text:
Q: Adopting os_log APIs while keeping backward compatibility I'm trying to add support for the new logging and activity tracing APIs to a library in a way that maintains backward compatibility for users of the library who haven't yet adopted the latest version of the OS (iOS or macOS). I'm defining custom logging macros for each level of logging, and then for older OSes, falling back to NSLog. I've gotten this working, with one problem.
The new APIs require you to mark any non-constant, non-scalar values as explicitly public if you want them to show up in log output. This is what an invocation of my macro looks like:
UZKLogInfo("Reading file %{public}@ from archive", fileName);

This compiles fine with the SDK that includes os_log (e.g. iOS 10.0 or later), but when I compile with an earlier version so my macro falls back to NSLog, I get a compiler warning:

Using 'public' format specifier annotation outside of os_log()/os_trace()

And the log line printed looks like this:
Reading file <decode: missing data> from archive

This is a simplified version of my macro definition (only including the info definition and simplifying the conditional:
#if UNIFIED_LOGGING_SUPPORTED
    @import os.log;

    #define UZKLogInfo(format, ...) os_log_info(OS_LOG_DEFAULT, format, ##__VA_ARGS__);
#else // Fall back to regular NSLog
    #define UZKLogInfo(format, ...) NSLog(@format, ##__VA_ARGS__);
#endif

Is there any way to strip the "{public}" text (some kind of string replacement?) from format in the fallback case? Or is there another way to support the old and new APIs without giving up the level of info I've always shown in the logs? I need to use a macro (according the last year's WWDC session on the topic, or else I lose the call site metadata.

A: I chose to do an NSString replace in the macro, and to suppress the compiler warnings as part of it, so it could be done for each line, rather than globally for the whole file or project. It looks like this:
#if UNIFIED_LOGGING_SUPPORTED
    @import os.log;

    #define UZKLogInfo(format, ...) os_log_info(OS_LOG_DEFAULT, format, ##__VA_ARGS__);

#else // Fall back to regular NSLog

    #define _removeLogFormatTokens(format) [@format stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:@"{public}" withString:@""]
    #define _stringify(a) #a
    #define _nsLogWithoutWarnings(format, ...) \
        _Pragma( _stringify( clang diagnostic push ) ) \
        _Pragma( _stringify( clang diagnostic ignored "-Wformat-nonliteral" ) ) \
        _Pragma( _stringify( clang diagnostic ignored "-Wformat-security" ) ) \
        NSLog(_removeLogFormatTokens(format), ##__VA_ARGS__); \
        _Pragma( _stringify( clang diagnostic pop ) )

    #define UZKLogInfo(format, ...) _nsLogWithoutWarnings(format, ##__VA_ARGS__);
#endif

It's called like so:
UZKLogInfo("Message: %@", anObjectToLog);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Aiding in stress relief, anxiety, panic attacks, and over-all mindful bliss.
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Add 3-6 drops in any ultrasonic water diffuser and diffuse for desired time, or until symptoms disperse.
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It is not recommended for the internal use of essential oils, unless consulted with a physician qualified clinical aromatherapist.


movie clip - Gone With The Wind (1939) -- (Movie Clip) Never Be Hungry Again!
Ashley (Leslie Howard) is departing for war when Scarlett (Vivien Leigh) at last confesses her love, in one of many romantic climaxes in Gone With The Wind, 1939, from Margaret Mitchell's novel.
Blinding narrative speed covers the entire marriage of Scarlett (Vivien Leigh) to Charles (Rand Brooks), her plan to further pursue Ashley (Leslie Howard) and upbraiding by Mammy (Hattie McDaniel) to boot, in Gone With The Wind, 1939.
If ever a scene called for an intermission, Scarlett (Vivien Leigh) hears bad news from slaves (Butterfly McQueen, Hattie McDaniel), flees the house, and makes a vow, ending the first half of Gone With The Wind, 1939.
Massive staging as Scarlett (Vivien Leigh) arrives at the Wilkes' plantation, meets Ashley (Leslie Howard), and Melanie (Olivia de Havilland) and spies Rhett Butler (Clark Gable) for the first time in Gone With The Wind, 1939.
Drunken Rhett (Clark Gable) speaks of honor and gets physical with defiant wife Scarlett (Vivien Leigh) in a famous scene ending on the staircase in Gone With The Wind, 1939.
Maximum spoiler ALERT here, the ending in which Scarlett (Vivien Leigh) pleads with Rhett (Clark Gable) who offers his fateful line, followed by hers, alone, in Gone With The Wind, 1939.
Scarlett (Vivien Leigh) seeks out Doc Meade (Harry Davenport), leading to one of the most famous shots from Gone With The Wind, 1939, then returns home to strike Prissy (Butterfly McQueen) and deliver Melanie's baby herself.
Dixie Hails 'Gone With The Wind' (1939) in this section from a newsreel showing the world premiere in Atlanta.
Guest host Dave Karger introduces Gone With The Wind, 1939.


text:
Okabena è un comune degli Stati Uniti d'America, situato nello Stato del Minnesota, nella contea di Jackson.

Collegamenti esterni

Comuni del Minnesota

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On April 28, Western's student body elected Ana Ramirez as the Associated Students vice president of governmental affairs. She is also the first undocumented student to be elected to the AS Board. However, administrators could remove Ramirez from her position due to her lack of work authorization. This should not be the case.
Ramirez has applied for work authorization, but Western's administration claims because she hasn't yet received it, she cannot be employed by the university in any capacity. Ramirez says her attorney disagrees. Ramirez believes she could be paid through a stipend, university grant, scholarship or even deferring payment until her authorization has been approved.
It is undoubtedly more difficult to pay an undocumented student without work authorization, but it is the school's job to make it happen. The student body chose Ana Ramirez because her vision resonates with the way students view Western's potential.
Removing Ramirez from the position she was granted by her peers not only disturbs the democratic process of the AS elections, but also displays Western's administration as actively ignoring the needs of the students they are meant to be serving, including the needs of undocumented students seeking the same opportunities as other students on campus.
It's no secret that Western students have been feeling distant from their administration lately. Cases like the Resident Advisers movement, the Highland Hall break-in and the readmission of a student convicted of sexual assault have served as examples of the continuing transparency and communication issues the school has been facing with its students.
Ramirez's case was not exempt from the school's poor communication habits either. A press release from Ramirez detailed the administration's lack of communication with her, stating administrators excluded her from meetings, withheld information and refused to answer her questions. The release also said Ramirez heard the school was looking to hire another student to replace her only because another AS board member told her.
Since then, administrators have met with Ramirez. But at this point, the issue has dragged on for months.
In order to win back the trust of the student body, the administration is going to have to show students that it will finally be willing to stand up for the issues we care about, starting with keeping Ramirez in office.
Early on in the 2016-17 school year, President Sabah Randhawa expressed that Western was committed to its undocumented students.
What time could be better than now for Western to prove to its students these are words they continue to stand by, and show our undocumented peers Western truly promotes equal opportunity for all of its students? If the administration wants to rebuild its relationship with the student body, it needs to show us that it is going to walk the walk and stand up for what it says it believes in.
Western's administration has a duty to meet the needs of its students, regardless of the tough situations it may put them in. It is Western's job to make the compromises and find a way for Ramirez to take her rightful place in office.


