text:
'''
Update Table Linkbase is an example of a plug-in to both GUI menu and command line/web service
that updates a table linkbase from Eurofiling 2010 syntax to XII 2011 PWD syntax and saves it.

(c) Copyright 2012 Mark V Systems Limited, All rights reserved.
'''

def generateUpdatedTableLB(dts, updatedTableLinkbaseFile):
    import os, io
    from arelle import XmlUtil, XbrlConst
    from arelle.ViewUtil import viewReferences, referenceURI
    from arelle.ModelRenderingObject import ModelEuAxisCoord

    if dts.fileSource.isArchive:
        dts.error("genTblLB:outFileIsArchive",
                 _("Updated Table Linkbase file cannot be an archive: %(tableLBOutputFile)s."),
                 modelObject=dts, tableLBOutputFile=updatedTableLinkbaseFile)
        return
    tblAxisRelSet = dts.relationshipSet(XbrlConst.euTableAxis)
    axisMbrRelSet = dts.relationshipSet(XbrlConst.euAxisMember)
    if len(tblAxisRelSet.modelRelationships) == 0:
        dts.error("genTblLB:noInputTables",
                 _("DTS does not contain Eurofiling 2010 tables and axes: %(entryFile)s."),
                 modelObject=dts, entryFile=dts.uri)
        return

    file = io.StringIO('''
<nsmap>
<link:linkbase
xmlns:label="http://xbrl.org/2008/label"
xmlns:gen="http://xbrl.org/2008/generic"
xmlns:df="http://xbrl.org/2008/filter/dimension"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:reference="http://xbrl.org/2008/reference"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
xmlns:table="http://xbrl.org/2011/table"
xmlns:formula="http://xbrl.org/2008/formula"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd
http://xbrl.org/2008/generic http://www.xbrl.org/2008/generic-link.xsd
http://xbrl.org/2008/reference http://www.xbrl.org/2008/generic-reference.xsd
http://xbrl.org/2008/label http://www.xbrl.org/2008/generic-label.xsd
http://xbrl.org/2011/table http://www.xbrl.org/2011/table.xsd
http://xbrl.org/2008/filter/dimension http://www.xbrl.org/2008/dimension-filter.xsd">
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/arcrole/2011/table-filter" xlink:type="simple"
   xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2011/table.xsd#table-filter"/>
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/arcrole/2011/table-axis" xlink:type="simple"
   xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2011/table.xsd#table-axis"/>
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/arcrole/2011/axis-subtree" xlink:type="simple"
   xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2011/table.xsd#axis-subtree"/>
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/arcrole/2011/axis-filter" xlink:type="simple"
   xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2011/filter-axis.xsd#axis-filter"/>
</link:linkbase>
</nsmap>
<!--  Generated by Arelle(r) http://arelle.org -->
'''
     )
    from arelle.ModelObjectFactory import parser
    parser, parserLookupName, parserLookupClass = parser(dts,None)
    from lxml import etree
    xmlDocument = etree.parse(file,parser=parser,base_url=updatedTableLinkbaseFile)
    file.close()
    nsmapElt = xmlDocument.getroot()
    #xmlDocument.getroot().init(self)  ## is this needed ??
    for lbElement in  xmlDocument.iter(tag="{http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase}linkbase"):
        break

    class DocObj:  # fake ModelDocument for namespaces
        def __init__(self):
            self.xmlRootElement = lbElement
            self.xmlDocument = xmlDocument
    docObj = DocObj()

    numELRs = 0
    numTables = 0

    def copyAttrs(fromElt, toElt, attrTags):
        for attr in attrTags:
            if fromElt.get(attr):
                toElt.set(attr, fromElt.get(attr))

    def generateTable(newLinkElt, newTblElt, srcTblElt, tblAxisRelSet, axisMbrRelSet, visited):
        if srcTblElt is not None:
            for rel in tblAxisRelSet.fromModelObject(srcTblElt):
                srcAxisElt = rel.toModelObject
                if isinstance(srcAxisElt, ModelEuAxisCoord):
                    visited.add(srcAxisElt)
                    newAxisElt = etree.SubElement(newLinkElt, "{http://xbrl.org/2011/table}ruleAxis")
                    copyAttrs(srcAxisElt, newAxisElt, ("id",
                                                       "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}type",
                                                       "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}label"))
                    newAxisElt.set("abstract", "true") # always true on root element
                    newArcElt = etree.SubElement(newLinkElt, "{http://xbrl.org/2011/table}axisArc")
                    copyAttrs(rel, newArcElt, ("id",
                                               "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}type",
                                               "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}from",
                                               "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}to",
                                               "order"))
                    newArcElt.set("{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}arcrole", XbrlConst.tableBreakdown)
                    newArcElt.set("axisDisposition", rel.axisDisposition)
                    generateAxis(newLinkElt, newAxisElt, srcAxisElt, axisMbrRelSet, visited)
                    visited.discard(srcAxisElt)

    def generateAxis(newLinkElt, newAxisParentElt, srcAxisElt, axisMbrRelSet, visited):
        for rel in axisMbrRelSet.fromModelObject(srcAxisElt):
            tgtAxisElt = rel.toModelObject
            if isinstance(tgtAxisElt, ModelEuAxisCoord) and tgtAxisElt not in visited:
                visited.add(tgtAxisElt)
                newAxisElt = etree.SubElement(newLinkElt, "{http://xbrl.org/2011/table}ruleAxis")
                copyAttrs(tgtAxisElt, newAxisElt, ("id",
                                                   "abstract",
                                                   "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}type",
                                                   "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}label"))
                if tgtAxisElt.primaryItemQname:
                    newRuleElt = etree.SubElement(newAxisElt, "{http://xbrl.org/2008/formula}concept")
                    newQnameElt = etree.SubElement(newRuleElt, "{http://xbrl.org/2008/formula}qname")
                    newQnameElt.text = XmlUtil.addQnameValue(docObj, tgtAxisElt.primaryItemQname)
                for dimQname, memQname in tgtAxisElt.explicitDims:
                    newRuleElt = etree.SubElement(newAxisElt, "{http://xbrl.org/2008/formula}explicitDimension")
                    newRuleElt.set("dimension", XmlUtil.addQnameValue(docObj, dimQname))
                    newMbrElt = etree.SubElement(newRuleElt, "{http://xbrl.org/2008/formula}member")
                    newQnameElt = etree.SubElement(newMbrElt, "{http://xbrl.org/2008/formula}qname")
                    newQnameElt.text = XmlUtil.addQnameValue(docObj, memQname)
                newArcElt = etree.SubElement(newLinkElt, "{http://xbrl.org/2011/table}axisArc")
                copyAttrs(rel, newArcElt, ("id",
                                           "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}type",
                                           "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}from",
                                           "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}to",
                                           "order"))
                newArcElt.set("{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}arcrole", XbrlConst.tableAxisSubtree)
                generateAxis(newLinkElt, newAxisElt, tgtAxisElt, axisMbrRelSet, visited)
                visited.discard(tgtAxisElt)

    # sort URIs
    linkroleUris = sorted([linkroleUri
                           for linkroleUri in tblAxisRelSet.linkRoleUris])

    firstNewLinkElt = None
    roleRefUris = set()
    for linkroleUri in linkroleUris:
        numELRs += 1
        newLinkElt = etree.SubElement(lbElement, "{http://xbrl.org/2008/generic}link")
        newLinkElt.set("{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}type", "extended")
        newLinkElt.set("{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}role", linkroleUri)
        if firstNewLinkElt is None: firstNewLinkElt = newLinkElt
        # To do: add roleRef if needed
        tblAxisRelSet = dts.relationshipSet(XbrlConst.euTableAxis, linkroleUri)
        axisMbrRelSet = dts.relationshipSet(XbrlConst.euAxisMember, linkroleUri)
        for srcTblElt in tblAxisRelSet.rootConcepts:
            if srcTblElt.tag == "{http://www.eurofiling.info/2010/rendering}table":
                numTables += 1
                newTblElt = etree.SubElement(newLinkElt, "{http://xbrl.org/2011/table}table")
                newTblElt.set("aspectModel", "dimensional")
                copyAttrs(srcTblElt, newTblElt, ("id",
                                                 "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}type",
                                                 "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}label"))
                generateTable(newLinkElt, newTblElt, srcTblElt, tblAxisRelSet, axisMbrRelSet, set())

                if linkroleUri not in roleRefUris:
                    srcRoleRefElt = XmlUtil.descendant(srcTblElt.getroottree(), XbrlConst.link, "roleRef", "roleURI", linkroleUri)
                    if srcRoleRefElt is not None:
                        roleRefUris.add(linkroleUri)
                        newRoleRefElt = etree.Element("{http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase}roleRef")
                        copyAttrs(srcRoleRefElt, newRoleRefElt, ("roleURI",
                                                                 "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}type",
                                                                 "{http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink}href"))
                        firstNewLinkElt.addprevious(newRoleRefElt)

    fh = open(updatedTableLinkbaseFile, "w", encoding="utf-8")
    XmlUtil.writexml(fh, xmlDocument, encoding="utf-8")
    fh.close()

    dts.info("info:updateTableLinkbase",
             _("Updated Table Linkbase of %(entryFile)s has %(numberOfLinkroles)s linkroles, %(numberOfTables)s tables in file %(tableLBOutputFile)s."),
             modelObject=dts,
             entryFile=dts.uri, numberOfLinkroles=numELRs, numberOfTables=numTables, tableLBOutputFile=updatedTableLinkbaseFile)

def updateTableLBMenuEntender(cntlr, menu):
    # Extend menu with an item for the savedts plugin
    menu.add_command(label="Update table linkbase",
                     underline=0,
                     command=lambda: updateTableLBMenuCommand(cntlr) )

def updateTableLBMenuCommand(cntlr):
    # save DTS menu item has been invoked
    if cntlr.modelManager is None or cntlr.modelManager.modelXbrl is None:
        cntlr.addToLog("No taxonomy loaded.")
        return

