text:
Lemon Laws
Investigating Auto Fraud
MCDCA
Lawyer Referral
Where to Complain
Car Resources
"Buying a New Car: Know What You're Signing", Maryland Attorney General's Office.
"A Consumer Guide To Buying A Used Car", Maryland Attorney General's Office.
Check out the documentary film "Driven to Defraud" by the Maryland Consumer Rights Coalition
The Ultimate Auto Fraud Links Guide, from The National Consumer Law Center
Lemon Laws, Auto Value and Safety
To estimate the value of your vehicle, go to the Kelley Blue Book: http://www.kbb.com
Free 'Lemon Check': http://www.carfax.com/cfm/general_check.cfm?partner=car_8
Maryland's Lemon Law: http://www.oag.state.md.us/Consumer/lemon.htm
Auto Safety Complaints and Complaints Database of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/problems/trd/
NHTSA service bulletins: http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Owners
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Council: http://www.cpsc.gov/.
Database to determine if a vehicle has been reported as stolen, but not recovered, or has been reported as a salvage vehicle: https://www.nicb.org/theft_and_fraud_awareness/vincheck/vincheck
For a used car, get a vehicle history report from www.carfax.com or www.autocheck.com. Note, however, that these only attempt to collect data from public records. So, if the car was in an accident but it was never reported, it is not going to show up here. Thus, these reports are helpful but not definitive. Don't let any car dealer try and convince you otherwise.
Gather together and then review the originals of all paperwork given to you by the dealer, and read it. Does the contract contain the terms you agreed to? Are there signatures everywhere there are supposed to be? Are there any blanks in the forms? Did you receive all of the required disclosures? Is there an arbitration agreement that you can opt out of? Typical documents will include the following:
-Advertisements or Letters from the dealership or financing company
-Window Sticker
-Buyers Order
-Retail Installment Sales Contract
-Manufacturer's Warranty Booklet
-Extended Warranty Forms
-Gap Insurance documents
-Etch or Lojack documents
-Odometer Disclosure Statement
-Agreement to Provide Insurance
-Spot Delivery, Bailment, or Financing Agreement
-Addendum
-Prior Use Disclosure
-Negative Equity Disclosure form
-"We Owe" form
-Payment Book
-Credit Denial Letters
-Credit Acceptance Letters
-Title to the Car
Get the car's title history and review the paperwork which the dealer submitted to the MVA. Compare signatures, governmental charges, etc. Contact prior owners where appropriate – i.e. to find out about prior accidents, etc:
Send check for $9.00 (or $12.00 for certified copy) to:
Motor Vehicle Administration
6601 Ritchie Highway, N.E.
Go to any franchised dealer for the make of your car and get a complete printout of the car's warranty, service and recall history. This may help you locate useful information about material problems the dealer failed to disclose at time of sale, or help establish odometer discrepancies.
Get copies of your credit reports from each of Equifax, Experian and TransUnion, by going directly to their websites, or by going to www.annualcreditreport.com. There is one free credit report per year to Maryland residents (but they will try to sell you optional "credit watch" and other things). Once you have your credit report, look at which finance companies the dealer shopped your loan to.
Armed with this information, identify any red flags such as phony down payments, a used car sold as new, an undisclosed prior daily rental, a salvaged title, forged signatures, unsigned documents, missing documents, etc. If you believe the facts warrant it, contact a lawyer to find out your rights.
Regulations Governing Car Purchases in Maryland
Failure to give signed copy of Buyer's Order and signed copy of financing contract
COMAR §11.12.01.15A and B
Dealer did not accurately describe car as "new," "used" or "demonstrator
COMAR §§11.12.01.14A(5) and I and L
Dealer did not disclose that your "used" car is actually a prior daily rental car
COMAR §11.12.01.14M; see also Transp. Code §13-112(d)
Dealer said you were "required" to buy service contract (aka "extended warranty")
Dealer said you were "required" to buy GAP insurance when law says it is "optional" RISA, CL §§12-606(b)(8) and 12-609(b)(3) and (4); CLEC, CL §12-1005(c) and §12-1012(a).
Dealer did not disclose prior accident damage
COMAR §11.12.01.14J(5) and K; 74 Op. Atty. Gen. 303 (1989); CL §13-301(3);
Official Comment, ¶3 to CL §2-314; CL 2-314(2)(a); Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, 15 U.S.C. 2310(d); COMAR §11.12.01.14K(1)( c ); COMAR §11.12.01.14K(1)(b)
The odometer on the car was rolled back
49 U.S.C. §32701 et seq.; 49 C.F.R. §580.1 et seq.; Transp. Code §22-415; COMAR §11.12.01.20.
Dealer said that I cannot cancel the deal, even though they have not delivered the car to me
COMAR §11.12.01.15C
Dealer used false or deceptive advertising
Transp. Code §§ 15-210; 15-312; 15-313; 15-411(c); CL § 11-701 et seq.; COMAR § 11.12.01.14A-H; CL § 13-301; CL § 14-2003
Dealer tried to cancel the sale after delivery of the car, fails to return deposit and trade in. Trans. § 15-311.3.
Damage and Penalty Provisions
CL § 13-408; RISA, CL §12-609(c) and 12-630; CLEC §§ 12-1017 and 12-1018; for Lemon Law, CL §§ 14-1502(c) and 14-1504(b); for leased vehicles, CL § 14-2007(a); for Federal Odometer Act, 49 U.S.C. §32710
Attorneys Fee Provisions
CL §13-408; for Lemon Law, CL§14-1502(l); for leased vehicles, CL§14-2007(b); Magnuson-Moss, 15 U.S.C. §2310
Maryland Consumer Debt Collection Act –
"Dealing with Debt Collectors", Maryland Attorney General's Office.
Find out if a debt collector is licensed to do business in Maryland at:
https://www.dllr.state.md.us/cgi-bin/fin_reg_el/rel2/FinReg_search.cgi?calling_app=Query::PQ_company1.
A complaint form is available: http://www.oag.state.md.us/sa/jsp/consumer/FileComplaint.jsp.
See Also: Know Your Rights if You Choose to Use a Debt Management Services Provider: http://dllr.maryland.gov/finance/consumers/debtmgmtserv.shtml
The Federal Trade Commission has information on Fair Debt Collection: http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0149-debt-collection
File a formal complaint with the FTC: http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0341-file-complaint-ftc
Congressional Findings and declarations of purpose [15 USC § 1692]
(a) There is abundant evidence of the use of abusive, deceptive, and unfair debt collection practices by many debt collectors. Abusive debt collection practices contribute to the number of personal bankruptcies, to marital instability, to the loss of jobs, and to invasions of individual privacy.
(b) Existing laws and procedures for redressing these injuries are inadequate to protect consumers.
(c) Means other than misrepresentation or other abusive debt collection practices are available for the effective collection of debts.
(d) Abusive debt collection practices are carried on to a substantial extent in interstate commerce and through means and instrumentalities of such commerce. Even where abusive debt collection practices are purely intrastate in character, they nevertheless directly affect interstate commerce.
(e) It is the purpose of this title to eliminate abusive debt collection practices by debt collectors, to insure that those debt collectors who refrain from using abusive debt collection practices are not competitively disadvantaged, and to promote consistent State action to protect consumers against debt collection abuses.
Maryland Consumer Debt Collection Act
The Maryland Consumer Debt Collection Act also prohibits debt collection harassment, and specifically provides as follows:
§ 14-201. Definitions.
(a) In general.- In this subtitle the following words have the meanings indicated.
(b) Collector.- "Collector" means a person collecting or attempting to collect an alleged debt arising out of a consumer transaction.
(c) Consumer transaction.- "Consumer transaction" means any transaction involving a person seeking or acquiring real or personal property, services, money, or credit for personal, family, or household purposes.
(d) Person.- "Person" includes an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, association, two or more persons having a joint or common interest, or any other legal or commercial entity.
[An. Code 1957, art. 83, § 167; 1975, ch. 49, § 3.]
§ 14-202. Proscribed conduct
In collecting or attempting to collect an alleged debt a collector may not:
(1) Use or threaten force or violence;
(2) Threaten criminal prosecution, unless the transaction involved the violation of a criminal statute;
(3) Disclose or threaten to disclose information which affects the debtor's reputation for credit worthiness with knowledge that the information is false;
(4) Except as permitted by statute, contact a person's employer with respect to a delinquent indebtedness before obtaining final judgment against the debtor;
(5) Except as permitted by statute, disclose or threaten to disclose to a person other than the debtor or his spouse or, if the debtor is a minor, his parent, information which affects the debtor's reputation, whether or not for credit worthiness, with knowledge that the other person does not have a legitimate business need for the information;
(6) Communicate with the debtor or a person related to him with the frequency, at the unusual hours, or in any other manner as reasonably can be expected to abuse or harass the debtor;
(7) Use obscene or grossly abusive language in communicating with the debtor or a person related to him;
(8) Claim, attempt, or threaten to enforce a right with knowledge that the right does not exist; or
(9) Use a communication which simulates legal or judicial process or gives the appearance of being authorized, issued, or approved by a government, governmental agency, or lawyer when it is not.
§ 14-203. Damages
A collector who violates any provision of this subtitle is liable for any damages proximately caused by the violation, including damages for emotional distress or mental anguish suffered with or without accompanying physical injury.
Relevant Civil Pattern Jury Instructions
Debt Collector Contact Log
FDCPA Intake Questionnair
File a Complaint:
You can file a complaint with the Commissioner of Financial Regulation here.
You can file a complaint with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau here.
"FTC letter to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau."Federal Trade Commission. March 13, 2012 (The FTC's 2012 annual letter to the CFPB on debt collection matters)
"Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Annual Report." Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. 2012 (The CFPB's 2012 report describing its enforcement actions under the FDCPA)
"Due Process & Consumer Debt" Jones Day. 2010 (Proposing reforms to the debt collection process in New York)
"The Debt Machine: How the Collection Industry Hounds Consumers and Overwhelms Courts." National Consumer Law Center. By Rick Jurgens & Robert J. Hobbs. July 2010.
"Debt Deception: How Debt Buyers Abuse the Legal System to Prey on Lower-Income New Yorkers." The Legal Aid Society, Neighborhood Economic Development Advocacy Project, MFY Legal Services, & Urban Justice Center, Community Development Project. By Claudia Wilner & Nasoan Sheftel-Gomes. May 2010. (Ground-breaking study of Debt Buyer activity in New York)
"Structure & Practices of the Debt Buying Industry." Federal Trade Commission, 2013
"Junk Justice: a Statistical Analysis of 4,400 Lawsuits Filed by Debt Buyers." Peter A. Holland, 26 Loyola Consumer Law Review 179 (2014)
"Account Stated Resurrected: The Fiction of Implied Assent In Consumer Debt Collection." Emanwel J. Turnbull, 38 Vermont Law Review, 339 (2013)
Wall Street Journal Series of Articles on "The Debt Collectors." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg.
"Encore Is Settling Class-Action Suit." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. February 18, 2011 (Collection giant Encore Capital settles a class action suit in Ohio which alleged that the company collected debts using fake affidavits)
"Minnesota AG: Encore Capital 'Robo-Signed' Affidavits." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. March 29, 2011 (The Attorney-General of Minnesota criticizes the practices of debt collection giant Encore Capital)
"States to Fight Lawsuit Accord." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. June 14, 2011 (Attorneys-General in 38 states dispute the Encore Capital settlement in Ohio)
"Judge Backs Pact on Debt Lawsuit." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. August 15, 2011 (Federal Judge approves the Encore Capital settlement in Ohio)
"Debt Firm Is The Target of a Probe Into Practices." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. October 27, 2011 (Encore Capital is investigated by North Carolina and sued by Texas)
"In Debt Collecting, Location Matters." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. July 18, 2011 (How debt collectors file cases with a friendly judge in Indiana)
"Welcome to Debtors' Prison, 2011 Edition." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. March 17, 2011 (How the debt-collection industry uses threats of arrest to collect debts)
"Debtor Arrests Criticized." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. November 22, 2011 (Illinois Attorney-General attacks the use of arrest warrants for failure to appear in debt collection cases)
"Debts That Won't Die." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. (interactive graphic telling the story of Linda Long and her ordeal with debt collectors demanding that she pay here deceased husband's debt)
"For the Families of Some Debtors, Death Offers No Respite." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. December 3, 2011 (Debt 'Death-debt Collectors attempt to get money from the relatives of deceased borrowers)
"House is Gone but Debt Lives On" The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. October 1, 2011 (The effects of deficiency judgments following foreclosure sales).
"Remains of the Debt." The Wall Street Journal (Showing the impact of mortgage foreclosure deficiency judgments in Lehigh Acres, Fla.)
"The Long Arm of Debt Stretches Into Condo Fees, Car Repos." Wall Street Journal, Deal Journal Blog, By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. October 2, 2011
"Debts Go Bad, Then It Gets Worse." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. December 23, 2011 (Debt Collectors pursue debts discharged in bankruptcy)
"Consumers Cry Foul Over Debt-Collectors." The Wall Street Journal. By Jessica Silver-Greenberg. December 15, 2011 (Complaints to the FTC about debt collectors rise dramatically)
"State AGs Probing Sales of Credit Card Debt." American Banker. By Jeff Horwitz. September 17, 2012.
"The Meat Grinder: When the debt collection machine comes for its pound of flesh." The Pacific Northwest Inlander. By Daniel Walters. July 25, 2012.
"Banks Play Fast and Loose with Credit Card Debt." USA Today. April 6, 2012
"Why People Hate the Banks." The New York Times. By Joe Nocera. April 2, 2012.
"Bank of America Sold Card Debts to Collectors Despite Faulty Records." American Banker. By Jeff Horwitz. March 29, 2012.
"Borrower Beware: B of A Customer Repaid Her Bill Yet Faced a Collections Nightmare." American Banker. By Maria Aspan. March 29, 2012.
"How a Whistleblower Halted JPMorgan Chase's Card Collections." American Banker. By Jeff Horwitz. March 16, 2012.
"OCC Probing JPMorgan Chase Credit Card Collections." American Banker. By Jeff Horwitz. March 13, 2012.
"'Robo' Credit Card Suits Menace Banks." American Banker. By Jeff Horwitz. January 31, 2012.
"Zombie Debt Creeps Onward in Idaho Courts." Idahostatesman.com. By Audrey Dutton. January 22, 2012.
"Demand That Collection Agencies Keep 'The 5 New Year's Resolutions for the Conscious Bill Collector'." Huffingtonpost.com. By Jerry Ashton. January 11, 2012.
"America's Abusive Debt Collectors." Thedailybeast.com. By Gary Rivlin. January 1, 2012.
"Regulate Junk Debt." Fredericknewspost.com. December 18, 2011.
"Unpaid Bills Land Some Debtors Behind Bars." NPR. By Susie An. December 12, 2011.
"Complaints Show Debtors' Frustration, Fear." Fredericknewspost.com. By Bethany Rodgers. December 11, 2011.
"District Court of Maryland Stays Thousands of LVNV and Resurgent Capital Services Debt Cases." Maryland Judiciary. November 2, 2011.
"Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure Notice of Proposed Rule Changes." Court of Appeals of Maryland. July 2011.
"Past Due: Why Debt Collection Practices and the Debt Buying Industry Need Reform Now." East Bay Community Law Center & Consumers Union of United States, Inc. By Rachel Terp & Lauren Bowne. January 2011.
General Information, Courts, Procedures
To gain information on Maryland Law and answers to basic consumer, personal injury and procedure questions, start with the excellent brochures published by the State Bar Association: http://www.msba.org/departments/commpubl/publications/brochures/index.htm
Learn about the court structure in Maryland with this video from the Maryland Judiciary: https://vimeo.com/93303652
What To Do if You Are Sued produced by the District Court of Maryland
Read about the District Court Self Help Center, which provides assistants in many civil matters to people who do not have a lawyer.
Maryland Code and Court Rules Online
Maryland People's Law Library:
http://www.peoples-law.com
Maryland Judiciary Website:
http://www.courts.state.md.us
State Law Library: https://mdcourts.gov/lawlib
Maryland State Bar Association: http://www.MSBA.org
The American Bar Association: http://www.abanet.org
Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County: http://www.circuitcourt.org
Maryland Courts Brochures: http://www.mdcourts.gov/district/public_brochures.html
Commonly Used Court Forms
DC-001 Request with Certificate of Service
DC-002 Motion with Certificate of Service
DC-067 Certificate of Service
DC-070 Request for Postponement
DC-065 Address Change Request
CC-DC-008 Petition for Waiver of Costs
CC-DC-052 Request to Shield Information in a Case Record
CC-DC-041 Request for Spoken Language Interpreter
CC-DC-049 Request for Accommodation by a Person with Disabilities
DC-CV-036 Motion to Release or Exempt Property from Garnishment
DCA-109A Guide to Appeal Fees
DC-CV-037 Civil Appeal/ Request for Transcript
DCA-119 Request for CD Recording/Transcript
The Supersedeas Bond stays collection activity pending outcome of the appeal. You use this form. The clerk's office will need to fill at least part of it out.
Civil Justice, Inc.: http://www.civiljusticenetwork.org/
Maryland Association for Justice, Inc.: https://www.marylandassociationforjustice.com/index.cfm?pg=MAJLawyerSearchDISCLAIMER
Maryland State Bar Association: http://www.msba.org/public/referral.htm
National Association of Consumer Advocates: http://naca.net/find-attorney
Because It Is Never Too Early To Learn Consumer Skills
"Wise Buys for Teens":
http://www.oag.state.md.us/WiseBuys/index.htm
Keep up with consumer rights news from the National Association of Consumer Advocates: http://naca.net/news
General Help for Consumers: http://naca.net/legislative-advocacy/consumer%20resources
Standards and Guidelines for Litigating and Settling Consumer Class Actions: http://www.naca.net/sites/default/files/pdfs/RevisedGuidelines.pdf
Predatory Lending Practices: http://www.naca.net/issues/predatory-lending
Self Help (Pro Se, Unbundled, And Other)
The following documents may be printed out to assist you in documenting your case:
Impact Statement.pdf
Chronology of Events.pdf
Debt Collector Contact Log.pdf
Documenting Your Case.pdf
Where To File A Complaint
Maryland Home Improvement Commission: http://www.dllr.state.md.us/license/mhic/mhiccomp.shtml
Maryland Attorney General Consumer Protection Division: (includes Auto Repair, New Car, Health Club, General Complaint, New Home, Condo and HOA, Hospital Billing Disputes, etc.): http://www.oag.state.md.us/Consumer/complaint.htm
MVA Complaint Form Against Car Dealer: http://www.mva.maryland.gov/businesses/_docs/IS-109.pdf
MVA Uninsured Motorist Complaint Form: http://mva.state.md.us/Resources/ICD-034.pdf
Maryland Insurance Administration Complaint Form: http://www.oag.state.md.us/sa/jsp/consumer/FileComplaint.jsp
File a formal complaint with the FTC: https://www.ftccomplaintassistant.gov/Information#crnt&panel1-1
Better Business Bureau Complaint: https://www.bbb.org/consumer-complaints/file-a-complaint/get-started
http://marylandconsumers.org/ConsumerAdvice/generaladviceoverview/tabid/64/Default.aspx
Protecting Your Credit Worthiness: http://www.oag.state.md.us/consumer/edge121.htm
Protecting Yourself Against Identity Theft: http://www.dllr.state.md.us/finance/consumers/idtheft.shtml
Maryland Repossession Laws – "Buyer Beware": http://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dllr.maryland.gov%2Ffinance%2Frepossession.doc
http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/business/consumer.html
http://www.marylandconsumers.org
http://www.fdic.gov/consumers/consumer/news/
http://www.Nolo.com
http://www.nclc.org
http://marylandconsumers.org/ConsumerAdvice/creditreports/tabid/71/Default.aspx
For information on business ownership, corporate status, the history of who has owned a particular house and related topics, visit the State Department of Assessments and Taxation:
http://www.dat.state.md.us/
National Consumer Law Center Information for Older Consumers: http://www.nclc.org/special-projects/older-consumers.html
ABA Consumer Law guide: http://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/resources/law_issues_for_consumers/books_consumer_home.html
http://www.ripoffreport.com
http://www.mdfamilylawyer.com/
http://www.peoples-law.com/
https://smartwillforms.com
http://www.mddivorceonline.com/


