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History of the Jews in Germany
Jews have lived in Germany, or "Ashkenaz", at least since the early 4th century, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of antisemitic violence, culminating in the Holocaust and the near-destruction of the Jewish community in Germany and much of Europe, the subsequent division of Germany and reunification, and post-unification immigration of Jews from Russia.
Today, over 200,000 Jews or persons of Jewish descent live in Germany, one of the largest Jewish populations in a European country. [ [http://www.destatis.de/basis/e/bevoe/bevoetab5.htm Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistics Office)] ] [Central Council of Jews in Germany: " [http://www.zentralratdjuden.de/en/topic/154.html Migration to Germany] "]
Early settlements
The date of the first settlement of Jews in the regions the Romans called Germania Superior, Germania Inferior, and Germania Magna is not known. The first authentic document relating to a large and well-organized Jewish community in these regions dates from 321 [cite book
author=W. D. Davies, Louis Finkelstein
title=The Cambridge History of Judaism
publisher=Cambridge University Press
year=1984
pages=p.1042
isbn=1397805218 |] , and refers to Cologne on the Rhine [cite web |url=http://kunstkulturkoeln.de/e/introduction.html |title=Cologne, City of the Arts '07 |accessdate=2008-02-29] [cite web |url=http://jewish-cemetery.org/content/view/38/32/ |title=JEWISH CEMETERIES IN GERMANY: Cologne - Bocklemuend. |accessdate=2008-02-29] [cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/300-800-laws-jews.html |title=Medieval Sourcebook Legislation Affecting the Jews from 300 to 800 CE |accessdate=2008-02-29] ; it indicates that the legal status of the Jews there was the same as elsewhere in the Roman empire. They enjoyed some civil liberties, but were restricted regarding the dissemination of their faith, the keeping of Christian slaves, and the holding of office under the government.
Jews were otherwise free to follow any occupation open to their fellow citizens, and were engaged in agriculture, trade, industry, and gradually money-lending. These conditions at first continued in the subsequently established Germanic kingdoms under the Burgundians and Franks, for ecclesiasticism took root slowly. The Merovingian rulers who succeeded to the Burgundian empire, were devoid of fanaticism, and gave scant support to the efforts of the Church to restrict the civic and social status of the Jews.
Under Charlemagne
Charlemagne readily made use of the Church for the purpose of infusing coherence into the loosely joined parts of his extensive empire, by any means a blind tool of the canonical law. He employed Jews for diplomatic purposes, sending, for instance, a Jew as interpreter and guide with his embassy to Harun al-Rashid. Yet, even then, a gradual change occurred in the lives of the Jews. Unlike the Franks, who were liable to be called to arms at any moment in those tumultuous times, the Jews were exempt from military service; hence, trade and commerce were left almost entirely in their hands, and they secured the remunerative monopoly of money-lending when the Church forbade Christians to be usurers. This decree caused a mixed reaction of people in general in the Frankish empire (including Germany) to the Jews: Jewish people were sought everywhere as well as avoided. This ambivalence about Jews occurred because their capital was indispensable while their business was viewed as disreputable. This curious combination of circumstances increased Jewish influence, and Jews went about the country freely, settling also in the eastern portions. Aside from Cologne, the earliest communities have been established in Worms and Mainz.
Up to the Crusades
studies began to flourish about 1000. At that time, Rav Gershom ben Judah was teaching at Metz and Mayence, gathering about him pupils from far and near. He is described in Jewish historiography as a model of wisdom, humility, and piety, and has been praised as a "lamp of the Exile". He first stimulated the German Jews to study the treasures of their religious literature.
This continuous study of the Torah and the Talmud produced such a devotion to Judaism that the Jews considered life without their religion not worth living; but they did not realize this clearly until the time of the Crusades, when they were often compelled to choose between life and faith.