text:
TAGS AlumniArts and LettersBrowardBusinessCDSICommunityEducationEngineeringFaculty and StaffFoundation or PhilanthropyGraduate CollegeHarbor BranchHonorsJaffe CenterJupiterMedicineMilitaryNursingPresidentResearchScienceStudent AffairsStudentsTechnologyWimberly Library
CATEGORIES Academic / Campus LifeResearchArts & CultureUniversity Initiatives
It's 2020: Time to Teach Teens 'Safe' Sexting Researchers Say
By Gisele Galoustian | January 15, 2020
http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/safe-sexting.php
FAU cyberbullying expert provides safe sexting tips so teens can avoid significant and long-term consequences, such as humiliation, extortion, victimization, reputational damage, and even criminal charges.
FAU Partners with Palm Beach County School District for Ethics Bowl
By Brittany Sylvestri | January 13, 2020
http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/fau-partners-with-palm-beach-county-school-district-for-regional-ethics-bowl.php
FAU's LeRoy Collins Public Ethics Academy has partnered with The School District of Palm Beach County to host the annual Palm Beach County Regional High School Ethics Bowl.
Partnership Will Help 6,000 Students Have a Smoother College Commute
By Gisele Galoustian | December 18, 2019
http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/kresge-transportation.php
FAU has received $375,000 from The Kresge Foundation to lead a first-time transportation collaboration to improve southeast Florida's transit ecosystem for college students.
FAU and GSU Partner to Help Families Affected by Addiction
http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/fau-gsu-grant.php
FAU and Georgia State University have partnered on a program to assist children and families affected by addiction and have received a $2.64 million grant from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Regular Use of Pain, Sleep Prescriptions Linked to High Frailty Risk
By Gisele Galoustian | November 14, 2019
http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/pain-sleep-prescriptions.php
A novel study by FAU and the Oregon Research Institute is the first to show that regular use of prescription drugs for pain and sleep increases frailty risk in older adults by 95 percent.
Paid Sick Leave, Flextime Benefits Result in More Retirement Savings
By Gisele Galoustian | November 5, 2019
http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/retirement-benefits-study.php
A study by FAU and Cleveland State is the first to explore the relationships between workplace employment benefits such as paid sick leave, flextime, and vacation days and retirement savings.
Are Some Urban Settings Riskier for Traffic Injury or Death?
By Gisele Galoustian | October 15, 2019
http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/travel-risk-environment.php
How risky is travel in the U.S.? We know less than you think. Despite research on the dangers of traffic injury and death, there's a lack of clarity on the role of the built environment and its risk effects.
Chair Yoga More Effective than Music in Adults with Advanced Dementia
By Gisele Galoustian | October 2, 2019
http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/chair-yoga-dementia.php
FAU researchers are the first to look at the effects of chair yoga on older adults with advanced dementia and compare them with music therapy and chair-based exercise.
It's About More People in Fewer Vehicles, Not Self-driving Cars
By Gisele Galoustian | September 10, 2019
http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/car-pooling-automation.php
Despite the current fascination with the concept of self-driving cars, a researcher at FAU says that they may not be a solution for sustainability and reducing traffic congestion.
Sleep Interrupted: What's Keeping Us Up at Night?
By Gisele Galoustian | August 6, 2019
http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/sleep-interrupted.php
A researcher from FAU and collaborators conducted one of the largest longitudinal sleep studies on evening use of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine in an African-American cohort.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I am looking at the Windows Store app guidelines and there's obviously a ton of samples and guidelines available. However, unless it's staring me in the face, virtually everything is basically about presenting - not adding / entering - data. By that I mean the samples are heavily focused on how to style things, how to retrieve data, landscape/portrait, snapping, touch, etc, etc, - it's all about how data is DISPLAYED.
I'm looking for specific examples focused on data entry and editing. For example let's say I have a basic list of widgets. I need to present the list of widgets (plenty of suggestions on that part, using Gridview or whatever). But I'm looking for design guidelines and technical specifics of allowing the user to add new widgets and edit them. To add, for example, do I typically navigate to a new "Add widget" page? What happens when I commit that? Do I just come back to the list? Where does the new widget appear? What if I want to add a bunch of widgets? I don't want to be back an forth between the list and the "Add Widget" page?
What about editing widgets? Let's say I have a reasonable number of field for each widget (10 or so). Do I switch to the "Edit widget" page every time? What about if I want to quickly edit widgets in the list - can I / should I do that without going to the "Edit widget" page for each one?
What about widgets that have a large number of fields? How do I group these fields in my UI without cluttering like an old-school app?
Just a few thoughts. What I am really looking for is something beyond the endless stream of "how to use this control"-type samples. I am looking at this at a more abstracted level - what's the user experience and their workflow when managing a list of items, whether adding or editing?
I would really love to see some more real-world samples along these lines.
I would suggest taking you to different pages to modify each widget & enter all the different data for each widget...just make sure the UI is quick & responsive switching back & forth from the main widget page listing all the widget's & to the page that has all the information you can modify for each widget & that it will save & go back to the widget selection page quickly...so that you can modify it without much trouble.
Unless you are able to make it so that each widget has a drop-down menu including all editable items & that clicking a new widget for modifying the options minimizes the set of options that were out on the previous one & brings out those ones, I would stick with a new window...if you go with the one window way, you need to be able to minimize a section of entry when you are done & commit the new settings live(as you type) or if you can't see the widget's or changes live, commit all the changes after the text edit field loses focus, which should happen if you click a new setting or minimize that list of settings/click to modify another widget's settings.


> > > prize of discovery.
> > would be fish left.
Perhaps Dolphin A thought that the quality of the food was so poor, he could not in all good concience recommend it to Dolpin B, but then he was having a tiff with Dolphin B over a female, so he didn't mention how bad it was either, hoping that Dolping B would wind up upchucking in front of the object of their romantic competition.


text:
Q: keep resized images with the new size in memory? is following only with javascript (without php) possible:
clip, crop or resize a image and keep the new image in memory with the new height and width?
normaly the resized image is shown in the browser with the new size. but if you have a look at the properties, the size is the same as the original image.


This is a placeholder page for Beth Banta, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Beth Banta.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Beth Banta. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Beth Banta. We created this page automatically in hopes Beth Banta would find it. If you are not Beth Banta, but are an alumni of Dunwoody High School, register on this site for free now.


text:
Sing Over Me Completes Post at AlphaDogs
Tue, 12/10/2013 - 15:36 -- Nick Dager
The journey to your true and authentic self is something almost all people aspire to attain. Going about finding your true self however, takes a lot of courage and strength. The documentary feature Sing Over Me explores how modern-day psalmist Dennis Jernigan went from years of depression and despair while leading a double life, to becoming a writer of some of the most popular Christian songs of all time, discovering his true identity along the way.
The film completed post services at Burbank based AlphaDogs Post Production. Producer Ashlyn Kindberg said it was an easy decision when it came to finding a facility that had extensive experience in working on documentary films and the unique challenges this genre brings to post. "We chose AlphaDogs as our post-production facility because we heard good things about their work," he said. "The team was professional and personable providing us with everything we needed for the finish, including staying within the budget we were given."
"Finishing on documentaries is quite different from other projects," said president and CEO Terence Curren. "Working with mixed frame rates, multi-camera sources, and archival footage during the post process can sometimes seem intimidating if not impossible on the surface leaving the filmmaker wondering how they will ever get all this footage to look good. At AlphaDogs our clients become part of the team and learn how to work through these types of challenges. Skills and knowledge are gained throughout the process giving the filmmaker additional confidence when approaching post on future projects."
Keeping the image quality consistent is one of the bigger challenges when it comes to finishing a documentary film. Before beginning the color grading process AlphaDogs editor and colorist, Sean Stack completed a first pass on the film, scrutinizing potential problem areas. "I like being prepared to offer the client choices when it comes to setting the look for the film, said Stack. "Color plays a vital role when it comes to storytelling, with documentary films being unique in that the story is typically told by using different types of source material."
Working one-on-one with the director and the DP, Stack carefully matched the color of the picture images within the source footage along with the mixed formats that included SD, VHS, and DVD, giving the film a consistent look and tone for the story.
Stack said, "Color grading for documentaries cannot be approached in the same way you would a feature film. While the equipment used may be the same, the way you approach your craft in this type of genre is quite different. Finding a way to creatively match mixed images goes beyond just your standard color grading process. It's a creative art in itself."
Teranex workflows improved the analog picture degradation of the VHS, DVD, and other standard definition sources used throughout the film. In most cases, the Teranex conversion will seamlessly smooth jagged edges, and produce a smooth playback without any extra work needed. However, problems with source footage converted from DVD, or downloaded from the Internet sometimes become too baked-in to repair.
Stack said, "When this happens you can't really repair the image, but you can still color balance and adjust contrast to make sure the overall look remains consistent throughout the film. This type of archival footage is commonly used in news broadcasts and documentaries, so as long as the color is balanced, it plays into the story nicely as was the case in Sing Over Me."
Audio within documentary films also presents the same types of challenges when it comes to matching and balancing mixed audio formats. AlphaDogs audio engineer, Curtis Fritsch was conscientious in keeping a good balance between the music and the story by making sure the dialog remained the focal point without being drowned out by the various music formats.
"Because this was a music based documentary, I didn't want the music over the montage sequences to feel canned, or the live footage of the songs jarring the senses making it feel like you were the part of the audience at a concert," Fritsch said. "Working together with the clients we were able to meet this balance by carefully matching the mixed formats and giving the audio a smooth finish." Using combinations of Izotope RX plugins, noise was also removed from varying sources including a distracting air conditioning unit, and scenes that included audio from VHS and an old cassette tape.
"We were extremely pleased with AlphaDogs services. Everything looked and sounded great and final delivery came in on time," said Kindberg. "The work was done in both an efficient and quick manner while still giving personal attention and care to the film. We would definitely use their services again. The color and sound work was top-notch and affordable."
Sing Over Me is produced by Ashlyn Kindberg with Free Verse Films.
For more information visithttps://www.facebook.com/singovermemovie and watch the trailer at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6CPeW61alc&feature=youtu.be
Sing Over Me
AlphaDogs Post Production
Editing Sound


