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\begin{document}

{\title{{\hfill {{\small
        }}\vskip 1truecm}
{\bf Non-equilibrium universe and \BH evaporation}}

\author{
{\sc Iiro Vilja$^{1}$ }\\
{\sl Department of Physics,
University of Turku} \\
{\sl FIN-20014 Turku, Finland} \\
\rule{14cm}{0pt}\and
}
\date{ }
\maketitle}
\vspace{2cm}
\begin{abstract}
\noindent The evaporation of the \BHs during the very early universe is
studied. Starting from \BH filled universe, the distributions of particle
species are calculated and showed, that they differ remarkably from the
corresponding equilibrium distribution. This may have great impact to the
physics of the very early universe. Also the evolution of the universe
during the evaporation has been studied.
\end{abstract}
\vfill
\footnoterule
{$^1$vilja@newton.tfy.utu.fi}
\thispagestyle{empty}
\newpage
\setcounter{page}{1}

It is well known that in the very early universe the particles
could not been equilibrated due to a too short equilibration time
\cite{1,ES,EEV1}. Indeed, the only possibility to have equilibrium
distributions at times $t \sim 10^{-34}$ s corresponding equilibration
temperature $T_{eq} \sim 10^{15}$ K is to assume, that there is some
process producing particles readily to equilibrium distribution. (It
should be noted that in this case it is not really question of
thermodynamical equilibrium because there are no interactions
maintaining it.) Sometimes it is assumed that {\it e.g.} black hole
evaporation could be such a process \cite{EEV1}. When the particles
are originated from small black holes near Planck scale which evaporate due
to Hawking process\cite{haw}, the radiation at any given time
is thermal with temperature equal to Hawking temperature.

In the present paper we calculate the distribution of particles originated
from black holes. We suppose that the black holes are generated at Planck
time through quantum gravitation. After Planck time they begin to decay
emitting particles. We show that the resulting particle distributions are not
the equilibrium one, but differs crucially from it. This difference may play
remarkable role {\it e.g.} in inflation \cite{infl}\footnote{The existence
of small \BHs at early times would have also many other interesting
consequences, see \cite{plen}.}, because the
effective, ensemble corrected potential \cite{EEV1} differs now from the one
calculated with an equilibrium thermal bath \cite{RV}.

In the present study, for simplicity, we neglect the curvature effects,
arising at Planck scale due to ambiguous concept of vacuum state \cite{BD}.
By assuming isotropy, the comoving observers have same vacuum and hence,
whenever the average energy per particle is clearly smaller than Planck mass,
the analysis should be applicable. Consistently we omit also all direct
couplings of quantum fields to curvature and treat the gravitational field
classically.

Let the evolution of the universe be given by the scale parameter $R(t)$ and
suppose that at Planck time no other matter exists in the universe than
black holes. The radius of a (non-rotating) black hole with mass $m_\bh$
is given by $r_\bh = 2m_\bh /\MP^2$, where $\MP$ is the Planck mass. The \BH
surface area is now given by
\be{area}
A_\bh = {16\pi m_\bh^2\over\MP^4}.
\ee
For simplicity,
suppose that all \BHs have same mass $m_i$  at initial time and their number
density $t_i$ is $n(t_i)$. Because there is no other type of matter than
black holes, the universe is at $t_i$ matter dominated, {\it i.e.}
$R(t) \propto t^{2/3}$. The ratio of the density of the universe to the
critical density at that time is now given by
$\Omega (t_i) = 8 \pi m_i n(t_i) /(3 \MP^2 H(t_i)^2)$, where the
Hubble parameter is $H(t_i) = \frac 23 t_i^{-1}$. Thus we can parametrize the
initial density with density ratio $\Omega_i$.

Because a \BH  radiates at any time thermal radiation with the temperature
given by the Hawking temperature $T_\bh = \MP^2/(8\pi m_\bh )$ through
its surface, the loss of energy in time unit is $A_\bh h_* T_\bh^4 \pi^2/30$,
where $h_*$ is an effective number of particles lighter than \BH mass. So, as
well known, the dynamics of a \BH evaporation is governed by the equation
\be{BHD}
\dot m_\bh = - {h_*\over 15\times 8^3\pi^2} {\MP^4\over\mbh^2},
\ee
where we have omitted the absorption of radiation back to the black holes. This
is well motived whenever the radiation density $\cE_{rad}$ is small, {\it i.e.}
$\cE_{rad} A_\bh \ll |\dot\mbh |$, which is the case. The solution of
the equation \rf{BHD} reads
\be{sBHD}
\mbh (t) = m_i \left ( 1 - { t - t_i\over \tau}\right )^{1/3},
\ee
where the \BH life-time $\tau $ is given by
\be{tau}
\tau = {5\times 8^3 \pi^2 m_i^3 \over \MP^4 h_*}.
\ee
We express the initial \BH mass in terms of the inverse of $\tau$
\be{mi}
m_i = {\MP\over 8} \left ({h_*\over 5\pi^2\delta}\right )^{1/3},
\ee
where $\delta \equiv 1/(\MP \tau)$ has to be a small number $ \ll 1$,
{\it i.e.} the
\BH life-time is much longer than Planck time\footnote{Indeed,
one has to assume that $t_i + \tau \gg t_{Pl}$, because otherwise
quantum gravitational effects would certainly not be omitted.}. Using the
expression for $\Omega_i$ and \rf{mi} we can give the \BH number density
\be{n}
n(t_i) = \frac 43 {\MP\over t_i^2} \left ({5\over\pi h_*}\right )^{1/3}
\Omega_i \delta^{1/3}.
\ee

We are now ready to calculate the distribution of the particles emitted by
the black holes. We further simplify the situation by stating that all emitting
particles are essentially massless, so that the effective particle number
$h_*$ remains constant during the evaporation\footnote{The massive
case is as well calculable as the massless one, but leads to introducing of
numerous new parameters, which is avoided here.}. Strictly speaking, this is
not true, but gives a reasonable approximation of the situation, where no
specific model with its particle contents is given. Also, we suppose that the \BHs decay before the thermalization starts. This means that no thermalizating
processes are effective during the evaporation and hence not taken into account in the calculation. Whether this is a good assumption or not is studied later
in this paper.

During a time $[t,\ t + dt]$ ($t > t_i$) the energy emitted by a \BH
and distributed to $h_*$ particle species (degrees of freedom) is
$dE = - \dot \mbh (t)\, dt$. Because at a given time the radiation emitted
obeys thermal spectrum with temperature $T_\bh$ ($\beta_\bh = 1/T_\bh$), the
energy per degree of freedom within momentum between $p$ and $p + dp$ is
given by
\be{apu1}
dE(p+dp) - dE(p) = {k_\pm dE\over h_*}{\omega (p) f^\pm (p, \beta_\bh(t))d^3p\over
\int d^3k\, \omega (k) f^\pm (k, \beta_\bh(t))},
\ee
where the fraction $k_\pm dE/h_*$ represents the (total) energy per degree of
freedom ($k_\pm$ is 1 for bosons and $\frac 78$ for fermions appearing due to
different statistics). The other fraction expresses the part of the energy
within the given momentum range and the functions $f^\pm$ are the usual
Fermi-Dirac (+) and Bose-Einstein (-) distribution functions. Thus, the
particle number density (at the given momentum range) is simply given by
\be{apu2}
{dE(p+dp) - dE(p)\over \omega (p)} =
{k_\pm dE\over h_*}{f^\pm (\beta_\bh p)\over
\int d^3k\, \omega (k) f^\pm (\beta_\bh k)}.
\ee
Taking into account that the \BH density reads
$n(t) = n(t_i) \left (R(t_i)/R(t)\right )^3$, one obtains the distribution
$df_{f(b)}$ of a degree of freedom:
\be{apu3}
df_{f(b)}(p, t) {d^3p\over(2\pi)^3} = n(t) {dE(p+dp) - dE(p)\over \omega (p)}.
\ee
Combining \rf{apu2} and \rf{apu3} we write
\be{ddis}
df_{f(b)} = - n(t) {k_\pm \dot\mbh (t)\, dt\over h_*}{(2\pi)^3
f^\pm (\beta_\bh p)\over
\int d^3k\, \omega (k) f^\pm (\beta_\bh k)}.
\ee

Eq. \rf{ddis} represents the distribution generated during a time-interval
$[t,\ t+dt]$. The overall distribution thus if we want to end up to at a given
time $t$ is obtained by summing all contribution from $t_i$ to $t$, {\it i.e.}
all times $t', \ \ t_i \leq t' \leq t$. These contribution
are, however, red-shifted by a factor $R(t')/R(t)$, hence the final
particle distribution at time $t$ is given by
\be{dis}
f_{f(b)}(p;t) = - \int_{t_i}^t dt' n(t') {k_\pm \dot\mbh (t')\over h_*}
{(2\pi)^3 f^\pm ({R(t)\over R(t')}\beta_\bh(t') p)\over
\int d^3k\, \omega (k) f^\pm (\beta_\bh(t') k)}.
\ee
The formula above, Eq. \rf{dis}, describes in principle completely
the particle distributions created by \BH evaporation. It can easily be
generalized to the case, where the (initial) \BHs are not equally massive,
but have some distribution. In this case one just have to sum over all
contributions emerging due to different \BH masses.

To be able to calculate the distributions in practise, one has to solve the
evolution of the scale parameter $R(t)$. For that purpose we have to determine
first the time $t_{EQ}$ when the universe enters the radiation dominated
era after the beginning of the \BH evaporation. We have to calculate
when the energy density of the black holes, $\cE_{BH}$, equals the energy
density of radiation,
$\cE_{rad}$, they have emitted: $\cE_{BH}(t_{EQ}) = \cE_{rad}(t_{EQ})$.