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text:
John Bardeen	More
John Bardeen - Biographical
John Bardeen - Facts
John Bardeen - Nobel Lecture: Semiconductor Research Leading to the Point Contact Transistor
William B. Shockley
John Bardeen
Walter H. Brattain
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John Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin, on May 23, 1908, son of Dr. Charles R. Bardeen, and Althea Harmer. Dr. Bardeen was Professor of Anatomy, and Dean of the Medical School of the University of Wisconsin at Madison. After the death of Althea, when John was about twelve years old, Dr. Bardeen married Ruth Hames, now Mrs. Kenelm McCauley, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
John Bardeen attended the University High School at Madison for several years, but graduated from Madison Central High School in 1923. This was followed by a course in electrical engineering at the University of Wisconsin, in which much extra work was taken in mathematics and physics. After being out for a term while working in the engineering department of the Western Electric Company at Chicago, he graduated with a B.S. in Electrical Engineering in 1928. He continued on at Wisconsin as a graduate research assistant in electrical engineering for two years, working on mathematical problems in applied geophysics and on radiation from antennas. It was during this period that he got his first introduction to quantum theory from Professor J.H. Van Vleck.
Professor Leo J. Peters, under whom the research in geophysics was done, took a position at the Gulf Research Laboratories in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Bardeen followed him there and worked during the next three years (1930-1933) on the development of methods for the interpretation of magnetic and gravitational surveys. This was a stimulating period in which geophysical methods were first being applied to prospecting for oil.
Because he felt his interests were more in pure than in applied science, Bardeen resigned his position at Gulf in 1933 to take graduate work in mathematical physics at Princeton University. It was here under the leadership of Professor E.P. Wigner, that he first became interested in solid state physics. Before completing his thesis (on the theory of the work function of metals) he was offered a position as Junior Fellow of the Society of Fellows at Harvard University. He spent there the next three years, 1935-1938, working with Professors Van Vleck and Bridgman on problems in cohesion and electrical conduction in metals, and also did some work on level density of nuclei. The Ph.D. degree at Princeton was awarded in 1936.
From 1938-1941, Bardeen was an Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Minnesota and from 1941-1945 a civilian physicist at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in Washington, D.C. Work done during the war was on influence fields of ships for application to underwater ordnance and mine-sweeping. After the war, in late 1945, he joined the solid state research group at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, and remained there until 1951, when he was appointed Professor of Electrical Engineering and of Physics at the University of Illinois. Since 1959 he has also been a member of the Center for Advanced Study of the University.
Main fields of research since 1945 have been electrical conduction in semiconductors and metals, surface properties of semiconductors, theory of superconductivity, and diffusion of atoms in solids. In 1957, Bardeen and two colleagues, L.N. Cooper and J.R. Schrieffer, proposed the first successful explanation of superconductivity. Much of his research effort since that time has been devoted to further extensions and applications of the theory.
He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, has been (1954-1957) a member of its Council, and on the Editorial Board of The Physical Review and Reviews of Modern Physics. From 1959-1962, he served as a member of the United States President's Science Advisory Committee.
Bardeen was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1954. Honours include the Stuart Ballentine Medal of the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia (1952) and the John Scott Medal of the City of Philadelphia (1955), both awarded jointly with Dr. W.H. Brattain, the Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society (1955) and D.Sc. (Hon.) from Union College and from the University of Wisconsin. He received the Fritz London Award for work in low temperature physics in 1962.
Bardeen married Jane Maxwell in 1938. They have three children, James Maxwell, William Allen and Elizabeth Ann.
From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942-1962, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
John Bardeen was also awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1972. He died on January 30, 1991.
MLA style: John Bardeen – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2019. Wed. 17 Jul 2019. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1956/bardeen/biographical/>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Como saber si un usuario existe en un diccionario de un archivo JSON def registracion():
  import json
  import sys

