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Carrossel () is a Brazilian children's telenovela created by Íris Abravanel and written by Abel Santa Cruz. The TV show originally aired on SBT from 21 May 2012 to 26 July 2013. It is a Brazilian remake of the Mexican telenovela Carrusel (which in turn had been inspired by the Argentinean telenovela Jacinta Pichimahuida, la Maestra que no se Olvida). The Telenovela was particularly successful with children and led to several spin-offs including a cartoon series and television sitcom.

Films based on the novela were released, on 23 July 2015, Carrossel: O Filme, and a sequel called Carrossel 2: O Sumiço de Maria Joaquina, on 7 July 2016.

Plot
Helena Fernandes is a young and beautiful teacher starting her career. Her first job is at the Escola Mundial (), teaching the principles of life to a third-grade class. Her warm and kindly nature wins the love of her students, all of whom have different personalities. At school, Helena has the support of employees Graça and Firmino, who love the students. But she has to endure the rules and requirements of Olívia, the director of the institution, and the envy of Suzana, a teacher who comes in to replace her for a period.

Outside of school, the children form a club led by Daniel called "Patrulha Salvadora" (). They gather in an abandoned house and help children who are not enrolled at Escola Mundial. These include: Tom, a wheelchair-using boy who lives with his mother Glória, a teacher; Clementina, a girl who is trapped inside her own house; and Abelardo Cruz, a mischievous boy who lives with his grandfather, who is in turn fighting with his father.

The action takes place in Escola Mundial, which is coordinated and organized by severe Director Olívia. The Portuguese Firmino Gonçalves and flustered Graça are responsible for cleaning and guarding the school. Several students also have special circumstances: Mário Ayala is embittered by the death of his mother, his father's absence, and his rude stepmother; Cirilo suffers from the bias of Maria Joaquina; Jaime has low grades; Marcelina puts up with the antics of her brother Paulo; and Carmen fights with her parents.

Adriano lives with his mother and his imaginary friends, among them, the talking sock Chulé, Cirilo lives with his parents José and Paula Rivera, Carmen lives with her brother Eduardo and her parents Inês and Frederico Carrilho, Maria Joaquina lives with her maid-nanny Joana and her parents Clara and Miguel Medsen, Paulo and Marcelina live with their parents Lilian and Roberto Guerra, Valéria lives with her parents Rosa and Ricardo Ferreira, Davi lives with his grandmother Sara and his parents Rebeca and Isaac Rabinovich, Jaime lives with his brother Jonas and his parents Heloísa and Rafael Palillo and Jorge lives with his parents Rosana and Alberto Cavalieri.

Renê, an old school friend of Suzana, is hired to replace Escola Mundial music teacher, Matilde. Renê meets Helena at a party and they fall in love, but Suzana is also in love with him and tells several lies to Helena so that she will stay away from him.

The plot ends in a children's dream about the future: Daniel founds a help center for needy children under the name of "Patrulha Salvadora"; Kokimoto moves to Japan and becomes a samurai; Paulo is elected federal deputy; Marcelina works as her brother's personal advisor; Alícia takes up her pilot career; Bibi settles into an acting career; Jorge supervises the values of the Stock Exchange; Carmem fulfills her desire to be a teacher; Jaime continues as a footballer; Mario becomes a veterinarian; Davi marries Valéria, who becomes a television presenter, and is the father of triplets; Laura joins as a writer; Adriano builds his lunar station; Margarida works as a model and Maria Joaquina is her stylist, now married to Cirilo, who is a neurosurgeon. When the narrator finishes reporting what was happening with each of the characters, the scene was interrupted by Adriano, pensive in his bed: "Will the future be like this?", he asks himself.

Characters

Teacher Helena Fernandes (Rosanne Mulholland): The protagonist of the telenovela. She is a 24-year-old teacher who teaches the third grade at the Escola Mundial. Beloved by all her students, Helena is kind and protective.
Cirilo Rivera (Jean Paulo Campos): Is a poor black boy. He is better known by the students for being gullible and is often fooled by Paulo, Mário, or Kokimoto. He has a crush on Maria Joaquina.
Maria Joaquina Medsen (Larissa Manoela): She is a rich, racist, and somewhat arrogant girl. Maria constantly brags about her father, a prominent yet humble doctor, and looks down on everyone of a lower social class, especially Cirilo, for being black. However, she helps her classmates sometimes and ends up becoming Cirilo's friend.
Valéria Ferreira (Maisa Silva): A smart, rowdy, and sometimes mistrustful girl and Davi's girlfriend. She is always making jokes about other students during class, causing everyone to laugh.
Jaime Palillo (Nicholas Torres): Jaime is a chubby boy who doesn't understand the lessons at school. Despite being a little slow in his studies, Jaime is very gentle and always ready to help others.
Carmen Carrilho (Stefany Vaz): She is the poorest student in Helena's class and suffers from her parents' divorce. When Carmen has appendicitis and is operated on by Maria Joaquina's father, her operation brings her parents together again.
Davi Rabinovich (Guilherme Seta): Valéria's Jewish boyfriend. He is called a coward by his classmates. Davi has a pet turtle named Relâmpago () and once wished to make him into soup to cure Firmino, who was sick.
Laura Gianolli (Aysha Benelli): This chubby and gluttonous girl dotes on things being "romantic". Some students make fun of her weight.
Daniel Zapata (Thomaz Costa): The most intelligent and correct student in the class. He is good friends with Maria Joaquina and Margarida Garcia, and he is the president of the boys' club.
Paulo Guerra (Lucas Santos): Paulo is the most troublesome in the class, a bully who makes jokes about Cirilo and Laura and mistreats his little sister Marcelina.
Mário Ayala (Gustavo Daneluz): Mario lives with his father Germano Ayala, his stepsister, and his mean stepmother Natália Ayala. He studies at the Escola Mundial after being sent out of another school for misbehaving. On his first school day, Mario behaves so badly that Helena cries. In the course of time, his demeanor gets better and he becomes friends with everyone. He loves animals and once adopted a street dog and named it Rabito.
Marcelina Guerra (Ana Zimerman): The sister of Paulo Guerra. Her brother hates her, but she still loves him and says the bad things he does are not his fault. She is usually made fun of because she is the smallest in her class.
Adriano Ramos (Konstantino Atan): He has crazy dreams, which make him sleep during class time. In his room, he likes to talk to an old sock, named Chulé (), and a chair named Senhor Cadeirudo.
Alícia Gusman (Fernanda Concon): The tomboy of the class, she wears mismatching clothes, enjoys radical sports and rides her skateboard to school.
Bibi Smith (Victória Diniz): She has an American accent because she lived in the US and mixes English words in with her Portuguese. She is the best friend of Maria Joaquina.
Jorge Cavalieri (Léo Belmonte): The richest boy in the class and Maria Joaquina's neighbour. Jorge is very proud and acts superior to his classmates, who don't like him but they still hang out with him.
Kokimoto Mishima (Matheus Ueta): He is very small but smart. He wears a Japanese band on his head (a hachimaki) to say that he is Japanese. He is friends with Paulo Guerra and helps him with almost all his plans, but he never gets in trouble for doing them.
Tom (João Lucas Takaki): He is in a wheelchair from a car crash which killed his father. He lives with Ms. Glória, his mother. Tom was scared to go to school because he thought the students would make fun of him, but the students of the third grade showed this wasn't the case.
Teacher Suzana Bustamante (Lívia Andrade): A fourth-grade teacher who substitutes for the class when Helena has a car accident. She is in love with Renê, the music teacher, and tries to sabotage his relationship with Helena. She is also friends with Principal Olivia and gossips about Helena.
Teacher Renê Magalhães (Gustavo Wabner): The Escola Mundial music teacher. He has been friends with Suzana since college and has a crush on Helena. The students of the third grade love him, so they always behave during his class.
Firmino Gonçalves (Fernando Benini): He was born in Portugal and came to Brazil when he was older. He is a widower and the Escola Mundial groundskeeper, where the students are like the children he never had.
Graça (Márcia de Oliveira): The maid at Escola Mundial. She loves to hear everything everyone says and voluntarily passes on information to Helena. She complains her job is not good. She hates Suzana and says she is a snake. She is a great friend of Firmino.
Principal Olívia Veider (Noemi Gerbelli): She thinks everything can be solved with discipline. She hates Helena and believes Suzana's gossip about her.

