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Rev. biol. trop vol.62 n.3 San José Jul./Sep. 2014
Knowledge, perceptions, and practices with respect to the prevention of dengue in a mid-Pacific coastal village of Costa Rica
Conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas para prevenir el dengue en un pueblo costero del Pacífico central de Costa Rica
Victoria L. Egedus1* José Morales Ortega2* & Anabelle Alfaro Obando3*
Dengue fever is the fastest spreading, most prevalent and deadly arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide, present in over 125 countries. In 2013, Costa Rica is experiencing the highest number of Dengue infections since the virus's reintroduction to the country in 1993. This study evaluated the Dengue-related knowledge of 320 community members, and polled opinions on how to better educate and mobilize the community on Dengue prevention in Quebrada Ganado, Costa Rica during March-May, 2013. In addition, property inspections were used to find relationships between knowledge or opinions and presence of Aedes breeding sites. Results showed that while citizens knew the virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that reproduce near water, they lacked knowledge on Aedes habits and confused it with other mosquitoes. Eighty-one percent of respondents assumed some responsibility for dengue prevention. Suggestions for improved education included consistent and continual information on the risks and dangers dengue poses to an individual. Characteristics relating to households with more positive breeding sites were: lower education level, higher prevalence of dengue infections in the household, lesser knowledge of dengue symptoms, a lower rating on the dangers of dengue and a lower rating on the importance of preventative actions. While a range of prevention methods are implemented, active community involvement is highly important for successful Dengue prevention. Continual evaluation is necessary to make more immediate, long-term behavioral societal changes, and to maximize the economic resources spent on Dengue prevention. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (3): 859-867. Epub 2014 September 01.
Key words: dengue fever, Costa Rica, social communication, Aedes aegypti, arbovirus, KAP.
Entre las enfermedades virales transmitidas por artrópodos, el dengue es la más mortal y de difusión más rápida en el mundo. Es transmitida por los mosquitos Aedes, y está presente en más de 125 países. En 2013, Costa Rica tuvo el mayor porcentaje de casos de dengue desde la reintroducción del virus al país en 1993. Este estudio evaluó el conocimiento de 320 miembros de la comunidad costera de Quebrada Ganado, Costa Rica, quienes dieron sus opiniones acerca de cómo mejorar la educación y movilizar la comunidad en la prevención del dengue durante marzo y abril 2013. Además, mediante inspecciones de propiedades se trató de hallar conexiones entre el conocimiento u opiniones y la presencia de criaderos de Aedes. Aunque los habitantes sabían que el virus es transmitido por los mosquitos que se reproducen cerca del agua, no reconocían los hábitos del mosquito y lo confundían con otros mosquitos. El 81% acepta la responsabilidad por la prevención del dengue. Sugerencias para mejorar la educación incluyeron: información continua y frecuente sobre los riesgos, peligros y daños a la salud. Las características relacionadas con las propiedades que tenían más criaderos fueron: menor nivel de educación, mayor frecuencia de infecciones con dengue, menor entendimiento de los síntomas del dengue, menor calificación dada a los peligros del dengue y menor calificación dada a la importancia de las acciones preventivas. Mientras se pone en práctica una gama amplia de métodos de prevención del dengue, la participación activa de la comunidad es sumamente importante para el éxito de estas actividades. La evaluación continua es necesaria para lograr cambios inmediatos y a largo plazo en el comportamiento social y para aprovechar mejor los recursos económicos invertidos en la prevención del dengue.
Palabras clave: dengue, Costa Rica, comunicación social, Aedes aegypti.
Dengue fever is a viral illness caused by any one of the four DENV flavivirus serotypes (DENV1-DENV4). It is the most prevalent and deadly arthropod-borne human illness worldwide (Guzman & Kouri, 2002; Farrar et al., 2007; Ross, 2010) and is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, primarily Aedes aegypti. Infection with one serotype may cause dengue with or without warning signs, or severe dengue. Subsequent acquisition of different serotypes is associated with a weakened immune response and worsens the perspective for recuperation.
Dengue epidemics were reported in 1779, but no persistent infection patterns existed until World War II when a global dengue pandemic began (reviewed in Gubler, 1998). To this day, no dengue vaccine has been approved, and prevention methods rely heavily on diminishing the vector. In 1947 the Pan American Sanitary Bureau initiated a campaign to eradicate Aedes aegypti from the Western Hemisphere, and by 1961 Aedes was completely eradicated from many Latinamercan countries, including Costa Rica (Severo, 1955; Soper, 1963). While dengue continued to be a major health problem in Asia, the Americas remained clear approximately between 1950-1970 (Gubler, 1998). The eradication campaign ended, and during the 1970s the Pacific Islands were re-infected with the virus, leading to the spread of dengue across the Western Hemisphere once again (Gubler, 1998). Today the number of incidences of dengue is 30 times greater than it was 50yrs ago, with an estimated 390 million dengue infections annually (Bhatt et al., 2013) and 2.5 billion people living in areas of risk (WHO, 2009).
Exacerbated by increases in climatic temperatures, frequent intercontinental airline travel, booming, uncontrolled urbanization, inadequate municipal services, and vector adaptability, (Parks & Lloyd, 2004; Farrar et al., 2007; Miller, 2012) dengue is a pressing global health concern. Relatively successful, the country of Costa Rica remained free of dengue until an epidemic outbreak in 1993. Since 1993, infections have persisted and posed an increasing health threat in Costa Rica, and there is a severe gap in published dengue research in the country (Troyo, Porcelain, Calderón-Arguedas, Chadee, & Beier, 2006). In 2013 Costa Rica was declared to have the largest dengue epidemic since 1993, and by the end of August 2013 around 27 000 infections were reported.
Aedes aegypti maintains a lifestyle dependent on humans, and lives exclusively in human-populated areas (Trpis, Hausermann, & Craig, 1995). The female mosquito lays her eggs in clean water, and eggs can lay dormant for over a year in a dry state. While a number of options for diminishing the vector have been considered in the past 20yrs, including predation to kill the mosquitoes, fumigation, and shorter-lived organophosphate insecticides, these methods are not successfully executed and are difficult to manage without community participation. Aedes breeding is often propagated by the failure to remove breeding sites, such as old tires, flower vases, random garbage, and even pop bottle caps that should be properly disposed of. Studies show that in working to eliminate dengue, community education and involvement are crucial (Espinoza-Gómez, Hernández-Suárez, & Coll-Cárdenas, 2002; Parks & Lloyd, 2004; Martín & Prado, 2004; Nam et al., 2005), yet much effort is still needed to optimize community involvement (Toledo-Romaní, Baly-Gil, Ceballos-Ursula, Boelaert, & Van der Stuyft, 2006).
In order to combat dengue and eradicate the vector, the Pan-American Health Organization, national health care system and the Ministry of Health of Costa Rica designed a plan in 2005. The plan, EGI (Spanish for Integrative Management Strategy), has five integrated components, one of which is social communication. A goal of social communication is to mobilize public participation in eliminating the vector; however, attaining and maintaining long-lasting behavioral changes in a community is a difficult task (Parks & Lloyd, 2004). It was reported that public education regarding dengue knowledge is relatively strong in Costa Rica, yet education on attitudes and beneficial practices has not been well provided (Solís, Quesada, & Gutiérrez, 2010).
This study aimed to evaluate and report on the current status of the residents' knowledge, perceptions and actions in regards to dengue in the small, mid-Pacific coastal village Quebrada Ganado, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
Study site: The study site was Quebrada Ganado, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Quebrada, or QG), (9.72ºN - 84.63ºW), with a population of 1 916 (967 males, 949 females) (INEC, 2011). Before the study began, QG had 40 confirmed and reported cases of dengue in the first 16wks of 2013 (Ministry of Health). The town has 754 residences including 583 occupied and 171 unoccupied (INEC, 2011). Ninety-nine percent of the houses (582/583) have internal running water, and 99% (577/583) have a television (INEC, 2011). In general, houses are very close together and space is concentrated, including a community center, soccer field, kindergarten, pharmacy, primary and secondary schools, and public health clinic. The most commonly-reported resident occupations are personal services, cleaning services, sales and construction (INEC, 2011).
Study design: To correlate resident knowledge and attitudes with their respective property, and to evaluate the behavior of QG citizens, only citizens at residential properties were interviewed. Our 25-item interview was adapted from a similar interview designed to aid the Ministry of Health (MH) in a 2004 study (R. Baxter, unpublished). All interviews took place in March and April, 2013. Interview procedures, including interviewee verbal consent protocol, were approved by the Ethics Review Board of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, Chicago, Illinois.
Household inspections were carried out during March through May, 2013 by employees of the Vector Control sector of the Garabito Ministry of Health of Costa Rica. As part of the EGI branch of Entomological Surveillance, MH workers inspect properties for possible and positive Aedes breeding sites, and educate owners about dengue prevention.
All answers were directly recorded on an interview sheet. Independent of how many people were present in the house, only one person was asked to respond. All respondents were at least 18 years of age, lived in the house, and as often as possible, managed household decisions. To avoid influence by recent in-house education by MH employees, we interviewed 182 households with no previous recent MH visit. These properties were inspected after the interview. An additional 37 interviews were conducted directly after a MH inspection, and 45 interviews were conducted in households that had an inspection two months prior. Fifty-six interviews were conducted in households with no previous inspection, and no MH inspection data following the interview were available for these houses.
All data were entered in Microsoft Excel and rechecked. Dependency of type of water used for mosquito breeding with prior education by MH was tested with a contingency table. The relationship between Likert scale or other types of responses for various independent and dependent variables of interest were estimated by simple linear regression. Differences in mean Likert scale responses between various groupings of participants were estimated with one-way parametric ANOVA. Assumptions of homogeneity of variance were tested and posterior comparisons between means were carried out with LSD, Tukey or Scheffe tests. Statistical procedures followed Sokal & Rohlf (1995). Analysis of variance and linear regression analyses were conducted using Statgraphics Centurion XVI (Statpoint Technologies, Inc., 2011).
Tables and additional comments appear as Digital Appendices. The rest of the results are detailed below.
Sample demographics: Of the 19 city blocks in the study site, 18 blocks were visited and 320 citizens were interviewed. This included 242 (76%) females and 78 (24%) males. Median age was 40 with a range from 18 to 86. Twenty-three (7%) participants had no education, 167 (52%) had received education at the primary level, 102 (32%) at the secondary level and 28 (9%) up to university level. Fifty-three percent of participants were stay-at-home mothers or not employed, 14% were blue-collar workers (construction, packing, maintenance, fishing, among others), 13% worked in a restaurant, tourism, or as a cashier and the other 20% were employed in 10 other sectors including childcare, independent work and security. Sixty-five percent of those interviewed owned their home or paid mortgage and 35% rented.
Citizen history with dengue and familiarity: Sixty-one percent of participants reported someone in their house had been previously infected with dengue and 21 (11%) of these participants reported it to be "hemorrhagic". According to the previous WHO guidelines for dengue classification, community members were more familiar with this terminology than with the newer classification of "severe dengue." Thirty-nine percent had no house-member with previous infection. Of those who reported a previous infection in the house, an average of two people in the house had contracted dengue and on average one time ranging from a reported one to six times.
Participants were asked to list the symptoms of dengue fever, and 89% of participants could state three or more symptoms. We designated three or more symptoms as an adequate understanding of the symptoms of dengue. The most common symptoms mentioned were fever (285 participants, 89%), headache (209 participants, 65%), body pain (134 participants, 42%), vomiting (122 participants, 38%), and rash (105 participants, 33%). Of those who had an adequate understanding, participants mentioned up to nine symptoms (n=2); with a mean, median and mode of four symptoms. Participants with previous acquisition were more knowledgeable of the symptoms, (F=76.6; df=1, 318; p<0.0001, R2=19.41%).
Citizen knowledge: Three hundred fifteen (98%) participants knew that dengue is transmitted by a mosquito and 98% knew that the mosquito reproduces in stagnant water. It became evident that the town has common knowledge that mosquitoes reproduce in water, but they grossly generalize all mosquitoes, specifically those around dirty street water, to carry dengue. When this generalization became evident, we began asking participants (n=253) what kind of water is preferred by the mosquitoes that transmit dengue. As previously noted, participants were interviewed either before or after an inspection by the Ministry of Health workers (Table 1) (Appendix 1). Participants reported clean water more often if their house had been inspected by a Ministry of Health worker 5wks prior, compared with the participants with no previous house inspection (x2=8.88; df=1; p=0.0029). Education from MH inspections had an effect on community knowledge 5 weeks later. When asked how to decrease the number of dengue infections in the community, 280 participants (88%) mentioned eliminating stagnant water (Table 2) (Appendix 1).
Community concerns: When asked for the "most severe problem in the community", 20 people (6%) reported a lack of available appointments in the clinic, 12 people (4%) reported garbage thrown in the streets and river, nine (3%) reported poor management of water in the streets, five (1.6%) reported inconsideration for the environment, four (1.3%) reported non-efficient political organizations, and dengue or excess of mosquitoes was reported by 13 (5%). The most common answer was illegal drug use (29%, 94 people).
When asked for the "principal health problem in QG", an overwhelming 160 (50%) participants reported dengue. Six (2%) reported their concern for contaminated, stagnant water in the streets, and four (1.3%) reported a plague of mosquitoes.
Citizen perceptions: When asked: How dangerous it is for a person to get infected with dengue? 157 (52%) respondents said it is very dangerous, 125 (42%) said it is dangerous, and 18 (6%) said it is not dangerous, or they did not know. Mean response for danger level was greater for respondents that had a house member with previous dengue infection ( =2.52 on scale from 1-3) when compared to the mean response for respondents who had no house member previously infected ( =2.32) (F=5.97; df=1, 298; p=0.015).
Two hundred twelve (71%) respondents reported that "actions on dengue prevention" are very important, 75 (25%) reported the actions are important, three (1%) reported the actions are not important, and 10 (3%) reported they did not know. Mean response for perceived "importance of actions on dengue prevention" were greater for participants with a previously infected house member ( =2.74) than for those with no previous household infection ( =2.46) (F=13.23; df=1, 298; p=0.0003). Similarly, respondents' rating on the "importance of actions on dengue prevention" was greater for respondents who could name "three or more dengue symptoms" ( =2.66) compared to those who could not ( =2.38) (F=5.25; df=1, 298; p=0.0227). Similarly, those who could name "three or more dengue symptoms" perceived a greater "danger of infection" ( =2.46) than those who could not ( =2.29) (F=1.77; df=1, 298; p=0.18).
Citizen opinions on responsibility and effective dengue education in the community: The last three questions in the interview were used to gather community views, opinions and advice on dengue prevention within their community. In response to the question: Who has the responsibility of protecting the community from dengue? 167 (52%) reported it was their responsibility entirely, 29% responded the community has responsibility along with other organizations, and 19% did not include the community in their response (Table 3) (Appendix 1).
We asked participants: How the community can be educated on dengue and its prevention? and 406 responses were received. Response frequencies from the 320 participant total were calculated as percentages (Table 4) (Appendix 1). Many comments on dengue education were also offered, and some of the most common comments were recorded (Table 5) (Appendix 1). We also asked: How community members can be convinced to eliminate breeding sites on their properties? (Table 6) (Appendix 1), and additional comments were recorded (Table 7) (Appendix 1).
Citizen practices: Based on 264 properties inspected by MH employees, all 264 properties (100%) had possible breeding sites. Mean number of possible breeding sites per house was 8.5 (median=7, mode=5, and ranged from 2-51 per house). Nine percent of the properties inspected had at least one breeding site positive for Aedes aegypti larvae or pupas (n=24). The quantity of positive breeding sites found on each property ranged from 0 to 6, and included a variety of receptacles, including small buckets, flowerpots, and appliances not in use. The maximum number of times a house member had been infected by dengue was positively related to the number of possible breeding sites at that house (F=5.51; df=1, 261; p=0.0196; R2=2.07). Houses with more possible breeding sites had more positive breeding sites for A. aegypti larva/pupa (F=142; df=1, 263; p<0.0001; R2=35.17).
Citizen trends and predictive factors: Having a previous infection or knowledge of dengue symptoms did not have a significant relationship with the number of breeding sites found during inspections. Among the knowledge and demographic factors collected, participant education level had the greatest relationship to number of positive breeding sites found in inspections (negative relationship) (F=5.92; df=1, 262; p=0.0156; R2=2.21). The number of positive breeding sites was also greater in homes where a) the respondent rated a lower importance on the actions of dengue prevention (F=5.08; df=1, 244; p=0.0251; R2=2.05) and b) the rating for dengue danger was lower (F=5.08; df=1, 244; p=0.0223; R2=2.13).
As with other studies, most often women of the house were available for interviewing (de María Cáceres-Manrique, Vesga-Gómez, Perea-Florez, Ruitort, & Talbot, 2009; Zuleta et al., 2011). Based on our total sample size of 42.4% of the residences in QG, the majority of townspeople reported having had a dengue infection in their household (61%). Nine in ten citizens (90%) have an adequate understanding of the fever's symptoms, indicating they understand dengue fever well, which is comparatively high (Panagos, Lacy, Gubler, & Macpherson, 2005). An overwhelming 98% understand that dengue is transmitted by a mosquito, but think erroneously that the mosquito proliferates in stagnant water. However, a portion of participants reported false positive dengue cases. They reported up to six distinct dengue infections, which is not possible with four serotypes. Citizens also had a defined confusion on the characteristics of the dengue vector. Previous studies have shown a similar trend where communities are familiar with dengue and mosquitoes, but have a poorer understanding of the relationship between the mosquito, human behavior and transmission (Panagos et al., 2005).
Citizens were not well educated on the differences in mosquito niches, leaving them to perceive "a mosquito is a mosquito," hence, all mosquitoes transmit dengue. For example, citizens were preoccupied that dengue was spread by mosquitoes that are often found in areas where Aedes does not reproduce. They failed to focus on the primary breeding sites the dengue vector prefers: receptacles or other items with solid, flat surfaces that hold clean water in residential areas. Previous studies similarly reported participants failed to recognize mosquitos in their house as the dengue vector (Pérez-Guerra, Seda, García-Rivera, & Clark, 2005; Torres-López, Guerrero-Cordero, & Salazar-Estrada, 2012). Reported social barriers include a lack of responsibility and a muted concern of the disease (Pérez, Zielinski, Vargas, & Clark, 2009), especially due to hazy information (Torres-López et al., 2012). We believe the inability to differentiate and identify practices between mosquitoes may lead to this lack of responsibility and a muted concern, as well as the failure to mobilize in QG.
The primary role communities play in reducing the risk for dengue is to remove receptacles on their property (San Martin & Prado, 2004), and the role of community participation needs to be unified within a community (Toledo-Romaní et al., 2006). A blurry understanding of Aedes habits mutes the relevancy and urgency for community members to play their part. By comprehending the distinctions of the dengue vector, community members will understand the reason they must review their lawns diligently, and unify on their participatory role.
Regarding community views on dengue responsibility, eight in ten (81%) respondents said the community is at least partially responsible for dengue prevention; however, about 20 percent do not claim any responsibility. This is a concern because a mindset of responsibility and ownership leads citizens to act. Citizens reported the best ways to convince community members to eliminate stagnant water were through: campaigns, information on risks and dangers, talks and lectures and the work by the MH. That is, the number one way to convince members to act is through more information and education.
The next most popular response was that contracting dengue is the only way to convince members to act; indicating personal experience is the best teacher. About one in three respondents expressed doubts in convincing other community members to take preventative actions. This stems from a long-standing culture that community members expect their neighbor will not take action and remove breeding sites on their property. For example, in the town it is "normal" to litter, therefore watching a neighbor throw trash on the street is acceptable. In order to change this norm, each member has to not only take individual ownership, but collaborate with others. This attitude of pointing the finger at one's neighbors is not unique to this community (Pérez-Guerra et al., 2005, Torres-López et al., 2012). But members need to take ownership, challenge norms, and even expand their personal responsibilities. Some community members are physically unable to independently review their lawns adequately, such as the elderly. These people need family members or neighbors to step in for them.
Respondents also suggested dengue education needs to be frequent, continual and non-stop, because community members are human and therefore tend to "forget" if information is not brought up often. This report reflects one of the tenets of Communication for Behavior Impact (COMBI) put out by the WHO: sustained appropriate advertising which is massive, repetitive, intense and persistent (Parks & Lloyd, 2004), which has been supported in other studies as well (Khun & Manderson, 2007).
Regarding MH vector control inspections, MH workers inspect properties to remove and prevent Aedes breeding sites, and to educate citizens on dengue and its prevention. The MH visits and inspections were of the most common suggestions on how to educate and even to convince community members on dengue and its prevention. Other communities have similarly requested house visits (Zuleta et al., 2011) to explain specific control measures (Pérez-Guerra et al., 2005). The use of dialogue has been stressed in the transition from critical understanding to critical action (Freire, 1973), and a house visit provides a great opportunity for one-on-one dialogue with MH educators and residents.
House visits and family education require many trained vector control workers, and a lot of time. Additionally, some citizens report that the MH has abandoned their position in dengue control because they fumigate much less than before. The request for fumigation has been reported in other communities as well (Pérez-Guerra et al., 2005). However, an over-dependence on fumigation or repeated house visits diminishes the community's ownership and perceived responsibility to review their own properties for breeding sites. There is a misunderstanding that fumigation equals support in fighting dengue. This aim should be openly communicated with community members so they do not get the incorrect impression that the MH is retracting its position or support in dengue control by decreasing the frequency of fumigation.
Regarding target audience characteristics to consider, dengue perceptions have been shown to vary based on previous acquisition (Pérez et al., 2009). We similarly found that respondents who have had a dengue infection in the household perceive dengue to be more dangerous, and they consider the actions of prevention to be more important. Respondents who were familiar with dengue symptoms were also stronger supporters of preventative actions. This indicates if people are more aware of dengue symptoms, they may be more inclined to prevent the disease. This supports the educational goal to highlight the symptoms of dengue and risks it poses to an individual (Pérez et al., 2009).
To avoid "preaching to the choir," dengue education needs to target the right audience. According to our findings, we compiled the following characteristics which suggest the target audience should include people who: do not live with anyone previously infected by dengue, do not understand the symptoms of dengue, have more frequent infections in the household (relates to more possible breeding sites), have a low education level (Rosenbaum et al., 1995, Syed et al., 2010), rate the importance of actions on dengue prevention lower (which relates to more positive breeding sites), rate dengue to be less dangerous (which relates to more positive breeding sites), and have more possible breeding sites on their property (which relates to more positive breeding sites).
A special thank you goes to Chris Vaughan, Michael McCoy, Mario Morera, Judith Magnan, Jaime Rodríguez Arguedas, José Valerín Cordero, Maynor Peraza Solas, Zulema Conejo Mora, Luis Guillermo Chaverri, Nick Bohrer, and above all, the community members of QG.
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Zuleta, L. P., Garzón, A., Pérez, R., Rodríguez, E., Fonseca, J., & Cano, F. (2011). Caracterización de conductas relacionadas con dengue, Yopal, Casanare, Colombia, 2010. Informe Quincenal Epidemiológico Nacional, 16(17), 203-215. [ Links ]
1. Associated Colleges of the Midwest, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA; egeduvl@mx.lakeforest.edu
2. Ministerio de Salud, Área Rectora Garabito Jacó, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; rpc_garabito@ministeriodesalud.go.cr
3. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica; anabellealfaro@gmail.com
Received 20-iii-2014. Corrected 12-iv-2014. Accepted 13-v-2014.


