text:
Corrective Primary Impression Technique
Aquaviva Fernandes1, *, Neha Dua1, Manisha Herekar2
1 Department of Prosthodontics,KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum – 590010, Karnataka (India)
2 Maratha Mandal Dental College, Belgaum, Consultant, Dental Specialty Clinic & Implant Center, Tilakwadi, Belgaum – 590006, Karnataka (India)
© Fernandes et al.; Licensee Bentham Open.
* Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Prosthodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum – 590010, Karnataka (India); Tel: +91-9822124127; E-mail: fernandesdent27@yahoo.com
The article describes a simple, quick and corrective technique for making the preliminary impression. It records the extensions better as compared to the impressions made using only impression compound. This technique is accurate and gives properly extended custom tray. Any deficiencies seen in the compound primary impression are corrected using this technique hence, this technique is called as a "corrective primary impression technique".
Failure to use an accurately extended custom tray for making final impression eliminates the necessary information regarding the anatomy of the basal seats available for the dentures [1-5]. For the fabrication of an accurate custom tray a correctly recorded preliminary impression plays an important role.
The objectives of the primary impression are to record all the areas to be covered by the intaglio surface of the dentures and the adjacent landmarks with an impression material which is accurate and incorporates the minimum tissue displacement [5].
Several authors [1-4] advocate different types of preliminary impression techniques. Some have suggested the use of alginate in an oversized perforated tray, where as others recommended use of impression compound by using a stock tray [2-4]. Boucher recommended the use of compound tray for border molding procedure [2].
This article presents a simple, quick, and reliable technique to make preliminary impression for edentulous patients.
Select a stock tray for the maxillary and mandibular edentulous ridges.
Soften the impression compound (Y- Dents, Delhi, India) in the hot water bath of 43oC and knead it.
Load the stock tray with softened and kneaded impression compound (Y- Dents, Delhi, India), then orient and seat the stock tray into the patient's mouth.
Ask the patient to perform physiologic movements to record the borders in the impression or a manual manipulation can also be performed by pulling the cheeks of the patients in an outward, downward, inward direction.
Before the impression is set, move the impression away from the tissues in the patient's mouth. This causes displacement of the compound away from the tissues and creating space for alginate.
Care should be taken that the displacement is within the limits to create the space.
Remove the impression from the patient's mouth, examine the impression for extensions.
Place the impression back into the patient's mouth and check the extensions.
Take out the impression from patient's mouth and roughen the impression surface by making grooves. This will enable mechanical retention of alginate (Fig. 1). Extending the grooves upto the borders of compound impression will allow the alginate material to pass through.
Following which apply alginate adhesive. The application of adhesive will reinforce the retention of alginate especially that the thickness of alginate is not sufficient to hold on its own.
Now, mix the irreversible hydrocolloid (Tropicalgin, Roviogo, Italy) according to the manufacturers specifications and load the primary impression compound tray, within the confine of the compound impression.
Just before inserting the impression material, instruct the patients to gargle their mouth with astringent mouthwash to reduce the viscosity of the saliva. Place the tray to the patient's mouth and perform the manual manipulation of the borders.
Remove the impression tray from the patient's mouth after the alginate is set. Now, examine the impression for the overextended borders.
An overextended area will expose the impression compound, this area should be marked using an indelible pencil which will transferred primary cast and can be relieved in the custom tray later (Fig. 2).
The cast should be poured within 12 minutes after the impression making to prevent the distortion of the alginate impression material.
Primary impression with retentive grooves.
Corrective primary impression with alginate, showing well recorded borders and exposed compound marked in indebile pencil.
The technique described is quick, simple and reliable.
The impression compound provides scaffolding and a better support for the alginate impression material, which alginate does not provide on its own.
It is noted that the under extended borders in the impression compound are corrected in the alginate impression hence it can also be called as "corrective primary impression technique".
This technique does not provide any gross over extension however, the over extended areas of the compound impression can be identified, marked and corrected in the custom tray.
The use of alginate in the technique does not displace the tissues in the border areas grossly as the impression compound does.
The impression obtained by this technique records details and is more accurate hence, it provides a stable and properly extended better close fitting custom tray.
The article describes a simple, quick and corrective technique for making the preliminary impression. The defects, which are met in the primary impression with compound, can be corrected with the use of alginate hence this technique can be called as "corrective primary impression technique". As this is a new technique, its usefulness and relevance needs to be evaluated further.
[1] Boucher CO. Complete denture prosthodontics : the state of the art Prosthet Dent 2004; 92: 309-15.
[2] Boucher's Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients. 9th. Louis.Toronto. Princeton: The CV Mosby St 1985; pp. 152-5.
[3] Sharry JJ. Complete denture prosthodontics. 3rd. Blakiston: McGraw Hill 1974.
[4] Heartwell CM. Textbook of complete dentures. 5th. London Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1993; pp. 232-5.
[5] Carlsson GE. Facts and Fallacies : an evidence base for complete dentures Dent Update 2006; 33: 134-42.


September is national suicide prevention awareness month, and that makes this month a great time to remember the importance of practicing self-love in our daily lives. Self-love is the true key to happiness with ourselves and within our relationships and many people aren't aware that true happiness really does come from within. There are many things you can incorporate into your daily life to encourage the practice of self-love. If you're new to the concept of actively practicing self- love, a simple journaling exercise is a great way to get you into this healthy habit. If the act of journaling seems foreign to you, we've put together a 10-day journaling exercise to help you get into the swing of things.
Day 1 – Choose a time and space.
On day one, pick out a quiet space and time of day where you can really concentrate on the task at hand. This could be alongside your morning coffee each day or while you are winding down for bed at night. Try to pick a time and place free of distractions so you can really hone in on your thoughts and feelings.
Day 2 – Free write.
For your second day, let yourself free-write for 15-20 minutes, jotting down anything and everything that comes to mind. This is especially helpful for those of us who tend to stare at the pages of a notebook with writer's block. It doesn't matter how silly it is if you're thinking it write it down! Think about what makes you happy, how you want your day to look, or reflect on the past day.
Day 3 & 4 – Dig into your fears.
As confident as we might think we are, there's always something that we might be insecure or frightened about. Part of the self-love process is realizing these insecurities and that we are greater than these fears. During day three and four, grab your notebook and jot down anything you might be unsure of or feel might be holding you back in any way. It's never fun admitting to insecurities but remember that these words are between you and your journal and your journal will never be one to pass judgment.
Day 5 & 6 – Write about your strengths.
Interestingly, many people find it's even more difficult to write about their strengths than their insecurities and weaknesses. Remember, this is between you and your journal so this is a great time to practice being honest with yourself.
Day 7 & 8 – Reflect.
• Where does this insecurity or fear stem from?
• Try to pinpoint the time or event where this insecurity started. Looking back, what could have gone differently to avoid your feelings about this insecurity today?
• Now that you've pinpointed the source, what can you do to overcome this fear?
• What makes this a strength of mine? What validates my strengths?
• How do I use my strengths? Can I do more to help others with the talents and strengths that I have?
• How can I use my strengths to help me overcome my fears?
Day 9 – Self Love.
After reflecting, day nine is all about self-love! Think about what makes you great as a person and why you are deserving of self-love. We are often our own biggest critic so it's important, to be honest, and kind to yourself during this part of the exercise.
Day 10 – Take some time out for yourself.
On day ten, plan to do something for yourself. Go out to eat at your favorite restaurant, or catch a movie you've been wanting to see. Amidst hectic schedules and increasingly busy lives, taking time out for oneself is vital to your mental and physical health.
Once you've completed the journaling exercise choose to repeat it as often as you like. If you're ever feeling stressed or overwhelmed, this exercise can be used to help bring you to a clearer more positive state of mine. Choose to make the practice of self-love a part of your everyday life for a happier, healthier you.


Michael C. Hall will be starring in Skittles' live Broadway musical, which will take place on Super Bowl Sunday.
You read that right – the musical will take place live in New York City on Sunday (February 3), and it will not air during the game.
Michael starred in Showtime's hit show Dexter, but has roots on the Broadway stage.
The stunt will feature a 17-member cast in a 30-minute show called "Skittles Commercial: The Broadway Musical," Adage reports. Tickets for the show, to be held at New York's Town Hall, are already sold out. The show will be written by Will Eno.
The musical will take place at 1pm ET that day, and many think clips will be available online in time for the game.