Now, the (average) energy density of the black holes at a given time $t$
is given by $\cE_{BH}(t) = \mbh (t) n(t_i) (R(t_i)/R(t))^3$.
During a matter dominated time $R(t) \propto t^{2/3}$ and thus
\be{emat}
\cE_{BH}(t) = \mbh (t) n(t_i)\left ({t_i\over t}\right )^2,\ \ \ \ t_i<t<t_{EQ}.
\ee
On the other hand the radiation energy density at $t < t_{EQ}$ is given by
\be{erad}
\cE_{rad}(t) = \sum_i g_i \int \dk 3 f_i (k, t) \omega_i(k) =
g_f\int \dk 3 f_f (k, t)\omega(k) + g_b\int \dk 3 f_b (k, t)\omega(k),
\ee
where we have summed over all relevant bosonic ($g_b$) and fermionic ($g_f$)
degrees of freedom\footnote{Here we remind that, for sake of simplicity,
we have assumed that all relevant particles are essentially massless, thus
$\omega(k) = k$.}. Eq. \rf{erad} can simplyfied to
\be{erad2}
\cE_{rad} = -\int_{t_i}^t dt' \dot \mbh (t') \left ({R(t')\over R(t)}\right )^4
n(t_i) \left ({R(t_i)\over R(t')}\right )^3,
\ee
where $- \dot \mbh (t') \left ({R(t')\over R(t)}\right )^4$ corresponds
the energy radiated at $t'$ by \BHs and red-shifted until time $t$, whereas
$n(t_i) \left ({R(t_i)\over R(t')}\right )^3$ represents the number density of
decaying \BHs at the time when the radiation was produced.
Evidently, Eq. \rf{erad} can be obtained directly without using any
knowledge about particle distributions. Indeed, the connection between
Eqs. \rf{erad} and \rf{erad2} requires the identification $h_* = g_*$, where
$g_*$ is the usual effective number of degrees of freedom
$g_* = g_b + \frac 78 g_f$. In the rest of the paper we apply this
identification.

It should be noted here, that the correct evolution of the cosmic scale parameter at matter dominated era is not really as simple as
$R(t) \propto t^{2/3}$ but more complicated. This is due to the fact that
the correct energy density of matter, {\it i.e.} \BHs at that time reads
\be{corr}
\cE_{BH} (t) = m(t) n(t_i) (R(t_i)/R(t))^3,
\ee
which is not as simple as just dilution of the matter.Applying this equation
to the Einstein equation, one obtains
\be{realmatt}
R(t) =\frac 32 \left ({8\pi \cE (t_i)\over 3 \MP^2}\right )^{1/2}
{6\tau\over 7} \left [ 1 - \left ({m(t)\over m_i}\right )^{7/2}\right ]^{2/3}
\ee
which, however, is in quite good agreement with the usual matter dominated
form. Moreover, the calculation
of the scale parameter at the radiation dominated era leads to a complicated
integro-differential equation. Therefore we choose here to use the conventional
forms of the evolution parameter $R$, which anyway gives good impression of
the physics involved.
It is now simple matter to take the expression for $\cE_{BH}$ and $\cE_{rad}$
from Eqs. \rf{emat} and \rf{erad2} (and relation $R(t) \propto t^{2/3}$)
and equate them. One obtains a rather simply equation
\be{teq}
\mbh (t_{EQ}) t_{EQ}^{2/3} = - \int_{t_i}^{t_{EQ}} dt\, t^{2/3} \dot\mbh (t).
\ee
It is noteworthy, that eq. \rf{teq} does not depend on the initial \BH
number density $n(t_i)$ but only on initial time and \BH mass.
According to the approximated analysis, the radiation
dominance begins quite late compared to the \BH life-time. When $t_i/\tau$
varies from 0 to 0.5, the combination $(t_{EQ} - t_i)/\tau$ decreases from
0.928 to 0.908. In any case over
90\% of the \BH life-time belongs to the matter dominated era. This is a
consequence of the fact that the soft radiation produced at the early phase
of the \BH life-time further red-shifts during the expansion of the universe.
Using the expression \rf{realmatt} for cosmic scale parameter, one obtains
$(t_{EQ} - t_i)/\tau = 0.924$ which is in good agreement with the approximated
result. Therefore, it is reasonable to use the simpler equations.

The scale factor is now simply given by equation
\be{scale}
R(t) =  \left [ \theta (t - t_{EQ}) \left ({t\over t_{EQ}}
\right )^{1/2}  + \theta(t_{EQ} - t) \left ({t\over t_{EQ}}\right )^{2/3}
\right ] R(t_i)\left ({t_{EQ}\over t_i}\right )^{2/3},
\ee
where $\theta$ is the usual Heaviside-function. Eq. \rf{scale} can be inserted to formulas like
\rf{dis} and \rf{erad2}. In particular we are now interested in the energy density of the universe
at the end of the \BH evaporation era: the energy density at that time determines the later evolution
of the universe.  We obtain the energy density at a given time $t$
\bea{etf}
\cE (t) &=& - \left({R(t_i)\over R(t_f)}\right )^3 n(t_i) \int_{t_i}^t  dt' \dot\mbh (t') {R(t')\over R(t_f)}
\nonumber \\
           &=& - \left ({t_i\over t_{EQ}}\right )^2 \left ({t_{EQ}\over t_f}\right )^{3/2} n(t_i)
\int_{t_i}^t dt' \dot\mbh (t') \nonumber \\
           & &\times \left [ \theta (t' - t_{EQ})
              \left ({t'\over t_{EQ}}\right )^{1/2}  +
              \theta(t_{EQ} - t') \left ({t_{EQ} \over t_f}\right )^{1/2}
              \left ({t'\over t_{EQ}}\right )^{2/3} \right ],
\eea
where $t_i < t < t_f$. For times $t > t_f$ the energy density is only
red-shifted as usual.
We define a pseudo-temperature $\tilde T$ to describe the
energy density and particle distribution by setting simply
\be{tildeT}
{\pi^2\over 30} g_* \tilde T(t)^4 = \cE (t).
\ee
Now, $\tilde T$ is by no means a real temperature, simply because there exists
no thermal equilibrium. However, it describes the energy density in familiar
way and, moreover, when the thermal equilibrium is finally maintained,
$\tilde T$ coincides with the true temperature. Therefore, at the time
$t_f$ it is enlightening to compare the actual particle distribution to
the thermal one at pseudo-temperature $\tilde T$. In the Figure \ref{kuva1}a
we have displayed the pseudo-temperature $\tilde T$ at $t_f$ as a function of
$t_i/\tau$ ($t_i = t_{Pl}$).

\begin{figure}[ht]
\leavevmode
\centering
\vspace*{60mm}
\begin{picture}(0,60)(0,490)
\special{psfile=tem.ps voffset=240 hoffset=-250
vscale=50 hscale=45
angle=0}
  \put(-120,340){(a)}
\special{psfile=evo.ps voffset=240 hoffset=-30
vscale=50 hscale=45
angle=0}
  \put(100,340){(b)}
\end{picture}
\figcap{(a) The pseudo-temperature $\tilde T$ at $t = t_f$ as
a function of the ratio $t_i/\tau$. ($t_i = t_{Pl}$, $\Omega_i = 1$.)
 (b) Evolution of the pseudo-temperature $\tilde T$ as a function of
$(t - t_i)/\tau$. The upper curve corresponds $t_i/\tau = 0.35$
whereas the lower one $t_i/\tau = 0.1$. ($\Omega_i = 1$.)
\label{kuva1}
}
\end{figure}

An interesting feature emerges in the behaviour of $\tilde T$ ({\it i.e.}
energy density). For $t_i/\tau < z_c \equiv 0.334$ the pseudo-temperature
has a minimum during the black hole evaporation era. In the Fig. \ref{kuva1}b
we have plotted the evolution of two pseudo-temperatures, one with
$t_i/\tau = 0.1 < z_c$ (lower curve) and another with $t_i/\tau = 0.35 > z_c$
(upper curve). We have scaled the time so, that $\tilde T$ is presented
as function of $ (t - t_i)/\tau$.
Note, that the large $t_i/\tau$ values correspond small \BHs with
evaporation times comparable to $t_i$. Thus, if $t_i \simeq t_{Pl}$, the
approximations are not very good and. Practically in all relevant cases the
pseudo-temperature has a minimum.

In this stage we have to make a notion about the homogeneity of the
matter and radiation in the universe. All calculations done as far, and
all calculations to be done, assume that the universe is homogeneous at large
scales. We can consider the matter to be homogeneously distributed
if there are several \BHs within a single horizon volume. On the other hand
the radiation can be viewed to be roughly homogeneous, if the distance between
the radiation sources, {\it i.e.} \BHs is shorter than the length propagated
by radiation. These two conditions are essentially equivalent leading to
$n(t) > t^{-3}$. In particular, this requirement at transition time $t_{EQ}$
means, that $\delta < 0.14 (\Omega_i)^{3/2}$. So, if $\Omega_i = 1$ we obtain
$\delta < 0.14$, which in terms of \BH mass reads
$m_\bh  > 0.356 (h_*/160)^{1/3}$.

One can also ask, when the last emitted radiation (at $t = t_f$) is
homogenized. Spatially homogeneous distribution is reached at time $t_h$
(assuming the radiation domination
after $t_f$) if $n(t_f)^{-1/3} R(t_h)/R(t_f) < t_h - t_f$. Performing a
numerical calculation it shows up (with $\Omega_i = 1$), that
$(t_h - t_f)/\tau$ varies from 0 to 3 as $\delta$ increases from 0 to 0.5. Thus
the homogenization time is of the same order of magnitude as $t_f$ itself or
even shorter.