Pixie Playland has a Fundraising committee. Fundraising events through the year include a Sports Day, raffles, cake sales and the end of year Concert. If you are interested in joining this committee or want to know more please let us know. Each class has two Class Reps who act as liasons between the teacher and the class. Please let us know if you are interested in being a class rep. In older years Class Reps are elected but in the Cuddly Kittens, Playful Pandas and the Busy Butterflies we ask for volunteers. Please let us know if you are interested in being a class rep. Thank you!
Pixie Playland is open all year round except for public holidays and on bridging school holidays (according to the Department of Education) which fall between a public holiday and a weekend. The school will close for a period of four weeks during December.
Breakfast is served between 07:30 and 08:00. Please make sure your children are here before 08:00 if you want breakfast as the kitchen staff are unable to accommodate breakfast after this time.
We open at 07:00 in the morning and close at 5:30 sharp in the evening. Children are not to be dropped off before 07:00 nor collected after 17:30. An overtime levy of R100 will be charged irrespective of how late you collect your child after 17:30. This is an extremely long day and we ask you to respect the needs of the children and the staff. The office will be closed at 4:30 and as we only have two staff members caring for your children from 5:00, we are unable to take any phone calls. No exceptions can be made to this rule and we ask you to make alternative arrangements for the collection of your child if you anticipate that you will not be able to collect him or her on time.
Please ensure that your children are dropped off by 08:30 a.m. as the morning ring begins at this time and late arrivals cause disruptions. Please do not disturb the sleeping classes or the office between 1:00 and 2:00 pm.
The Clever Caterpillar teacher - –Shireen, administers the Before School Programme between 07:00 and 08:00 in the Busy Butterflies classroom for all children of any age (except the nursery) who arrive at this time. During this time the children who want to eat breakfast do so in the kitchen, in small groups. At 08:00 the children are dismissed to go to their class teachers. Please do not hand cash to Shireen. Please make use of the post box provided on the office door and make sure it is in a clearly marked, sealed, envelope. This is cleared several times a day.
An exception to the Before School Programme occurs at the beginning of the year and during holidays. At the beginning of the year the Busy Butterflies class gathers in their classroom while the rest of the school gathers in the Forest Friends classroom with Assistant Jesica. This allows the new Busy Butterflies to acclimatize to their new situation in a calmer environment. During the holidays, all children collect in the Forest Friends class rather than in the Busy Butterflies class.
Val shares the co-ordinating of the afternoon Pixie programme and supervise the afternoon staff from 1:00 pm until 4:30 pm. The Aftercare Teacher, supervises the remaining children and the afternoon staff after 4:30. Please direct any queries at pick-up time to Val until 4:30 and after 4:30 or to the assistant who was with your child. Class teachers leave at 1:00 or 2:00 and the assistants remain for the afternoon. The office is closed for business from 4:30 and re-opens at 7:30 am.
Each assistant remains with their assigned classes. On occasions when staff are ill or on leave it is possible that a different assistant will have been with your child but this is the exception, rather than the rule. No children are allowed off the property without your specific permission. Please make use of the blackboard outside the office. Children are accounted for in the mornings when their teachers take the register.
Newsletters are sent home regularly. The preferred method is email – please ensure that the office has a current email address for you. We will email reminders about outings, events, things to bring to school etc. For any concerns or queries relating to your child's school day the first person to speak to is your child's class teacher. Class teachers are available for meetings by appointment, or she can phone you in the afternoons if you leave a message for her to do so. We can't address any problems we don't know about – please take the time to bring any concerns directly to your class teacher or to Val.
Sweets, cake, chips, biscuits and bubble gum are not conducive to a healthy diet – please do not allow them to be brought to school unless for a special occasion. The school provides sandwiches in the mid-morning and mid-afternoon, as well as hot lunch. Therefore, if you would like to supply a packed snack, cut-up fruit, yogurt and juice/water should be sufficient. Snacks without nutritional value (high in sugar or fat) make children tired/over active. Sustaining snacks help them through to lunch time.
We have a birthday book system – we ask you to donate to the class library, an age-appropriate book of your choosing on your child's birthday. If you would prefer, you may send a cash donation and the teacher will purchase an age-appropriate book on your behalf. Bargain Books, Rural child and Readers Warehouse have a very inexpensive range of books.
No toys are to be brought to school unless on specified days. No jewellery, especially necklaces and no high heels.
Any waste material, especially paper and cardboard, is more than welcome. Please drop it off in your child's classroom on Thursdays.
All clothing, shoes, bottles – EVERYTHING – clearly marked please.
When it is your child's birthday, feel free to bring in some treats for the class – this is entirely optional. It is also the policy at Pixie that each child may invite whomever they want to birthday parties – it is not necessary to invite the whole class if you don't want to.
Each Friday is Baker Day. Please sign up on the list in the class to bring in some treats (at least 24 servings) on behalf of your child – you may bring whatever you like; you don't have to bake it yourself! Biscuits, popcorn, muffins or cupcakes are all suitable examples.
EXTRAMURAL ACTIVITIES: Playball and Manners for minors (not for the Nursery) are available one morning per week as an optional extra. For the Clever Caterpillars and Forest Friends class the following private extra-murals are also available – ballet, speech & drama and swimming.
If your child is ill please keep him or her at home. We ask that you keep your child at home for the first two days of being on antibiotics (at least), and in cases of – diarrhoea, temperature, green runny nose, ringworm, chest or ear infection, 'pink eye', nits/lice and any other illness that is contagious or would require one-on-one care which we cannot provide in a school setting. If any of these situations arise while your child is at school we will call you to collect your child.
We will only administer medication that MUST be administered at midday ie. Chronic medication like those for asthma. Please don't leave Panado/Calpol/Ponstel/Rinex etc. at school. If your child needs cough medicine or decongestants to cope with a day at school, this is an indication that he or she should be at home. We keep Panado in the office to administer should your child fall ill at school and you have signed a consent form which will be filed in the office, you will then be called to collect your child as we cannot provide one-on-one care for a sick child.
If your child falls ill at school or sustains an injury that requires urgent medical attention, we will make every effort to contact you or the person you have designated as a contact in case of an emergency. If, however, we are unable to reach you, we will transport your child to the nearest medical facility, which transport and medical attention shall be for your account.
A core value at Pixie Playland is tolerance of multiple cultures, creeds and backgrounds. While a diversity of faiths is respected, prayers are said before meals, sometimes bible stories are read in class and each year we do a Nativity Play. Please inform us if you are unable to participate in any of these activities and we will do our best to accommodate your wishes.


