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Home Features What the Founders Thought About Democracy
What the Founders Thought About Democracy
Consider the words of the Founding Fathers themselves, who — one after another — condemned democracy.
• Virginia's Edmund Randolph participated in the 1787 convention. Demonstrating a clear grasp of democracy's inherent dangers, he reminded his colleagues during the early weeks of the Constitutional Convention that the purpose for which they had gathered was "to provide a cure for the evils under which the United States labored; that in tracing these evils to their origin every man had found it in the turbulence and trials of democracy…."
• John Adams, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, championed the new Constitution in his state precisely because it would not create a democracy. "Democracy never lasts long," he noted. "It soon wastes, exhausts and murders itself." He insisted, "There was never a democracy that 'did not commit suicide.'"
• New York's Alexander Hamilton, in a June 21, 1788 speech urging ratification of the Constitution in his state, thundered: "It has been observed that a pure democracy if it were practicable would be the most perfect government. Experience has proved that no position is more false than this. The ancient democracies in which the people themselves deliberated never possessed one good feature of government. Their very character was tyranny; their figure deformity." Earlier, at the Constitutional Convention, Hamilton stated: "We are a Republican Government. Real liberty is never found in despotism or in the extremes of Democracy."
• James Madison, who is rightly known as the "Father of the Constitution," wrote in The Federalist, No. 10: "… democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security, or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they are violent in their deaths." The Federalist Papers, recall, were written during the time of the ratification debate to encourage the citizens of New York to support the new Constitution.
• George Washington, who had presided over the Constitutional Convention and later accepted the honor of being chosen as the first President of the United States under its new Constitution, indicated during his inaugural address on April 30, 1789, that he would dedicate himself to "the preservation … of the republican model of government."
• Fisher Ames served in the U.S. Congress during the eight years of George Washington's presidency. A prominent member of the Massachusetts convention that ratified the Constitution for that state, he termed democracy "a government by the passions of the multitude, or, no less correctly, according to the vices and ambitions of their leaders." On another occasion, he labeled democracy's majority rule one of "the intermediate stages towards … tyranny." He later opined: "Democracy, in its best state, is but the politics of Bedlam; while kept chained, its thoughts are frantic, but when it breaks loose, it kills the keeper, fires the building, and perishes." And in an essay entitled The Mire of Democracy, he wrote that the framers of the Constitution "intended our government should be a republic, which differs more widely from a democracy than a democracy from a despotism."
In light of the Founders' view on the subject of republics and democracies, it is not surprising that the Constitution does not contain the word "democracy," but does mandate: "The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government."
20th Century Changes
These principles were once widely understood. In the 19th century, many of the great leaders, both in America and abroad, stood in agreement with the Founding Fathers. John Marshall, chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835 echoed the sentiments of Fisher Ames. "Between a balanced republic and a democracy, the difference is like that between order and chaos," he wrote. American poet James Russell Lowell warned that "democracy gives every man the right to be his own oppressor." Lowell was joined in his disdain for democracy by Ralph Waldo Emerson, who remarked that "democracy becomes a government of bullies tempered by editors." Across the Atlantic, British statesman Thomas Babington Macauly agreed with the Americans. "I have long been convinced," he said, "that institutions purely democratic must, sooner or later, destroy liberty or civilization, or both." Britons Benjamin Disraeli and Herbert Spencer would certainly agree with their countryman, Lord Acton, who wrote: "The one prevailing evil of democracy is the tyranny of the majority, or rather that party, not always the majority, that succeeds, by force or fraud, in carrying elections."
By the 20th century, however, the falsehoods that democracy was the epitome of good government and that the Founding Fathers had established just such a government for the United States became increasingly widespread. This misinformation was fueled by President Woodrow Wilson's famous 1916 appeal that our nation enter World War I "to make the world safe for democracy" — and by President Franklin Roosevelt's 1940 exhortation that America "must be the great arsenal of democracy" by rushing to England's aid during WWII.
One indicator of the radical transformation that took place is the contrast between the War Department's 1928 "Training Manual No. 2000-25," which was intended for use in citizenship training, and what followed. The 1928 U.S. government document correctly defined democracy as:
A government of the masses. Authority derived through mass meeting or any other form of "direct expression." Results in mobocracy. Attitude toward property is communistic — negating property rights. Attitude of the law is that the will of the majority shall regulate, whether it be based upon deliberation or governed by passion, prejudice, and impulse, without restraint or regard to consequences. Results in demagogism, license, agitation, discontent, anarchy.
This manual also accurately stated that the framers of the Constitution "made a very marked distinction between a republic and a democracy … and said repeatedly and emphatically that they had formed a republic."
But by 1932, pressure against its use caused it to be withdrawn. In 1936, Senator Homer Truett Bone (D-WA) took to the floor of the Senate to call for the document's complete repudiation. By then, even finding a copy of the manual had become almost impossible. Decades later, in an article appearing in the October 1973 issue of Military Review, Lieutenant Colonel Paul B. Parham explained that the Army ceased using the manual because of letters of protest "from private citizens." Interestingly, Parham also noted that the word democracy "appears on one hand to be of key importance to, and holds some peculiar significance for, the Communists."
By 1952 the U.S. Army was singing the praises of democracy, instead of warning against it, in Field Manual 21-13, entitled The Soldier's Guide. This new manual incorrectly stated: "Because the United States is a democracy, the majority of the people decide how our Government will be organized and run…." (Emphasis in original.)
Yet important voices continued to warn against the siren song for democracy. In 1931, England's Duke of Northumberland issued a booklet entitled The History of World Revolution in which he stated: "The adoption of Democracy as a form of Government by all European nations is fatal to good Government, to liberty, to law and order, to respect for authority, and to religion, and must eventually produce a state of chaos from which a new world tyranny will arise."
In 1939, historians Charles and Mary Beard added their strong voices in favor of historical accuracy in their America in Midpassage: "At no time, at no place, in solemn convention assembled, through no chosen agents, had the American people officially proclaimed the United States to be a democracy. The Constitution did not contain the word or any word lending countenance to it, except possibly the mention of 'We, the People,' in the preamble…. When the Constitution was framed no respectable person called himself or herself a democrat."
During the 1950s, Clarence Manion, the dean of Notre Dame Law School, echoed and amplified what the Beards had so correctly stated. He summarized: "The honest and serious student of American history will recall that our Founding Fathers managed to write both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution without using the term 'democracy' even once. No part of any of the existing state Constitutions contains any reference to the word. [The men] who were most influential in the institution and formulation of our government refer to 'democracy' only to distinguish it sharply from the republican form of our American Constitutional system."
On September 17 (Constitution Day), 1961, John Birch Society founder Robert Welch delivered an important speech, entitled "Republics and Democracies," in which he proclaimed: "This is a Republic, not a Democracy. Let's keep it that way!" The speech, which was later published and widely distributed in pamphlet form, amounted to a jolting wake-up call for many Americans. In his remarks, Welch not only presented the evidence to show that the Founding Fathers had established a republic and had condemned democracy, but he warned that the definitions had been distorted, and that powerful forces were at work to convert the American republic into a democracy, in order to bring about dictatorship.
Welch understood that democracy is not an end in itself but a means to an end. Eighteenth century historian Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee, it is thought, argued that, "A democracy cannot exist as a permanent form of government. It can only exist until the voters discover that they can vote themselves largesse from the public treasury. From that moment on, the majority always votes for the candidates promising the most benefits from the public treasury with the result that a democracy always collapses over loose fiscal policy, always followed by a dictatorship." And as British writer G.K. Chesterton put it in the 20th century: "You can never have a revolution in order to establish a democracy. You must have a democracy in order to have a revolution."
Communist revolutionary Karl Marx understood this principle all too well. Which is why, in The Communist Manifesto, this enemy of freedom stated that "the first step in the revolution by the working class is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle of democracy." For what purpose? To "abolish private property"; to "wrest, by degrees, capital from the bourgeoisie"; to "centralize all instruments of production in the hands of the State"; etc.
Another champion of democracy was Communist Mao Tse-tung, who proclaimed in 1939 (a decade before consolidating control on the Chinese mainland): "Taken as a whole, the Chinese revolutionary movement led by the Communist Party embraces the two stages, i.e., the democratic and the socialist revolutions, which are essentially different revolutionary processes, and the second process can be carried through only after the first has been completed. The democratic revolution is the necessary preparation for the socialist revolution, and the socialist revolution is the inevitable sequel to the democratic revolution. The ultimate aim for which all communists strive is to bring about a socialist and communist society."
Still another champion of democracy is Mikhail Gorbachev, who stated in his 1987 book Perestroika that, "according to Lenin, socialism and democracy are indivisible…. The essence of perestroika lies in the fact that it unites socialism with democracy [emphasis in the original] and revives the Leninist concept…. We want more socialism and, therefore, more democracy."
This socialist revolution has been underway in America for generations. In January 1964, President Lyndon Johnson boasted in a White House address: "We are going to try to take all of the money that we think is unnecessarily being spent and take it from the 'haves' and give it to the 'have nots' that need it so much." What he advocated, of course, was a Marxist, not an American, precept. (The way Marx put it was: "From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.") But other presidents before and after have advanced the same goal. Of course, most who support this goal do not comprehend the totalitarian consequences of constantly transferring more power to Washington. But this lack of understanding is what makes revolution by the ballot box possible.
The push for democracy has only been possible because the Constitution is being ignored, violated, and circumvented. The Constitution defines and limits the powers of the federal government. Those powers, all of which are enumerated, do not include agricultural subsidy programs, housing programs, education assistance programs, food stamps, etc. Under the Constitution, Congress is not authorized to pass any law it chooses; it is only authorized to pass laws that are constitutional. Anybody who doubts the intent of the Founders to restrict federal powers, and thereby protect the rights of the individual, should review the language in the Bill of Rights, including the opening phrase of the First Amendment ("Congress shall make no law…").
As Welch explained in his 1961 speech:
… man has certain unalienable rights which do not derive from government at all…. And those … rights cannot be abrogated by the vote of a majority any more than they can by the decree of a conqueror. The idea that the vote of a people, no matter how nearly unanimous, makes or creates or determines what is right or just becomes as absurd and unacceptable as the idea that right and justice are simply whatever a king says they are. Just as the early Greeks learned to try to have their rulers and themselves abide by the laws they had themselves established, so man has now been painfully learning that there are more permanent and lasting laws which cannot be changed by either sovereign kings or sovereign people, but which must be observed by both. And that government is merely a convenience, superimposed on Divine Commandments and on the natural laws that flow only from the Creator of man and man's universe.