Keeping in mind all above, we are now finally ready to calculate the
distributions themselves. Applying Eqs. \rf{BHD}, \rf{sBHD}, \rf{scale}
and formulae for \BH density and temperature to the Eq. \rf{dis}, one obtains
the particle distributions. The distributions can be written as
\be{dis2}
f_{f(b)} (p;t) = {16 n_i\over M_{Pl}^4} \int_{t_i}^t dt'\, \mbh (t')^2
\left ({R(t_i)\over R(t')}\right )^3 f^\pm ({R(t)\over R(t')}
\beta_{BH}(t') p).
\ee
In the Fig. \ref{kuva3}a we have displayed the distribution at $t_f$ for bosons
multiplied by $p^2$ as a function of the momentum $p$ together with a
reference distribution. The reference distribution is
the equilibrium distribution with $T = \tilde T(t_f)$. All  are given in Plank
units with $\Omega_i = 1$. The shape of distribution given in Fig. \rf{kuva3}a
is generic and
it is noteworthy that the \BH originated distribution has  more power in
large momenta. On the other hand, the IR end of the distribution,
$p \sim 0$, there is less power.
Indeed, the IR behaviour of reads $f_b \sim \kappa/p$ like for
equilibrium (where $f^- \sim T/p$), but
\be{kappa}
\kappa = {2 n_i\over \pi M_{Pl}^2} {R(t_i)\over R(t_f)}
\int_{t_i}^{t_f} dt\, \mbh (t) \left ( {R(t_i)\over R(t)}\right )^2
< \tilde T(t_f)
\ee
for all relevant $\delta$: the ratio
$\tilde T(t_f)/\kappa$ is for all $\delta < 0.5$ larger than $\sim 5.6$.
This may be important, because the IR effects are essential in many physical
considerations, in particular when some kind of effective potential and/or
interactions are used.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\leavevmode
\centering
\vspace*{55mm}
\begin{picture}(0,60)(0,490)
\special{psfile=bos1.ps voffset=250 hoffset=-250
vscale=50 hscale=45
angle=0}
  \put(-120,350){(a)}
\special{psfile=fer1.ps voffset=250 hoffset=-30
vscale=50 hscale=45
angle=0}
  \put(100,350){(b)}
\end{picture}
\figcap{(a) Boson distribution function $p^2 f_b(p; t_f)$ as a function of
momentum $p$ (solid line). For reference, also the equilibrium distribution
at the temperature $\tilde T(t_f)$ has been presented (dashed line).
$\delta = 0.1$. (b) Corresponding fermion distribution function
$ p^2 f_f(p; t_f)$ (solid line) with equilibrium reference curve at $\tilde T(t_f)$ (dashed line). $\delta = 0.1$.
\label{kuva3}
}
\end{figure}

The fermionic distribution function is presented in Fig. \ref{kuva3}b.
As for bosonic case we have presented for comparison the equilibrium
distribution at $\tilde T(t_f)$, too. The shape of the
distribution in Fig. \ref{kuva3}b is generic, and again there is more power at
large $p$ in $f_f$ than in equilibrium distribution. In general, the
distributions arising from \BH evaporation are
flatter and lower than corresponding equilibrium distributions. This can be
understood, because at late times $t \sim t_f$ the \BH radiates particles with
large momenta. The particle density, $n_{b(f)}$, is thus always lower than
at equilibrium with same energy density, $n_{b(f)}^{EQ}$. The ratio
$n_{b(f)}/n_{b(f)}^{EQ} < 0.36$ for all $\delta < 0.5$ and is proportional to
$\delta^{1/6}$ when $\delta \goto 0$.

Finally the question, how small the parameter $\delta$ can be, {\it i.e.}
how large the \BHs can be. If one supposes that the \BHs evaporate before the
thermalization takes place due to GUT processes \cite{1}, strong
interactions \cite{ES} or electroweak interactions \cite{EEV1}, one has to
require that $t_f \ll t_{th} = 1/\Gamma$, where $\Gamma$ is the (average)
thermalization rate of the particles involved. If $\Gamma \sim \alpha \tilde T$,
where inspired by GUT's $\alpha \sim 3\times 10^{-2}$, we  conclude that
$\delta/\tilde T \gg \alpha^2$ or $\delta \gg 3 \times 10^{-8}$.
This estimate has many uncertainties
{\it e.g.} because as dimensional parameter the pseudo-temperature $\tilde T$
has been used. Nevertheless, this approximation gives a general idea about the
time-scales involved. On the other hand, one should address some interest to
the question, when the masses are negligible. Concerning
the tree-level masses, general remarks are impossible without specifying a
particular model. However, in the case of the ensemble masses ("thermal masses")
some remarks can be done. The ensemble mass $m_e \sim g \tilde T$, where
$g$ is a generic coupling, should be small compared to the \BH temperature
$T_\bh$,
{\it i.e.} $m_e \ll T_\bh$. This can be rewritten as $\delta^{1/3}/\tilde T \gg
g \pi ({h_*\over 5\pi^2})^{1/3}M_{Pl}^{-1}$, where $T_\bh = T_\bh (t_i)$ has
been used because it corresponds the lowest \BH temperature giving a
conservative limit. Now the left hand side of this equation is always
larger than 7.9 (at $\delta = 0.5$). Thus (for $h_* = 160$) the ensemble mass
can be ignored, if the coupling $g \ll 1.7$!

In the present, paper a general study of the particle distributions
inspired by the \BH evaporation is presented. It is found that
the distribution produced differ clearly from the equilibrium distributions.
The distribution has much more power at large momenta and the boson
distribution has slower increase  when $p\goto 0+$. The conditions of validity
of the analysis have been studied and found that under wide range of parameters
calculation can be performed with good reliability. Also the evolution of the
universe has been studied during the \BH evaporation era. In particular, the
time when it makes transition from matter domination to radiation domination
and the generic bahaviour of radiation density are calculated.
These considerations may have great impact to the calculations of the very
early universe. However, more detailed studies are definitely needed, when any
particular model is considered.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