A period of massacres (1096–1349)
The First Crusade began an era of of Jews in Germany. The wild excitement of Crusading, to which the Germans had been driven by exhortations to take the cross, first broke upon the Jews, the nearest representatives of an execrated opposition faith. Entire communities, like those of Trier, Speyer, Worms, Mainz, and Cologne, were slain, except where the slayers were anticipated by the deliberate self-destruction of their intended victims. About 12,000 Jews are said to have perished in the Rhenish cities alone between May and July 1096. These outbreaks of popular passion during the First Crusade influenced the status of the Jews for the next few centuries, and perhaps beyond. The Christians brought accusations against the Jews to argue that the Jews had deserved their fate. Alleged crimes, like desecration of the host, ritual murder, poisoning of wells, and treason, brought hundreds to the stake and drove thousands into exile. Jews were alleged to have caused the inroads of the Mongols, even though they suffered equally with the Christians. When the Black Death swept over Europe in 1348–49, Christians accused Jews of poisoning wells. In the wake of this accusation, a general slaughter began throughout the Germanic and contiguous provinces, which triggered a massive exodus east to Poland. The Jewish immigrants to Poland were warmly greeted by the Polish King, helping to form the future foundations of the largest Jewish community in Europe.
The legal and civic status of the Jews underwent a transformation. Jewish people found a certain degree of protection with the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who claimed the right of possession and protection of all the Jews of the empire. A justification for this claim was that the Holy Roman Emperor was the successor of the emperor Titus, who was said to have acquired the Jews as his private property. The German emperors apparently claimed this right of possession more for the sake of taxing the Jews than of protecting them.
There was a variety of such taxes. Ludwig the Bavarian was a prolific creator of new taxes. In 1342 he instituted the "golden sacrificial penny" and decreed that every year all the Jews should pay to the emperor one kreutzer in every gulden of their property in addition to the taxes they were paying to the state and municipal authorities. The emperors of the house of Luxemburg devised other means of taxation. They turned their prerogatives in regard to the Jews to further account by selling at a high price to the princes and free towns of the empire the valuable privilege of taxing and mulcting the Jews. Charles IV, via the Golden Bull, granted this privilege to the seven electors of the empire when the empire was reorganized in 1356.
From this time onward, for reasons that also apparently concerned taxes, the Jews of Germany gradually passed in increasing numbers from the authority of the emperor to that of the lesser sovereigns and of the cities. For the sake of sorely needed revenue the Jews were now invited, with the promise of full protection, to return to those districts and cities from which they had shortly before been expelled. However, as soon as Jewish people acquired some property, they were again plundered and driven away. These episodes thenceforth constituted a large portion of the medieval history of the German Jews. Emperor Wenceslaus was most expert in transferring to his own coffers gold from the pockets of rich Jews. He made compacts with many cities, estates, and princes whereby he annulled all outstanding debts to the Jews in return for a certain sum paid to him. Emperor Wenceslaus declared that anyone helping Jews with the collection their debts, in spite of this annulment, be dealt with as a robber and peacebreaker, and be forced to make restitution. This decree, which for years allegedly injured the public credit, is said to have impoverished thousands of Jewish families during the close of the 14th century.Nor did the 15th century bring any amelioration. What happened in the time of the Crusades happened again. During the war upon the Hussite heretics became the signal for the slaughter of the unbelievers. The Jews of Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia passed through all the terrors of death, forced baptism, or voluntary immolation for the sake of their faith. When the Hussites made peace with the Church, the pope sent the Franciscan monk Capistrano to win the renegades back into the fold and inspire them with loathing for heresy and unbelief; forty-one martyrs were burned in Breslau alone, and all Jews were forever banished from Silesia. The Franciscan monk Bernardine of Feltre brought a similar fate upon the communities in southern and western Germany. As a consequence of the fictitious confessions extracted under torture from the Jews of Trent, the populace of many cities, especially of Ratisbon, fell upon the Jews and massacred them.
The end of the 15th century, which brought a new epoch for the Christian world, brought no relief to the Jews. They remained the victims of a religious hatred that ascribed to them all possible evils. When the established Church, threatened in its spiritual power in Germany and elsewhere, prepared for its conflict with the culture of the Renaissance, one of its most convenient points of attack was rabbinic literature. At this time, as once before in France, Jewish converts spread false reports in regard to the Talmud. But an advocate of the book arose in the person of Johannes Reuchlin, the German humanist, who was the first one in Germany to include the Hebrew language among the humanities. His opinion, though strongly opposed by the Dominicans and their followers, finally prevailed when the humanistic Pope Leo X permitted the Talmud to be printed in Italy.