Such is the noble purpose of the constitutional republic we inherited from our Founding Fathers.
This article, slightly revised, originally appeared in the November 6, 2000 issue of The New American.
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Brad Smith May 13, 2012 at 3:13 pm
In order to recognize the American spirit of loyalty and the sacrifices that so many have made for our Nation, the Congress, by Public Law 85-529 as amended, has designated May 1 of each year as "Loyalty Day." On this day, let us reaffirm our allegiance to the United States of America, our Constitution, and our founding values.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 1, 2012, as Loyalty Day. This Loyalty Day, I call upon all the people of the United States to join in support of this national observance, whether by displaying the flag of the United States or pledging allegiance to the Republic for which it stands.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this first day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand twelve, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-sixth.
Our dictator and thief has declared that you need to bust out your flag on May 1st.
Here is my solute. (via John Prine)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgRVNjsuycQ
Heath Watts May 13, 2012 at 1:08 pm
The Founding Fathers of the U.S. were against democracy. They did not want to pay taxes to England, but they wanted the ignorant masses (the 99%) to continue to pay taxes to them. Now, groups such as the Tea Party, the Freemen, Libertarians, and other "defenders of the Constitution" continue to prop up the morally vacuous, anti-democracy ideology of the Founding Fathers. For the 99%, U.S. independence meant paying their taxes to the plutocrats of the U.S. rather than the aristocrats of England.
eric May 13, 2012 at 1:54 pm
Yes, they were against democracy – as any moral person ought to be. What is democracy? It is the rule of the majority. Thus, "right" is defined as that which "most people" (or those claiming to represent most people) support. The individual has no rights – at least, none the majority is bound by law or morality to respect. The majority can vote to take his rights, including his property, or a portion thereof, at any time, for any reason – so long as the majority approves (or can plausibly claim a majority approves). Democracy is best defined as two wolves and a sheep holding a plebiscite to determine what's for dinner. It implicitly countenances anything – including slavery and mass murder.
Is there any more disgusting, nihilistic, bestial form of human interaction?
The original American idea was not a democracy. It was a constitutional republic. Though not perfect, the constitutional republic at least concedes that there are some limits to the authority of government; that individuals have rights that cannot be taken away by vote. Or at least, not easily taken away. Government authority is specifically limited to certain functions. Beyond these, it may not tread.
Such a system provides a great deal of liberty for all peaceful people. Not perfect liberty – but more than any other form of human society that's existed – so far as I'm aware of.
Democracy, meanwhile, provides omnipresent tyranny for the benefit of people who cannot abide peaceful, cooperative interaction. People who live by force. It is the negation of rights – because only individuals (not groups) have rights. Democracy is bullying writ large. I and my friends can force you to do as we say – because there are more of us than there are of you. Shit on that!
PS: You might edumacate yourself about taxes in early America: No personal income taxes; no taxes on property. The only taxes in existence were minimal excise taxes, which were impersonal and largely avoidable and also minuscule. A man could own his home and land – really own them, not like today, where perpetual taxes mean you never truly own anything beyond your most basic personal possessions. Your income was yours. You only paid taxes if you bought certain things – which you could choose not to buy, or buy less of. And in any case, there is a tremendous difference between paying a slight excise or sales tax, anonymously, and being forced to provide every last detail about your financial and employment affairs to the government – and hand over 30-40 percent of that income in taxes, as is typical today.
It took democracy to give us the personal income tax, taxes on property, taxes on literally everything – and inescapable as well as onerous.
Right on! Democracy is simply mob rule. The majority gets to use the guns of the government to implement their will. Simple as that.
Douglas L Self July 8, 2019 at 5:08 pm
As for the "two wolves and sheep" analogy…hence why the SECOND Amendment. In America, which was, as Benjamin Franklin said, a REPUBLIC (if we could 'keep' it!), NOT a "democracy', the sheep is supposed to be able to ARM himself, and the wolves, thus deterred, discover the wonders of a vegetarian diet!
BS it was much more than that. The Constitution and the way they set up the government was meant to protect the people from the government. Not only that, it was meant to protect the rights you were born with from the majority. No the constitution is not perfect that is why we have ammendments. No form of government is perfect at all. The less government the better. Heck I would prefer none at all anywhere on Earth. But I understand that people are ignorant, antisocial, greedy creatures by nature. So like it or not we are stuck with at least some form of governmental structure. But don't tell me that life had gotten better with more government. That simply isn't true.
Furthermore, I couldn't give a rats ass how much the 1% makes as long as they don't use the force of "Democracy" to take it from my pocket.
What we have is crony capitalism rife with corruption. Our founding fathers warned us about this over and over and we didn't listen. Marx only got one thing right and that was that capitalism could be corrupted. However, he had no solution at all. Why? Because all forms of government can be corrupted!
spiritsplice May 13, 2012 at 3:32 pm
The assumption that Constitution was written to protect anything is one of the most damaging ideas to liberty. All one needs to do is read up on the Whiskey Rebellion and the Sedition Act of 1789 to see that this is nonsense. Right from the beginning Washington and Hamilton were stepping on the rights of the people. Consider the following from Butler Shaffer:
"If more people bothered to actually read this document — including President Obama, who once taught constitutional law and who, in this year's state of the union address, erroneously declared that the Constitution provided that "all men are created equal" — they would discover the unlimited powers it provided to government. Beginning with a preamble setting forth the purposes of the Constitution being "to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty," the document proceeds to set forth how such purposes are to be attained.
Article I, Sec. 8 informs us that "Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, . . . to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States. . . ." Later on, we discover that Congress also has the power "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof." Standing by themselves, these words would provide the most ambitious tyrant with the only grant of authority that would ever be needed to carry out his or her desired purposes. As Lord Macaulay so well expressed it, "Your Constitution is all sail and no anchor.""
You are right when you say no form of gov is perfect. This is because *all* government is violence and therefore immoral at its very foundation.
You said, "Heck I would prefer none at all anywhere on Earth. But I understand that people are ignorant, antisocial, greedy creatures by nature."
Do you not realize that this is an argument *against* having government?
If people are as you describe, why on Earth would you give some of these people a monopoly on violence and then pray that they don't act that way with their unlimited power? Can you honestly not see how illogical that is?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUS1m5MSt9k
I do understand that it's an argument against government. Because government is full of People who are by default corruptible. I also undestand that for commerce to prosper you must be able to leave your property without it being looted.
I would prefer anarchy but I am willing to settle for minarchy.
We had minarchy, look where it got us. This is where is always leads.
It was not a bad deal while it lasted, though. Even through the early 1930s, this country was a far better place to live than almost anywhere else, insofar as being left alone (and having real liberty) was concerned. I'm not disagreeing with you in principle. I'm just saying that I would be extremely happy with the level of government that existed even as recently as 1960 vs. what we have to live with today.
Eric, you need to set your sights a bit higher. Recall what happened during each world war to people who had the temerity to say the wrong things.
Oh, they are!
My long-term goal is absolute liberty – but I'll take what I can get in the meanwhile, too!
Mark3 July 7, 2019 at 4:14 pm
this county was destroyed in 1865. Lincoln was one of the very few who got exactly what he deserved. i wish I could have pulled that trigger. my middle names is wilkes from my mom's side. i hope we're related. Everything since then is just more tyranny.
Sic Sempre Tyrannis!
(Thus ever to Tyrants).
Tuanorea July 9, 2019 at 1:08 am
Si Quæris Tyranis Amœnam Circumspice.
slinky July 17, 2019 at 7:11 am
I disagree it started with the "so called by the parasites" crushing of the Pennsylvanian whisky rebellion by federal troops and the imposition of fiat currency to repay the parasites bankers in Paris.
Taxes where imposed at gun point which favored corporations over biological's and the long march to enslaving the entire population for those bankers instead of the king began.
eric July 17, 2019 at 7:19 am
Hi Slinky,
Yup. The Declaration – and subsequent revolution – were sold out almost immediately. The average American who fought in the war did so to replace the King and Parliament with lords more . . . local.
Indeed. This propaganda needs to be dismantled whenever encountered. You may enjoy this http://lewrockwell.com/shaffer/shaffer250.html
RUSS SMITH February 15, 2012 at 4:08 am
Hi!, Fellow Citizens Of Our US Republic:
We needed these types of discussions long ago, before we breached our Constitution in mass. When you live in a Republic people and own a home (even that's a joke today isn't it?) you make the rules regards behavior on your property but, when you own a home within a Democracy, the majority rules others' behavior on your property. Which do you want to prevail: your rules or theirs?
Furthermore, according to Article 1; section 10 of the US Constitution only gold and silver coins are to circulate in our citizens' pockets to pay for our needs. We don't have either of them do we? Why? Oh!, we can buy silver & gold eagles from the US Mint plus a premium and shipping charges but the Constitutional precious metals coins circulate from the US Mint for Free without surcharges of any kind. A Great Depressin era older guy once told me he use to send in gold he panned from creeks and the US Mint produced gold coins for him and sent them back to him for FREE. No candidates running for political office for election this November 2012 are offering us this alternative. Even though Senator Ron Paul eludes to precious metals backed paper; that's not what our Constitution calls for is it in Article 1; section 10? If we're all going to play by the rules, then we each need to be guided by the rule book which past politicians have thrown away. If mass psychology is to abridge our Constitutional rights regards the quality of our money disregarding the use of precious metals, then that one act alone is a democratic act and not the act promoted within the boundaries of our Constitutional Republic isn't it? Once we the people of these United States Of America and the Republic for which it stands return to sound, quality, noninflationary Constituional money, please let me be one of the first donars of picks and shovels our political leaders can use for digging up both gold and silver to use in our Republican monetary system which did long ago.
RUSS SMITH, CALIFORNIA
resmith@wcisp.com
ED February 10, 2012 at 5:26 pm
Great post, Our Constitution has one flaw, It has no teeth. In other words, no penilty for breaking it. I wish everyone could see that magically converting our constitutional Republic into a democracy is the root of all our current problems. Restoring our Constitution is only way out. Ron Paul is the only one who has any interest in doing that.
Anthony January 3, 2012 at 11:46 pm
The Star Spangled Banner needs to be updated. The current version should Read. "The Land of the greed and the home of the slaves"
eric January 4, 2012 at 11:14 am
I'd go farther: That song is about state worship. Like the Pledge. Screw all that. Government is at best a necessary evil; it is nothing to be revered. I revere human rights; the beauty of the country.
Not the flag; most definitely not the government represented by the flag.
John December 19, 2011 at 5:21 pm