I have set up Google so that it alerts me to anything in the news that comes up with the word "Amish" in it. I cringe at how many news stories are about vehicular accidents involving Amish buggies. The latest one I read about happened in Minnesota last Friday. Before that there was a hit and run accident in Holmes County, Ohio. In mid-November there was another story about a hit-and-run accident in Sauk County, Wisconsin. Just a few days before that, a man in Ashland, Ohio was charged with vehicular assault, which involved a family of eight being ejected from their buggy. Earlier this month, there was a news story about a community in Tennessee concerned about a sharp rise in the number of car-buggy accidents. I could add a lot more to this list, but keeping it to the stories I know about from this month gives you an idea of what I mean.
It disturbs me how many of the incidents are hit-and-run. I can only imagine the guilt involved in hitting a buggy, even it it was unavoidable. But I cannot imagine leaving the scene of the accident.
For each incident, one can point to the reason why it happened: the driver of the motor vehicle was distracted or drunk; the horse got spooked and ran into the path of a motor vehicle; the road was icy; the sun was blinding the driver of the motor vehicle; the buggy wasn't lit well enough to be seen; the motor vehicle driver came around a curve and didn't see the buggy until it was too late… there is such a variety of reasons why these accidents happen. I believe one of the biggest factors in buggies and motor vehicles sharing the road is the speed differential. It can be startling for car drivers moving at sixty miles an hour to come upon a buggy going five, ten, or fifteen miles an hour, even if they are paying attention to their driving.
Most of the time, the motor vehicle drivers are considered at fault, but by no means always. The strictest Amish communities do not allow the orange triangle to be displayed on their vehicles. The only lights they allow is an oil-burning lamp on one side of the buggy. They also use gray reflector tape to outline the back of the buggy. But on a dark or foggy night, or even a stormy day, a driver may not spot a buggy until they are nearly on them.
One late afternoon David, and I were traveling on a secondary paved road in upstate New York when a large semi-truck veered sharply into our lane. David responded by hugging the shoulder, nearly going off the road because of the big drop from pavement to gravel. It was a hair-raising moment. It turned out the truck driver was going way too fast when he came upon a buggy on the shoulder of the road. An Amish man was lighting the buggy lamp on the traffic side of the buggy. Instead of slowing down, the truck driver veered over into our lane. This was a case that one could say both the Amish man and the truck driver were at fault. In any case, we could have been fatalities reported in the news.
The strictest of the Amish are not the only ones whose buggies are hard to see, though. In northern Indiana, where the Amish are considered much more liberal, the buggies are poorly lit. They have battery-powered lights, and they have the orange triangle, but they must be using outdated lights or something because they are not very visible. I know most people don't like to use the Amish in Geauga County as a good example for anything, but I think their buggies are the most visible. In the front, they have reflectors above the windshield, and bright LED headlights. In the back there is often a whole row of blinking lights, a set of tail lamps, the orange reflector, and reflector tape outlining the back of the buggy. They have mostly straight roads there, so you can normally see a buggy from a mile away. In addition, they have turning signals, so when you come up behind a buggy at an intersection, you don't have to guess which way it's going.
The prevailing attitude in most Amish communities is that whatever happens (even what most of us consider avoidable accidents), it is God's Will. The belief is that God has ordained our lives before we're born, including the time and cause of our death. In their way of thinking, being on the road at the time of a fatal accident — well there isn't anything we can do about that.
I think the Amish with that attitude should realize that not everyone shares their beliefs, and that most people would feel guilty their lives long if they hurt, maimed, or killed someone in an accident. This burden can sometimes be avoided simply by making buggies more visible.
I've been thinking about the car-buggy problem for years. According to researchers of Amish culture, their population is growing fast — at the rate of doubling every twenty years. The number of motor vehicles on the roads across this country isn't dwindling, either. So one can conclude that the car/buggy problem is only going to get worse. That is unless Amish leaders and policy makers in the mainstream culture get together and come up with solutions to this problem.
Back when I was still living in my original community, if anyone mentioned anything about the challenges of cars and buggies sharing the same roads, an Amish person would say, with some indignation in his voice, "The buggies were here first." As if that settled it. But it really doesn't settle anything.
I have come up with a radical proposal for a solution to this problem. There are many bike paths that have been built on old railroad beds and through countrysides. What if horse and buggies were to share these paths? In some places, the paths might need to be widened, and perhaps the Amish could offer to have more paths built on their land to connect Amish homes. The restriction of motor vehicles on these paths would have to be strictly enforced. And conversely, buggies would not have the right to use busy paved highways. Cars and buggies could still share dirt roads, but the speed limits could be reduced and enforced to help prevent accidents.
There is another issue that can be resolved with this solution. The pressure has been increasing in many Amish communities for them to put catching devices on their horses to keep manure off the roads. The Amish have resisted this pressure. If they were to share the bike paths with bikers and walkers, it is no longer dangerous for them to stop and clean up after their horses. There could be canisters every so far to discard the manure, which can then be composted to use in gardens.
I know many would think this an impractical solution. And perhaps it is. I bet if some of those intelligent Amish were to think about it long enough, they could come up with better ideas. But they would have to see it as a problem first and then they would have to let go of the belief that it's out of their hands.
The night before Thanksgiving, an Amish family in my home community had a house fire. There were eleven family members, ranging in age from one year to the parents being in their forties. Most of the family members survived, though their two-year-old did not. Seven family members are being treated for burns in a nearby hospital. The names of the family members have not been mentioned in the reports I've read, so I don't know if they are relatives.
The cause of the fire has not been reported, though it was described as a flash fire — one that burns hot and then extinguishes itself when it depletes the oxygen in the space.
As far as I know, the Amish in Middlefield are still not allowed to have outdoor propane tanks. Last I knew (2006), there were a few elderly bishops who were holding onto the rules against it. The younger bishops usually look to the older ones to set the rules. Some Amish who have moved out of Geauga County to start other settlements have changed this rule and do allow outdoor propane tanks. But in the Geauga community, many families have floor lamps with five gallons of fuel in their base. I'm not actually sure whether they are fueled by white gas or propane, but I do know they are dangerous to use inside homes.
More details will likely be revealed in future reports. I will let you know when I find out more.
Your message is a heart breaking one. I think your idea of utilizing the 'new purposed' roadbeds is a good one. I don't really see any other solution, unless maybe bike paths next to highways could be widened. I can foresee many problems with that, though.
I think that a great many drivers - maybe ALL of us - really have no idea how much slower 10 or 15 miles an hour than a car that is traveling between 45 and 70. It is a shock- a shock as bad as coming around a corner and finding cattle or sheep on the road. There is no comparison to the difference in speed.
It isn't always a buggy accident. My uncle in Kentucky was hit and killed while driving a farm tractor on the road. Same problem- the difference in speed.
My first cousin, with whom I grew up in Oregon, was killed in a buggy accident in Oklahoma when she and her husband were hit from behind; the buggy fell on her. She lived several weeks but her bones and organs were too severely impacted.
I've never lived in a mainly-Amish community. The Amish church in Stuarts Draft, Virginia was much bigger than our Oregon church but it wasn't close to being as large as some churches in Ohio or Pennsylvania or Indiana. There was no traffic fatality in Draft in the years I lived there.
Elva, thank you for your thoughts. I know there are problems with having separate roads, but could they be solved more easily than sharing the roads? I don't know.
Your description about the speed differential is right on... it is a shock like finding a cow or sheep in the road.
I'm sorry to hear about the fatalities in your extended family. I knew some people in my original community who died in car/buggy accidents. In fact, a first cousin died a week or so after an accident. She died on Christmas Day. She had a twin.
Several years ago, there was a vanload of Amish visiting communities in NY State when there was a huge accident with one of those really big farm tractors with the high wheels. There were close to a dozen people in the van, and many of them killed, including a husband and wife who had 12 children at home. Ironically, the mother of that family was a daughter to the surviving twin in the accident I mentioned above.
In this case, the accident happened when they were not in their buggies. But oh so devastating.
It just sunk in that you grew up in Stuarts Draft. You may know one of the women in my writing group. I'll email you her name.
I shared this on the Third Way facebook page, for more visibility. Thanks for writing it.
Thank you so much, Melodie. I appreciate any postings, always.
In addition, the state needs to provide more training for drivers during driver's Ed about how to respond when they come up behind a slow moving vehicle, whether it's a bicycle or a buggy. They should actually have to practice it before they can get their license. And whenever someone renews their license there should be some training about it again.
Good suggestions, Aleta. I would not have thought of that, but that could be really helpful.
I like your idea also though the cost would, I'm sure, be one of the first things discussed within a community.Perhaps if the community members and the Amish both helped pay for this it wouldn't be so much of a burden. I know in many communities the Amish help maintain the roads because of the damage their steel wheels cause. I agree with you also about it often being not just the car drivers fault but also the Amish buggy driver. I will never understand not wanting to keep their family safe by using lights on their buggies. Paul and I travel around many areas where there are Amish and some of the roads with their hills and tight corners are scary for the Amish to say the least. You brought up a good point that i didn't even think about and that is what the person driving the car has to live with the rest of their lives, especially when it was a true accident and not just someone being careless.The areas that we frequent will often have the tell-tale yellow sign with the black horse and buggy on it warning drivers, but frankly I don't think they put up enough of them. At the same time there cant be that many people out there who haven't heard of the Amish and their mode of transportation. You would think they could be a little more cautious when driving through those areas. I read about accidents all the time in the Budget, its so sad. There has got to be away to make these two modes of transportation safely co-exist. I also have trouble wrapping my brain around not allowing the propane to be piped into the house. It would be so much safer. If the Amish community itself payed for the holding tanks and then piped the propane into their homes then they would still be separate from the world, right? I totally understand their wanting to remain "in the world but not of it" but there has got to be a way to remain separate and still keep your family safe.
Pamela, thank you for your comments. I have an update I'll post soon on the idea of the shared bike path/buggy road idea.
As far as the safety issues go... there are some of the older bishops who are so afraid of the slippery slope that they will restrict the use of some technologies, even at the expense of the safety of their families. Because many Amish truly believe God has ordained when and how we die, "safety" for their families is out of their hands.
I should have added "in their view" with that last statement.


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If one's heart is out, then so is their coherency and their vibratory fields-This is the ultimate inside job- actions ALWAYS speak for themselves. Simple Stuff!!!
From the Curezone Posting Rules Manual- How will a community thrive without the integrity of it's word?
The NY Times has blown the cover of the case of Diabetes...or is it really just that most patients understand their eating habits in relationship to their blood sugar and choose the moment over the eventual outcome...or maybe some of the hospitals need to utilize their "machines" and do counsel in nutrition, but also prescribe "other modalities"...could it be nothing is ever as simple as black or white..


text:
Q: I'm trying to send mail in JavaScript for mobile Application but it doesn't work

The above code is my Function for sending
<form>

          <input type="text" value="Name" onfocus="this.value = '';" onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Name';}">

          <input type="text" value="Email" onfocus="this.value = '';" onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Email';}">

          <input type="text" value="Phone" onfocus="this.value = '';" onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Phone';}">

     <textarea onfocus="this.value = '';" onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Messages';}">Messages</textarea>
     <input type="submit"id="Email" onclick="sendMail()" value="Send">

</form>

This may code.I am using JavaScript and html  three things  I sending... in above program

*

*Name

*Email

*phone Number

I'm trying to send mail in JavaScript for mobile Application but it doesn't work. please do suggest some solution.

A: Please try this.
https://github.com/dwyl/html-form-send-email-via-google-script-without-server
by using googlescript

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It's the only way to find out the truth.
There's a mismatch between how people see themselves and how others see them. It's called the "transparency illusion."
That illusion leads us to believe that others always understand our intentions and know what's going on in our minds.
In fact, things aren't so clear — which is why we need to flat-out ask our coworkers in order to take the next steps at work.
How do the people you work with see you?
However you answered that question, you're almost certainly wrong. It's surprisingly difficult for most of us to understand how others perceive us — we think we're being inclusive as managers and others see us as weak and indecisive (that happened to me). Or we think we're being clever and entertaining and others think that we talk too much (that happened to me too).
One common reason for the mismatch between how we see ourselves and how others see us is something called the "transparency illusion" — the belief that others always understand our intentions and know what's going on in our minds. That insight comes from Kristi Hedges, leadership coach and author, who explains the problem in a recent piece for the Harvard Business Review.
The problem with the transparency illusion is that it can get in the way of your success, particularly if you run a company and want it to grow, or if you have a managerial job and hope to move on to a higher executive position. "We are often uncertain, confused, or even completely unaware of what we project. And this lack of self-awareness can be career-limiting," Hedges writes. For example, one of her client missed the chance at a high-level position because people perceived him as negative and difficult when he just thought he was being analytical.
1. Select five people and ask for a one-on-one meeting.
"Choose colleagues who see you repeatedly in relevant work situations: bosses, executives, direct reports, peers, or even former colleagues. Influential co-workers who have their ears to the ground make great sources," Hedges writes.
Your instincts may tell you to choose people you really trust, because you respect their opinion and you know they won't hurt you too badly. It's fine to include them, but make sure you also ask people you know will be completely straight with you. People who knew you in a former job and still deal with you today are especially valuable.
Begin the meeting by explaining that whatever they tell you will be kept in confidence and that you are soliciting feedback from multiple co-workers. Both will help your sources be more comfortable, and therefore more honest with you.
"What is the general perception of me?"
"What could I do differently that would have the greatest impact on my success?"
Both questions are designed to tap into the general perception of you in your company, not just what the person sitting across from you thinks.
"I appreciate that feedback. May I go up a level now and ask about the general perception of me as a leader/colleague/person?"
That should get you to more of the general perception of who you are and how you are that you're looking for.
People who give you honest feedback will be watching you closely to see how you're taking it, Hedges says. If they can see that you're angry or disturbed, they may moderate their comments and pull their punches just when they could be helping you the most.
So work hard on having no reaction, or only a welcoming reaction. And whatever you do, resist the temptation to argue with what they're telling you or explain yourself. Right now you're only gathering information about how you're seen. And if it seems outlandish to you, just remember that your colleagues are in a much better position to know what people say about you in your absence than you are.
When they're done answering your questions, thank your colleagues sincerely. After all, they've just gone through an uncomfortable conversation solely for the purpose of helping you. And even if you're not genuinely grateful for their comments at the moment you get them, chances are that over time, you'll come to value what you've learned.
By the time you've finished five interviews, you'll almost certainly have heard the same or similar comments several times over. Those are the perceptions you should take seriously, and work to change if they aren't who you are or how you want to be seen. "Many times clients have come back to me after completing this exercise and said, 'Why didn't anyone tell me this before? I can easily change that!'" Hedges reports. That's certainly how I felt when I learned I was seen as indecisive — I immediately started seeking consensus less and opting for action more.
What don't you know now about how your co-workers, managers, and customers perceive you? This exercise is a great way to find out.