Located right near the zócalo and the 20 de Noviembre market for which it is named, Hostal del Mercado is an outstanding value. For around just $10, you'll be provided with both a comfy bed and a hearty breakfast. Immaculate ten-bed dorms have individual lockers and two shared bathrooms. Private rooms come with beds or bunks for up to four people. The community kitchen is modern and spotless and the sunny dining areas are inviting. There's also a lounge with a pool table and an outdoor terrace! Cash only, discounts available.
Other Hostels in Oaxaca that may be of interest: Hostal Don Antonio, Casa de Don Pablo Hostel, Zipolite Hostal and Hostal Pochon.


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What Aging Research Tells Us About Longevity With Dr. Danica Chen
By Longevity by Design, November 9, 2022
Listen to this episode of Longevity by Design on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, and Google Podcasts
How and why do we age? Is aging reversible? These are some of the most critical questions in biology. Fortunately for us, researchers and scientists across the world strive to get some revolutionary answers. Our guest is one of them.
In this episode of the Longevity by Design podcast, our co-hosts, Dr. Gil Blander and Ashley Reaver, are joined by Dr. Danica Chen, a professor at the University of California at Berkeley. In this episode, Dr. Danica Chen discusses the relationship between aging and inflammation and its impact on severe COVID, STEM cells' role in aging, and where the science stands on translating these findings to human health, and her best advice for longevity today. Tune in to the latest episode to find out more. And, if you're interested in aging on a cellular level, you definitely will not want to miss this one.
Meet Longevity by Design's podcast guest, Dr. Danica Chen
Dr. Danica Chen is a Professor of Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology at the University of California at Berkeley. Even though she originally intended to study international accounting, life had other plans. In the episode, she explains why she switched her major and went in another direction, and we're glad she did! Now, Dr. Danica Chen is a member of Berkeley Stem Cell Center and a member of QB3 Consortium in Lifespan Extension, conducting research studies that aim to understand aging-associated conditions.
Dr. Danica Chen is optimistic about the future of longevity research: "If aging-associated conditions are reversible, we're more confident that we can improve the health of the elderly. Now, it's important to know to what degree or to what extent we can reverse aging. One of the major efforts in my lab is to address this question, and so far, we have pretty good news." Read on to learn more about Dr. Danica Chen's aging research, and be sure to check out her full podcast episode.
Why do older people have a stronger reaction to COVID-19?
Dr. Danica Chen discusses the relationship between inflammation and aging and how this impacts the severity of COVID in the elderly. Aging individuals may have been hit particularly hard by COVID because of their low grade of inflammation. Inflammation is characteristic of common diseases of aging such as Type II Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and more, shown to predict severe COVID.
Research shows that the aging process may be reversible
Dr. Danica Chen says one of the significant efforts in her lab is to figure out whether STEM cell aging is reversible and, if so, to what extent. "What we learned from the studies is that older STEM cells have reduced regenerative capacity, not because of accumulation of damage, but because of a loss of protection. And I think this is good news because it means aging is more likely to be reversible." As a result of these findings, Dr. Danica Chen discusses how we may be able to reverse aging.
Reversing tissue degeneration and dysfunction by targeting mitochondrial damage
Dr. Danica Chen is particularly fascinated by mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell. In understanding why STEM cells decay during aging, Dr. Danica Chen and her lab discovered that the mitochondria might be responsible for STEM cell deterioration. She explains how their research proves that targeting the mitochondria can target tissue degeneration and reverse dysfunction. Dr. Danica Chen is optimistic that scientists will translate knowledge on STEM cells into humans in the future.
Dr. Danica Chen believes the future of aging research is bright. "To look into the future, I think we can look back first. The aging field has made tremendous progress in the past two decades. The hallmarks of aging have been identified. It's a very exciting time for rejuvenation. Using the knowledge we have learned from aging research and applying it to improve human health is what the aging field is trying to accomplish."
What can we do to promote longevity?
The current key to longevity is actually quite simple: focusing on diet quality and mindful eating. "There's a Chinese saying — you eat until you're 70% full. There's so much wisdom in this simple phrase. Calorie restriction has been studied in the aging field for nearly a century. So much has been learned about aging through a simple diet."
Longevity by Design
Longevity by Design is a podcast for individuals looking to experience longer, healthier lives. In each episode, Dr. Gil Blander and Ashley Reaver join an industry expert to explore a personalized health journey. The show helps you access science-backed information, unpack complicated concepts, learn what's on the cutting edge of longevity research and the scientists behind them. Tune into Longevity by Design and see how to add years to your life, and life to your years.

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Every November the United States celebrate the unsung heroes who care for patients across our country: caregivers. Whether they work at an institution or in a private home, caregivers depend on communication to do their job well. Communicating is a two-way street and involves more than just the caregiver and the patient – doctors, family members, friends, and peers are among those with whom caregivers must communicate on a daily basis.
Here are four areas of communication pivotal to any caregiver. Even if you're not a caregiver, these tips may prove useful.
Listen. Information is important to any role, but as a caregiver, when health is the focus, it is the most crucial part of the job. Ask questions and pay attention to answers. Allow patients time to express themselves, as some may need longer than others. Maintain eye contact with the speaker to show them that you're paying attention. If possible, converse in a distraction-free area that will aid in both your listening and the patient's focus.
Speak effectively. Use the name of your patient to maintain their attention. Speak slowly, clearly, and at a speed your patient can comprehend to ensure that you are being heard. Talk about one thing at a time and make sure the person you're caring for understands what you've said before changing topics. If they are struggling, don't repeat yourself, but try to rephrase in a way that they might better understand.
Consider posture. In some situations, body language can speak louder than words. Pay attention to physical cues from the person you are caring for, but be aware of your own nonverbal gestures as well. Use hand signals, lightly touch their arm and shoulder, and point when necessary. Try not to move when listening, allowing your patient to know they have your full and undivided attention.
Be patient. This may be one of the most difficult parts of caregiving, and understandably so. Take deep breaths. Avoid arguing and remember to always treat your patient like an adult. If you get frustrated, take a break and return to the situation when tempers are cooled. As important as it is to be a caregiver, don't forget that you need to take care of yourself and make time to address your needs too.
The communication needs of every patient are different. Pay close attention to the cues given by the one you're caring for and adjust your technique accordingly.
Thank you caregivers for what you do, and try to enjoy an extra bit of you-time this November. After all, it is your month.
Richard and Candy Robl share how they've kept their relationship strong for more than 48 years.


Classes can be used as many times as needed within a document.
IDs can only be applied once within a document.
So, if you need to use the same specific selector more than once, classes are a better choice.
You can use multiple classes to style an HTML element but you can only use one ID when styling an HTML element. This means that class selectors have a wider range of applications.
There may be times when a declaration conflicts with another declaration. These conflicts are resolved using the Cascade rules. In simple terms, if a class selector and ID selector were to be in conflict, the ID selector would be chosen.
Also following article has it's controversal way to detach scripts for handling DOM events, from presentation.
Classes vs. Ids was published on October 14, 2007 .


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Parental alienation is the process, and the result, of psychological manipulation of a child into showing unwarranted fear, disrespect or hostility towards a parent and/or other family members. It is a distinctive form of psychological abuse towards both the child and the rejected family members, that occurs almost exclusively in association with family separation or divorce, particularly where legal action is involved.
According to CAFCASS (Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service), for a long time now, those charged with looking after children's welfare have been aware of parental alienation in family law proceedings. However, growing interest and concern among the public, the courts, the social work sector and other key stakeholders has meant that this serious problem is starting to become better recognised. In April 2018, CAFCASS are, themselves, introducing a new tool the High Conflict Practice Pathway, to support the family court in dealing with parental alienation.
There is general consensus that alienating behaviours sit on a continuum of mild to severe with varying impact. Extreme examples of parental alienation are generally accepted as being a small percentage of the cases that come before the family court, so, whilst many people feel they are suffering at the hands of extreme alienation, the situation is often more complicated than that. More common are the 'hybrid' or mixed cases which feature a combination of child and adult behaviours and attitudes, often both adults are involved, even if the behaviour of one is more severe, leading to the child rejecting or resisting one parent.
Alienating behaviours can include: a parent constantly badmouthing or belittling the other; limiting contact; forbidding discussion about them; and creating the impression that the other parent dislikes or does not love the child. Alienated activities can include rejecting a parents, using the language of the alienating parent despite this language sitting uncomfortably with the child's age and stage of development, insisting the decision to reject is entirely the child's own and 'splitting' or seeing one parent as completely in the right and the other, 'targeted' parent as completely in the wrong. Whilst it is very easy to see the child as being completely influenced by the alienating parent, practitioners in this field suggest that it is very rare for the 'targeted' parent to have not played some smaller role in the child's decision to sever contact.
If you would like to read more about parental alienation, we believe these publications provide a solid foundation for understanding the problem and for providing a solution:
The Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Guide for Mental Health and Legal Professionals by Richard A Gardner.
Surviving Parental Alienation: A Journey of Hope and Healing by Amy Baker and Paul Fine.
Understanding Parental Alienation: Learning to Cope, Helping to Heal by Karen and Nick Woodall (Family Separation Clinic, London).
The leading practitioners in helping families to reunite after alienation are The Family Separation Clinic at www.familyseparationclinic.com.


