text:
← A month of movie magic has been lined up for CPIFF 2015
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Can two-bedroom flats really be solution for Fairfield Halls?
The "vision" for the College Green and Fairfield Halls… with lots of added two-bedroom flats
CROYDON COMMENTARY: The scheme to redevelop Fairfield Halls and College Green could cost more than £70m, with Council Tax-payers taking much of the risk, says DAVID WICKENS
Those that study regeneration and city centre proposals will have noticed that there is usually an associated development of flats – mainly two-bedroom ones.
Why is this, one might ask, as they can hardly be classed as family dwellings?
There were many high-rise developments in the post-war era, built to provide cheap public sector housing, that are now being demolished as they were found to be unsuitable for families and difficult to maintain.
Around the Millennium, there seemed to be a growth in numbers of city centre flats, often in converted warehouses and offices. These were high-specification and spacious apartments; they proved popular to the nouveau riche and wealthy professionals.
Croydon Council has a housing problem in that insufficient housing is available for those in need. Prior to the 2008 global financial crash, there were ideas to increase significantly provision of housing in the town and district centres. This is very laudable, but the prices would have been beyond what most existing residents could afford. I did enquire of Council Officers just who was going to buy these flats. I cannot recall any convincing response.
The flat-building craze is resurfacing as we come out of recession. The "Island" (or IYLO) and the Saffron developments are nearing completion, after a pause, and there is a new block in Coulsdon district centre on the former Toyota site. Taberner House is to be replaced with flats, the Nestle building is to be converted to flats, the Chinese have ideas for a skyscraper of mainly flats in Lansdowne Road and the island site development at Purley is intended to be partly funded through high-rise flats. And then there's Ruskin Square, slowly taking shape beside East Croydon Station.
The 57-storey skyscraper proposed for Lansdowne Road. 900 more flats
This is but a sample. Some proposals are mixed developments with retail or offices at lower levels, and some are segregated as regards residents with "poor doors" for social tenants.
What is this obsession with flats?
The answer is not so much about providing housing for the needy, but finance, often to fund the associated development proposals.
Simply speaking, a 75 sq m flat should cost about £115,000 to build. This will increase the higher you go, or for a particularly high spec or more spacious apartment. There is also the land cost, but this is very much reduced per flat for tall buildings. Thus there are a lot of proposals for tall blocks.
Compare this figure to the likely sale cost of a flat in Croydon: some schemes have been offering two-bed apartments "off-plan" – that is, not yet built – for £450,000. That gives a profit of £335,000. Per flat.
So what's the catch?
Menta have consent for tall blocks in Cherry Orchard Road but don't seem too keen to proceed. Other sites, including Ruskin Square on the other side of the tracks, are progressing, but only very slowly. Hammersfield – the £1 billion redevelopment of the Whitgift Centre and Centrale to be undertaken by Westfield and Hammerson – includes up to 600 flats, but is already behind programme.
Croydon Council may be about to take a risk in funding the Fairfield Halls and College Green redevelopment proposal based on a business plan that no doubt includes the "two-bedroom flat". So what is the problem?
One needs to look at "buy-to-let". Flats have proved to be popular as investments, partly in lieu of the much reduced provision in workplace pension schemes and low-interest rates on investments. Cheap mortgages, even on "buy to let", also help. Such investments are fine when tenants could pay rents from housing benefits.
But the caps on benefits have burst that bubble, and low wage inflation has affected the private rental market.
Impending interest rate rises could be disastrous for investors. With the base rate at 0.5per cent, the only way is up. That should make investors cautious, particularly as an over-supply of flats – as seems possible in central Croydon – could leave many without tenants and hence no rental income to pay their rising mortgages.
Progress has been slow on the Cherry Orchard Road Menta development
We read that many flats in London are being bought up by foreign investors. That could lead to them being left empty or badly managed by absentee landlords. Where blocks are not fully sold or occupied, they deter buyers. Would you want to risk buying a flat in a block where few are occupied?
Many flats in Croydon will have not been allowed to make provision for parking, on the grounds that there is good public transport. That may suit some, but is hardly realistic. Where will be the town centre schools to educate the children living in the new towers? What about additional open spaces for the predicted rise in population?
The recent council report to the Town Hall cabinet on the redevelopment of College Green and the Fairfield Halls suggests that the council contribution will be just £12 million and that the Halls can finally be refurbished and a new college built from the proceeds of flats and other developments on the existing Croydon College site.
I have not had access to the contents of the Part B report put to the cabinet with the exact costings and budgets. Previously, schemes to redevelop the Fairfield Halls have been projected to cost around £34 million. I suspect that the new College plus the Fairfield redevelopment, including on-costs, is going to come to more than £70 million.
There will have to be considerable up-front expenditure by the council, prior to any income from the development of the college site. Just who is providing loan finance? Inside Croydon's loyal reader may recall that for Fisher's Folly, the council's vastly over-priced new offices, the council ended up taking on massive debt which was not originally planned. If there are problems in realising the value of the college site for this new scheme,then who is at risk?
Will the council discover a pot of gold at the end of the Fairfield Halls rainbow to meet the redevelopment costs?
There are massive risks and council officials and councillors should be very careful in making decisions that historically are best left to professional developers. Yes, consultants and accountants will advise, but so often there will be caveats that mean they will carry no risk of failure. In contrast to the private sector, it is so easy for the public sector to embark on these developments as they carry no personal liability. It is the tax-payers who will have to bear the risk.
As for the proposals themselves, based on my considerable experience in the construction industry, it looks like total nonsense to me. A planning decision is expected in April 2016 with a start on site in Summer 2016 (subject to agreement – with whom?) with completion in two years. If this is not met, then any borrowing costs will grow.
I see nothing in the programme for detailed design or tendering. This scheme would be subject to EU procurement regulations, all of which take time. Unless the design and tender process is already well-advanced ahead of planning consent, then it will not be possible to make a meaningful start in 2016.
There will be all kinds of advanced works and consents needed, quite apart from securing a construction contractor. There are lead-in times for land acquisition, utilities, traffic and other third-party approval and requirements. One should also factor-in the inevitable disruption to the local highways due to the Hammersfield development and associated road and tram proposals. Commencement in summer 2017 would seem more realistic.
David Wickens is a former senior Croydon Council official with years of experience of major engineering schemes around the borough, including Tramlink
Fisher's Folly council offices cost more to build than The Shard
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This entry was posted in "Hammersfield", Addiscombe West, Art, Ashcroft Theatre, Croydon College, Croydon Council, Education, Fairfield, Fairfield Halls, Jo Negrini, Planning, URV, Whitgift Centre and tagged Conservative, Croydon College, David Wickens, Fairfield Halls, Hammersfield, Hammerson, Labour, Taberner House, Tony Newman, Tory, Westfield, Whitgift Centre. Bookmark the permalink.
3 Responses to Can two-bedroom flats really be solution for Fairfield Halls?
Arno Rabinowitz says:
David Wicken's comments are thoughtful and, to me, accurate and will, I hope, become required reading for all those involved in Croydon planning matters.
There are three universal laws that govern the entire universe. Known as Arno's Laws they are, in equal order of importance and effect:
1. All Flat Roofs Leak
2. All Heat Rises
3. All Bubbles Burst.
The manic overbuilding of flats in Croydon falls clearly under Rule 3. It is just not feasible that all the current and planned projects are going to result in flats that will all sell on the open market. There are just too many. There will be bankruptcies, unfinished projects and fire sales but, at no point, will those who really need basic housing benefit at all.
The bubble will burst.
veeanne2015 says:
Are Laings or CCURV involved in any way in this ?
insidecroydon says:
Matters cloaked in utter opacity. This is Croydon Council, after all.
CCURV seems unlikely, since Labour has kicked it into touch, to be replaced by RIF – the revolving Investment Fund. Or as we at Inside Croydon Towers prefer to call it: Son of CCURV. If the council ever does go public with the detail of its proposals, it seems likely that RIF will have some involvement.
John Laing? Best guess is that they'll have to pitch for the work like all other contractors, just as David's article suggests. Whether Croydon Council's procurement processes will work any better than in the past… Well, we all live in hope.
RT @FisherAndrew79: Could the grotesque £440,000 pay-off to Croydon's failed ex-chief executive be recouped? Pembrokeshire gives some hope… 9 minutes ago

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: SQL table with incompatible columns (only 1 must be used at a time) Context:
Let's consider that I have a database with a table "house". I also have tables "tiledRoof" and "thatchedRoof".

Aim:
All my houses must have only 1 roof at a time. It can be a tiled one or a thatched one, but not both. Even if it doesn't makes a lot of sense, imagine that we might change the roof of our houses many times.

My solution:
I can figure out 2 solutions to link houses to roofs:
Solution 1 : Delete/create roofs every time :
The database should looks like this (more or less pseudo sql code):
house{
  tiledRoof_id int DEFAULT NULL FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES tiledRoof(id)
  thatchedRoof_id int DEFAULT NULL FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES thatchedRoof(id)
  // Other columns ...
}

tiledRoof{
  id
  // Other columns ...
}

thatchedRoof{
  id
  // Other columns ...
}

So, I make "tiledRoof_id" and "thatchedRoof_id" nullable. Then if I want to link an house with a tiled roof, I do an upsert in the table "tiledRoof" . If a row have been created, I update "tiledRoof_id" to match the id created. Then, if my house was linked to a thatched roof, I delete a row in "thatchedRoof" and set "thatchedRoof_id" to NULL (I guess I can do it automatically by implementing the onDelete of my foreign key constraint).
Down sides :

*

*Deleting a row and create later a similar other row might not be really clever. If I change 50 times my roof, I will create 50 rows and also delete 49 of them...

*More queries to run than with the second solution.