How NOT to Respond to Media Opportunities – Don't Do These Things!
Progressive – an Ad Campaign That Works!
Sure the babies entertain – but do they get results?
I *love* the ETrade baby ads. I've said it before. I absolutely love them. But, do they work? I really wonder if – aside from the buzz value – these ads have achieved any meaningful, measurable goals.


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Conor McGregor Vs. Floyd Mayweather: 7 Things You Need to Know About the Boxing Superfight
Left: JOHN GURZINSKI/AFP/Getty, Right: Michael Reaves/Getty
After months of posturing, trash talk, and plenty of Instagram posts, it's set: Conor McGregor and Floyd Mayweather Jr. will be facing off in a boxing match.
Although this won't be a title fight, there's plenty on the line for both stars—and each of their respective sports.
Mayweather is 49-0, and looking to finish his career with a perfect 50-0 record. McGregor, the top athlete in his sport, will be taking a break in his prime from UFC to enter the boxing ring against Mayweather. Not since Muhammad Ali took on Japanese professional wrestler Antonio Inoki in 1976 in Tokyo has there been such a spectacle around a matchup in the ring.
Both fighters are very flashy: McGregor enjoys his mink coats and wild clothes, while Mayweather loves to rock his diamond-encrusted Hublot watches as he makes "money" rain down.
McGregor, who has never had a professional boxing match in his career, will now face off against one of the most accomplished boxers in history. And no matter the outcome, the fight and the hype around it should make for one of the best sporting events of the decade.
Here's everything you need to know about the highly anticipated fight.
Topics: Boxing MMA UFC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Nick Jones, Digital producer
Published: November 16, 2019, 2:31 pm Updated: November 16, 2019, 11:25 pm
Tags: Jacksonville
St. Augustine man arrested, accused of trying to support ISIS
Romeo Langhorne, 30, arrested in Roanoke, Virginia
ROANOKE, Va. – A St. Augustine man has been arrested in Virginia and accused of attempting to provide material support to ISIS, according to a federal criminal complaint.
Records show Romeo Langhorne, 30, has addresses in Rocky Mount, Virginia, and St. Augustine. As of Saturday, he was being held at the Western Virginia Regional Jail, where he was booked Nov. 15.
According to the complaint, Langhorne has been directing an undercover FBI agent since February in the production of a video intended to provide instructions on how to acquire materials and create an explosive.
Langhorne first got the attention of law enforcement in 2014, the affidavit says, when he posted on Facebook images in support of ISIS.
The affidavit says Langhorne has a number of accounts on social media platforms and that he used those accounts to advertise his support of the terror group, including a cover image that reads "SEEKING TO KILL AND BE KILLED" and a picture of himself with his face covered in a red Arab headdress.
Langhorne and the FBI agent engaged in multiple conversations this year, which were detailed in the affidavit. In the conversations, the affidavit said Langhorne directed the agent in the production of a video that would give instructions on how to discreetly acquire the materials to make the explosive TATP.
Those conversations, the complaint states, continued until Nov. 7, which would have been during some of the time Langhorne was living at a mobile home park off Francis Street.
"It's very disturbing," property manager Bryon Hedges said.
Hedges said the complex changed hands in the last few months, so he didn't remember Langhorne, but he said it's scary to think what could've happened right next door.
"If I would have been here, they would have literally been my neighbor," Hedges said.
One neighbor, Charles Serecka, said he recognized Langhorne's mugshot right away.
"He was always, like, shady, always, always looking around," Serecka said. "I remember I was going to the store one day and he was walking down the street and he had a brick in his hand. There were cops in here, and he kept looking back and forth back and forth, and he goes, 'Are the cops still there?' And I go, 'I don't know, man.' I remember him."
News4Jax is digging deeper into the 50 page federal complaint.
Lifetime Jacksonville resident, journalist and experienced broadcast news producer with a passion for classic and exotic cars.


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Dhyan "Chand" Singh, conegut popularment com a Dhyan Chand, (en hindi: ध्यान चंद) (Allahabad, Imperi Britànic 1905 - Delhi, Índia 1979) fou un jugador d'hoquei sobre herba, considerat un dels millors jugadors de la història.

Biografia
Va néixer el 29 d'agost de 1905 a al ciutat d'Allahabad, població situada a l'actual província d'Uttar Pradesh, que en aquells moments formava part de l'Imperi Britànic i que avui en dia forma part de l'Índia.

Va morir el 3 de desembre de 1979 a la seva residència de Delhi.

Fou germà del també jugador d'hoquei sobre herba i medallista Roop Singh i pare del també medallista Ashok Kumar.

Carrera esportiva
Va participar, als 22 anys, en els Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de 1928 realitzats a Amsterdam (Països Baixos), on aconseguí guanyar la medalla d'or en la competició masculina d'hoquei sobre herba al vèncer a la final l'equip neerlandès gràcies al tres gols marcats per ell. En els Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de 1932 realitzats a Los Angeles (Estats Units) tornà a aconseguir la victòria del torneig olímpic en guanyar els dos partits disputats. En els Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de 1936 realitzats a Berlín (Alemanya nazi) aconseguí la seva tercera medalla olímpica d'or en guanyar a la final el combinat alemany.

Enllaços externs

  www.olympic.org - Dhyan Chand
  www.sports-reference.com - Dhyan Chand

Jugadors d'hoquei sobre herba indis
Medallistes indis als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1928
Medallistes indis als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1932
Medallistes indis als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1936
Alumnes de la Universitat musulmana d'Aligarh
Morts a Nova Delhi
Persones d'Uttar Pradesh
Morts el 1979

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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It supplements the glycogen in the muscles, especially helpful in high intensity interval training (HIIT) or prolonged activity.


The Maple Leafs are without Auston Matthews but have won three in a row and lead the NHL with 70 goals, propelling them to the top this week.
1. Toronto Maple Leafs (14-6-0) - The Leafs have won three games in a row and lead the NHL with 70 goals scored this season and they've managed to do it without Auston Matthews for a significant chunk of time. Methinks they're pretty good.
2. Tampa Bay Lightning (13-5-1) – Since when did Brayden Point become the best player on Tampa Bay? They'll be tested with Andrei Vasilevskiy injured and on the shelf for the foreseeable future, however.
3. Nashville Predators (13-5-1) – The Predators have lost three in a row and they're bringing Austin Watson back into the fold after serving his 18-game suspension for domestic abuse. Yeah, that's enough about the Preds for this week.
4. Minnesota Wild (12-5-2) – The Wild are top 10 in the NHL in offense, defense and penalty kill while using their combination of good two-way players, scoring depth and very good goaltending from Devan Dubnyk.
5. Columbus Blue Jackets (11-6-2) – Perhaps in honor of Larry Brooks getting into the Hockey Hall of Fame, John Tortorella and the Blue Jackets have had a little more spring in their step while jumping to the top of the Metro Division. Nice work, Brooksie.
1. Los Angeles Kings (6-11-1) – The Kings finally did something and they did add some speed with the trade for Carl Hagelin, but they are still a pretty old, slow bunch at the very bottom of the NHL barrel.
2. Pittsburgh Penguins (7-7-3) – The Penguins are starting to shake things up as GM Jim Rutherford believes that the Penguins core group has become a little too comfortable after their back-to-back Cups. First world problems right there.
3. Florida Panthers (7-6-3) – The good news for the Panthers is that Roberto Luongo is back healthy and has stabilized the situation between the pipes. The bad news is that the Panthers have a hole to dig out of now.
4. Vegas Golden Knights (8-11-1) – So many of the Golden Knights players have come back to Earth after last season's magical journey. Not the least of which is Marc-Andre Fleury and Malcolm Subban between the pipes. Both have not been very good.
5. St. Louis Blues (7-7-3) – Ryan O'Reilly has been outstanding in his first month-plus with the team. The same can't be said for pretty much the rest of the roster during a middling start.
1. Brayden Point once again was the talk of Tampa as he put together a natural hat trick in 91 seconds for the Lightning in a dominant 3-0 win over a downtrodden Tampa team on Thursday night.
2. The high point of the week for the Bruins was undoubtedly David Pastrnak's hat trick in a 5-1 win over the Maple Leafs as the injuries continue to mount for the Black and Gold.
3. Joe Pavelski and the San Jose Sharks pulled off a big win over the rough-and-tough Predators with a pair of goals in the 5-4 victory on Thursday night. San Jose will need more of that as they push through the Pacific Division.
4. John Tavares had a goal and three points along with four shots on net as the Maple Leafs took care of business against the Kings, 5-1 and continue to thrive even without the injured Auston Matthews.
5. Columbus big forward Pierre-Luc Dubois is having a sneaky good season and added a goal, two points and six shots on net in 21:47 of ice time in a 5-4 shootout loss to the Rangers last weekend.
1. Keith Kinkaid continues to have some really good games sprinkled into his New Jersey Devils career as he stopped 29 shots while shutting out the Flyers in a 3-0 win for Jersey on Thursday night.
2. After not playing in almost two weeks with four days where he didn't practice during a leave of absence from the Bruins, Tuukka Rask stopped 35 of 36 shots and earned the undermanned Bruins a point in a 1-0 overtime loss to the Stars on Friday night.
3. Flames backup David Rittich, 26, only had to make 21 saves, but he was mistake-free in a 1-0 shutout of the Kings last weekend, so you've got to give some credit there.
4. Carey Price stood on his head and stole a game for the Canadiens while stopping 43-of-45 shots in a 3-2 win over the Calgary Flames on Thursday night and answered some questions in the process in Montreal.
5. Jake Allen didn't get off to a very good start this season for the Blues, but he was stellar in stopping 32 of 33 shots in a 4-1 win over the Golden Knights on Friday night.