text:
call 01256 320 555 email mail@clarkeandson.co.uk
Careers at Clarke & Son
NHS Workers Offer
Contact Form and Authority
Jointly Owned Property
Lease Extensions & Collective Enfranchisement
Rented Property – Tenant Default
Much of what we do is regulated by contract law. This can be the case even if there is no written contract or all the terms of the contract are not recorded in writing.
There are all types of contract disputes which affect individuals and businesses.
When we are instructed to consider a possible claim for breach of contract we need to understand the terms and be certain that a contract has been formed. There are legal requirements which we will check have been satisfied.
If there is no binding contract we will need to advise you as to whether you may have another legal route to protect your position.
If there is a binding contract which has been breached by either party we can advise you as to the remedies or protections available to you.
The typical remedy for breach of contract is compensation in damages for financial loss. The objective is to compensate the injured party for loss and not to punish the party in default.
Indeed the contract itself may contain a mechanism for calculating damages.
Damages for mental distress is only recoverable in very limited cases.
Even if loss is suffered, the injured party may not be able to recover the full amount of that loss. The person claiming damages needs to prove the loss and that the loss was caused by the breach of contract. Also the party claiming damages has a "duty to mitigate".
There may be other remedies available depending on the circumstances and what is appropriate. For example it may be more relevant to require the performance of the contract by the party in default.
We can assist you in understanding whether there has been a breach of contracts and if so what the remedies would be. The sooner we see you the better whether it is to pursue remedies or to protect your position where allegations are made against you.
If you have a query or would like to book an appointment please get in touch with our team on 01256 320555 or email mail@clarkeandson.co.uk.
Paul Cowdery
Dispute Resolution Partner
Simon Horwood
Litigation Executive
Patricia Kinchington
Laura Pink
Equality & Diversity Survey 2019
We work in accordance with the SRA Code of Conduct which can be viewed at http://www.sra.org.uk/solicitors/handbook/code/content.page. Our VAT registration number is 199023542. Our professional indemnity insurer is Hannover Ltd. at International Insurance Company of Hannover Ltd. 10 Fenchurch Street, London EC3M 3BE. The territorial coverage of our policy is worldwide.
Clarke & Son LLP is authorised and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority, no. 462041. Our registered office is Manor House, 8 Winchester Road, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 8UG. Contact us on 01256 320555 or email mail@clarkeandson.co.uk
© 2015 Clarke and Son Solicitors LLP