When last I wrote Down on the Farm, my finger had just been diagnosed as busted and since then it has remained splinted 22/7 until last Monday. Now, I can type and write with a pen, I can put my hand in my pocket, wear a glove, turn a page in a book, open a jar, pick my nose, scratch, recommence playing hand drums and… I've got an itch to write and I don't have a clue what I want to say. A lone word keeps running through my head – gentling.
My busted finger has shown me how to Be gentle to myself, slowing myself down at home as I do when I photograph. Allowing natural wisdom, intelligence and compassion to fill me. Accepting it. Allowing self to relax into stillness and silence and maybe most important an attitude of being at ease in the moment.
When I couldn't jot down my thoughts / feelings /insights / musings and wild hairs I used that time instead to sit mindfully and simply pay attention to that area of the body associated with the tip of my left index finger. I watched the sensations and tried not to label them as simply "painful" but to open to what the sensations I felt in the moment actually were. I became intimate with the space that I (for reasons either unclear or way to complex to go into) know as my left index finger. Exploring the energies flowing through it I found I could indeed consciously send good will to the tip of my finger, and hold it in compassion with gentleness and love. I baby it as if it were more than just a finger and I listen to it and respond as I would with a lover.
Tonight, my left index finger told me to write and post a blog. That it was enough to simply re-start the practice by writing what came and applying a few of the lessons learned…that I am gentle, compassionate, patient, kind, and that there is, as Pema Chodron says, a natural wisdom, a natural intelligence, and a natural heart of compassion we can draw upon – all of us. Some one I met told me that "if it's not true for everyone that it's not true – for her either." I feel the same. She practices Christianity and I practice Buddhism as I know it and her right index finger and my left point to the moon. Two fingers, two people two faiths and one moon. Let us learn to be gentle with each other and with our selves.


text:
Кастельнуово-делла-Дауния () — коммуна в Италии, располагается в регионе Апулия, в провинции Фоджа.

Население составляет 1 365 человек (31-12-2018), плотность населения составляет 22,2 чел./км². Занимает площадь 61,49 км². Почтовый индекс — 71034. Телефонный код — 0881.

Покровителем коммуны почитается Пресвятая Богородица (Santa Maria della Murgia), празднование 15 сентября.

Демография
Динамика населения:

Администрация коммуны
 Официальный сайт:

Ссылки
 Национальный институт статистики
 http://www.istat.it/english/

Примечание


text:
During the Middle Ages, an  (sometimes given as modern English: advocate; German: ; French: ) was an office-holder who was legally delegated to perform some of the secular responsibilities of a major feudal lord, or for an institution such as an abbey. Many such positions developed, especially in the Holy Roman Empire. Typically, these evolved to include responsibility for aspects of the daily management of agricultural lands, villages and cities. In some regions, advocates were governors of large provinces, sometimes distinguished by terms such as  (in German).

While the term was eventually used to refer to many types of governorship and advocacy, one of the earliest and most important types of  was the church advocate (). These were originally lay lords, who not only helped defend religious institutions in the secular world, but were also responsible for exercising lordly responsibilities within the church's lands, such as the handling of legal cases which might require the use of a death penalty. The positions of these office-holders eventually came to be seen as inheritable titles themselves, with their own feudal privileges connected to them.

The  as an officer of a court of law first appeared in the 12th and 13th centuries, concomitant with the rediscovery of Roman law.

Nomenclature
The terms used in various European languages derive from a general Latin term for any person called upon () to stand for another.

Apart from the English terms "advocate" and "advowee", German terms are sometimes mentioned in English accounts of the Holy Roman Empire, and these include  (, from Old High German, also  or ; plural ).  The territory or area of responsibility of a  is called a  (from ).

Related terms include ; ; ; ; ; ; ; and .

Ecclesiastical advocates
These advocates were specially bound to represent their clients before the secular courts. They exercised civil jurisdiction in the domain of the church or monastery, and were bound to protect the church with arms in the event of actual assault. Finally, it was their duty to lead the men-at-arms in the name of the church or monastery, and to command them in time of war. In return for these services the advocate received certain definite revenues from the possessions of the church, in the form of supplies or services, which he could demand, or in the form of a lien on the church property.

Such advocates are to be found even in Roman times; a Synod of Carthage decreed, in 401, that the emperor should be requested to provide, in conjunction with the bishops,  for the churches. There is evidence, moreover, for such  in Italy, at the close of the fifth century, but Pope Gregory I confined the office to members of the clergy. It was the duty of these  to protect the poor, and to defend the rights and possessions of the church.

In the Frankish Kingdom, under the Merovingians, these lay representatives of the churches appear as  and . The concept of the  was related to the Old German idea of the , or guardian, but also included some ideas of physical defence and legal representation (whence the connection with  or "advocate").

Under the Carolingians, the duties of the church advocate were enlarged and defined according to the principles of government which prevailed in the reign of Charlemagne; henceforward we meet with the  in the medieval sense. A Capitulary of about 790 ordained that the higher clergy, "for the sake of the church's honour, and the respect due to the priesthood" () should have advocates. Charlemagne, who obliged bishops, abbots and abbesses to maintain , commanded to exercise great care in the choice of persons to fill the office; they must be judicious men, familiar with the law, and owning property in the—then still administrative—countship (). The churches, monasteries and canonries, as such, alike received advocates, who by degrees assumed the position above defined.

Under the Carolingians it was made obligatory for bishops, abbots and abbesses to appoint such officials in every county where they held property. The office was not at first hereditary nor even for life, the  being chosen, either by the abbot alone, or by the abbot and bishop concurrently with the count.

In the post-Carolingian period it developed into a hereditary office, and was held by powerful nobles, who constantly endeavoured to enlarge their rights in connection with the church or the monastery. Conciliar decrees were passed as early as the ninth century to protect ecclesiastical institutions against the excessive claims of their advocates, who indeed became in many ways a heavy burden to their ecclesiastical clients. They dealt with the possessions entrusted to them as with their own property, plundered the church estate, appropriated the tithes and other revenues, and oppressed in every possible way those whom they were appointed to protect.

The office, since it offered many advantages, was eagerly sought after. The excessive claims of the advocates gave rise to many disputes between them and the churches or monasteries. The bishops and abbots, who found their rights seriously curtailed, appealed to the Holy Roman Emperor and to the Pope for protection. In the twelfth century grave warnings issued from Rome, restraining the high-handed actions of the advocates under pain of severe ecclesiastical penalties, which still did not put an end to all the abuses that prevailed. On certain occasions, emperors and princes exercised the office of advocate, in which case they appointed deputy-advocates () to represent them.

From the time of Charlemagne, who had such officials appointed in ecclesiastical territories not directly under the control of his counts, the  was a state functionary representing ecclesiastical dignitaries (such as bishops and abbots) or institutions in secular matters, and particularly before secular courts. Such representatives had been assigned to the church since late antiquity, as it was not supposed to act for itself in worldly affairs. Therefore, in areas such as the territories of abbeys and bishoprics, which by virtue of their ecclesiastical status were free (or immune) from the secular government of the local count (, in origin an administrative official in charge of a territory and reporting to the emperor), the  fulfilled the function of a protective lordship, generally commanding the military contingents of such areas (). Beyond that, he administered the high justice instead of the count from the  court (,  or ).

In private and family monasteries (see proprietary church), the proprietor himself often also held the office of , frequently retaining it after reform of the proprietorship (see also lay abbot).

The three-way struggle for control of the  of the more important abbacies, played out among the central monarchy, the Church and the territorial nobility,  was pretty well established as a prerogative of the nobility; the Hirsau formulary (1075) confirmed count Adalbert of Calw as hereditary advocate of the Abbey, an agreement so widely copied elsewhere in Germany that from the tenth century the office developed into an hereditary possession of the higher nobility, who frequently exploited it as a way of extending their power and territories, and in some cases took for themselves the estates and assets of the church bodies for whose protection they were supposedly responsible. In Austria, the teaching of the Church that, according to canon law individuals were prohibited from exercising authority over Church property, was only with reluctance accepted by the nobles. The rights of advocacy were bought back by the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century abbeys in alliance with the Babenberg and early Habsburg dukes; the abolition of the  () thereby exchanged local secular jurisdiction for the protective overlordship of the duke of Austria, sometimes by forging charters that the duke confirmed.

Imperial advocates
In Germany, the title of Vogt ( or "advocate") was given not only to the  of churches and abbeys but also, from early in the Middle Ages, to officials appointed by the Holy Roman Emperor to administer lands directly under his dominion, as opposed to the comital domains, owned by counts who had become hereditary princes of the Empire. The office or territory of a  was a Vogtei. Land administered by a  could also be known as a  (), a name still used to refer to a region, the Vogtland, that adjoins the principalities of Reuss and adjacent portions of Saxony, Prussia and Bavaria. An imperial advocateship tended to become hereditary. Sometimes the emperor himself assumed the title of  in application to particular parts of his eminent domain.

In the German-ruled Holy Roman Empire, the term  can refer to two different offices: church  or imperial . Imperial  are further subdivided into land  and city . In addition, the term  was used for administrative officers of territorial rulers, such as reeves and bailiffs.