The first to crawl out of the "fashion" pile is the Revolve Bible. The Revolve Bible is aimed directly at the young teenage Christian girl. It is published by Thomas. With nearly a million Revolve fans across the world, the Revolve Bible is the perfect gift for the teen girl wanting to dig deeper in the Word and discover the joy of.


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Up to Speed: Previewing the Xfinity Series Hisense 300 at Charlotte
Seth Eggert May 26, 2016
By Seth Eggert, NASCAR Writer
The last time the NASCAR Xfinity Series visited Charlotte Motor Speedway, NASCAR Sprint Cup Series driver Austin Dillon took a trip to victory lane. In doing so, Dillon swept both Charlotte Xfinity races last year.
NASCAR Sprint Cup Series regulars have won the last 13 Xfinity races at Charlotte Motor Speedway. The last time an Xfinity Series regular won at Charlotte Motor Speedway when Mike Bliss took the Miccosukee Resort & Gaming Chevrolet to victory lane in 2009.
Dillon will once again be behind the wheel, piloting the No. 2 Rheem Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing.
Xfinity Series Chase
10 races into the 2016 Xfinity Series Season, there have been six different winners, however, only two of them, Erik Jones and Elliott Sadler are Xfinity Series regulars. Both Jones and Sadler have most likely secured their spot in the 2016 Xfinity Series Chase. The other winners this season are Austin Dillon, Chase Elliott, Dale Earnhardt Jr., and Kyle Busch.
There are several storylines going into this weekend's race to watch for:
Can Austin Dillon continue his win streak at Charlotte Motor Speedway?
Many Xfinity Series regulars are looking at scoring their first win of the season and to lock themselves into the Xfinity Series Chase.
Points leader Elliott Sadler is looking to extend his championship points lead over Daniel Suarez.
Sunoco Rookie of the Year Points leader Erik Jones looks to increase his lead lead over fellow rookies Brandon Jones, Brennan Poole, Ryan Preece, and Garrett Smithley.
Camping World Truck Series regular, and JR Motorsports (JRM) driver Cole Custer makes his first appearance in the JRM 'All-Star No. 88 Car,' as Spencer Gallagher and Timmy Hill also will be in the field.
Sprint Cup Series regulars Austin Dillon, Denny Hamlin, Joey Logano, Kyle Larson, Matt Dibenedetto, and Ryan Blaney will be in the field.
Image: Matt Sullivan/NASCAR via Getty Images
Tags : Austin Dillon, Charlotte Motor Speedway, Cole Custer, Elliott Sadler, Erik Jones, NASCAR Xfinity Series


Bio: For as long as I can remember I have always loved to move. My favorite class has always been recess, and my favorite relaxation has always been reading stories and watching movies about people who could do remarkable things. So naturally I've always tried to become these hero's and athletes that I loved to see in my cartoons and comic books.
I official started parkour when I was thirteen and I saw on 3run's "Urban Ninjas- Evolution" and it made me realize that athleticism of that caliber was possible. A short time later some friends and I started doing silly little jumps everywhere we could. Then our friend group grew and grew as we got better until we had made a very large family out of the modern Parkour community.
I'm a strong believer in the fact that nearly anything can be accomplished through hard work and dedication. I believe that with enough effort anybody can do what they want to do. Things are only impossible when people don't try.
On my spare time and I'm not doing Parkour I like to Lift weights, cook, listen to music, explore nature and cities, and read (I really enjoy the Sword of Truth Series by Terry Goodkind). I don't really have a favorite move in Parkour because I really just love it all and want to get better at all of it. My life goal is to be the absolute best human being I can be and have fun while I'm doing it.


First of all , my englisch is not so good , sorry abaut this .
I get my Elios Wetsuit over Freediver Shop .
The greatest Wetsuit i ever worn !!!!! It´s a little bit difficult to get in but then i was amazed about the comfort !!
I have yoused the Suit for Scuba Diving and and don´t freeze a little bit (we had 10 degrees of watertempreture and my Suit is only 3mm).
Thank´s for this incredible Suit !!!!!!
The suit arrived today. It fits very nicely and i am very happy with it!
My biggest thanks for excellent products and great service!
Thank you so much!!!!!!!!! I am in love..
thanks again for the suit, I have so far been able to do about 10 dives to 100+ with it!
Spero sempre che stiate tutti bene. Sono felice di avere fatto il Record Eurpeo di Apnea Dinamica con le due pinne senza utilizzare la "carpa", la respirazione glossofaringea che falsa la prestazione.
I miei 225 metri lineari sono i più "puri" della storia. Come vedi uso bene il materiale che con grande affetto mi donate.
I have just received my wetsuits today, I still haven't tried them on to check the fit, but at least they look awesome! :) Thanks again for perfect service as usual, I love Elios :) I will make sure to post regular updates and pictures on my social media, with tagging Elios every time. Have a great day, Lily.
Thanks again for your speedy service!
first of all i would like to thank you for the sponsoring of our german national team 2016. Our athlets were really happy with the suits and so we could manage really good results at the world championships.
Our mens team finshed at 5th place and our ladys team finshed at 4th place.
The suits arrived on Friday afternoon.
They look great excited to try them on the shoot. I will try to send you some pictures!
They are amazing we love them! Thank you a lot. Actually today we went to our Platform with Aolin Wang, Chinese Freediver and he did 102m CWT!!
First Chinese to pass the 100m!!
Thank you to Eliossub Morosini.
For supplying our Team Blue Water with fantastic new suits for this season .
Thank you for my new record!
I got wetsuits a while ago and now i have tested both of them and they are very nice! I want to thank you for supporting me with wetsuit. That 5mm yamamoto is so flexible!


How Do You Like It So Far uses pop culture to take soundings of a society in transition, exploring intersections with civic imagination and engagement, and social and political change. Henry Jenkins and Colin Maclay are your guides on this adventure.
In this episode we discuss lucha libre, the popular Mexican form of professional wrestling. We are joined by Peatónito, an activist for pedestrians in Mexico City, who uses the persona of a wrestler to create spectacle as activism on the streets, such as jumping in front of cars. We also speak with Heather Levi, an assistant professor of Anthropology at Temple University, who researches professional wrestlers and professional wrestling in Mexico City. We ask: how is lucha a practice of staging contradictions? How does it comment on the political life of the audience, to bring them along to support a "super-hero" type persona? How have politics, performativity, lucha, etc. merged into each other? And also, how can the luchadores personas help to bring attention to, and increase affect and participation around, social issues outside of the arena?


CelebritySites Online Media Expert Lindsay Dicks Hits Amazon Best Seller List With "The Ultimate Success Guide"
Online Media Expert Lindsay Dicks Hits Amazon Best Seller List With "The Ultimate Success Guide"
Lindsay Dicks, social media marketing expert, recently hit five separate Amazon.com best-seller lists with the new book "The Ultimate Success Guide."
Orlando, Fla. – June 7, 2013 – Online marketing expert, Lindsay Dicks, CEO of CelebritySites™, recently joined a select group of the world's leading experts, along with noted business development expert, best-selling author and speaker, Brian Tracy, to co-write the book, The Ultimate Success Guide: The World's Leading Experts Reveal Their Secrets for Success in Business and in Life. The book was released on May 30th, 2013 by CelebrityPress™ – a leading business book publisher.
The Ultimate Success Guide features proven secrets and strategies that these successful leaders have employed to achieve success. As a guide, it is always useful to look at philosophies that successful leaders propose to move you towards your goal of success. Each author discusses his or her accomplishments for your guidance. Lindsay Dicks contributed a chapter titled "Achieve Ultimate Business Success: Why You Need a Marketing Website."
On the day of release, The Ultimate Success Guide: The World's Leading Experts Reveal Their Secrets for Success in Business and in Life reached best-seller status in five Amazon.com categories – reaching as high as #2 in the Direct Marketing category. The book also reached best-seller status in the Entrepreneurship; Marketing; Marketing and Sales; and 'Small Business and Entrepreneurship' categories.