Cast

Special participations

International broadcast
 In 2014 an English version of Carrossel was broadcast on the Jamaican television channel TVJ (Television Jamaica)

Spin-off series
On 22 February 2013 SBT and Super Toons confirmed they would launch in the second half of the 2013 animated spin-off of the telenovela. Production began with nine episodes of 26 minutes, which was intended to be shown across Latin America.

Also a few chapters before the premiere of the telenovela Chiquititas, which replaced Carrossel in the schedule, a mini-journal called "Carrossel TV" was aired with the characters of Carrossel presenting. The skit was performed with Valéria, Maria Joaquina, Cirilo, Jaime and Kokimoto doing interviews with the characters of Chiquititas. In the break between series SBT created a children's afternoon program called Clube do Carrossel with the same structure of other children's programs on the channel, like Bom Dia & Companhia, featuring cartoons and segments with viewers.

In 2014 Patrulha Salvadora was released which was supposed to be a continuation of the telenovela focused on action and suspense, with characters that were superheroes.

References

External links
 Official website

2012 telenovelas
2012 Brazilian television series debuts
2013 Brazilian television series endings
Brazilian fantasy television series
Brazilian telenovelas
Brazilian television series based on Argentine television series
Brazilian television series based on Mexican television series
Children's telenovelas
Comedy telenovelas
Fictional schools
Japanese-Brazilian culture
Musical telenovelas
Portuguese-language telenovelas
Sentient toys in fiction
Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão telenovelas
Television shows set in São Paulo
Television series about bullying
Television series about educators