During the 16th and 17th centuries
The feeling against the Jews themselves, however, remained the same. During the 16th and 17th centuries they were still subject to the will of the princes and free cities, both in Catholic and in Protestant countries. The German emperors were not always able to protect them, even when they desired to do so, as did the chivalrous Emperor Maximilian I; they could not prevent the accusations of ritual murder and desecration of the host. The unending religious controversies that rent the empire and finally led to the Thirty Years' War further aggravated the position of the Jews, who were made the prey of each party in turn. The emperors even occasionally expelled their "kammerknechte" from their crown lands, although they still assumed the office of protector. Ferdinand I expelled the Jews from Lower Austria and Görz, and would have carried out his vow to banish them also from Bohemia had not the noble Mordecai Ẓemaḥ Cohen of Prague induced the pope to absolve the emperor from this vow. Emperor Leopold I expelled them in 1670 from Vienna and the Archduchy of Austria, in spite of their vested rights and the intercession of princes and ecclesiastics; the exiles were received in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The Great Elector Frederick William (1620–1688), deciding to tolerate all religious beliefs impartially, protected his new subjects against oppression and slander. In spite of the civic and religious restrictions to which they were subjected even here, the Jews of this flourishing community gradually attained to a wider outlook, although their one-sided education, the result of centuries of oppression, restricted them in European culture and kept them in intellectual bondage.
Migration of Polish and Lithuanian Jews to Germany
The atrocities of Chmielnicki and his Cossacks drove the Polish Jews back into western Germany. This trend accelerated throughout the 18th century as parts of Germany began to readmit Jews, and with the worsening conditions in Poland after the Partition of Poland in 1772, 1793 and 1795 between Prussia, Austria, and Russia.
Jewish life through the Holy Roman Empire
The Jews had kept their piety and their intellectual activity. They were devoted to the study of the Halakah. In the 11th century [http://members.aol.com/LazerA/rgershom.html Rabbi Gershom] 's pupils had been the teachers of Rashi, and his commentaries on the Bible and Talmud marked out new paths for learning. The German Jews contributed much to the spread and completion of these commentaries. Beginning with the 12th century they worked independently, especially in the fields of Haggadah and ethics. R. Simon ha-Darshan's "Yalḳuṭ" (c. 1150), the "Book of the Pious" by R. Judah ha-Ḥasid of Ratisbon (c. 1200), the "Salve-Mixer" ("Rokeaḥ") of R. Eleasar of Worms (c. 1200), the halakic collection "Or Zarua" of R. Isaac of Vienna (c. 1250), the responsa of Rabbi Meïr of Rothenburg (died 1293), are enduring monuments of German Jewish industry. Even the horrors of the Black Death could not completely destroy this literary activity. Profound and wide scholarship was less common after the middle of the 14th century, which led to the institution of allowing only those scholars to become rabbis who could produce a written authorization to teach ("hattarat hora'ah"), issued by a recognized master. To this period of decline belong also a number of large collections of responsa and useful commentaries on earlier halakic works. The customs and ordinances relating to the form and order of worship were especially studied in this period, and were definitely fixed for the ritual of the synagogues of western and eastern Germany by Jacob Mölln (Maharil) and Isaac Tyrnau. As it was difficult to produce any new works in the field of the Halakah, and as the dry study of well-worn subjects no longer satisfied, scholars sought relief in the interpretations and traditions embodied in the Cabala. There arose a new, ascetic view of life that found literary expression in the "Shene Luḥot ha-Berit" by Rabbi Isaiah Horovitz of Frankfurt am Main (died 1626), and that appealed especially to the pietistic German Jews. The end and aim of existence were now sought in the aspiration of the soul toward its fountainhead, combined with the endeavor to saturate the earthly life with the spirit of God. By a continuous attitude of reverence to God, by lofty thoughts and actions, the Jew was to rise above the ordinary affairs of the day and become a worthy member of the kingdom of God. Every act of his life was to remind him of his religious duties and stimulate him to mystic contemplation.
Separation from the world
The oppressions under which the Jews suffered encouraged an austere view of life. They lived in fear in their Jews' streets, subsisting on what they could earn as peddlers and as dealers in old clothes. Cut off from all participation in public and municipal life, they had to seek in their homes compensation for the things denied them outside. Their family life was intimate, beautified by faith, industry, and temperance. They were loyal to their community. In consequence of their complete segregation from their Christian fellow citizens, the German speech of the ghetto was interladen with Hebraisms, and also with Slavonic elements since the seventeenth century, when the atrocities of Chmielnicki and his Cossacks drove the Polish Jews back into western Germany. As the common people understood only the books written in this peculiar dialect and printed in Hebrew characters, a voluminous literature of edifying, devotional, and belletristic works sprang up in Judæo-German to satisfy the needs of these readers. Although this output was one-sided, presupposing almost no secular knowledge, its importance in the history of Jewish culture must not be underestimated. The study of the Bible, Talmud, and halakic legal works, with their voluminous commentaries, preserved the plasticity of the Jewish mind, until a new Moses came to lead his coreligionists out of intellectual bondage toward modern culture.