        # get file name into which to save log file while in foreground thread
    updatedTableLinkbaseFile = cntlr.uiFileDialog("save",
                                                  title=_("arelle - Save Updated Table Linkbase file"),
            initialdir=cntlr.config.setdefault("tableLinkbaseFileDir","."),
            filetypes=[(_("Linkbase file .xml"), "*.xml")],
            defaultextension=".xml")
    if not updatedTableLinkbaseFile:
        return False
    import os
    cntlr.config["tableLinkbaseFileDir"] = os.path.dirname(updatedTableLinkbaseFile)
    cntlr.saveConfig()

    try:
        generateUpdatedTableLB(cntlr.modelManager.modelXbrl, updatedTableLinkbaseFile)
    except Exception as ex:
        dts = cntlr.modelManager.modelXbrl
        dts.error("exception",
            _("Updated table linkbase generation exception: %(error)s"), error=ex,
            modelXbrl=dts,
            exc_info=True)

def updateTableLBCommandLineOptionExtender(parser):
    # extend command line options with a save DTS option
    parser.add_option("--save-updated-table-linkbase",
                      action="store",
                      dest="updatedTableLinkbaseFile",
                      help=_("Update table linkbase file from Eurofiling 2010 to XII 2011 syntax."))

def updateTableLBCommandLineXbrlRun(cntlr, options, modelXbrl, *args):
    # extend XBRL-loaded run processing for this option
    if getattr(options, "updatedTableLinkbaseFile", None):
        if cntlr.modelManager is None or cntlr.modelManager.modelXbrl is None:
            cntlr.addToLog("No taxonomy loaded.")
            return
        generateUpdatedTableLB(cntlr.modelManager.modelXbrl, options.updatedTableLinkbaseFile)