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The apparent cul-de-sac
IBM DOS 4.0
One of the seemingly insignificant yet deeply meaningful changes brought by DOS 4.0 was a name change. No longer Personal Computer DOS, the release sold with IBM systems was now called IBM DOS. Version 4.0, like 3.3, was developed by IBM with minimal involvement from Microsoft; many former DOS engineers at Microsoft were busy building OS/2. However, while 3.3 was a relatively minor incremental upgrade, DOS 4.0 was intended to usher a new era of DOS with a redesigned user interface and reworked internals. From a marketing perspective, DOS was now something of a second class system, suitable for older machines, but only intended as a stepping stone towards OS/2 on newer hardware.
Unfortunately, though not surprisingly, IBM prioritized its own objectives, which often did not match the needs and expectations of the wider DOS market. As a result, DOS 4.0 was a failure from a marketing point of view, the only DOS version to which the majority of users refused to upgrade.
IBM DOS 4.0 was announced on July 19, 1988 with immediate availability. The price was raised again, this time to $150 for a new license and $95 for an upgrade. It is worth noting that the upgrade package was not any different and in fact had the same part number; the only difference was price. There were again two packages, one with 3½" (720K) and one with 5¼" (360K) floppy installation media.
While in development, DOS 4.0 was known as DOS 3.4. In retrospect, version 3.4 might have been more accurate for the DOS kernel, but the entire package with the DOS Shell, large disk support, and a new installer probably deserved a new major version number.
The code name for DOS 4.0 at IBM was Tugboat, clearly in line with the OS/2 code names (Trimaran for OS/2 1.1, Sloop for 1.2, Cruiser for 2.0).
New Internals
Perhaps the most significant change in DOS 4.0 was the introduction of 32-bit logical sector numbers and the consequent breaking of the 32MB partition size barrier. That change wasn't strictly speaking new, having been first introduced in Compaq's DOS 3.31 in late 1987. However, beginning with DOS 4.0, every OEM version (starting with IBM's) supported large partitions.
When a larger than 32MB partition was in use, DOS required the SHARE.EXE utility to be installed. If it wasn't, a warning message ("WARNING: SHARE should be loaded for large media") was printed on the console. SHARE was not strictly required for DOS operation, but was needed for applications using old-style FCBs (File Control Blocks). On large partitions, DOS could not use FCBs directly and FCBs had to be translated to SFT (System File Table) operations. The FCB to SFT translation logic was implemented in SHARE.EXE.
The new IFSFUNC.EXE module was IBM's attempt to better abstract the DOS redirector interface. The redirector interface (INT 2Fh/11h) introduced in DOS 3.0 was functional, but heavily relied on internal DOS structures. That made it unnecessarily difficult to modify and improve DOS, even if such changes had no bearing on redirector functionality. And if changes did have to be made, redirectors needed to be updated.
Unfortunately IBM again did not publicly document the IFSFUNC interface; because DOS 4.0 never held a majority of the DOS market, redirectors typically supported the older redirector interface, with relatively minor changes for DOS 4.0. In DOS 5.0, IFSFUNC was removed again. It is possible that IBM planned to support filesystems such as HPFS through IFSFUNC, but such support never materialized.
DOS 4.0 was more forward-looking than the previous versions and designed with the new generation of 286- and 386-based systems in mind. Full 640KB of base memory was more or less expected, and there was some built-in support for expanded and extended memory.
DOS 4.0 was the most memory-hungry release of DOS when it came to conventional memory consumption. It was perhaps designed with the idea that a new system with 640KB of conventional memory running DOS 4.0 would still have at least as much free conventional memory as a 512KB system running DOS 3.3. But due to market dynamics, the assumption turned out to be wrong. Application writers started assuming a system with 640KB of conventional memory running DOS 3.x, and suddenly DOS 4.0 was too fat and bloated.
IBM made another mistake in assuming that it was free to change many undocumented aspects of DOS. When DOS 4.0 was released, many popular utilities and networking software packages turned to be incompatible with the new version. Coupled with several well publicized bugs, this severely hampered the adoption of DOS 4.0.
DOS 4.0 was the first version which came with a dedicated installer, significantly better than the rudimentary SELECT utility in DOS 3.x. The new SELECT was displayed in soothing blue color (at least on color displays) and showed the big IBM logo. This design had been already used with IBM OS/2 1.0 and numerous other IBM products of the late 1980s and early 1990s.
The SELECT utility was a menu-driven installation tool which allowed the user to easily select numerous installation options. It could install DOS on a fixed disk or onto a set of floppies.
SELECT let the user to choose between maximizing functionality, minimizing memory usage, or balancing the two. Based on user's decision, SELECT enabled or disabled functionality such as FASTOPEN and adjusted the number of various DOS buffers.
Some users found the choices provided by SELECT confusing, although it's not entirely clear how IBM could have made that better without triggering complaints from other users that DOS didn't give them enough choice.
DOS 4.0 was part of the push towards OS/2 and graphical user interfaces. The command line interface was officially obsoleted by the new full-screen DOS Shell, compliant with the new CUA (Common User Access) guidelines and somewhat similar to the (upcoming) OS/2 File Manager. The DOS Shell sported menus, dialogs, push buttons, scroll bars, and on-line help.
The DOS Shell was customizable and users could add their own menu entries to easily launch arbitrary programs and utilities. The Shell could be controlled either by a mouse or by a keyboard. There was naturally an easy way to "shell out" to the traditional DOS command prompt.
A File System utility was a prominent part of the DOS Shell. This presented the directory structure of a disk in the classic tree form, allowing easy navigation. The File System part of the DOS Shell was very similar to the File System applet in OS/2's Presentation Manager (released a few months after DOS 4.0).
The DOS Shell was met with a mixed reception. Some users liked it, as it made the PC more accessible to beginners. Others complained that the DOS Shell was incompatible with popular TSRs—often because the TSRs could not correctly handle applications running in graphics mode. The solution was forcing the DOS Shell to use text mode.
The DOS Shell itself was of course entirely optional and users who found no need for it were not forced to use the shell.
More Memory—Or Less
DOS 4.0 was the first version with built-in support for EMS (expanded memory) conforming to the Lotus-Intel-Microsoft (LIM) EMS 4.0 specification. DOS 4.0 supported EMS on two fronts, first by providing EMS to applications and second by utilizing EMS within DOS itself.
Since IBM DOS 4.0 was designed for IBM systems, it included support for IBM memory adapters. EMS support was implemented in two layers, a low-level hardware-specific driver, and the XMA2EMS.SYS driver providing the actual EMS interface.
On 386-based PS/2 systems (initially Model 80), DOS 4.0 could emulate an IBM expanded memory adapter using the XMAEM.SYS driver. The XMAEM.SYS driver used the virtual 8086 mode of the 386 CPU. It was somewhat similar to EMM386 in concept, although simpler. Like many early 386 memory managers, XMAEM.SYS did not provide VCPI (let alone DPMI) support and was thus incompatible with DOS extenders or other 386 control software.
DOS 4.0 could place disk buffers in expanded memory, using the BUFFERS /X command in CONFIG.SYS. Because up to 10,000 buffers (sector-sized) were supported, DOS 4.0 used hashing instead of linear lists to manage disk buffers. The BUFFERS command could be used instead of a traditional disk cache (such as SMARTDRV), with somewhat different performance characteristics.
The expanded memory buffers caused significant problems for IBM. One of the problems was that DOS 4.0 was initially only tested on IBM systems, and IBM's expanded memory implementations always offered at least six EMS handles, more than the LIM EMS standard requires. When users installed IBM DOS 4.0 on non-IBM systems, the EMS implementation often only offered 4 EMS handles and the DOS buffers implementation failed, with potentially data-destroying consequences. The problem was fixed in an update (CSD) from June 1989, and was also corrected in MS-DOS 4.01.
The FASTOPEN.EXE extension could likewise utilize expanded memory with the /X switch. FASTOPEN was a very specialized disk cache. FASTOPEN only cached file searches and file opens, and was much more efficient than disk buffers. When a typical application searched for a file (such as PATH searches), it needed to read directory sectors and FAT sectors which contained largely irrelevant information. In a typical case with a relatively small number of disk buffers (10 or so), disk searches had a tendency to force out all useful file buffers and replace them with relatively unimportant directory/FAT buffers, causing increased disk I/O. This was an issue especially with larger disks (in the 100MB+ range). FASTOPEN needed much less memory to cache the same information and thus increased the efficiency of disk buffers.
Additionally, in DOS 4.0 FASTOPEN also implemented so-called FASTSEEK functionality. This was yet another specialized cache for fast access file extent information. As files became large and fragmented, locating various portions of a file required a potentially significant number of disk accesses to read and process the FAT, with expensive seeks moving between the FAT (at the beginning of a disk) and the data area. FASTSEEK was not especially useful for sequential access, but very effective for random access files, especially if they were fragmented.
A new MEM.EXE utility was added to display the amount of available memory. This functionality was previously—in a rather idiosyncratic manner—available through CHKDSK. However, CHKDSK only displayed conventional memory statistics while MEM also showed extended and expanded memory data. In addition, MEM supported the /DEBUG and /PROGRAM options which displayed detailed conventional memory usage statistics suitable for determining what exactly was using how much memory.
The MODE command was enhanced to support a console with more than 25 lines, taking advantage of EGA and VGA adapters with programmable fonts. The TREE command was changed to display the directory tree in a semi-graphical format, far easier to read than the line-by-line output of earlier versions.
A new feature of DOS 4.0 was the ability to report a different DOS version to applications, a so-called "lie list". The feature was not documented and the list was hardcoded in IBMDOS.COM, but it was located at the very end of the file and could be potentially modified by a system administrator. The predefined entries included e.g. IBMCACHE.SYS or WIN200.BIN and made DOS 4.0 report version 3.40 to these applications, although the the mechanism was not restricted to any specific range of faked version numbers.
DOS 4.0 was relatively poorly received. Some of the criticism leveled against DOS 4.0 was justified, and some of it wasn't; however, it stuck and DOS 4.0 never managed to shake the bad name.
Among the more widespread problems with DOS 4.0 was incompatibility with leading disk utilities. This was natural and inevitable. Since DOS 4.0 supported large disks with 32-bit sector addressing, the disk format had to be different. Utility vendors soon updated their software, but not before the trade press was awash with stories about DOS 4.0 being incompatible with this or that disk utility.
Some problems were issues of perception. IBM sold DOS 4.0 to anyone but never claimed that IBM DOS 4.0 was compatible with anything other than IBM hardware. One of the worst such issues was caused by the way DOS 4.0 used EMS. DOS assumed that six EMS pages were available, which was the case with IBM memory expansion boards, but not guaranteed by the LIM EMS standard and not the case with third-party adapters.
The graphical DOS Shell caused problems with TSRs which could not handle graphics modes. This was easily avoided by forcing the shell to run in text mode, but the only real solution was updating the TSRs to correctly function when the foreground application used a graphics mode. Again this generated bad press for DOS 4.0.
When DOS 4.0 was configured for higher performance with many buffers and caches, the amount of available conventional memory was noticeably lower than in DOS 3.3. This was a legitimate complaint, if perhaps somewhat overblown.
In addition, there were no wonderful new applications requiring DOS 4.0. Because of that, users and vendors were not forced to work out compatibility issues, and many simply decided to stick with DOS 3.3 and ignore the issue altogether.
Last but not least, IBM wasn't very open about admitting problems with DOS 4.0. In mid-1988 there was a quiet update to version 4.01 fixing several critical bugs, but IBM never publicly announced the release, and the new packaging was not clearly marked. Only the floppies contained in the package were labeled as 4.01. DOS itself continued to report version 4.00, although the timestamps of many DOS files were newer.
Later Developments
DOS 4.0 was on the market for several years (roughly 1988-1991), significantly longer than previous versions of DOS. Not surprisingly, it continued to be adapted and modified in that period.
In early 1990, Microsoft released a Russian version of MS-DOS 4.01 for the Soviet Union. This was one of the first Western software products designed for the USSR (and also one of the last, as the Soviet Union ceased to exist in 1991). The Russian MS-DOS 4.01 featured a prominent anti-piracy warning displayed every time the system started; it is highly doubtful that the warning had any effect.
Russian MS-DOS 4.01 leveraged the internationalization technology built into DOS by Microsoft and IBM, which included keyboard layout and display font switching. The only significant non-standard feature was hot-key switching between Russian and Latin keyboard layouts. The base system was fully localized, but the DOS Shell was not.
Also in 1990, IBM released the PS/1 line of home computers. The PS/1 systems came with a specially adapted version of DOS which was built into the PS/1 ROM. This was DOS 4.02, with a 1990 copyright message.
This version of DOS still identified itself as DOS 4.00, even in releases including files with mid-1991 timestamps. IBM's ROM DOS 4.0 appears to have used somewhat different technology than Microsoft's ROM DOS 5.0.
An Opening for Competition
The poor reception of DOS 4.0, together with the relative lack of attention given to DOS by Microsoft and IBM, created an opening for Microsoft's long-time competitor, Digital Research. DR DOS 3.x gained favor with some OEMs by virtue of being significantly cheaper than MS-DOS. However, by 1990 Digital Research offered DR DOS 5.0 (since DOS 4.0 had a bad name, DR went from 3.41 straight to 5.0) which was widely accepted to be superior to MS-DOS 3 and 4.
This caused some serious anxiety among high-ranking Microsoft officials. DOS was Microsoft's cash cow, which funded expansion into other markets. If DOS income were to be severely reduced, it would have caused big financial headaches for Microsoft.
Microsoft naturally realized that and scrambled to release DOS 5.0, "accidentally" matching DR DOS feature for feature. The release of DOS 5.0 in 1991 spelled a quick death for the unpopular DOS version 4.0.
The Vista of DOS
There are interesting parallels between Windows Vista and DOS 4.0. Like Windows Vista, DOS 4.0 was highly unpopular for many reasons. Like Vista, DOS 4.0 was often considered less preferable than the previous version (DOS 3.3/Windows XP) until the successor version (DOS 5.0/Windows 7), not radically different, won the hearts and minds of the press and users.
As with Vista, the software compatibility issues were hammered out by vendors, and by the time the next version came out, everything just worked. Not so much because the new version magically solved all problems, but rather because incompatibilities had been quietly fixed while the world wasn't paying attention.
And much like with Windows 7, the resource requirements of DOS 5.0 seemed modest in 1991, while similar requirements of DOS 4.0 had been deemed outrageous in 1988. High memory support in DOS 5.0 relieved much of the conventional memory pressure, but it also required at least a 286. By the time DOS 5.0 was released, the the typical system was in fact a 286 or better, but that had not been the case when DOS 4.0 was released.
Developing Applications Using DOS, Ken W. Christopher, Jr., Barry A. Feigenbaum, Shon O. Saliga, 1990, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-52231-7
Incompatibilities Hinder Useful DOS 4.0 Features, InfoWorld, August 15, 1988, page 1
IBM Doesn't Want To Come Clean on DOS 4.0, InfoWorld, August 29, 1988, page 74
Early DOS 4.0 Users Say 'Stay Away', InfoWorld, September 5, 1988, page 5
IBM announcement letter archive
14 Responses to DOS 4.0
rauli says:
I would like to make clear that the 4.02 version included in the ROM of PS/1 computers, only had the files needed to boot. More than a normal boot option, it was a safe way to boot the computer in emergency cases (virus infections or hard disk deletion and lack of boot diskette).
Anyway, it could be configured to boot from ROM, use customized CONFIG.SYS/AUTOEXEC.BAT (in the hard disk) and set the PATH variable pointing to a hard disk directory containing the full set of DOS files.
Like Compaq DOS 3.31, Zenith DOS 3.30 PLUS supported hard disk partitions bigger than 32 Mb. It is dated 1988, but I'm not sure if it was released before or after IBM DOS 4.
michaln says:
Compaq's DOS 3.31 with large partition support was released in November 1987 or so. Certainly before DOS 4.0. Betas of OS/2 1.1 with large partition support were out in March 1988, also before DOS 4.0.
Yuhong Bao says:
"In retrospect, version 3.4 might have been more accurate for the DOS kernel"
Well, the internal data structure changes alone probably deserved a major number change. Remember many TSRs (including redirectors) that depend on them check the major version number of DOS.
Simon Bernard says:
Je possède un PC IBM PS/1 type 2011 sur lequel je veux installer le logiciel IBM DOS 4.0 FRANCAIS sur le disque dur.
Je recherche les disquettes d'installation.
Avez svp éventuellement ces images disquettes. Si non où puis-je les trouver.
Sorry, I don't have any French PS/1 disk images (if I understood the request correctly). All I know is that the DOS 4.0 releases for the PS/1 were somewhat different and newer than the "normal" IBM DOS 4.00.
ery says:
my company has old machine that use OS2 with 3 partition (FAT and HPFS), and until now no one can do installation or cloning. i try norton ghost 11,5 and 7 and the last i try clonezilla still can' clone it or create image. and i also try reformat and create system and copy the OS2 still can't run the OS. please help if you have guide installation or how to repair.
info: current machine use HDD IDE less than 10Gb
ery
I really enjoyed reading these DOS articles. Do you plan to continue on with DOS 5.x, 6.x, and PC DOS 7.0/2000?
That's the plan. Unfortunately(?) it turns out that there's far more source material (magazine articles, Microsoft internal memos) related to DOS 5 than all the preceding versions combined. That makes turning the facts into a coherent narrative quite difficult.
I worked at Egghead Discount Software when DOS 5.0 was released. It was a huge deal and I remember selling boatloads. We very rarely sold copies of DOS 4.0 prior to that, and we as salespeople had the impression that DOS 4.0 was a bad product. I remember having to dust the copy or two of DOS 4.0 that we kept around since it rarely sold.
DOS 4.0 definitely had a bad reputation. Whether it was objectively a bad product is a different question 🙂
I'm curious though. Was Egghead selling the IBM version of DOS 4.0? As far as I know, MS-DOS was not available as a retail product until the 5.0 upgrade… that's what the whole DOS 5.0 "RUP" (Retail Upgrade Product) was about.
Malcolm says:
The Russian text says (transliteration in brackets):
This software and its documentation are copyrighted under international treaty provisions. [ETOT PROGRAMMNYY PRODUKT I YEGO DOKUMENTATSIYA ZASHCHISHCHENY AVTORSKIM PRAVOM I USLOVIYAMI MEZHDUNARODNYKH DOGOVOROV].
Unauthorized copying of this program product and / or its documentation is prohibited. [Neavtorizovannoye kopirovaniye etogo programmo produkta i/ili yego dokumentatsii absolyutno zapreshcheno.]
Past that bit though, I don't really know Russian … and the ultimate meaning of the next sentence fragment evades me I think it might mean 'you can be held personally responsible for copyright infringement'?
You can be punished destinies liability for copyright infringement, [Vas mogut privlech' k sudebioy otvetstvennosti za narusheniye avtorskogo prava], if you make a copy of this product or allow others to do so without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation. [yesli Vy delayete kopii etogo produka ili pozvolyayete delat' eto drugim bez yavnogo pis'mennogo razresheniya Microsoft Corporation.]
Press any key . . . [Nazhmite lyubuyu klavishu]
I've done the odd fragment of Russian using Charmap and Google translate, but that one was a hard one! Especially as that DOS font makes little distinction between the small letters E (э) and Z (з)… Is there even any difference? I can hardly see it 🙂
As far as I can tell, there's a 1-pixel difference between 'e' and 'z' 🙂
The middle part means roughly "You may be held personally liable for copyright violations if you make a copy of this product" etc. More literally something like "They may bring you to judicial responsibility for violating authorship law if you make a copy of this product".
That E and Z difference… I didn't twig until I had spent ages trying to figure out what 'ztogo' meant. Even still, I can't tell them apart reliably!
Nico says:
Salut Simon
Mieux vaut tard que jamais. Je dois avoir les disquettes du DOS 4 Français (livrées avec un IBM PS/1 2011). Je devrais pouvoir t'en faire une image sans pb (si elles marchent encore). Pour les tester, il faut malheureusement que tu attendes que j'ai fini de réparer mon PS/1 (je modifie la puce Dallas du RTC dont la pile est morte), car je n'ai plus, ni à la maison, ni au boulot de lecteur 3″1/2 fonctionnel (!!).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tereshkova was going to get an audience with the Queen of England
The first woman-cosmonaut, Deputy of the state Duma Valentina Tereshkova may be invited to an audience with the Queen of great Britain Elizabeth II. This was stated by the speaker of the lower house of Parliament, Vyacheslav Volodin on Wednesday, February 22, reported on the website of the Duma faction "United Russia".
According to him, the state Duma received a letter from the Director of the London science Museum Ian of Blatchford in which it is proposed to hold from 13 to 16 March the exhibition devoted to Tereshkova.
"And on his part, the issue of meeting Valentina Vladimirovna with Queen Elizabeth II", — said Volodin.
Assistant Tereshkova Andrey Rodionov told the TV channel "360" that she has no information about the Queen's reception.
According to "Interfax", March 6 — the birthday of Valentina Tereshkova — the lower house of Parliament will host a reception in her honor. Such events, dedicated to the astronauts, can be a traditional, Chairman of the Duma of the Agency.
Valentina Tereshkova — the first woman-cosmonaut (1963), hero of the Soviet Union. The only woman in the world who made a space flight alone. He was elected to the state Duma of the second, fourth, sixth, and seventh convocations.
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FoodSharing Copenhagen is a non-profit organization that holds events on Wednesdays and Saturdays. It collects tons of food and shares with hundreds of people, allowing the reduction and awareness of food waste.
At the moment this organization has the support of 600 volunteers, partnerships with several retailers, distributed tons of food that fed hundreds of people and organized workshops and campaigns against food waste.
If anyone has interest in becoming a volunteer and participating in this wonderful initiative just click here.
I was told that the events that take place on Saturdays are very close to my house – thanks to a Danish classmate. Me and C decided that we should try it and arrived at 12:20 pm. At 12:30 p.m. they started to distribute small cards with images of various foods. I got an avocado and the C got grapes. It was 6°C that morning so we went into the building where there were still few people.
Around 13 o'clock the list in which the order for the food is taken is shown. We had bad luck, I was the last one and the C was about halfway through. We were only called at around 2:00 p.m., but I loved it.
There were not many foods and a lot of choice, after all, I was the last to be called, but we got several avocados, bread, herbs, potatoes, tomatoes, a lettuce and pears. In spite of everything I think we have got enough free food – which has saved us some money and knowing that we have helped with food waste, it pays off 100%!
The most striking thing is that, as you can see, the food looks great and it would be thrown into the trash… Am I the only one that think about these things?
The order of the groups receiving the food varies from day to day, so we never know if it will be a good day or a less good one, the same applies to food!
As you might imagine, FoodSharing has expenses like transports, so they have a jar for donations to put in some coins.
I absolutely love this event :). I was also one of the last ones, but ended up having enough pears to make a jam of them.