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CHS Global Partnerships for Research & Innovation
Opens its Call for Proposals
for the Two-Year Funding
Cycle Starting in 2023
CHS Global Partnerships for
awards four inaugural
The Hearing Foundation of Canada
has now joined Global
Partnerships for
Research & Innovation!
Canadian Hearing Services
Global Partnerships for
To advance research and innovation that improves the quality of life for Deaf and hard of hearing individuals
CHS Global Partnerships for Research & Innovation is a non-profit organization and strategic leader in the advancement of research and innovation that improves the quality of life for Deaf and hard of hearing individuals.
Successful research and innovation funding grants and award recipients are chosen according to our rigorous peer review process. We fund people, not just their projects. This means that we seek out the best minds in science to help us address the multifaceted issues related to hearing loss and Deaf studies.
Our Funding Opportunities for researchers
Our network will connect the world's leading researchers to accelerate the future of hearing health and Deaf studies.
Meet Our Council
Meet our Research and Innovation Advisory Council.
We're focused on both Research and Innovation for the benefit of Deaf and hard of hearing people.
We Support the Brightest Researchers and Innovators in the World!
At CHS Global Partnerships for Research & Innovation, we connect and support a community of researchers who are helping to reimagine the future of hearing health and Deaf studies.
OUR RESEARCHERS AND INNOVATORS
Prevention, identification, assessment, treatment and (re)habilitation of auditory and balance difficulties.
/areas-focus/research-areas-focus
Research activities in the fields of acoustics, neuroscience, and psychology concerning perception of sound.
Research activities in the fields of sociology, language, and inclusivity of Deaf individuals.
Research related to the impacts of being Deaf or hard of hearing as relates to an individual's ability to participate and enjoy life activities.
Completely new products, a new feature in an existing product or the enhancement of an existing product feature.
/areas-focus/innovation-areas-focus
Activities that contribute to the research, development and design of new products, services, or techniques, or to improving existing products, and generating new technological knowledge.
How a product or service is produced or delivered to the client.
COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
The development of new, unique concepts supporting an organization's financial viability, including its mission, and the processes for bringing those concepts to fruition.
Raising the Bar defines our ongoing commitment to excellence by raising our professional standards, implementing best practices and driving quality in all that we do.
Visit CHS.ca


IFAM(E) is expected to be the largest 3-day juried Native American art show and celebration on the east coast taking place May 20 -22. Hosted at the Pequot Museum in Mashantucket, CT; 90 artists representing 50 nations will show and sell contemporary and traditional fine art in the museum's Gathering Space. The unique aspect of IFAM(E) is the inclusion of not only visual but performing and culinary indigenous artists to include hip hop and reggae bands, singer-songwriters, traditional music and dance, film, fashion, installation art, mural painting, youth art, and traditional and contemporary foods.
IFAM(E) hours and admission information is listed below.
Tickets for all events can be purchased at the door the day of the event.
Tickets can be purchased at the door the day of the event.
If you are planning on attending IFAM (E) we have secured special pricing at Foxwoods Resort properties which are less than 1/2 mile from the museum. And there is continuous shuttle service from all the Foxwood properties to the museum.
The purchase of an IFAM(E) admission ticket does not include admission into the Pequot Museum's world class museum exhibits. But Museum Members receive unlimited free admission to museum exhibits for a year, so become a member and support the museum and our ability to support programming like IFAM(E)!


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But You Did Not Come Back
Marceline Loridan-Ivens
Translated by Sandra Smith
A runaway bestseller in France, But You Did Not Come Back is the breathtaking, deeply moving and critically acclaimed memoir of a survivor of the Holocaust.
Marceline Loridan-Ivens was just fifteen when she was arrested by the Vichy government's militia, along with her father. He prepared her for the worst, telling her that he would not return. They were soon separated. The three kilometres between her father in Auschwitz and herself in Birkenau were an insurmountable distance, and yet he managed to send her a small note via an electrician in the camp – a sign of life.
In But You Did Not Come Back, Marceline writes a letter to the father she would never know as an adult, to the man whose death enveloped her whole life. Her testimony is a haunting and challenging reminder of one of the worst crimes humanity has ever seen, and an affecting personal story of a woman whose life was shattered and never totally rebuilt.
The year has barely started but already one of the most beautiful books of the year has been published. Short, dense, powerful, in a word: overwhelming, with a simplicity of expression and a skill for creating an image ... you will read it in one sitting. An arrow launched by a keen memory.
Film-maker, writer, activist, Marceline Loridan-Ivens was deported at the age of 15, together with her father. She survived, but he did not. Seventy years after the liberation of Auschwitz, she takes up a dialogue with him, in But You Did Not Come Back ... This book is a letter. The letter of a little girl to her father, the man with whom she was deported at the age of 15, in 1944. Then she was four feet eight inches, her shoe size 1.5. She has not grown much since. You can still see this little girl very clearly in the rebellious, cheerful, and slightly cloaked face of this petite woman of eighty-six.
Elle (France)
Marceline Loridan-Ivens gives us a valuable lesson. ... A lesson of survival and of life, describing ... how one can cope with the worst of all things without ever losing your dignity. You read this with tears welling up in your eyes. ... I'll say it again: read it. ... [An] important book, [one] book you'll never forget.
Challenges Magazine
In literature, every so often, there comes a miracle, a book, a text, an author, a writing style, a way of recounting something, refusing any pathos and any exposition, saying things about life and death. I'm evoking But You Did Not Come Back.
Le Magazine Littéraire
MarcelineLoridan-Ivens
Marceline Loridan-Ivens was born in 1928. She has worked as an actress, a screenwriter, and a director. She directed The Birch-Tree Meadow in 2003, starring Anouk Aimée, as well as several documentaries with Joris Ivens. Marceline died in 2018.
The Faber Book of Exploration, edited by Benedict Allen, described by the Independent on Sunday as 'Immaculately edited and shrewdly considered…
The Faber Book of Exploration
Benedict Allen
Ian Fleming's Commandos: The Story of 30 Assault Unit in WWII by Nicholas Rankin tells the true story of Ian Fleming…
Ian Fleming's Commandos
Nicholas Rankin
Longlisted for the Baillie Gifford Prize 2019: a searing portrait of Britain's hostile environment by the journalist behind the Windrush exposé.
The Windrush Betrayal
Amelia Gentleman


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Huberto Escobar
December 13, 1933 - February 5, 2020
Huberto Escobar, 86, of Stamford, passed away peacefully on February 5, 2020 surrounded by his family. He was born in Betulia, Colombia to the late Martin and Martina Escobar on December 13, 1933. He married his loving wife, Margarita, on June 6, 1956 and together they enjoyed 63 years of marriage. In 1974, Huberto moved to the United States, first living in New York then settling in Stamford with his family in 1978. He retired from Stamford Hospital in 1999 after 20 years of service. Huberto was a loving family man first and foremost. His wife, children, and grandchildren were the most important things in his life. He treasured every moment spent with family and loved nothing more than to spoil his grandkids with all the junk food they can eat. Furthermore, he was an avid reader who loved History and Politics. His sense of humor was always at full display during family gatherings or simply to lighten the mood. His kind and welcoming nature was ever present when he greeted you with a huge smile. Huberto is survived by his loving wife Margarita Escobar: his daughters Maria Reyes, Margarita (Jorge) Arenas, and his son Rafael (Barbara) Escobar: his grandchildren Katie (Juan) Pabon, Christopher Arenas, Stephen Arenas, Kaiden Escobar, and Payton Escobar: his great grandchild Nicolas Pabon: his brother Gonzalo Escobar and sister Cecilia Escobar. Dad, we hope you're enjoying your time with your mom! Family will receive relatives and friends on Wednesday, February 12th from 4pm to 6:30pm at Bosak Funeral Home, 453 Shippan Avenue, Stamford, CT. A Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated on Thursday, February 13th at 10am at The Basilica of Saint John the Evangelist, 279 Atlantic St, Stamford, CT. His interment will follow at Fairfield Memorial Park Cemetery, 230 Oaklawn Ave, Stamford, CT. The family has entrusted the funeral arrangements to Bosak Funeral Home, 453 Shippan Avenue, in Stamford, CT. If you would like to leave a condolence message for the family you may visit the guestbook on bosakfuneralhome.com or on Facebook at facebook.com/bosakfuneralhome.
Huberto Escobar, 86, of Stamford, passed away peacefully on February 5, 2020 surrounded by his family. He was born in Betulia, Colombia to the late Martin and Martina Escobar on December 13, 1933. He married his loving wife, Margarita, on June... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Huberto Escobar created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
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text:
Q: Simplifying Series of polynomials with and without fractions How can I simplify the following two series with $r<1$?
$$(1+r)^{n-1} + (1+r)^{n-2} + \dots + (1+r) + 1$$
and
$$\frac{1}{(1+r)}+\frac{1}{(1+r)^2}+\dots+\frac{1}{(1+r)^{n-1}}+\frac{1}{(1+r)^n}$$