__pluginInfo__ = {
    'name': 'Update Table Linkbase',
    'version': '0.9',
    'description': "This plug-in updates a table linkbase from Eurofiling 2010 syntax to XII 2011 PWD syntax. "
                   "The updated linkbase is saved to a local file.  "
                   "Hrefs in the new file are identical the prior hrefs (not offset considering save-to directory).  ",
    'license': 'Apache-2',
    'author': 'Mark V Systems Limited',
    'copyright': '(c) Copyright 2012 Mark V Systems Limited, All rights reserved.',
    # classes of mount points (required)
    'CntlrWinMain.Menu.Tools': updateTableLBMenuEntender,
    'CntlrCmdLine.Options': updateTableLBCommandLineOptionExtender,
    'CntlrCmdLine.Xbrl.Run': updateTableLBCommandLineXbrlRun,
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Abstract: A banking system is controlled responsive to data included on data bearing records. The system includes a deposit accepting machine for accepting deposit items, such as deposit bags, currency, and checks. The deposit accepting machine includes a card reader operable to read financial account data from cards of depositors. The machine includes a RFID reader that wirelessly reads data from RFID tags on deposited items, including account number and deposit amount data. A computer credits the account for the read deposit amount. The machine, which can also dispense cash, further includes an NFC reader that can wirelessly receive cash loading data from an NFC component on a cash handler's cash transport bag. The cash loading data can include an amount of cash loaded into the machine. The machine can wirelessly transmit to the bag, dispense data that includes the amount of cash dispensed since the last cash loading.
Abstract: A deposit management system is operable responsive to data read from data bearing records. The system is associated with financial funds depositories. Each depository can accept items, such as deposit bags. Each depository includes a bar code reader that can read data from a bar code label that is located on a deposit bag. The system allows merchants to preregister a deposit before performing the deposit. A preregistered deposit is linked with a deposit identifier in a data store. The deposit identifier can be represented in a bar code. If the system determines that a depository read a bar code having a deposit identifier that corresponds in the data store to a preregistered deposit, then that depository is operated to automatically unlock its deposit entry door to permit the deposit. The system also allows merchants to review their deposit history.
Abstract: An apparatus including an automated banking machine is operative to cause financial transfers responsive at least in part to data read from data bearing records. The machine includes a card reader that is operative to read card data usable to identify at least one of a user of the machine and a financial account. A computer associated with the machine is operative to cause card data to be read through operation of the card reader, and to cause a determination to be made that read card data corresponds to a financial account authorized to conduct a transaction through the machine. The computer is operative responsive at least in part to the determination to cause the financial account to be at least one of assessed and credited with a value associated with a financial transaction. Transaction function devices of the machine are supported through slides that can be configured in different ways to facilitate mounting of devices within the machine.
Abstract: An automated banking machine is operative to cause financial transfers responsive at least in part to data read from data bearing records. The automated banking machine includes a card reader that is operative to read card data from user cards corresponding to financial accounts. The automated banking machine is operative to cause a determination to be made that read card data corresponds to stored data for an account authorized to carry out transactions that transfer and/or allocate funds between accounts. The automated banking machine is further operative to provide users with a receipt for transactions conducted. The automated banking machine is operative to cause the value of cash dispensed or received to be assessed or credited to the financial accounts corresponding to card data.
Abstract: An apparatus including an automated banking machine is operative to cause financial transfers responsive at least in part to data read from data bearing records. The machine includes a card reader that is operative to read card data usable to identify at least one of a user of the machine and a financial account. A computer associated with the machine is operative to cause card data to be read through operation of the card reader, and to cause a determination to be made that read card data corresponds to a financial account authorized to conduct a transaction through the machine. The computer is operative responsive at least in part to the determination to cause the financial account to be at least one of assessed and credited with a value associated with a financial transaction.
Abstract: A currency bill processing system includes a transport mechanism that is configured to transport bills from an input receptacle along a transport path that extends generally horizontally past at least one detector. The transport path transitions generally-vertically upward between a first and a second output receptacle. The transport mechanism is configured to deliver some of the bills toward a first end of the system into the first output receptacle and some of the bills toward a second end of the system into the second output receptacle. The system provides access openings in a front side of the system that are proximate the first and the second output receptacles thereby permitting operator access into the first and the second output receptacles from the front side.
Abstract: A bill processing apparatus is provided that can reduce the frequency of occurrences of removal of a paper medium (dispensed bill) being forgotten. Processing a medium handover port where a paper medium is handed over, and a medium handover port mechanism provided at the medium handover port and successively raising and lowering the paper medium, fed out from inside the machine (the automated teller machine), inside the medium handover port. The medium handover port mechanism notifies a user of the position of the paper medium with a visible action by successively raising and lowering the paper medium inside the medium handover port.
Abstract: A receiving and dispensing unit and a self-checkout system of an embodiment includes a coin receiving and dispensing device which holds received coins in accordance with the denomination and dispenses the held coins, and a bill receiving and dispensing device which holds received bills in accordance with the denomination and dispenses the held bills. The bill receiving and dispensing device is arranged to overlap the coin receiving and dispensing device in the height direction of the coin receiving and dispensing device.
Abstract: A money handling apparatus includes a storage and feed unit that stores or feeds moneys, a transport unit that transports the moneys to the storage and feed unit or to outside of the apparatus, a deposit reject port that ejects a deposit reject money recognized as an improper money at the time of deposit processing so that it can be taken out from outside of the apparatus, and a transport control unit that controls the transport unit so that the moneys fed out by the storage and feed unit at the time of dispensing processing to the deposit reject port.
Abstract: A system and method of check cashing at an ATM are provided. In some examples, the system and method may include receiving a check at an ATM that does not include denominations of bills and/or coins to cash the check. The amount of the check may be rounded up to an amount for which appropriate denominations are available and the difference between the amount of the check and the rounded up amount may be charged to an account of a user, such as checking account, savings account, credit card, and the like.
Abstract: An automated banking machine operates to carry out financial transactions for authorized machine users responsive to user data read from data bearing records. The machine includes an input devices including a card reader which operates to read card data that is usable to identify a user or a user account. The machine also includes a cash dispenser that is selectively operative to dispense currency notes to authorized machine users. A computer causes financial accounts read by the card reader to be assessed a value for cash dispensed. The computer causes operation of the cash dispenser in response to receiving cash dispense instructions. The computer includes software that prevents cash dispenser operation in response to cash dispense instructions being received in communications from at least one remote address.
Abstract: Provided is a cash transaction machine including: a medium storage portion; a medium transfer module transferring a paper medium in a sheet unit from the medium storage portion; a temporary stack portion including an upwardly and downwardly movable supporter being provided to be adjacent to an outlet of the medium transfer module to stack the paper medium; a carriage receiving the paper medium from the supporter; and a carriage transfer portion transferring the carriage to a medium outlet in a state where stacked paper media is pressed, wherein the carriage includes a holder being provided in parallel with a moving direction of the carriage to support a bottom surface of the stacked paper media. The cash transaction machine may be constructed to enable a stack of paper media to maintain its arranged state while the paper media is being transferred and to simplify a transferring structure of paper media.
Abstract: An equipment (43) for storing in an orderly way banknotes (52) and/or papers and the like, for instance banknotes (52) for an automatic machine (39), provided for the formation of a stack (53). The equipment (43) comprises two spiral elements (81; 82) defining coils with respective axes (83; 84) directed in the sense of the stacking and terminal sections (86) adjacent to a stacking surface (77) at an end of the stack. The spiral elements (81; 82) are rotatable around the axes (83; 84) and are arranged for laterally receiving between the coils a leading portion of the entering banknote (52), moving the banknote (52), through the coils and in consequence of the rotation, on the stacking surface (77), and disengaging the banknote from the coils adjacent to the terminal section (86).
Abstract: An automated banking machine includes an input device including a card reader which operates to read data bearing records in the form of user cards. The card data is usable to identify a user or a user account. The machine also includes an output device and a cash dispenser selectively operative to dispense currency sheets to machine users. Software operating in a computer of the machine causes the computer to operate a cash dispenser in carrying out cash dispensing transactions where cash is dispensed to users whose read accounts are assessed for value associated with cash dispensed. The computer also processes a mark up language document. The software includes screening software operative to prevent the computer from operating the cash dispenser responsive to communication with at least one system address.
Abstract: A card actuated automated banking machine (152, 198, 200) includes a plurality of transaction function devices. The transaction function devices include a card reader (170), a printer (174), a bill dispenser (176), a coin dispenser (178), a display (182), a check imaging device (186), and at least one processor (190). The machine is operative responsive to receiving a check and certification data to dispense cash in exchange for the check. The person presenting the check need not provide user identifying inputs through input devices in order to receive cash for the check. A check recipient prior to presenting the check for payment is also enabled to verify that the check will be paid through communication with at least one computer (204) through at least one consumer interface device (208).
Abstract: A card activated cash dispensing automated banking machine is provided which is operative to authenticate firmware in at least one hardware device of the machine. The hardware device is operative to generate through operation of at least one processor in the at least one hardware device a firmware certificate responsive to the at least one measurement request message and the firmware content. The automated banking machine is operative to send a message from the automated banking machine to a host banking system responsive to the firmware certificate. The host banking machine may authenticate the message and send the automated banking machine an authorization message for performing a transaction function with the automated banking machine. Such a transaction function may include dispensing cash with a cash dispenser of the automated banking machine.
Abstract: Disclosed are an automatic transaction machine and method of rejecting a paper medium in the automatic transaction machine. The automatic transaction machine includes a medium storage portion; a first medium transfer module transferring a paper medium in a sheet unit from the medium storage portion; a temporary stack portion provided adjacent to an outlet of the first medium transfer module, stacking the paper medium, and having a vertically movable supporter; a second medium transfer module for transferring, to a medium outlet, the paper medium transmitted from the supporter having been upwardly moved; and a rejection portion positioned below the supporter, and including a rejection inlet vertically movable together with the supporter.