I tend to agree with the expressed view of the democracy vs. republic article. The issue I cannot seem to reconcile in my mind is that we have given our representatives (in the republic model) the authority to set up regulatory/social program departments which have then become institutions unto themselves, morphed into bureauricies which are in bed with the very activities (companies, individuals, institutions) that they are supposed to be policing/regulating. It is these various departments to which the bulk of our taxes are dedicated (wasted?).
Therein lies my quandry. How do we, as individuals, shrink these departments in order to rein in our overgrown national budget without severly affecting the "good" that they are supposed to be doing. Can we influence and then trust our elected representatives to do this? And what is their incentive to do so when these $$$$'s are the basis of their power base and as we all know, that is why they want to get elected/reelected to begin with….."Power".
As Boothe said in an earlier post, "The people are supposed to select honest, reasonable and intelligent men to go to the capitol, engage in debate and promulgate laws for them". Where do we find these people and how to we keep them "honest and reasonable" once they drink the seductive nectar of "Power"?
Boothe December 19, 2011 at 6:54 pm
John, I would hesitate to say "we have given our representatives (in the republic model) the authority to set up regulatory/social program departments which have then become institutions unto themselves…" because in most cases that power was taken, not granted. Much of our current bureaucratic rat maze is the result of executive decree, judicial activism and regulatory meddling. If any legislation is involved, it is usually Congress abdicating their authority in a law they've passed with words like "the Secretary of the _______ shall promulgate regulations for the implementation of this act….". This leaves the actual rubber-meets-the-road language of an ambiguous (and therefore unconstitutional) law up to an executive department head. You and I didn't "allow" this anymore than my great-great grandfather "allowed" King Lincoln to march men with guns across Virginia.
What we can do is find men at the local level of high moral character that we know (or at least who have good references) and encourage and support them to run for local and state office. Then we can watch how they vote and act, to see if we want them in federal office. We can make sure that their message of reducing the size of government remains consistent over time (flip-flopping on issues is a dead give away for no integrity). Men like this will be few and far between. Once they are there (in DC) we have to keep watching them and point out any inconsistencies or deviations from their directive to our neighbors. Right now I am focusing on Dr. Paul. If we can get him in, then others like him will join the fray.
Ron Paul has forced the establishment to change the direction and subject of political debate in this country. If we manage to get him nominated, we can probably get him elected. But he can't fix this mess alone. He will need each and every one of us to support him by spreading the truth and not backing down from friends, neighbors and family. He will need us to send men to congress that will work with him for our benefit.
It won't be easy. It won't be quick. You won't make many friends with the truth. There are no guarantees we will prevail. But the alternatives for radical political change tend to be very messy and usually result in a worse political situation than what you started with. Always remember, the change you want to see in the world starts with you.
Chris December 11, 2011 at 5:55 pm
I think this whole thing is a cycle. We had a tru Republic at one time. However, Individuls and / or companies, continue to always find ways to make a better life for themselves – and some do it at the expense of others or the environment. Therefore, if you have drunk drivers getting in bad accidents affecting others – there will obviously be an outcry – as we have seen the last 20 or so years. If you have companies polluting our environment and affecting the health of others, then there will be an outcry. Then when you get the government in on the game, by helping everyone buy a house who cannot afford it, our foundation is shaken to its core. Again, i think this is a natural evolution of America. A true Republic works, but ultimately by the actions of some of its own citizens exploiting laws , etc. – the people will put pressure on our representatives to do something to stop various corruptions and that eventually leads us to where we are today. Another example – our government was not authoritative enough during the credit crisis because there was obviously some magor oversight problems. Bottom line is that it is a very fine line between trusting our own citizens and entrepenurial spirit to always do the right thing and having government not being so over ruling that it chokes our freedom and spirit. Hopefully, we can steer the ship around this part of Americas current obstacles.
Alfred Tayong December 8, 2011 at 3:07 pm
Good refresher indeed but in recent times am getting confused whether democracy has suddenly transformed into democrazy?
This is because recent trends around the world ranging from global warming management , regional conflicts , potential explosive situations around the middle east, famine and deases in Africa, world economic Crises and you name them. Despite many years of human development as superior creation the surving equation gets evermore complicated with or without democracy. Therefore , the founding fathers democracy must have had it very tough to set the ball rolling?
eric December 8, 2011 at 4:31 pm
Democracy, as political theorists and historians have noted, is inherently unstable and (so far) has always been a mere transition stage between a free society and an authoritarian one. Because a democracy will quickly turn into a feeding frenzy, a rush to the bottom, on the basis of "equality" (of outcomes) and "fairness." When the individual has no rights, no one has any rights. The mob rules. In practice, those who lead the mob rule. The definition of tyranny.
Mike December 7, 2011 at 7:02 am
Wow, beautiful & inspiring!
This is the first time I have been motivated to respond to any internet article. I don't agree completely with Ron Paul, but yes, he's the only current contender capable of getting us back on track. Lord help us!
JOHN December 7, 2011 at 3:07 am
Good article, but I would like to know specifically, what is the difference(s) between a republic and a democracy. This is what needs to be brought out into the public discussion because the average American has no idea. We all "know" we are a republic, because of the pledge of allegiance, but most do not know what differentiates the two.
An example such as regarding our court system told to me long ago…our President and Congress could pass a law making it illegal for left handed people to drive a car. A person is caught in violation of this new law, is charged and brought to trial. "We the people", who sit on the jury could refuse to convict a man for such an unfair law. Thus "We the People" are more powerful than our President or Congress.
I'd love to hear more…..
Boothe December 7, 2011 at 9:03 am
John the short answer is democracy is one man, one vote. Democracy is mod rule.
A republic is a representative form of government. The people are supposed to select honest, reasonable and intelligent men to go to the capitol, engage in debate and promulgate laws for them. In our case, a Constitutional Republic, our representatives are supposed to do this within the confines of what the Constitution allows.
That should read "mob rule" not "mod".
KB December 7, 2011 at 8:25 pm
The original "mod" is correct. The commentator was using: adj.
Relating to a recently developed fashion or style
The intent was that popular opinion is fashion, not reason. That is why a republic is supposed to assign reasonable persons to represent us in government, not fashionable thinkers. Conventional Wisdom is really common nonsense. "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread." Our world is full of uneducated, ignorant fools; each one can vote.
KB December 8, 2011 at 11:59 am
Boothe, you should have left well enough alone. As first written, you made a delightfully witty "mod"ist pun. I belatedly noticed the correction was made by the original author.
eric December 8, 2011 at 12:04 pm
You may enjoy: http://epautos.com/2010/10/21/democracy-is-shit/
Boothe December 8, 2011 at 3:40 pm
Thanks KB. I hadn't had enough coffee that early to be my own copy editor. And I did consider leaving it as written for the very reasons you cited. But like the admonition not to change the first answer you give on a test question when in doubt, which I have ignored to my peril in the past, I had to go back and muck things up. I'll try not to let it happen again. 😉
eric December 7, 2011 at 10:50 am
"Democracy" amounts to majority rule. Anything is on the table to be voted on and the individual must submit to the will the majority, once the majority or its supposed representatives issues a law, etc. To be more precise, the individual has no legally recognized rights as such. Only the majority – "society" – has rights, as expressed by "majority rule."
In a Republic, the rights of the individual are specified and not subject to majority rule. Government is defined and its authority specifically limited, beyond which it may not lawfully proceed.
So, the US Constitution was written to spell out what the specific limits of federal authority were; the Bill of Rights to define the rights of the individual.
We had a Republic. We now live under a Democracy. Some confusion arises, because our current Democracy still pretends to be a Republic. The Constitution, for example, is still paid lip service. However, it is obviously null and void – all you have to do is read the thing (and compare it with what the government does as a matter of routine these days) to see what I mean.
Reason? What is called "case law" – that is, what various courts "rule" to be (or not be) "constitutional" is taken as the law of the land rather than the plain meaning of the Constitution (and Bill of Rights) as written.
Thus, for example, the simple language of the 4th Amendment:
Is clearly inoperative. The courts have "ruled" that it is lawful – "constitutional" to randomly stop motorists to "check" them for seatbelt use, sobriety and so on. If language has any meaning, this is by definition not constitutional. But the courts have "ruled" otherwise.
Federal authority is now in practice unlimited – and the rights of the individual violated without limit.
If the "health care" law is affirmed, unlimited federal authority will be affirmed in principle. If Washington can force you to purchase a private company's product or service on the basis of your health affecting "interstate commerce" then every aspect of your life – including what you eat, what your hobbies are, etc. – will be officially-legally a matter of "public interest" and subject to government regulation and control.
Robert March 4, 2014 at 1:45 am
You are correct on all counts. The USA was maybe once a republic, then it was morphed into a covert dictatorship it is now transforming into an open dictatorship. The police state apparatus is in place all that is required now is an excuse to bring down the hammer.
I have always labelled Americans as stupid….being enslaved/bought with your own money definitely qualifies them as stupid.
Bevin February 5, 2013 at 9:59 am
My two cents?
What is the difference between a republic and a democracy?
A republic is a nation ruled by law. The highest law in a republic is its constitution. In a republic everyone obeys the constitution.
A democracy, on the other hand, is a nation ruled by men. The highest law in a democracy is the "Will of the People." In a democracy, everyone obeys a man who represents the Will of the People. A man who represents the Will of the People is better known as a dictator.
That was from an article I penned back in 2005.
http://thechinadesk.blogspot.tw/2005/08/democracy-worst-form-of-government-part.html
Since then I have concluded that:
Constitutional republicanism is unquestionably superior to democracy. Unfortunately, merely being better than democracy isn't good enough. Constitutional republicanism, given enough time, degenerates into democracy, aka elective dictatorship.
The Separation of Powers was supposed to be the primary firewall between constitutional republicanism and democracy. Alas, it has proven to be inadequate. Given time, it burns right through.
Democracy meanwhile, takes no time at all to degenerate into dictatorship. That's because democracy is a form of dictatorship. It was never anything else.
It is high time defenders of natural rights and individual liberty forsook their irrational attachment to "limited government." Limited government never remains limited. It always becomes unlimited.
It is high time self-styled nation-builders ceased thinking in terms of "limited government," and began thinking in terms of "no government," of a radically different system that truly separates and limits the powers — free market anarchism.
http://thechinadesk.blogspot.tw/2007/02/myth-of-checks-and-balances.html
Limited government is merely totalitarianism in its embryonic stage.
Gary Gile December 6, 2011 at 11:21 pm
Thanks for the refresher course on the difference between a democracy and a republic and the fact that the USA was intended to be a republic.
Now how to get enough people to know this so that we can save our country.
David D December 7, 2011 at 2:52 am
First thing first. Let's get Ron Paul elected…
dom December 7, 2011 at 3:13 am
Here is the letter I received for my donation.
Click to ask Eric.
Valentine One
Nunzio: While I too abhor mandatory insurance, I must say that I do carry more than the bare minimum liability. Once you're paying...
Tuanorea: Nunzio, "but I never saw one of those Hoffa stickers either" I'm starting to wonder if you were the one who whacked old Jimmy. 🧐