Solution 2 : Add "enabler columns" :
The database should looks like this (more or less pseudo sql code):
house{
  tiledRoof_id int DEFAULT(...) FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES tiledRoof(id)
  thatchedRoof_id int DEFAULT(...) FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES thatchedRoof(id)
  tiledRoof_enabled boolean DEFAULT True
  thatchedRoof_enabled boolean DEFAULT False
  // Other columns ...
}

tiledRoof{
  id
  // Other columns ...
}

thatchedRoof{
  id
  // Other columns ...
}

I fill both "tiledRoof_id" and "thatchedRoof_id" with a foreign id that links each of my houses to a tile roof AND to a thatched roof.
To make my house not really having both roofs, I just enable one of them. To do so I implement 2 additional columns : "tiledRoof_enabled " and "thatchedRoof_enabled" that will define which roof is enabled.
Alternatively, I can use a single column to set the enabled roof if that column takes an integer (1 would means that the tiled one is enabled and 2 would means the thatched one).
Difficulty :

To make that solution works, It would requiere an implementation of the default value of "tiledRoof_id" and "thatchedRoof_id" that might not be possible. It have to insert in the corresponding roof-table a new row and use the resulting row id as default value.
If that can not be done, I have start by running queries to create my roofs and then create my house.

Question:
What is the best way to reach my purpose? One of the solutions that I proposed? An other one? If it's the second one of my propositions, I would be grateful if you could explain to me if my difficulty can be resolved and how.

Note:
I'm working with sqlite3 (just for syntax is differences)

A: It sounds like you want a slowly changing dimension.  Given only two types, I would suggest:
create table house_roofs (
     house_id int references houses(house_id),
     thatched_roof_id int references thatched_roofs(thatched_roof_id),
     tiled_roof_id int references tiled_roofs(tiled_roof_id),
     version_eff_dt datetime not null,
     version_end_dt datetime,
     check (thatched_roof_id is null or tiles_roof_id is null)  -- only one at a time
);

This allows you to have properly declared foreign key relationships.

A: Are you sure you need to normalize the roof type? Why not simply add a boolean for each of the roof types in your house table. SQLLite doesn't actually have a boolean, so you could use integer 0 or 1.
Note: You would still want to have the tables thatchedRoof and tiledRoof if there are details about each of those types that are generic for all roofs of that type.
If the the tables thatchedRoof and tiledRoof contain details that are specific to each specific house, then this strategy may not work to well.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How to set default environment in Spring Boot How can I set the default environment in Spring Boot?
I put in application.properties:
spring.profiles.include=prod,dev
spring.profiles.active=prod

and in user variables:
SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE = dev

So when I dev in my comp my environment are dev but when I generate my .war and deploy in tomcat he still using dev with enviroment (I deploy in another comp with no other conf)
How can I set my default environment (if he don't find any in user variables or commmand line uses production)?

A: What you need is:
1) Define the active profile you need, something like:
spring.profiles.active=dev

In this example the loaded file will be application-dev.properties
Now, if you need to switch to a different environment depending where are you installing your war file what you can do is to set this variable as a system variable in each environment you want, that way each environment has a different value for the same key, something like:
-Dspring.profiles.active=dev

In my case I am using Tomcat and I declare this key/value in the file setenv.sh, you need to assign that value depending on the server you're using.

A: Take a look at the Spring Boot guide on profile specific properties
http://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/1.3.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT/reference/htmlsingle/#boot-features-external-config-profile-specific-properties
I would remove what you have from your application.properties. You are telling it to include (not replace) both dev and prod profiles. A much easier setup is to have

*

*application.properties (if no profile is set)

*application-dev.properties (for dev  profile)

*application-prod.properties (for prod profile)


text:
BIKE Supercross SUPERCROSS: Ryan Villopoto Races To Win At Cowboys Stadium
SUPERCROSS: Ryan Villopoto Races To Win At Cowboys Stadium
Updated: November 27th, 2015 at 2:19 pm
The seventh race of Monster Energy AMA Supercross, an FIM World Championship, signified the 2013 season's move east with 54,036 fans in attendance inside Cowboys Stadium. For the third time this season, reigning back-to-back champion Ryan Villopoto posted a dominant effort en route to victory aboard his Monster Energy Kawasaki, leading every lap of the Main Event. Monster Energy/Pro Circuit/Kawasaki's Dean Wilson won the opening race of the Eastern Regional 250SX Class Championship, which will be in action for the next eight stops.
Championship leader Davi Millsaps edged out Villopoto to claim the Nuclear Cowboyz® Holeshot Award at the start of the 450SX Class Main Event, but a little more momentum helped Villopoto slip past his Rockstar Energy Racing-mounted rival just a few feet later. Not long after, TwoTwo Motorsports Honda's Chad Reed made an aggressive move to steal second from Millsaps, which allowed Villopoto to open an early gap.
While Villopoto continued to pull away, the battle for the podium intensified. Millsaps reclaimed second place on Lap 3 and settled into the position. Reed appeared to have a secure hold on third, but Red Bull KTM's Ryan Dungey began to apply pressure, ultimately making slight contact with Reed after an aggressive pass for the position on Lap 14. Dungey pushed hard in the closing laps to have a chance at stealing second from Millsaps, but couldn't get alongside his championship rival in the end.
Villopoto moved into sole possession of third in the championship point standings with his 27th career 450SX Class victory.
"Starts are definitely important," said Villopoto, who now has the most wins in the championship. "I've had a target on my back this year, everyone knows that, and it's stressful. I'm just trying to have fun with riding again. If we get third, it's on the podium, and if it's second, that's good too. Davi has been riding really good this year, so we have to just chip away at it. It's going to take a while."
Millsaps' runner-up finish was his sixth podium in seven races this season, while Dungey extended his podium streak to four with his third-place result.
"It was definitely a good 20 laps," said Millsaps, who extended his points lead. "I haven't ridden all week because I've been sick, so it's good to come away with a strong finish. Ryan (Villopoto) rode really well, so you have to give it to him."
Millsaps moved to 21 points ahead of Dungey in the standings, with Villopoto now sitting 24 points behind in third. After winning his Heat Race earlier in the evening, Team Yoshimura Suzuki's James Stewart was unable to start the Main Event, citing a broken clutch. He dropped to ninth in the championship.
A lot of excitement surrounded the first Eastern Regional 250SX Class Main Event of the season and out of the gate it was AG Motorsports Honda's Kyle Peters who grabbed the Nuclear Cowboyz Holeshot Award. Behind him, Wilson and Rockstar Energy Racing's Blake Wharton assumed second and third place.
Wilson worked his way past Peters prior to the conclusion of the opening lap and then pulled away from the field to lead all 15 laps of the Main Event and claim his sixth career 250SX Class victory.
"This feels so good," exclaimed Wilson. "It's been 10 months waiting for that. I knew I needed to get the start, so I fought for it and it went well. I saw the leader and I knew I was good in the whoops, so I just went on the outside around him. He raced clean and I respect that. From there I just rode my own race."
Wharton made a pass on Peters shortly after Wilson took over the lead and secured the runner-up position throughout the remainder of the Main Event. Earlier in the evening, Wharton needed a win in the LCQ in order to secure his spot in the Main Event. Peters battled to hold on to third place, but was passed by Honda rider Cole Thompson on Lap 6. After Thompson crashed out of the race, Peters reclaimed the spot, but succumbed to the pressure from GEICO Honda's Wil Hahn on Lap 10. Hahn maintained the position to round out the podium.
Wilson will carry a three-point lead into the second race of the championship next weekend.
Matt LeBlanc took the win in tonight's KTM Junior Supercross Challenge, which was in action for the second time this season with 15 riders from around the region invited to compete.
Monster Energy Supercross continues next weekend, from Atlanta with its annual visit to the Georgia Dome. The eighth race of the 2013 season begins next Saturday, February 23, at 7 p.m. ET. SPEED will provide live coverage of the race at 7:30 p.m. ET.
450SX Class Results: Arlington
Ryan Villopoto, Poulsbo, Wash., Kawasaki
Davi Millsaps, Murrieta, Calif., Suzuki
Ryan Dungey, Belle Plaine, Minn., KTM
Chad Reed, Australia, Honda
Justin Brayton, Fort Dodge, Iowa, Yamaha
Justin Barcia, Ochlocknee, Ga., Honda
Trey Canard, Shawnee, Okla., Honda
Matt Goerke, Lake Helen, Fla., KTM
Andrew Short, Smithville, Texas, Honda
Broc Tickle, Holly, Mich., Suzuki
450SX Class Points
Davi Millsaps, Murrieta, Calif., Suzuki, 154
Ryan Dungey, Belle Plaine, Minn., KTM, 133
Ryan Villopoto, Poulsbo, Wash., Kawasaki, 130
Trey Canard, Shawnee, Okla., Honda, 119
Chad Reed, Australia, Honda, 115
Justin Barcia, Ochlocknee, Ga., Honda, 98
Andrew Short, Smithville, Texas, Honda, 95
Justin Brayton, Fort Dodge, Iowa, Yamaha, 83
James Stewart, Haines City, Fla., Suzuki, 75
Matt Goerke, Lake Helen, Fla., KTM, 69
Eastern Regional 250SX Class Results: Arlington
Dean Wilson, Scotland, Kawasaki
Blake Wharton, Pilot Point, Texas, Suzuki
Wil Hahn, Decatur, Texas, Honda
Kyle Peters, Greensboro, N.C., Honda
Justin Hill, Yoncalla, Ore., Kawasaki
Marvin Musquin, France, KTM
Gavin Faith, Fort Dodge, Iowa, Honda
Jimmy Decotis, Peabody, Mass., Honda
Vince Friese, Cape Girardeau, Mo., Honda
Lance Vincent, Youngsville, La., KTM
Eastern Regional 250SX Class Points
Dean Wilson, Scotland, Kawasaki, 25
Blake Wharton, Pilot Point, Texas, Suzuki, 22
Wil Hahn, Decatur, Texas, Honda, 20
Kyle Peters, Greensboro, N.C., Honda, 18
Justin Hill, Yoncalla, Ore., Kawasaki, 16
Marvin Musquin, France, KTM, 15
Gavin Faith, Fort Dodge, Iowa, Honda, 14
Jimmy Decotis, Peabody, Mass., Honda, 13
Vince Friese, Cape Girardeau, Mo., Honda, 12
Lance Vincent, Youngsville, La., KTM, 11
KTM Junior Supercross Challenge
Joseph Achatz, St. Augustine, Fla., KTM 50 SX
Rider Vrzak, Mesquite, Texas, KTM 50 SX
Ayden Smith, Lufkin, Texas, KTM 50 SX
Whispern Smith, Midwest City, Okla., KTM 50 SX
Bryan Prouty, Carlsbad, N.M., KTM 50 SX
Nate Moen, Harrison, N.Y., KTM 50 SX
Tristan McDonald, Texico, N.M., KTM 50 SX
Matthew LeBlanc, Breaux Bridge, La., KTM 50 SX
Colby Hardy, Livingston, La., KTM 50 SX
Tug Greenslet, Bennington, Vt., KTM 50 SX
Laney Cox, Hugo, Okla., KTM 50 SX
Ryan Billock, Franklinton, N.C., KTM 50 SX
Gavin Towers, Venetia, Pa., KTM 50 SX
Christian Allen, Mobile, Ala., KTM 50 SX
Nicholas Laurie, Waldorf, Md., KTM 50 SX
Supercross LIVE!® is back in 2013 with a three-hour mid-raceday program from 2:00 – 5:00 p.m. local time. Hosts, Jim Holley, a former World Supercross Champion, and Kevin Barnett, a former member of the U.S. Men's Olympic Volleyball Team and professional broadcaster, will provide in-depth analysis of the afternoon's practice and qualifying sessions as the riders and teams prepare for the night racing, in addition to interviews and behind-the-scenes coverage. As the only place to follow live practice and qualifying coverage from Monster Energy Supercross, Supercross LIVE! provides fans with an inside perspective before the gate drops on the night's qualifying and Main Events. Additionally, there will be video snippets made available throughout the race day that can be viewed on www.SupercrossOnline.com, the official website of Monster Energy Supercross, or the YouTube Channel www.YouTube.com/SupercrossLive. To access the live streaming broadcasts, go to www.SupercrossOnline.com/SupercrossLive or subscribe to the Supercross LIVE! streaming channel at http://new.LiveStream.com/Supercrosslive.
About Feld Motor Sports®
Feld Motor Sports, Inc. is the world leader in specialized arena and stadium-based motor sports entertainment. Feld Motor Sports productions include Advance Auto Parts Monster Jam®, Monster Energy Supercross, AMSOIL Arenacross and Nuclear Cowboyz®. Feld Motor Sports is a division of Feld Entertainment, the world's largest producer of live family entertainment. For more information on Feld Entertainment, visit www.feldentertainment.com.
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F1: Dougie Lampkin Tours Red Bull Racing (VIDEO)
Filed Under: BIKE Supercross Tagged With: AMA AMA Supercross Arlington Arlington Texas Supercross Bike Chad Reed Cowboys Stadium Davi Millsaps Dean Wilson Dirt Bike Joseph Achatz Justin Brayton Kawasaki Monster Energy Supercross Ryan Dungey Ryan Villopoto Supercross
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text:
HomenewsGood News! NCC Suspends Increase In Data Price.
Good News! NCC Suspends Increase In Data Price.
Unknown November 30, 2016
The Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) has announced its decision to suspend the new minimum pricing template for data services by mobile operators.
The new rate, which would have led to price increase in data for some Nigerians, was scheduled to take effect from today, December 1.
The NCC, whose decision comes a few hours after the Senate ordered a stop to the planned increase, said the decision is to allow for further consultation.


