testes than in any other tissue are especially reduced in Neanderthal ancestry, and there is an approximately fivefold reduction of Neanderthal ancestry on the X chromosome, which is known from studies of diverse species to be especially dense in male hybrid sterility genes. These results suggest that part of the explanation for genomic regions of reduced Neanderthal ancestry is Neanderthal alleles that caused decreased fertility in males when moved to a modern human genetic background.
A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal ganglion cells to the primary visual cortex p.358
How specific features in the environment are represented within the brain is an important unanswered question in neuroscience. A subset of retinal neurons, called direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), are specialized for detecting motion along specific axes of the visual field. Despite extensive study of the retinal circuitry that endows DSGCs with their unique tuning properties, their downstream circuitry in the brain and thus their contribution to visual processing has remained unclear. In mice, several different types of DSGCs connect to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the visual thalamic structure that harbours cortical relay neurons. Whether direction-selective information computed at the level of the retina is routed to cortical circuits and integrated with other visual channels, however, is unknown. Here we show that there is a di-synaptic circuit linking DSGCs with the superficial layers of the primary visual cortex (V1) by using viral trans-synaptic circuit mapping and functional imaging of visually driven calcium signals in thalamocortical axons. This circuit pools information from several types of DSGCs, converges in a specialized subdivision of the dLGN, and delivers direction-tuned and orientation-tuned signals to superficial V1. Notably, this circuit is anatomically segregated from the retino-geniculo-cortical pathway carrying non-direction-tuned visual information to deeper layers of V1, such as layer 4. Thus, the mouse harbours several functionally specialized, parallel retino-geniculo-cortical pathways, one of which originates with retinal DSGCs and delivers direction- and orientation-tuned information specifically to the superficial layers of the primary visual cortex. These data provide evidence that direction and orientation selectivity of some V1 neurons may be influenced by the activation of DSGCs.
Intestinal crypt homeostasis revealed at single-stem-cell level by in vivo live imaging p.362
The rapid turnover of the mammalian intestinal epithelium is supported by stem cells located around the base of the crypt. In addition to the Lgr5 marker, intestinal stem cells have been associated with other markers that are expressed heterogeneously within the crypt base region. Previous quantitative clonal fate analyses have led to the proposal that homeostasis occurs as the consequence of neutral competition between dividing stem cells. However, the short-term behaviour of individual Lgr5+ cells positioned at different locations within the crypt base compartment has not been resolved. Here we establish the short-term dynamics of intestinal stem cells using the novel approach of continuous intravital imaging of Lgr5-Confetti mice. We find that Lgr5+ cells in the upper part of the niche (termed 'border cells') can be passively displaced into the transit-amplifying domain, after the division of proximate cells, implying that the determination of stem-cell fate can be uncoupled from division. Through quantitative analysis of individual clonal lineages, we show that stem cells at the crypt base, termed 'central cells', experience a survival advantage over border stem cells. However, through the transfer of stem cells between the border and central regions, all Lgr5+ cells are endowed with long-term self-renewal potential. These findings establish a novel paradigm for stem-cell maintenance in which a dynamically heterogeneous cell population is able to function long term as a single stem-cell pool.
IL-35-producing B cells are critical regulators of immunity during autoimmune and infectious diseases p.366
B lymphocytes have critical roles as positive and negative regulators of immunity. Their inhibitory function has been associated primarily with interleukin 10 (IL-10) because B-cell-derived IL-10 can protect against autoimmune disease and increase susceptibility to pathogens. Here we identify IL-35-producing B cells as key players in the negative regulation of immunity. Mice in which only B cells did not express IL-35 lost their ability to recover from the T-cell-mediated demyelinating autoimmune disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast, these mice displayed a markedly improved resistance to infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as shown by their superior containment of the bacterial growth and their prolonged survival after primary infection, and upon secondary challenge, compared to control mice. The increased immunity found in mice lacking IL-35 production by B cells was associated with a higher activation of macrophages and inflammatory T cells, as well as an increased function of B cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). During Salmonella infection, IL-35- and IL-10-producing B cells corresponded to two largely distinct sets of surface-IgM+CD138hiTACI+CXCR4+CD1dintTim1int plasma cells expressing the transcription factor Blimp1 (also known as Prdm1). During EAE, CD138+ plasma cells were also the main source of B-cell-derived IL-35 and IL-10. Collectively, our data show the importance of IL-35-producing B cells in regulation of immunity and highlight IL-35 production by B cells as a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune and infectious diseases. This study reveals the central role of activated B cells, particularly plasma cells, and their production of cytokines in the regulation of immune responses in health and disease.