Crusty Old TV Tech: Seen in a fire tower cabin atop Snowy Mountain, NY, circa 1983…"Time is a Jet Plane". Deeper wisdom...
Tuanorea: Nunzio, "You should check-out that book sometime- for some reason, it was called "Where's Waldo?"." I will.
Nunzio: Hey Eric, See it? I never even heard of it! I'll have to look into that- might be a good DVD for my mother- usually...
Nunzio: I remember sometime in the early 70's as a kid on Lawn Guyland when the 'good' detergents were being banned...
dread pirate anonymous: Montana. Thought you knew that by now.
Mark3: Vwadam I used to own a rabbit gti circa 2004 or so. wasnt that great of a car actually. looked cool but the build quality wasnt...
VWAdam: Mark3, Liked! Exactly! (about the T/A) Mark3, do you own a VW? Mark 3 in VW talk means '93 thru '99 Jetta/Golf.
VWAdam: Hello Eight, Your comment about the detergent being neutered reminds me of the industrial strength restaurant safe de-greaser...
Mark3: yeah but the trans am would get you laid. the look the sound. A mans car
Jim Henshaw: Newer cars have their virtues, here is a glowing review written at the time of the 1973 Firebird SD-455:...
Eightsouthman: The next time somebody says "Well, you said you didn't vote so you have no reason to complain". Pop,...
Eightsouthman: Jeremy, voting is so depressing for me I find it difficult to get myself to a voting place. I got back to 88 when a...
Jeremy: Hey Eight, Well, I'd say that 140 years is a pretty good life for the old boy. Cheers, Jeremy
Nunzio: Eight, I think I have that exact same drill! A Milwaukee?
Eightsouthman: What state are you in? I can't seem to find non-ethanol gas in Texas anywhere.
Eightsouthman: I couldn't tell you how many gallons of two stroke fuel I've poured into the pickups over the years. Every...
Eightsouthman: I had my 140 year old Lawn Boy finally give up the ghost. The rear drive went first, no big deal since it was easy to...
Eightsouthman: Bill, I recall when things were made for longevity. It's throwaway crap now. I have an ancient, probably 1950 drill....
swamprat: I had a 1996 model with the 4.6L SOHC engine. 215 HP. 0-60 in 7 seconds. Not a rocket, but faster than most Mustangs built...
Jeremy: Oops, I mean Hi Nathan.
Jeremy: Tuanorea, No, we parked on a side street, can't remember the name, because there was an area of the fence that was...
Jeremy: Hi Ken, I used to feel the same way about Carter, but over the years, he has grown on me. He was, by far, the least belligerent...
Tuanorea: Jeremy, You didn't use the hole in the fence on Lahser? By all the sand?
Jason Flinders: Well, there is that, but more importantly Studebaker squandered most of the money they made during the war on bringing...
Nathan Hail: True, Eric. I did not mean to imply that I would accept chains rather than to fight if it comes down to that. Yes, war is...
ken: Ya know,,, never cared much for the Mustang (except for Eleanor (Gone in 60 seconds)) or the others growing up in the era,,, they...
Bill Jones: Yup, my old truck runs blue for a while in the fall. All the crap from the drainings from the chain saw, weedwhacker,...
Bill Jones: The wonderful nut-job Thomas Pinchon (author of The crying of Lot 49) documented the most obvious example that we've...
Nathan Hail: I remember Jimmy Carter. I voted for him, since I was from a family of traditional Democrats, and never actually THOUGHT of...
Bill Jones: Ah, does Elon Musk has a surprise for you….
Mark: I am a Mopar guy and basically any Mopar from a 340 small block to the big 426 HEMI gained 75-150 hp by carburetor jetting and...
Mark: Not a Ford fan but Mustang 5.0 of 87-94 ran 13's in the 1/4 mile and 5 second range 0-60..Then people added,exhaust,gearing...
Jeremy: Hi Brent, "Bicycling was a huge adult activity in the 19th century". It was also the most popular spectator sport in...
BrentP: I get that, but it isn't new. It's been an adult activity for 200 years. The first boom for pedal power was 200 years...
Jeremy: Chuck, Despite your many thousands of words attempting to justify unjustifiable behavior your "argument" is simple,...
John in NH: Carbs were phased out-especially by Ford. They built MPI and carb trucks on the same lines for at least 4 years. GM did it...
eric: Hi John, Hang tight… review of the new Widebody is coming!
eric: Hiya Nunz, Did you see the movie about Hoffa staring Nicholson? I thought it was very well-done. The final scene especially. The...
John in NH: Man, I want a police Charger…
eric: The first Decider I have memories of is Jimmy Carter. I can remember watching his inauguration on TV with my parents in our house...
Nunzio: I'm old enough, too! In '72, I had a Nixon bumper sticker on my bicycle (I was 10)….but I never saw one of...
eric: Hi Brent, I'm on your side here; I'm not anti-cyclist. But recreational adult cycling as a mainstream thing is a new...
Nunzio: Tu, I read this book once, about the whereabouts of Hoffa. Seems in all the pictures, he was always wearing a red & white...
Jeremy: Tuanorea, "Jeremy I know you're a bit younger than me but are you old enough to remember when cars in Detroit were still...
eric: Hiya NUnz, I get all of this; I really do. But I cannot not vote when AOC, et al, are the beneficiaries. It has gotten that bad.
Jason Flinders: You have to look at the VW in the United States in the context of its foreign competition. In the 1950s and 1960s (before...
Nunzio: Hey Jeremy & Eric, Just wanted to clarify: The reason I mentioned "drinking the Kool-aid" is because some here...
eric: Hear you, Chuck! 🙂
ken: If you're antique then I am Prehistoric! Stop making me o l d!
Nunzio: And an old Beetle is sure 1000x more interesting than a stupid Neon or Hyundai or Chevy equivalent …or anything that passes...
Tuanorea: Eric, "The Safety Cult has made people look upon driving as frightening, fraught with imminent peril – which must be constantly...
Nunzio: Hey Eric! Imagine going into a grocery store where they are advertising Roma tomatoes on sale. You go to purchase some of the...
BrentP: "Some of us remember the era before adult recreational cycling became a common activity." Huh? Bicycling started out...
Nunzio: Mornin'; Eric! ****"Obamacare would be enshrined – and people like me who choose not to "participate" Hut! Hut!...
eric: PS: I hear you in re voting; the topic depresses me. I feel like a combat medic trying to salvage soldiers with their legs blown...
eric: Amen, Jeremy – I've come to realize that much of the hate directed toward cyclists is really – properly –...
Jeremy: Hi Eric, Your attitude on this is reasonable, Chuck's is not. It is true that some cyclists are assholes and some ride in...
eric: Hi John, "Horrible" depends… I've owned and driven old Beetles as daily drivers, including daily driving in...
eric: Hi Mike! True… but… that 5.0 had speed potential. A cam swap – about $300 in parts – would do for it the...
MikePizzo: Nice time capsule, Eric! I need to note one shortcoming of that 5.0 GT that seems to have been overlooked in the warm glow of...
Tuanorea: Jeremy and Eric, In preparation for the upcoming Martin Scorsese movie, The Irishman, I've been reading "I HEAR YOU PAINT...
Vonu: Horrible is usually good enough for the vast majority of buyers, it seems, in addition to being extensively subjective.
Jeremy: Morning Eric, I haven't argued that the election didn't matter, in fact I specifically agreed with you about that. I...
brazos_bend: Slightly off topic. Ford has some HUGE bill board presence in Houston these days. I see some nice looking boards with...
John in NH: The problem being: the VW is a horrible car.
Bryce: Exactly! That's one reason Studebaker is no more: The cars they made were too simple and reliable, and they didn't change the...
eric: Hi Tom, The "hit and run" risk is also hugely variable. For me, living in the sticks and rarely parking on the street...
eric: Hi Bryce, Huxley wrote about this – purposeful disposability – in his best-known book, Brave New World. It keeps the...
Bryce: Sounds like you're all noticing what I've been noticing: Just like cars and bikes, appliances and tools in general have changed in...
Bryce: Geez, I still think "1969" whenI think of "25 years ago!"
ReadyKilowatt: If you want to feel young again, visit a construction site. The boombox radio will be tuned to the classic rock station,...
tom: Hey Mark: I get what you say. The most likely application of uninsured motorist coverage is the hit-and-run. Say, you go out to your...
eric: Hi Slinky, Yup. The Declaration – and subsequent revolution – were sold out almost immediately. The average American...
slinky: I disagree it started with the "so called by the parasites" crushing of the Pennsylvanian whisky rebellion by federal...
Mark in BC: Another thing you've got to watch our for: Uninsured Motorist Coverage. If insurance in MANDATORY why are there people...
eric: Morning, Jeremy! I didn't choose to be divorced; the choice was thrust upon me. I have had to make do with the choices...
eric: Hi Government, Amen. The myopia afflicting GM is that the "boxes" must be checked. The boxes are objective performance...
eric: Hi Chuck, At great risk, I will offer the following: Some of us remember the era before adult recreational cycling became a common...
eric: Hi Nathan, Very well-said. I dread this, too. Though it arguably won't be a civil war. One can already see the blocs forming,...
eric: Hi Crusty! I like this very much! And around here, it's no problem… for now. I live in a rural area; no zoning…...
eric: H T "Fun has been outlawed in just about aspect of life in these United States." It has been criminalized! And this is...
The Handler: "It's kind of like voting for what flavor of condom gets used when you get ass-raped. [Sorry for the vulgarity- but...
Nunzio: Speaking of 'pone vote'….funny story: A while back, the local magistrate of the town closest to where i live,...
Nunzio: Hey Swamp, Haha….4 more years- be it Trump or whomever, and we will not have any guns when the SHTF.
Nunzio: Hey Jeremy, *****"I can be persuaded to encourage those inclined to vote to vote for Trump,"***** I must admit,...
Nunzio: I do agree with both you and Eric, Jeremy, as per all you've said above; and I don't mean to condemn Eric for voting...
Nunzio: "Make Israel Great Again"! 😉
Tuanorea: Jeremy, "you can't have fun driving, the fact that many do means that this is an issue for you, not a fact." I'd argue that it...
Crusty Old TV Tech: I'm with you on the heavy and complicated thing. Give me a 70's Western Auto cheapie with a Tecumseh...
Crusty Old TV Tech: Or Eric, you could do the Patented Anti-PC-Anti-Big-Brother Thing ™ and find an old 2-stroke push mower to go...
Nathan Hail: I agree that the dems are sunk for 2020. But the Republicans are sunk too because many Trump supporters- including me- think...
Shotgun Chuck: One thing I forgot to add: before all this started, I put a ton of thought into how to achieve speed without endangering...
Shotgun Chuck: "As for your belief that you can't have fun driving, the fact that many do means that this is an issue for you, not...
Government Motors Product Planning: End stage economic bubble product planning is why this Corvette came about. When the bubble pops, my...
Jeremy: Hey Nunz, I agree that it's all a show. Years ago, I coined this phrase, "they pretend to disagree so we can pretend...
Jeremy: Hey Nunz, "It's just BS to keep the major parties enshrined; it's as fake as pro wrestling". That's an insult...
Nunzio: Nat, it's just a show; an act to keep people participating (and it seems to work very well, as it even works on some of our...
Nunzio: Exactly, Mike! I too had a least a shred of hope when the uncouth boor was running (But started losing it as soon as picked...
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text:
A post shared by Brad Paisley (@bradpaisley)
See Brad Paisley Honor Late John McCain With 'When I Get Where I'm Going'
Wendy Hermanson Published: August 26, 2018
The loss of Senator John McCain on Saturday (Aug. 25) at the age of 81 spurred a number of country musicians to honor the American war hero with posts on social media. Brad Paisley, however, decided to pay tribute that night at his concert in Bristow, Va., with a simple but moving gesture.
After singing his 2005 hit "When I Get Where I'm Going," Paisley tipped his hat to a photo of McCain, projected onto the jumbo screen behind him. The audience rose out of their seats, cheering for the memory of McCain and Paisley's thoughtful tribute.
Watch the fan-shot video of the moment:
As Paisley wrote on his social media accounts: "We lost an American hero today. Thank you for your service to our country, and your bravery, Sen. McCain."
McCain's passing drew bipartisan mourning throughout the news and entertainment world, with stars who didn't share his politics sharing respectful words on social media. One of these was Tim McGraw, who admitted he didn't always see eye-to-eye with McCain. "A true American Hero and patriot. We may not have agreed on everything but he's a better man than I could hope to be," McGraw wrote. "Such a needed voice right now. His voice still rings."
NEXT: Which Country Singer Would You Vote For?
Source: See Brad Paisley Honor Late John McCain With 'When I Get Where I'm Going'
Filed Under: Brad Paisley
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Brad Paisley to Live Stream Full-Band Concert With Lady Antebellum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Stand out from all the other dolls with something a bit different with our Adult Damaged Doll Halloween Costume.
We would recommend using a zombie face paint to bring the broken doll to life.
The costume comes complete with an all in one grey patchwork dress with the floral and stripe pattern along with the tattered netted hem. Also included is a matching bow headband.
Finishing the look is a cute bow detail which is situated on the waist.