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Catastrophe Restoration Agreement Work Order.


text:
Research Interest: Organismal Biology
Shpargel, Karl
Cancer Biology, Developmental Biology, Genetics, Genomics, Organismal Biology
Our laboratory studies the coordination of histone-modifying enzymes in regulating chromatin structure, enhancer activation, and transcription. We utilize mouse genetics and cell culture model systems to study the mechanisms of enhancer activation in neural crest cell epigenetics, craniofacial development, and altered enhancer regulation in cancer. This is accomplished through a variety of techniques including mouse mutagenesis, fluorescent reporters to isolate primary cells of interest, low cell number genomics, and proteomic approaches.
Matute, Daniel
Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Biology, Genetics & Molecular Biology
Computational Biology, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Genomics, Organismal Biology
My research program studies how species form. We use a combination of approaches that range from field biology, behavior, and computational biology.
Griffith, Boyce
Bioinformatics, Cardiovascular Biology, Computational Biology, Organismal Biology, Physiology, Quantitative Biology, Systems Biology, Translational Medicine
My group develops and deploys computational tools to predict physiological function and dysfunction. We are interested in a range of applications in medicine and biology, but our primary focus is the cardiovascular system. My group is actively developing fluid-structure interaction (FSI) models of the heart, arteries, and veins, and of cardiovascular medical devices, including bioprosthetic heart valves, ventricular assist devices, and inferior vena cava filters. We are also validating these models using in vitro and in vivo approaches. We also model cardiac electrophysiology and electro-mechanical coupling, with a focus on atrial fibrillation (AF), and aim to develop mechanistically detailed descriptions of thrombosis in AF. This work is carried out in collaboration with clinicians, engineers, computer and computational scientists, and mathematical scientists in academia, industry, and regulatory agencies.
Hedrick, Tyson
Computational Biology, Organismal Biology, Physiology
Research in my laboratory focuses on how animals produce and control movement, with a particular interest in animal flight. We use both computational and experimental techniques to examine how organismal components such as the neuromuscular and neurosensory systems interact with the external environment via mechanics and aerodynamics to produce movement that is both accurate and robust. Keywords: biomechanics, flight, avian, insect, neural control, muscle, locomotion, computational modeling.
Jones, Corbin
The goal of my research is to identify, clone, and characterize the evolution of genes underlying natural adaptations in order to determine the types of genes involved, how many and what types of genetic changes occurred, and the evolutionary history of these changes. Specific areas of research include: 1) Genetic analyses of adaptations and interspecific differences in Drosophila, 2) Molecular evolution and population genetics of new genes and 3) Evolutionary analysis of QTL and genomic data.
Mitchell, Charles
Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Organismal Biology, Pathogenesis & Infection, Plant Biology
My work focuses on the role of plant pathogens in (A) controlling or facilitating biological invasions by plants, (B) structuring plant communities, and (C) modulating the effects of global change on terrestrial ecosystems. My group works on viruses, bacteria, and fungi that infect wild plants, chiefly grasses and other herbaceous species. Ultimately, I am interested in the implications of these processes for the sustainable provisioning of ecosystem services and for the conservation of biological diversity.
Pardo-Manuel de Villena, Fernando
Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, Developmental Biology, Genetics, Genomics, Organismal Biology
Non-Mendelian genetics including, meiotic drive, parent-of-orifin effects and allelic exclusion.
Sullivan, Patrick
Bioinformatics, Genetics, Genomics, Organismal Biology, Pharmacology, Systems Biology
I study complex traits using linkage, association, and genetic epidemiological approaches. Disorders include schizophrenia (etiology and pharmacogenetics), smoking behavior, and chronic fatigue.
Willett, Christopher
Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Organismal Biology, Physiology
My lab concentrates on studying the molecular genetic basis of the evolutionary processes of adaptation and speciation. The questions we ask are what are the sequence changes that lead to variation between species and diversity within species, and what can these changes tell us about the processes that lead to their evolution. We use a number of different techniques to answer these questions, including molecular biology, sequence analyses (i.e. population genetics and molecular evolution techniques), physiological studies, and examinations of whole-organism fitness. Currently work in the lab has focused on a intertidal copepod species that is an excellent model for the initial stages of speciation (and also provides opportunities to study how populations of this species adapt to their physical environment).