An imperial () was an officer of the king, who served as administrator and judge of a subdivision of royal property, or of a royal abbey. The seat of an imperial Reichsvogt was often at an imperial city. When the imperial cities gained more independence, the office was split into city  () for the cities and land  () for other areas. The offices of city  were usually bought by the imperial cities by the late Middle Ages, which led to the independence of the cities. Most land  offices became meaningless as the amount of royal property was reduced more and more in favor of territorial rulers (such as dukes and counts).

A Burgvogt was a castle administrator responsible for the general running of a castle and also for exercising jurisdical powers. The term is still sometimes encountered for someone who manages a castle.

The land  office of the Alsace, consisting of the ten imperial cities of the , was ceded to the king of France in 1648, but the cities remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the cities were soon thereafter annexed by France.

Several small land  continued to exist until the end of the Empire in 1806, mainly in the Swabian Circle.

In France
In France, the , known as , were of two types. The first included secular lords, who held the advocateship () of an abbey or abbeys, rather as an office than a fief, though they were indemnified for the protection they afforded by a domain and preach revenues granted by the abbey: thus the duke of Normandy was  of nearly all the abbeys in the duchy. The second class included the petty lords who held their advocateships as hereditary fiefs and often as their sole means of subsistence. An abbey's , of this class, corresponded to a bishop's vidame. Their function was generally to represent the abbot in his capacity as feudal lord, act as his representative in the courts of his superior, exercise secular justice in the abbot's name in the abbatial court, and lead the retainers of the abbey to battle under the banner of the patron saint.

The  was also known as a  or  in the 10th and 11th centuries. Initially, only counts and dukes were appointed , but by the end of the 11th century the title was being bestowed on mere castellans. The monks usually consulted their advocate before electing a new abbot, giving the advocate influence over the selection. When a nobleman founded or reformed a monastery, he usually became its advocate. In the 12th century, the office of the advocate was on the decline, a result of the Gregorian reforms.
The Cistercian Order, for example, never allowed lay advocates.

In the Low Countries

The  () played a more important part in the feudal polity of the Empire and of the Low Countries than in France, where his functions, confined to the protection of the interests of religious houses, were superseded from the 13th century onwards by the growth of central power and the increasing efficiency of royal administration. They had, in effect, long ceased to be effective in their original purpose, and after the advowson became a fief, they took advantage of their position to pillage and suppress those they were supposed to defend. Medieval records are full of complaints from abbots about usurpations, exactions, and acts of violence committed by the .

In the Netherlands (as well as in Germany)  were often appointed in the cities, by the overlord or by the emperor, to take the place of the bailiff (Dutch , German ) or to stand alongside this official in matters of law.

In England
In England, the word  was never used to denote a hereditary representative of an abbot; but in some of the larger abbeys there were hereditary stewards whose functions and privileges were not dissimilar to those of the continental . Instead, the word , or more commonly avowee, was in constant use in England to denote the patron of an ecclesiastical benefice, whose sole right of any importance was a hereditary one of presenting a parson to the bishop for institution. In this way the hereditary right of presentation to a benefice came to be called in English an advowson ().

Old Swiss Confederacy

The title of  appears in the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1415. A  ruled a , either representing a sovereign canton, or acting on behalf of the Confederacy, or a subset thereof, administering a condominium () shared between several cantons. In the case of condominiums, the cantons took turns in appointing a  for a period of two years.

In exceptional cases, the population of the  was allowed to elect their own . This concerned  in particular, which was nominally a subject territory of Bern, but enjoyed a special status as a military ally. The office of  was abolished in 1798, with the foundation of the Helvetic Republic.

Habsburg Netherlands

Although the title of Duke of Burgundy was extinguished by the French king after the annexation of its ancestral lands in 1477, the Habsburg kings of Spain and archdukes of Austria continued to use the title to refer to their realms in the Netherlands. The monarchs reigning in Madrid and Vienna controlled these through governors known variously as  or .

Parallels in medieval England and France
The status of protective lordship, however, in relation to ecclesiastical estates as held, and notoriously abused, by the nobility in Germany throughout the Middle Ages, is without close parallel. There is no single equivalent in English history. The office of reeve was much the same at a village or peasant level, and in other contexts the roles of sheriff, bailiff, seneschal and castellan of course included similar elements. In France, the office of , the temporal administrator for certain bishoprics, showed some connection. The most frequent translations in that connection are either advocate or lord protector.

Modern Europe

Poland

In medieval Poland, a  was a hereditary head of a town (under the overlordship of the town's owner – the king, church, or noble).

In modern Poland, a  is the elected head of a rural gmina, whereas heads of urban  are called burmistrz (burgomaster), or president.

Denmark
In Danish, the word  carries different connotations, all pertaining to guarding or keeping watch over something. In modern Danish law, the  ( court) administers the forcible enforcement and execution of judgments or other valid legal claims.

Finland
The local bailiff (distrainer) is called , where  (hundred) is a local judicial district. Their duty is to enforce the financial judgements of the local courts. In practice, the  leads a team of assistant distrainers who process most distrainments/garnishments.

Netherlands
In modern Dutch, the word  is the primary word for the concept of legal guardian. In historic texts,  or  in the feminine form is used, particularly as the main title of Margaret of Parma.

See also

Vidame
Schultheiß

References

Further reading
 Charles West, "The Significance of the Carolingian Advocate", Early Medieval Europe 17 (2009), pp. 186–206

German feudalism
Judges
Medieval titles
Titles of nobility of the Holy Roman Empire
Feudalism
Legal professions
Catholic ecclesiastical titles
Historical legal occupations


As a semi-detached duplex townhouse development with each unit practically freestanding, it is the spatial layout that sets Habitat on Cowley apart in this era of apartment living. "Ranging in size from 100m2 to 150m2 including a lock-up garage, the units at Habitat on Cowley are available in configurations of two and three bedrooms. Prices range from R1.6million to R2.2million," says Peach.
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According to Lightstone, a property statistics and information provider, property prices within Bryanston have seen excellent growth since 2010, with 2013 being a particularly good year in terms of the average price growth of property. Peach says that the prime location of the area has a lot to do with the remarkable growth in the property value and the ever growing demand the area is experiencing.
Peach says that the rental potential of these units is promising due to the development's placement. "Proximity to the financial hub of Sandton means that there is a constant influx of up-and-coming executives looking for accommodation within a relatively short commute to their place of business. Habitat on Cowley provides exactly that," he says. "Factors such as its ideal location, generous layout and contemporary design will ensure that investors can expect a solid rental yield as well as a good return on investment over the long term," he says.
Habitat on Cowley also enjoys easy access to the Rivonia and Sandton CBDs as well as the major road networks.


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Download Full Functioning Demo Here!
The Main Control Panel of MaxCtrl is a small grid of buttons that open up a series of windows.
sunrise calculations, auto file load on startup, automatic port search, time set, automatic data file save, and a bunch of other user definable parameters.
The Save and Open buttons allow you to load and save new files into MaxCtrl. When loading, you can replace all definitions or add to your existing file.
The System Message Log window is your display on all the events that MaxCtrl has either received, transmitted, or anything else concerning that has happened. Max-Ctrl holds the last 400 events that have occurred along with a time and date stamp. You can also choose to save all events to a unlimited log file for later use. This is particularly handy for security applications and user debugging. You can filter out certain sorts of Actions by choosing the appropriate check boxes.
The Action Message Log window is a window where you can log particular events. You may not want to see all the information in the System Message Log window. For instance, you may only want the motion detector and car sensor information to appear in the Action Message Log window.
The X-10 MegaGrid is a large panel of 308 buttons to control every X-10 device and show the status of every X-10 device. The panel includes special buttons to control an entire letter of 16 devices and buttons to control all 256 possible X-10 devices.
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The picture buttons at the bottom open up room windows with 178 buttons to which you can assign an Action you have defined. The buttons in the room contain text and pictures for many possible devices, lights, appliances, drapes, electronic equipment and more.


text:
@implementation CKFetchRecordZonesOperation

- (instancetype)init {
	if (self = [super init]) {
		_recordZoneIDs = nil;
	}
	return self;
}

- (instancetype)initWithRecordZoneIDs:(NSArray *)zoneIDs {
	if (self = [self init]) {
		_recordZoneIDs = zoneIDs;
	}
	return self;
}

+ fetchAllRecordZonesOperation {
	return [[CKFetchRecordZonesOperation alloc] init];
}

- (void)start {
	if ([self isCancelled]) {
		[self setFinished:YES];
		return;
	}

	[self setExecuting:YES];

	if (!self.recordZoneIDs) {
		[[self database] fetchAllRecordZonesFromSender:self withCompletionHandler:^(NSArray *zones, NSError *error) {
			[self setExecuting:NO];
			[self setFinished:YES];

			if (!error) {
				NSMutableDictionary* results = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];

				for (CKRecordZone* zone in zones) {
					if (!self.recordZoneIDs || [self.recordZoneIDs containsObject:zone.zoneID]) {
						results[zone.zoneID] = zone;
					}
				}

				self.fetchRecordZonesCompletionBlock(results, nil);
			}
			else {
				self.fetchRecordZonesCompletionBlock(nil, error);
			}
		}];
	}
	else {
		// track our pending fetch count. this doesn't need to be
		// thread safe
		__block NSInteger requestCount = [self.recordZoneIDs count];