  nombreusuario = input("Ingrese su usuario: ")

  if nombreusuario in dict(data['usuarios']).values:
              print("El Usuario ya existe")
              return
  else:
            contrasena=input("Ingrese su contrasena: ")
            data['usuarios'].append({
                  'usuario':nombreusuario,
                  'contrasena':contrasena})
            with open(ruta+"/usuarios.json",'w') as file:
                  json.dump(data,file,indent=4)
                  return

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


These exhibits are currently available for booking.
Make your reservation before someone else claims your spot!
This exhibit explores the government's efforts to educate Americans about what to do before an atomic attack; how to react to a sudden, blinding flash; and what action to take in the aftermath of an atomic blast.
From the Israel/West Bank Barrier to the Great Wall of China, from the Berlin Wall to the wall along the US-Mexico border, A History of Walls explores the history of and meaning behind these imposing infrastructural elements.
During 2019, Overland Traveling Exhibits will be rolling out a series of traveling exhibits examining America's Flyways — the migratory paths that birds take across Mexico, through the continental United States, and in many cases, on to the far northern reaches of Alaska and Canada.
A celebration of the 150th anniversary of the Chisholm Trail. This traveling exhibit invites visitors of all ages to explore the Chisholm Trail from its inception in the late 1860s to today.
We've got more projects on the way! Let us know if you want to book one of these exhibits and we may move it to the front of the queue.


On Saturday, SpaceX is taking its most ambitious step yet toward launching people into space. It's not sending anyone with a pulse just yet, but this upcoming launch is still a high-consequence event. In the wee hours of the morning on March 2, SpaceX's shiny new astronaut taxi—dubbed Crew Dragon—will take to the skies, bound for the International Space Station.
The flight, officially known as Demo Mission-1 (or DM-1), stars an upgraded version of SpaceX's Dragon cargo craft. SpaceX has always intended for its Crew Dragon capsules to ferry humans, but every SpaceX Dragon capsule launched so far has only shuttled cargo to and from the ISS. The upgraded version, debuting on DM-1, will feature new crew life-support systems, seats, control panels, and a propulsion system that can be used to keep the crew safe during a launch emergency. But it won't carry people; before astronauts can climb aboard, SpaceX has to prove Crew Dragon is ready.
That doesn't mean that the craft will be empty. SpaceX says Dragon will carry supplies for the crew currently on the space station, a radiation experiment, and a mannequin similar to the Starman that flew on board the first Falcon Heavy mission. Perched in one of the craft's seats, the faux astronaut will be suited up in a custom flight suit that will let SpaceX collect data on the capsule's environment.
Saturday's mission—which will last approximately five days—is a shortened version of the ones that future crews will complete. That's because its purpose is to provide critical data about how Crew Dragon performs in space. "Demo-1 is a flight test but also a real mission, a very critical mission," Bill Gerstenmaier, associate administrator for NASA's human spaceflight program, said in a news briefing last week.
Following a Saturday launch, Crew Dragon is expected to arrive on Sunday morning at the International Space Station, where one of its key tasks will be to show NASA that it can safely dock with the space station—a first for Crew Dragon. To date, all Crew Dragon cargo crafts have berthed it instead: The spacecraft approaches the station and waits for a crew member to grapple it with one of the station's robotic arms, securing it into place. With this Crew Dragon, the craft's onboard computers will undertake the riskier maneuver of guiding it in to dock itself.
"We need to make sure that it can safely go rendezvous and dock with the space station, and undock safely, and not pose a hazard to the International Space Station," Kathy Lueders, manager of NASA's Commercial Crew Dragon Program, said during the same briefing.
Following the shuttle program's end, NASA put its faith in the commercial sector, selecting two companies to build its future space taxis: SpaceX and Boeing. These two companies have worked since 2014 to build a spacecraft capable of carrying crew under a contract worth $6.8 billion. Their vehicles—SpaceX's Crew Dragon and Boeing's CST-100 Starliner—will be the agency's primary means of ferrying astronauts to space.
"Human spaceflight is the core mission of SpaceX, so we are really excited to do this. There is nothing more important for us than this endeavor. We really appreciate the opportunity from NASA to really do this and have a chance to fly up to the station," Hans Koenigsmann, SpaceX's vice president for build and flight reliability, said in the briefing.
If all goes according to plan, sometime this summer a pair of astronauts will fly to the station for a two-week stay. But before that can happen, SpaceX will also conduct a test flight in April. This time it will demonstrate how well the vehicle's emergency abort system works. Designed to keep the crew safe, this feature is only meant to be used in the event something goes wrong during flight. During the test, eight thrusters—which are embedded in Crew Dragon's hull—will fire and carry the capsule away from the rocket. (The system is similar to the emergency abort system on the Soyuz rocket, which saved two astronauts during a mishap last October).
NASA officials explained in last week's briefing that Crew Dragon was greenlit for this test flight but is not ready for people just yet. There are still a lot of issues that need to be reviewed before the first crew members can climb aboard—engineers need to make sure the craft's parachute system performs as expected, and NASA is still analyzing a pesky piece of hardware: COPVs.
In order to test the upgrades, NASA says that SpaceX will need to fly seven Falcons with the new COPVs before flying people. To date, SpaceX has flown five of those missions.
But if the capsule successfully makes it to orbit and back, SpaceX will be one step closer to its ultimate goal: launching people.