text:
Ancestry + Traits Service
Health + Ancestry Service
Register Kit
Join our gene pool.
Annotations Scientist
Sunnyvale, California, United States
With the world's largest database of more than ten million genotyped customers, 23andMe is at the forefront of using human genetics to advance biomedical research and transform healthcare. Join our growing research team in translating genetic discoveries into insights into molecular biology of human traits and diseases.
As an Annotations Scientist at 23andMe, you will work closely with our Statistical Genetics and Computational Biology teams to source, curate, and implement databases for the analysis of genomic data in support of 23andMe's drug target discovery and other research efforts.
Since 2006, 23andMe's mission has been to help people access, understand, and benefit from the human genome. We are a group of passionate individuals pushing the boundaries of what's possible to help turn genetic insight into better health and personal understanding.
Identify, ingest and provide access to a comprehensive set of genomic and functional datasets.
Develop and implement a strategy for how to use and deploy genomics and functional annotations data at 23andMe, in support of interpretation of human genetic variation.
Develop tools and APIs for serving diverse genomics data types in a high-throughput and flexible manner.
Follow genetics, functional genomics, bioinformatics literature and attend appropriate conferences to maintain awareness of desirable and state-of-the-art annotations and methods.
Install, test, and deploy external tools to support curation, processing and high performance presentation of annotations to other researchers.
Design and implement in-house tools and APIs when third-party tools are insufficient.
Develop, evaluate, and apply methods and test plans to assure data integrity and consistency.
What You'll Bring
Significant bioinformatics experience (at least three years) in a research setting, with a Ph.D. or M.S. in Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, Computer Science, Human Genetics, Molecular Biology or related field.
Expertise with tools and methods for predicting functional consequences of genetic variants (VEP, snpEff, etc.), and underlying models and data sources.
Proficiency with major bioinformatics resources (Ensembl suite, UCSC Genome Browser suite, TCGA, gnomAD/ExAC, GTEx, etc.) and in-depth understanding of at least one of these ecosystems.
Hands-on experience with relational databases (MySQL, Postgres, etc.) and fluency with at least one advanced data storage and retrieval technologies (such as Amazon Redshift, Hadoop, HDFS, etc.).
Fluency in R/Python and occasionally other languages as needed for data processing and API development.
Experience with workflow development using shell scripting and standard GNU tools.
Experience working in cross-functional teams.
Understanding of gene expression and gene regulation datasets, such as e/p/mQTLs, chromatin marks, etc.
Experience with cloud computing with AWS.
Ability to engineer and tune large scale databases for performant read and write access of large datasets.
23andMe, Inc. is the leading consumer genetics and research company. Our mission is to help people access, understand and benefit from the human genome. The company was named by MIT Technology Review to its "50 Smartest Companies, 2017" list, and named one of Fast Company's "25 Brands That Matter Now, 2017". 23andMe has over 5 million customers worldwide, with ~85 percent of customers consented to participate in research. 23andMe is located in Sunnyvale, CA. More information is available at www.23andMe.com.
At 23andMe we value a diverse, inclusive workforce and we provide equal employment opportunity for all applicants and employees. All qualified applicants for employment will be considered without regard to an individual's race, color, sex, gender identity, gender expression, religion, age, national origin or ancestry, citizenship, physical or mental disability, medical condition, family care status, marital status, domestic partner status, sexual orientation, genetic information, military or veteran status, or any other basis protected by federal, state or local laws. 23andMe will reasonably accommodate qualified individuals with disabilities to the extent required by applicable law.
Please note: 23andMe does not accept agency resumes and we are not responsible for any fees related to unsolicited resumes. Thank you.
23andMe was founded in 2006 to help people access, understand and benefit from the human genome.
We have more than three million genotyped customers around the world. Read more.
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text:
Q: Colocar registros em uma linha apenas Problema: O usuário faz vários logins e vários logouts, queria colocar o login e logout na mesma linha ao lado do nome do usuário, com a data de login e a data de logout, na mesma linha. Todos os registros em uma linha só.