text:
Capital Markets & Transaction Communications
Corporate & Leadership Positioning
Crisis & Issues Management
Corporate & Public Affairs
Employee & Change Communications
Get the inside track
Amy Schultz
"For all the mythology about businesses starting out of someone's garage, the way up and out of there is on the back of good communications."
In 140 characters or less what do you do each day?
Prevent big fires and sometimes put out little ones. A lot of bridge-building.
What kinds of clients do you work with?
I mostly help to build and enhance the reputations of companies in the automotive, social impact and health care industries.
What do your friends think you do?
My friends know I've spent a lot of time doing work for Toyota, so I sometimes get texts when Toyota pops up in their lives – car rentals, Super Bowl commercials and the like.
Why is good communications important for a business?
For all the mythology about businesses starting out of someone's garage, the way up and out of there is on the back of good communications. Companies grow, evolve and overcome challenges by making smart decisions – and communicating them well to their stakeholders.
What's the most enjoyable part of working in communications?
I like that I get to work with so many different groups and functions within a company. I also love having a multi-faceted relationship with clients, digging deep into projects, and seeing how effective communications helps bring a company closer to its broader business objectives.
What's been the most rewarding experience of your time at Finsbury?
Last year, I worked on Finsbury's inaugural Young Professional Networking Event and was thrilled that so many interesting people came together to mingle, enjoy our rooftop views of Central Park and learn about Finsbury's great work. It was great to show off our excellent bench of young professionals and a good time was had by all.
Oxford comma: Yes or no?
No, unless it's critical for clarity. Even Oxford says it's optional!
What is the biggest communications mistake that organizations make?
Striking the right tone for your audience is critical. As the business world becomes increasingly diverse (good news!), organizations of all kinds have to learn to communicate in new, tailored ways to build relevance and resonate with audiences. But it's not easy, and many miss the mark when they try to appeal to audiences outside of their traditional comfort zone. It's another important reason for companies to ensure their talent reflects the diversity of their audiences.
What's the best piece of advice you've ever received?
Journalist Maria Popova said, "Critical thinking without hope is cynicism. Hope without critical thinking is naïveté." So, I shoot for a balanced realism, professionally and personally.
What's your secret passion (or talent)?
Improving access to education is really important to me and that's taken a variety of forms over the years. Now, I am on the Young Professional Board of Library For All, a social enterprise that has built a cloud-based library platform for areas of the world where books are scarce but the mobile networks are growing. These e-libraries are customizable and LFA works with local education boards to curate their schools' books to meet the linguistic, cultural and education needs of their communities. This tech-based solution is more cost-effective and sustainable than building physical libraries. Check them out!
Back to Join Us
Global Strategic Communications


text:
AUDIO BOOK REVIEW: 'Cartwheel' by Jennifer DuBois a psychological voyage into a murder abroad
Whether or not you were drawn into the case of Amanda Knox, the American student in Italy charged with the murder of her study-abroad roommate, "Cartwheel" by Jennifer DuBois is a worthy use of your literary listening time.
"Cartwheel" draws its basic plot and more details than really necessary from Knox's case in a psychologically taut tale of one Lily Hayes, a privileged product of the American upper middle class, who five weeks after arriving in Argentina for her study-abroad semester is arrested and charged with stabbing to death her roommate, a similarly privileged Katy Kellers.
Did she do it? What would her motive have been? Are emails she sent to friends and family about how boring and insipid Katy was indicative of anything more than youthful callowness? What's the role of neighbor Sebastien LeCompte, the young man living in a bedraggled mansion next door to Lily and Katy's host family? If Lily did not kill Katy, who would have had the motive?
The story unfolds through various people close to the story, starting with Lily's father, Andrew, who arrives in Buenos Aires with younger daughter Anna in tow. The sisters are the second and third in the Hayes family; the first, Janie, died as an infant and her death has colored family dynamics ever since. The younger sisters, born after Janie's death, have only their parents' loss to guide them.
Father, sister and later, mother, interact with Lily only in jail, but their interior monologues reveal much about Lily and about the family.
Andrew reflects wryly on his daughter's blowsy, careless beauty (her large breasts, often under-covered and under-confined), and the insouciant, self-absorbed aspects of her personality (and not just hers ... the generalized overconfidence of the overeducated American young adult comes into play). Sister Anna throws herself into her daily running routine despite her parents' concerns about her own safety. Mother Maureen, divorced from Andrew, brings her own sadness to the circumstances.
But while the circumstances of Lily's imprisonment are horrifying and tragic not just for Lily and her family but for the victim and her family, DuBois keeps "Cartwheel" from turning into a depressingly dark story by frequently focusing on the absurd and comic aspects of life. Exhibit A is the neighbor, Sebastien, an orphan who lives in his parents' crumbling mansion and exists as a cartoonish ironic icon. His parents —diplomats? spies? — died several years earlier in a plane crash and left him a wealthy and incredibly lonely caricature of an ex-pat. He dresses like a homosexual pirate, Andrew reports to Maureen. He speaks with thorough irony regardless of the consequences to Lily. And what was the nature of his relationship with the two American girls next door?
DuBois's book (the title comes from an acrobatic maneuver Lily performs while on security cameras after an interrogation) will keep you guessing through its 14 and a half hours.
Emily Rankin's narration of the audio book is just right, focusing on the female characterizations but still giving substance to the men who hold Lily's fate in their hands.
AUDIO BOOK REVIEW
CARTWHEEL. By Jennifer DuBois. Random House Audio, $45. Unabridged, 14 hours 30 minutes. Narrated by Emily Rankin.
Susan Rife
Susan Rife is the arts and books editor for the Herald-Tribune Media Group. She holds a bachelor of science degree in journalism from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. She can be reached by email or call (941) 361-4930. Make sure to "Like" Arts Sarasota on Facebook for news and reviews of the arts.


We had a great start to our trip and landed in JAX last night around 4. We went to Target, grabbed some things we needed and got some yummy custard. To begin our day, we had breakfast with the other group here and packed our sack lunches for the day. Soon after, we headed out to the work sit. With it being rainy, we did some spring cleaning in a historical building. After that, we headed to an old plantation and explored a while and then went to the beach for our lunch break. Our helper/boss Ranger Allison brought gloves and trashbags for our beach clean up, and we spent the rest of the day cleaning up debris along the shoreline. There were many cacti that stuck to EVERYTHING, but we soon learned to watch our step. We are done, and sunburned, just waiting on dinner! I can't wait to see what we can help with tomorrow!!
First day of the trip!!
To begin our day, we had breakfast and packed our lunches for the day. In the morning it was raining so we did some spring cleaning in a historical building. After that we headed to an old plantation and explored for a while and headed to the beach for our lunch break. Since the weather cleared up, Park Ranger Allison then gave us gloves and trash bags and we cleaned up debris from the hurricane along the shore line. A few of us saw some wildlife, like turtles and lots of plants we don't have back home. There were a TON of cacti which stuck to everything, but we soon learned to watch our step. Dinner is being prepped soon and I can't wait to see what we will be doing tomorrow!


text:
Simbu and Gautham Reunite For Upcoming Release
Silambarasan's back-to-back projects make his adoring fans happy.
Vinnaithandi Varuvaya seems to be the one film that has remained in our hearts after Vaaranam Aayiram due to the powerful combination of Simbu and Gautham Vasudev Menon. Fans of both stars are now excited about a new project that Gautham announced on Twitter on 6th August.
Gautham revealed the title and first look of their collaboration, "Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu," which was previously titled "Nadhigalilae Neeradum Suriyan." What fans are most surprised by is Simbu's appearance in the first look poster. As we all know, most of his fans were taken aback when they saw Simbu after he had lost weight. Simbu, on the other hand, has been transformed into a much leaner look, alluding to a rural backdrop as he holds a sickle stick at a burning forest in the background.
After two films, "Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa," "Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada," and one short film released during the pandemic, "Karthik Dial Seitha Yenn," this will be the fourth movie of this combo. This marks the 47th film in Simbu's career.
This film will be very different from Gautham's usual romantic dramas. Ishari K Ganesh will produce the film under the banner of Vels Film International, and AR Rahman will compose the music.
The rest of the film's cast and crew will be announced soon.
Tags: Gautham Menon VasudevNadhigalilae Neeradum Suriyannew movieSilambarasanSimbuVendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu
"Glimpse Of Valimai" Adrenaline Junkie Thala Fans, This Should Get Your Heart Pumping
Apart from acting, Thala Ajith is well-known for his motorbike passion, and in the latest release of 'Glimpse of Valimai,'...
Netrikann's Mystery Thriller Starring Nayanthara To Be A Massive Mainstream Hit!
After the success of Darbar and Mukkuthi Amman, Nayanthara has more projects in the works that have yet to be...
Kharthi; A Surreal Self-Taught Artist Paving The Way Of Modern Art
Can hidden talent come out of something young girl? In self-taught artist Kharthi's case, the answer is yes. The 23-year-old...
Teaser Of Naandhi Is Out; A Film On Police Brutality!
by Mugilarasi Paswathy
On the occasion of Allari Naresh's 38th birthday, the actor has surprised his fans by releasing the official teaser of...


text:
Q: How to type a Form component with onSubmit? I've got my own Form component which I want to keep separated from the Parent Component.
const Form: React.FC<any> = ({ children, handleFormSubmit }) => (
  <form onSubmit={handleFormSubmit}>{children}</form>
);

Parent Component
const ParentComponent = () => {
...

const handleFormSubmit = (event: React.FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {
    event.preventDefault();
    publishReview(review).then(() => setReview(initialReviewState));
  };

return (
 <Form onSubmit={handleFormSubmit}>
...
</Form>
)}

I thought handleFormSubmit would get the types from its declaration const handleFormSubmit = (event: React.FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>).
But it doesn't
I've tried to build an interface and even with an any type:
interface FormProps {
  handleFormSubmit: any
}
const Form: React.FC<FormProps>= ({ children, handleFormSubmit }) => (
  <form onSubmit={handleFormSubmit}>{children}</form>
);

But it gave the below error:
const Form: React.FunctionComponent<FormProps>
Type '{ children: Element; onSubmit: (event: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => void; }' is not assignable to type 'IntrinsicAttributes & FormProps & { children?: ReactNode; }'.
  Property 'onSubmit' does not exist on type 'IntrinsicAttributes & FormProps & { children?: ReactNode; }'.

A: This worked for me.  Just guessing based on your guess.  Thanks!
handlePostForm = (e: React.FormEvent) => {

A:   const handleSubmit = (event: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {

A: You would need to specify the type of the form elements. Let's say for example in your form you have an input with id yourInputName:
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>

    Username:
    <input id="yourInputName" type="text" />

  <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

In your handleSubmit, you would need to specify the type of the event.currentTarget. A form tag has a type of HTMLFormElement with a property elements, which are a type of HTMLFormControlsCollection, but we can override that to tell TS what our input is. Create an interface which extends the HTMLFormControlsCollection, specify the type of your field and then use the custom interface to override the elements property in the HTMLFormElement.
interface FormElements extends HTMLFormControlsCollection {
    yourInputName: HTMLInputElement
}

interface YourFormElement extends HTMLFormElement {
   readonly elements: FormElements
}

Then you pass that new type to your handling function
const handleFormSubmit = (e: React.FormEvent<YourFormElement>) => {}

You can now access the value of your field and typescript will know what it is
const handleFormSubmit = (e: React.FormEvent<YourFormElement>) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    console.log(e.currentTarget.elements.yourInputName.value)
}

If you hover on value, TS should show you a message that the data type is HTMLInputElement.value: string, just as you have specified in your FormElements interface.