Obesity-associated variants within FTO form long-range functional connections with IRX3 p.371
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reproducibly associated variants within introns of FTO with increased risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although the molecular mechanisms linking these noncoding variants with obesity are not immediately obvious, subsequent studies in mice demonstrated that FTO expression levels influence body mass and composition phenotypes. However, no direct connection between the obesity-associated variants and FTO expression or function has been made. Here we show that the obesity-associated noncoding sequences within FTO are functionally connected, at megabase distances, with the homeobox gene IRX3. The obesity-associated FTO region directly interacts with the promoters of IRX3 as well as FTO in the human, mouse and zebrafish genomes. Furthermore, long-range enhancers within this region recapitulate aspects of IRX3 expression, suggesting that the obesity-associated interval belongs to the regulatory landscape of IRX3. Consistent with this, obesity-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with expression of IRX3, but not FTO, in human brains. A direct link between IRX3 expression and regulation of body mass and composition is demonstrated by a reduction in body weight of 25 to 30% in Irx3-deficient mice, primarily through the loss of fat mass and increase in basal metabolic rate with browning of white adipose tissue. Finally, hypothalamic expression of a dominant-negative form of Irx3 reproduces the metabolic phenotypes of Irx3-deficient mice. Our data suggest that IRX3 is a functional long-range target of obesity-associated variants within FTO and represents a novel determinant of body mass and composition.
Endothelial Notch activity promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis in bone p.376
Blood vessel growth in the skeletal system and osteogenesis seem to be coupled, suggesting the existence of molecular crosstalk between endothelial and osteoblastic cells. Understanding the nature of the mechanisms linking angiogenesis and bone formation should be of great relevance for improved fracture healing or prevention of bone mass loss. Here we show that vascular growth in bone involves a specialized, tissue-specific form of angiogenesis. Notch signalling promotes endothelial cell proliferation and vessel growth in postnatal long bone, which is the opposite of the well-established function of Notch and its ligand Dll4 in the endothelium of other organs and tumours. Endothelial-cell-specific and inducible genetic disruption of Notch signalling in mice not only impaired bone vessel morphology and growth, but also led to reduced osteogenesis, shortening of long bones, chondrocyte defects, loss of trabeculae and decreased bone mass. On the basis of a series of genetic experiments, we conclude that skeletal defects in these mutants involved defective angiocrine release of Noggin from endothelial cells, which is positively regulated by Notch. Administration of recombinant Noggin, a secreted antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins, restored bone growth and mineralization, chondrocyte maturation, the formation of trabeculae and osteoprogenitor numbers in endothelial-cell-specific Notch pathway mutants. These findings establish a molecular framework coupling angiogenesis, angiocrine signals and osteogenesis, which may prove significant for the development of future therapeutic applications.