A: eu utilizaria manipulação de log para este tipo de tarefa
creio que sql nao seria a melhor forma para saber quando o usuario entrou ou saiu da sessão.
recomendo você dar uma olhada em manipulação de arquivos .txt
ou alterar a tabela da database para seguinte forma
| id | usuario | ultimo_login | ultimo_logout |

CREATE TABLE nometabela(
id INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
usuario VARCHAR(60),
ultimo_login VARCHAR(30),
ultimo_logout VARCHAR(30)
);

coloquei as datas da tabela como string por que nao sei atraves de qual linguagem você vai trabalhar.

A: Você pode fazer essa consulta utilizando uma subquery.
Veja funcionando: SQLFiddle
SELECT
  s1.nomusuario [Usuario]
  , 'Login/Logout'
  , s1.data [Login]
  , (
    SELECT MIN(data)
    FROM sistema [s2]
    WHERE s2.nomusuario = s1.nomusuario
    AND s2.operacao = 'logout'
    AND s2.data > s1.data
  )
FROM sistema [s1]
WHERE s1.operacao = 'login'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Kings Plaza is a Mid-Century inspired residential community located minutes from shopping, dining, and entertainment in the community of West Hollywood, California. Built in 1975, Kings Plaza is comprised of two buildings. This complex offers several floor plans ranging in size from 935 to 1,660 sq. ft., featuring hardwood floors, recessed lighting, large balconies, spacious living areas, and many upgrades. Residents are drawn to Kings Plaza due to a combination of the fantastic amenities, the great indoor/outdoor flow, and short distance to beaches, parks, theaters, grocery stores, the Sunset Strip, Beverly Hills, and Hollywood. This complex offers a swimming pool, tropical courtyard, and spa.
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Originally built in 1965, this home sits on a 57,529 square foot lot.
Listing provided courtesy of Daniel Schott at Rodeo Realty Inc..