A: if you have uncontrolled form in react( i used MUI field) :
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
          <TextField
            error={isError}
            helperText={isError ? 'Incorrect entry.' : ''}
            margin="normal"
            color="success"
            label="Name and surname"
            id="nameSurname"
            size="small"
          /></form>

you can make this:
const handleSubmit = (e: SyntheticEvent) => {
e.preventDefault();
const target = e.target as typeof e.target & {
  nameSurname: { value: string };
  //password: { value: string };
};
const nameSurname = target.nameSurname.value;
console.log(`nameSurname`, nameSurname);

};
inspired from here

A: You've got a mistake in your prop names.  Do you see the mismatch?
const Form: React.FC<any> = ({ children, handleFormSubmit }) => (

<Form onSubmit={handleFormSubmit}>

Your Form component takes a prop named handleFormSubmit, but you are calling it with a prop named onSubmit instead.
You need to change the name in one of those places so that they both match.  Either call <Form handleFormSubmit={handleFormSubmit}> or change the props of the Form component so that the prop is named onSubmit.

Here's how it should look if you rename the prop to onSubmit and give it a proper type instead of any.
interface FormProps {
    onSubmit: React.FormEventHandler;
}

const Form: React.FC<FormProps> = ({ children, onSubmit }) => (
    <form onSubmit={onSubmit}>{children}</form>
);

You do not need to make any changes in your ParentComponent if you define Form like this.

A: As Ivo wrote, but in case you want to properly type it with type:
type FormElements = Readonly<
  {
    yourInputName: HTMLInputElement
  } & HTMLFormControlsCollection
>;

type YourFormElement = Readonly<
  {
    elements: FormElements;
  } & HTMLFormElement
>;


Hang-Kum Steel & Technology Company Limited operates in the Cold finishing of steel shapes sector. In addition to historical fundamental analyses, the complete report available to purchase compares Hang-Kum Steel & Technology Company Limited with three other companies in this sector in South Korea: Samhyun Steel Co Ltd (2018 sales of 227.98 billion Korean Won [US$201.31 million] ), Daechang Steel Co Ltd (228.40 billion Korean Won [US$201.67 million] ), and Wonil Special Steel (255.86 billion Korean Won [US$225.93 million] ).
Sales Analysis. Hang-Kum Steel & Technology Company Limited reported sales of 244.77 billion Korean Won (US$216.13 million) for the year ending December of 2018. This represents an increase of 8.9% versus 2017, when the company's sales were 224.73 billion Korean Won. Sales of Construction saw an increase that was more than double the company's growth rate: sales were up 36.9% in 2018, from 62.02 billion Korean Won to 84.92 billion Korean Won. Not all segments of Hang-Kum Steel & Technology Company Limited experienced an increase in sales in 2018: sales of Other Segments fell 5.0% to 3.83 billion Korean Won. (However, this segment's sales were only a very small portion of the company's overall sales). Hang-Kum Steel & Technology Company Limited also experienced decreases in sales in Iron and Steel (down 1.7% to 156.03 billion Korean Won) .


text:
{{Infobox weapon
| is_ranged          = yes
| name               = Sharps rifle
| image              = Berdan Sharps rifle.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            =
| origin             =
| type               = Falling-block rifle
| designer           = Christian Sharps
| design_date        = 1848
| service            = 1850–1881
| used_by            = British EmpireUnited StatesConfederate StatesQingArgentinaPeruBolivia
| wars               = Sepoy RebellionBleeding KansasAmerican Civil WarIndian WarsFenian RaidsWar of the Triple Alliance (Limited)Boshin WarTaiping RebellionArgentine Civil WarsWar of the PacificFirst Sino-Japanese WarMexican Revolution<ref>

Sharps rifles are a series of large-bore, single-shot, falling-block, breech-loading rifles, beginning with a design by Christian Sharps in 1848 and ceasing production in 1881. They were renowned for long-range accuracy. By 1874 the rifle was available in a variety of calibers, and it was one of the few designs to be successfully adapted to metallic cartridge use. The Sharps rifles became icons of the American Old West with their appearances in many Western-genre films and books. Perhaps as a result, several rifle companies offer reproductions of the Sharps rifle.

History
Sharps' initial rifle was patented September 12, 1848, and manufactured by A. S. Nippes at Mill Creek in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1850.

The second model used the Maynard tape primer, and surviving examples are marked Edward Maynard - Patentee 1845. In 1851, the second model was brought to the Robbins & Lawrence Company (R&L) of Windsor, Vermont, where the Model 1851 was developed for mass production. Rollin White of R&L invented the knife-edge breech block and self-cocking device for the "box-lock" Model 1851. This is referred to as the "first contract", which was for 10,000 Model 1851 carbines, of which approximately 1,650 were produced by R&L in Windsor.

In 1851, the "second contract" was made, for 15,000 rifles, and the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company was organized as a holding company with $1,000 in capital and with John C. Palmer as president, Christian Sharps as engineer, and Richard S. Lawrence as master armorer and superintendent of manufacturing. Sharps was to be paid a royalty of $1 per firearm, and the factory was built on R&L's property in Hartford, Connecticut.

The Model 1851 was replaced in production by the Model 1853.  Christian Sharps left the company in 1855 to form his own manufacturing company called "C. Sharps & Company" in Philadelphia; Lawrence continued as the chief armorer until 1872 and developed the various Sharps models and their improvements that made the rifle famous. In 1874, the company was reorganized and renamed the "Sharps Rifle Company," and it remained in Hartford until 1876, whereupon it relocated to Bridgeport, Connecticut.

The Sharps rifle played a prominent role in the Bleeding Kansas conflict during the 1850s, particularly in the hands of anti-slavery forces. The Sharps rifles supplied to anti-slavery factions earned the name "Beecher's Bibles", after the famed abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher.

The 1874-pattern Sharps was a particularly popular rifle that led to the introduction of several derivatives in quick succession. It handled a large number of .40- to .50-caliber cartridges in a variety of loadings and barrel lengths. Hugo Borchardt designed the Sharps-Borchardt Model 1878, the last rifle made by the Sharps Rifle Co. before its closing in 1881.

Reproductions of the paper cartridge Sharps M1859 and M1863 rifle and carbine, the metallic-cartridge 1874 Sharps rifle, and Sharps-Borchardt Model 1878 have been manufactured for use in Civil War re-enacting, hunting and target shooting.

Military use

Rifle
The military Sharps rifle was produced by the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company and is a falling-block rifle used during and after the American Civil War in multiple variations. Along with being able to use a standard percussion cap, the Sharps has an unusual pellet primer feed. This is a device which holds a stack of pelleted primers and flips one over the nipple each time the trigger is pulled and the hammer falls—making it much easier to fire a Sharps from horseback than a gun employing individually loaded percussion caps.

It was used in the Civil War by multiple Union units, most famously by the U.S. Army marksmen known popularly as "Berdan's Sharpshooters" in honor of their leader, Hiram Berdan. The Sharps rifle made a superior sniper weapon of greater accuracy than the more commonly issued muzzle-loading rifled muskets. This was attributed to the higher rate of fire of the breech loading mechanism and superior quality of manufacture, as well as the ease with which it could be reloaded from a kneeling or prone position.

At this time however, many officers were distrustful of breech-loading weapons on the grounds that they would encourage men to waste ammunition. In addition, the Sharps rifle was expensive to manufacture (three times the cost of a muzzle-loading Springfield rifle) and so only 11,000 of the Model 1859s were produced. Most were unissued or given to sharpshooters, but the 13th Pennsylvania Reserves (which still carried the old-fashioned designation of a "rifle regiment") carried them until being mustered out in 1864.

Carbine

The carbine version was very popular with the cavalry of both the Union and Confederate armies and was issued in much larger numbers than other carbines of the war and was top in production in front of the Spencer or Burnside carbine. The falling-block action lent itself to conversion to the new metallic cartridges developed in the late 1860s, and many of these converted carbines in .50-70 Government were used during the Indian Wars in the decades immediately following the Civil War.

Some Civil War–issue carbines have an unusual feature: a hand-cranked grinder in the stock. Although long thought to be a coffee mill, experimentation with some of the few survivors suggests the grinder is ill-suited for coffee. The modern consensus is that its true purpose was for grinding corn or wheat or, more appropriately, for grinding charcoal needed in the production of black powder.

Unlike the Sharps rifle, the carbine was very popular, and almost 90,000 were produced. By 1863, it was the most common weapon carried by Union cavalry regiments, although in 1864 many were replaced by seven-shot Spencer carbines. Some Sharps clones were produced by the Confederates in Richmond. Quality was generally poorer, and they normally used brass fittings instead of iron.

The British purchased 1,000 Model 1852 carbines in 1855 which were later used in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Sporting rifles
Sharps made sporting versions from the late 1840s until the late 1880s. After the American Civil War, converted army surplus rifles were made into custom firearms, and the Sharps factory produced Models 1869 and 1874 in large numbers for commercial buffalo hunters and frontiersmen. These large-bore rifles were manufactured with some of the most powerful black powder cartridges ever made. Sharps also fabricated special long-range target versions for the popular Creedmoor style of  target shooting. Many modern black powder cartridge silhouette shooters use original and replica Sharps rifles to target metallic silhouettes cut in the shapes of animals at ranges up to 500 meters. Shiloh Rifle Manufacturing Company and C Sharps Arms of Big Timber, Montana, have been manufacturing reproductions of the Sharps rifle since 1983 and 1979, respectively.