You wouldn't think when living on a planet teaming with over seven billion other people and 36 million acres of real estate that so many of us are plagued with aching loneliness. But it's so.
The percentage of the U.S. feeling lonely on a regular or frequent basis runs from about 25-45% (1.) Chronic loneliness is bad for our emotional health and contributes to poor physical health. Despite living in a world filled with people and with plenty of places out there too, feeling alone in it can make the days seem long and shorten our lifespan. What can we do to rejuvenate the connection to life and recharge ourselves?
An example is riding above our heads. The International Space Station (ISS) cruises almost 250 miles above Earth and inside it works a crew of six who spend their days on experiments that provide new insights and products for life on Earth. Only the micro-gravity of space can supply the conditions that have helped to create breakthroughs for all humankind in the areas of cardiac, prosthetic, cancer treatment and others (2.) When lab projects are completed for the day, astronauts take a break and seek the refuge of the Cupola. It is a favorite place of a crew, who are limited in the number of real social connections and need time to reflect. The Cupola is not an intergalactic bar, it's a small module attached to the ISS with windows to look down at the Earth below. From that place, encircled by infinity and stars, the view of a blue planet helps them feel better, think better, and restorative. The life of an astronaut can feel lonely from that distance. The earth offers awe and recovery.
ISS with Cupola attached to side facing Earth; about 250 miles overhead.
Nature is a powerful tonic for our fatigue and isolation. Views to the outside by walking or just looking out a window elevate our mood and our outlook on the future. The wonders of nature: gazing out or being among trees, hills, and rivers does wonders. Stress is reduced and memory and attention improve.
It can be as near to you as a window.
Take some time to look outside. Let in the light and the awe. Take a walk and find personal connection. Find peace. Nature creates, restores, and gives us perspective as only nature can. The astronauts can gaze down and look upon the whole wide world.
2. Innovations Aboard the ISS: Space Station's innovations in research and technology, National Geographic, by Patrick J. Kiger, Feb. 13, 2014.


text:
Caught lying, Scott flip-flops
"What a difference a day and a few assumptions make."
On Tuesday, Gov. Rick Scott's office defended a questionable Dec. 17 report that Florida taxpayers would be on the hook for nearly $26 billion over 10 years to expand Medicaid as part of President Barack Obama's health care plan.
Late Wednesday, Scott's Agency for Health Care Administration released a revised estimate.
The new 10-year cost? $3 billion.
Why the enormous difference?
The new estimate includes the federal matching funds promised in the health care law to pay for the Medicaid expansion. It also excludes costs associated with people who are now eligible for Medicaid but for one reason or another have not enrolled. The revised estimate is more in line with costs estimated by outside groups, and could soften attacks that the expansion is too costly for Florida to afford. With some other changes, the estimate could climb to about $5 billion.
Scott had used the eye-popping $26 billion estimate to make a case against the health care law both on Sunday in a Tampa Bay Times guest column and again on Monday after a meeting with Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius.
But the dollar-figure was quickly debunked as based on severely suspect assumptions and was panned by Democrats, health care advocates and even a prominent Republican lawmaker.
"State dramatically revises Medicaid expansion estimate amid criticism".
Bill Cotterell: "A newly elected South Florida senator, contending Florida election laws were originally rigged against women and minority voters, introduced a bill Wednesday providing for automatic registration of eligible citizens when they sign up for driver licenses."
Sen. Jeff Clemens, D-Lake Worth, said his bill is not aimed at increasing voter turnout. [Why not?] He said he just wants to make it easier for residents to sign up, if they want to, while getting their driving licenses.
"Senator wants automatic voter registration".
Implementing the federal Affordable Care Act
"Lawmakers and health-care industry representatives meet in Orlando this week for two-day conference. One of the issues they'll take on is how to implement the federal Affordable Care Act." "Committee chairs to discuss health care".
"Gov. Rick Scott isn't giving up in his quest to cut corporate taxes . . . . Scott made the pitch in Jacksonville where he once again claimed that Florida is too taxing on companies doing business here." "Businesses in Florida need more tax breaks, Scott says". See also "Scott seeks elimination of sales tax for manufacturing equipment", "Local execs praise Gov. Scott's proposal to eliminate equipment tax", "Scott floats new tax break for manufacturers" and "Business Advocates Roll Out Support for Rick Scott's Call to Cut Taxes on Manufacturing Equipment".
These taxes they like
"Melissa Joiner brings nearly 12 years in government and lobbying to the Florida Retail Federation. Her top priorities are to keep the sales tax holiday and make progress toward extending the sales tax to Internet transactions." "Retail federation hires new lobbyist".
"A fast-track foreclosure bill"
"A fast-track foreclosure bill meant to hasten the legal process and reduce a mammoth court backlog will again be discussed by Florida lawmakers this year — the fourth consecutive session in which the issue has been up for legislative debate." "Quickie foreclosure bill on agenda again".
Florida to shortchange hospitals that serve neediest patients
"Hospitals that serve Florida's neediest patients stand to lose the most under a new system for how the state doles out Medicaid dollars." "Hospitals that serve Florida's neediest patients concerned about proposed change to Medicaid payments".
Nuthin' 4 nuthin'
Scott Maxwell: "Lawmakers shouldn't substitute lobbyists for brains".
Never mind the "student achievement" and "finance" parts
"Florida earned an overall grade of B-minus, while the national average was a C-plus."
This year, Florida earned A's in the categories of "standards, assessments and accountability" and "transitions and alignment." It also did well in the "teaching profession" category, getting a B.
But it got only a C-minus in student achievement and earned a D-plus in finance. Its education spending, as in years past, earned it an F.
"Florida regains top-10 ranking in education report".
For a more useful portrayal of Florida's "ranking", see the National Assessment of Educational Progress results, which have long been considered the "the nation's gold standard in assessing academic attainment"; NAEP places Florida 35th on reading and 42nd on math. See "Rhee's StudentsFirst grades education on ideology, not results". More: "Descent into parody" (scroll down).
"Teacher slain; two schools have grief counselors".
Bright Futures lawsuit
"Should students have to disclose highly personal details of their families' finances to the federal government as a precondition for receiving state scholarships based on academic merit? The Florida Legislature thinks so, but a new lawsuit insists it is unconstitutional." "Lawsuit Says Florida Bright Futures FAFSA Requirements Violate Right to Privacy".
Florida Democrats poised to deliver embarrassing snub to Wasserman Schultz
"Democratic National Committee Chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz has the ear and the loyalty of President Barack Obama, and loads of influence among Democrats in Washington and across the country. Democratic activists in her home state of Florida, however, are poised to deliver an embarrassing snub to Wasserman Schultz later this month with the heated race to lead the state Democratic Party.""
The congresswoman from Weston recruited longtime friend Allison Tant of Tallahassee to run for chair of the state party, and in recent weeks has aggressively lobbied elected officials and party activists to get behind her anointed choice.
But it looks increasingly likely that those activists may ignore the entreaties by Wasserman Schultz and Sen. Bill Nelson and instead elect Tampa activist Alan Clendenin to succeed outgoing party chairman Rod Smith.
"Democratic state committee members from Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade counties on Monday night held a non-binding vote on the race for party chairman and unanimously backed Clendenin over Tant. The way the party weighs votes in such party elections, the votes from those three Democratic strongholds could all but ensure Clendenin is the next state party chairman."
Tant, a top Obama fundraiser and former lobbyist who had been little known outside of Tallahassee, noted that the Monday night South Florida vote was non-binding and that she is rapidly gaining support as she meets more and more people across the state.
"It's very close and it will be a robust primary," said Tant, 51, who on Wednesday announced endorsements from most Democrats in the Florida congressional delegation (U.S. Reps. Frederica Wilson and Joe Garcia of Miami-Dade; Alcee Hastings of Broward; Lois Frankel, Ted Deutch and Patrick Murphy of Palm Beach; Alan Grayson of Orange County; and Corrine Brown of Duval County) as well as seven local party officials.
"Democrats at odds over future Florida Democratic Party chair".
DEP management positions filled with people who worked for industries it regulates
The Palm Beach Post editorial board: "For the last two weeks, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection has been sending out "setting the record straight" news releases in response to critical newspaper editorials. The talking points, though, mostly talk past the facts."
The editorials followed a Christmas Day story in the Tampa Bay Times that the the DEP had laid off 58 employees, some of whom were veteran, effective environmental regulators. One had prevented severe damage to Tampa Bay from a phosphate plant. Also, since Gov. Rick Scott named defense contracting executive Herschel Vinyard DEP secretary two years ago, the department has filled top management positions with people who had worked for industries the department regulates.
The DEP release says the layoffs came from "reorganizations…after months-long assessments of procedures and processes as well as staffing and workload levels." OK, but why did all those "assessments" result in these particular employees being laid off? A DEP spokesman said it was part of a "changed management structure" that placed 50 regulators under one supervisor in the agency's Tampa office. . . .
Which brings us to those fresh-from-industry hires. The DEP's deputy secretary for regulatory programs is Jeff Littlejohn. He had worked for the North Palm Beach engineering firm of Isiminger & Stubbs. The firm's job is to obtain environmental permits for its clients. Mr. Littlejohn is the son of Charles Littlejohn, a Tallahassee lobbyist whose clients include large landowners that seek DEP permits. An engineer who worked for developers oversees water resource management for the DEP. Air pollution regulation belongs to a lawyer whose former firm regularly seeks permits for polluters.
"Florida has at least a two-decades history of sometimes conflicted people serving as the top environmental regulator. Similarly, a man who had aggressively lobbied for developers wound up running Florida's growth-management agency."
Gov. Scott, though, has made clear that he considers regulation a burden to business. We would argue that a healthy environment helps to attract business, by raising the quality of life and increasing property values. Judging by its news releases, the DEP seems more concerned with trying to make bad publicity go away rather than make a persuasive case for controversial decisions. Which doesn't set the record straight about the DEP's commitment to protect Florida's environment.
" "Regulating Florida's environment or easing environment regulation?".
Scott to pick a judge
"4 Palm Beach County circuit judges among those Gov. Scott will choose from to fill 4th DCA vacancy".
Never mind
"The Florida Conservation Coalition says it is requesting $100 million for Florida Forever -- without the sale of state lands. A coalition representative withdrew an earlier statement that the group was supporting DEP's request to include $50 million from the sale of state lands." "Coalition corrects statement on selling land to pay for buying land".
"FMA won't be just a silent partner"
Nancy Smith: "The general counsel for the Florida Medical Association made it clear Wednesday that the FMA won't be just a silent partner in the 2013 legislative fight to keep workers' comp doctors dispensing medicine in their offices." "FMA Makes Its Presence Felt in Round 1 of Session's Drug Dispensing Battle". Related: "Fight resumes over drug repackaging".
Rick Scott's "veil of uncertainty"
"A 'veil of uncertainty' among consumers and investors is crushing economic recovery statewide and in Palm Beach County, Florida economist Henry Fishkind said Wednesday." "Lack of consumer confidence holds back recovery statewide and in Palm Beach County, says Florida economist".
"She embraced her inner cretin"
Fred Grimm: "Dummies everywhere should celebrate Patte Atkins-Grad's ignominious return to Tamarac city hall this week. Atkins-Grad ought to be their hero. She embraced her inner cretin. She took her own bumbling incompetence and transformed it into a splendid criminal defense strategy."
We now have a new template for other politicians trapped in the sump of their own corruption. (Are you paying attention, David Rivera?) Don't bother contesting all those inconvenient, incriminating facts. Just transform yourself into a chucklehead.
"There's a quantum leap between being incompetent and being corrupt," Kenneth Malnik, her lawyer, told jurors last month. That was apparently enough to allow Atkins-Grad to slither out from under eight felony charges.
It was stunning defense work. Malnik somehow convinced the jurors that Atkins-Grad never quite grasped the unsavory implications when sleazy developers put up $2,300 toward the lease on her new BMW along with $4,000 in other gratuities. She must have assumed it was just coincidence that they were also in desperate need of her vote and commission approval for a controversial project to plop 728 townhouses onto two local golf courses."
"A dimwit returns to Tamarac city hall".
Kiss of death
"Rick Scott Asks Bernie Machen to Remain Gators' President".
Citizens bills
"Bills aim to block uncapped Citizens rates, but other changes trim coverage, boost bills".
"Domestic partnerships" bill filed
"A bill that would allow Floridians to enter into 'domestic partnerships' resembling marriages was filed Wednesday by Sen. Eleanor Sobel, D-Hollywood, in an apparent effort to extend at least some marital benefits to same-sex couples."
While the legislation specifically states it is not an attempt to do an end-run around a provision in the Florida Constitution defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman, it would allow gay Floridians to get some rights approaching marriage. Any two people who are at least 18 years old would be allowed to establish a domestic partnership under the law.
"Domestic Partnership Bill Filed in Senate".