From Moses Mendelssohn (1778) to the Nazis (1933)
Moses Mendelssohn thought that the Middle Ages, which could take from the Jews neither their faith nor their past intellectual achievements, had yet deprived them of the chief means (namely, the vernacular) of comprehending the intellectual labors of others. The chasm that in consequence separated them from their educated fellow citizens was bridged by Mendelssohn's translation of the Torah into German. This book became the manual of the German Jews, teaching them to write and speak the German language, and preparing them for participation in German culture and secular science. Mendelssohn lived to see the first fruits of his endeavors. In 1778 his friend David Friedländer founded the Jewish free school in Berlin, this being the first Jewish educational institution in Germany in which instruction, in scripture as well as in general science, was carried on in German only. Similar schools were founded later in the German towns of Breslau (1792), Seesen (1801), Frankfurt (1804), and Wolfenbüttel (1807), and the Galician towns of Brody and Tarnopol (1815). In 1783 the periodical "Der Sammler" was issued with the view of providing general information for adults and enabling them to express themselves in pure, harmonious German.
A youthful enthusiasm for new ideals at that time pervaded the entire civilized world; all religions were recognized as equally entitled to respect, and the champions of political freedom undertook to restore the Jews to their full rights as men and citizens. The humane Austrian Emperor Joseph II was foremost in espousing these new ideals. As early as 1782 he issued the "Patent of Toleration for the Jews of Lower Austria", thereby establishing the civic equality of his Jewish subjects. Prussia conferred citizenship upon the Prussian Jews in 1812, though this by no means included full equality with other citizens. The German federal edicts of 1815 merely held out the prospect of full equality; but it was not realized at that time, and even the promises that had been given were modified. In Austria many laws restricting the trade and traffic of Jewish subjects remained in force down to the middle of the 19th century, in spite of the patent of toleration. Some of the crown lands, as Styria and Upper Austria, forbade any Jews to settle within their territory; in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia many cities were closed to them. The Jews were, in addition, burdened with heavy taxes and imposts.
In the German kingdom of Prussia, also, the government modified materially the promises made in the disastrous year 1813. The promised uniform regulation of Jewish affairs was time and again postponed. In the period between 1815 and 1847 there were no less than twenty-one territorial Jews' laws in the eight provinces of the Prussian state, each having to be observed by a part of the Jewish community. There was at that time no official authorized to speak in the name of all German Jews. Nevertheless, a few courageous men came forward to maintain their cause, foremost among them being Gabriel Riesser, a Jewish lawyer of Hamburg (died 1863), who demanded full civic equality for his race from the German princes and peoples. He aroused public opinion to such an extent that this equality was granted in Prussia on April 6, 1848, and in Hanover and Nassau on September 5 and on December 12, respectively. In Württemberg equality was conceded on December 3, 1861; in Baden on October 4, 1862; in Holstein on July 14, 1863; and in Saxony on December 3, 1868. After the establishment of the North German Confederation by the law of July 3, 1869, all statutory restrictions imposed on the followers of different religions were abolished; this decree was extended to all the states of the German empire after the events of 1870.