Cultural significance
In the 1990 Western film Quigley Down Under, Tom Selleck's title character uses a Sharps rifle chambered in the .45-110 caliber. Theater Crafts Industry went so far as to say, "In Quigley Down Under, which we did in 1990, the Sharps rifle practically co-stars with Tom Selleck." This statement was echoed by gunwriters including John Taffin in Guns and Lionel Atwill in Field & Stream, crediting the film with an impact to rival that of Dirty Harry on the Smith & Wesson Model 29. Burt Lancaster's character Valdez in the movie Valdez Is Coming (1971) uses a Sharps rifle with deadly results at almost 1,000 yards. Also, in the western Billy Two Hats (1974), David Huddleston's character Copeland wounds Gregory Peck's character, Archie Deans, at a far distance.

Firearms manufacturers such as Davide Pedersoli and Shiloh Rifle Manufacturing Company have credited these movies with an increase in demand for those rifles. As a result of the popularity of the film, a Sharps match is held annually in Forsyth, Montana, known as the "Matthew Quigley Buffalo Rifle Match". Originally, a  target was placed at  for each shooter, reminiscent of a scene from the movie. The match is billed as the "biggest rifle event shooting in Eastern Montana since the Custer Massacre" and has since developed into a two-day competition with eight shots for score on six steel silhouette targets at ranges from .

See also
.50-90 Sharps
Billy Dixon, Medal of Honor recipient at the Second Battle of Adobe Walls
Rifles in the American Civil War

Notes

References
 Coates, Earl J., and Thomas S. Dean. An Introduction to Civil War Small Arms. Gettysburg, Penn.: Thomas Publications, 1990. .
 Marcot, Roy - Marron, Edward - Paxton, Ron. "Sharps Firearms: The Percussion Era 1848 - 1865", April 2019
 Sellers, Frank M. Sharps Firearms. North Hollywood, Calif: Beinfeld Pub, 1978. .
 Smith, Winston O. The Sharps Rifle, Its History, Development and Operation. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1943.

External links
Sharps Model 1874 - Background history
Sharps Model 1874 - Shooting and reloading
 The Sharps Rifle, RifleShooter magazine
http://shilohrifle.com/

American Civil War rifles
Early rifles
Rifles of the United States
Guns of the American West
Falling-block rifles
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Hunting rifles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Here are some fun things happening in Pawnee this September.
Summer may be winding down, but that doesn't mean the fun's leaving with it. If anything, it means the fun is increasing! Not that summer wasn't fun.
We're just saying that the early autumn can be fun, too. Whatever, here are some fun things happening in Pawnee right now.
Back by popular demand, start your day off (weather permitting) with deep breathing, stress relief and official authentication of legal documents.
Chronic back pain, mild depression, loan forms – you name it – Sensei Valenzuela, notary public, will take care of it for you. Only a five dollar per-document fee. And the qi is free!
But boy oh boy if we don't enjoy catching and eating them, right? Don't miss this yearly treat. As always it's B.Y.O. Fishing Poles, Nets or Any Other Non-Firearm Weapons!
*Most scientists believe these "flounder" are actually severely deformed rainbow trout.
Everybody knows that September is gooseberry season. Each Saturday, local gooseberry fanatics scour the Pawnee hills and riverbeds to pick and eat as many gooseberries as possible!
A great activity for families, especially those with small children!
Even if you're a rookie, come and see if you have what it takes to be king of the board. Activities begin at noon but have been known to stretch well into the knight.
Classes will be taught by Ben Wyatt (aka Bishop Don Juan Magic Pawn).
Don't need a man in your life, but feel like you need something between your legs? Then this class is for you!
Robert Downey, Jr.! Angelina Jolie! Channing Tatum! They all unfortunately have scheduling conflicts.


MASON CITY, IA – From school classrooms, to the national news, the topic of bullying is getting a lot of attention. And while things are falling flat with an anti-bullying bill in the Iowa House, there is hope for another kind of bullying prevention program in a local school. The songs are fun and uplifting, but the message is serious.
Rock in Prevention Lead Presenter, Todd Stevens said, "We use music as a tool to teach anti-bullying, character education, alcohol and other drug prevention, today we're here for anti-bullying." These Newman Elementary students are rocking out and learning how to take a stand.
Those mentors are Newman high schoolers. Ruiz Detrick has some personal experience with bullying and jumped at the chance to help. Detrick said, "I used to get bullied here too, so I want to help prevent it so no one else has to go through it." And the younger kids are loving it.
4th Grader, Angela Schutt said, "I liked the part where we went up and did the skits, because it taught us a lot." At the end of the presentation, students get a C.D. with all the cool songs they learned, but they're also taking home a family follow-up survey, so they can share the positive message with Mom and Dad.
Because many times, bullying doesn't just happen in school. Stevens said, "Often, it is learned in the home and so it's really hard to work against that dynamic." Todd says that's part of the reason putting a stop to bullying is a community effort. And even students think the failed anti-bullying bill in Iowa is proof we still have a long way to go.


First off, I hope any one who is reading this is interested in the future of America. And if so, and you can vote, you should take a look at the current canidates and their views. I used these sites, to find out information about differnt canidates. I don't plan on downtalking any canidates in this little post, y'all can find flaws without me pointing them out.
I myself have a conservitive outlook. This conservitive outlook convicts me towards the republican party. Like most people, I have my differences with the republican party and if an independent were to run with my exact views in mind, then I would vote for him.
As for this year… Republican appears to be the way to go!
I'm looking for several things in a canidate. Pro-life beleifs, a truthful relgious conviction, one who seeks to lower taxes, one who beleives in hetro marriage only, and one who looks to take care of immigration issues.
So far, Mike Huckabee is the canidate for me. He has upheld an appearence of a man of character. He claims to be fully effected by his religious beleifs, which is truthfull. He is looking to remove ALL income taxes, which I think is a GOOD thing. He looks to protect second admendment rights, good, I love having the right to defend myself against tyranny, small and great.
Overall, he matches up with my views on a lot of the issues. And out of the other canidates running, I beleive he is the best man to run the country over the next few years.