		// our output
		NSMutableDictionary *fetchedZones = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
		NSMutableDictionary *errors = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];

		// call this when we're done
		void (^completionBlock)(void) = ^{
			[self setExecuting:NO];
			[self setFinished:YES];

			NSError* error;
			if ([errors count]) {
				NSMutableDictionary* userInfo = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
				userInfo[CKPartialErrorsByItemIDKey] = errors;
				error = [[NSError alloc] initWithDomain:CKErrorDomain code:CKErrorPartialFailure userInfo:userInfo];
			}

			self.fetchRecordZonesCompletionBlock(fetchedZones, error);
		};

		// now save and delete everything
		for (CKRecordZoneID *zoneID in self.recordZoneIDs) {
			[[self database] fetchRecordZoneWithID:zoneID fromSender:self completionHandler:^(CKRecordZone *zone, NSError *error) {
				if (error) {
					errors[zoneID] = error;
				}
				else {
					fetchedZones[zoneID] = zone;
				}
				requestCount -= 1;
				if (!requestCount) {
					completionBlock();
				}
			}];
		}
	}
}

- (void)completeWithError:(NSError *)error {
	self.fetchRecordZonesCompletionBlock(nil, error);
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


When Earl falls into a toxic waste site and develops super powers, he is thrilled because Baby pays attention to him now that he's perceived as Captain Impressive. But Earl is faced with a moral dilemma when his boss, B.P. Richfield, expects Captain Impressive to endorse dangerous products.


text:
Pursuing a Deadly Opportunity
07 Jan 2008Research & Ideas
by Julia Hanna
Cadavers are a necessity for medical students and researchers, but the business of supplying this market is a touchy moral and ethical issue. Harvard Business School professor Michel Anteby and research associate Mikell Hyman explore strategies used by both academic and entrepreneurial organizations that deal in the dead. Key concepts include:
The study raises general questions around what constitutes organizational legitimacy and the kind of moral order we want to create as a society.
The same issues could help us come to grips with the murky legal and ethical areas surrounding the digital age.
Understanding how and why these market dynamics develop will shed light on how the supply of cadavers could be increased and improved.
There is a market for everything—even dead bodies. Medical students use cadavers to gain experience, and their future patients are better off for it.
Traditionally, cadavers have been obtained through university programs, but now entrepreneurial ventures are springing up to meet the growing demand for cadavers in medical training, in medical research, and for the development of new medical devices.
Given the sometimes uneasy feelings around the topic, it's easy to understand how such entrepreneurial organizations (both for-profit and nonprofit) could make some people apprehensive, even raising instinctive fears of bodysnatchers looking for a quick payday.
It's just these kinds of gray zones that HBS assistant professor Michel Anteby likes to research, areas where questions of legitimacy and moral beliefs are raised. "Having a cadaver for a medical student to practice on is something we like to see happen, but few really want to know how the cadaver was procured," he says.
In "Entrepreneurial Ventures and Whole-Body Donations: A Regional Perspective from the United States," Anteby and research associate Mikell Hyman analyze donors and recipients of an academic entrepreneurial venture. The paper, which offers a rare glimpse into an area where little consolidated data is available, is forthcoming in the journal Social Science & Medicine.
"This study happens to focus on cadavers, but it raises more general questions around what constitutes organizational legitimacy and the kind of moral order we want to create as a society," Anteby explains.
The same issues could help us come to grips with the murky legal and ethical areas surrounding the digital age, for example. "We can think of the distribution of music and what kind of ethical markets we want to create, given options of illegal file-sharing and copyright infringement," says Anteby. "Any arena where there are concerns that entrepreneurship would place us in a situation where we're not entirely comfortable." Reproductive science, which has created a robust market for human eggs, sperm, and various infertility treatments, is another example, he adds.
Anatomy Of A Study
Anteby and Hyman compared 80 voluntary donations and 120 specimen shipping invoices from a pair of Maryland-based organizations: one academic-housed program and a nonprofit entrepreneurial venture. In return for body donations, each organization offered comparable levels of financial assistance covering transportation and cremation costs and returning the ashes when requested.
In their research Anteby and Hyman discovered that there was no noticeable difference between the programs in terms of specimens' sex, marital status, educational levels, and estimated incomes. However, donors to the entrepreneurial venture were younger (65 years old on average, vs. 76 years old) and more likely to have died of cancer (71 percent vs. 21 percent).
"Facing these questions will bring about more transparency, more data, and more collaboration."
Finally, while 93 percent of donors to both programs were white, the entrepreneurial venture attracted a higher percentage of non-white donors (11.2 percent vs. 2.5 percent). Anteby and Hyman speculate that the higher number of minority donors to the entrepreneurial organizations could be explained in part by a distrust of established medical institutions on the part of minorities.
The profiles of organizations receiving the cadavers also showed marked contrasts. Perhaps not surprisingly, the academic program showed a higher number of recipients with educational goals (74 percent vs. 47.5 percent). The entrepreneurial venture had a higher representation of recipients with continuing medical education goals (31.7 percent vs. 26 percent) and catered to medical devices companies (20.2 percent of recipients) while the academic-housed program did not.
"Given the fact that the United States relies on a voluntary system to obtain cadavers, it's important to understand the impact of these organizations on the overall supply," Anteby says.
While it could be assumed that the entrepreneurial venture would be more likely to engage in predatory behavior to obtain donations, it did not attract less educated or less affluent donors, the researchers observe in the paper. There was a higher instance of donors who died from cancer, however, which raises the question of whether or not the parties involved were emotionally distressed at the time of the donation.
Serving A Market
The entrepreneurial venture filled a need by providing cadavers to medical device companies and organizations that train doctors in new surgical techniques. These companies often only need part of a body. And unlike many medical schools, they will accept donors who died of cancer.
By catering to different demands in the medical field, the 2 organizations—one academic, the other entrepreneurial—used different strategies to obtain donations, Anteby and Hyman observe. The academic program targeted healthy, older individuals well in advance of their deaths (and only those individuals who lived in the state of Maryland), while the other focused primarily on diseased individuals and their families (who were also able to authorize donations upon death) living both in and out of state.
"Rather than focus on the supply side of the equation—that is, on how to convince more people to make donations—this paper considers the question of how these 2 programs took different yet complementary approaches to meet the different demands of organizations that use cadavers," Anteby says.
Understanding how and why these market dynamics develop will shed light on how the supply of cadavers could be increased, he adds, while improving transparency in an area known to inspire more fear than facts.
"There are many assumptions that can be made around 'gray zone' entrepreneurial ventures that bring up issues of legitimacy and moral order," Anteby says. "Some of these assumptions are probably justified, and some need to be revisited. My hope is that facing these questions more fully will bring about more transparency, more data, and more collaboration across academic and entrepreneurial fields."