A: HINT
We have
$$[(1+r)^{n-1} + (1+r)^{n-2} + \dots + (1+r) + 1][1-(1+r)]=1-(1+r)^{n}$$
and
$$\left[\frac{1}{(1+r)}+\frac{1}{(1+r)^2}+\dots+\frac{1}{(1+r)^{n-1}}+\frac{1}{(1+r)^n}\right]=\\=\frac{1}{(1+r)^{n}}[(1+r)^{n-1} + (1+r)^{n-2} + \dots + (1+r) + 1]$$

A: Guide:
Recall for geometric progression:
$$A+AR+AR^2+\ldots+AR^{n-1}=\frac{A(1-R^n)}{1-R}$$
Try to identify the $A$ and $R$ for the two expressions.
Also, remark, we have to assume that $r \ne -1$ for the second expression.

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text:
A  2001-től 2002-ig vetített japán animesorozat, amely a Studio Gallop és a Nihon Ad Systems gyártásában készült. Az animét Osamu Sekita rendezte, a producerei Hisashi Kato, Juro Sugimura, Makiko Iwata és Shigerou Sugimura voltak. Japánban 2000. április 5. és 2000. december 27. között a TV Tokyo tűzte műsorára. Az Egyesült Királyságban a Fox Kids vetítette. Az Egyesült Államokban a Fox Kids, a Fox Box és az UniMás sugározta.

Ismertető
Az történet főhősei, a Transformers robotok.
Az autobotok itt is az álcák ellenségei.
Egy csomó minden megváltozott: a sorozatban pl. a jól ismert Űrdongó helyett egy új karaktert, Hot Shotot reklámozták. Valamint Optimus egy tűzoltóautó, míg Megatron egy predakon.

Szereplők

Epizódok

Források

Animék
Robotsindisguise2001

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Find latest and state of the art topics for civil engineering Projects, Seminars, Dissertations and Presentations on Construction Management and Construction Technology. CivilDigital.com brings you series of uncommon and exclusive civil engineering project topics. Selecting the right project topic has a major impact on your career. Choosing civil engineering project topic can be crucial step in your career path.


Fritz is such a cool cat. He is maybe 5 or 6, and has sleek black fur and golden eyes. He is so lonely, because he is used to playing with his friends, and of course he misses his mom. Fritz is a neutered male, born in 2005 Could you love him?


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Widespread Coronavirus Infection Found in Iowa Deer, New Study Says
The analysis by Penn State and Iowa researchers strongly indicates that deer are getting the virus from humans, worrying experts about a deep wild reservoir for the virus.,
The analysis by Penn State and Iowa researchers strongly indicates that deer are getting the virus from humans, worrying experts about a deep wild reservoir for the virus.
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Deer in Winterset, Iowa, in 2019.Credit…Joe Raedle/Getty Images
By Andrew Jacobs
Nov. 2, 2021, 12:13 p.m. ET
A new study of hundreds of white-tailed deer infected with the coronavirus in Iowa has found that the animals probably are contracting the virus from humans, and then rapidly spreading it among one another, according to researchers.
Up to 80 percent of deer sampled from April 2020 through January 2021 in the state were infected, the study indicated.
Scientists said the findings pose worrisome implications for the spread of the coronavirus, although they were not able to identify how the deer might have contracted the virus from humans. There is no evidence that deer have passed the virus back to humans.
Researchers and outside experts characterized the study's findings as a troubling development in the course of the pandemic. Widespread infection among North America's most ubiquitous game species could make eradicating the pathogen even more difficult, especially if they became a reservoir for mutations that eventually spilled back over to humans.
The study has not been published in a peer-reviewed science journal yet, but its authors at Penn State University and wildlife officials in Iowa found the results so disturbing that they are alerting deer hunters and others who handle deer to take precautions to avoid transmission.
Earlier this year, a multistate survey of white-tailed deer by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service turned up antibodies for the virus among less than half the deer in four states, but that study confirmed exposure, not infection. (Antibodies could mean the deer fought off infection.)
This new analysis — conducted by examining the lymph nodes of samples from roadkill and from those felled by hunters — showed active infections, the researchers said. The veterinary microbiologists who led the Penn State study, Suresh Kuchipudi and Vivek Kapur, said they were not prepared to find such widespread infection.
"It was effectively showing up in all parts of the state," said Dr. Kuchipudi. "We were dumbfounded."
Evidence of transmission from people, the scientists said, was found in the genomic sequencing of the samples collected over months that reflected the virus lineages circulating among humans.
"There is no reason to believe that the same thing isn't happening in other states where deer are present," Dr. Kapur said.
Previous studies have hinted at such a possibility because a number of other animals are susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans. They include ferrets and primates that have been intentionally infected in lab experiments, zoo animals that caught the virus from their handlers and captive mink that were sickened after being exposed to the pathogen by farm workers.
In the case of mink, the coronavirus has already demonstrated an ability to sicken animals infected by humans, and last year, Denmark slaughtered its entire population of 17 million farmed mink after scientists discovered they could pass the virus back to people. The virus, they found, had also picked up mutations along the way, but officials said none were especially worrisome.
If the virus were to become endemic in wild animals like deer, it could evolve over time to become more virulent and then infect people with a new strain capable of evading the current crop of vaccines.
The findings were verified on Tuesday by federal scientists at the National Veterinary Services Laboratories, according to a spokesperson.
Scientists unaffiliated with the study who reviewed the findings said they were stunned, but not entirely surprised.
"If deer can transmit the virus to humans, it's a game changer," said Tony Goldberg, a veterinarian at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who studies the evolution of infectious diseases as they jump between animals and people. "To have a wildlife species become a reservoir after transmission from humans is very rare and unlucky, as if we needed more bad luck."
The Penn State researchers have been working with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, which already conducts surveillance on chronic wasting disease, a fatal neurological illness among white-tailed deer. The first positive test results showed up in September 2020 — in two deer at different ends of the state. Between late November and early January, as the pandemic was surging in humans across Iowa, 80 percent of the deer specimens tested positive for the virus.
By then, the researchers had tested only 300 of the 5,000 lymph nodes available to them; but the evidence was overwhelming.
Such a high rate of infection, Dr. Kuchipudi said, was effectively 50 times greater than its prevalence among Iowa's human residents during the peak of the pandemic.
What they found as they probed deeper was even more astounding. Using tests to decode the genomic makeup of each viral sample, they found similar patterns between the emergence of mutations and variants in the state's deer population and those infecting people. Researchers said that offered stronger proof of human-to-deer transmission as well as evidence that deer were then spreading the virus to one another at a rapid clip. Mapping the location of each sample also suggested that the infections were occurring simultaneously across the state as hunting season ramped up. The study's authors say it is unclear whether the deer were sickened by the infection.
How the virus passes from people to deer, however, is not entirely clear. Rachel Ruden, Iowa's state wildlife veterinarian and an author of the study, said there were plenty of opportunities for transmission given that 445,000 deer roam the state.
The virus can spread when people feed deer in their backyard, through sewage discharges or maybe when an animal licks a splotch of chewing tobacco left behind by an infected hunter. "Perhaps it doesn't take much of a loading dose to get deer infected," she said. "But either way, all of this is a striking example that we're all in this pandemic together."
The study raises a multitude of questions that scientists will be keen to examine, including whether other wild animals can also carry the virus, particularly rodents like mice that live in even closer proximity to people. The more species capable of carrying the virus, the greater the chances it can evolve in ways that threaten human health.
Such a scenario is not at all far-fetched. Even if the exact origins of SARS-CoV-2 remain a subject of debate, many scientists are inclined to believe the virus was a product of natural transmission from animals, most likely bats. There is no shortage of unpleasant pathogens that toggle between humans and animals, among them yellow fever, West Nile virus and strains of seasonal influenza that can infect birds and pigs.
Despite their concerns that the country's 38 million white-tailed deer could become a lasting reservoir for the coronavirus, experts say such a scenario does not mean all hope is lost in the battle to conquer the pandemic.
A dangerous mutation that one day finds its way from deer to people could be tackled with a booster shot — not unlike how vaccines for the seasonal flu are developed each year. A coronavirus vaccine for deer is also a possibility — scientists have already created them for zoo animals — but the practicality of inoculating millions of free-roaming ungulates would be daunting, to say the least.
In the meantime, several states have advised deer hunters to take precautions when dealing with white-tailed deer: wear rubber gloves and perhaps a mask when field dressing and processing; sanitize hands and instruments after dressing; and bag carcass remains before disposing in trash. Health officials say eating cooked venison carries little risk as long as it reaches an internal temperature of 165?F.
Barbara Han, a disease ecologist at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies who has been studying the spillover capacity of SARS-CoV-2 in various mammals, said the findings reinforced the need for a more robust system of surveillance that can quickly detect the transmission of pathogens from animals to people.
The pandemic has already prompted better coordination among laboratories across the United States, but she said she hoped the latest findings might turbocharge efforts to create a national, federally funded surveillance network for so-called zoonotic diseases. Despite a global death toll that has surpassed five million, Dr. Han and other experts say Covid-19 could have been far deadlier, a possibility underscored by viruses like Ebola.
"We can't keep playing whack-a-mole with these zoonotic diseases because it's just too costly, both financially and from a human losses standpoint," she said. "We have got to do better."