Who chooses the places where we eat?
How much will I eat/drink?
Can you cater for vegetarians and other food requirements?
Please go to Book a Tour menu and pick a tour you're interested in to check availability of the tours and make a reservation. We can take 8 people on our Food Tour, Beer Tour and Vodka Tour, so it's the early bird rule. If the date you're interested in is fully booked, please contact us as we may be able to open an extra tour for you. If you'd like to join the tour and it's less than 2 hours before its scheduled start, please call us (+48 661 368 758) to check last minute availability.
Definitely yes! All the meals, drinks, snacks, even costs of transportation (if necessary during a tour or class) are covered. During the Food Tour, we will treat you to approx. 15 different food and drink tastings, on the Vodka Tour you will try 12 tastings of vodkas and food, and on the Beer Tour you will try 9-10 tastings of beer, and enjoy an additional full meal. Still, you may want to have some spare cash if you wish to buy something on the way (like a glass of wine or a bottle of vodka to take home:).
The Food Tour tour lasts 4 hours and the Vodka Tour and Beer Tour are approx. 3.5 hours (sometimes a bit longer, in all cases:). We do not spend the entire time eating or drinking, but also walking and discovering Warsaw, Krakow and Gdansk. You can be sure that these walks are really helpful after tasting these delicacies.
Our Tours aim to be a customized, personal experience of discovering Warsaw, Krakow and Gdansk, its food, vodka, beer and history. In order to guarantee that, the minimum group size is two and the maximum is 8. Everyone is welcome, so be prepared to meet new friends, as other guests might join.
Please note that we have special offers for organized groups bigger than 8, so please contact us for details.
Eat Polska tours are independent tasting walks which aim at exposing you to the best culinary experience. Therefore, you can be sure that each and every place was carefully chosen by our local team in Warsaw, Krakow or Gdansk. The establishments we will take you to are those where we go ourselves or would often take our visiting friends so you can be sure of their highest quality.
Food Tour: The golden rule of Polish hosts is to serve the amount of food that will make a table collapse. If you enjoy Polish food, you may be sure that a tour makes for a full meal with a dessert. It will be a good idea to eat just breakfast. Please, skip lunch or you won't be able to try everything as approx. 15 food and drink tastings will be served. We would describe the amount of food served as abundant dinner.
Vodka Tour: We are going to taste at least 6 different kinds of vodka, served in 20ml portions. Each shot of vodka is going to be accompanied with a typical vodka dish. You should not be hungry after the tour, still the focus is on drinking. Most guests tell us the description on the website underestimates the amount of food served during the tour, though:) We would describe the amount of food served as proper lunch.
Beer Tour: We are going to taste 9-10 different beers, served in 100-150 ml glasses, accompanied with typical beer snacks. But don't worry, you won't be hungry as one full-size meal is going to be served during the tour.
Please refer to maps in the 'Contacts' section to read descriptions and see maps showing all locations.
You will be joined by one of our culinary experts who will reveal all the secrets of Polish cuisine to you. We're not city tour guides who decided to talk about food, we're real enthusiasts and are really passionate about culinary culture. We're Polish and live in Warsaw or Krakow. Those stories about Christmas we're going to tell you, we know them from our experience because this is how we celebrate. The strawberry jam recipe? That's how our grandmothers used to do it! And that funny vodka ad we will show you: that's the one we remember from when we were young. The stories you will hear are based on knowledge and research but you can't beat personal experince when it comes to food culture stories and we have it! Among us there are journalists, food bloggers, translators and interpreters, restaurant managers and academics. You can get to know us a little better beforehand by clicking 'The Team' section on the website menu.
All our tours can be paid for online, using our booking system. We accept Visa, Maestro and MasterCard. If you don't have one of those cards or have problems with the payment, we also offer PayPal payment, however a 5% processing fee will apply. Please note we don't accept bookings that are not prepaid. Unfortunately, we've had some bad experience with no-shows and because of prepayments we make that leaves us with bills to pay:( If you're making a last minute booking, please contact us and in some cases you may pay on the spot to the guide. All prices are quoted in PLN (Polish Złoty). In case of larger groups booked long in advance we also offer payment in EUR via bank transfer, but please note any fees must be covered by the payer.
Yes, we can! We will provide special accommodations for allergies, serious dietary restrictions, and religious and ideological choices. We prefer not to accommodate other preferences, and strictly cannot accommodate vegan guests. We recommend that you come with an open mind, ready to try things you might not ordinarily prefer, trusting that you will undoubtedly find most things easy to like. We reserve the right to refund a reservation if we cannot accommodate a particular dietary restriction. We need to know about any restrictions at least 48 hours prior to your tour, but we prefer to know as soon as possible, so please be sure to check with your party before making the booking. Please also note, that sometimes the replacements offered may not be 100% Polish classics, as our cuisine heavily relies upon meat, mostly pork. Also, in some cases, a special diet menu may include fewer tastings (but still the same amount of food; e.g. instead of tasting two small portions of soup, you may be served a full portion of one of them; instead of tasting Polish sausage and cheese, you may be served a bigger serving of cheese etc).
You're more than welcome to join our Food Tours with kids. If your child doesn't need a separate seat and plate, we won't charge you anything extra (this is an option for kids between 0-3 y.o.). For children between 4-12 y.o. we offer a special 50% discounted price. Kids of 12 y.o. and older are welcome to join at full price. We believe culinary education should start as early as possible, so the menu served to children will be the regular one (we don't offer special kids menus).
Please note that as the legal drinking age is 18 in Poland we don't accept minors on our Vodka Tours nor Beer Tours.
Can't see the answer to your question? Drop us a line!