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text:
Only show content I have access to (14)
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union (10)
Symposium - International Astronomical Union (3)
Behaviour Change (1)
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy (1)
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia (1)
International Astronomical Union (13)
Aust Assoc for Cogitive and Behaviour Therapy (1)
FACBT (1)
Cambridge Contemporary Astrophysics (2)
Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium Series (2)
Hydrodynamic Simulations and Time-dependent Photoionization Modeling of Starburst-driven Superwinds
A. Danehkar, M. S. Oey, W. J. Gray
Journal: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 16 / Issue S362 / June 2020
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2023, pp. 64-69
Print publication: June 2020
Thermal energies deposited by OB stellar clusters in starburst galaxies lead to the formation of galactic superwinds. Multi-wavelength observations of starburst-driven superwinds pointed at complex thermal and ionization structures which cannot adequately be explained by simple adiabatic assumptions. In this study, we perform hydrodynamic simulations of a fluid model coupled to radiative cooling functions, and generate time-dependent non-equilibrium photoionization models to predict physical conditions and ionization structures of superwinds using the maihem atomic and cooling package built on the program flash. Time-dependent ionization states and physical conditions produced by our simulations are used to calculate the emission lines of superwinds for various parameters, which allow us to explore implications of non-equilibrium ionization for starburst regions with potential radiative cooling.
LMC HII Region Luminosities versus Observed Ionising Stars
M. S. Oey, R. C. Kennicutt, Jr
Journal: Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 15 / Issue 1 / 1998
We use the stellar census of OB associations in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) to predict the Hα luminosities of the host HII regions, based on results from stellar atmosphere models. These values are compared to the observed HII region luminosities, yielding an estimate for the mean fraction of H-ionising photons that escape the local nebulae in this sample. We formally estimate that, overall, 0–51% of the ionising radiation escapes the local HII regions and is available to ionise the warm, ionised medium in the LMC. We find both nebulae that appear to be density-bounded and ones that appear to be radiation-bounded.
Does Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Support Cognitive Models of Depression?
T.P.S. Oei, S. Duckham, M. Free
Journal: Behaviour Change / Volume 6 / Issue 2 / June 1989
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 October 2014, pp. 70-75
Research into the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has repeatedly demonstrated that it is a useful method for alleviating the symptoms of clinical depression. However, the underlying mechanism of the recovery process has remained a matter of debate in the literature. Although at no point in the literature has it been stated that cognitions 'cause' depression, this has been a strong implication in the design of many of the studies. The lack of consensus on the issue of causation is due partly to the lack of a co-ordinated approach to investigating the process of cognitive change and other variables in the depressive patient. Also the failure of many research designs to eliminate alternative hypotheses has led to confusion and debate about the direction which CBT research should take. The overall effect has limited the possibilities for an integrated model of depression. This paper looks at the various working models of depression in the literature and suggests the direction for future investigators' testing of these models.
Non-LTE Abundances in OB stars: Preliminary Results for 5 Stars in the Outer Galactic Disk
G. A. Bragançca, T. Lanz, S. Daflon, K. Cunha, C. D. Garmany, J. W. Glaspey, M. Borges Fernandes, M. S. Oey, T. Bensby, I. Hubeny
Journal: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 9 / Issue S307 / June 2014
The aim of this study is to analyse and determine elemental abundances for a large sample of distant B stars in the outer Galactic disk in order to constrain the chemical distribution of the Galactic disk and models of chemical evolution of the Galaxy. Here, we present preliminary results on a few stars along with the adopted methodology based on securing simultaneous O and Si ionization equilibria with consistent NLTE model atmospheres.
SpS5 - III. Matter ejection and feedback
Yaël Nazé, Xiao Che, Nick L. J. Cox, José H. Groh, Martin Guerrero, Pierre Kervella, Chien-De Lee, Mikako Matsuura, M. Sally Oey, Guy S. Stringfellow, Stephanie Wachter
Journal: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 10 / Issue H16 / August 2012
The last part of SpS5 dealt with the circumstellar environment. Structures are indeed found around several types of massive stars, such as blue and red supergiants, as well as WRs and LBVs. As shown in the last years, the potential of IR for their study is twofold: first, IR can help discover many previously unknown nebulae, leading to the identification of new massive stars as their progenitors; second, IR can help characterize the nebular features. Current and new IR facilities thus pave the way to a better understanding of the feedback from massive stars.
HII radiative transfer revealed by ionization parameter mapping
M. S. Oey, E. W. Pellegrini, P. F. Winkler, S. D. Points, R. C. Smith, A. E. Jaskot, J. Zastrow
We develop the technique of ionization parameter mapping (IPM) to probe the optical depth of Hii regions, applying our method to the Magellanic Clouds. Our results dramatically clarify the radiative transfer in these galaxies. Based on Sii, Oiii, and Hα imaging from the Magellanic Clouds Emission Line Survey, we find that the frequency of optically thin objects correlates strongly with Hα luminosity and correlates inversely with Hi column density. The aggregate escape fraction for the Lyman continuum is sufficient to ionize the diffuse, warm ionized medium, but the galactic escape fraction is dominated by the few largest Hii regions. The quantitative trends are similar in both the LMC and SMC in spite of their different star formation and Hi properties.
Effectiveness of Group and Individual Formats of a Combined Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Program for Problem Gambling: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Tian P. S. Oei, Namrata Raylu, Leanne M. Casey
Journal: Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy / Volume 38 / Issue 2 / March 2010
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 February 2010, pp. 233-238
Background: The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of group and individual formats of a combined motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) program for problem gamblers (PGs) using a randomized controlled design. Method: One hundred and two PGs were randomly assigned to individual or group CBT conditions. Twenty-eight of these participants were randomly allocated to a 6-week waitlist control condition prior to receiving the designated treatment. Results: At post-treatment, there were significant improvements in all dependent variables (frequency and amount gambled, gambling urges, gambling cognitions, negative psychological states, and life satisfaction) for both the treatment conditions but not for the waitlist condition. Individuals that completed the individual (compared to group) treatment condition generally had higher effect sizes for gambling correlates. Therapeutic gains for gambling correlates were generally maintained at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: A combined motivational interviewing and CBT program applied in group or individual format can improve PG behaviors, as well as gambling correlates.
Massive stars: Feedback effects in the local universe
By M. S. Oey, Department of Astronomy, 830 Dennison Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1042, USA, C. J. Clarke, Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
Edited by Mario Livio, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Eva Villaver, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore
Book: Massive Stars
Print publication: 12 November 2009, pp 74-92
Massive stars as a population are the source of various feedback effects that critically impact the evolution of their host galaxies. We examine parameterizations of the high-mass stellar population and self-consistent parameterizations of the resulting feedback effects, including mechanical feedback, radiative feedback, and chemical feedback, as we understand them in the local universe. To date, it appears that the massive-star population follows a simple power-law clustering law that extends down to individual field massive stars, and the robust stellar IMF appears to have a constant upper-mass limit. These properties result in specific patterns in the H II-region luminosity function, and the ionization of the diffuse, warm, ionized medium. The resulting supernovae generate a population of superbubbles whose distributions in size and expansion velocity are also described by simple power laws, and from which a galaxy's porosity parameter is easily derived. A critical star-formation threshold can then be estimated, above which the escape of Lyman-continuum photons, hot gas, and nucleosynthetic products is predicted. A first comparison with a large sample of Hα observations of galaxies is broadly consistent with this prediction, and suggests that ionizing photons are likely to escape from starburst galaxies. The superbubble size distribution also offers a basis for a Simple Inhomogeneous Model for galactic chemical evolution, which is especially applicable to metal-poor systems and instantaneous metallicity distributions. This model offers an alternative interpretation of the Galactic halo metallicity distribution and emphasizes the relative importance of star-formation intensity, in addition to age, in a system's evolution. The fraction of zero-metallicity, Population III stars is easily predicted for any such model. We emphasize that all these phenomena can be modeled in a simple, analytic framework over an extreme range in scale, offering powerful tools for understanding the role of massive stars in the cosmos.
7 - Hercules-stream stars and the metal-rich thick disk
By T. Bensby, European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, Chile, M. S. Oey, Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 830 Dennison Building, 500 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1042, USA, S. Feltzing, Lund Observatory, Box 43, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, B. Gustafsson, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 515, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
Edited by Garik Israelian, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Georges Meynet
Book: The Metal-Rich Universe
Print publication: 03 July 2008, pp 62-68
Using the MIKE spectrograph, mounted on the 6.5-m Magellan/Clay telescope at the Las Campanas observatory in Chile, we have obtained highresolution spectra for 60 F and G dwarf stars, all likely members of a density enhancement in the local velocity distribution, referred to as the Hercules stream. By comparing with an existing sample of 102 thin- and thick-disk stars we have used space velocities, detailed elemental abundances, and stellar ages to trace the origin of the Hercules stream. We find that the Hercules-stream stars exhibit a wide spread in stellar ages, metallicities, and element abundances. However, the spreads are not random but separate the Hercules stream into the abundance and age trends outlined by either the thin disk or the thick disk. We hence claim that the major constituents of the Hercules stream actually are thin- and thick-disk stars. These diverse properties of the Hercules stream indicate a dynamical origin, probably caused by the Galactic bar. However, we can at the moment not entirely rule out the possibility that the Hercules stream could be the remnants of a relatively recent merger event.