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hawaii Beach pension is located near the sea, therefore its guest will have up each morning with the sound of the sea's waves. Visitors can enjoy activities such as fishing or mud playing.
From Incheon Terminal, take the bus to Yeongheungdo Terminal. From there take the local bus to Simnipo and get off at Tongilsa Entrace Stop.


This course is for previously DVSA certified Tachograph Workshop Technicians who need re-certification, and runs on 11 August 2015 for 1 day at Renault Coventry, Burlington Road, Nuneaton CV10 7JR. There are spaces available so book now.
The course flexibility means that the trainee can gain individual Analogue or Digital re-certification qualifications or can complete both re-certification courses simultaneously and get the combined Analogue and Digital Certificate.
The course will start at 8.30am prompt on 11 August, finishing around 5.00pm that day. Please be aware that the instructor reserves the right to refuse late arrivals.
Lunch is provided and each attendee will receive a full set of notes.
Photo ID (Driving Licence or Passport) is required before we can issue a Certificate. Please ensure your fitter brings their ID to the training course.
The fee is £365 per person plus VAT, and will be invoiced on completion of the course. To book please contact Jacqui Laing on 01382 866360.
We can run courses like this at your location, and we also offer customised training to suit your specific requirements e.g. Optimo, Rolling Roads etc. Please contact Jacqui for more details.


text:
DER SPIEGEL Der Spiegel Spiegel International
International Pfeil nach rechts
Sex Objects: New Exhibition Pays Tribute to 100,000 Years of Sex
Sex Objects New Exhibition Pays Tribute to 100,000 Years of Sex
Ancient phalluses, the world's oldest condom, a naked anatomically correct Neanderthal: visitors to the new exhibition "100,000 Years of Sex" will find plenty to stimulate their brains -- not to mention other organs.
Most people have enough trouble imagining their parents having sex. But your ancestors from 100,000 years ago? Yes, they had sex too, strange as it may sound. In fact, humans have been having sex since ... well, since humanity existed.
Now a new exhibition in Germany pays tribute to 100 glorious millennia of making out and doin' it. The show "100,000 Years of Sex" at the Neanderthal Museum in Mettman near Düsseldorf addresses -- in a strictly scientific manner, of course -- such burning questions as: When did we start feeling lust and thinking about sex? Did meat get exchanged for sex in the Stone Age? And just how did the ancient Greeks and Romans do it?
The exhibition which opens Feb. 3 and runs through May 20, features voluptuous clay figures, well-endowed statues and ancient containers featuring rather raunchy engravings. The visitor can expect a "journey through time as interesting as it is pleasurable," the museum said in a press release. Highlights include a 28,000-year-old phallus and the oldest condom in the world.
The show also addresses how sexual attitudes -- often seen as set in stone today -- have evolved over the millennia. Attitudes to marriage, homosexuality and pedophilia were very different in the past, and what went in ancient Rome was frowned upon in the God-fearing Middle Ages, not to mention our own puritanical age. Sexual mores from all periods are explained in the no-holds-barred exhibition.
Visitors to the museum will be greeted by a reconstruction of a Neanderthal individual who has been specially stripped of his usual leather garments for the occasion -- and who is anatomically correct.
The Neanderthal mannequin is the symbol of the museum, which is located in the German valley where Neanderthal remains were found and which gave the humanoid species its name. (The scientific jury is still out on the question of whether Neanderthals and humans actually had sex, however.)
Just to make sure humanity continues to propagate itself for the next 100,000 years, the museum offers "singles tours" around the exhibition as part of its program -- complete with complementary glass of red wine to help lower those inhibitions and let the erotica on offer take its course.
• Inter-Species Love: New Skull Find Suggests Humans Bred With Neanderthals


text:
NGC 4059 (NGC 4070) je eliptična galaktika u zviježđu Berenikinoj kosi. Naknadno je utvrđeno da je NGC 4070 ista galaktika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 (eng.)
 (eng.) Revidirani Novi opći katalog
 (eng.) Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
 (eng.) Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
 (eng.) VizieR