Abstract: An automated banking machine operates responsive to data read from data bearing records, such as user cards, to cause machine user authorization and financial transfers. The read card data can also be associated with a server address, where a record is located. The machine operates prior to a transaction to determine whether the record can be fully downloaded from the server address. Based on a successful determination, the machine can then fully download the record from the address during a transaction that needs the record. The pre-check arrangement reduces transaction time outs that may occur as a result of futile attempts by the machine to access an unavailable record during a transaction.
Abstract: An automated banking machine operates responsive to data read from data bearing records such as user cards to cause financial transfers. A transaction data object software component operating in a computer of the machine accumulates data as the transaction proceeds. Customer identifying data read by the machine and data corresponding to user inputs can be included in the transaction data object software component. The component can be passed form the machine to a server for determination of the customer being authorized to use the machine to perform a transaction. Upon approval, the server includes authorization data in the component which is then returned to the banking machine. The banking machine also includes in the component, data corresponding to operation of transaction function devices, such as a receipt printer and a currency dispenser.
Abstract: An automated banking machine system and method includes ATMs which accept checks and dispense cash to users. The ATMs are operated to acquire image and magnetic data from deposited checks to determine the genuineness of checks and the authority of a user to receive cash for such checks. Cash is dispensed to the user from the ATM in exchange for the deposited check.
Abstract: An automated banking machine system and method includes ATMs which accept checks and dispense cash to users. The ATMs are operated to acquire image and magnetic data from deposited checks to determine the genuineness of checks and the authority of a user to receive cash for such checks. Cash may be dispensed to the user from the ATM in exchange for the deposited check. The ATMs are also operated to read particular data from deposited currency bills in order to determine counterfeit bills. The ATMs dispense cash responsive to communications with a transaction host.
Abstract: An automatic banking machine includes at least one computer, a card reader, transaction function devices, and a display. The display includes a touch display surface having multiple spaced user locations at which transaction sessions by different user can be concurrently conducted. Multiple users can at the same time receive visible outputs from the display surface and provide inputs through physical contact with the display surface. An eye sensing device enables the display surface, based on sensing where a user is looking at the display surface, to display data at the user location.
Inventors: James Block, H. Thomas Graef, Paul D. Magee, Donald S. Nelson, Jr.
Abstract: Apparatus and method for detecting and interfering with an unauthorized device attempting to acquire user identification information at cash dispensing automated banking machine. The apparatus includes a sensing device enabled to detect RF or other radiation transmitted from the unauthorized device in a proximity of the machine. A controller causes the machine to take at least one action responsive to detection of the unauthorized device. The action may include generating a warning screen on the machine display, capturing an image, sending a message to an entity at a remote location, or emitting interfering radiation from an emitter.
Abstract: Methods, systems, and Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are disclosed which provide ATM currency conversion capabilities. In one embodiment, a financial account number associated with a financial account maintained by a customer at a financial institution is received, a foreign currency type associated with the financial account is determined, and a choice is presented to the customer at the ATM to conduct a financial transaction in the foreign currency type. A currency selection is received from the customer and at least a portion of the financial transaction is conducted at the ATM in the selected currency.
Abstract: An automated banking machine includes a card reader, a display device, a currency dispenser, and a deposit storage chest. The machine can receive user deposits for storage in the chest. The machine includes a card reader cooling device. The machine can also facilitate cooling of the display device.
Abstract: A banknote receipt and payout apparatus including: a receipt and pay-out opening for carrying out either or both of payout and stacking of charged banknotes: a banknote determining part for determining denominations of banknotes, a plurality of banknote storage and discharge bins arranged to store therein and discharge therefrom, different denominations of banknotes, respectively, a transfer path connecting among the receipt and payout opening, the banknote determining part, the banknote storage and discharge bins and a receipt bin, for transferring the banknotes, and a loading and collecting bin arranged to load and collect the banknotes into and from the banknotes storage and discharge bin, for accommodating therein different denominations of banknotes, wherein the banknotes are stacked in the storage and discharge bins in a vertical direction, and are stacked in a horizontal direction in the receipt bin and the loading and colleting bin with a standing posture.
Assignee: Hitachi-Omron Terminal Solutions Corp.
Abstract: An automated banking machine has sensing devices adjacent a card reader slot. The sensing devices enable detection of a fraudulent card reading device.
Abstract: Provided is a banknote receipt and payout apparatus which handles several denominations, having a banknote loading and collecting function, and which is capable of handling several denominations. A banknote receipt and payout apparatus comprising a receipt and payout opening for paying out banknotes introduced thereinto by a user, and for stacking therein banknotes to be delivered to a user, a banknote checking part for checking banknotes, a banknote storage and discharge bin for carrying one or both of storing and discharging of banknote notes, a loading and collecting bin 8 for loading and collecting banknotes, and a transfer path for transferring banknotes, wherein the banknote storage and discharge bin is of a vertical type in which banknotes are stacked in a horizontal posture, and the loading and collecting bin is of a horizontal type in which banknotes are stacked in a standing posture.
Abstract: A card actuated automated banking machine (152, 198, 200) includes a plurality of transaction function devices. The transaction function devices include a card reader (170), a printer (174), a bill dispenser (176), a coin dispenser (178), a display (182), a check imaging device (186) and at least one processor (190). The automated banking machine is operative responsive to receiving a check and certification data to dispense cash in exchange for the check. The person presenting the check need not provide user identifying inputs through input devices in order to receive cash for the check. A check recipient prior to presenting the check for payment is also enabled to verify that the check will be paid through communication with at least one computer (204) through at least one consumer interface device (208).
Abstract: An automated banking machine that is activated responsive to data read from user cards which accepts checks and dispense cash to users. The automatic banking machine is operated to acquire image and magnetic data from deposited checks to determine the genuineness of checks and the authority of a user to receive cash for such checks. Cash may be dispensed to the user from the automatic banking machine in exchange for a deposited check. The automatic banking machine dispenses cash responsive to communications with a transaction host.
Abstract: Apparatus and method for purchasing cash from an ATM. The ATM has a unique identifier visibly located thereon. A customer phone includes a camera and a programmable memory. The camera can be used to capture an image of the ATM's identifier. The memory includes customer account data. A customer uses their phone to establish wireless communication with a transaction host. The customer can transmit to the host a request for cash from the ATM. The request includes the account data and the image. The host can use the account data in payment for the requested cash. The host uses the image to identify the particular ATM associated with the request. After payment, the host causes the identified ATM to dispense the requested cash.
Abstract: A bill delivery apparatus for a wall-type automatic-teller machine according to the present invention is disposed between a cash receiving part and a cash handling part of the machine. The apparatus comprises a main body having a pair of plates spaced apart from each other at both sides thereof; a tray unit adapted to be lifted and lowered within the main body, for temporarily stacking bills introduced from the cash handling part therein; a stopper unit disposed in front of the tray unit to prevent the bills introduced from the cash handling part from deviating from the tray unit; a transfer unit disposed adjacent to the tray unit, for transferring the bills stacked in the tray unit to the cash receiving part; a driving unit for driving the tray unit, the stopper unit, and the transfer unit; and a recovering unit for storing untaken bills that has been returned from the cash receiving part.
Abstract: An automated transaction machine (20) with a cross-vender software and hardware platform architecture. The machine includes a computer (22) and a plurality of transaction function devices (32) in operative connection with the computer. The machine further includes a plurality of device driver components (38) that generally correspond to each of the transaction function devices. The device drivers are operative responsive to communication from an XFS layer (28) to control the operation of the transaction function devices. The machine further includes a terminal application (22) and an ODS layer (26). The ODS layer includes a plurality of ODS components (36) that generally correspond to the device drivers and/or transaction function devices. The ODS components responsive to the terminal application are operative to have the device drivers control the operation of the transaction function devices through communication with the XFS layer.
Abstract: A card activated cash dispensing automated banking machine (10) is provided. The automated banking machine may include a fascia (50) in operative connection with a frame (110). The machine may include a plurality of hardware devices which are accessible through the fascia. The hardware devices may include a card reader (22), a cash dispenser (24), and a receipt printer (20).
Abstract: An anti-jam bezel is provided for dispensing a flexible substrate from an output slot. A guideway is provided for receiving the flexible substrate from a transport and guiding the flexible substrate into the output slot. The guideway may extend from the output slot to the transport to provide a substrate receiving opening. The bezel body is adapted for mounting with the substrate receiving opening adjacent the transport such that the guideway catches a leading edge of the substrate after the substrate exits the transport and guides the leading edge into the output slot. In the event the output slot is blocked, the guideway is adapted to guide at least a portion of the substrate into the substrate receiving opening so that at least the portion of the substrate loops into the substrate receiving opening, thereby preventing a jam.
Abstract: An automated banking machine system and method includes ATMs which accept checks and dispense cash to users. The ATMs are operated to acquire image and magnetic data from deposited checks to determine the genuineness of checks and the authority of a user to receive cash for such checks. Cash may be dispensed to the user from the ATM in exchange for the deposited check. The ATMs dispense cash responsive to communications with a transaction host.
Abstract: An automated banking machine (10) includes a lockable first fascia portion (20) which when unlocked enables access to a chest lock input device (104), inputs to which enable opening a chest door (18) of the machine. Opening the first fascia portion also enables access to an actuator (116) which enables moving a second fascia portion (22) for conducting service activities. A baffle structure (164) is positioned on the housing adjacent the second fascia portion to enable cooling air flow within the housing of the machine and to prevent the introduction of moisture into the housing. A controller (72) in the machine selectively illuminates light emitting devices (118, 126) for purposes of facilitating user operation of the machine. Sensing devices (128) adjacent a card reader slot (28) on the machine enables the controller to detect the presence of a fraud device or unauthorized card reading devices.
Abstract: A self-service machine, such as an automated teller machine (70), that includes a plurality of vacuum pick mechanisms (10) for picking media (12), such as banknotes, each vacuum pick mechanism (10) including a pump (18), a pickline (20) connected the pump, a drive mechanism for moving the pickline (20) between a media pick position and a media release position, and a motor (33) for driving both the pump (18) and the drive mechanism.
Abstract: A sensing arrangement (12) is described. The arrangement comprises: a moveable object (80) including a plurality of marker portions (112) disposed in a calibrated configuration, each marker portion (112) being capable of emitting light in response to stimulation. The arrangement also includes a light source (42) directed towards the marker portions (112) and for causing light emission therefrom. An imaging device (44) is directed towards the marker portions (112) and includes an array of light-detecting elements for sensing light emitted from the marker portions (112) to generate image data. A processor (52), in communication with the imaging device (44), analyses image data received from the imaging device (44) to determine the location of the moveable object (80) based on the calibrated configuration.