text:
Q: I'm getting error in my react code im using firebase storage while im passing the thumbnail value and it has name property on that object, error givin `
useForm.js:
import { projectStorage } from '../firebase/config';
import { useAuth } from './useAuth';

export const useForm = () => {
  const { user } = useAuth();
  const uploadImage = async (thumbnail) => {
    const uploadPath = `thumbnails/${user.uid}/${thumbnail.name}`;
    try {
      const img = await projectStorage.ref(uploadPath).put(thumbnail);
      const imgUrl = await img.ref.getDownloadURL();
    } catch (err) {
      console.log(err.message);
    }
  };
  return { uploadImage };
};`

Form.jsx:
`
   import { useState } from "react"
import { useForm} from '../hooks/useForm'

export default function Form() {
    const [caption, setCaption] = useState('')
    const [error, setError] = useState(null)
    const [thumbnail, setThumbnail] = useState(null)
    const { uploadImage} = useForm()

        const handleSubmit = (e) =>{
            e.preventDefault()
          uploadImage(thumbnail)
        }

    const handleChange = (e) =>{
        setThumbnail(null)
        const selected = e.target.files[0]
        console.log(selected);

        if(!selected){
            setError('please select a file')
            return
        }
        if(!selected.type.includes('image')){
            setError('please select a image file')
            return
        }

        setError(null)
        setThumbnail(selected)
        console.log('photo updated');
    }

  return (

        <form onClick={handleSubmit}>

                Photo:
                <input type="file"  name="file" id="file"  onChange={handleChange} required/>

                caption:
                <textarea name="captiom" id="caption" onChange={(e)=>setCaption(e.target.value)}></textarea>
                { error &&
{Error}
}

            <button>Submit</button>
        </form>

  )
}

`
The above is my code in that useForm.js im using that thumbnail state which is stored in form.jsx and passign through the function to useForm.js so i can create path using that to upload images in firebase storage.
useForm.js:7 Uncaught (in promise) TypeError: Cannot read properties of null (reading 'name') getting this error
can someone please help me with what I'm doing wrong please give me the solution

A: It looks like this is happening because you aren't validating that thumbnail is actually set inside the handleSubmit function.
So when it reaches this line:
const uploadPath = `thumbnails/${user.uid}/${thumbnail.name}`;

...it can't read .name because thumbnail is null.

Try handling the case where thumbnail is being submitted as null like this:
const handleSubmit = (e) =>{
  e.preventDefault();
  if(!thumbnail){
    setError('please select a file');
    return;
  }
  setError(null);
  uploadImage(thumbnail);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Swiss chard is a nutritional powerhouse -- an excellent source of vitamins K, A, and C, as well as a good source of magnesium, potassium, iron, and dietary fiber.
PLEASE friend me on Facebook MAJAH BLAK.
Jamaican Callaloo And Swiss Chard A Wicked Vegetarian Combination.
Swiss chard pie. Gary Rhodes. Cookery year. BBC MMII.
Cooking Tips: How to Prepare Green Swiss Chard. Basic cooking techniques and tips. Expert Village How-to Videos.
Try watching fullscreen. I didn't know what to have for dinner until I walked out to the garden. Then it hit me.