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"On the Run" gave us a hint of what Episode 147 would be like
Forum	> Steven Universe Discussion board	> "On the Run" gave us a hint of what Episode 147 would be like
Vin13ish
Source: https://www.reddit.com/r/stevenuniverse/comments/53tk6u/on_the_run_gave_us_a_hint_of_what_episode_147/#bottom-comments
Allenmac made an interesting theory about what would happens in Episode 147 and this is his theory
Okay, so first of all I want to warn you that this is a long theory/ramble (over 23k characters somanypeople! ) of something I noticed a while ago but never got the chance to type up. But I'm gonna be stuck in a car for the next three hours and I won't be home until after B99 airs, so I decided to finally put down my thoughts. Also, I'm currently on my phone and am running on little sleep so I might not be able to get pictures up and formatting may be iffy- just a warning, because there's a good chance I'm not even gonna touch my computer until later. Feel free to add additions/feedback/criticism on the topic or formatting. I'm pretty sure that parts of it aren't even related to the topic of episode 147 but I already typed it up.
Now I present to you...
Jasperdemption or Stevenpocalypse: An "On The Run" Analysis
Introduction: Episode 147
In the episode "On The Run" Steven and Amethyst, in an attempt to act like the No Home Boys, run away to live life as free, homeless rebels. After a nice duet in the course of a car and train ride, the two Crystal Gems find themselves at the (prime) Kindergarten where Amethyst was made. Everything comes to a head when Pearl arrives, Amethyst calls herself a parasite, the two fight and through Steven's help make up for the miscommunication in how Pearl's comments made Amethyst feel.
But you all already knew that.
The real (and unfortunately less talked about) part of this episode was the train that Steven and Amethyst rode on. During their song there is a brief shot to the front of the train, seen in the song at 0:37 (on mobile, can't figure out screenshots, sorry).
http://i.imgur.com/gG0bbiI.png
The numbers state 040 and 147. And what number chronologically is "On The Run" in the series? The 40th.
This inclusion is HUGE. Where else in the series have we ever gotten a direct numerical foreshadow? Someone point it out to me because this magical episode 147 is the only one that I've noticed. It's one thing to do a long-term foreshadow for certain character characteristics (Garnet being a fusion), certain symbols (like the butterflies in Serious Steven and then Mindful Education), or even callbacks spanning seasons (calling Lapis Bob), but it's completely different to actually put the episode number in.
Not to mention, the episode that 147 first appeared in was emotionally charged and revealed some huge aspects of Amethyst's character and self-deprecating personality traits (as well as furthered Pearl's and Steven's personalities and comforting abilities - but those discussions have already been made and are for another time). 147 appeared during a song about running away due to a lack of having a true home (right before Steven and Amethyst began to duet sing with Steven holding the background tune as Amethyst sang in the foreground. [Note: I hope that made sense, I am unsure how to word that in the way a technical musician would] Steven musically carried Amethyst as she revealed how she felt and gave her a chance to let off a little insight into her mental mindset). First, the song's meaning can be spread to all three Quartzes, with Steven having to deal with the consequences of being the only gem-human hybrid and resulting in the great Rose Quartz's death, Amethyst coming out defective due to her overcooking in a plan to colonize the Earth and destroy the natural beauty and life there, and Jasper being the perfect byproduct of a terrible/rushed Kindergarten but resenting the planet she was made on due to its connotations with PD's shattering.
Second, and perhaps most important now that we know of Jasper's origins, is that in the Kindergarten where the gem was made is where their problems come to light. Now, Jasper and Amethyst both have hangups on why and where they were made - Jasper is the rushed product from a war to reclaim a now-failed colony from a rebellion (presumably prior to her matriarch's shattering) and Amethyst is constantly aware of the fact that the whole reason gems (including herself) were incubating in the Earth was for their own colonial and parasitic means. If we take the Kindergarten aspect out, Steven is literally the cause of Rose Quartz's death; a death that influences all three of the Quartzes mentioned, but Steven is the only one who must live up to her legacy (although Bismuth hopefully changed that line of thinking). While we are unaware of exactly where Steven was born, his lack of incubating in the earth is most likely paired with the pain Rose went through by constantly shapeshifting a womb for him to grow in (since we see how hard it was for Amethyst to hold her shapeshifted form of Jasper for so long, and it is implied she only shapeshifts a digestive system when she is eating, not all the time). So Amethyst harmed the earth in her incubation, Steven brought pain to Rose and Jasper failed Pink Diamond. But since Rose obviously accepted the stress of shapeshifting to create Steven (and did it joyfully, as "Lion 3: The Movie" shows us), Amethyst and Jasper are the two who really connect to the Kindergarten parallels.
Now that we've gotten the basis of my thoughts on this theory out of the way, onto the analysis.
Part 1: Amethyst and Jasper Parallels
This will be short, since there's been discussion on their similarities before. Both are Quartz soldiers, built to fight, have long hair that aids them in their spin dash, are beefy/thick and were made on Earth. Their emotional and mental comparisons only really came out in "Earthlings," although some of their self-esteem and self-image issues were shown in "Alone at Sea" and "Cry for Help."
Emotionally, Amethyst has always been the one to hide her emotions behind a facade of jokes and false nonchalance. Of the three original Crystal Gems introduced, she's the only one who has yet to talk about any doubts or thoughts she has had about Rose's death. Yes, she has said or done things relating to Rose in the past: in "Laser Light Cannon" she bemoans how it would be so easy to take down the Red Eye if Rose were there; in "Maximum Capacity" she only shapeshifts into Rose but makes no vocal mention of her feelings towards Rose (since her shapeshifting was more to torment Greg, but she probably has long associated Li'l Butler with being able to momentarily forget all about the pain that Rose's death caused); in "Rose's Scabbard" she says Rose's name in relation to Lion's pink fur and then that Pearl's "not the only one that misses her!" "Crack the Whip" is the first episode in which Amethyst reveals something that Rose personally said to her, "Rose said that I'm perfect, just the way I am…" and then reacts violently and impulsively when Jasper refutes the claim (insulting Amethyst, Rose's standards, and the relationship between Rose and Amethyst). It's one thing to implicitly say that she misses Rose, it's another thing to bring up Rose's words of encouragement (that Amethyst isn't just a parasite, that she isn't solely defective but her own person capable of change and good) while she's getting thoroughly beat down by Jasper (who she could've been if she came out "right"). Since Rose probably kept most of Amethyst's doubts at bay when she was alive, there was no need for Amethyst to judge herself based on her fellow CG's, especially since all three were war vets and she was the "baby" of the group.
Now Jasper has had very few episodes that focus on her; she was introduced in "The Return/Jailbreak" and spoke only once (and only repeated one word) in "Chille Tid" before her next lines in "Alone at Sea." Post "Alone at Sea" she had a brief appearance at the end of "Gem Hunt," took up a third of the end of "Crack the Whip," was shown at the end of "Beta" and had all of "Earthlings" to shine before she was corrupted. Emotionally and mentally, Jasper has been through a lot and all of it can be traced back to Rose Quartz (especially based on her raspy "you" that she kept repeating in "Chille Tid" when she saw Steven).
Whereas Amethyst is coasting without any real emphasis on fighting non-corrupted Gems (allowing for her to grow closer to Earth and human culture, living as close to a human life as a Gem can without worry of fighting in a war), Jasper has been fighting since the moment she emerged ("they said you popped out of the ground with your helmet on and took out 80 Crystal Gems before the sun went down!") and presumably is still fighting for Homeworld but only came back to Earth for closure. Earth is a prison to Jasper, one she had freed herself from but allowed it to increase her self-hatred. And self-hatred is a large aspect of the three Quartz characters. Jasper, although a perfect Jasper, could not fight the CG's fast enough, could not prevent Rose Quartz from shattering her diamond, could not keep up with the random and powerful fusions that the Crystal Gems continuously used, had to retreat off of her planet, flee her now failed colony, and be reassigned to Yellow Diamond in the aftereffects of her own Diamond's shattering. Even worse, Jasper couldn't get the satisfaction of destroying Rose Quartz, the gem that committed the ultimate crime.
While Eyeball and the rest of the Rubies were in fangirl-levels of awe at Jasper, one can only assume it's because of her fighting prowess. While soldiers of Jasper's perfect quality are probably more uncommon than not (but certainly not rare), it is unlikely that she would have been given extra privilege for fighting in a war that ultimately failed. Jasper has most likely been constantly fighting for the thousands of years she has been alive, especially if Homeworld is continuing to colonially conquer other star systems.
Jasper's relationship with Rose is a polar opposite to Rose's relationship with Amethyst. Where Rose encouraged, comforted and (to an extent) coddled Amethyst, Jasper was a part of her enemy in battle and faced her shield, sword, and fusion riddled army. Both have expressed a need for fusion, since it makes them feel stronger and more powerful. Since Amethyst is so sunk in her self confidence issues fusing with someone as put together as Garnet obviously allows her some peace in not being alone and Jasper's experience as Malachite made her dependent, even though the fusion was mutually abusive and unhealthy in every way. Both Quartzes have reason for leaning on others (in Amethyst's case, she literally leans on Steven at the end of "Earthlings") to get their strength. And if Jasper went through a portion of her helpless and dejected stage while being trapped in Malachite and then corrupted and bubbled, then she's primed to have her issues of self hate come about soon. And unlike Amethyst, who probably had nearly 14 years of build-up (if the implied first time she shapeshifted in Rose was a result of Greg spurning her attempts to watch Li'l Butler rather than her self-imploding), Jasper will only have the course of a few months after she realized that Rose has a "new form." It's also important to note that Malachite said in "Super Watermelon Island:" "What is this?! You think you can hold me DOWN?! Nobody can! Not anymore." While that statement can obviously apply to Lapis (just in general) and Jasper as Malachite, it also is applied Jasper's thoughts about the Earth. She's so much more powerful as Malachite than she was when she was alone but she is still stuck on the planet without any hope of contacting Homeworld. The Crystal Gems forced her to fuse so she wouldn't be taken down...but none of that mattered since the Earth still has its hold on her.
Part 2: Amethyst and Steven Parallels
Again, like Part 1 the parallels between the two worst best gems have been fleshed out by many of the SU community. As a basic guideline that will be brought up in this analysis, both Steven and Amethyst have extremely close ties to Rose in how they are completely different than anyone else, they harbor a lot of self-hatred and self-pity, and they are the two "worst" Crystal Gems. My main analysis is taken from "An Indirect Kiss," "Joy Ride," "Steven vs. Amethyst," "Earthlings," and "Know Your Fusion."