Abstract: An automated banking machine (10) includes a user interface (15) and a cash dispensing mechanism (220). A fascia (12) of the machine includes a pair of horizontally disposed convex mirrors (338, 340). The mirrors are used to enable a machine user to view the rear area (343) behind the machine user. The machine can move the mirrors into operative viewing position in response to machine user input. The machine also includes lights that can be selectively directed and illuminated to reduce the risk of observation of inputs to the machine by unauthorized persons. A rear area light source focuses light away from the machine user's line of sight to the user interface but toward the rear area (343) to obscure nonuser view of machine user input to the user interface.
Inventors: Richard C. Lute, Jr., Jim Booth, Paul Magee, Donald S. Nelson, Jr.
Abstract: An automated banking machine (10) is provided. The automated banking machine may include a fascia (50) in operative connection with a frame (110). The machine may include a plurality of hardware devices which are accessible through the fascia. The hardware devices may include a cash dispenser (24), receipt printer (20), and a card reader (22). The fascia may include replaceable bezels (550,552) with apertures therein for providing access to hardware devices. The bezels may be operative to float with respect to the fascia and hardware devices to automatically align hardware devices with the bezels. In addition the hardware devices may include movable portions which are operative to automatically align with the bezels. The bezels may include ramps, ribs, or other angled surfaces which guide the hardware devices into alignment with the openings in the bezels.
Abstract: An automated transaction machine including an extensions for financial services (XFS) layer is provided. An application interface portion of the XFS layer is operative to communicate with an application layer of the ATM which may include terminal applications. A hardware interface portion of the XFS layer is operative to communicate with a hardware layer of the ATM which may include hardware devices of the ATM and associated service providers. A diagnostic application is operative to determine whether problems exist in the application layer or the hardware layer of the ATM by causing a plurality of hardware devices to perform predefined operations using the XFS layer and by monitoring the operations. The diagnostic application is operative to output a determination as to whether a problem with the ATM is associated with the components of the application or hardware layers of the ATM responsive to the success or failure of the operations.
Abstract: A media dispenser comprises: a casing separatably installed on a mounting portion of a media dispenser having an eject hole through which media is ejected, and including a media receipt portion on which the media ejected from the eject hole is mounted and an opening portion through which the media on the media receipt portion can be withdrawn by a user; a door for opening/closing the opening portion by a door moving device; and a media guiding portion installed on the eject hole for guiding the media to be ejected on the media receipt portion as facing the opening portion.
Abstract: An automated banking machine (10) includes a user interface (15). The user interface includes a card reader (16), receipt printer opening (30), cash dispensing opening (38) and deposit accepting opening (40). A stack of notes (84) input to the machine are separated one by one from the stack through the action of at least one picking member (158, 352) and at least one stripper member (64, 162, 354). The actions of non-contact stripper rolls and a contact stripper roll are generally effective to only enable a single note to move past the stripper members. Upon sensing that multiple notes have moved past the stripper members with a sensor (176, 366) the system is operative to return notes to the stack for subsequent picking trials. In some cases the stripper members may be driven so as to move notes engaged therewith relative to a note engaged with the stripper member so as to reorient the notes and facilitate note separation in subsequent picking events.
Abstract: The invention provides a circulating type bank note depositing and dispensing machine with which the progress of depositing and dispensing is made visible from a customer side, speeding up the temporary storage of deposited bank notes and facilitating the return of the temporarily stored bank notes if the deposit is not approved. The bank note depositing and dispensing ports are disposed on the upper side of the machine body, making it possible for a customer to observe or check the progress of a deposit or dispensing. Temporarily stored deposited bank notes are disposed in the front side area of the machine body, and if the deposit is not approved, the front side door of the temporary storage portion opens to allow the temporarily stored bank notes to be taken out from the front side of the machine body, facilitating the quick return of the temporarily stored bank notes.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Current and cumulative malaria infections in a setting embarking on elimination: Amhara, Ethiopia
Woyneshet G. Yalew1,
Sampa Pal2,
Pooja Bansil2,
Rebecca Dabbs3,
Kevin Tetteh3,
Caterina Guinovart2,
Michael Kalnoky2,
Belendia A. Serda2,
Berhane H. Tesfay2,
Belay B. Beyene1,
Catherine Seneviratne2,
Megan Littrell2,
Lindsay Yokobe2,
Gregory S. Noland4,
Gonzalo J. Domingo2,
Asefaw Getachew2,
Chris Drakeley3 &
Richard W. Steketee2
Since 2005, Ethiopia has aggressively scaled up malaria prevention and case management. As a result, the number of malaria cases and deaths has significantly declined. In order to track progress towards the elimination of malaria in Amhara Region, coverage of malaria control tools and current malaria transmission need to be documented.
A cross-sectional household survey oversampling children under 5 years of age was conducted during the dry season in 2013. A bivalent rapid diagnostic test (RDT) detecting both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax and serology assays using merozoite antigens from both these species were used to assess the prevalence of malaria infections and exposure to malaria parasites in 16 woredas (districts) in Amhara Region.
7878 participants were included, with a mean age of 16.8 years (range 0.5–102.8 years) and 42.0% being children under 5 years of age. The age-adjusted RDT-positivity for P. falciparum and P. vivax infection was 1.5 and 0.4%, respectively, of which 0.05% presented as co-infections. Overall age-adjusted seroprevalence was 30.0% for P. falciparum, 21.8% for P. vivax, and seroprevalence for any malaria species was 39.4%. The prevalence of RDT-positive infections varied by woreda, ranging from 0.0 to 8.3% and by altitude with rates of 3.2, 0.7, and 0.4% at under 2000, 2000–2500, and >2500 m, respectively. Serological analysis showed heterogeneity in transmission intensity by area and altitude and evidence for a change in the force of infection in the mid-2000s.
Current and historic malaria transmission across Amhara Region show substantial variation by age and altitude with some settings showing very low or near-zero transmission. Plasmodium vivax infections appear to be lower but relatively more stable across geography and altitude, while P. falciparum is the dominant infection in the higher transmission, low-altitude areas. Age-dependent seroprevalence analyses indicates a drop in transmission occurred in the mid-2000s, coinciding with malaria control scale-up efforts. As malaria parasitaemia rates get very low with elimination efforts, serological evaluation may help track progress to elimination.
Malaria is a major public health challenge in Ethiopia, accounting for approximately 12 million cases each year [1]. Malaria epidemiology in Ethiopia is relatively unique in Africa in that both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are present and malaria transmission is generally unstable, with focal, seasonal outbreaks and occasional epidemics [1].
During the last decade, significant scale-up of interventions—including population-wide distribution of free, long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), nationwide roll-out of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and artemisinin-based combination treatments—to reduce malaria transmission was implemented throughout the country [2]. This resulted in a significant reduction in the prevalence of the malarial infection and illness and its consequences [3,4,5,6]. It is estimated that, if these activities are continued and sustained in the coming 5 years, 50 million malaria cases will be averted and $39 million in costs associated with patient care and treatment will be saved [7]. It is in this context that there is a renewed commitment to advance toward malaria elimination in Ethiopia.
To facilitate malaria elimination in geographical areas with historically low transmission [8], it is imperative to first document the current levels of malaria transmission and to provide the necessary evidence to extend effective malaria elimination activities. Measuring malaria transmission in low transmission areas is challenging, as microscopy and/or RDT results both underestimate infections and typically present a narrow dynamic range of malaria prevalence estimates, which require large sample sizes [9,10,11]. While molecular diagnostic tests such as PCR are more sensitive and may capture a more accurate representation of infection prevalence, they are currently impractical in terms of complexity and cost, and in the case of P. vivax, require a larger specimen volume [12, 13]. Serological markers measuring cumulative exposure can be a more practical and cost effective alternative, and may provide improved discrimination of transmission rates in the low to medium transmission areas by comparing seroprevalence and seroconversion rates. A recent study based on school surveys from the Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia, demonstrate the value of serological marker-based indicators in low transmission areas (seroprevalence of 0–12.7% for P. falciparum and 0–4.5% for P. vivax) [14].
A collaborative effort between the Federal Ministry of Health and Amhara National Regional State Health Bureau (ANRSHB); the Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), a programme at PATH; and The Carter Center (TCC) was established to develop, implement, and evaluate a comprehensive malaria elimination strategy in selected areas of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Before the implementation of activities, this study was conducted to estimate 2013 baseline rates of: (1) core malaria interventions including LLIN ownership and use, and IRS coverage; and (2) current and cumulative malaria infections due to P. falciparum and/or P. vivax using a population-based survey with malaria RDTs and malaria serology.
This study was conducted in Ethiopia's Amhara Region, which has a population of approximately 20 million people. In 2012, the reported annual incidence of malaria in the Amhara Region was 60 cases per 1000 population, accounting for 19% of the national malaria burden [15, 16]. The Amhara Region has significant variations in altitude, temperature, and annual rainfall resulting in areas of differing malaria risk and transmission for both P. falciparum and P. vivax. Malaria transmission is seasonal, with the major malaria transmission season being between September and December. For the purpose of this study, woredas (districts) of Amhara were divided into four eco-epidemiological zones (very low, very low to low, low, and low to moderate) based on weekly malaria incidence data from 2012. A total of 16 woredas from these four unique eco-epidemiological zones were selected (Fig. 1a, b).
a Amhara Region, Ethiopia, b survey areas (woredas) selected for the Malaria Elimination, colour-coded light to dark from lowest to highest for altitude, c Plasmodium falciparum RDT prevalence, d Plasmodium vivax RDT prevalence, e Plasmodium falciparum seroprevalence, and f Plasmodium vivax seroprevalence
This research protocol was reviewed and approved by ethical review committees at Amhara National Regional State (Amhara Research Ethics Review Committee), PATH, and Emory University.
Study design and data collection
A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in March–April 2013 during the dry, low-transmission season to provide estimates of malaria burden and coverage of malaria control tools at woreda level in 16 target woredas. Woreda-stratified sampling was used to draw a sample from each woreda that was proportional to the woreda population. Within each woreda, enumeration areas (EAs) were selected with probability proportional to size. A total of 278 EAs were selected from woreda listings of all EAs developed by the Central Statistical Agency for the 2007 census. In each selected EA, 25 households were selected using simple random sampling from a sampling frame of all households created by EA mapping. EAs were mapped using personal digital assistants (PDAs). Within each sampled household, all children aged 6 months to 4 years old were eligible for malaria testing. Household members over 5 years of age were eligible in one out of every four households. Individuals were invited to participate and were included after verbal informed consent was obtained.
A standardized questionnaire to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes about malaria, and use of malaria control tools was administered to each participant. Data were collected using PDAs. Finger-prick blood samples were collected from consenting participants to perform an RDT (bivalent SD Bioline Malaria Ag P.f./P.v. HRP-2/pLDH POCT) and prepare dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper. Participants with a positive RDT result received antimalarial treatment per national guidelines. Those seriously ill were referred to seek immediate care at the nearest health facility.