text:
FASB Issues Proposals to Improve Reporting for Financial Instruments
FASB Financial Accounting & Reporting
FASB issued two proposals intended to address concerns arising from the financial crisis relating to accounting for financial instruments. The comment period for proposed FASB Staff Position EITF 99-20-a, Amendments to the Impairment and Interest Income Measurement Guidance of EITF Issue No. 99-20, ends today. It is available at www.fasb.org/fasb_staff_positions/prop_fsp_eitf99-20-a.pdf.
The proposal would amend the impairment guidance in EITF Issue No. 99-20, Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on Purchased Beneficial Interests and Beneficial Interests That Continue to Be Held by a Transferor in Securitized Financial Assets. It is intended to reduce complexity and achieve more consistent determinations of whether other-than-temporary impairments of available-for-sale or held-to-maturity debt securities have occurred.
Proposed FSP FAS 107-a, Disclosures about Certain Financial Instruments: An Amendment of FASB Statement No. 107, is open for comment until Jan. 15. It is available at www.fasb.org/fasb_staff_positions/prop_fsp_fas107-a.pdf.
The proposal seeks to amend the disclosure requirements in FASB Statement no. 107, Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments, to increase the comparability of certain financial instruments that are economically similar but have different measurement attributes.
The proposed FSPs represent two of four short-term projects announced by FASB Chairman Robert Herz on Dec. 15 that are intended to improve and simplify current practices for accounting for financial instruments. FASB is working on the remaining projects—Clarification of the Embedded Credit Derivative Scope Exception in Paragraph 14B of Statement 133 and Recoveries of Other-Than-Temporary Impairments (Reversals).
In addition to these short-term efforts, Herz announced that following input received during the recent round-table discussions on the global financial crisis held with the IASB, and other input and discussions with constituents, FASB added to its technical agenda a comprehensive joint project with the IASB to address complexity in existing standards of accounting and reporting for financial instruments.
"Regaining investor confidence during this global credit crisis requires both immediate action and a plan for long-term improvement in the accounting for financial instruments," Herz said in a press release. "By issuing these proposed FSPs, the FASB is taking immediate steps to reduce complexity and make the accounting for these instruments easier to understand."


Knapp KM. Knapp K.M. Knapp, Katherine M.Chapter 297. Candida. In: Rudolph CD, Rudolph AM, Lister GE, First LR, Gershon AA. Rudolph C.D., Rudolph A.M., Lister G.E., First L.R., Gershon A.A. Eds. Colin D. Rudolph, et al.eds. Rudolph's Pediatrics, 22e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011. http://accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=455&sectionid=40310592. Accessed April 23, 2019.
Knapp KM. Knapp K.M. Knapp, Katherine M.. "Chapter 297. Candida." Rudolph's Pediatrics, 22e Rudolph CD, Rudolph AM, Lister GE, First LR, Gershon AA. Rudolph C.D., Rudolph A.M., Lister G.E., First L.R., Gershon A.A. Eds. Colin D. Rudolph, et al. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011, http://accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=455&sectionid=40310592.
Candida species are yeast forms that are ubiquitous in nature and frequent colonizers of the skin and mucous membranes in humans, although they rarely cause invasive disease in immunocompetent individuals. Only a small number of the more than 150 species of Candida that have been described are considered to be pathogenic. Candida albicans remains the most frequent cause of human candidiasis, but infections owing to other species of Candida are increasingly recognized.1-4 In addition, the incidence of infections owing to C albicans isolates that are resistant to azole antifungals is increasing. This changing epidemiology has implications for appropriate treatment of antifungal-resistant Candida infections.
The incidence of colonization with Candida spp depends upon host characteristics such as age and overall health. Neonates are frequently colonized with Candida spp, and localized oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) is not uncommon in this population. Hospitalized and ill children are more frequently colonized than are healthy children. Candida spp have relatively low virulence factors compared to other organisms, and therefore rarely cause disease in the normal host. For candidiasis to occur, the host must have impaired resistance to disease, the number of yeast organisms must be high, or both.
Neonates and pregnant women have impaired host resistance to Candida species, as do patients with immunodeficiencies (congenital or acquired), induced immunosuppression (eg, owing to chemotherapy or corticosteroids), or debilitation (owing to trauma or surgery). Advances in health care that have decreased mortality for many conditions (eg, prematurity and malignancy) have been associated also with changes in host defense and normal flora, which have in turn led to a larger population at risk for invasive Candida infection. Preterm newborns and oncology patients frequently receive multiple and long-term courses of medications, particularly antimicrobials (altering the normal flora), and have defects in mucosal or skin barriers (eg, owing to intravascular catheters), which puts them at high risk for development of candidiasis.


Parenting, teaching, and interacting with youth can be a difficult task. We, at SMYAL seek to support parents and teachers as you expand learning beyond the norm. The following resources can be of assistance while you seek to identify new and creative ways to engage and explore gender and identity discussions with your youth.


Sorry, we are busy working with clients at the moment and haven't got around to putting the polish on our new website.
Please reach out to andrew@madetorank.com if you have any need for us.
We have a long history of working with Food Bloggers to improve Page Speed issues (with and without third-party ads problems), correcting problem Google Schema implementations and converting a range of existing Recipe Plugins to WP Recipe Maker.


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Software & Firmware Updates For Your Tech
Home › Software & Firmware Updates For Your Tech
AVR Updates
Your AVR is the hub of any 5.1 or greater system. It's what you plug everything into and feeds your TV and in some cases many other devices too. Come here for reviews on the latest firmware and software updates.
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A DVR (Digital Video Recorder) could be anything such as your TiVO, Sky box, Virgin Box, Comcast box, basically anything that records your TV and more. You will find reviews on the latest firmware and software updates here.
Whether you own the latest and greatest from Samsung, Google or Apple, or something lower end, it's always a good idea to make sure you have the latest information on the existing and upcoming OS. See the reviews and updates here.
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Whether you have a Sonus, or Blutooth speaker, or whether you've invested in the latest Uniti from Naim, you can find the updates to the software and firmware here, along with reviews and comment.
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Home › Uncategorized › Win or learn, crash and burn…
Win or learn, crash and burn…
I wish I were a song writer. I like that line (the title of this blog), it feels to me like a good album could be written around it.
Well, it's over! Where to begin. Once again, been awhile since I've written. Much has happened. I'm currently on the plane flying back to Denver from Miami. By my figuring, the last time I will be on N601FR. Crazy.
I believe I last wrote at the end of the first round of the Chase. A brief catch up summary is in order then. Kansas and Charlotte we were alright, and in a good position to make the third round of the chase. We even qualified on the pole at Talladega, which was not only unexpected, but is a huge accomplishment. And then about 40 laps in we blew up. Race over. Chase over. Such a weird moment, and following week. Everything and nothing changed. Rather numbing. Work life mirroring personal life I guess.
The third round was Martinsville, Texas and Phoenix. We qualified on pole again at Martinsville, which was awesome to do right after Talladega. The tracks are so incredibly different, so again, huge accomplishment for the team. We ran well, finished about 7th which we were pleased with there. I'm struggling to remember Texas, but I believe we finished 3rd, after having a shot at the win. I believe the 19 and us were the two best cars, and they beat us off pit road on the last stop. Phoenix last week was a giant Charlie Foxtrot from the word go. We hit the wall first practice and had to go to the backup car. Then couldn't get it through inspection in time and missed qualifying, so we started last (40th). By lap 60 we were up to 10th, and thought we had a shot at it. And then in the most bizarre set of circumstances I can remember, 10 real time minutes later we were 2 laps down and at the back of the pack. I can't even begin to explain how that happened, I barely understand it myself, and it took 3 days to get there. So we went to work trying to dig out of that hole, and got to where we were battling for the lucky dog to get back on the the lead lap. And then the guy we were racing spun and took us out. Race over.
And this weekend was Homestead-Miami. Quite a different experience than last year. I can't believe it's been a whole year already, feels like we were just here. We were quick in practice and qualifying, started P6. We had a problem with out car early that forced and extra pit stop, and dropped us from 8th to 36th or so. But we fought our way back up to about 5th, before the 4 car knocked us into the wall, and it ruined the right side of the car. And then while running about 15th, with a shot at a top 10, we got caught up in the big one. I didn't know that was a thing at Homestead, but apparently it is. If you see pictures in the next day or two of a Nascar on fire, that was us. Fortunately Martin got out and was fine.
Last year, I spent this night in Key Largo, and then drove down to Key West the next morning for a few days. What a great way to end and forget the season that was. I was rather looking forward to doing something similar this year, but the plans that I was trying to make never worked out. So instead, I'm flying back to Detroit tomorrow (Monday) night to be home for a couple of days. There is much to do over the next couple of weeks, I've got some big things planned for next year!
‹ Winning and Learning…
You better watch out, you better not cry… ›