text:
Ohr Somayach
https://ohr.edu/603
About Ohr Somayach
Study in Israel
Explore Judaism
» Shabbat
Israel & Jerusalem
For the week ending 28 December 2002 / 23 Tevet 5763
The Parameters of Privacy
Question: Whenever an ambulance appears in a neighborhood there is a tendency for people to rush to see who is being taken to the hospital and to stare at the figure on the stretcher. Is this considered an invasion of another persons privacy?
Answer: In the Talmud (first perek of Mesechta Bava Batra) we learn of restrictions imposed by halacha on home builders and expanders in order to avoid "hezek riyah" the invasion of another persons privacy. While the main basis for these restrictions is to protect the neighbors ability to have free use of his own premises without fear of being observed by others, these laws also show consideration for the embarrassment suffered by one who is watched by others in situations where he does not wish to be seen.
Based on this consideration it follows that staring at an ill person being taken to a hospital by ambulance is improper because it is a source of embarrassment for him to have people see him in such a helpless state. The halacha attaches great importance to a sick persons peace of mind even in regard to Shabbat violation when there is a serious danger to life. Since the shame caused to the patient by staring at him while he is being placed in the ambulance can disturb his peace of mind, such behavior harbors on aggravating his condition and must be avoided. It therefore follows that a responsible adult at the scene should take the initiative of urging all the spectators, especially the naturally curious children, to leave the area and allow the ambulance crew to work in privacy.
As a footnote we might add a couple more examples of invasion of privacy that go beyond building restrictions.
Looking at someones passport or any other identification in order to find out how old he is;
Taking out of the Kotel a "kvittel" on which someone has written a personal prayer.
(Based on the response of Rabbi Yitzchok Zilberstein, Rabbi of the Ramat Elchanan Community in Bnei Brak)
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This is the second schwarzbier I've reviewed, and is also a good one. It's a little late in the season to find Howl, one of Magic Hat's winter seasonals, but when I came across it, I thought better late than never. Howl has much acclaim, and while it's not the best schwarzbier out there, it's still very good.
Compared to the other schwarzbier I reviewed, Black Forest, Howl has more stout-like qualities. This doesn't mean it's bad, it just means it strays a touch from traditional schawrzbier characteristics. Black Forest is basically a very dark lager, with the same mouthfeel as a lager, but with the flavor of a black beer. Howl is a little creamier, like a stout, and has chocolatey notes, also like a stout. As I said, this doesn't make the it bad, it's just worth noting. As a whole, Howl is a wonderful beer. Black in color with a brown head that's equally creamy and foamy, Howl also has a nice malty aroma. Creaminess greets you from the start and is consistent throughout, leaving no strong residue from the sip, especially at the finish. Howl's creaminess, however, is very light. Many stouts are light in mouthfeel and still creamy, but Howl's is even lighter. The lager component is strongest in this quality, because while it's creamier than most schwarzbiers, it's lighter than most stouts. It's an interesting combination, and you notice a very tiny bit of carbonation, like a lager, in each sip, which lightens the mouthfeel even more. This refreshment teams well with the flavor, which is very tasty, consisting mostly of roasted malts and slight chocolate that aren't overpowering.
Howl is a very good beer, and another notable schwarzbier. What sets it back just a touch, for me, is that the flavor gets old after a while. It doesn't get stale, but it doesn't keep me interested. Aside from that, it's an excellent beer, and because it's one of the most readily-available schwarzbiers, it can easily satisfy any black beer itch.
I had only briefly heard of Otter Creek Brewing when I stumbled upon Alpine Black IPA in a bar at the base of Okemo Mountain in Vermont. Among the Magic Hat, Long Trail and Samuel Adams on tap, this was the only choice I'd never had, so of course I had to try it. I didn't know what to expect because dark takes on IPAs can vary from very good to very bad. What I chose is one of the best dark IPAs I've had.
For starters, watching this beer being poured was exciting in itself. It's hard to find an outstanding dark IPA, so the anticipation that this would be a good one was a factor. More importantly, though, was the creamy head that seemed to grow exponentially during the pour and add texture to the black color. Once the head subsided and I was finally able to drink it, the anticipation was well-earned. The best way to describe Alpine Black IPA is a mix of an excellent roasted porter and a good American IPA. When you first start drinking this beer the balance of malt and hops is done so well it's hard to pick out the flavors. Malt is the overwhelming flavor, yielding roasted and caramel notes that are smooth and creamy, and noticeable for the majority of each sip. These flavors aren't overpowering, though, and leave room for the sweetness of the hops to shine through at the end of each sip. While malt is the dominant profile, it's creaminess fuses well with the hops, and in the end you're left a slight hop aftertaste with the satisfaction of drinking a very nice porter. The flavors might sound to be too contrasting, but they work very well together. The hops really only appear at the end of each sip, and while the malt flavor is good enough on it's own, the mastery the flavors are mixed with is what makes this so good.
Once you get a grasp on how the flavors work, it's easier to notice the hops throughout each sip. Despite the predominant malt flavors, an underlying sweetness from the hops lightens the beer and then pops through more before the finish. It's nice to be able to pick out the differing flavors throughout each sip, but I actually prefer the first tastings. It was nice to get a well-flavored porter style for the majority of each sip and transition seamlessly to the hops.
If you're going to try a black IPA, I would put this at the top of your list. I couldn't decide whether to give this an 8/10 or 9/10, and decided to give it an 8 because I feel the need to have it a few more times to fully figure it out. This doesn't take away from how good it is, though, and to me is the benchmark of the black IPA style.
My old roommate used to bring Long Trail's Blackbeary Wheat back to Syracuse after going home to Vermont for breaks. It was always something to look forward to and was a nice beer to help change the season from dreary and cold to sunny and warm. I really liked it, but it did have a novelty to it because we could only get it after breaks. I was anxious to give it a go many years removed from the original tasting, so I picked up a six-pack last weekend. While not outstanding nor terrible, Blackbeary Wheat is a very respectable fruit beer.
Upon pouring into a glass, you first notice two things: the aroma and color. The first thing that strikes you is the bouquet. It's not overwhelmingly sweet as to turn you off, but enough to make you thirsty. Dark berry notes are less intense than lighter ones, and thus more inviting. The second thing is the extremely light, completely clear color, which is as light as an American light beer (the head is also reminiscent). Above the curiously light color, though, the aroma is what grabs you most. Upon drinking, you're met with a remarkably light mouthfeel that feels like you're drinking a light beer. The weight, or lack thereof, is consistent through the finish and crisp the whole way. The blackberry flavor meets you immediately and offers a different type of fruit not commonly found in fruit beers. It's very nice and has a subdued sweetness compared to other berry mixtures that are more common. The fruit sweetness starts lighter and builds slightly as the sip progresses, reaching it's peak at the finish, although it's not too high of a summit. The end of the sip has just a bit more sweetness than the rest of the sip, and the fruit flavor finishes off nicely without much aftertaste.
While not an outstanding beer, Blackbeary Wheat is one of my top choices for fruit beers. One reason I prefer Blackbeary Wheat to others is that it's a beer first and the fruit comes second. Far too often fruit beers hit you too hard with sweetness, leaving you with a beer that tastes like it's half juice-half beer. In this case, the beer is a vehicle for the fruit, not the reverse. Another quality this beer boasts is the sweetness doesn't accumulate to the point that it makes you full. Because it's so light and the sweetness isn't overpowering, you're not left with a strong aftertaste that will turn you off to having another. It's also very refreshing, and with 4.0% ABV, is very sessionable (although I dislike the term). Compared with other American fruit styles, Blackbeary Wheat more closely resembles a lambic, the Belgian farmhouse style. Despite it's attributes, for a wheat beer it's not very wheat-like. There's no cloudiness or creaminess to it, and a little extra from the wheat would fill this beer out nicely.
If you really like fruit beers, or are still searching for the right one, you'll like Blackbeary Wheat.
A friend of mine brought this back from a trip to Boston not too long ago. I'd never heard of it, but when I was told it was an IPA, of course I was interested. When I looked into it a little more, I saw it was part of Magic Hat's IPA On Tour series. Throughout the year the brewery creates four different IPAs to see what variations can be made and how IPAs can be tweaked. While I've known about Magic Hat for a while, this reaffirms that it's my kind of brewery!
Encore is a hybrid of an American wheat beer and a traditional American IPA. It's not uncommon for breweries to blend unique ingredients into American IPAs, but I wasn't sure if I'd ever seen the components of a wheat ale used. My main concern was whether the wheat would add a creaminess and subtle sweetness to complement the hops, or give the IPA a stale, lingering wheat flavor. Luckily, the wheat is used masterfully and makes this IPA very complex. A slight fruity smell strikes you as you're about to take a sip, reminding you that the IPA portion of this beer is the main focus. Meanwhile, the wheat adds a nice cloudiness to keep you cognizant of the other ingredients. Once you take a sip, everything really comes together. With a pretty light body, hops shine as the main flavor. There's about as much hops as you'd find in a very flavorful IPA, and even some double IPAs, but the lightness of the beer makes it very easy to drink and not overpowering. While the flavor is there, it doesn't deliver as much of a punch as you might expect from a beer hopped at this level. As the sip progresses, the wheat really starts to emerge. The initial burst of hops matures to a sweet citrusy flavor and combines with the wheat to give the sensation of a good, fruited wheat beer. The creaminess the wheat provides joins the citrus from the hops to yield a flavor reminiscent of a nice summer, fruit-flavored wheat beer.
The wheat also makes itself known in the finish. By the end of each sip you're left with a sweet hoppy aftertaste you'd expect from a well-flavored IPA, but it's diluted enough from the creaminess of the wheat to make it very manageable and smooth. It's never too much and fades rather quickly, leaving your palate ready for the next sip. Each time is smooth from start to finish. The only thing holding it back is that, after a while, a slight aftertaste can accumulate. Aside from that, this beer is just about perfect.
This is a fantastic IPA. It's a great example of what can be done with the style and how complex it can be. IPAs are more than just hops hops hops. While those can be wonderful if done correctly, the inclusion of a seemingly common and unrelated ingredient can change how the beer is structured. I hope Magic Hat makes Encore again, and hopefully it will eventually be made year-round. Until then, if you see it, get it.