Samples were assayed for anti-malarial IgG antibody responses to P. falciparum and P. vivax merozoite surface protein (MSP-119) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) recombinant protein [11] by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at the Amhara Region Health Research Laboratory Centre. Three-millimetre diameter circles were punched from DBS and reconstituted in PBS buffer as previously described [10, 17]. Plates were coated with antigens at a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL overnight. Eluates from test samples were added at a dilution of 1:1000 and species-specific positive controls sera were added at serial dilutions on each plate to generate standard curves. After overnight incubation, horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated rabbit-anti-human IgG (DAKO, USA) secondary antibody was added followed by substrate Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) (SurModics, USA) as color detection. Optical density (OD) values were read at 450 nm after 15 min incubation with the substrate.
Data analysis was done using Stata (College Station, USA). Estimates of seroprevalence and prevalence of malaria infection by RDT were weighted to account for the sampling design.
Serology samples with duplicate OD values that varied by more than 50% were excluded from the analysis. Duplicate OD results were averaged, the raw ODs were transformed into titres using the standard curve generated by the positive control on each assay plate. Seropositivity was calculated by fitting a Gaussian distribution to normalized OD values using maximum-likelihood methods assuming two distributions, a narrow seronegative, and broad seropositive [18]. For each antigen, the cutoff value was determined by the mean OD of the seronegative population plus three standard deviations [11]. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax seropositivity was defined as an individual being positive for either or both respective antigens, and was analysed by age, altitude, and woreda. Simple reverse catalytic models were fitted to seroprevalence and age data using maximum likelihood methods and seroconversion rates (SCR) were estimated [11]. Evidence for models with two forces of infection were investigated using profile likelihood plots and compared with a model with a single force of infection using log-likelihood tests [10].
Logistic regression was employed to determine the likelihood of being RDT-positive for P. vivax and/or P. falciparum (odds ratios [OR]; 95% confidence intervals [CI]) as compared to having a negative RDT test result, for sex, age, altitude, fever, malaria history, bed net ownership, bed net use, and IRS spraying in the last 12 months. Univariate and multivariate models including all variables to estimate adjusted ORs were run. Two independent models were run for altitude (<2000 and ≥2000 m) because there was a significant effect modification between altitude and bed net use/ownership and altitude and IRS. Moreover, the national malaria programme uses the 2000 m altitude cut-off for targeted deployment of malaria control tools, hence supporting the a priori plan to run the two models separately. Also, it was not possible to add a third altitude band above 2500 m for the regression as was done for the descriptive analysis because the number of RDT positives was too small. Similar regression models were employed for P. falciparum and P. vivax seropositivity.
A total of 7878 individuals from 16 woredas (Fig. 1a, b) participated in the cross-sectional survey and had questionnaire data, RDT malaria blood testing results, and serology results available for analysis. 52.1% of participants were female, 42.0% were less than 4 years of age, and 55.1% lived below 2000 m (Table 1). At the household level, 59.2% owned a bed net and 31.4% had received IRS in the previous 12 months. Only 21.7% of participants reported having used a bed net the previous night, and 11.6% reported having had a fever in the previous 2 weeks. A total of 151 (1.9%) were RDT-positive (age-adjusted prevalence) (Table 2); 120 (1.5%) were RDT-positive for P. falciparum, 35 (0.4%) for P. vivax, and 4 (0.05%) for both P. falciparum and P. vivax. Among RDT-positive individuals, 41.0% were asymptomatic (no reported fever in the last 2 weeks), with no significant differences by age group. The overall seroprevalence was 39.4% (n = 3102), with 30.0% (2367) being P. falciparum seropositive and 21.8% (1720) P. vivax seropositive.
Table 1 Characteristics of survey participants (n = 7878)
Table 2 Prevalence of malaria infection by RDT-positivity and seroprevalence (n = 7878)
Geospatial distribution of RDT-positivity and seroprevalence
There was substantial variation in RDT-positivity for P. falciparum (from <1.0% to roughly 8.0%) (Fig. 1c) and less variation for P. vivax (from 0% to roughly 1.5%) (Fig. 1d) over the 16 woredas. Plasmodium falciparum seroprevalence by woreda ranged from 61.5% in Metema to 4.8% in Tehuledere (Fig. 1e); and P. vivax seroprevalence by woreda ranged from 43.7% in Bahir Dar Zuriya to 3.7% in Aneded (Fig. 1f). Overall, the RDT-positivity rates and the seroprevalence for both P. falciparum and P. vivax decreased with increasing altitude (Fig. 2). While higher RDT and serology prevalence was observed in woredas located at lower altitudes, there was heterogeneity within the different elevation strata (Fig. 2). The RDT-positivity by altitude was 3.2, 0.7, and 0.4% for <2000, 2000–2500, and >2500 m, respectively. Respective RDT-positivity for P. falciparum and P. vivax at these altitudes were 2.7 and 0.5% (<2000 m), 0.3 and 0.4% (2000–2500 m), and 0 and 0.4% (≥2500 m) (Fig. 3a). Additionally, the respective seroprevalence for P. falciparum and P. vivax at these altitudes were 41.6 and 28.8% (<2000 m), 19.8 and 18.9% (2000–2500 m), and 10.7 and 10.6% (≥2500 m) (Fig. 3a). There were no significant differences in seroprevalence by gender across the different elevation strata.
Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax RDT-positivity and seroprevalence by woreda. The woredas are arranged from highest to lowest altitude
Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax RDT-positivity and seroprevalence by a altitude and b age group
RDT-positivity and seropositivity by age
During this low transmission season, RDT-positivity for both P. falciparum and P. vivax was highest amongst 0–9-year-olds, after which RDT-positivity decreased with increasing age (Fig. 3b). Across all age groups, P. falciparum RDT-positivity was higher than P. vivax RDT-positivity.
Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax seroprevalence increased by age group, although a slight decrease among those aged 60 years and older was observed (Fig. 3b). This general pattern of increasing P. falciparum and P. vivax seroprevalence by age was seen in each of the altitude strata (Fig. 4). Overall, P. falciparum seroprevalence was higher than P. vivax seroprevalence across all age groups. However, when stratified by altitude, this pattern was only observed for those living at <2000 m. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax seroprevalences were more similar at higher altitudes, although there was variability observed in the >2500 m stratum, which is likely due to small number of positives per age group.
Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax RDT-positivity and seroprevalence by altitude and age group
Seroconversion rates
The age seroconversion plots for antibody responses for P. falciparum and P. vivax are shown in Fig. 5. The model with two forces of infection (a higher force of infection prior to approximately 15 years ago and a lower force of infection in the last 15 years) provided a better fit to the data than a model with a single force of infection. These models suggest that a substantial reduction in the exposure to both P. falciparum and P. vivax infections has occurred within the last 10–15 years (P. falciparum: current SCR 0.032 year−1 [0.029–0.035], previous SCR 0.26 year−1 [0.11–0.57]; P. vivax: current SCR 0.034 year−1 [0.03–0.038], previous SCR 0.22 year−1 [0.053–0.91]). The age seroconversion plots for antibody responses for P. falciparum and P. vivax by altitude strata are shown in Additional file 1, showing similar trends in all altitudes.
Age-seroconversion plots for antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens (left) and P. vivax antigens (right). Triangles represent deciles of observed data, solid lines represent the fit to the data of a reverse catalytic conversion model and broken blue lines provide the 95% confidence interval for this fit
The prevalence of RDT-positivity, reported fever and seroprevalence decreased with increasing altitude (Additional file 2). Malaria risk factors associated with RDT-positivity and seroprevalence by altitude (<2000 and ≥2000 m) are shown in Additional files 3 and 4. In both models, individuals with a reported fever in the past 2 weeks were significantly more likely to be RDT-positive, and there was a decreasing risk of RDT-positivity with increasing age. In altitudes below 2000 m, household ownership of a bed net was significantly protective against RDT-positivity; in altitudes ≥2000 m, those with a recent history of malaria were significantly more likely to be RDT-positive, and households that received IRS in the last 12 months were significantly protected against RDT-positivity. For seroprevalence, in altitudes under 2000 m, individuals with reported fever in the previous 2 weeks were significantly more likely to be seropositive, and household ownership of a bed net was significantly protective of seropositivity. In altitudes ≥2000 m, individuals with a history of malaria and households that had received IRS in the previous 12 months were significantly more likely to be seropositive.
Additional file 5 shows that seropositivity for P. falciparum is present in younger children across the different elevation strata, and persists even at the highest altitudes (>2500 m). However, all seropositive cases seen above 2500 m are borderline positive, as they are near the limit of detection of 0.02 OD units.
The overall RDT-positivity in the study area during the dry season (March–April) was 1.9%, when the prevalence of infection is expected to be significantly lower than during the major malaria transmission season, which is between September and December in Amhara region. This low prevalence of parasitaemia is probably an underestimate due to the imperfect RDT sensitivity, however it confirms that ongoing transmission persists in this region at a low level into the dry/low transmission season. Another study conducted in July 2013 at the end of the dry season found a high prevalence (12.0%) of RDT-diagnosed Plasmodium infection in nearby low-land farming areas of Amhara [19]. The use of small-scale irrigation schemes employed to ensure food security in the area during the dry season might contribute to maintaining the transmission. A recent study found that malaria transmission was significantly higher in irrigated areas and that was primarily due to the higher number of mosquito breeding sites such as waterlogged agricultural field puddles, leakage pools from irrigation canals and poorly functioning irrigation canals [20]. The relatively low use of malaria prevention tools (e.g., 59.2% household bed net ownership and 22% of individuals sleeping under a bed net the previous night) might represent the specific targeting of LLINs to areas <2000 m and the study sample included many living at higher elevations (areas not targeted for LLINs). However, the relatively low use despite ownership highlights the continuous need to educate and increase the awareness that malaria persists year round, and therefore the use of bed nets and other malaria prevention strategies should be reinforced throughout the year [21].
RDT-positivity was highest among children 0–9 years of age, although this pattern was only seen in the lowest altitude areas. The higher prevalence of infection in this young age group is likely to be driven by lower levels of naturally acquired immunity, with higher parasitaemia densities and potentially longer persistence of parasitaemia at a level that could be detected by RDTs [22]. This shows that, even in low transmission areas like this one in Ethiopia, an age pattern reflecting build-up of immunity is observed [23].
Seroprevalence reflects cumulative exposure to malaria, and, with the antigenic targets used in this study, is expected to fluctuate less between the different transmission seasons. As expected, seroprevalence increased with age for both P. falciparum and P. vivax antigens, reflecting the cumulative exposure to these infections over time, given that, once acquired, antibody responses to MSP-119 and AMA-1 can persist for several years [24]. Thus, seroprevalence in the youngest age group, which ranged from 2.3 to 11.4%, was associated with altitude, and supports the observation of ongoing transmission showed by the RDT results in the same age range. The slight decline in seroprevalence among individuals aged 60 years and older may be due to waning of antibody titers with age, or perhaps reflect decreased exposure to malaria transmission associated with a reduction of farming activities and/or less travel.
The RDT-positivity and the seroprevalence for both P. falciparum and P. vivax decreased with increasing altitude, which reflects the well-known phenomenon that transmission is generally higher at lower altitudes. In areas below 2000 m, RDT positivity for P. falciparum was higher than for P. vivax (2.7 and 0.5%, respectively). However, at altitudes over 2500 m the opposite was found: the RDT prevalence for P. vivax was 0.4 and 0% for P. falciparum, which may be related to the fact that P. vivax can have persistent liver stages and infection relapses and is also more tolerant of lower ambient temperatures [25]. Moreover, a recent meta-analysis suggests that the proportion of submicroscopic P. vivax infections is higher than for P. falciparum particularly in low transmission intensity areas [26].