4059

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I purchased a very nice older restoration that had not been used much since work was stopped.
1) Oil level is clean and full when hot in park.
2) Trans will start in low and upshift just fine using manual shifter on column!!
3) Reverse works as it should.
4) I removed non-functional factory kickdown switch assy. from engine and installed Bruce Roe's electronic switch and 1968 gas pedal assy. Switch pitch and kickdown now work great!
5) I replaced the vacuum modulator and confirmed 15-18 units of vacuum at the transmission.
6) I removed the Governor and confirmed the plastic gear is in good condition.
7) Cruising along at 60-70, the car drives and feels great! I am stumped!!! Help?
I am not familiar enough with this transmission or TH-400's in general so if anybody has a suggestion or direction for me to try, I'm all ears. Failing that, does anyone know of a transmission shop in central Virginia who has the knowledge to R&R and correctly rebuild a Toronado transmission?
properly after any service (not so easy to do). Or try another governor.
as long as you get the plastic tooth gear to mesh properly?
You are correct, NO upshifts to any gear. Starts forward in drive and you can feel the strain of the transmission trying to move 5000 lbs! Downshift with the Kickdown switch works correctly with no hesitation.
Even though I replaced the Vacuum Modulator valve, is it possible to remove the pushrod in the transmission case to be sure it and the internal valve are clean and moving smoothly? if so, how?
I assume the main valve body can be removed by dropping the pan and leaving the trans in place on the car. Can any transmission shop rebuild these or are rebuilt ones available (for TH-425 !!)?
Thanks or your help Bruce. Love your electronic switch!
custom outer case so I could get in for tuning. Its likely OK.
on all 400/425 failure modes. Maybe some research could turn this up.
must be retained as before.


You guy probably alredy knowe thad i am a huges Sci Fi fan, so i am going to write a shi fi fanfic, if you want your oc's in it just sing them up her (you can put in as muths as you like, i will try to use them).
The senario is this: it is about 100 years in the futher, and humanty has discoverd, space travel laser wapons (al the basic sci fi stuff), humans have met some friendly ailiens ad fored a allians/coalation, but the is an intergalactik war going on, and and a lot of heos and villans have joind the humans milatary, to figt in the war.
If you want yout oc in than just fill in this.
Whist part of the mialtary the oc figts fore (fleet, ground forces, spec ops): *shrugs* whatever pilot is usually?
whis enymy you think the allaince should figt (other aliens, inteligend ai's, evryting is allowed aslong as it fits in the Sci Fi teme): No clue... AI's would be cool.
I should have mentions this, but whit things like pilot, pleas put in preferebel pilot type, Figter pilot, transport, bomber, figter bober, capital schip, bomberschip ect.
Sorry i dit not mention thad, but paes make the diskription as describing as pocibel.
All my OCs are humans with no inhumane abilities that'll make them live for a long time, so I guess I'll make a new one.
Name: N/A, but he's codename is," Jasper."
Skills: He is a star aviator with a lazer-pointed accuracy. He is a kick-boxer and has a peak strength of a boy his age. Jasper has the knowledge melee and handgun, and use it fairly well. Jasper has a knack of getting info he needs.
Way the OC lived that long: He isn't a meta or anything, he's a regular human being whom was born in that time period.
Which part of the OC fights for: Pilot and/or Special Ops. Depending on the job.
Which enemy you think the alliance should fight (other aliens, intelligent ai's, everything is allowed as long as it fits in the Sci Fi theme): He's with an underground rebel group where they believe Humans and Aliens should get along.
You should really ask for short brief on their history and personality quirks. It what defines the character rather then the powers. Just because the person has the knowledge, that doesn't make them wise.
totaly forgot thad whit this one.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Data;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows;
using MVVMTemplateSelection;

namespace ClassFromQueryGenerator
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Логика взаимодействия для App.xaml
    /// </summary>
    public partial class App : Application
    {
        protected override void OnStartup(StartupEventArgs e)
        {
           TypeSource.AddAssembly(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly());
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Terror Squid makes you your own worst enemy
October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020 Callum Rakestraw Articles, PC
You ever play a game that constantly has you cursing yourself for decisions you made just moments ago? Especially for making those same decisions repeatedly? Specifically in the sense that you know what you're doing wrong but keep doing it anyway. Recently, Terror Squid has been doing that to me.
Terror Squid is a top-down action game that sees you gliding across a globe leaving various kinds of bullets in your wake. As you do so, a meter charges that, when full, allows you to destroy everything in your immediate vicinity to clear the space for the next wave. The goal is to see how long you can survive for, with each consecutive stage (or "ritual") introducing new kinds of bullets to contend with. It's kind of like a bullet hell shooter that pits you against yourself, essentially. You're not trying to memorize rote patterns but rather trying to recall and predict the way the bullets you've generated will move and curve around the globe.
It's as hard as it sounds. The first couple of stages are easy enough to survive since the kinds of bullets you're dealing with – a straight line of small red projectiles and a spread of five bullets that expand and contract as they move – aren't much of a problem on their own when deployed carefully. I usually just build a large line in the first stage and keep growing it until I'm 20-30 seconds in during a run so I can destroy them all and start fresh with an almost half-filled meter for stage two.
Farthest I've gotten is the start of stage four, almost always meeting my demise quickly due to how chaotic the field becomes by that point. If I could just find a way to clear the field during stage two, I would probably fare much better in the long term. They're hard the group together tightly enough to create any sort of chain-reaction. Best I can do usually is maybe hit a couple clusters, which isn't nearly enough to be helpful given the kinds of obstacles I'm dealing with from the third stage onward.
Stage three introduces bullets that spawn in a circle and slowly expand outward. Each individual projectile isn't much of a threat on its own since they're small and not terribly fast, but considering how quickly they come to dominate the field, navigating the chaos can quickly become a problem. On the plus side, because they spread out so much, it's pretty easy to use them for bigger explosions to clear the field.
Stage four is where things really get nasty, though. Here you're spawning objects that permanently sit on the globe where they appear and fire a couple bullets off in opposite directions upon arrival. They only fire once, thankfully, but that the things they fire from remain in place until they're destroyed definitely doesn't help. You'd think stationary objects would be among the easier stuff to avoid, but not so much. Just means you now have to try and remember where those things will be amid everything else.
Trying to balance everything by that point is… difficult, to say the least. I'm no stranger to bullet hell scenarios, but Terror Squid definitely feels more demanding at times. It's satisfying in the same ways other score-attack games like this are — the thrill of barely scraping by as the room you have to maneuver continues to shrink, somehow managing to stay alive amid the mayhem just long enough to get the brief relief you need before it starts all over again. It's very much a good one of those.
So far, best I've been able to do is be like a second or so short of being able to clear that wave. The field always becomes so busy by then that I'm always just barely scraping by. Most my runs end long before I can reach that stage, my various attempts to try and deploy the bullets such that they converge on one another often backfiring in spectacular fashion (keep trying to send them out in various patterns to see if that helps, but no luck yet). Can only imagine how much harder it becomes after the fourth stage. With any luck, I'll hopefully be able to see it myself eventually. Till then, gonna keep on trying to figure out how to survive the first few stages.
pc terror squid
Review: Drop everything you are doing and play Horace
Review: It's finally time to put an end to it all with Trails of Cold Steel IV