Virtual Mentor. 2013;13(6):529-533. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.6.msoc1-1306.
Is this a conflict over a team member's practice style or is it a breach professional boundaries? Is it appropriate for team members to make this judgment, or should it instead come from the team leader?
Virtual Mentor. 2013;13(6):493-497. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.6.ecas1-1306.
Virtual Mentor. 2013;13(6):518-521. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.6.hlaw1-1306.
Virtual Mentor. 2012;14(5):411-414. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2012.14.5.pfor2-1205.


text:
react-gravatar
==============

React component for rendering a gravatar profile image. Adjusts automatically to HiDPI displays.

## Demo
http://kyleamathews.github.io/react-gravatar/

## Install
`npm install react-gravatar`

## Usage
See https://en.gravatar.com/site/implement/images/ for documentation on
all the options.

### Avoid exposing email
If you wish to avoid sending an email address to the client, you can
compute the md5 hash on the server and pass the hash to the component
using the `md5` prop instead of the `email` prop.

### Defaults
* 50x50 image
* g rated photos
* http
* retro backup faces for emails without profiles
* `react-gravatar` css class

### Use defaults
`<Gravatar email="mathews.kyle@gmail.com" />`

### Override all defaults
`<Gravatar
	email="mathews.kyle@gmail.com"
	size=100
	rating="pg"
	https
	default="monsterid"
	className="CustomAvatar-image"
/>`

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
"""
The Bifid Cipher uses a Polybius Square to encipher a message in a way that
makes it fairly difficult to decipher without knowing the secret.

https://www.braingle.com/brainteasers/codes/bifid.php
"""

import numpy as np

SQUARE = [
    ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
    ["f", "g", "h", "i", "k"],
    ["l", "m", "n", "o", "p"],
    ["q", "r", "s", "t", "u"],
    ["v", "w", "x", "y", "z"],
]

class BifidCipher:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.SQUARE = np.array(SQUARE)

    def letter_to_numbers(self, letter: str) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Return the pair of numbers that represents the given letter in the
        polybius square

        >>> np.array_equal(BifidCipher().letter_to_numbers('a'), [1,1])
        True

        >>> np.array_equal(BifidCipher().letter_to_numbers('u'), [4,5])
        True
        """
        index1, index2 = np.where(self.SQUARE == letter)
        indexes = np.concatenate([index1 + 1, index2 + 1])
        return indexes

    def numbers_to_letter(self, index1: int, index2: int) -> str:
        """
        Return the letter corresponding to the position [index1, index2] in
        the polybius square

        >>> BifidCipher().numbers_to_letter(4, 5) == "u"
        True

        >>> BifidCipher().numbers_to_letter(1, 1) == "a"
        True
        """
        letter = self.SQUARE[index1 - 1, index2 - 1]
        return letter

    def encode(self, message: str) -> str:
        """
        Return the encoded version of message according to the polybius cipher

        >>> BifidCipher().encode('testmessage') == 'qtltbdxrxlk'
        True

        >>> BifidCipher().encode('Test Message') == 'qtltbdxrxlk'
        True

        >>> BifidCipher().encode('test j') == BifidCipher().encode('test i')
        True
        """
        message = message.lower()
        message = message.replace(" ", "")
        message = message.replace("j", "i")

        first_step = np.empty((2, len(message)))
        for letter_index in range(len(message)):
            numbers = self.letter_to_numbers(message[letter_index])

            first_step[0, letter_index] = numbers[0]
            first_step[1, letter_index] = numbers[1]

        second_step = first_step.reshape(2 * len(message))
        encoded_message = ""
        for numbers_index in range(len(message)):
            index1 = int(second_step[numbers_index * 2])
            index2 = int(second_step[(numbers_index * 2) + 1])
            letter = self.numbers_to_letter(index1, index2)
            encoded_message = encoded_message + letter

        return encoded_message

    def decode(self, message: str) -> str:
        """
        Return the decoded version of message according to the polybius cipher

        >>> BifidCipher().decode('qtltbdxrxlk') == 'testmessage'
        True
        """
        message = message.lower()
        message.replace(" ", "")
        first_step = np.empty(2 * len(message))
        for letter_index in range(len(message)):
            numbers = self.letter_to_numbers(message[letter_index])
            first_step[letter_index * 2] = numbers[0]
            first_step[letter_index * 2 + 1] = numbers[1]

        second_step = first_step.reshape((2, len(message)))
        decoded_message = ""
        for numbers_index in range(len(message)):
            index1 = int(second_step[0, numbers_index])
            index2 = int(second_step[1, numbers_index])
            letter = self.numbers_to_letter(index1, index2)
            decoded_message = decoded_message + letter

        return decoded_message


This material reflects the analysis and opinions of the authors as at 8 February 2018 and may differ from the opinions of other portfolio managers, investment teams or platforms at Franklin Templeton Investments. It is intended to be of general interest only and should not be construed as individual investment advice or a recommendation or solicitation to buy, sell or hold any security or to adopt any investment strategy. It does not constitute legal or tax advice.
The views expressed and the comments, opinions and analyses are rendered as at the publication date and may change without notice. The information provided in this material is not intended as a complete analysis of every material fact regarding any country, region or market, industry or strategy.


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Classical Mechanics with Maxima
Todd Keene Timberlake, J. Wilson Mixon
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Physics, Mathematical Methods in Physics, Mathematical Applications in the Physical Sciences, Classical Mechanics, General Algebraic Systems, Computational Mathematics and Numerical Analysis
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 DESCRIPTION <fn_if_not_equal val1="fv_usp_editorial"> FEATURES </fn_if_not_equal> TABLE OF CONTENTS 	REVIEWS

This book guides undergraduate students in the use of Maxima—a computer algebra system—in solving problems in classical mechanics. It functions well as a supplement to a typical classical mechanics textbook.

When it...