I will not only be your designer, I will be your Branding & Marketing mentor, directing you in the right path to have a website that represents your best version online and gets your best clients.
A beautiful and professional website gives the credibility that you need, but it has to be found in the sea of so many other websites on the Internet.
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A blog is your best option to really connect with your tribe on the Internet.
With a blog you can showcase not only your knowledge but also your personality and style. And this will be irresistible to your potential clients that relate to the way you are and therefore will be your best clients.
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Thank you very much for buying my product and congratulations on investing in yourself!


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Q: Problem creating form nothing shows up in layout view or form view but it does in design view When creating additional forms I have created a series of text boxes in design view.
When I select form view or layout view it comes up blank.
When I look at the form property sheet allow layout view and allow form view are both set to yes.

A: Your form's record source is empty, i.e. it contains no records. The form has no records to show and thus appears empty.
And it's either set to not allow adding new records, or the record source is read-only.


Dive in silence and train to dive as deep as 40 metres/130 feet. Learn about scrubbers, oxygen consumption and bailout requirements including how to configure a bailout cylinder system.
If you're interested in rebreathers for their silence and maximized no stop dive time, and are happy to stay within recreational diving depth limits, then the PADI Advanced Rebreather Diver course is for you. This course builds on your PADI Rebreather Diver certification by expanding your knowledge, adding a bailout cylinder, and training you to dive as deep as 40 metres/130 feet. If you aren't a certified rebreather diver yet, no problem – ask your PADI Rebreather Instructor about combining the PADI Rebreather and Advanced Rebreather Diver courses.
After certification, you'll need to qualify if you want to use a different rebreather model because procedures vary with each model. However, you don't need to repeat the entire course. Just take a PADI Rebreather Qualifier program that focuses on the knowledge and skills needed to use a different Type R rebreather model.
Visit your local PADI Dive Center or Resort and get the PADI Rebreather and Advanced Rebreather Diver Manual, if you don't already have it, and start studying immediately. For this course, you need to read the manual introduction and the last two chapters. Watching the PADI Rebreather and Advanced Rebreather Diver Key Skills video will really help you prepare for your dives.


Bare Land 15 perches available for immediate sale at Navinna. Close to Arpico showroom and Maharagama. Contact Fred 0775513893.
From 12 Bed Rooms to 50 Bed Rooms Hotels with Beach front and liquor license for sale as well as cottages for sale in the inner environs. Very attractive prices or Joint ventures.
This is niche market and principals by appointments only.
Country: wJije8 | Email:info@freesun close to Kandy Road.
Rent Will Be 15, Cable TV, Supermarket, Caf�, 24 hr security etc. Only �20 per day. Contact 01277 373497 or 07967 757015 in the UK or email dilani7@btopenworld.com.
NGOs need webs to promote their good services to others. The best way of doing it is having a good web with innovation and creativity.
Importantly designers needs to understand the NGO culture terminology & politically correctness & the clientele. What We offer is specialized service in the above areas. Including copy writing for your web. We also doing printing and other documentation services for NGOs for reasonable rates.
Ceylon Web Designers and Developers are gaining our feet as specialized web developers for companies in Sri Lanka and aboard. We have done many webs for companies with various business interests. We address your business needs and will create webs that symbolize your company capacity.
We will visit your company for explain our innovative and creative designs and thoughts.
OFFERS OVER RS 25 MILLION. amenities and colonial and Sri Lankan cultural features. Well published building in Colombo Niche.
Accomodation available in well secured properties for short stay / long stay.
For sale, 12 perches land in Upper lake Drive nuwara eliya.The last of the highly residential areas in Nuwara eliya.Land borders one of the popular cottages in nuwara eliya.Ideal for building your dream getaway!
Call 2853967 or 077 301 70 86.
ouse / Annex wanted for rent from August.
40p flat land with old house for immmediate sale.
very close to Gampaha city centre and schools.
LAND FOR SALE IN KANDY, SRI LANKA.
20 Perches of land (2 blocks of 10) in the Mountain Range housing scheme.
Only a 10 minute drive from the Peradeniya University (Kandy) along the new Peradeniya-Gampola New Road through the Peradeniya Campus.
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Safe, peaceful and residential surroundings. The neighbouring blocks are owned by university staff and other professionals. Ideal location for a holiday home. The site is provided with water supply, electricity and well maintained roads.
Expected price Rs.160,000 per perch (Rs.3.2 million in total � Approximately US Dollars 31,000 or GBP 15,500). Clear title deeds and facilities for bank finance. Offers welcome.
3 bedroom, semi furnished, fully air conditioned, 8th floor luxurious apartment available for immediate occupation.
Expecting USD 1500 per month with 6 months advance.
Four room fully air-conditioned house at Wellawatte Colombo 6, Wellawatte Sri lanka. Safe and secure residential area. Hot water, Telephone, Fully furnished kitchen, Washing machine, car park for one vehicle, tilled floor, well maintained garden, close to Apollo hospital (2.5 km), leading super markets, schools and Galle Road (200 meters) and 15 minutes drive from business city Colombo. Water, electricity and cooking gas are free for one month or more booking only. Linen will be supplied every week.
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Fully furnished 4 bedroom, 3 bathroom brand new luxury house in Eco friendly complex at JaEla (Nivasipura). Close to airport, Colombo and popular resort of Negambo. Swimming pool, A/C, Hot water,partment / House / Annex, preferebly in the Narahenpita, Thimbirigasyaya, Borella, Punchi Borella, Maradana, Rajagiriya, Ethul Kotte and Nugegoda areas. Rent: approximately Rs.20000/- per month. Parking space necessary. It will be used for exclusively residential purposes by single male professional.
sale for highest offer,please call0777315693.


How about them row PR's?!
Some of you are going to notice the "camera" rollin' during your WODs. We will shoot footage of different athletes for different videos we are making. Our intention is to post them and let everyone share them. This lets our community inside and outside the box see what we have going on.
This video is deep if you can follow it. Carl Paoli gets real.


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Hochwald est une commune suisse du canton de Soleure, située dans le district de Dorneck.
Hochwald fit partie du Birseck dans l'Évêché de Bâle. La crosse épiscopale de ses armoiries en atteste encore.

En 1973 eut lieu un terrible accident d'avion. 108 personnes y laisseront leur vie, tandis que 37 personnes survécurent dans la queue du charter anglais.