In "An Indirect Kiss," Amethyst and Steven are the only ones present when the vines start to attack and Amethyst (although cracked) is the only one present to hear that Steven just doesn't know how to feel about Rose. Later on, in "Joy Ride," Steven reveals to the Cool Kids that he is aware that the Gems resent him on some level for his mother not being there anymore - a topic that is brought up again in "Steven vs. Amethyst:" "I know what you mean. I'm...not Rose Quartz." Obviously, this Amethyst arc has not only brought her emotionally closer to Steven (where they don't even need a fusion dance to fuse for the first or second times, but the CGs are coming to a point where they are mature and equal enough that a dance isn't always necessary) but has also allowed for both to deal with their deep seeded issues of who they are supposed to be. Amethyst held onto those insecurities for an unknown amount of time until her confrontation with Pearl in the Kindergarten. Steven, as the new episodes are showing, has a lot of pent up emotions (with Gems trying to kill him because they think he is Rose) and he self-pities himself ("Looks like the lonely boy with no friends his age is actually...Steven" and "I don't need you to pity me, it's the one thing that I can do by myself").
Both are "wrong," both are unique - and that's not always a good thing. Jasper easily beats Amethyst, Steven has to go against his morals to poof Bismuth then goes even further when he's forced to throw Eyeball out of his bubble and into space. Amethyst is grappling with the fact that she's defective and that she knows that she's not meant to be small, Steven can't live up to the idealized version of Rose Quartz that everyone has been telling him about but he also can't push himself to push aside his pacifistic tendencies either. Full of self-doubt and self-hatred, Smoky Quartz, while full of life and outwardly comfortable on who she is, internally struggles to impress and live up to Pearl and Garnet's expectations as well as their failed expectations of themselves. Amethyst first lashed out and began her arc towards self confidence in "On The Run," so it's possible that Steven will do the same in episode 147 (later discussed in Part 5 to avoid repetition).
Part 3: Steven and Jasper Parallels
Steven and Jasper each owe their existence to Rose Quartz. Without her rebellion Jasper would have been different, not the product of a rushed Kindergarten job and possibly not as perfect as she came out; as the fact stands, Rose and everything the Crystal Gems and Earth stand for are a constant reminder that Pink Diamond has been shattered and that the mighty Homeworld lost a war for a tiny backwater planet against a small, less mighty underdog army full of rebellious, fusion-happy defects. Meanwhile Steven is Rose's son, her chance to constantly change and live life as a human, but at the same time he's also a reminder to everyone that knew her that she is gone. His feelings towards his mom are complicated; he never got a chance to meet her so he isn't sad (more bittersweet) when he finds out more about her life on Earth, he can't live up to her legacy because Rose was willing to do morally gray/non-pacifistic acts for the good of the Earth over herself, he doesn't have to live up to her since he's his own person but at the same time he kinda is the same due to his gem and the fact that he is expected to take care of the Crystal Gems like Rose once did.
Through their connections with Rose, Amethyst, and each other, Jasper and Steven are the plot-wise two most likely focuses for this illustrious episode 147.
Part 4: Jasperdemption?
Now, as Parts 1 and 3 explained Jasper has a lot of similarities with Amethyst and Steven. Since she is currently corrupted and bubbled, she has a high likelihood for being the centerpiece of episode 147. At the time of the presumed hiatus-starting "Onion Gang," episode 111, is 36 episodes away from episode 147. It took 42 episodes for Peridot to "officially" become a CG ("Warp Tour" was 36th, "Log Date 7 15 2" was 78th) and even less for her to be somewhat amicable to the Gems ("When It Rains" and "Back to the Barn" were 71st and 72nd, being 35 and 36 episodes respectively). I don't believe that Jasper will ever join the Crystal Gems, but to be like Lapis (merely tolerant to all but a few of them) or even to just be a chaotic neutral in the war with Homeworld (or a buff hermit waiting until the planet's destruction, who knows?) is very possible. Regardless, 36 episodes is plenty of time for the beginnings of Jasperdemption (and therefore partial healing for corruption) to occur.
Now, my view of Jasperdemption for/by episode 147 is merely partially healing her mentally (if not physically, like Centi) from corruption. If this season is all about self-love, something that Amethyst started to have right after the emotional episode post-"On The Run" ("Maximum Capacity") and forced her to realize how her lashing out was affecting the people she loves, then we need to consider that she only started thinking about being content with herself in the next Amethyst-centric episodes ("Reformed," "Too Far" and "Too Short to Ride").
So what does this mean for Jasper?
Plot wise, with Homeworld looming down and so much information on the Diamond Authority that has yet to come out (we haven't even seen White Diamond directly, heard of her in a flashback or heard her name spoken in any episode) there are many possibilities for how the Crystal Gems will build up an army (or any acceptable fighting force that surpasses at least ten people/Gems). Finding a way to cure corruption (or at least stop them from being mindless bundles of instincts and impulses) has been built up throughout the series. We've seen partial healing of corruption with Centi; the only other corrupted Gem that has plot and emotional relevance (to Steven) is Jasper, and she could be the first gem to be healed even more than Centi. Once again, I don't expect her to become completely back to normal until after episode 147, but the fact that we have seen the beta Kindergarten, we've seen that that is where Jasper was corrupted, and the fact that Amethyst underwent the catalyst to her own healing in her own Kindergarten leaves us with many possibilities of how Jasper will return (corrupted or not). Not to mention, "Earthlings" could easily be Jasper's "On the Run" in regards to character development by the end of the series.
Regardless, Jasper's return will have to include some sort of solution to corruption and episode 147 could be the one.
Part 5: Stevenpocalypse?
Like Part 3, the numbering of the episodes and how they relate to characters also plays a part to Steven's potential Stevenpocalypse. We've seen that Amethyst, who has embraced the human lifestyle, often hides her emotions under joking façades until they get too real for her. Then she lashes out, often using the Burning Bridges strategy even with her family. Now Steven is very similar to Amethyst in hiding his emotions, allowing them to pent up and even putting on a façade that he's mentally fine with everything that has happened when he really isn't.
But Steven has only ever "exploded" from his pent up feelings when he was fused with either Connie or Amethyst (both who have self confidence issues). Even then, Smoky Quartz only made self deprecating jokes about what a failed mistake they are and Stevonnie fell apart from the overwhelming thoughts (leading to Steven finally having a cry and admitting how awful he felt).
Never has Steven, in lashing out, ever attacked someone physically. With Bistmuth he was willing to just talk it out and then fought/poofed her in self defense. His "fight" with Amethyst in "Steven vs. Amethyst" obviously wasn't going all out from either side and even then their fight was created due to their equal inadequacies rather than Steven having an individual meltdown. With all these negative thoughts that Steven has been harboring (and briefly revealing like in "Onion Gang") and Rebecca's focus on this season being about self love, it's probable that either Steven will reach his (physical, fighting) breaking point with episode 147 being the catalyst in a direct parallel to Amethyst in "On The Run" or he will be feeling the effects of his Stevenpocalypse in episode 147.
I also want to point out that I don't really believe that at this point Steven will never let himself knowingly attack someone as the aggressor. Unless he's doing it to protect his family (and even then they'll probably have been physically attacked anyway).
If we relate Steven to Rose and her shattering a Diamond, maybe Steven shatters someone? And the shattering comes as he protects his family? If Amethyst felt so much shame of being a result of something Rose and the CGs viewed as immoral and too destructive, maybe Steven must do something that parallels how Rose first rebelled? I'm not sure but this paragraph and the one above it are kinda reaching at straws compared to the topic, so I'm going to continue on.
Part 6: The Beta Kindergarten, the Clam and Episode 147
Obviously, all three characters are Quartzes, all made on Earth and all have issues from what they should have, could have and would have been if now for their circumstances (which, presumably, includes all of their existences being because of Rose and her decisions if we go on the basis that Amethyst was put in the ground after the Rebellion first began). One if not both of the Kindergartens will probably have significant parts in episode 147 and it's surrounding episodes as the plot continues.
At the moment, it appears that Jasperdemption will probably occur at the beta Kindergarten and Stevenpocalypse will be somewhere else, maybe at the bottom of the ocean, based on his comment in "Laser Light Cannon:" (on where Rose would keep her light cannons) "like in a cave dungeon, or a cloud fortress, or in a clam at the bottom of the ocean!" Since he has already found out about his mother's war/strategy armory and her room that can conjure up anything she wanted, it makes sense that we would see something relating to Stevenpocalypse in a clam (which produces pearls, so…). The clam bit is a pet theory of mine, but episode 147 has other possibilities. It could be another foreshadow from "Serious Steven," where Garnet first brushed the white butterflies out of his eyes, then after their adventure (where Steven figured out the problem and caused an explosion but ended with a large white diamond-shaped gem in his hands) the butterflies swarm him again. For that reason, I'm going to dismiss the reappearance of the butterflies until near the end of the major Diamond/Homeworld conflict (at least before the song at the end) and stick with a clam being the probable reason for Stevenpocalypse
But we've barely had any Gem/Homeworld inspired plot this season so who knows at this point.
Episode 147, as directly referenced to in "On The Run," will probably be an emotionally devastating and lore packed episode. Storytelling devices point at either Jasper being healed even more than Centi was while in her own (beta) Kindergarten or Steven finding more about Rose, probably succumbing to his negative emotions and initiating a physical fight (with one of the Crystal Gems) while a clam is somehow involved.
Edited by Vin13ish	03:21, September 22, 2016
Cheeseskates
This post needs paragraphs.
03:15, September 22, 2016
reply to #2
Cheeseskates wrote: This post needs paragraphs.
I fixed it! :)
Anyway, For my personal opinion for this theory from Allenmac. It make perfect sense because you need to make final arc of Season 5 which is likely to be FINAL season of SU if CN didn't renew the show.
I mean why would Crewniverse put number 147 on a train along with 040? I think they purposely add that number because they want you to know that Episode 147 will NOT be happy one
Do you think Episode 147 will be Steven's Breaking Point?
Episode 147 will most likely to be air on 2018 as it was stated by Matt Burnett that Season 5 will NOT air until 2018
Honestly the way that the Crewniverse has been able to hide that Easter egg and you only just now found it means there could be a LOT of stuff we missed.
Something interesting though... if we have only 26 episodes for Season 4 means that 147 = Episode 18 of S5. I don't know about you...
But I think the fact that a Kindergarten-centered episode foreshadowed an episode presumed to take place in the final season means something else...
Such as the reactivation of the Kindergarten.
Killuminati212
This gave me tears of joy. What a great line of thought...
DarkGems15
NOOOOOOO I THOUGHT STEVEN WILL LOSE IT IN THIS SEASON!!!
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