Two independent transcription initiation codes overlap on vertebrate core promoters p.381
A core promoter is a stretch of DNA surrounding the transcription start site (TSS) that integrates regulatory inputs and recruits general transcription factors to initiate transcription. The nature and causative relationship of the DNA sequence and chromatin signals that govern the selection of most TSSs by RNA polymerase II remain unresolved. Maternal to zygotic transition represents the most marked change of the transcriptome repertoire in the vertebrate life cycle. Early embryonic development in zebrafish is characterized by a series of transcriptionally silent cell cycles regulated by inherited maternal gene products: zygotic genome activation commences at the tenth cell cycle, marking the mid-blastula transition. This transition provides a unique opportunity to study the rules of TSS selection and the hierarchy of events linking transcription initiation with key chromatin modifications. We analysed TSS usage during zebrafish early embryonic development at high resolution using cap analysis of gene expression, and determined the positions of H3K4me3-marked promoter-associated nucleosomes. Here we show that the transition from the maternal to zygotic transcriptome is characterized by a switch between two fundamentally different modes of defining transcription initiation, which drive the dynamic change of TSS usage and promoter shape. A maternal-specific TSS selection, which requires an A/T-rich (W-box) motif, is replaced with a zygotic TSS selection grammar characterized by broader patterns of dinucleotide enrichments, precisely aligned with the first downstream (+1) nucleosome. The developmental dynamics of the H3K4me3-marked nucleosomes reveal their DNA-sequence-associated positioning at promoters before zygotic transcription and subsequent transcription-independent adjustment to the final position downstream of the zygotic TSS. The two TSS-defining grammars coexist, often physically overlapping, in core promoters of constitutively expressed genes to enable their expression in the two regulatory environments. The dissection of overlapping core promoter determinants represents a framework for future studies of promoter structure and function across different regulatory contexts.


I am writing to you to inquire about a vacancy in your company's London office for an IT Project Manager. I have been told of this opening by a Mr Richard Brown who is currently employed by your company.
If the position exists then I am very interested in it as I feel it is a perfect fit for my skills and abilities. I am currently working for a leading multinational company, where I have been successful in controlling cost and budgets, improving staff performance and completing projects to time.
I look forward to discussing my relevant work experience and academic qualifications with you and also explaining how I contribute to your company's continued growth and success.
Please feel free to contact me if you require clarification or any further information. I thank you for your time and I look forward to hearing form you.


text:
JOHN MILBOURNE 16??-1722
Gaming Counter with the Milbourne family coat of arms on the right
Born: 16?? and died 1722
Son of: John Milbourne
Brother of: not known.
John married: not known.
John had issue:
1. Elizabeth Marsh (nee Milbourne, 1687-17??) who married George Marsh RN (1683-17??).
2. Mrs Warren mother of Milbourne Warren (?1783).
3. Another daughter.
We know of John Milbourne from the following:
1. The diary of his grandson George Marsh (1722-1800). The relevant section reads as below.
2. The other item is a mother of pearl gaming counter handed down in the family. This has the Milbourne family coat of arms on the right with the three shells (Sable, a chevron between three escallops, Argent). On top is another shell as the crest. Also another gaming counter with the initials JMW. These may relate to Milbourne Warren and there could perhaps be someone with the name John Milbourne Warren. Milbourne Warren is also covered extensively in the diary of George Marsh.
The relevant section from the diary of George Marsh covering John Milbourne reads as follows:
His son John Milbourne my mother's father did some years after obtain part of his valuable estate consisting chiefly of a small colliery Yd and lived in a very genteel manner near Morpeth and Alnwick in Northumberland, highly esteemed by the nobility and gentry of the country in so much that he was intrusted and had the management of several of their large estates as their land steward;- Soon after the death of his wife he unfortunately was bound for a nobleman's son for 20,000, who proved false to him which occasioned his sudden departure from his house leaving five daughters at a boarding school and immediately to seek protection 'till his affairs could be settled. For this purpose he got on board a ship of war stationed on that coast, commanded by Captain Townshend [Sir Isaac Townsend, 16??-1731] to whom he told his case and entreated his protection for a few days, although he was a total stranger to him, who most humanely and kindly gave it, and even insisted that he should live with him, and have a bed put up for him in his state room to sleep by him.