I came to Melbourne to begin work at BHP Corporate Data Processing (CDP) in January 1977 as a Trainee Programmer. The first week was spent learning the ropes as an operator in the computer centre.
On the first day of the second week, I was given a book "Introduction to COBOL Programming" and told to read it. On day two I made people aware that I already had some experience at programming in BASIC. Thus I was assigned to work as a Trainee Technical Programmer on the Mine Planning system, using Data General multi-user BASIC on the RDOS operating system. The mine planning system was used to investigate the optimal way to mine ore bodies at various BHP mines around Australia using data from minerals exploration and mining engineers in working mines.
computed diagram of a bone slide.
Late in 1977 I was assigned to the Oil & Gas team to create a series of digitising programs using a Tektronix 4051 system. This was an early Motorola 6800 microprocessor based system which had an internal 1/4-inch tape drive. We used tape cartridges to store programs and data. The digitising tablet was hooked up via a serial interface. The digitised data was sent through another serial interface to the Data General Nova minicomputer (pictured above) and submitted in the form of pseudo punched cards to BHP's seismic exploration system running on a Control Data mainframe.
at 140 William Street, Melbourne!
In 1978, the Oil and Gas team, then Peter McLure, Roy Anderson and myself, were given the go ahead to create a new seismic exploration system for BHP's Oil and Gas division. I worked on the digitising and data input programs. I also created a Survey Data Reduction system to convert surveyors field notes in to system data. We were using a new Data General Eclipse S130 minicomputer running multi-user AOS with 192 Kb of memory, a 92 Mb hard disk drive and four Data General terminals. Total hardware cost of approximately A$1 million.
Most of this new system was written in FORTRAN V, which I had to learn. In the process I created an extensive library of FORTRAN subroutines for data input, string processing, report writing etc. which was later adopted widely within BHP. I also took on the role of systems programmer for the new DG Advanced Operating System (AOS). Ours was one of the first systems in Australia running AOS.
The seismic exploration system was given the name MAGIC (Mapping And Geophysical Interpretation by Computer) and went straight in to production use on the South China Seas project before we'd really finished it. MAGIC was a very successful system and eventually sold to other companies such as Woodside Petroleum and Western Mining. The Oil & Gas team expanded and we purchased newer and faster DG minicomputers.
Amongst other things, I worked at porting a griding and contouring system developed by Tony Cramm at Earth Computer Sciences in Bowral NSW, to the Data General platform for use with the MAGIC system and BHP's minerals exploration system. We also interfaced a CAD program called AutoDraft for use with MAGIC. However, transferring the digitising programs from the Tektronix microprocessor systems to DG MP200 microprocessor based systems running MP/OS was not one of our better ideas.
By this time the BHP group of companies were using Data General based systems quite extensively in head office and the minerals division. Indeed, BHP was then DG's fourth largest customer worldwide.
In December 1980 I became a Systems Programmer working on support of the various DG minis running technical systems at BHP. In August 1981 I was promoted to Senior Systems Programmer and given responsibility for a team supporting more than 50 DG minicomputers at many sites around the country. I put in place a policy of using high-level languages as much as possible for systems programming work instead of the more common use of assembler languages. This resulted in utilities and services that were cheaper to create, easier to maintain, and had a longer life.
In March 1983, I took on the role of Personal Computer Coordinator for BHP. It was forward thinking on the part of Peter Littlejohn, then head of BHP IT. With almost no PCs in use within the company and the IBM PC only just released in Australia, we were proactive in setting policies and guidelines for the introduction of PCs. The IT departments of many other organisations ended up getting involved with PCs far too late which saw them playing catch in the minds of their internal clients for years.
I set up a Personal Computing Support Centre at BHP's Head Office which had direct responsibility for the support of personal computing in Melbourne. I also performed a coordination/advisory role elsewhere in the BHP group.
I had a research budget that enabled me to bring in products from the USA and evaluate them. I chose MultiMate as BHP's word processing standard, as it was written to be similar to the Wang word processing systems then in wide use within the company. I also chose Lotus 1-2-3 as BHP's spreadsheet standard at a time when everyone was predicting Microsoft Multiplan would be the next big thing.


Deposition Author(s): Iwata, M., Lee, Y., Yamashita, T., Yagi, T., Iwata, S., Cameron, A.D., Maher, M.J.
The structure of the yeast NADH dehydrogenase (Ndi1) reveals overlapping binding sites for water- and lipid-soluble substrates.
Iwata, M., Lee, Y., Yamashita, T., Yagi, T., Iwata, S., Cameron, A.D., Maher, M.J.
Bioenergy is efficiently produced in the mitochondria by the respiratory system consisting of complexes I-V. In various organisms, complex I can be replaced by the alternative NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (NDH-2), which catalyzes the transfer of an electron from NADH via FAD to quinone, without proton pumping. The Ndi1 protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a monotopic membrane protein, directed to the matrix. A number of studies have investigated the potential use of Ndi1 as a therapeutic agent against complex I disorders, and the NDH-2 enzymes have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for treatments against the causative agents of malaria and tuberculosis. Here we present the crystal structures of Ndi1 in its substrate-free, NAD(+)- and ubiquinone- (UQ2) complexed states. The structures reveal that Ndi1 is a peripheral membrane protein forming an intimate dimer, in which packing of the monomeric units within the dimer creates an amphiphilic membrane-anchor domain structure. Crucially, the structures of the Ndi1-NAD(+) and Ndi1-UQ2 complexes show overlapping binding sites for the NAD(+) and quinone substrates.
Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.


text:
Search or Buy Articles
Browse Proceedings
Journal Review
Application of Solar Technology to Reduce Local Demand in the Grid System: A Case Study
G.O. Anderson and E. Bakaya-Kyahurwa (Botswana)
Solar technology, Load demand reduction
The power systems demand in Botswana is about 243 MW. The sole coal fired electricity generation station generates and supplies 128 MW. The remaining deficit is supplied by ESKOM of South Africa. The paper proposes a design of a solar photovoltaic system connected to the power distribution systems in buildings. The purpose is to island the PV system so that power flows from the system to the distribution network during periods of high and efficient solar insolation. During periods of low insolation and efficiency, the PV system is cut off from the distribution system and power supply from the grid system to the distribution system is automatically restored. The PV system therefore operates as a stand-by source replacing the grid supply when needed. At the heart of the design are the following: a three-phase inverter. The inverter converts the dc power from the PV arrays to ac power for the load. The filter unit improves the quality of energy supply to the load. A maximum power point tracker for optimum use of solar energy and the controlling system to coordinate the two systems. The advantage of such a system is that the energy demand in the grid system will be considerably reduced for most part of the day and hence the dependence of and purchases from the neighboring countries will also be reduced. Also the use of batteries is not envisaged. The paper will be of benefit to private individuals and companies as well as electricity utilities.
From Proceeding (442) European Power and Energy Systems - 2004
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text:
Pastor Rex
Faith & Support
Sermon DVDs
TV Program DVDs
Special DVDs
Storybook Realities (CD)
Featured on each of the Rex Humbard programs was Rex and Maude Aimee's only daughter, Elizabeth. Her songs and message touched the lives of countless thousands. Now you have the opportunity to hear her beautiful music on this long-play CD. Songs such as: I Believe In You, Without a Doubt, Put Your Hand in the Hand of the Man from Galilee and many others are included.
Tracks include:
Storybook Realities
You Changed My Life in a Moment
Jesus Keeps Takin' Me Higher & Higher
What a Difference You've Made in My Life
Yes to Something Higher
I'm Not What I Want to Be
Category: Music on CD
For the past 25 years, the music of Rex and Maude Aimee, Liz, the Humbard Family Singers and the Cathedral Singers has not been made available to the general public and friends of the Rex Humbard Ministry and Foundation. Not since the days of the eight-track and cassette tape has the music of the Humbard family been offered to the general public.
Now, for the first time in all of these years, the complete set of Humbard Family Ministry Music is available to you on this website. All of these albums have been digitally remastered and brought up to date with the modern standards of today's industry.
Don't miss your chance to have this wonderful gospel music in your home. It will make a difference in your life.
Kids Under Construction (CD)
Rex Humbard & Family (CD)
The Cathedral Singers in Grand Manor on Mackinaw Island (CD)
Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame
Excuse Me, Are You Jesus?
"God Honors Our Choice" (Isaiah 53:6)
"Many Words" (Matthew 6:7)
Humbard Foundation Products (64)
Sermon DVDs (8)
Special DVDs (2)
Television Program DVDs (32)
© 2019 The Rex Humbard Foundation & Ministry | Box 100 | Akron, Ohio 44309 | Site by MediaBridgeOne | Design by AveriMedia


Which Disney heroines do bạn wish were in the DP lineup?
Asking this câu hỏi since I plan to do a countdown on it, and I don't want to miss a heroine and have someone be mad about it.
Anyone I'm missing? Please let me know!
Obviously Elsa, Anna, and Moana.
Besides that, Meg and Esmeralda.
I'd want Jane and Giselle. That's all I guess. Megara and Esmeralda are amongst my least yêu thích Disney Heroines.
Anna, Elsa, and Moana. I think they deserves to be one.
Esmeralda, Kida, Megara, and Jane.
I don't want Giselle, Elsa, Anna, and Moana in the lineup at all. Satire has its place, but it ruins my enjoyment of what a princess/heroine is.
Esmeralda is most được ưa chuộng in my country.