The Jewish enlightenment in Germany
The intellectual development of the Jews kept pace with their civic enfranchisement. Recognizing that pursuit of modern culture would not at once assure them the civic status they desired, their leaders set themselves to reawaken Jewish self-consciousness by applying the methods of modern scholarship to the study of Jewish sources, and to stimulate the rising generation by familiarizing them with the intellectual achievements of their ancestors, which had been accumulating for thousands of years; and at the same time they sought to rehabilitate Judaism in the eyes of the world. The leader of this new movement and the founder of modern Jewish science was Leopold Zunz (1794–1886), who united broad general scholarship with a thorough knowledge of the entire Jewish literature and who, with his contemporary Solomon Judah Löb Rapoport of Galicia (1790–1867), especially aroused their coreligionists in Germany, Austria, and Italy. The German scholars who cooperated in the work of these two men may be noted here. [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1795&letter=A&search=arnheim H. Arnheim] wrote a scholarly manual of the Hebrew language; Julius Fürst and [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=234&letter=C&search=cassel David Cassel] compiled Hebrew dictionaries; Fürst and [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=144&letter=Z Bernhard Bär] compiled concordances to the entire Bible; Wolf Heidenheim and Seligmann Baer edited correct Masoretic texts of the Bible; Solomon Frensdorff subjected the history of the Masorah to a thoroughly scientific investigation; the Bible was translated into German under the direction of Zunz and Salomon; Ludwig Philippson, Solomon Hirschheimer, and Julius Fürst wrote complete Biblical commentaries; H. Grätz and S.R. Hirsch dealt with some of the Biblical books; Zacharias Frankel and Abraham Geiger investigated the Aramaic and Greek translations. Nor was the traditional law neglected. Jacob Levy compiled lexicographical works to the Talmud and Midrashim. Michael Sachs and Joseph Perles investigated the foreign elements found in the language of the Talmud. Numerous and, on the whole, excellent editions of halakic and haggadic midrashim were issued—for instance, Zuckermandel's edition of the Tosefta and Theodor's edition of Midrash Rabbah to Genesis. Zacharias Frankel wrote an introduction to the Mishnah and to the Jerusalem Talmud, and David Hoffmann and Israel Lewy investigated the origin and development of the Halakah.
Religio-philosophical literature was also assiduously cultivated, and the original Arabic texts of Jewish religious philosophers were made accessible. M.H. Landauer issued Saadia Gaon's works, and H. Hirschfeld the works of Judah ha-Levi. M. Joel and I. Guttmann investigated the works of Jewish thinkers and their influence on the general development of philosophy, while S. Hirsch attempted to develop the philosophy of religion along the lines laid down by Hegel, and Solomon Steinheim propounded a new theory of revelation in accordance with the system of the synagogue.
Reorganization of the German Jewish community
The enfranchisement of the Jews and the reflorescence of Jewish science led to a reorganization of their institutions with a view to transmitting the ancient traditions intact with the new generations. Opinions differed widely as to the best methods of accomplishing this object. While Geiger and Holdheim were ready to meet the modern spirit of liberalism, Samson Raphael Hirsch defended the customs handed down by the fathers. And as neither of these two tendencies was followed by the mass of the faithful, Zacharias Frankel initiated a moderate Reform movement on a historical basis, in agreement with which the larger German communities reorganized their public worship by reducing the medieval "payyeṭanic" additions to the prayers, introducing congregational singing and regular sermons, and requiring scientifically trained rabbis.
In general, it was easier to agree upon the means of training children for the Reformed worship and awakening the interest of adults in Jewish affairs. The religious schools were an outcome of the desire to add religious instruction to the secular education of Jewish children prescribed by the state. As the Talmudic schools, still existing in Germany in the first third of the 19th century, were gradually deserted; rabbinical seminaries were founded, in which Talmudic instruction followed the methods introduced by Zacharias Frankel in the Jewish Theological Seminary opened at Breslau in 1854. Since then special attention has been devoted to religious literature. Textbooks on religion and specifically on Biblical and Jewish history, as well as aids to the translation and explanation of the Bible and the prayer-books, were compiled to meet the demands of modern pedagogics. Pulpit oratory began to flourish as never before, foremost among the great German preachers being M. Sachs and M. Joël. Nor was synagogal music neglected, Louis Lewandowski especially contributing to its development.
The public institutions of the Jewish communities served to supplement the work of teachers and leaders, and to promote Jewish solidarity. This was the primary object of the Jewish press, created by Ludwig Philippson. In 1837 he founded the "Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums", which has been followed by a number of similar periodicals. They had succeeded in preserving a certain unity of religious opinion and conviction among the Jews, with the gratifying result of unity of action for the common good. Societies for the cultivation of Jewish literature were founded, as well as associations of teachers, rabbis, and leaders of congregations.