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• Since being founded in 1994, Heidi's Brooklyn Deli has remained a family-owned and community oriented company.
• We seek partners who honor those same values and share a passion for the finest deli food anywhere.
• Every Heidi's bakes 8 different flavors of bread from scratch with NO additives or preservatives.
• The variety of Heidi's menu includes high quality sandwiches, fresh salads, handmade bagels, breakfast, soups, wraps and fruit smoothies.
• Recipes are made in-house and clean and natural ingredients are sourced whenever possible.
• Heidi's Brooklyn Deli looks forward to serving food made from the freshest ingredients.


text:
import {launchDarklyFlagsEndpoint} from './constants';
import getRequestHeaders from './getRequestHeaders';
import without from 'lodash/without';
import Logger from './log';

const log = new Logger('completeFlagDeployment');

export default async({key, tags, description}, environment, apiKey) => {
  const updatedTags = without(tags, `${environment}-scheduled`);
  const operations = [
    {
      op: 'replace',
      path: '/tags',
      value: updatedTags,
    },
  ];

  const remainingScheduledTags = updatedTags.filter(tag => tag.endsWith('-scheduled'));

  if (remainingScheduledTags.length === 0) {
    operations.push({
      op: 'replace',
      path: '/description',
      value: description,
    });
  }

  const body = JSON.stringify(operations);
  const url = `${launchDarklyFlagsEndpoint}/${key}`;

  try {
    const response = await fetch(url, {
      method: 'PATCH',
      headers: getRequestHeaders(apiKey),
      body,
    });

    log.info(`LaunchDarkly api response: ${response.status} ${response.statusText} from: ${response.url}`);

    if (response.status === 200) {
      log.info(`SUCCESS LD api! Updated ${key} to ${body}.`);
    } else {
      log.error(`LaunchDarkly threw an error. Did not update ${key}. Will retry again later.`);
    }
  } catch (e) {
    log.error(`Network error. Could not reach LaunchDarkly. Did not update ${key}. Will retry again later. ${e}`);
  }
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Celebrities like to do things a bit differently than normal people. Take baby names, for instance. The rock singer Frank Zappa named his daughters Diva Muffin and Moon Unit, while Jermaine Jackson, brother of the late Michael Jackson, named his son Jermajesty. The trend continues into the 21st century, with actors and pop singers alike choosing off-the-beaten-path names for their offspring.
When actress Gwyneth Paltrow had a daughter with husband Chris Martin, of the band Coldplay, in 2004, she named the baby Apple. According to the Internet Movie Database, Paltrow claims she chose the name because apples are "whole, sweet and crisp." Paltrow and Martin chose more conventional names for the baby's middle name, choosing the names of their mothers, Blythe and Alison.
When pop stars Ashlee Simpson and Pete Wentz had their son in November of 2008, they named him Bronx Mowgli Wentz. Mowgli was the name of the main character in the book and film "The Jungle Book." The couple apparently chose the name Bronx because it could work for either a senator or a rock star, according to E! online.
Actors Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have six children, three of whom were adopted and three biological children. Their oldest son has the name Maddox, while their oldest daughter is named Zahara. Shiloh, the first name of the couple's first biological child, means "messiah" in Hebrew. It's also the site of a battle during the American Civil War. Her parents chose Nouvel as her middle after the French architect Jean Nouvel. Their other son is named Pax, while their twins are named Knox and Vivienne.
Actress Lisa Bonet, perhaps best known for her role on "The Cosby Show," named her third child, a boy, Nakoa-Wolf Manakauapo Namakaeha. Nakoa-Wolf was born in January 2009. Bonet changed her own name to Lilakoi Moon in 1995. Her other two children, both daughters, fared a bit better in the name department. Her first daughter, with rocker Lenny Kravitz, has the name Zoe. Her other daughter, with boyfriend Jason Momoa, is named Lola.
Superman fans will recognize the name Kal-El as Clark Kent's real name from the Superman comics. and it's also the name Nicolas Cage chose for his son. Cage is known for playing eccentric, offbeat characters, so it seems fitting that he would give his son, born in 2005, an eccentric name.


The title 'Designing in the Dark' does not point to the rich and layered world of experience of persons that are blind, but on the contrary to the unknown and uncertain design attitude of designers without visual impairments. Ignorance and insecurity among architects, urban planners and interior designers, are but a few factors that prevent designers of paying attention to multi-sensorial means of experiencing the built environment. Tactility (texture of a ramp, walls, railings, air stream, heat radiation…), sound (of traffic, rattle sounds, voices, birds, wind, announcements, noise of pathways, echoes…), smell (of traffic, garbage, interiors, perfumes, food, plants…): what of these senses can designers explore and adopt in view of enriching the multi-sensorial qualities and potentials of the built environment? For the past two academic years, 'Designing in the Dark' has been tried out as a local workshop component of the international programme of the coordinating institution. At the campus in Ghent, the joint-masters Meta-Programme of the first semester centres a round the key issue of 'User-orientation' under which aspects of socially sustainable development and universal design resort. Structured as an international lab, the unit derives its educational and' research by design' programmes from today's real world problems: ageing, transgeneration, sustainable built environments, etc.. To widen the scope of their conceptual architectural thinking and strengthen their design skills, the international students are introduced to the concept of 'Universal Design' or 'Design-for-All', a relatively new design paradigm that extends far beyond the bias and field of architecture. Moving away from a mere fragmented approach of aspects of accessibility, the coordinating institution is committed, in accordance with the European resolution RESAP(2001), to develop 'Universal Design' as a mainstream component of its architectural curriculum in general, and as a explicit competence of its newly conceived Masters Degree Programme of Architecture. As founding partner of the META University education network, Universal Design is already registered as course specialism under the umbrella of user-orientation and Built-in-Quality of Life (BQL).
Aims and objectives Against the background of the European resolution on introducing the principles of universal design, the workshop provides a means to converge and to rethink educational programmes of all participating institutes. For instance, from the viewpoint of teacher mobility, the intensive programme offers yet another unique opportunity to 'training the trainers'. Indeed, bringing together teachers from different backgrounds focusing on the key issue of 'Designing in the Dark' as a more user-oriented design paradigm, provides yet another opportunity to exchange, compare and critically reconsider educational and research strategies and tools in this particular field of studies. The aim of the Intensive Programme is to improve the research and design skills of master class students in architecture, interior design and urban planning in addressing 'user-oriented' problems such as 'ageing' and 'situational handicap'. Particularly targeted are students from all faculties who are participating in the META-joint-masters programme. The enthusiasm of both participating students and teachers vis-à-vis topic (Universal Design and Designing in the Dark) as well as approach (intensive workshop) on the one hand, and the successful involvement of external persons with various types of visual impairments (from blindness over colour-blindness to tunnel sight..), provided us with confidence to organise a knowledge transfer at the level of our joint masters Meta-university network.


text:
What nationality is the name Valery?
Valerie is generally a feminine given name, derived directly from the French Valérie (a female-only name)….Valerie (given name)
Pronunciation /ˈvæləri/ VAL-ə-ree
Word/name Latin nomen Valerius
Meaning Strong, brave (valiant), "Fierce"
Is Valery a Russian name?
Technically speaking, Valery is a Russian masculine name (Валерий); it's the Russian form of an ancient Roman family name Valerius.
Is Valery a French name?
The French name Valery (French: [valri]) is a given name or surname of Germanic origin Walaric (see Walric of Leuconay), that has often been confused in modern times with the Latin name Valerius—that explains the variant spelling Valéry (French: [valeri]).
What is the meaning of name Valerie?
Don't be fooled by the pretty sound of "Valerie": The name's meaning is from the Latin word "valere," which is all about health and strength, a good omen for a little girl. The name is the French equivalent of Valeria, which comes from the male Valerius, a Roman surname that dates to before the Middle Ages.
Is Val short for Valerie?
The name Val is primarily a gender-neutral name of English origin that means Short Form Of Valentine Or Valerie.
What does Valerie mean in the Bible?
(Valerie Pronunciations) In English the meaning of the name Valerie is: Strong; valiant.
What middle names go with Valerie?
Great middle names for Valerie and their meanings:
Eloise (healthy, wide)
Sophia (wisdom)
Rose (flower)
Josephine (God increases)
Eliza (pledged to God)
Jane (God is gracious)
What does the name Valerie mean spiritually?
It can mean "brave," courtesy of its most obvious Latin root word, "valiant," and is also said to mean "strong" or even "healthy." Valerie is the feminine of the Roman family clan name, Valerius.
What does Valerie mean?
health and strength
What is the spiritual meaning of Valerie?
Details Meaning: From the Latin Valere meaning "to be strong".
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Some of you have noted that what was valuable to your dog as a puppy is not the same today. That is great actually, since most of what was valuable as a puppy with my Border Collies involved chasing things away from me and that isn't conducive to effective training!
Time for each of you to review your list of reinforcers after playing some of the games I have posting recently. Chances are the value has changed for your dog. Hopefully you have been able to grow your list of A rewards. That is the goal and here is an easy way to grow your value.
If your dog loves running in the woods but doesn't care much for food, have him eat something really tasty (the highest ranking food reward you have to start) from your hand before you unclip the leash to let him run. If he is too wound up to eat the food move back away from the woods and try again.
Keep moving back if the dog refuses to do what you want, each time making the distance twice as far as the last. Even if you have to get back to your car or in your house. When your dog finally decides to eat the piece of food reward him but saying "Okay lets go ________" (whatever it was he was wanting to do in the first place).
Once the dog realizes he must do what you want or he doesn't get what he wants, you can lower the value of the food you feed at the beginning of this process. This game actually works to increase the value of any of the food you use since the value of the fun activity the dog can't wait to do gets transferred into the food that precedes the fun activity.
What you are doing is "Premacking" the value of one activity into something you want your dog to do. I call it "Transferring the value" and it works like magic. You have to be unemotional when the dog's choice is "don't wanna, don't hafta". Just offer the reward once and if the dog doesn't want it, move further away from what has got him aroused.
Today I am grateful that my sisters and I where able to convince my brother Brent to buy all of his required furnishings yesterday!