Références

Commune du canton de Soleure
Site construit à protéger dans le canton de Soleure


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Man accused of Southport bashing has charge upgraded to murder
September 26, 2014 9:35 am in Gold Coast by myGC
THE MAN accused of bashing his Southport neighbour has been charged with murder on Friday morning.
Nathan Sanchez,23, appeared in Southport Court via video link and was seen shaking his head as his grevious bodily harm charge was upgraded to murder.
Police alleged Sanchez choked neighbour Kane Barry during the fight outside their Southport Apartment complex on September 16.
Barry was taken to hospital in a serious condition and remained in a coma for a number of days.
On September 21, Barry's family made the painstaking choice to turn off his life support after several unsuccessful attempts to wake him up.
An autopsy completed earlier this week deemed Mr Barry's cause of death to be hypoxia with the victim also sustaining a ruptured larynx.
Sanchez's lawyer Colin Greatorix told the court his client would lodge a bail application in the Supreme Court in the next fortnight.
Mr Greatorix told reporters earlier this week his client claims he was attacked by Mr Barry and his girlfriend and that he never intended to cause his neighbour's death.
He'll be back in court on December 11.
Meanwhile, a fundraiser is being held to raise money for Kane Barry's 5-year-old daughter.
Freinds and family will be holding an event at Galleon Way in Currumbin on Saturday September 27 to raise money for Ellie-May.
There'll be jumping castles, a sausage sizzle among a range of other activites.
You can also make donations to the fund at http://www.gofundme.com/et6npk.
http://www.mygc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/gold-coast-news.jpg 321 845 myGC http://www.mygc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/mygc-logo.png myGC2014-09-26 09:35:042014-09-26 09:35:04Man accused of Southport bashing has charge upgraded to murder
Lanes reopen after shattered glass throws M1 into chaos Clive Palmer's Mineralogy blocks access for Chinese