The 2011 Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) found the same altitude pattern, with a 13-fold higher prevalence of malaria infection in areas under 2000 m, as compared to higher altitudes [1]. Of note, in the 2011 MIS, at altitudes above 2000 m, P. falciparum was not detected by microscopy and P. falciparum positivity by RDT was of 0.3%, showing the variation due to the different sensitivities of the tests used and highlighting the challenges of monitoring transmission in very low transmission areas.
The dominance of P. falciparum RDT-positivity and seroprevalence in areas under 2000 m suggests that these areas are driving the transmission in the Amhara Region by exporting infections to the higher altitude areas. At elevations over 2000 m, RDT prevalence was almost zero, and P. falciparum and P. vivax seroprevalences, which were nearly equivalent, were much lower. All age groups showed seropositivity, although seropositive children in areas above 2500 m had very low antibody titers. This suggests that local transmission in higher altitude areas is very low and that exposure to infection is likely to be acquired elsewhere and imported as a result of the population's mobility and/or migrant labour workforce [27, 28].
Finally, seroconversion rates showed a statistically significant change in the force of malaria infection, suggesting that malaria transmission intensity was higher and was reduced nearly tenfold (from approximately 25% of individuals seroconverting per year previously to 3% currently) in the early-to-mid-2000s in Amhara. This finding probably reflects the success of the recent aggressive scale-up of malaria control activities in the area [7].
In a low transmission setting such as Amhara, the typical malaria age pattern, where younger individuals, especially children, have the highest risk of infections, is also observed. Although reported fever in the past 2 weeks was a significant predictor of RDT-positivity, 63.1 and 46.4% of RDT-positive individuals in altitudes <2000 and ≥2000 m, respectively, did not report a history of fever. This suggests that naturally acquired immunity is attained early in life [22]. Similar results were observed during a population-wide malaria testing and treatment intervention implemented in six villages in Amhara Region, Ethiopia [29].
Household bed net ownership was significantly protective against both RDT positivity and seropositivity at altitudes under 2000 m, but not at 2000 m and above, primarily because bed net distribution programmes were focused specifically in lower altitudes where malaria transmission is known to be higher. Above 2000 m, IRS in the past 12 months was protective against RDT positivity, but was a significant risk factor for seropositivity. This may be due to the fact that certain IRS targeting programmes were implemented in areas ≥2000 m based on previous malaria outbreaks, and therefore may have masked the true effect of IRS spraying.
As observed in other malarious areas [30,31,32,33,34], there was both RDT-positivity and seroprevalence heterogeneity across and within the different malaria transmission eco-epidemiological zones in Amhara, with overall higher rates for P. falciparum compared to P. vivax and substantially higher transmission in lower altitude areas. Progress made in Ethiopia during the last decade in decreasing malaria transmission should continue with effective interventions tailored to the socio-epidemiological characteristics of the area. Given the apparent importance of population mobility in the parasite transmission patterns, specific interventions targeting the source areas at lower elevations and the mobile population would be warranted to eliminate transmission in the highest altitude areas. Serology offers an opportunity to monitor transmission in low and seasonal transmission areas. Measuring changes in the transmission of malaria will be crucial to monitor progress toward malaria elimination, and serological surveys may be a critical tool in addition to infection detection to describe changes in malaria transmission.
AMA:
apical membrane antigen
ANRSHB:
Amhara National Regional State Health Bureau
DBS:
enumeration area
long-lasting insecticide-treated nets
MSP:
merozoite surface protein
TCC:
The Carter Center
PDA:
personal digital assistants
SCR:
President's Malaria Initiative: Ethiopia, malaria operational plan FY 2014. http://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/malaria-operational-plans/fy14/ethiopia_mop_fy14.pdf?sfvrsn=14. Accessed 23 Feb 2015.
Jima D, Getachew A, Bilak H, Steketee RW, Emerson PM, Graves PM, et al. Malaria indicator survey 2007, Ethiopia: coverage and use of major malaria prevention and control interventions. Malar J. 2010;9:58.
Barnes KI, Chanda P, AbBarnabas G. Impact of the large-scale deployment of artemether/lumefantrine on the malaria disease burden in Africa: case studies of South Africa, Zambia and Ethiopia. Malar J. 2009;8(Suppl 1):S8.
Jima D, Wondabeku M, Alemu A, Teferra A, Awel N, Deressa W, et al. Analysis of malaria surveillance data in Ethiopia: what can be learned from the integrated disease surveillance and response system? Malar J. 2012;11:330.
Shargie EB, Gebre T, Ngondi J, Graves PM, Mosher AW, Emerson PM, et al. Malaria prevalence and mosquito net coverage in Oromia and SNNPR regions of Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:321.
Guthmann JP, Bonnet M, Ahoua L, Dantoine F, Balkan S, van Herp M, et al. Death rates from malaria epidemics, Burundi and Ethiopia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;1:140–3.
The African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA), the Evidence to Policy Initiative (E2Pi) in UCSF's Global Health Group, and the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI). Maintaining the gains in malaria control. http://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/sites/default/files/content/ghg/e2pi-maintaining-the-gains-country-briefs.pdf. Accessed 23 Feb 2016.
Roll back malaria—Ethiopia national strategic plan. http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/files/files/countries/Ethiopia-The-malaria-program-performance-review-2011.pdf. Accessed 23 Feb 2016.
Tusting LS, Bousema T, Smith DL, Drakeley C. Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum transmission: precision, accuracy and costs of metrics. Adv Parasitol. 2014;84:151–208.
Stewart L, Gosling R, Griffin J, Gesase S, Campo J, Hashim R, et al. Rapid assessment of malaria transmission using age-specific sero-conversion rates. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e6083.
Drakeley C, Corran P, Coleman P, Tongren JE, McDonald SL, Carneiro I, Malima R, et al. Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:5108–13.
Thongdee P, Chaijaroenkul W, Kuesap J, Na-Bangchang K. Nested-PCR and a new ELISA-based NovaLisa test kit for malaria diagnosis in an endemic area of Thailand. Korean J Parasitol. 2014;52:377–81.
Noedl H, Yingyuen K, Laoboonchai A, Fukuda M, Sirichaisinthop J, Miller RS. Sensitivity and specificity of an antigen detection ELISA for malaria diagnosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75:1205–8.
Ashton RA, Kefyalew T, Rand A, Sime H, Assefa A, Mekasha A, et al. Geostatistical modeling of malaria endemicity using serological indicators of exposure collected through school surveys. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93:168–77.
WHO. Global malaria programme: updated WHO policy recommendation: single dose primaquine as a gametocytocide in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/who_pq_policy_recommendation/en/. Accessed 23 Feb 2016.
Amhara National Regional State Health Bureau Public Health Emergency Management (PHEM) Annual Report; 2012.
Corran PH, Cook J, Lynch C, Leendertse H, Manjurano A, Griffin J, et al. Dried blood spots as a source of anti-malarial antibodies for epidemiological studies. Malar J. 2008;7:195.
Corran P, Coleman P, Riley E, Drakeley C. Serology: a robust indicator of malaria transmission intensity? Trends Parasitol. 2007;23:575–82.
Schicker RS, Hiruy N, Melaj B, Gelaye W, Bezabih B, Stephenson R, et al. A venue-based survey of malaria, anemia and mobility patterns among migrant farm workers in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0143829.
Kibret S, Wilson GG, Tekie H, Petros B. Increased malaria transmission around irrigation schemes in Ethiopia and the potential of canal water management for malaria vector control. Malar J. 2014;13:360.
Deressa W, Fentie G, Girma S, Reithinger R. Ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets in Oromia and Amhara regional states of Ethiopia 2 years after a nationwide campaign. Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16:1552–61.
Doolan DL, Dobaño C, Baird JK. Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:13–36.
Bousema T, Okell L, Felger I, Drakeley C. Asymptomatic malaria infections: detectability, transmissibility and public health relevance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014;12:833–40.
Okell LC, Bousema T, Griffin JT, Ouedraogo AL, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ. Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control. Nat Commun. 2012;3:1237.
Shanks GD. Control and elimination of Plasmodium vivax. Adv Parasitol. 2012;80:301–41.
Cheng Q, Cunningham J, Gatton ML. Systematic review of sub-microscopic P. vivax infections: prevalence and determining factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e3413.
Alemu K, Worku A, Berhane Y, Kumie A. Men traveling away from home are more likely to bring malaria into high altitude villages, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e95341.
Yukich JO, Taylor C, Eisele TP, Reithinger R, Nauhassenay H, Berhane Y, et al. Travel history and malaria infection risk in a low-transmission setting in Ethiopia: a case control study. Malar J. 2013;12:33.
Scott CA, Yeshiwondim AK, Serda B, Guinovart C, Tesfay BH, Agmas A, et al. Mass testing and treatment for malaria in low transmission areas in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Malar J. 2016;15:305.
Lynch C, Cook J, Nanyunja S, Bruce J, Bhasin A, Drakeley C, et al. Application of serological tools and spatial analysis to investigate malaria transmission dynamics in highland areas of Southwest Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94:1251–8.
Bousema T, Griffin JT, Sauerwein RW, Smith DL, Churcher TS, Takken W, et al. Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001165.
Burkot TR, Graves PM, Paru R, Wirtz RA, Heywood PF. Human malaria transmission studies in the Anopheles punctulatus complex in Papua New Guinea: sporozoite rates, inoculation rates, and sporozoite densities. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988;39:135–44.
Mbogo CM, Mwangangi JM, Nzovu J, Gu W, Yan G, Gunter JT, et al. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles mosquitoes and Plasmodium falciparum transmission along the Kenyan coast. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68:734–42.
Trape JF, Lefebvre-Zante E, Legros F, Ndiaye G, Bouganali H, Druilhe P, et al. Vector density gradients and the epidemiology of urban malaria in Dakar, Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992;47:181–9.
CS, ML, GSN, GD, CD and RS designed the study. ML, CS, BAS and AG designed the study procedures and data collection materials. BAS, BHT, BBB and AG supervised data collection. WY, SP, RD, KT and LY designed serology lab procedures, trained and supervised serology lab analysis. WY conducted serology lab analysis. PB and MK analysed the survey and serology data. WP, SP, PB, CG, GD AG, CD and RS assisted with interpretation of results, drafted and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Informed verbal consent was obtained from eligible participants or their guardians prior to enrolment in the study. The Amhara National Regional State, PATH, and Emory University ethical review committees reviewed and approved the entire protocol. Participation in the study was voluntary.
This publication is based on research funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1089412). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Regional Health Research Laboratory Center, Amhara National Regional State Health Bureau, P.O. Box 495, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Woyneshet G. Yalew & Belay B. Beyene
PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
Sampa Pal, Pooja Bansil, Caterina Guinovart, Michael Kalnoky, Belendia A. Serda, Berhane H. Tesfay, Catherine Seneviratne, Megan Littrell, Lindsay Yokobe, Gonzalo J. Domingo, Asefaw Getachew & Richard W. Steketee
Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, WCIE 7HT, UK
Rebecca Dabbs, Kevin Tetteh & Chris Drakeley
The Carter Center, 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA, 30307, USA
Gregory S. Noland
Woyneshet G. Yalew
Sampa Pal
Pooja Bansil
Rebecca Dabbs
Kevin Tetteh
Caterina Guinovart
Michael Kalnoky
Belendia A. Serda
Berhane H. Tesfay
Belay B. Beyene
Catherine Seneviratne
Megan Littrell
Lindsay Yokobe
Gonzalo J. Domingo
Asefaw Getachew
Chris Drakeley
Richard W. Steketee
Correspondence to Richard W. Steketee.
Age-seroconversion plots for antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens (left) and P. vivax antigens (right) for altitudes below 2000 metres (A), 2000 to 2500 metres (B), and greater than 2500 metres (C). Triangles represent deciles of observed data, solid lines represent the fit to the data of a reverse catalytic conversion model and broken blue lines provide the 95% confidence interval for this fit.
Percent of RDT-positivity (Plasmodium falciparum and/or P. vivax), serology positivity and presence of fever by bed net ownership, bed net use and IRS use, in different altitude strata.
Percent and odds ratios for RDT-positivity (Plasmodium falciparum and/or P. vivax) by sociodemographic characteristics and malaria risk factors, for altitudes <2000 metres and ≥2000 metres.
Percent and odds ratios for seropositivity (Plasmodium falciparum and/or P. vivax) by sociodemographic characteristics and malaria risk factors, for altitudes <2000 metres and ≥2000 metres.
Dot plots of seropositivity to Plasmodium falciparum antigens among children aged 1 to 5 years, by altitude.
Yalew, W.G., Pal, S., Bansil, P. et al. Current and cumulative malaria infections in a setting embarking on elimination: Amhara, Ethiopia. Malar J 16, 242 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1884-y
Seroconversion
Seroprevalence
Malaria transmission