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Woodblock print (406)
Asian art (404)
Drawings (visual works) (1)
Hanging scroll (1)
Gold leaf (1)
Light color (1)
Silk (textile) (1)
Mount Fuji (1)
East Asian (6)
Japanism (6)
Edo (japanese period) (6)
Fishing Boats at Choshi in Shimosa (Soshu Choshi) from the series "One Thousand Pictures of the Ocean (Chie no umi)", c. 1833/34
The Mansion of the Plates (Sara yashiki), from the series "One Hundred Ghost Tales (Hyaku monogatari)", 1831/32
Kajikazawa in Kai Province (Koshu Kajikazawa), from the series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjurokkei)", c. 1830/33
A Philosopher Watching a Pair of Butterflies, from The Picture Book of Realistic Paintings of Hokusai (Hokusai shashin gafu), c. 1814
Empress Jito (Jito Tenno) from the series "One Hundred Poems as Explained by the Wet Nurse (Hyakunin isshu uba ga etoki)", c. 1835
A Peasant Crossing a Bridge, from the series A True Mirror of Chinese and Japanese Poems, late 1830s
Yoro Waterfall in Mino Province (Mino no kuni Yoro no taki), from the series Tour of the Waterfalls in Various Provinces (Shokoku Takimeguri), c. 1833
Tenji Tenno (The Emperor Tenji), first poet in the series One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets Explained by the Nurse, c. 1835/36
Lilies, from an untitled series of Large Flowers, c. 1833/34
Tama River in Musashi Province (Bushu Tamagawa), from the series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjurokkei)", c. 1830/33
Memorial Anniversary (Shunen), from the series "One Hundred Ghost Tales (Hyaku monogatari)", 1831/32
Iris and Grasshopper, from an untitled series of large flowers, c. 1833/34
Iris, from The Picture Book of Realistic Paintings of Hokusai (Hokusai shashin gafu), c. 1814
Goten Hill at Shinagawa on the Tokaido (Tokaido Shinagawa Gotenyama), from the series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjurokkei)", c. 1830/33
Blooming Plum Tree, from The Picture Book of Realistic Paintings of Hokusai (Hokusai shashin gafu), c. 1814
The Tea Plantation of Katakura in Suruga Province (Sunshu Katakura chaen no Fuji), from the series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjurokkei)", c. 1830/33
An Artisan's Shop, from the album The Mist of Sandara (Sandara kasumi), 1798
Cranes by the Shore, illustration for The Leg Shell (Ashigai), from the series "A Matching Game with Genroku-period Poem Shells (Genroku kasen kai awase)", 1821
A Perspective View: The Two Deva Kings Gate of Kinryuzan Temple (Ukie: Kinryuzan niomon no zu), 1781/89
The Famous Places on the Tokaido in One View (Tokaido meisho ichiran), 1818
Hotei Smoking his Pipe, from The Picture Book of Realistic Paintings of Hokusai (Hokusai shashin gafu), c. 1814
Mariko, from the series "Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido (Tokaido gojusan tsugi)", c. 1806
Sojo Henjo, twelfth poet in the series One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets Explained by the Nurse, c. 1835/36
Bell-Flower and Dragonfly, from an untitled series of large flowers, c. 1833/34
Beneath Mannen Bridge in Fukagawa (Fukagawa Mannenbashi shita) from the series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjurokkei)", c. 1830/33
Fox, from The Picture Book of Realistic Paintings of Hokusai (Hokusai shashin gafu), c. 1814
Hawk, from The Picture Book of Realistic Paintings of Hokusai (Hokusai shashin gafu), c. 1814
The Swordsmith Munechika and the God of Inari, 1805
Morning Glories and Tree-frog, from an untitled series of Large Flowers, c. 1833/34
Farewell Gift for the Horse (Uma no Senbetsu), from the series "A Selection of Horses (Uma-zukushi)", 1822
Fujimigahara in Owari Province (Bishu Fujimigahara), from the series "Thirty-six views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjurokkei)", c. 1830/33
Two Rabbits, from The Picture Book of Realistic Paintings of Hokusai (Hokusai shashin gafu), c. 1814
The Poetess Ono no Komachi, from the series "Six Immortal Poets (Rokkasen)", Edo period (1615–1868), about 1810
New Year's Day at Ogi-ya brothel, 1811
Tatekawa River Lumberyard at Honjo (Honjo Tatekawa), from the series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjurokkei)", c. 1830/33
Ushibori in Hitachi Province (Joshu Ushibori), from the series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjurokkei)", c. 1830/33


When I was in elementary school we always had school fairs. The fair I will always remember was the fair that had the "crab walk". Like a cake walk the music starts and you walk in a circle until it stops. The draw a number and if the number they draw is the number you are standing on you win a cake or in this instance a small hermit crab. I went home that night, my parents money all spent in one place, with at least 6 little friends. I didn't have them long though and as a kid I thought that they just didn't live very long but after that I was obsessed!
Jump forward to me at 27 with my own house. I was planning a trip to Myrtle Beach and I knew I was getting hermit crabs again but this time they were going to live longer because I knew they could. I did my research before the trip and found out they need salt and fresh water, sand a coco fiber and places to hide and climb, and extra shells (not painted). I bought all the things I would need and set up the tank so it would be ready for the arrival. When I got them home I put them in the tank and decided I wanted to share pictures and experiences with others that would understand my strange obsession. The people who were on vacation with me certainly did not understand. All I heard the entire time was "but they stick and they are ugly and they only live like a year, what's the point? So I set out to find some hermit crab groups online.
That is when I found crab street journal, and LHCO. That's when all my thoughts that I was doing right by my hermies came to a screeching halt. I was floored with the amount of incorrect information I had been fed from pet stores, pet boards and google searches. I realized the conditions of my childhood crabs was like a torchers chamber and the 10 gallon tank I had my current crabs in was no better than pay by the hour roach motel and the food pellets, why not give them poison and be done with it! I suddenly felt like my hermit crabs were dead already.
So I started reading everything and started shopping. I got an 80 gallon tank, fresh and dried food online, chia sprouts, the right sized heater, gallon each pools, so much stuff to hide and climb on they won't know what hit them, enough shells to wear a new one every day for a year, moss, 8-10 inches of sub properly mixed, prime water conditioner, instant ocean, everything boiled and primed.
I brought my babies home on September 6th. I have worked on their new crabitat almost every day since and have gotten amazon prime shipments at least twice a week. The ground breaking ceremony is scheduled for this weekend and I am super excited. I can't wait to get my crabs in there and thriving. I also found that there is the opportunity to be come and adopter on crabstreet and I plan to include myself on the site in the spring. Because of this site and the amazing people on it who also help people every day on Facebook I have come a long, long way in the past month and light years away from the kid who brought home 6 poor crabs from school.