Birth of the Reform Movement
In response to the Enlightenment and the emancipation, elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice, starting the Jewish Reform Movement. In light of modern scholarship, these German Jews denied divine authorship of the Torah, declared only those biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need no longer be viewed as normative. Circumcision was abandoned, rabbis wore vestments modeled after Protestant ministers, and instrumental accompaniment—banned in Jewish Sabbath worship since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE—reappeared in Reform synagogues, most often in the form of a pipe organ. The traditional Hebrew prayer book (the Siddur) was replaced with a German text which truncated or altogether excised most parts of the traditional service. Reform synagogues began to be called "temples", a term reserved in more traditional Judaism for the Temple in Jerusalem. The practice of Kashrut (keeping kosher) was abandoned as an impediment to spirituality. The early Reform movement renounced Zionism and declared Germany to be its new Zion. This anti-Zionist view is no longer held; see below. One of the most important figures in the history of Reform Judaism is the radical reformer Samuel Holdheim.
Freedom and repression (1815–1930s)
Napoleon emancipated the Jews across Europe, but with Napoleon's fall in 1815, growing nationalism resulted in increasing repression. In 1819, Hep-Hep riots—according to one interpretation from the Latin "Hierosolyma est perdita" (Jerusalem is lost), the rallying cry of the Crusaders, but more likely derived from the traditional herding cries of the German Folk—destroyed Jewish property and killed many Jews. The Revolution of 1848 swung the pendulum back towards freedom for the Jews, and in 1871, with he unification of Germany by Bismarck, came their emancipation, but the financial crisis of 1873 created another era of repression. Starting in the 1870s, anti-Semites of the "völkisch movement" were the first to describe themselves as such, because they viewed Jews as part of a Semitic race that could never be properly assimilated into German society. Such was the ferocity of the anti-Jewish feeling of the völkisch movement that by 1900, "anti-Semitic" had entered English to describe anyone who had anti-Jewish feelings. However, despite massive protests and petitions, the völkisch movement failed to persuade the government to revoke Jewish emancipation, and in the 1912 Reichstag elections, the parties with völkisch-movement sympathies suffered a temporary defeat.
Jews experienced a period of ostensible legal equality from 1848 until the rise of Nazi Germany. In the opinion of historian Fritz Stern, by the end of the 19th century, what had emerged was a Jewish-German symbiosis, where German Jews had merged elements of German and Jewish culture into a unique new one. However, statutory equality and actual practice did not coincide. As Walter Rathenau found out, even in 1905 there was hardly any chance of a Jew receiving a judgeship, and even then only if the Jewish candidate renounced his faith and converted to Christianity. [Rink, p.48]
than that of any other ethnic, religious or political group in Germany—in fact, some 12,000 died for their country. [ [http://www.germanjewishsoldiers.com/introduction.php ""Die Judischen Gefallenen"" (The Jewish war dead)] A roll of honor commemorating the 12,000 German Jews who died for their fatherland in World War I.] ["About 10,000 volunteered for duty, and over 100,000 out of a total German-Jewish population of 550,000 served during World War One. Some 78% saw front-line duty, 12,000 died in battle, over 30,000 received decorations, and 19,000 were promoted. Approximately 2,000 Jews became military officers and 1,200 became medical officers." (Rigg, Bryan: "Hitler's Jewish Soldiers", p.72)] Ironically, it was a Jewish lieutenant, Hugo Gutmann, who awarded the Iron Cross, First Class, to a 29-year-old corporal named Adolf Hitler. When Hitler came to power in 1933, Gutmann left Germany and escaped to the United States.
In October 1916, the German Military High Command administered "Judenzählung" (census of Jews). Designed to confirm accusations of the lack of patriotism among German Jews, the census disproved the charges, but its results were not made public. [ [http://www.juden-in-bamberg.de/Letter_from_bamberg/Letter_17/lfb17_L.htm ""Deutsche Jüdische Soldaten"" (German Jewish soldiers)] Bavarian National Exhibition] Denounced as a "statistical monstrosity", [Bajohr, Frank: "The "Folk Community" and the Persecution of the Jews: German Society under National Socialist Dictatorship, 1933–1945." Holocaust Genocide Studies, Fall 2006; 20: 183–206.] the census was a catalyst to intensified antisemitism and social myths such as the "stab-in-the-back legend" ("Dolchstosslegende"). [http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/antisemitism/post_ww1.cfm Antisemitism in Germany Post World War 1] . The Florida Holocaust Museum] [S. Friedländer, " [http://www.icons-multimedia.com/ClientsArea/HoH/LIBARC/LIBRARY/Themes/Policy/Friedl2A.html Redemptive Anti-Semitism] " Source: S. Friedländer, Chapter 3 in: "Nazi Germany and the Jews", Vol. I: The Years of Persecution 1933-1939, (New York 1997), p. 73–112. (Yad Vashem History of the Holocaust, a collaboration between the Yad Vashem Holocaust Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem and Drew University, Madison New Jersey.]