text:
THE PERSONAL BLOG | A LITTLE BLACK BOY WITH A BIG MIND & more
My TOP 10 for 2017
Kofi Siriboe
The 6'2″ American actor and model whose works have ranged across theatre, film and television has been dubbed over the years by his lusting fans as Siribae or Kofiiine. Can you believe he is just 23?
His style is simple yet stylish. And he seems to know his craft as it relates to acting and being a model.
He made his fans mouth water from his naked scene in "Girls Trip" and ever since then, social media could not get enough of The "Queen Sugar" Bae of television.
The unladylike lady of neo-soul did one of the most controversial songs of 2017, "The Weekend" where she sang about being and loving the role of a side-chick.
Her fashion style may seem effortless but her stunning face and hair speak volumes! People flock to the realness in her music and the asymmetry of this type of soul.
Although I think her music is amazing, I'm not feeling her live performances.
The American footballer was crowned as GQ's Citizen of the year 2017.
"I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color. To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder," said Kaepernick before he opted to take a knee.
This stirred up social media, whether by being supported or defamed.
I respected his decision because of the reasoning behind it. It wasn't for his selfish attention, it was for the attention of the lives being lost due to the rising black deaths and racial slander occurring.
How can you not want to laugh when you think of the beautiful Tracee Ellis Ross?
She is the daughter of Motown Singer/Actress Diana Ross and Music Business Manager Robert Ellis Silberstein.
She became most popular for her lead role as Joan in the comedy series Girlfriend (2000-2009) and she continues to take over television as Dr. Rainbow Johnson in the Emmy nominated comedy series Black-ish (2014-present). Tracee "T-Murda" Ross's fashion is nothing short of fierce, not to mention her shoe collection.
Popular for being one of the longest actors, depicting multiple roles on the FX anthology series American Horror Story in which he played one of the main characters since 2011.
The 30-year-old American actor is simply amazing at what he does. He was perfect in all seasons. You might also know him as Quicksliver from the X-Men film series. Which character did he slay the best? Tate, Kit, Jimmy, Mr. March, Edward or Kai?
Tamera Mowry-Housley
I always knew she was beautiful but as of late I started to realize she was stunning.
The now TV host of the daytime talk show, The Real, first stole our hearts alongside her identical twin sister in the popular sitcom Sister, Sister.
Facing so many backlashes on her interracial relationship with her husband Adam Housley, she still manages to let the public know that she is Mrs. Housley and if you don't like it, too bad.
Reggae music has always been my first love. But it took a back seat in the later years because I thought there wasn't much dynamics in the contents being fed to it's the listeners. In essence, it was all the same.
However, the 25-year-old Jamar Rolando McNaughton popularly known as Chronixx, hailing from Jamaica, dropped his single "Likes" that I thought was the shadiest Reggae music has ever been. The song spoke about artists who are artists for the love of people and not the love of the music. This song should be an anthem!
Do you remember the stone-cold Jade from the hit Nickelodeon series, Victorious (2010-2013)?
Well, she is all grown up now and playing the fiercely, spoiled Fallon Carrington on Netflix hot new series Dynasty.
She is nothing short of the bitchy-sweetheart character that gives us life as we watch. Love her!
He blew up the internet for his touching role in the Acadamy winning movie Moonlight. Mahershala Ali won best supporting actor.
Did you know he used to be a rapper? His name was Prince Ali.
The former rapper, now actor can be seen in Netflix's Luke Cage. He's been featured in GQ's Magazine a few times and steadily becoming one of those faces you can't refuse.
His style ranges from very laid-back, poping non-traditional looks to a monochromatic, fitted suites.
Whilst you were paying attention to the highly political BET awards Nicki Minaj was collecting the key to the city.
Whilst you were hyping up a dis track from somebody with no content Nicki Minaj did a feature that sold 10x more.
The Queen of Rap got the Key to Queens and she still reigns.
The female Trini-rapper continues to dominate the airwaves.
Author lordrahiiPosted on December 20, 2017 December 20, 2017 Categories Entertainment, Lifestyle, UncategorizedTags Actors, America, Chronixx, Colin Kaepernick, Elizabeth Gillies, Entertainment, Evan Peters, Fashion, GQ, Jamaica, Kofi Siriboe, LordRahii, Mahershala Ali, Model, Movies, Music, Nicki Minaj, SZA, Tamera Mowry-Housley, Top 10, Tracee Ellis Ross
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@p.o.p.e_ amazing article! #swyd and go read www.thepopereview.com #theevolution
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This past July 16th, Corazon de Vida held it's annual summer benefit "La Noche Blanca 2015" at the Santiago Canyon Estate and it was a raging success!
Over 170 guests attended, the venue was breathtaking, the food was delicious, the live music was perfect and the silent auction was filled with amazing items, vacation stays and experiences. Everyone was dressed in white and looking impeccable!
We had six past orphanage residents that are attending college representing all the students currently supported through our continuing education program: Flor, Grecia, Angelica, Natalia, Ceci and Antonio. The students shared with guests their stories and how they are on their way to obtaining a degree and making their dreams come true.
The enchantment of the event's setting was only upstaged by the warmth of all the beautiful guests, coming together with the common goal of supporting the children. With your participation, we were able to raise $85,000 in donations and pledges. These funds will go a long way in providing the children at all the Corazon de Vida family of orphanages with security, nutrition, shelter and access to a reliable education.
We would like to send a very special acknowledgement to our evening sponsors Apogee Electronics and Dastmalchi, Inc, for their support, and to Jonathon's Coastal Living for the beautiful décor that made the event look spectacular!
This event was only possible thanks to our Host Committee who worked for many months organizing the event and to our amazing and devoted team of staff and volunteers, many of them who help us continuously year after year to make our events possible!
Combining the love of discovering new places and flavors around the world while getting the opportunity to give back creates an experience that becomes life-altering for many people. Valle de Guadalupe in Baja has become an area known as Mexico's Wine Country. With over 50 wineries and many world-renowned restaurants, the area is also home to three of Corazon de Vida's supported orphanages and has become the perfect location for a combined vacation/service trip!
There is no better way to immerse yourself in the Corazon de Vida experience than joining one of our weekend trips! The connections you make with the beautiful area of Baja California, the kids living at our supported orphanages and the interactions with your fellow trip participants create memories that will last a lifetime. Our guests enjoyed tastings of some of the most amazing wines of the area, delighted themselves with an incredible dinner at Trevista Vineyards, a boutique vineyard; and most importantly, got to spend time with the children of two of our supported orphanages: Casa de Paz and Rancho El Faro.
Read what some of the participants are saying!


Corn salsa is super versatile! This particular corn salsa recipe makes a lot — so it's a great one for large parties & festive weekends like the 4th of July. Works wonderfully as a salsa with tortilla chips or Fritos, but also makes a great topping for salads, wraps, or our favorite… fish tacos! 🙂 Plan ahead though, this salsa has to sit overnight in the fridge before it is ready to serve!
In a large bowl, toss together all the vegetables & beans.
In a saucepan, mix together the oil, vinegar & sugar. Stirring constantly over medium high heat, bring liquid to a boil.
Pour hot liquid over corn salsa.
Cover & refrigerate for 8-14 hours. Drain & serve.
*Black beans, pinto beans, black-eyed peas, red beans, garbanzo beans all work great in this recipe!