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	This book guides undergraduate students in the use of Maxima—a computer algebra system—in solving problems in classical mechanics. It functions well as a supplement to a typical classical mechanics textbook. When it comes to problems that are too difficult to solve by hand, computer algebra systems that can perform symbolic mathematical manipulations are a valuable tool. Maxima is particularly attractive in that it is open-source, multiple-platform software that students can download and install free of charge. Lessons learned and capabilities developed using Maxima are easily transferred to other, proprietary software.
 Show Less

 Introduces students to the use of a leading open-source computer algebra system

The text groups input and output so that students see precisely how Maxima commands are implemented

Accompanied by a set of Maxima files that allow students to replicate all of the text's material and to build on that analysis

Introduction to Maxima
Newton's Laws of Motion
Dynamics of Single Particles
Nonlinear Mechanics and Chaos.
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Todd Keene Timberlake is a Professor of Physics & Astronomy at Berry College in Mount Berry, GA. He received his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Texas at Austin in 2001. He has published several articles on using computers to teach physics and astronomy in the American Journal of Physics and The Physics Teacher.
J. Wilson Mixon is Dana Professor of Economics Emeritus at Berry college. Over 70 of his articles have appeared in refereed economics journals. They continue to be downloaded in significant numbers. He maintains a web site that contains a large amount of Excel-based analysis of economic principles. In the past three years, over 27,000 have visited the site.
Geometry Ivan Izmestiev
Flipit Physics 12 months access & ebook Timothy Stelzer, Mats Selen, Gary Gladding
A Treatise of Heat and Energy Lin-Shu Wang
Basic Electronics Engineering Satya Sai Srikant, Prakash Kumar Chaturvedi
Foundation Algebra Pragnesh Gajjar
Foundation Calculus Pragnesh Gajjar
How to Analyze Data Catrin Radcliffe
Game Theory Jose Luis Ferreira
Probability in Physics Andy Lawrence
Economic Foundations for Finance Thorsten Hens, Sabine Elmiger
iOLab Replacement Dongle Mats Selen
iOLab Accessory Pack Mats Selen
Classical Mechanics with Maxima Todd Keene Timberlake, J. Wilson Mixon
Physics of Oscillations and Waves Arnt Inge Vistnes
Elementary Mechanics Using Matlab Anders Malthe-Sørenssen
Introductory Quantum Mechanics Paul R. Berman
Quantum Theory for Mathematicians Brian C. Hall
Quantum Mechanics for Pedestrians 1 Jochen Pade
Linear Algebra and Analytic Geometry for Physical Sciences Giovanni Landi, Alessandro Zampini
Numerical Methods in Matrix Computations Åke Björck
Neoclassical Physics Mark A. Cunningham
A First Introduction to Quantum Physics Pieter Kok
Mathematics for Natural Scientists Lev Kantorovich


text:
La Cartografía Portulana es una técnica bajomedieval de elaboración de mapas náuticos de alcance regional. Se basa en la localización de puertos sobre una línea de costa realista, aunque exagerando los accidentes litorales. Su localización es obtenida de forma empírica, con indicación de los puntos cardinales, realizada a escala sobre la base de una serie de proyecciones azimutales "superpuestas". Los centros corresponden a la Rosa de Rumbos Náuticos más cercana, formando así una red de rumbos orientados respecto a una superficie cartográficamente plana.

Historia
La tecnología para la elaboración de esta técnica cartográfica fue desarrollada entorno al área genovesa, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIII y difundida muy rápidamente, primero en Venecia y Mallorca y luego, en el s. XV, en muchos otros centros de producción.

Durante el siglo XVI las necesidades de la navegación transoceánica le hizo perder vigencia siendo sustituida por una nueva cartografía, heredera de la ptolemaica y mejorada por sistemas de proyección que reducían su fuerte distorsión este-oeste. Sin embargo la cartografía portulana mantuvo su vigencia ornamental y en la navegación de cabotaje europea, especialmente mediterránea, hasta el s. XVII.

La cartografía portulana, destinada originariamente a la navegación y a la gestión comercial, fue usada también como base para la elaboración de mapas a los que se superponían elementos decorativos, de información geográfica, histórica, política, naturalista, mitológica, religiosa y/o se añadían territorios extremos no explorados, de la misma forma. Habitualmente los mapas con estos añadidos tenían un carácter suntuario y de prestigio, y su mejor conservación y espectacularidad estética han prevalecido en la valoración historiográfica por encima de los valores auténticamente cartográficos.

La cartografía portulana se manifestó, hasta el siglo XV, mediante diferentes formatos:

 La Carta Portulana , sobre un pergamino de oveja, generalmente entero, de forma más o menos rectangular. Es la presentación más antigua conservada y la más generalizada, siendo el ejemplar conservado más antiguo la Carta Pisana de finales del s. XIII. Podía representar la totalidad o una parte del área portulana. También bajo este soporte se realizaron mapamundis.
 El Atlas, pergamino encuadernado en forma de libro de gran formato en que cada par de páginas informa de un sector geográfico, generalmente con disparidad de escalas entre cada uno de ellos. Hasta el siglo XV fue de producción casi exclusivamente veneciana y el formato habitual empleado por sus cartógrafos. El atlas más antiguo conservado actualmente es el de Petrus Vesconte de 1313.
 La carta y el Mapamundi en tablas, sobre pergamino recortado y pegado sobre maderas que se despliegan sobre una mesa. En su conjunto se mantenía la coherencia de escala. Actualmente solo se conserva el mal llamado Atlas Catalán. La primera referencia a su existencia se encuentra en el inventario de bienes del Rey Jaime el Justo, de 1323, en que consta un mapamundi y una carta en tablas. La documentación medieval solo lo menciona en el contexto de la Corona de Aragón, y su producción se ha supuesto exclusivamente mallorquina. En el siglo XV decayó el uso de este formato.
 El Mapamundi Circular, mapa de gran tamaño ilustrado sobre pergamino de ternera, con forma circular. Solo se conserva una parte de un mapamundi circular de finales del siglo XIV atribuido al taller de los Cresques, y el Mapamundi estense (ca. 1450). Existen precedentes de cartografía medieval pre-portulana con este formato (como los mapamundi de Ebstorf y el de Hereford).

A partir del siglo XVI la cartografía portulana utilizará únicamente el formato de Carta o de Atlas, incorporando si el área a representar lo requiriera, los nuevos descubrimientos geográficos.