Radiative Feedback in Galaxies
M. S. Oey, E. S. Voges, R. A. M. Walterbos, G. R. Meurer, S. Yelda, E. Furst
Journal: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 3 / Issue S250 / December 2007
Print publication: December 2007
We examine the fate of ionizing radiation from massive stars on global scales. First, we compare the observed Hα luminosities of LMC Hii regions with those predicted by the latest generation of stellar atmosphere models. Our results imply that classical Hii regions are on average radiation-bounded, rather than density-bounded, as we found a decade ago. This is likely to necessitate an additional ionizing source for the diffuse, warm ionized medium (WIM) in galaxies. Secondly, we present new results from the SINGG Hα galaxy survey, showing that starburst galaxies have a lower fraction of WIM emission than normal star-forming galaxies. The most intriguing and consequential possible cause for this effect is the escape of ionizing radiation from starbursts. We show that the observations are also consistent with our predictions for the escape of ionizing radiation. Nevertheless, other observations do not necessarily support this scenario and other possible explanations must be considered.
The Fraction of Runaway OB Stars in the SMC Field
J. B. Lamb, M. S. Oey
Journal: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 3 / Issue S246 / September 2007
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 September 2007, pp. 63-64
Print publication: September 2007
The fraction of field OB stars that originate from clusters can help probe the dynamical evolution of clusters. Field stars represent a significant fraction (20-30%) of the OB population in galaxies, and estimates for the fraction of field OB stars that are runaways range from the classical value of <10% (Blaauw 1961) to contemporary results suggesting >90% (de Wit et al. 2005). We obtained Magellan IMACS observations on the kinematics of field OB stars in the SMC to examine the line-of-sight velocities of this population. Using these observations, we will estimate the fraction of runaways to serve as a probe of cluster evolution.
The Relation Between Field Massive Stars and Clusters
M. S. Oey, N. L. King, J. Wm. Parker, J. B. Lamb
Massive "field" stars are those that appear in apparent isolation, in contrast to those in clusters. Whereas cluster stars are formed together in large aggregates, simultaneously, field stars have multiple origins. Some massive field stars may be the "tip of the iceberg" on small groups of physically associated stars, while others appear to be "runaway" stars that are dynamically ejected from clusters. What is the intrinsic relation between clusters and field stars, and what is the faction of runaway stars? Since massive stars are the most luminous stellar population, their demographics are accessible in the nearest external galaxies. We present our current efforts to understand these issues for the Small Magellanic Cloud.
Towards resolving the evolution of multi-supernova superbubbles
M. S. Oey
Interstellar superbubbles generated by multiple supernova explosions are common in star-forming galaxies. They are the most obvious manifestation of mechanical feedback, and are largely responsible for transferring both thermal and kinetic energy to the interstellar medium from the massive star population. However, the details of this energy transfer remain surprisingly murky when individual objects are studied. I will summarize what we currently know about candidate dominant processes on these scales.
HST ACS/HRC imaging of the intergalactic HII regions in NGC 1533
J. K. Werk, M. E. Putman, G. R. Meurer, E. V. Ryan-Weber, M. S. Oey
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 August 2006, p. 493
Intergalactic HII regions, far from the confines of a galactic disk, represent a mode of star formation in low-density gas outside of galaxies. The figure below (left) shows an R-band continuum image of NGC 1533 from the SINGG Hα survey (Meurer et al. 2006) overlaid with HI contours and the location of three intergalactic HII regions discovered by Ryan-Weber et al. (2004). The HI contours are 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2 and 4.0 ×1020 cm−2 and have a resolution of ~1′. ACS/HRC images of the intergalactic HII regions (right) are composites of UV, V, and I bands. The half-light radii of the clusters associated with regions 1, 2, and 5 are 24.7, 21.7, and 17.0 pc, respectively, at the distance to NGC 1533 (21 Mpc; Tonry et al. 2001). Assuming a Salpeter IMF with Mup = 100, Hα/UV ratios indicate a small number of ionizing O stars relative to the total number of UV-emitting O and B stars. These young (4-6 Myr), intergalactic stellar populations lend valuable insight to our understanding of the methods by which star formation is triggered and may even represent the first episodes of star formation in emerging galaxies.
The Local Group as an astrophysical laboratory for massive star feedback
By M. S. Oey, Lowell Observatory, 1400 W. Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
Edited by Mario Livio, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Thomas M. Brown, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore
Book: The Local Group as an Astrophysical Laboratory
Print publication: 04 May 2006, pp 72-85
The feedback effects of massive stars on their galactic and intergalactic environments can dominate evolutionary processes in galaxies and affect cosmic structure in the Universe. Only the Local Group offers the spatial resolution to quantitatively study feedback processes on a variety of scales. Lyman continuum radiation from hot, luminous stars ionizes H II regions and is believed to dominate production of the warm component of the interstellar medium (ISM). Some of this radiation apparently escapes from galaxies into the intergalactic environment. Supernovae and strong stellar winds generate shell structures such as supernova remnants, stellar wind bubbles, and superbubbles around OB associations. Hot (106 K) gas is generated within these shells, and is believed to be the origin of the hot component of the ISM. Superbubble activity thus is likely to dominate the ISM structure, kinematics, and phase balance in starforming galaxies. Galactic superwinds in starburst galaxies enable the escape of mass, ionizing radiation, and heavy elements. Although many important issues remain to be resolved, there is little doubt that feedback processes plays a fundamental role in energy cycles on scales ranging from individual stars to cosmic structure. This contribution reviews studies of radiative and mechanical feedback in the Local Group.
The Local Group is especially suited as a laboratory for studying the effects of the massive star population on the galactic environment. There are three types of massive star feedback:
(a) Radiative feedback, i.e., ionizing emission, which results in photoionized nebulae and diffuse, warm (104 K) ionized gas;
(b) Mechanical feedback, predominantly from supernovae (SNe), resulting in supernova remnants (SNRs), superbubbles, and galactic superwinds; and
Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Growth Using Self-assembled Ni Nanoparticles Produced by Ion Implantation
D. L. Baptista, J. M. J. Lopes, M. J. Morschbacher, S. H. Dalal, S. P. Oei, K. B. K. Teo, W. I. Milne, F. C. Zawislak
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2011, 0960-N08-01
An alternative method for seeding catalyst nanoparticles for carbon nanotubes and nanowires growth is presented. Ni nanoparticles are formed inside a 450 nm SiO2 film on (100) Si wafers through the implantation of Ni ions at fluences of 7.5×1015 and 1.7×1016 ions cm−2 and post-annealing treatment at 700, 900 and 1100 °C. After exposed to the surface by HF dip etching, the Ni nanoparticles are used as catalyst for the growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes by direct current plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition.
Dispersal of massive star products and consequences for galactic chemical evolution
Journal: Symposium - International Astronomical Union / Volume 212 / 2003
The processes that disperse the products of massive stars from their birth sites play a fundamental role in determining the observed abundances. I discuss parameterizations for element dispersal and their roles in chemical evolution, with an emphasis on understanding present-day dispersion and homogeneity in metallicity. Turbulence dominates mixing processes, with characteristic timescales of order 108 yr, implying significant dilution of metals into the ISM. This permits a rough estimate of the metallicity distribution function of enrichment events. Many systems, including the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, show metallicity dispersions that as yet appear consistent with pure inhomogeneous evolution. There are also systems like I Zw 18 that show strong homogenization, perhaps tied to small galaxy size, high star formation rate, and/or superwinds.
Special session on recent advances in nebular diagnostics
Daniel Schaerer, Paul A. Crowther, M. S. Oey
Nebular emission-line spectra offer fundamental tests for models of stellar atmospheres, and ultimately, they offer important probes of massive star properties in situations where the stars themselves are unresolved or obscured. Presentations in the first half of this special session focused on the impact of revised stellar properties for O-type and Wolf-Rayet stars on the effective temperature scale and on their Lyman continuum fluxes, whilst the second half emphasized the relationship of nebular diagnostics with stellar atmospheres.
The Size Distribution of Superbubbles in the Interstellar Medium
By M. S. Oey, Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OHA, UK, C. J. Clarke, Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OHA, UK
Edited by Jose Franco, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Alberto Carraminana, Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica, Tonantzintla, Mexico
Book: Interstellar Turbulence
Print publication: 28 May 1999, pp 112-119
We use the standard, adiabatic shell evolution to predict the size distribution N(R) for populations of SN-driven superbubbles in a uniform ISM. We derive N(R) for simple cases of superbubble creation rate and mechanical luminosity function. We then compare our predictions for N(R) with the largely complete HI hole catalogue for the SMC, with a view toward the global structure of the ISM in that galaxy. We also present a preliminary derivation for N(v), the distribution of shell expansion velocities.
Core-collapse supernovae (SNe) tend to be correlated in both space and time because of the clustering of the massive (≳ 8M⊙) star progenitors. These clustered SNe, along with stellar winds of the most massive stars, produce superbubble structures in both the warm ionized (104 K) and atomic H I components of the interstellar medium (ISM) in star-forming galaxies. The hot, coronal component of the ISM is thought to originate largely from the shock heating of material interior to shells of superbubbles and supernova remnants (SNRs). Total kinetic energies deposited into the interstellar environment are in the range 1051 − 1054 erg for OB associations, and ≳ 1055 erg for starburst phenomena. Hence, the large-scale structure and kinematics of the multi-phase ISM could be largely determined by this superbubble activity. Likewise, this effect should influence turbulence on global, macroscopic scales, which then cascades to smaller scales.