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Top 5 TV Series To Binge Over The Holidays
Posted on December 4, 2020 by COMON Network	Leave a comment
By Austin Shaw
Ah the holidays. The most wonderful time of the year. But it's 2020 and we're stuck inside more now than ever. So why not binge some television that you probably haven't seen before? Here is my list of the top 5 shows I think you should binge over the holidays.
But before I begin… if you have not watched: The Office, Breaking Bad, Game of Thrones, Rick and Morty, or Stranger Things, stop what you're doing. Go and watch those five now.
Number 5: Big Mouth (Netflix)
Do you miss middle school? Probably not. But if you want to relive it through cartoon characters and laugh your ass off the whole time – this is the show. This show isn't just dirty humor that guys will laugh at. This show is full of wit and although it is a cartoon, it has a realistic take on going through puberty for both boys and girls. It's also ridiculous and hilarious. Each kid has a "hormone monster" that talks to them and is basically the kids' subconscious during puberty. Give this one a chance, it's seriously laugh out loud funny.
Season 4 just came out December 4th.
Number 4: Dawson's Creek (Netflix)
No, our Kyle Dawson is not the star of this late 90's TV show. Thank God right? KD would just be like, "I suppose" and "I don't hate that" or "Loved" every time you ask or tell him something (love ya Dawson). Anyways, I just started watching this one. I'm a big James Van Der Beek fan because Varsity Blues is the best football movie of all time in my opinion. He plays a very witty, fortunate, aspiring film maker. He's obsessed with Steven Spielberg and knows everything about film. If you know Jake Kaylor, he would probably point out every problem in this show.
Dawson's Creek takes place in a made-up town in Massachusetts. It follows the lives of four friends throughout high school. Dawson and his best friend Joey (the girl on the right in the picture up top) have spent every waking moment together. But now they're grown up so you can guess where that is going. Jen is the new girl from New York City. Oh and Pacey, Dawson's other best friend, he has a thing for his teacher. Buckle up.
Number 3: BoJack Horseman (Netflix)
I have been telling people to watch this show for years now. This show changed my life. It changed my philosophy about a lot of things. This show is deep, dark and real. It follows a horse (yeah a horse get over it) that was on a famous TV show in the 80s. Now he's old washed up and a real rich asshole, even though he lets loser Todd (Aaron Paul) live on his couch. You get to see him grow and how other people point out his flaws. You also get to see why he is the way he is and it really focuses on the effects of experiencing hardship during ones childhood and adolescence.
I swear by this show. I tried watching it once when I was younger and couldn't get into it. I gave it a second chance and I am so glad that I did. This is one of the most under-rated and under-watched shows on Netflix. The series finale just aired in January 2020 so the show is finished. It has one of the most beautiful and real endings I've ever seen. Please give this show a chance.
Number 2: Cheers (Hulu)
"Sometimes you wanna go where everybody knows your name."
Cheers is my favorite sitcom of all time. Better than The Office. Yeah, I said it. If you have no idea what Cheers is, imagine The Office in a bar in the 80s. Except the Michael Scott of the show isn't a weird branch manager, but rather a drunk, ex-MLB pitcher, and bachelor named Sam Malone who is played by legend Ted Danson. Spoiler Alert (not really), Ted Danson doesn't walk-out on the show during the sixth season.
It wasn't until I binged The Office a few times over that I finally gave Cheers a shot. Man am I glad I did. The Network's Donny and Joe just watched the show over the past year or two. If you've seen Cheers, you know Coach. Well, Joe Smeltzer actually played Coach in his previous life. Oh and Norm, that's Donny. Seriously, when Donny was born the whole room screamed "NORM!" But his parents went another direction with his name.
I seriously love this show. Most bars are closed right now anyways so why not live vicariously through Cheers? You won't regret going to a place where everyone knows your name.
Number 1: Vikings (Hulu)/(Prime Video)
Vikings The Final Season Credit: Amazon Prime
Vikings gets the number one spot for a few reasons. First, it is phenomenal. It follows the story of Ragnar Lothbrok and his rise to becoming one of the most famous Vikings of all time. It reminds me of House of Cards in a sense because of the way Ragnar rises to the top. Ragnar is a very compelling character and later in the series we see the story of his sons. Which leads to another reason why this is my number one on my list, the final season is about to air on Amazon Prime Video starting on December 30th. If you can really sit down and binge it, you can catch up before the end. That's what I did with GoT. It took me about a month. Vikings is like GoT except it's less fantasy and historical. Ragnar and his sons are real figures in history; Ranger, Bjorn Ironside, Sigurd Snake in the Eye, Ivar the Boneless, Hvisterk and Ubbe.
This show is truly amazing. In senior AP English, my teacher even showed us clips from it because of the true mastery in the writing, acting, and story. I've watched Vikings from the beginning and recently rewatched it and caught back up. They set it up to be one hell of a final season. I'm ready for Valhalla.
SKOL!
tagged with BoJack Horseman, Cheers, COMON, COMON Network, Dawson's Creek, Holiday Binge, Hulu, Netflix, Prime Video, Vikings


Last 2011, I bought an LP titled Volume One of She and Him, a Duo consist of Zoey Deschanel and M. Ward. You've Really Got a Hold on Me is the 8th track of the album. I never read the credit and always consider the song was She and Him original, until i read a play The Beatles' CD Anthology 1, the first CD i found the same song, the You've Really Got a Hold on Me song.
Today I searched the articles related to the song information, from wikipedia, i found that "You've Really Got a Hold on Me" is a 1962 Top 10 hit single by The Miracles for the Tamla (Motown) label. One of the group's most covered tunes, this million-selling song is a 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame inductee. It has also been selected as one of the The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.
Written by Smokey Robinson and featuring Robinson on lead vocals, with Miracles second tenor Bobby Rogers on harmony co-lead, the song explores the feelings of a man so in love with a woman that he can't leave her despite the fact that she treats him badly. The song was a major hit for the Miracles,reaching the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 Pop chart, peaking at number eight, and was a number-one smash on the Billboard R&B singles chart during the winter of 1962-63. The Miracles' original version is a 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame inductee. It was also the group's second single to sell over a million copies, after "Shop Around"
The Beatles Version of "You Really Got a Hold on Me" was the first track recorded for the Beatles' second United Kingdom LP, With The Beatles, and features John Lennon on lead vocal with George Harrison on close harmony. The Beatles acquired an imported copy by the Miracles and included it in their repertoire early in 1963.
The song, one of the most famous of the early Motown era, has been covered extensively since its release, including by The Beatles, Laura Nyro (backed by Labelle), Jackie DeShannon, Percy Sledge, Michael Jackson / Jackson 5, Mike + The Mechanics, Greg Lake, Little Caesar and the Consuls, Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers, The Zombies, The Small Faces, The Temptations, The Supremes, Phil Collins, Eddie Money, Gregg Allman and Cher, Cyndi Lauper, Bobby McFerrin, She & Him, Thao Nguyen, Rod Stewart, Bernard Edwards and Jocelyn Brown, and the á capella novelty group The Bobs on their 1991 album "The Bobs Sing the Songs of ..." Bonnie Bramlett covered the song in 1976 on her album Lady's Choice. She would appear in an episode of Roseanne in 1991 as Roseanne's friend and co-worker Bonnie Watkins, and performed the song in the episode, alongside stars Roseanne Barr and John Goodman.


Grind 1.5-2 cups of fresh grated coconut into smooth paste by adding little amount of water. Squeeze the ground coconut, by placing it in a clean cotton cloth.
Put milk and coconut milk in a thick bottomed vessel and bring them to a boil.
Add sugar, keep the amrutha phala in medium flame and stir this mixture once in 2-3 mins until it becomes thick. Add cardamom powder and stir the amrutha phala continuously in medium flame until it leaves from the bottom.
Apply little ghee on the plate, pour this amrutha phala and spread it using one flat spoon as shown in the picture below.
Cut it into square pieces immediately as shown in the picture below.
Keep it aside for about 30-40 mins and then separate each pieces as shown in the picture below. Store them in an airtight container.
Grind grated coconut, green chillies, tamarind into smooth paste by adding sufficient amount of water. (If it is frozen coconut, use hot water while grinding.) Add inner part of cucumber and grind them together for about 1-2 mins. Add this ground coconut to a vessel. Add salt, required amount of water and bring it to a boil.
Put mustard seeds and oil in a pan. Once it starts spluttering, add curry leaves and then add it to chutney. It goes well with dosas.


text:
package com.profitbricks.sdk;

import com.profitbricks.rest.client.RestClientException;
import com.profitbricks.rest.domain.Images;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;

/**
 *
 * @author jasmin@stackpointcloud.com
 */
public class Image extends ProfitbricksAPIBase {

    public Image() throws Exception {
        super("images", null);
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve a list of images.
     *
     * @return Images object with a list of Images
     */
    public Images getAllImages() throws RestClientException, IOException {
        return client.get(getUrlBase().concat(resource).concat(depth), null, Images.class);
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the attributes of a specific image
     *
     * @param imageId The unique ID of the image.
     * @return Image object with properties and metadata
     */
    public com.profitbricks.rest.domain.Image getImage(String imageId) throws RestClientException, IOException {
        return client.get(getUrlBase().concat(resource).concat("/").concat(imageId).concat(depth), null, com.profitbricks.rest.domain.Image.class);
    }

    /**
     * Deletes a specific image.
     *
     * @param imageId The unique ID of the image.
     */
    public void deleteImage(String imageId) throws RestClientException, IOException {
        client.delete(getUrlBase().concat(resource).concat("/").concat(imageId));
    }

    /**
     * Updates a specific image.
     *
     * @param imageId The unique ID of the image.
     * @return Image object with properties and metadata
     */
    public com.profitbricks.rest.domain.Image updateImage(String imageId, Object object) throws RestClientException, IOException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException {
        return client.update(getUrlBase().concat(resource).concat("/").concat(imageId), object, com.profitbricks.rest.domain.Image.class, 202);
    }

}


I was at the fruit mart last weekend and some mangoes caught my sight (though not the seasonal ones). I couldn't resist from picking some. With Singapore's soaring heat, a mango milk shake was the ultimate cool down… Mango blended with milk and ice!
Place half the milk, sugar, diced mango and 6-7 ice cubes in a blender jar and blend from medium to full speed till smooth.
Add the remaining milk and ice and blend at full speed.
Pour into individual glasses. Garnish with almonds (optional) and serve chilled.
Oh my goodness… it's hard to imagine being warm right now… it's freezing in my corner of the world! (That would be Virginia). But it looks like a wonderful and refreshing snack… I'll be searching for it when our summer rolls around again!
It may be winter here, but I could definitely go for one of these shakes right now! It looks so yummy!
This is a very pretty drink. I'll take mine with a bit of gin please. It is Fiesta Friday right?