Galería

Tipos de mapas en la cartografía portulana

Véase también
 Portulano
 Angelino Dulcert

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cartografía

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


WHY IS IT NOW A SIN TO RUN YOUR CAR ON GASOLINE?
The news-media babble constantly about how the US is a democracy in danger of becoming a theocracy. The media are wrong on both counts, but here we�ll focus only on the latter one. The US is not in danger of becoming a theocracy; it has already become one�and not the Protestant Christian kind that the media love to warn us against.
As a practical matter, on a day-to-day basis the US is being run under the commandments of secular humanism, liberalism�s religion that is practiced exclusively by America�s elites (the environmentalist priests, the supercapitalists, the national politicians, the news-and-entertainment media, and the education establishment). Nowhere is that made more evident than in America�s insane energy-policy. Several decades ago, the liberals decreed that fossil fuels are evil, and therefore America must stop drilling for, refining, and using those fuels. This was long before the liberals had invented manmade global-warming: oil and natural gas are simply evil.
Let us put that religious ruling into perspective. Like Britain and Germany�our main industrialized competitors of the 19th century, the US had plentiful deposits of coal, iron ore, and limestone. Like them, we could produce iron and steel inexpensively; and coal was the ideal energy source of the 19th century; but they were as smart as we were, and we couldn�t pull ahead of them. It was our plentiful deposits of crude oil�which Britain and Germany lacked�that enabled us to pull far ahead of them in the 20th century.
When the automobile went into production around the turn of the 20th century, gasoline in America was so cheap that the American auto-manufacturers had the incentive to learn how to build huge quantities of cars as basic transportation for the entire population, rather than merely produce a handful of expensive cars as playtoys for the aristocracy�as the European countries did. The new skills in manufacturing engineering that we acquired thereby enabled us to outperform every other industrialized country across the board in manufacturing during the first half of the 20th century.
The US is much larger than any European country, so the automobile is absolutely essential to America; and for the foreseeable future, cars will be driven by internal-combustion engines; so the price of gasoline will be very important to most of the public.
But personal transportation is by no means the only role served by fossil fuels in America. Every industrial and consumer good that is sold in America is transported at every stage of its production and sale by fossil-fuel-driven vehicles�whether they be railroad locomotives, motor trucks, oceangoing freighters, or commercial jet aircraft. Thus, our economy is entirely dependent for its functioning upon a plentiful supply of low-cost petroleum-based fuels. Accordingly, whenever the price of oil goes up, then the price of EVERYTHING skyrockets�as has been happening in recent years.
Also, homes on the Eastern Seaboard are heated by furnaces run on fuel oil. Probably the majority of homes in the South are heated and cooled by natural gas. The supply and price of oil and natural gas is of great importance to all of those people.
The American economy is dependent upon the use of petrochemicals made from petroleum and natural gas. Virtually the entire plastics and synthetic-rubber industries are built upon those chemicals; and every American uses those products. But almost every other manufacturing-process in America also employs lubricants, solvents, industrial alcohols, etc., consisting of petrochemicals. And as the supplies of oil and natural gas grow scarce and/or increase in price, so too do all of those other affected products.
Taking all of the above into account, you can easily make the case that following a few other basics such as potable water, then oil and natural gas are the two products most critical to the survival and wellbeing of America. Therefore, you would think that the US government would take whatever measures were required to keep the oil and natural gas flowing, at the lowest-possible prices.
Whence cometh our oil? Because the US government has made it almost impossible to drill for oil or build new refineries in or near the Continental US for the past 30 years, the US now has only 3% of the world�s proven oil-reserves. We have 5% of the world�s population, but use 25% of its oil; that is why we have enjoyed such a high standard-of-living until now. At present, we import 65% of our oil; and under our current energy-policy, that percentage will increase sharply in the future�always assuming that we can continue to outbid China and other countries for it. At present we import most of our oil from Saudi Arabia (which country supplied most of the 9/11 terrorists), Venezuela (presently run by Hugo Chavez, one of our country�s two deadliest enemies), Canada (which sometimes is our friend, and sometimes our enemy, depending upon their domestic politics), and Mexico (whose government is committed to flooding our country with illegal aliens�to get them out of Mexico). Does that sound like a healthy situation to you?
To make matters worse, most of the proven reserves of oil are located in the Middle East. The US was the heroic friend of the Middle-Eastern countries until 1947, when President Truman forced the UN to recognize the State of Israel (a move which every country in the Middle East opposed adamantly), in return for campaign funds from Zionist Jews in the US for the 1948 presidential-election. This move (predictably) infuriated several of the Middle-Eastern countries to the extent that they allied with Soviet Russia. Then the US government meddled interminably in the affairs of a number of Middle-Eastern countries to force upon them leaders who would be friendly to the US�such that most of the Middle Eastern countries are now our dedicated enemies. To make matters even worse, the foreign policy of both of the US political parties is now set by US Zionist Jews. The Middle-Eastern countries understand that clearly; and their only two practical weapons against us are the price and availability of oil, and terrorism.
Given this miserable set of circumstances, you would think that the US government�if it gave one thin damn about the wellbeing of the American people�would, as its first move, ensure that American-based oil companies could drill for oil and natural gas in or near US territory, and build the number of oil refineries needed in America, to meet the demand; and as its second move, would require those American-based facilities to provide REASONABLE protection of the environment; and third, would subsidize the development of practical alternative-energies as supplements to the oil and natural gas�such as low-cost solar energy.
But�obviously�that is not what has happened. Instead (ostensibly), the US Congress fell in love with a handful of limousine-liberal environmentalists (the Sierra Club, etc.), who demanded that so many restrictions be placed upon the construction of oil refineries in the US that not a single new refinery has been built here since 1976; and the existing ones are fast wearing out.
And in 1981, at the behest of the environmentalists, the Congress enacted the Outer Continental Shelf Moratorium "to protect America�s coasts, beaches, and marine ecosystems from the threats of oil and gas development." This act prohibits the leasing of US coastal waters for fossil-fuel development. And in 1990, President George H.W. Bush arbitrarily added considerable additional "protections." And in 1998, President Clinton extended them. In other words, the Beltways establishment, regardless of political party, is kowtowing to the environmentalists�and to hell with the US economy, and the disastrous effects of this policy upon the economic survivability of the American middle-middle, lower-middle, and lower classes.
In 1992, 2005, and 2007, the US Congress enacted Energy Policy Acts which resolutely refused to address any of these basic points, but instead legislated mostly-useless band-aids to "solve" the problem. Examples: making Daylight Savings Time mandatory; and using ethyl alcohol as a fuel additive�even though more than one gallon of gasoline is required to produce a gallon of alcohol, and this measure not only drives up the cost of fuel even more, but also drives up the cost of corn for food (44% in the past year).
Why? Why has this arbitrary secular-humanist religious-pronouncement by the liberals that oil and gas are "evil" trumped the very survival of the American economy in the eyes of all of the presidential administrations and Congresses for the past 32 years?
I have not seen a rational explanation of it in print elsewhere (if any reader has, please let me know); however, it does match perfectly my theory about what has happened to American politics, as described in my essay of almost a year ago titled, The Third American Revolution.
The highly-simplistic answer is that this move makes the highly-political oligopoly of US grain-wholesalers (such as Archer Daniels Midland�or ADM) rich beyond their wildest dreams. The real answer is that the supercapitalists in America want a socialist government in this country, because socialist governments control all social AND economic activities far more tightly than does a representative republican-government; and with their monopoly on the money supply, the supercapitalists will own the socialist government just as completely as they now own the existing republican-government. But the only forces which can persuade the American public to adopt a coercive socialist-government are the environmentalists and the news-media, who�in combination�can frighten the public into accepting a totalitarian government to save them from mythical environmental-terrors, such as manmade global-warming. And that is what is happening now. Because the US supercapitalists (socialists all) bought up all of the national-level US politicians (the presidency and the key administration-figures, and almost everyone in Congress, with the possible exception of Ron Paul) during the last half of the 20th century, they now own and operate the US government without opposition.
Therefore, the president and Congress now pay far more attention to the local and global socialist-environmentalists than to the needs of the US economy, and of most of the American public. And as the result, the American Empire is falling apart before our eyes�even faster than the British Empire fell apart at the beginning of the 20th century. The British Empire was also shot down by its supremely-greedy supercapitalists who owned the British politicians.
During all of the media-generated furor re the 2008 elections, how many of America�s presidential candidates (or news media) are even MENTIONING this all-important issue? If that doesn�t tell you what has happened to America�s political system, nothing will.
Frank Conner is the author of The South Under Siege 1830 � 2000/ A History of the Relations Between the North and the South, available from a Confederate bookseller or Amazon.com.
Frank Conner's monumental work documenting the North's past and continued aggression against Dixie is just that - monumental. Weighing in at 752 pages with zero fluff, Siege satisfies the history buff with every page turn. Mr. Conner brings together a wealth of knowledge that one would have to read a library of books to discover, all tied together with his own, well-educated personal insight and analysis.
Beginning with a discussion of the Constitution and its problems under federalist influences, Frank Conner takes the reader on a journey exploring the chain of events that led to the financial exploitation of the South, to full-scale war, and to the so-called reconstruction that followed. Mr. Conner skillfully shows how through the previous decades the stage of war was set, and how the same influences that guided Lincoln into mortal combat in 1861 continued to exploit Dixie through the rest of that century and right up to the present day.
In Siege, not only will you learn of political maneuverings and the influence of greed, but also how social trends were affected through the distinct philosophies and religious beliefs held by the two great regions of the nation. Mr. Conner unabashedly proclaims the power of God's saving grace, as was once witnessed in the old time, reformation style Calvinism of Colonial America; and shows how the North's Pelagian Arminianism and Unitarianism propelled that section of the nation as much as Southern Calvinism motivated the Confederates.
The modernist will be happy to find that Mr. Conner accurately depicts the horrors of the slave trade, but may be dismayed at being reminded it was the 'abolitionist' northern slave traders that perpetrated the deeds. Said modernist may also be saddened to read how in the following century, the same genre of northerners succeeded in creating a new slave state through so-called civil rights and other methods of social engineering. Events that seem, to the casual observer, as random, meaningless happenings take on new meanings as the dots of time are connected between each page of the book.
Frank Conner is a master at showing how nothing in politics happens by accident, and gives the reader the education a schoolteacher could never give and keep her job. Intricate business dealings; back-room politics; public and private opinions; the power of God working in men - all are brought to one place for easy digestion, education, and enjoyment. Yes - it is truly a joy to finally understand why things are the way they are, for in Siege you will find condensed all the facts you need to tie the loose ends of American history together. Siege is a must-read for any American concerned about the future of this land.
Georgia residents add $2.45 sales tax for a total of $37.40.
Who does the news media serve?
As this is written, we are just a couple weeks shy of the first state primaries in the 2008 presidential-election cycle, which is almost a year away. In national politics, that is almost a lifetime away. Most of what is happening on the political front today will have very little bearing on the outcome of that distant election.
Who started the ever-widening religious war of Islam vs. America? Why are we fighting it today? Where is it likely to lead us in the future? These are questions that we�the American public�desperately need to ask ourselves and find real answers for, because due to the current nature of our country�s political-system, it is highly unlikely that the US government will�of its own accord�adopt the logical course of action to avoid that totally-unnecessary coming apocalypse.
The following essay by Frank Connor points out some of the facts that we have stressed on our articles about Judicial Activism. Judicial Activism is a symptom of the problem, not the root cause of the problem.
In 1956, the Georgia legislature voted to adopt a new state flag which featured the Confederate battle-flag prominently in its design--as a part of the nationwide preparations for the Civil War Centennial program proclaimed by President Eisenhower. Those legislators adopted that flag to commemorate the brave fight the Confederates had made in defense of their homes and families during the War of Northern Aggression.
There are currently 17 citizens logged into the Southern Party of Georgia web site.


In the snapshot that came out today, you can test for items in inventory slots. Set up a clock and command block with /effect and the new nbt structure for inventory slots (I don't know it). Set up a clock and command block with /effect and the new nbt structure for inventory slots (I don't know it).... A Potion is a type of consumable item which can grant a player special Status Effects. There are several different types of potions and most types can be made out of a variety of materials.
Overview Edit. The Taxidermist is a Settlement Building that allows the player to craft new items out of beast parts and other crafting items. In order to create the item, the player must visit a non-hostile town during daylight, and have the materials and gold cost available.
Definitions. player is the name of the player (or a target selector) that you wish to give the effect to or remove the effects from. effect is the name of the potion effect to add.


Man who was acquitted of DUI Vehicular Manslaughter in Florida may have been drinking when killed in a one vehicle crash. William Garrett Coe was acquitted of three charges of DUI vehicular manslaughter in 2012 stemming from a 2009 crash that killed his three passengers: Eduardo Lope, 22, Lucero Tijerno, 17, and her 11-month old daughter, and Layla Pinto-Tijerno. Lucero Tijerno was 5 months pregnant at the time of her death. Coe was also charged with possession of marijuana and possession of drug paraphernalia. At the time of the crash Coe had told officers that he regularly smoked marijuana, and a blood draw revealed that he had 3.3ng/mL of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in his blood.
A jury acquitted Coe in 2012 on the DUI vehicular manslaughter charges. On January 3, 2013, Coe was driving a pickup truck and failed to negotiate a curve. His truck crashed into two road signs and uprooted a small tree before hitting another, larger tree. Coe was in critical condition and hospitalized. He was the only occupant in the truck, and deputies reported smelling alcohol on his breath, and also found an empty beer can in the truck.
If you have been charged with drinking and driving in Florida, contact an experienced and skilled Florida DUI attorney for legal assistance.