In another hotly-contested meeting, Florida defeated LSU tonight 197.500 to 197.425, with the outcome coming down to the very last routines of the night.
The Gators started out on bars, since it was an away meet, keeping the same lineup as last week. Trinity Thomas and Megan Skaggs were again a highlight, closing out the rotation with a 9.925 and 9.9, respectively. Amelia Hundley was also a key part of the high scoring event, showing a 9.9 with her transition-heavy routine. Meanwhile, the Tigers started out a little slow on vault, with Sarah Edwards sitting her Yurchenko 1.5 and only one routine breaking the 9.9 mark. Sarah Finnegan, their leadoff performer, earned a near-perfect 9.925 for her Yurchenko full, a vault which starts out of 9.95.
In rotation two, Florida was also limited on vault, giving away a tenth or so on pretty much every landing, unable to stick a single vault. Most improved was Savannah Schoenherr: she struggled last week with her Yurchenko 1.5 and put a knee down, but just had a small hop forward tonight. LSU, meanwhile, had better success on bars, with Kennedi Edney, Lexie Priessman and Finnegan going 9.9, 9.925 and 9.95 in the 4-5-6 slots. At this halfway mark, LSU led Florida by two tenths, 98.775 to 98.575.
Floor was once again a lights-out success for the Gators, with Nya Reed and Alicia Boren scoring a pair of 9.9s and Thomas tying for the event win with a 9.95. It wasn't perfect – there was a scoring dispute with Hundley's routine that confused many. Gymnasts only have 90 seconds for their floor routines, and if they go overtime, it's a one-tenth neutral deduction from their final score. Judges thought Hundley went over time somehow (even though the prerecorded music is timed and cut perfectly so it's nearly impossible to do so), so she was initially given a 9.725. It was eventually corrected to a 9.825 after a successful score inquiry. LSU went on beam in the third rotation and had a few rough moments. Bridget Dean nearly missed her jump series connection and had to fix it in the moment, and Sami Durante also showed some nerves, earning just a 9.8 and 9.775 respectively. Even Finnegan showed some uncharacteristic uncertainty, bobbling on her acrobatic series and earning just a 9.85. Still, Kennedi Edney and Reagan Campbell stepped up, earning a pair of 9.9s to keep things close.
In the final rotation, Florida went to beam while LSU went to floor, normally their most explosive event. But Florida was prepared, counting only score below 9.9. Alyssa Baumann returned on beam (and floor) tonight after her scary fall before last week's meet, earning herself a 9.9, and Boren and Thomas matched her with 9.9s of their own. But it was Rachel Gowey who will return to Gainesville with another beam title under her belt, earning a 9.925 with her balance of precision and elegance. LSU made a last-minute change on floor, subbing in Priessman for Sarah Edwards, but it didn't quite work like they had planned. Priessman put a hand down on her second pass and had two short landings, meaning they needed to drop her 9.3 rather than being able to get rid of one of their mid-9.8 scores. Edney also struggled some, coming in short on her double arabian and only earning a 9.8. It came down to the very last routine – McKenna Kelley's floor routine, her first double layout since her Achilles tear last year – and she needed a 9.95 to win. She's capable of such a score, but unfortunately for the Tigers, she landed with her chest very low on that opening double layout and had a few tiny things in other places and only earned a 9.875.
Expect this meet to be a preview of what's to come in March at the SEC Championships. These two teams are the best in the conference right now, and some of the best in the nation, and they're just getting started. Both teams have areas to still improve upon, so if they can make the corrections they need to make, conference championships are going to be more exciting this year than they've ever been, and both teams should expect to make nationals. Florida came out on top this time, ending LSU's home winning streak they've had since 2013, but will they again in March in New Orleans? It'll be another tight meet, just like tonight, that's for sure.


text:
By Killian McRae
Jun 12 2012 24 mins 11.2k
The only way to save the future is to decode the past. The only way to decode the past is to save the future. Archaeologist Sheppard Smyth has staked his career and the honorable memory of his wife and partner on proving his widely panned theory: Cleopatra VII, the last sovereign pharaoh of Egypt, was not a victim of suicide as history suggests, but of a well-concealed murder. When a statue of the doomed Queen is unearthed in a pre-Columbian excavation site in Mexico, Shep rushes to investigate and, hopefully, find the proof that has evaded him for so long. The statue, however, is only the first clue suggesting a mysterious connection between Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica, and possibly - beyond. Suddenly thrust into the heated rivalry between sexy and enigmatic antiquities thief Victoria Kent and the infamous Russian mafioso Dmitri Kronastia, Shep finds himself a common pawn played by forces working to see out a quest older than the pyramids and cloaked in the Mayan Doomsday prophecy of 12.21.12.
Jun 12 2012 34 mins
The fate of the worlds are decided, and Shep is compensated for all that he has suffered.
As the gate opens, Shep learns the truth about Chirstine's death.
Dmitri struggles to come to terms with losing Victoria, both in the present and in the past. Shep and Victoria figures out why Alex's bond is so unique.
The truth of Cleopatra's death is revealed.
Face to face again, Shep and Victoria square off.
Victoria ports back to London in an attempt to save Alex from Dmitri.
On their way out of London, Priest and Victoria's bluffs are called.
Victoria recollects a moment by an oasis, long, long ago, while Alex adjusts to being a proxy.
Alex endures the bonding, and Priest is none too happy.
Alex experiences a unique and deadly type of hazing.
Dmitri gives Shep a condensed version of history, and waits for his mind to explode.
Alex wins The Order lottery, or is that loses?
Victoria meets up with Alex in London, while Shep and Hector are guided through immigration in Heathrow, Russian mofioso style.
This flight will not end the way you're expecting.
So about that Victoria...
The Russians are coming... Well, one Russian anyways.
A Victoria-ous escape...
Mayan house or yours?
When ancient cultures overlap...
A Vick by any other name may smell as sweet...
Prof. Sheppard Smith receives an unexpected phone call from an old friend. Mexico is an odd place for an Egyptologist to show up.


text:
CHANUKAH GIRLS
Chanukah was a project by MFA to increase awareness and access of information to girls in Nairobi slum areas. This project used a combination of radio, outreach, and social networking tools, to organize relevant information and make it more accessible to girls. "Chanukah" is Nairobi street lingo for empowerment. The radio programs are available online. Listen here....
CHANUKAH GIRLS Summary
Chanukah was a project by MFA to increase awareness and access of information to girls in Nairobi slum areas. This project used a combination of radio, outreach, and social networking tools, to organize relevant information and make it more accessible to girls. "Chanukah" is Nairobi street lingo for empowerment.
The radio programs are available online. Listen here.
Ghetto Radio Shows Production
MFA produced a series of radio programmes with Ghetto Radio and girls from the slums of Kibera, Mathare and Mukuru. The girls participated in the production of the radio shows that covered a wide range of personal stories about rape, drug abuse, contraceptives, abortion, daily struggles but also hope for the future. There were recorded stories in the field, live studio interviews with the girls and women working with them, call-in and SMS segments, and great music. You can listen to all the shows here: Click on the image or go to: https://vimeo.com/showcase/1906018
Listening sessions with girls in the slums
To reinforce the impact of the radio broadcast and make them well understood by the target audience of our Chanukah project, we formed listening groups with girls in three slums in Nairobi; Kibera, Mukuru and Mathare. The girls listened in on the radio shows that aired on Ghetto radio and discussed the major themes highlighted in the show. In each location 2 girls facilitated dialogue sessions with the girls aged between 14—22 years.
Chanukah Blog and Facebook Pages
MFA created a blog with information shared on the radio shows but further with a catalogue of resources and resource centers that girls in slums can access - Dealing with Reproductive Health, Career Guidance, Safety e.t.c. It was complimented by a facebook page that where discussions pertaining the issues that affect girls in slums were discussed.


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Nigerian Singer, Terry G, popularly known as Apako Master has revealed how the RCCG General Overseer, Pastor Enoch Adeboye some years back rescued him from drifting away into sorrow, misery.
Terry G, who acknowledged the impact of the cleric's prophecy on his life disclosed that it was one of the ministrations at the Redemption Camp in 1996 that changed the story of his life for good.
Sharing how his story before fame, Terry G, who is also into pure water business, started his music career as a music director before joining the secular music industry. He recalled that he ministered at the Redemption Camp in 1996 before Lekki98, alongside side his siblings and after which Pastor Adeboye laid his hands on him and prophesied.
During his happy birthday wish to Pastor Adeboye, who clocked 75 years old last Thursday, Terry G said his life has not remained the same since Pastor Adeboye laid his hands on him.
Terry G aka Apako Master has revealed how the RCCG General Overseer, Pastor Enoch Adeboye some years back rescued him from drifting away into sorrow, misery.