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text:
Over Rev and Hard Drive
Old warrior on guard.
Tomasz Nowak (previously known as Maglock)
Alpha ability – Tomasz can absorb EM radiation which boosts his strength and allows him to levitate/fly. Much of that energy is stored in his body like a battery and depleted.
Away from built up areas the EM power available is not enough to sustain his Alpha abilities. Consequently he is essentially "normal."
Stored energy is depleted at different rates – flying uses it the quickest and he needs to recharge after using that part of his ability.
Whilst "charging" up his internal "battery" he is vulnerable to attack.
Tomasz's parents first met whilst she was stationed in Eastern Europe. She was a US army captain and he was policeman.
By the time she was pregnant she had returned to the states and he had come with her and taken on a job in the Pacifica Police Force.
Their combined experiences through their different careers had exposed them to some of the worst that humanity could hand out so it was only natural for them to put some of what they had learned in Tomasz's upbringing.
Between them they taught him to stand up for what was right, support those that could not support themselves and never walk from a fight if the fight was just. Unfortunately that often led Tomasz into trouble, namely because as a kid he often saw trouble in his neighborhood and when he was other being bullied he had a tendency to involve himself.
Being bigger that most kids his age, Tomasz rarely lost a fight and that only led to bigger and stronger bullies trying to take him on. Though he was essentially doing what he thought was right, his teachers and the police considered him a trouble maker.
Eventually someone suggested to his parents that perhaps Tomasz's spirited nature could be channeled another way, sport, rather than acting as the neighborhood's "junior" vigilante. At his parent's behest Tomasz took up a variety of sports until he found one that he liked, karate.
This gave him access to an alternative form of discipline where he learnt that sometimes it was not always necessary to fight to win and he could walk away from a fight to achieve victory. What he did not realise at the time was the person that was training him was none other Yu Jianjun the man that would become known as "Oracle" the near immortal Alpha. Though he would not realise it until years later, he often wondered why Master Yu charged so little for training. His master though simply told him that one day "he would have great potential" a cryptic clue to the fact that he "knew" that Tomasz was an Alpha. Of course, Yu did not know if Tomasz would make the transition to Alpha Superior but he did know that if such a transition occurred then he was aware of the nature of the Alpha abilities Tomasz would gain.
Like a lot of his students Yu had an ulterior motive for training Alphas, namely to defend the world from his own children.
By the time he left school the only thing that Tomasz wanted was to become a professional sports person and after numerous failures succeeded as an athlete in full contact cage fighting where he was billed as Tomasz "The Bear" Nowak.
Fame and fortune came his way and by the time he was thirty years old he had amassed a small fortune. As newer younger people starting to come up the ranks, Tomasz retired from the sport feeling it was better to quit whilst ahead rather than fade to nothing.
Away from the public gaze now Tomasz tried a number of different careers but none suited him. In truth with the investments he had made he did not actually need to work any more but being an active person, sitting around doing nothing did not suit him either.
That was when life through a curve ball because he found out he was an Alpha Superior. At a time when it was not well known he had no idea what was happening to him. Having never been ill and suddenly finding his eyes sensitive to light and his body consumed by an itchy rash he was quite troubled by it all. Then it inexplicably stopped and he thought nothing more of it until he was watching the game on TV one night and got over excited and suddenly caused the TV to fly off the wall.
The "excitement" caused the adrenalin burst activating his abilities for the first time but in his time this was not well documented. He would later learn through experimentation he could manipulate magnetic fields and having seen "Alpha Heroes" on the news it was relatively easy for him to deduce he was an Alpha Superior.
This was what would be known as the first era of Alpha Heroes and the costumed adventurers he saw on TV gave him an idea of which path his life should take next. Looking at everything he had learned since childhood it seemed to him that fate had finally caught up and shown him the way forwards.
Joining the other costumed adventurers Tomasz became known to the world as Maglock, a name he had chosen at random. For several years, he chased down criminals and fought alongside other Alpha Heroes pioneering a new era for crimefighting. Then Black Shadow began its purge.
One by one Tomasz's allies began disappearing. Then came the day when Alpha Strike found him. Though powerful, Tomasz was not powerful enough to deal with the team by himself, and he was defeated and left for dead. The only reason they did not finish the job was because the battle had attracted a lot of attention and Alpha Strike did not want to deal with armed civilians as well as any other Alpha Hero that might have been alerted to the area.
For several weeks Tomasz lay in a coma. In fighting Alpha Strike he had pushed his Alpha abilities to excess which had shut down his body (a condition which would later be referred to a burnout). When he eventually awoke his discovered to his horror that his Alpha abilities had gone. He felt they were somehow still present but could not connect with them.
The loss was devastating to him and the fact he could still "feel" like his abilities were there, just beyond reach, made it had for him to move on. If that was not bad enough watching the news reports became highly depressing for when he learned the fate of others that he knew as friends and allies meet their end courtesy of Alpha Strike and there was nothing he could do to stop the rising darkness. He spent a large amount of his fortune visiting various specialists in the hopes that they could recover what had been lost but each of those ended in failure.
By the time he gave up trying and accept his status as a "normal" person most of his savings were gone and he needed to find work. Though his life as a "hero" was over, Tomasz still felt there was something he could do to help others and so looking back to his past decided he could fight crime in a new way by becoming a policeman like his father.
That at least gave his life purpose and after a difficult period of adjustment he settle in well with the Pacifica Police Department. Over the course of the next two decades he rose up the ranks until he became a senior detective before retiring early due to budgetary cutbacks.
For the second time in his life he had plenty of time on his hands and no idea what to do with it. He contemplated the idea of becoming a Private Eye but that did not pique his interest so decided to travel around America catching up with friends and relatives he had lost touch with over the years.
By this time the second era of Alpha Heroes. Seeing a few generation of heroes on the news gave him a longing for the "good old days" especially when Alpha Strike reappeared seemingly having never aged. By now though he had accepted his "war" was over.
What he did not count on though was irony for his "tour" saw him arrive in Atlantica city the night that ARGO attacked Team Zodiac's HQ, the White Tower. He was only a couple of blocks away from the building after leaving a night club when Libra unleashed her EM pulse to disable the robotic spiders crawling up the building.
Though nothing close to him was affected directly (but she did knock out the power close to the White Tower), as the energy field expanded as it dissipated Tomasz was struck by it. He suddenly became light headed and collapsed, unsure what was going on. Passers by though he was simply drunk and an ambulance was called.
By the time he got to the hospital he felt fine and the doctors could not find anything wrong with him. Consequently, rather than waste everyone's time he felt it best to retire to his hotel room.
It was there that he caught the news footage of the devastating attack on the White Tower. Though he tried never to dwell on such things, even after two decades, whenever he saw heroes being attacked it made him feel both helpless and angry. The surge in emotions caused a change in his body. A bolt of electricity arced from a wall socket in his room and struck him only it did not hurt.
The event though caused him to jump and in the process he tore of one of the arms of the seat he was sat in. As he stared at the torn furniture piece in his hand he began to noticed a familiar feeling he had not felt in a very long time, that of power flowing through his veins only this time something had changed.
After a great deal of experimentation over the next few weeks Tomasz would learn that most of his "original" abilities had returned including his ability to levitate only instead of them being "powered" by magnetic fields his Alpha ability now worked on EM energy.
The upshot of all this meant that when he was in built up areas where power lines were almost everywhere he could pretty much do as he had done before simply by channelling the energy through his body.
At first this seemed problematic as it would limit where and when he could use his Alpha ability but over time he discovered that like several other Alpha's his body had the means to store the EM energy like a battery. Away from energy sources though his reserves rapidly depleted at a rate proportional to the way it was being used. Flying expended the most energy whilst his super human strength varied according to how much force he was wielding in a physical confrontation.
This meant outside of the city in quiet areas such as the countryside where there was very little in the form of EM radiation he it was impractical for him to use his Alpha abilities since he would burn through his reserve energy quickly and effectively become powerless which a clever enemy could use as a tactical advantage.
Inside the confines of a city where there were vast reserves on EM radiation in the form of electricity or radio waves not only did he have no need to tap into any stored energy but could use the stored energy at the same time as channelling external sources effectively super charging his Alpha abilities.
Having discovered his limitations, he was ready to re-join the ranks of costumed adventurers but by the time he made it back to his home in Pacifica he changed his mind, figuring that perhaps his best years were behind him and at his age he should leave the crime fighting to the younger generation.
Fate would however intervene for a third time in his life when the Mechaniac attacked the city. Watching the TV live news, he noticed how the authorities and the Phoenix Alliance were having trouble with the destructive criminal and he could not ignore their plight. Despite the fact that part of him was still thinking that crime fighting was a young person's game he found himself putting on his old costume which now fitted somewhat tightly.
He entered the battle and cut loose on the Mechaniac's robot allies. Fighting them felt good and it made him feel young once more, but once the villain was forced to retreat Tomasz chose not to stay and fled the scene before anybody could talk to him. He felt that what he'd done was a one-off situation and now that he'd got it "out of his system" he could get on with his retirement.
Over the course of a few months though he started making sporadic appearances. Since he derived all his power from the city he adopted the name Skyline rather that reuse Maglock. The next major battle he fought alongside other heroes was when a clash occurred between Team Zodiac and Alpha Strike. This was something he had been waiting for, since he had regained his Alpha abilities. The criminal team had taken so much from him he was determined to have his revenge.
From that moment in time if Alpha Strike ever made an appearance in Pacifica he would do everything in his power to wreck their plans. Though technically more powerful than before he had learned from the past so would only go after them if other heroes were involved.
For a while he was considered very much a lone operator but in recent times he decided to partner up with younger Pacifica heroes. As well as teaching them how to be better fighters, he also believes it is his duty to pass on his knowledge and experience in the hopes they do not repeat his mistakes.