Additional "Futures" Resources. These are new materials that seem relevant to me, but that have not yet been integrated into the most recent edition of the book.
HTML Version of the Table of Contents and Preface.
Send Email to Dave Moursund..
While most people regard the personal computer as a modern miracle, Kay sees the PC as a chronic underachiever. To him it's an invention that, like television, has fallen far short of the potential foreseen by its early proponents. Today, at age 66, Kay runs the Viewpoints Research Institute, his own nonprofit research organization in Glendale, Calif. He is busy with several projects involving education and technology, including the "One Laptop per Child" project overseen by MIT's Nicholas Negroponte, which Kay hopes will one day transform the PC into a machine that not only changes the way we work, communicate and entertain ourselves, but improves how people—especially children—learn and think.
This article discusses breakthrough technology that will help extend the future of putting more transistors on silicone chips.
"But according to a new analysis, this view couldn't be more wrong: far from being in technological nirvana, we are fast approaching a new dark age. That, at least, is the conclusion of Jonathan Huebner, a physicist working at the Pentagon's Naval Air Warfare Center in China Lake, California. He says the rate of technological innovation reached a peak a century ago and has been declining ever since. And like the lookout on the Titanic who spotted the fateful iceberg, Huebner sees the end of innovation looming dead ahead. His study will be published in Technological Forecasting and Social Change."
"At the Acceleration Studies Foundation, a non-profit think tank in San Pedro, California, John Smart examines why technological change is progressing so fast. Looking at the growth of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, Smart agrees with Kurzweil that we are rocketing toward a technological "singularity" - a point sometime between 2040 and 2080 where change is so blindingly fast that we just can't predict where it will go."
See also: http://www.accelerating.org/. This organization, and other people, talk about an continuing rapid gowth in invention, and an approaching singularity in which the rate of growth becomes completely overwhelming.
Neil Gershenfeld says we're on the threshold of the third digital revolution, one in which matter and information merge. He has kicked off the revolution in a fabrication laboratory, dubbed the Fab Lab, at MIT, where he's the director of the Center for Bits and Atoms (CBA). In the Fab Lab, students design and manufacture their own products using inexpensive fabrication and electronics tools driven by open-source software and programs written by MIT researchers. Other "fab labs" based on these principles are spreading around the world, especially in less-developed countries. Gershenfeld, who has laid out the precepts of personal fabrication in his book Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop—From Personal Computers to Personal Fabrication (The Perseus Books Group, 2005), recently explained the mission of the CBA to Computerworld's Gary Anthes.
Apple, Inc. Knowledge Navigator. Retrieved 12/6/06: http://www.digibarn.com/collections/movies/knowledge-navigator.html.
Moving along a path of energy-efficient computing, Intel Corp. has pledged technology evolution in microprocessors that will improve performance per watt by 300 per cent by the end of the decade.
Speaking to attendees at the Intel Developer Forum in San Francisco, Intel president and CEO Paul Otellini said this goal would be achieved through continued evolution of Intel's semiconductor manufacturing technology.
Today, the company uses 65nm process for microprocessor design and by 2008, it plans to reduce that to a 45nm design process. By the end of 2010, Otellini said, Intel aims to achieve 32nm microprocessor design.
"We're not going to slow down on Moore's Law; we have the design and capability to make it happen," the Intel president said. He was referring to Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, who made a popular observation – or forecast - that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles every year.
The products you use are about to get smarter, faster, smaller, cheaper, and more colorful. Here's your guide to what's ahead in PCs, software, mobile gadgets, home electronics, and more.
Upgrading your future PC could become child's play. You'll plug in building-block-like modules that pack anything from twin 64-bit processors to dual graphics boards. You'll gaze at stunning flat-panel monitors that display a wider range of colors than today's best LCDs, and you'll carry cell phones with 10GB hard drives.
Eventually, smarter technologies will turn most every car, wall, and appliance into an intelligent resource. The foundations for a truly connected future are being laid right now. Take a look in the following pages to see what the next two years will bring us.
Dongarra, Jack (2005). A not-so-simple matter of software. HPC Wire. (This article originally appeared in the Summer 2005 issue of NCSA's Access magazine.). Accessed 11/03/05: http://news.taborcommunications.com/msgget.jsp?
When we try to assess how much progress we have made in computational modeling and simulation, recalling some history about the related approaches of experiment and theory can help keep things in perspective. For example, we can trace the systematic use of experiment back to Galileo in the early seventeenth century. Yet for all the incredible successes it enjoyed over its first three centuries, the experimental method arguably did not fully mature until the elements of good design and practice were finally analyzed and described in detail by R. A. Fisher and others in the first half of the twentieth century. In that light, it seems clear that while computational science has had many remarkable youthful successes, it is still at a very early stage in its growth.
The reason for including this article here is that modeling and simulation underlies much of the supercomputing effort. From my point of view, modeling and simulation is a core area in ICT. Both teachers and their students should have some insight into this area.
Being labelled a techie used to be an impediment to advancement, but by 2010 technical skills will be more highly prized than ever, according to a study by management consultants Deloitte.
According to the report, "Eye to the Future — How Technology, Media and Telecommunications Advances Could Change the Way We Live in 2010", technology will continue to change the workplace and give an edge to those employees who are able to master and manage it.
In terms of the 2015 timeframe, I think that's quite realistic. By 2015 we'll be starting to get prototypes of the first computers which are roughly as intelligent as people. In terms of raw processing power we're not far off that right now, but of course it's not just a matter of taking an ordinary chip and making it run faster. It's a matter of figuring out how you actually do the thinking inside your head, because it's not just a simple computer program, it's much more sophisticated. We're starting to get an awful lot of insights into neuroscience and what's happening to the individual synapses, so neuroscientists are going to get a heck of a lot of information about how the brain does things, and we'll be able to use that to stimulate ideas for new computer science.
It's the year 2040 and Ray Hammond is getting advice from his software assistant Maria. Located in an implant just behind his left ear, Maria has a direct connection with Mr Hammond's brain. Linked with Google and other search engines, Maria is able to filter, search and speak softly to Mr Hammond, as quietly and as transparently as if she were his own thoughts.
Another key driver of change, he says, is medical technology, including stem cell research. Within the next 25 years, he says, humans in the developed world, or at least the very rich, will have the opportunity to extend their lives considerably.
The other four drivers of change? Globalisation, the world population explosion, the climate crisis and the looming energy crisis.
The map is structured as a grid that presents the intersection between six key drivers of change-trends-and five critical impact areas. Taken together, their multiple intersections suggest an emerging future landscape of issues, concepts, and phenomena that will shape the broader context for education and its stakeholders. Consider the map a guide to a future landscape rather than a comprehensive representation of a definitive future.
As our population ages and needs more care, there will be fewer young people to provide it. But don't expect to fill the personnel gap with humanoid robotic nurses, say a majority of the more than 700 IEEE Fellows surveyed in a joint study by the Institute for the Future (IFTF) and IEEE Spectrum.
The survey was conducted earlier this year to learn what developments IEEE Fellows expect in science and technology in the next 10 to 50 years. They ought to foresee such things better than most, because they have so much to do with bringing them about.
People often ask me what's the next big thing or what's the world going to be like in 10 years. It's relatively easy for me to tell you how fast processors will be, how much disk storage there will likely be, how fast networks will be. What's really hard to predict is what is the social impact of technology. It even varies by culture. In Europe, they just latched onto the texting. In Korea, people love playing games on their cellphones. It's a huge, multimillion-dollar business there . . . I think that's what's very, very hard to predict.
THINKING AHEAD | This fall, the editors of a leading public policy magazine, Foreign Policy, asked eight prominent intellectuals to identify the single idea they felt was currently posing the greatest threat to humanity. Most of the suggestions were merely old demons: various economic myths, the idea that you can fight "a war on evil," Americaphobia and so on. Only Francis Fukuyama, a member of the President's Council on Bioethics, came up with a new candidate: transhumanism.
Transhumanism might be described as the technology of advanced individual enhancement. While it includes physical modifications (diamondoid teeth, self-styling hair, autocleaning ears, nanotube bones, lipid metabolizers, polymer muscles), most of the interest in the technology focuses on the integration of brains and computers—especially brains and networks. Sample transhumanist apps could include cell phone implants (which would allow virtual telepathy), memory backups and augmenters, thought recorders, reflex accelerators, collaborative consciousness (whiteboarding in the brain), and a very long list of thought-controlled actuators. Ultimately, the technology could extend to the uploading and downloading of entire minds in and out of host bodies, providing a self-consciousness that, theoretically, would have no definitive nor necessary end. That is, immortality, of a sort.
Horizon Report (2007). The Horizon Report. Retrieved 2/13/07: http://www.nmc.org/horizon/.
By fall 2007, researchers, academics, and even K-12 users of the ultra high-speed Internet2 network will have the ability to conduct even more eye-popping applications for education and research, thanks to an upgrade in the works that reportedly could boost capacity of the network by as much as 80 times its current bandwidth.
University of Central Florida Chemistry Professor Kevin D. Belfield and his team have cracked a puzzle that stumped scientists for more than a dozen years. They have developed a new technology that will allow users to record and store massive amounts of data -- the museum's entire collection or as many as 500 movies, for example -- onto a single disc or, perhaps, a small cube.
Belfield's Two-Photon 3-D Optical Data Storage system makes this possible.
Belfield's technique allows for storing on multiple layers with the capacity of at least 1,000 GB and high-definition quality.
Markoff, John (October 27, 2005). Engineers make leap in optical networks. NYTimes.com. Accessed 10/29/05: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/27/technology/27chip.html.
SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 26 - A team of Stanford electrical engineers has discovered how to switch a beam of laser light on and off up to 100 billion times a second with materials that are widely used in the semiconductor industry.
The group used a standard chip-making process to design a central component of optical networking gear that is potentially more than 10 times as fast as the highest-performance commercial products available today.
Markoff, John (December 29, 2005). Chip industry sets a plan for life after silicon. The New York Times. Accessed 12/20/05: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/29/technology/29nano.html?
The development of nanoswitches has reached a point where it will be possible to manufacture them reliably at low cost, according to several researchers who have been involved in the preparation of the report.
Mashey, John R. Languages, Levels, Libraries, and Longevity ACM Queue vol. 2, no. 9 - Dec/Jan 2004-2005. Accessed 5/30/05: http://www.acmqueue.com/modules.php?
Any old Unix person would be amused to think that Unix's January 1, 1970, date would be enshrined so long. We have begun a process in which many people's lives are already dependent on the correct working of software, and likely to become even more so. Software once runnable only on large systems migrates downward onto larger numbers of smaller computers. Some current cellphones use 300-MHz CPUs, running at a rate higher than any CPU commercially produced by 1990. Some have 64 MB of memory, competitive with many expensive systems of the late 1980s. Vinge's book extrapolates from current small "smart dust" computers to assume that 5,000 years from now, most computing will be done by their hyper-powerful, barely visible descendants, containing layers of software (and more than a few trapdoors). In the United States, we already have approximately 100 CPUs per person, and this number has traditionally increased tenfold each decade. As wireless sensor networks proliferate, we face a future in which most objects have CPUs and are linked together via radio.
The Future of Learning Group explores how new technologies can enable new ways of thinking, learning, and designing. The group creates new "tools to think with" and explores how these tools can help bring about change in real-world settings, such as schools, museums, and under-served communities.
Poletti, Therese (December 8, 2003). IBM researchers move toward smaller chips. Mercury News. Accessed 3/28/04: http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/siliconvalley/7441257.htm. Discusses progress in nanotechnology that may lead to continued progress as projected by Moore's Law.
Kanellos, Michael (December 1, 2003). Intel scientists find wall for Moore's Law. CNET News.com. Accessed 3/28/04: http://zdnet.com.com/2100-1103_2-5112061.html. The article indicates that the fundamental laws of physics will prevent continuation of Moore's Law "progress" beyond 2018.
In a single day, a state-of-the-art fab can make nearly 100 trillion transistors, roughly 250 times the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Such facilities are by any standard the most complex, and, at an average cost of US $3 billion to build and equip, the most costly factories ever built by humankind.