STATE of Minnesota, Respondent, v. Kevin Lemont HOLMES, petitioner, Appellant.
Heard, considered and decided by the court en banc. David M. Gross, St. Louis Park, for appellant. Jay Heffern, Minneapolis City Atty., Timothy T. Mulrooney, Special Asst. City Atty., Minneapolis, Hubert H. Humphrey, III, Minn. Atty. Gen., St. Paul, for respondent.
The state on December 8, 1995 charged Kevin Lemont Holmes with transporting a pistol inside a motor vehicle without a permit. The police on November 20, 1995 discovered a pistol inside the locked glove compartment of an automobile that Holmes admitted he had parked just outside the Bierman Athletic Building on the University of Minnesota campus. After an omnibus hearing, the trial court suppressed evidence of the pistol and Holmes' statement that he in fact had placed the pistol inside the glove compartment, and consequently the court dismissed the charge for lack of evidence. In particular, the court found that the police lacked reasonable suspicion to stop and frisk Holmes, that the police's search of the automobile was constitutionally unreasonable, and that the police failed to adequately administer a Miranda warning before receiving Holmes' statements. The state appealed, and the court of appeals in an unpublished opinion reversed the trial court's suppression of both the pistol and the statements, and consequently reinstated the charge. Upon Holmes' petition for review, we reverse the court of appeals and affirm the trial court's dismissal of the charge.
A parking monitor with the University of Minnesota Police Department (UMPD) discovered a 1986 Oldsmobile Cutlass with Minnesota license plate number 773 CJA parked in a contract lot behind the Bierman Athletic Building on the University of Minnesota campus on November 20, 1995. The monitor parked her vehicle directly behind the Cutlass, exited and proceeded to look for the Cutlass' parking permit. When she noticed that the unattended vehicle did not have the appropriate permit, the monitor started to write a parking ticket using her hand-held computer. Upon entering the appropriate information into the computer, the monitor learned that there were five or more unpaid parking tickets on the Cutlass. The monitor then called the UMPD dispatcher on duty at the time. The dispatcher subsequently checked with Hennepin County officials, who informed the dispatcher that there were in fact seven unpaid parking tickets on the Cutlass, and that the dispatcher should order the car towed pursuant to Minnesota Statutes section 169.041, subdivision 4(13)(1996) (allowing for tow when police have "probable cause to believe that the owner, operator, or person in physical control of the vehicle has failed to respond to five or more citations for parking or traffic offenses"). The dispatcher relayed the information to the monitor, who subsequently wrote the ticket and ordered a "white tag tow," a procedure where the parking monitor or police officer remains with the vehicle until the truck arrives.
Shortly thereafter, Holmes and a friend approached the Cutlass. Holmes testified at the omnibus hearing that he and his friend sat inside the Cutlass and waited for the monitor to move her vehicle out of the way. When the monitor did not move her vehicle, Holmes testified that he got out of the car, and that his friend remained inside the car with his foot outside the door. The monitor explained to Holmes that she was impounding the vehicle because of the outstanding parking tickets. Holmes said he was unaware of the tickets because the car belonged to his wife. He subsequently asked the monitor to cancel the tow. He also promised to pay the tickets the following day. The monitor refused the request and told Holmes that he should get his things out of the car. Holmes then went back to the car to retrieve his school books and other personal property. The monitor testified that Holmes remained cooperative and respectful throughout the incident. Despite this, the monitor called the UMPD for assistance because she said she felt intimidated. Shortly thereafter, an officer from the UMPD arrived on the scene, parking her vehicle directly behind the monitor's vehicle. Holmes and the officer exited their vehicles and met alongside the parking monitor's vehicle.
Holmes asked the officer why she had been summoned, and the officer said she was there because the monitor had requested support. Holmes at this time reiterated the fact that the car belonged to his wife and that he was unaware of the parking tickets. The officer then asked Holmes to remove his hands from his pockets and provide some identification. Holmes testified that he thought the officer asked for a driver's license, and that he did not feel free to leave the scene. Upon his first attempt to locate his driver's license, Holmes found only his University of Minnesota identification card, which he removed from his pocket and gave to the officer. Shortly thereafter, Holmes again placed his hands in his pockets 1 and the officer asked him once again to remove his hands from his pockets and accompany her back to her vehicle. After the two arrived at the squad car, the officer informed Holmes that she needed to pat him down before placing him in the squad car. Upon patting Holmes' outer clothing, the officer felt a hard object. She asked Holmes what the object was, and at first he did not respond. The officer then asked if she could look inside Holmes' pocket and Holmes said she could. Holmes then told the officer that the object was a magazine clip. The officer then removed the magazine clip and asked Holmes where the rest of the weapon was located. Holmes said it was at home. The officer then finished the pat-down of Holmes and placed him in the rear of the squad car. The officer testified that the back doors to the squad car were locked and that Holmes had no way to get out. The officer then had a conversation with Holmes, at which time Holmes gave the officer his paper driver's license for the purpose of identification. Holmes also testified that the officer asked him if he wanted to get anything out of the car, and Holmes said he would like to get his son's stroller out of the trunk. Holmes testified that the officer asked him for his keys, which he gave her. The officer testified, however, that she found the keys in the ignition. At about this time, Holmes' friend exited the Cutlass and the officer asked him to leave the scene, which he did.
Some time prior to this, the parking monitor had walked around the car and glanced inside to inventory any items within the vehicle. The trial court found that the parking monitor was the officer ordering the tow and as such was the person responsible for the inventory search under UMPD policy. Shortly thereafter, the officer took the keys and opened the trunk. She then entered the vehicle, where she discovered an unsecured and empty gun case on the floor behind the driver's seat. The officer then used one of the keys on Holmes' key chain to unlock the glove compartment, where she found a .40 caliber Ruger semi-automatic handgun. At that time the officer radioed to have a sergeant dispatched to the scene. The sergeant arrived on the scene to secure the pistol. Upon pulling back the slide, the sergeant found no bullets in the chamber,2 but upon taking the magazine clip out from inside the pistol, he found it filled with the same type of hollow-point bullets found inside the magazine clip taken from Holmes' jacket pocket. Holmes also testified that the officer eventually removed the baby stroller and other personal items from the car for the purpose of safekeeping.
The officer then returned to her car, where she informed Holmes about the pistol found in the glove compartment. Holmes stated that he forgot he had placed the pistol in the glove compartment after a recent trip to a local target shooting range. The officer then handcuffed Holmes, arrested him and transported him to the University Police Department. Holmes was then taken to Hennepin County Jail. An officer met with Holmes inside one of the interview rooms at the jail facility. This officer testified that he immediately informed Holmes of his Miranda rights, and that Holmes said he understood those rights and agreed to speak with the officer. Holmes testified that he received no such warning and gave no such waiver. At no point did the officer record such a waiver in his reports of the interview. The officer then told Holmes he was going to tape-record the conversation, which the officer then attempted to do. But after the complete interview, the officer discovered that the tape recorder had malfunctioned and failed to record any of the interview. According to the officer's testimony, Holmes stated during the interview that the pistol was his and that he did not have a permit to carry it. As such, the state on December 8, 1995 charged Holmes with the unlawful possession of a pistol in violation of Minnesota Statutes section 624.714, subdivision 1 (1996).
Holmes appeals two distinct holdings of the court of appeals. The first holding reversed a trial court order suppressing evidence of the pistol and Holmes' statements. The second holding affirmed the trial court's order denying Holmes' motion to dismiss the charge pursuant to his proof that the permit exception enunciated in Minnesota Statutes section 624.714, subdivision 9(e)(1996) applied. Because our holding on the evidentiary issue is dispositive, we will not address the statutory ruling.
In reviewing the appeal of a pretrial ruling, we will reverse a trial court determination "only if the state demonstrates clearly and unequivocally, first, that the trial court erred in its judgment, and, second, that unless reversed, the error will have a critical impact on the outcome of the trial." State v. Kim, 398 N.W.2d 544, 547 (Minn.1987). The dismissal of the charge following a suppression of all the evidence clearly meets the critical impact element, and consequently, we will reverse the trial court's ruling only if the state demonstrates clearly and unequivocally that the trial court erred in its judgment.
Minnesota law makes it a gross misdemeanor for a person to carry, hold or possess "a pistol in a motor vehicle, snowmobile or boat * * * without first having obtained a permit to carry the pistol * * * ." Minn.Stat. § 624.714, subd. 1 (1996). We have determined that the statute requires the state to show "that the accused did carry, hold, or possess a pistol" in one of the unlawful locations mentioned in the statute. State v. Paige, 256 N.W.2d 298, 302 (Minn.1977). The most important question before us, therefore, is whether the state properly procured the evidence necessary to establish probable cause that Holmes carried, held or possessed the pistol found in the Cutlass. This analysis necessarily will involve two specific pieces of evidence-the pistol and Holmes' statements that he indeed placed the pistol inside the vehicle's locked glove compartment. The analysis also will involve two specific police acts-the stop, or seizure, of Holmes, and the search of the Cutlass.
We begin with the stop, or seizure, of Holmes.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the state from making unreasonable searches or seizures of a person. U.S. Const. amend. IV. The United States Supreme Court has held that a police officer can lawfully make an investigative seizure, commonly referred to as an investigative stop, of an individual if the officer is "able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion." Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1880, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); State v. Gilchrist, 299 N.W.2d 913, 916-17 (Minn.1980). It is undisputed that the officer in the case at bar made such an investigative stop of Holmes when she asked for, received and then retained possession of Holmes' University of Minnesota identification card.3 The question before us, therefore, is whether the fact that the officer at the scene observed Holmes exiting an automobile with seven outstanding parking tickets provided her with a "particularized and objective basis for suspecting [Holmes] of criminal activity." Berge v. Commissioner of Public Safety, 374 N.W.2d 730, 732 (Minn.1985) (quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417-18, 101 S.Ct. 690, 694-95, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981)).
Although there is little doubt that the facts in this case provided the officer with a "reasonable suspicion" that Holmes had illegally parked an automobile with seven prior parking tickets, such suspicion does not by itself justify the type of seizure authorized by Terry. As one noted commentator has stated, the Supreme Court has indicated that "[t]he Terry rule should be expressly limited to investigation of serious offenses." 4 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 9.2(c), at 32 (3d ed.1996) (hereinafter LaFave) (emphasis added); see United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 229, 105 S.Ct. 675, 680-81, 83 L.Ed.2d 604 (1985) (stating that it is unclear "whether Terry stops to investigate all past crimes, however serious, are permitted"); United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 689 n. 1, 105 S.Ct. 1568, 1577 n. 1, 84 L.Ed.2d 605 (1985) (Marshall, J., concurring) (stating that the Supreme Court has never "suggested that all law enforcement objectives, such as the investigation of possessory offenses, outweigh the individual interests infringed upon"). As such, the question before us is whether a parking violation is a serious enough offense to merit the type of investigatory seizure authorized by Terry.