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If God's Existence is Unprovable, Then is Everything Permitted? Kant, Radical Agnosticism, and Morality
Kant ontological argument God existence freedom agency morality
This essay is about how four deeply important Kantian ideas can significantly illuminate some essentially intertwined issues in philosophical theology, philosophical logic, the metaphysics of agency, and above all, morality. These deeply important Kantian ideas are: (1) Kant's argument for the impossibility of the Ontological Argument, (2) Kant's first "postulate of pure practical reason," immortality, (3) Kant's third postulate of pure practical reason, the existence of God, and finally (4) Kant's second postulate of pure practical reason, freedom.
Hanna, Robert. 2014. "If God's Existence Is Unprovable, Then Is Everything Permitted? Kant, Radical Agnosticism, and Morality". Diametros, no. 39 (March):29-69. https://doi.org/10.13153/diam.39.2014.564.
Robert Hanna, University of Colorado at Boulder
Robert HannaProfessorDepartment of PhilosophyUniversity of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, CO 80309USA e-mail: robert.hanna@colorado.edu
CPJ – Critique of the Power of Judgment, trans. P. Guyer, E. Matthews, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000.
CPR – Critique of Pure Reason, trans. P. Guyer, A. Wood, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1997.
CPrR – Critique of Practical Reason, trans. M. Gregor, [in:] Immanuel Kant: Practical Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996, pp. 133–272.
GMM – Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. M. Gregor, [in:] Immanuel Kant: Practical Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996, pp. 37–108.
Rel – Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, trans. A. Wood, G. Di Giovanni, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998.
WiE – An Answer to the Question: 'What is Enlightenment?', trans. H.B. Nisbet, [in:] H. Reiss (ed.), Kant's Political Writings, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1970, pp. 54–60.
Crowell [2012] – S. Crowell (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Existentialism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012.
Descartes [1985a] – R. Descartes, Principles of Philosophy, [in:] R. Descartes, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, 3 vols., trans. J. Cottingham et al., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1985.
Descartes [1985b] – R. Descartes, Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and Seeking the Truth in the Sciences, [in:] R. Descartes, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, 3 vols., trans. J. Cottingham et al., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1985.
Dostoyevsky [1958] – F. Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, trans. D. Magarshack, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex 1958.
Gödel [1967] – K. Gödel, On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems, [in:] J. Van Heijenoort (ed.), From Frege to Gödel, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1967, pp. 596–617.
Gödel [1984] – K. Gödel, What is Cantor's Continuum Problem?, [in:] P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds.), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1984, 2nd edn., pp. 470–485.
Hanna [2001] – R. Hanna, Kant and the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy, Clarendon/Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001.
Iemhoff [2009] – R. Iemhoff, "Intuitionism in the Philosophy of Mathematics," [in:] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2009 Edition), E.N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2009/entries/intuitionism/.
Kierkegaard [1997a] – S. Kierkegaard, Stages on Life's Way, [in:] The Essential Kierkegaard, trans. H. Hong and E. Hong, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 1997, pp. 170–186.
Kierkegaard [1997b] – S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling, [in:] The Essential Kierkegaard, trans. H. Hong and E. Hong, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 1997, pp. 93–101.
Korsgaard [2009] – C. Korsgaard, Self-Constitution: Agency, Identity, and Integrity, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009.
Kuehn [2001] – M. Kuehn, Kant: A Biography, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001.
Oppy [2009] – G. Oppy, "Ontological Arguments," [in:] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2009/entries/ontological-arguments/.
Russell [1975] – B. Russell, Autobiography, Unwin, London 1975.
Stevenson [2003] – L. Stevenson, Opinion, Belief or Faith, and Knowledge, "Kantian Review" (7) 2003, pp. 72–101.
Tooley [2010] – M. Tooley, "The Problem of Evil," [in:] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2010 Edition), E.N.Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2010/entries/evil/.
Van Atten [2009] – M. van Atten, "The Development of Intuitionistic Logic," [in:] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 Edition), E.N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2009/entries/intuitionistic-logic- -development/.
Wittgenstein [1979] – L. Wittgenstein, Notebooks 1914–1916, trans. G.E.M. Anscombe, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL 1979, 2nd edn.
Wittgenstein [1981] – L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trans. C.K. Ogden, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1981.
Robert Hanna, The Myth of the Given and the Grip of the Given , Diametros: No. 27 (2011)


The global demand for Atrial Fibrillation treatment options is emerging rapidly driven by consumption in major emerging markets. As more growth opportunities will turn up over the medium to long term future, a large number of companies are working on Atrial Fibrillation pipeline. Companies quickly adapting to the change and moving their products to advanced phases will evolve as top performers. However, challenges of completing clinical trials on schedules and inadequate financial support are holding some of the Atrial Fibrillation pipeline companies from advancing their products into Phase 3 or Phase 4.
The H1- 2019 pipeline review report on Atrial Fibrillation pipeline is a comprehensive study on the candidates in development across different phases worldwide. This research study evaluates each of the pipeline products in terms of their current status, regulatory progress and expected phase completion date. Focusing on the factors driving and challenging pipeline drug development, this strategic analysis review presents detailed analysis on all active Atrial Fibrillation pipeline compounds.
The Atrial Fibrillation pipeline guide presents information on all active drugs currently being developed for Atrial Fibrillation. The research work provides details of active therapeutic candidates in different phases including discovery, research, pre-clinical, phase I, Phase II, Phase III and pre-registration phases.
Details of current status, R&D progress and latest developments for every Atrial Fibrillation pipeline candidate are analyzed.
Further, current phase of development, mechanism of drug action, special designations such as orphan drug status, fast track designation, grants awarded, etc are presented for all Atrial Fibrillation drug candidates.
Drug development companies, collaborators, originating companies, license providers and universities participating in the Atrial Fibrillation product pipeline are provided. Company overview, snapshot and developments are provided for all participating companies.
The report assists in identifying potential upcoming companies and drugs in Atrial Fibrillation pipeline market along with progress of each drug. It also enables users to formulate effective strategies to stay ahead of competition.
The publisher has developed a robust methodology for assessing pharmaceutical drugs, market sizes and sound forecast tools. All our research reports are provided through intense and repetitive primary and secondary research methods. Further, these reports are validated with industry experts to ensure reliability in the current scenario. The report is presented in a user-friendly format and presents clear and actionable insights.
An overview of Atrial Fibrillation disease including symptoms, causes, diagnosis and available treatment options is provided.
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Sure to please anyone interested in great American women!
This book contains a short biography, and where possible a picture, of many notable African-American women. Such luminaries as Maya Angelou, Ella Fitzgerald and Rosa Parks are here, as are many lesser-known lights - authors, educators, activists, performers, and much more. It's well and truly a great resource, one that is sure to please anyone interested in great American women!
Excellent resource for any Black woman, writer, or scholar. A must have for librarians or individuals seeking to add to their collection.


Tuesday's U.S. elections could influence how long the current economic upswing lasts and what happens when it ends.
With the S&P 500 down 7% in October and market leadership shifting from the growth style to value style, it seems increasingly clear that the end of this long period of economic growth may be in sight. The midterm elections may provide the next catalyst that either brings the conclusion of the current business cycle into clearer focus or extends it even longer.
For example, if the Republican Party retains control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate (not considered the most probable outcome), that could lead to more fiscal stimulus, prolonging the economic cycle. But it could also result in a more abrupt end to the cycle if inflation spikes and the Federal Reserve gets more aggressive about raising rates.
Alternatively, if there is a Democratic majority in the House, but the Senate remains Republican (that's the consensus view), the economic cycle may end sooner, but wind down more gradually. We may see what's known as stagflation—when growth cools, but inflation rises. That's not great, but it could mean the Federal Reserve dials back on plans to raise interest rates, a positive for equities.
Fiscal Stimulus: Should Republicans keep majorities in both chambers of Congress, odds are decent that there would be continued spending and stimulus—perhaps even another tax cut. More fiscal stimulus could cause the economy to overheat, which might lead to a more abrupt end to the current economic cycle than if the economy had the opportunity to gradually cool. That stimulus would also likely lead to bigger deficits, which can correlate with higher interest rates.
Interest rates. Inflation has been rising this year, prompting the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates. It is expected to continue to hike rates into next year, which would tap the breaks on economic growth, taming inflation. If Congress is divided, there probably wouldn't be more stimulus, the economy would cool and that could influence the Fed to pull back on some of its rate hike plans. That could be positive for equities since stock valuations typically rise when interest rates dip.
Dollar Strength: If Republicans stay in control of both the House and the Senate, the dollar would likely strengthen as markets anticipated more fiscal stimulus and higher interest rates. Dollar strength isn't usually a plus for U.S. equities since it makes U.S. products and services more expensive overseas (and foreign products cheaper domestically). But if Republicans lose the House and fiscal stimulus isn't increased, the Federal Reserve might pause its hiking plans, which could weaken the dollar.
Bottom Line: Neither of the two midterm scenarios I've described are great for markets, which I expect to remain range-bound and volatile this year. However, markets usually benefit when there is gridlock in Washington. A strong Democratic showing could lead to a downtrend in the dollar that may provide opportunities in emerging markets and commodities. Either way, watch the dollar's reaction to election results. It may hold the key to what comes next.


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Germs: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Protozoa
When they've moved into someone's body, though, viruses spread easily and can make a person sick. Viruses cause minor sicknesses like colds, common illnesses like the flu, and very serious diseases like smallpox or HIV/AIDS.
Antibiotics are not effective against viruses. Antiviral medicines have been developed against a small, select group of viruses.
Fungi (FUN-guy) are multicelled, plant-like organisms. A fungus gets nutrition from plants, food, and animals in damp, warm environments.
Many fungal infections, such as athlete's foot and yeast infections, are not dangerous in a healthy person. People with weak immune systems (from diseases like HIV or cancer), though, may get more serious fungal infections.
Protozoa (pro-toe-ZO-uh) are one-celled organisms, like bacteria. But they are bigger than bacteria and contain a nucleus and other cell structures, making them more like plant and animal cells.
Protozoa love moisture. So intestinal infections and other diseases they cause, like amebiasis and giardiasis, often spread through contaminated water. Some protozoa are parasites. This means they need to live on or in another organism (like an animal or plant) to survive. For example, the protozoa that causes malaria grows inside red blood cells, eventually destroying them. Some protozoa are encapsulated in cysts, which help them live outside the human body and in harsh environments for long periods of time.
Date reviewed: March 2020
E. Coli Infections: Diarrhea
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