Today's state-of-the-art fabs produce chips on 300-millimeter-diameter wafers [see "Special Delivery"]. By our count, there are 43 commercial 300-mm fabs in production as this issue goes to press, with perhaps a dozen more slated to come online by year-end.
This close coupling of our development operations and manufacturing allows us to stay on the approximate two-year cycle defined by Moore's Law.
NSF's five-year goal for high performance computing (HPC) is to enable petascale science and engineering through the deployment and support of a world-class HPC environment comprising the most capable combination of HPC assets available to the academic community. By the year 2010, the petascale HPC environment will enable investigations of computationally challenging problems that require computing systems capable of delivering sustained performance approaching 1015 floating point operations per second (petaflops) on real applications, that consume large amounts of memory, and/or that work with very large data sets. Among other things, researchers will be able to perform simulations that are intrinsically multi-scale or that involve the simultaneous interaction of multiple processes.
From 2010 there will be fewer opportunities for optical disks to be used as a distribution medium. Instead, they are likely to develop new applications in long-term data storage.
The role of optical disks as a medium for content distribution will end with Blu-ray Disc and High-Definition Digital Video Disk (HD DVD), many believe. So what will happen with storage systems from 2010? A number of engineers in the field responded with a common forecast: the future looks bleak for optical disks. Optical disks have achieved widespread use as packaged media for content distribution, with compact disks (CD) used for audio and digital video disks (DVD) for standard-definition television (SDTV) imagery. At the end of 2005, the next-generation disk market for media like Blue-ray Discs and HD DVD will take off, providing the distribution medium for high-definition TV (HDTV).
Many engineers believe it will be impossible, however, for any future generation to achieve lift-off as a distribution medium. There will be fewer and fewer opportunities for the disks to be used as packaged media, and they are expected to gradually vanish from view, for most consumers. It is even possible that today's next-generation optical disks may be ensnared in this trend. Optical disks will instead develop new applications in long-term data storage for networked systems.
A decade or two from now, will there be a laptop replacement? Will an even smaller, more mobile device — perhaps something the size of today's smartphone — replace the laptop in the lives of consumers? While it's once again hard to imagine, in fact much of the technology already exists to make it so.
GETTING BIGGER. Rick Rashid, the head of Microsoft Research and a former Carnegie Mellon professor, said it's now possible to buy a terabyte of computer memory for about $700.
A terabyte, 1,000 gigabytes, is enough memory to "store every conversation you ever have from the time you're born until you die," Dr. Rashid said, or a full year's worth of full-time video.
Computer scientists identify future IT challenges Goals for IT include harnessing the power of quantum physics, building systems that can't go wrong By Peter Sayer, IDG News Service January 25, 2005. These seven challenges are, in some sense, a forecast as well as targets for inventing the future. The idea of a grand challence seems closely related to forecasting and inventing the future.
South Korea, at the forefront of the drive to develop robots which can do anything from guarding the border to caring for the elderly, is now drawing up a code of ethics for them.
The nation, which has set an ambitious goal of a robot in every home by 2013, has launched a project to write what it believes will be the world's first Robot Ethics Charter. It will be released by year end.
'We are setting rules on how far robotic technology can go and how humans live together with robots,' said Kim Dae-Won, a professor at Myongji University who heads a team of 12 scientists, doctors, psychologists and robot developers.
Robots are turning up in more medical roles. Some help surgeons perform procedures, especially those requiring extreme precision. Others ferry supplies and equipment around hospitals and even dispense medication. Pittsburgh researchers are testing the Nursebot to lead nursing home residents to physical therapy sessions and remind them to take their medicine. GeckoSystems Inc. of Conyers, Ga., plans to soon begin marketing its CareBot to help nurses, doctors and relatives monitor and care for the elderly at home.
Face-to-face encounters between doctors and patients are increasingly giving way to technology in other ways, with the goal of avoiding frustrating telephone tag, long drives to the office and time wasted sitting in waiting rooms.
Physicians are turning to e-mail to reach and respond to patients. Hospitals, clinics and doctors groups are setting up secure Internet portals allowing patients and doctors to consult electronically.
Madison, Wis. — A crowd wearing paper goggles gasped frequently as they watched a human cadaver being dissected – in a 3D image sent live from La Crosse to Madison.
It wasn't just a display of graphics technology that could form the foundation for educational software on anatomy. It was also a demonstration of WiscNet, the high-bandwidth alternative to the common Internet that allowed an audience in the Monona Terrace in downtown Madison to watch a real-time demonstration of software running at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, which developed the 3D visualization technology in a partnership with Stanford's National Library of Medicine.
Sun Microsystems (). STARFIRE A Vision of Future Computing. Retrievved 12/06/06: http://www.asktog.com/starfire/starfireHome.html.
Remember when combining a camera with a cellphone seemed daring? Or adding a cellphone to a PDA? Such technical tricks relied on Moore's Law, which holds that the number of transistors on an IC doubles every 18 months. In the computing world, having more transistors on a chip means more speed and possibly more functions.But in many cases, those Moore's Law ICs deal with only 10 percent of the system. The other 90 percent is still there, showing up as an array of bulky discrete passive components—such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, antennas, filters, and switches—interconnected over a printed-circuit board or two. Real miniaturization requires something more, and we have it in the system-on-package (SOP) approach we're pursuing at the Microsystems Packaging Research Center at the Georgia Institute of Technology, in Atlanta. SOP leapfrogs well beyond Moore's Law. It combines ICs with micrometer-scale thin-film versions of discrete components, and it embeds everything in a new type of package so small that eventually handhelds will become anythingfrom multi- to megafunction devices [see illustration, preceding page]. SOP products will be developed not just for wireless communications, computing, and entertainment. Outfitted with sensors, SOPs could be used to detect all manner of substances, toxic and benign, including chemicals in the environment, in food, and in the human body.
This last application will see the convergence of biology, chemistry, and digital technology to produce capsules small enough to be introduced into the human body to monitor personal health daily. A capsule could be used, for example, to check vital signs and monitor parameters such as glucose levels, blood pressure, and even signs of cancer. The capsule would then wirelessly communicate the person's health status to a Web terminal outside the body or, via the Internet, to a physician (or to anyone, anywhere). Fitted with a reservoir, the capsule could also deliver drugs at programmed intervals to selected places within the body.
So what's next? What's next is what's next--the ability to forecast where events are heading, then make informed decisions based on that assessment. Predictive analytics, the scientific name for using a data warehouse as a crystal ball, is where business intelligence is going. It involves running historical data through mathematical algorithms--neural networks, decision trees, Bayesian networks--to identify trends and patterns and predict future outcomes. Will product demand surge? Will a patient relapse? Will a customer take his business elsewhere? Our ability to make such educated guesses is key to improving service, cutting costs, and exploiting new market opportunities.
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Tennessee now predicts the health care resources postoperative patients will need years down the road. The Federal Aviation Administration is identifying links between pilot health conditions and aviation accidents, with an eye toward avoiding them. FedEx anticipates which customers are most likely to respond to a new service or defect to a competitor.
Don't worry about what anybody else is going to do.
Second Edition, June 1, 2005.
These materials are Copyright (c) 2005 by David Moursund. Permission is granted to make use of these materials for non-commercial, non-profit educational purposes by schools, school districts, colleges, universities, and other non-profit and for-profit preservice and inservice teacher education organizations and activities. Additional free materials written by David Moursund are available at http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~moursund/dave.
The first edition of this book was published on January 31, 2004. In this second edition, all of the references have been brought up to date and a number of references have been added. Many small corrections have been made. A small amount of material has been deleted and/or replaced by more recent material, and about eight pages of other new materials have been added.
It would be a "great deed" to substantially improve our educational system. I strongly believe that our education system can be a lot better than it currently is. Indeed, I predict that during the next two decades we will substantially improve our educational system. In this book, I enlist your help in making this prediction come true.
Improving the quality of education that K-12 students are receiving.
Improving the professional lives of teachers and other educators.
Helping you make and implement some ICT-related decisions that will likely prove very important to you during your professional career in education.
Helping you to increase your productivity and effectiveness as you work to improve the quality of education being received by your students.
A second audience for this book is individuals and stakeholder groups that represent schools, school districts, and other educational organizations. This book is designed to help such audiences carry out long-range strategic planning for ICT in their organizations. The goal is to help improve the productivity and effectiveness of our education system as it works to improve the quality of education of the students it serves.
Formal school-based educational systems have existed for more than 5,000 years (Vajda, 2001). During this time, the goals of education have changed to meet the changing needs of our societies. Many of the changes have been driven by changes in technology and science. Some have been developed by educational practitioners, while others have been developed by educational researchers.
Continuous improvement model of small, incremental changes. All teachers are familiar with this, as they continually learn on the job and try new things to better meet the needs of their students.
Paradigm shift model of discontinuous jumps. The invention of reading and writing, and later the mass production of books, were each paradigm shifts that greatly changed education (Printing Press, n.d.). In this book, we will examine some possible ICT-based paradigm shifts in education.
Notice how we have "slipped in" a forecast or prediction for the future. Suppose that this forecast proves to be accurate. Then today's toddlers will reach adulthood in a world where ICT systems are perhaps 100 to 1,000 times as powerful as they are today. What might this suggest we should be doing during the years of formal education these students will be receiving? Will schools be the same 15 to 20 years from now as they are now?
It is easy to make forecasts or predictions about the future. However, it is not so easy to make predictions that are backed by careful analysis of current situations, trends, an understanding of change processes, and so on.
Thirty years from now the big university campuses will be relics. Universities won't survive. It's as large a change as when we first got the printed book. Do you realize that the cost of higher education has risen as fast as the cost of health care? ... Such totally uncontrollable expenditures, without any visible improvement in either the content or the quality of education, means that the system is rapidly becoming untenable. Higher education is in deep crisis... Already we are beginning to deliver more lectures and classes off campus via satellite or two-way video at a fraction of the cost. The college won't survive as a residential institution (Forbes 10 Mar 97).
Notice the 1997 date on this prediction. If you have been paying attention to higher education in the past eight years, you will have seen a number of things going on that are consistent with this forecast. The most obvious change that is going on is Distance Learning, with more and more higher education and precollege learning opportunities being made available through this environment. But there are other important changes going on, such as higher education students now making more use of the Web than "traditional" libraries as an information source, and most college students both owning and regularly using a microcomputer. In addition, most institutions of higher education are facing steadily growing financial problems and there is steadily growing competition for students and grant funding.
What do you think might happen in precollege education during the next couple of decades? ICT has proven to be an aid to solving problems in every academic discipline. It is obvious that ICT is a powerful aid to helping to accomplish a wide range of educational goals. Moreover, ICT has created new challenges or goals in our educational system, such as that of providing students with appropriate education in this new field.
Whether you like it or not, your professional career in education is being affected by ICT, and the affect will grow over time. You can view the rapid growth in the education-related capabilities of ICT as providing you with both major challenges and major opportunities. In either case, you can think about doing some planning for what now exists and what will exist.
This book is about forecasting and inventing your personal future in the field of Computers and Information Technology (ICT) in PreK-12 education and in teacher education. In this book, the word "your" covers the reader and any organization that the reader happens to be involved with. This book will help you to plan for some of the ICT aspects of your future as a professional educator.