The state contends that the seizure in the case at bar is a legitimate Terry stop because it is similar to those routine traffic stops made by police officers who observe a traffic violation. See Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, ---- - ----, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 1776-77, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996) (stating that routine traffic stops are constitutional where police have probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred); State v. Pike, 551 N.W.2d 919, 921-22 (Minn.1996) (same); Berge, 374 N.W.2d at 733 (same). The flaw with the state's reliance upon this line of cases, however, is that a parking violation is not as serious as a traffic violation. Although there has been much debate over what types of violations are serious enough to merit a Terry stop, there can be no debate that a parking violation is not among them. See Whren, 517 U.S. at ----, 116 S.Ct. at 1772 (stating that the decision to stop an automobile is reasonable where police have probable cause to believe a traffic violation has occurred). It is essential to remember that Terry authorizes a police officer to temporarily seize a person on less than probable cause. As a protective measure, the Supreme Court necessarily has limited such seizures to those situations where the suspected violation is serious. As a result, we hold that a police officer who merely has reasonable suspicion that a parking violation has occurred cannot seize an individual for the purpose of investigation.
A police officer who has probable cause to believe that a person has committed a parking violation can stop the person only if the stop is necessary to enforce the violation, for example, if a person is attempting to drive off with an illegally parked car before the officer can issue the ticket. We conclude, as did the trial court, that the officer did not stop Holmes for the purpose of enforcing the known violation. Not only do police officers typically enforce parking violations by applying a ticket to the parked car, the facts show that the parking monitor on the scene already had enforced the violation by issuing the ticket and ordering the tow. As such, we hold that the police officer's seizure of Holmes was unreasonable and therefore unconstitutional, and we consequently affirm the trial court's order suppressing all the evidence that came as a result of the subsequent frisk and interrogation of Holmes. Given this holding, we need not address whether the officer's pat-down search was within the confines of the Fourth Amendment, or whether the officer's interrogation was within the confines of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1612, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).
Holmes next argues that the trial court correctly suppressed evidence of the pistol because the search conducted by the police officer at the scene was not reasonable. The gravamen of Holmes' argument is that the police officer's inventory search was pretextual; that is, the police officer searched the vehicle, not for the purpose of inventorying the items inside the vehicle, but for the sole purpose of finding the pistol that accompanied the magazine clip found inside Holmes' jacket pocket. The state, on the other hand, does not dispute that the acts which led to the discovery of the pistol constituted a search of the Cutlass within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. See United States v. Lawson, 487 F.2d 468 (8th Cir.1973) (stating that search for purposes of inventory is a search within contemplation of Fourth Amendment); City of St. Paul v. Myles, 298 Minn. 298, 218 N.W.2d 697 (1974) (same). Instead, the state contends that the trial court erred in suppressing evidence of the pistol because the warrantless search that led to the pistol's discovery was a valid inventory search of the Cutlass.4 The state contends that the subjective motivation of the police officer is irrelevant to our determination of an inventory search's reasonableness. It cites State v. Rodewald, 376 N.W.2d 416, 421 (Minn.1985) for the proposition that the inventory exception to the warrant requirement is a "bright line" rule, and that as long as the police follow "established, standardized procedures in conducting an inventory search, the search is valid and the motives of the officer conducting the search are entirely irrelevant." The court of appeals agreed with the state and concluded that an inventory search is valid "if it is carried out in accordance with standard police department procedures, and it makes no difference whether the officer had an ulterior motive or expected to discover evidence." State v. Holmes, No. C5-96-901, 1996 WL 689804, slip op. at 11 (Minn.App. Nov. 22, 1996) (unpublished opinion).
The Supreme Court in 1976 endorsed the warrantless search of an automobile for the discrete purpose of taking an inventory of items inside an impounded vehicle. South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364, 373, 96 S.Ct. 3092, 3099, 49 L.Ed.2d 1000 (1976); see also Illinois v. Lafayette, 462 U.S. 640, 643, 103 S.Ct. 2605, 2608, 77 L.Ed.2d 65, (1983) (stating that inventory search is a well defined exception to the warrant requirement); Myles, 218 N.W.2d at 699 (stating that inventory searches are not constitutionally improper). Under the inventory exception, police need neither probable cause nor a warrant to search a vehicle. Lafayette, 462 U.S. at 643, 103 S.Ct. at 2608. Instead, the Court has found such searches to be reasonable because police are performing administrative or caretaking functions designed to serve two distinct interests: the protection of the owner's property inside the vehicle, and the protection of the police from claims that they lost or damaged property within their control. Opperman, 428 U.S. at 369, 96 S.Ct. at 3097.5 As such, the Supreme Court accorded deference "to police caretaking procedures designed to secure and protect vehicles and their contents within police custody." Colorado v. Bertine, 479 U.S. 367, 372, 107 S.Ct. 738, 741, 93 L.Ed.2d 739 (1987) (emphasis added). In determining the reasonableness of an inventory search,6 therefore, courts must ask whether police carried out the search in accordance with standard procedures in the local police department. Opperman, 428 U.S. at 374-75, 96 S.Ct. at 3099-3100. The purpose of limiting the search to those parameters defined by a standard procedure is to "ensure that the intrusion [will] be limited in scope to the extent necessary to carry out the caretaking function." Id. at 375, 96 S.Ct. at 3100. Although the Court in Opperman placed much emphasis on the general lack of discretion involved in an inventory search, see 428 U.S. at 383, 96 S.Ct. at 3104 (Powell, J., concurring) (stating that the "officer does not make a discretionary determination to search based on a judgment that certain conditions are present"), the Court in Bertine allowed for a certain level of police discretion "so long as that discretion is exercised according to standard criteria and on the basis of something other than suspicion of evidence of criminal activity." Bertine, 479 U.S. at 375, 107 S.Ct. at 743.
We are reminded that in Florida v. Wells we stated that "an inventory search must not be used as a ruse for a general rummaging in order to discover incriminating evidence;" that in Colorado v. Bertine, in approving an inventory search, we apparently thought it significant that there had been "no showing that the police, who were following standard procedures, acted in bad faith or for the sole purpose of investigation," * * *. In each case we were addressing the validity of a search conducted in the absence of probable cause. Our quoted statements simply explain that the exemption from the need for probable cause (and warrant), which is accorded to searches made for the purpose of inventory * * *, is not accorded to searches that are not made for those purposes.
Whren, 517 U.S. at ----, 116 S.Ct. at 1773 (citations omitted).7 Under this analysis, we can find the search of the Cutlass to be a reasonable inventory search only if police followed standard procedures in conducting the search, and only if police conducted the search, at least in part, for the purpose of obtaining an inventory. See Huisman, 544 N.W.2d at 439-41. Because we find the pretextual issue dispositive, we will not address whether the officer followed standard UMPD procedure in executing the search.
The Supreme Court has said that searches conducted "in bad faith or for the sole purpose of investigation," are not otherwise valid as inventory searches. Bertine, 479 U.S. at 372, 107 S.Ct. at 741. Admittedly, such rules are difficult to administer, but at least one commentator has suggested that faith is "bad" and investigative purpose "sole" only when an inventory search that otherwise would not have occurred is brought about. 3 LaFave, supra, § 7.5(d), at 589-90. Under this standard, we must ask whether the police officer in the case at bar would have conducted an "inventory" search had she not first discovered the magazine clip. If the answer is yes, and we conclude that her actions substantially complied with the procedure, then the search was a valid inventory search. But if the answer is no, then her search was not a valid inventory search. See Huisman, 544 N.W.2d at 439 (stating that determination whether officers were motivated solely by investigative purpose requires an examination of whether "an administrative reason for the impoundment existed").
The following case is instructive on this point. The Indiana Supreme Court in 1993 invalidated as unreasonable the inventory search of a defendant's car following his arrest for public drunkenness. Fair v. State, 627 N.E.2d 427 (Ind.1993). In finding that the police officer's sole purpose in searching the vehicle was investigatory, the court pointed to "several indicia of pretext which raise a question about whether [the search] was conducted in good faith." Id. at 436. In particular, the court pointed to the fact that the search was conducted at the scene of the crime, that the search was conducted by an officer responsible for criminal investigations and not the officer responsible for the safekeeping of impounded property, that no formal inventory sheets were completed, that the officer did not make note of the defendant's personal effects, but instead focused only on contraband, and the fact that the car was not actually impounded. Id. In conclusion, the court noted that "[w]hile any one of these facts probably would not render the search constitutionally defective, collectively they are very harmful to the State's position." Id.
No doubt, the police officer's search in the case at bar was not nearly as defective as the search mentioned above. But the record shows that the search was conducted at the scene of the crime by an officer responsible for criminal investigations, and some time after the parking monitor completed her inventory search. It also is revealing that at no time prior to her search did the police officer ask the monitor if the monitor had conducted an inventory search. Nor did the police officer ask the parking monitor if the monitor needed any help conducting the inventory search. Given the fact that UMPD policy requires the officer ordering the tow to conduct such an inventory search, we can infer that the police officer knew it was the parking monitor's responsibility to immediately inventory the items inside the Cutlass. We also can infer that the police officer had no interest in searching the Cutlass for the purpose of creating an inventory. Such an inference is bolstered by the fact that the state presented no evidence of any formal inventory sheets, or any notation by the police officer regarding any of Holmes' personal effects other than the pistol. From these facts, we find that the officer's sole motivation in conducting the search was to discover the pistol. As such, we hold that the police officer's search was not a valid inventory search, and that the trial court did not err in suppressing evidence of the pistol.
In conclusion, therefore, we hold that the trial court did not err in suppressing evidence of the pistol or Holmes' statements, and consequently reinstate the trial court's order dismissing the charge on the basis of insufficiency of the evidence.
1. Holmes testified that he was looking for his paper driver's license.
2. A firearms expert testified that the weapon would not fire a bullet until the shooter first moved a bullet from the magazine to the chamber by pulling the slide back.
4. The state also argues that discovery of the magazine clip provided the officer with probable cause that contraband was inside the Cutlass, and that this justified her warrantless search under the automobile exception to the warrant requirement. Because we already concluded that police discovered the magazine clip only after illegally seizing Holmes, we need not address this argument.
5. The plurality opinion included a third interest: the protection of the police from potential danger. Opperman, 428 U.S. at 369, 96 S.Ct. at 3097. This interest was minimized by Justice Powell in his concurrence, however, and is no longer considered to be a justification for the exception. Id. at 378, 96 S.Ct. at 3101-02.
6. Actually, courts must determine the reasonableness of the impoundment prior to determining the reasonableness of the inventory search. See Fair v. State, 627 N.E.2d 427, 431 (Ind.1993) (concluding that inventory search was invalid even though impoundment was valid). The trial court in the case at bar found the impoundment to be valid despite finding that the state violated its own procedure in ordering the type of tow ("white tag tow") where an officer remains at the scene until a tow truck arrives. UMPD policy calls for a "white tag tow" only "when it is necessary to immediately remove a vehicle to safeguard the vehicle and its contents (i.e., when the vehicle is needed for evidence or when the vehicle is creating a traffic hazard)." There was no evidence that the Cutlass was needed for evidence or that it was creating a traffic hazard. As such, UMPD policy required the type of tow where an officer would not have remained at the scene until a tow truck arrived ("red tag tow"). In either case, the UMPD policy provided that the officer who ordered the tow would, prior to removal by the towing service, search the interiors and secured areas of the vehicle. As such, the trial court did not err in concluding that the inventory search followed a valid impoundment.
7. The state asserts that this language is dicta and does not bind this court. In turn, the state asserts that the standard set in Rodewald, namely "that such a motive does not invalidate an inventory search," is applicable and controlling. Respondents' brief at 21, Holmes, No. C5-96-901 (citing Rodewald, 376 N.W.2d at 421.) It is beyond purview, however, to suggest that either Bertine or Wells does not bind this court.