We're for all the soulful brands, purpose-driven business owners, and conscious creatives out there. Our mission is to help you maximize your impact while living fully as your best, most vibrant self.
Join our FB group to connect with likeminded entrepreneurs.
Sign up to get our Mini Marketing Guide + monthly resources and tips to help you maximize your impact while living fully!
** Be sure to pay attention when clicking 'Sign Up' as the download link will appear automatically.
DOWNLOAD THE DIGITAL CORNERSTONES E-BOOK HERE.
We're interested in two things: how to do better business and how to live fully while doing it.
We specialize in brand strategy and marketing, and exist to help entrepreneurs leverage their power to drive social, economic, ecological, and cultural change. Our approach mixes strategic planning with holistic personal development.
We truly believe that all is connected and that business has the power to positively shape our world. Optimal wellbeing, sustainable business growth, and positive impact go hand-in-hand.
A clear brand strategy is the foundation of success. From establishing a strong identity to communicating your values, we can help bring your brand to life & stand out.
Marketing doesn't have to be an endless guessing game. With the right action plan, we'll help you to implement the practices that best suit your business and audience and deliver sustainable business growth.
Putting your customers first is the only way to grow your business. Understanding life through their eyes is key. Let's create deeper connections and change their lives.
We're only a phone call away. From brand strategy and marketing action plans to finding ways to be more productive and intentional, we've got you.


In an organization, the training department is often viewed as the "fun" department rather than a partner or resource for development. How is this image or reputation created? Often, it's because people aren't familiar with everything the department has to offer, or all the steps, processes, analysis, development, solutions, etc. that go into training. In addition, training is sometimes viewed as a "one size fits all" solution, meaning it can solve all problems. In fact, training is not always the solution to a performance gap (if the gap even exists). If training is provided when the problem lies elsewhere, the department won't be seen as a credible resource.
Below are six tips to help change the training department's image from "fun" to that of a partner or resource for development.
1. Create a training department mission statement that defines: what product or service is provided, for whom the product or service is provided, and why the product or service is provided (i.e. when there is a performance gap in knowledge and skill).
2. Align the training department objectives with the organization's objectives.
3. Ensure all training provides a solution to a performance gap in knowledge and skill and not something else (e.g. lack of standards).
4. Market training solutions to the appropriate target audience.
5. Design courses with content that is relevant to the target audience. Make sure the focus is on "need-to-know" content versus "nice-to-know" content!
6. Evaluate the effectiveness of the training. Listen and act on the feedback received.
Strategically aligning the training department's mission statement and objectives with the organization's, as well as providing training only when a clearly defined deficiency in skill and knowledge exists, is paramount. In addition, designing content relevant to the target audience will create a reputation of your training department as not only "fun" but also a credible resource.
How do you ensure your training department is seen as a partner or resource for development?
Beth has been a course leader with Langevin since 2015. She currently resides in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Beth began her training career in 2006 and believes, while training needs to be educational, it also needs to be fun! Outside of the classroom, Beth enjoys spending time with her daughter, reading, playing volleyball, photography, and travelling. She hopes to one day visit India during the Festival of Lights, Mexico for the Day of the Dead Celebration, Rio for the Carnival, and China for the Chinese New Year.


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Target/Movies, Music & Books/Movies/Blu-ray Movies
The Outpost (Blu-ray)
Shop all Cinedigm
Parental info
Based on the best-selling book by CNN correspondent Jake Tapper, "The Outpost: An Untold Story of American Valor"
Featuring an all-star cast:
Scott Eastwood (Pacific Rim, The Fate of the Furious, Suicide Squad)
Orlando Bloom (Black Hawk Down, Lord of the Ring series, Pirates of the Caribbean series)
Caleb Landry Jones (Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Get Out, X-Men First Class)
Includes the stories of staff Sergeant Clint Romesha and Specialist Ty Carter, receivers of the Medal of Honor (first time in fifty years that two living servicemen recognized with the award for the same battle)
An immersive war film that honors the men who fought in Kamdesh. The battle itself, during which eight Americans were killed and for which two would win the Medal of Honor, is the harrowing and extended climax of the film
Movie MPAA Rating: R
Movie Studio: Screen Media
Movie Genre: Action/Adventure
Run Time (minutes): 123
Software Format: Blu-ray
Street Date: August 18, 2020
Origin: Made in the USA
Based on the best-selling nonfiction book The Outpost: An Untold Story of American Valor by CNN's chief Washington correspondent Jake Tapper, "The Outpost" chronicles the true story of the 53 U.S. soldiers who tried to repel an overwhelming attack by 400 Taliban insurgents at Combat Outpost Keating in NE Afghanistan. Hailed as the most heroic American battle in a generation!
Get it by Mon, Jan 25 with free 2-day shipping
Estimated ship dimensions: 8 inches length x 6 inches width x 1 inches height
This item cannot be shipped to the following locations: APO/FPO, Virgin Islands, U.S., United States Minor Outlying Islands, Guam (see also separate entry under GU), American Samoa (see also separate entry under AS), Puerto Rico (see also separate entry under PR), Northern Mariana Islands


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McLean, VA, January 28, 2015 ─ For the second year in a row, Trowbridge & Trowbridge, LLC (T&T) has been selected by SmartCEO as a Future 50 award winner. The companies selected represent the future of the area's economy, collectively generating $3.56 billion in annual revenue and employing more than 13,000 people throughout the greater Washington D.C. metropolitan area.
Representatives from the winning companies attended a Hollywood-themed gala Tuesday at the Sheraton Premiere in Tysons Corner. T&T President & CEO Karen Trowbridge accepted this year's award on behalf of the company she started more than 5 years ago.
The awards are chosen by an independent panel of judges and selected from company nominations detailing the 3-year growth average of both employees and revenue. SmartCEO's mission is to educate and inspire the business community through its award-winning magazine, connections at C-level events, and access to valuable online resources throughout the Washington, Baltimore, New York, and Philadelphia metropolitan areas.
T&T is an award-winning woman-owned and managed small business providing IT, data center operations, cyber security, and unified communications services to the federal civilian, defense, and health markets. For additional information, contact Ty Bachus at 571-298-8468, or tbachus@tt-llc.com.


Thanks for sharing this soulful post!
thank you for reading it cuhome, and for pulling something out that you liked. here's what's funny…a few friends that read it felt the need to "check on me." one threatened to come take all my ballpoint pens away. i guess they didn't pick up on the melodrama i was throwing.
That is really funny!!! I've encountered a couple of just such situation, and I had to say, "Hey, guys!!! This is a blog– it was tongue in cheek, but thanks for checking on me, anyway!!!" Life can be verrrry funny, eh?
This was beautiful – I could see the rays of sunshine beginning to peek in through the sadness of losing your mom. And even though I didn't know her, I just *know* that she is so glad that you are beginning to feel them too. Keep writing!
awesome. and thanks for landing on the brighter side of that post…and on my blog!
So incredibly poignant. That is all so much for any one person to process. I am sorry for your losses. What comes through in your writing is such raw sincerity and truth. Peace and healing to you…I am a fan.


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text:
Q: Apache does not start - httpd.conf in windows I am trying to set up Apache http 2.2, with mod_jk module.
The intention is to set up a load balancer right on my PC, for test purposes.
So I made some changes to httpd.conf to set some parameters, then I run it and I get the popup:
"Windows couldn't start Apache 2.2 on local PC. For more information check system events log. If it's not a windows service contact service provider and reference the code:1"
I check on the log and I get:
httpd.exe: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 192.168.0.35 for ServerName
So I uncomment on httpd.conf line: ServerName myPcName:80 and run it again.
I get the same popup, but this time I don't get anything on the events log.
Any idea on how to let it work?
(Nothing is bound on 80 port.)
Thank you

A: Please check if port 80 is being used by other application or not. Most of the time in my case "Skype" was using port 80. So I had to stop it and then I used to start Apache service.
To troubleshoot further what you can do is, goto apache's bin directory and run httpd.exe -t option. This will show you exactly what is causing problem.

A: The configuration file in the apache /conf folder, has a piece of code that starts from C:.  It is copyrighted and therefore you cannot change the code.
All you have to do is make a second copy of the whole apache folder and put it directly in your C: directory.  Your apache file is in System 32 causing you to use cprompt right. Having 2 identical apache folders one in C: and one in System 32  bypasses the problem.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


residency values for the idle states during the state selection process.
the idle duration time satisfies the state's residency value.
improved, as there are more reasons to why a CPU may be woken up from idle.
+	 * Start at the deepest supported state.


text:
Липень 2005 — сьомий місяць 2005 року, що розпочався у п'ятницю 1 липня та закінчився у неділю 31 липня.

Події
 6 липня:
 У рамках 117-й сесії Міжнародного олімпійського комітету у Сингапурі оголошено, що Лондон прийме XXX Олімпіаду в 2012 році. За це право боролися п'ять міст — Москва, Париж, Лондон, Мадрид і Нью-Йорк.
 Відкриття триденного 31-го саміту Великої вісімки в Единбурзі (Шотландія).
 10 липня — люксембурзький референдум щодо Конституції Європейського Союзу.
 22 липня — Microsoft дала назву нової версії своєї операційної системи — «Windows Vista», раніше відомої під кодовою назвою Longhorn.
 29 липня — оголошено про відкриття трьох нових великих об'єктів пояса Койпера, один з яких (2003 UB313) перевищує за розмірами Плутон.

07