Mr Milbourne was of very genteel engaging manners a fine handsome person, a good scholar and of great abilities, and as the Captain found he was an excellent Pen man, and Mr Milbourne wished to be as useful to him as possible, whilst he remained on board his ship, and at this time the Ministry corresponded with the Captain respecting some very important business, it was intended that he should be sent upon to one of the Courts in Germany, he desired him to write all his letters for him in the execution of which he was so pleased that when Mr Milbourne in about a fortnight after his first going into his Ship, had advise that the Nobleman had satisfied his son's creditors, and that he might return to his house and family; the Captain entreated him to go with him to the German Court to transact the business for him, who first returned to his house to put his affairs into proper hands, and then went back to the Captain agreeable to his desire and proceeded with him to the Coast of Holland, he having entertained the utmost gratitude and indeed affection for him for his great kindness and protection to him. They had not made the Coast but a few hours before a violent storm came on in which the ship foundered and half the crew were drowned, but as the Captain and himself were of the number saved, they proceeded on the Captain's business to the German Court where they were so lucky as to accomplish it in a very few days to the great satisfaction of the Ministry, insomuch that upon the Captain's return to London an account came from Portsmouth that the Commissioner of the Navy residing there was dead, he Sir Isaac Townshend was appointed to succeed him as Commissioner of the Navy there. Upon which he further requested Mr Milbourne to go with him to that place and that they might never separate till death should part them, which he also complied with, and had good appointments there by the Captain's interest. Mr Milbourne being seized in the year 1722 with a violent fever made a Will and took leave of his five daughters, and told them not above an hour before his death, that he had left his fortune equally between them. Immediately after they had retired out of his room a female who was his housekeeper and managed his house and servants got a low fellow of a lawyer to the house, who made a Will, leaving the whole of his fortune to her, and though the signing was not his handwriting nor could he be in his senses when it was said he executed it, yet as no other Will could be found and the lawyer took an oath it was his handwriting and that he was in his perfect senses when he signed it, she got possession of the whole fortune and effects.
If you have more information to add please do contact me.


India - CIRCA 2013 - Indian children walking around at school.
hd00:18Two women inspectors to inspect and check the construction plan at the construction site.
hd00:14VIRGINIA - 2014. Re-enactment recreation of classic Old West, 1800s Western gunfight, and Killing. Cowboys and Outlaws. 1870-1890 western life. Guns & shootouts. OK Corral. Tombstone showdown.
hd00:14VIRGINIA - 2014. Re-enactment recreation of classic Old West, 1800s Western gunfight, and Killing. Cowboys and Outlaws. 1870-1890 western life. Guns and shootouts. OK Corral. Tombstone.
4k00:15Working man is carefully levelling drywall profiles using waterpas.
hd00:24Statue of Matthew Boulton, James Watt and William Murdoch in Birmingham, England. A memorial to three early industrialists and engineers in Birmingham, England. Includes camera move.
hd00:17Underwear drying on the rope at the balcony of a house. Barcelona, Spain.


We are very proud to introduce the gorgeous Contemporary Three Elephants Wall Plaque. This modern wall plaque has a stunning design that'll be sure to impress, as well as acting as a stunning focal point for any home. The golden elephants contrast with the dark background to make it look especially eye-catching.


3. Build something FUN and on your building experience level.
4. Make it move... Pulse... and anything interesting!
so for added fun, add the drinking bird to your build off!
I will post updated videos on my main YouTube channel. so be sure to subscribe for all the updates!
The 2018 PMBO build off is STARTED!
POST YOUR FIRST INTO VIDEO HERE ON THIS THREAD!
Re: 2018 PMBO Intro Videos & Rules.
A harmonic resonance device that uses piezoelectric ceramic elements to both drive the vibration and harness any excess energy produced.
Ohhh I might have to get back in the game. My 3D printers are in storage though. It might have to be some old school scrap yard conglomeration.
FUN that's what were having!
making progress, hope you all are too!
Glad to see you back Nate!
Glad to see you too Russ!
I will GLADLY blow it up! in fact... i think that should be a goal!!! LETS DO IT!
Looking good everyone! my progress is SLOW but hey... such is life!
Your final entry video must be posted in the proper thread or It will not be part of the contest!
Thanks for the motivation Russ! It's been over 2 years since I've posted anything publicly on youtube... the 2016 pmbo. I've had this idea since then. Here's a peek at this years entry.
ive had my first project spring an oil leak and my second fall through so im cobbling a few things together to make something spin. just for fun, a little self-torture via 24 strand secondary. (yes russ, i know you are doing 200....that insane!) some crazy stuff happened during this build so far.
@matt, its calling to youuuuuuu!
blue trace is pretty much every other coil shape and size.
This thred has been locked so the videos get tothe right place!