Many German Jews received high political positions such as foreign minister and vice chancellor in the Weimar Republic. The Weimar constitution was the work of a German Jew, Hugo Preuss, who later became minister of the interior. Marriages between Jews and non-Jews became somewhat common from the 19th century; for example, the wife of German Chancellor Gustav Stresemann was Jewish.
Jews under the Nazis (1930s–1940)
In 1933, persecution of the Jews became active Nazi policy, but at first laws were not as rigorously obeyed or as devastating as in later years. Such clauses, known as Aryan paragraphs, had been postulated previously by antisemites and enacted in many private organizations.
On 1 April 1933, Jewish doctors, shops, lawyers and stores were boycotted. Only six days later, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed, banning Jews from being employed in government. This law meant that Jews were now indirectly and directly dissuaded or banned from privileged and upper-level positions reserved for "Aryan" Germans. From then on, Jews were forced to work at more menial positions, beneath non-Jews.
On 2 August 1934, President Paul von Hindenburg died. No new president was appointed; instead the powers of the chancellor and president were combined into the office of Führer. This, and a tame government with no opposition parties, allowed Adolf Hitler totalitarian control of law making. The army also swore an oath of loyalty personally to Hitler, giving him power over the military and allowing him to easily create more pressure on the Jews than ever before.
In 1935 and 1936, persecution of the Jews increased pace. In May 1935, Jews were forbidden to join the Wehrmacht (Armed Forces), and that year, anti-Jewish propaganda appeared in Nazi German shops and restaurants. The Nuremberg Racial Purity Laws were passed around the time of the Nazi rallies at Nuremberg; On 15 September 1935, the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor was passed, preventing marriage between any Jew and non-Jew. At the same time the Reich Citizenship Law was passed and was reinforced in November by a decree, stating that all Jews, even quarter- and half-Jews, were no longer citizens ("Reichsbürger") of their own country (their official status became "Reichsangehöriger", "subject of the state"). This meant that they had no basic civil rights, such as that to vote. (But at this time the right to "vote" for the non-Jewish Germans only meant the obligation to vote for the Nazi party.) This removal of basic citizens' rights preceded harsher laws to be passed in the future against Jews. The drafting of the Nuremberg Laws is often attributed to Hans Globke.
In 1936, Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them from exerting any influence in education, politics, higher education and industry. Because of this, there was nothing to stop the anti-Jewish actions that spread across the Nazi-German economy.
After the Night of the Long Knives, the Schutzstaffel (SS) became the dominant policing power in Germany. Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler was eager to please Hitler and so willingly obeyed his orders. Since the SS had been Hitler's personal bodyguard, its members were far more loyal and skilled than those of the Sturmabteilung (SA) had been. Because of this, they were also supported, though distrusted, by the army, which was now more willing to agree with Hitler's decisions than when the SA was dominant.Fact|date=November 2007
All of this allowed Hitler more direct control over government and political attitude towards Jews in Nazi Germany. In 1937 and 1938, harsh new laws were implemented, and the segregation of Jews from the true "Aryan" German population was started. In particular, Jews were penalized financially for their perceived racial status.
On 4 June 1937 a young German Jew, Helmut Hirsch, was executed for being involved in a plot to kill the Nazi leadership—including Hitler.
As of 1 March 1938, government contracts could no longer be awarded to Jewish businesses. On 30 September, "Aryan" doctors could only treat "Aryan" patients. Provision of medical care to Jews was already hampered by the fact that Jews were banned from being doctors or having any professional jobs.
Beginning 17 August 1938, Jews had to add Israel (males) or Sarah (females) to their names, and a large "J" was to be imprinted on their passports beginning 5 October. On 15 November Jewish children were banned from going to normal schools. By April 1939, nearly all Jewish companies had either collapsed under financial pressure and declining profits, or had been persuaded to sell out to the Nazi German government. This further reduced Jews' rights as human beings; they were in many ways officially separated from the German populace.
The increasingly totalitarian, militaristic regime that was being imposed on Germany by Hitler allowed him to control the actions of the SS and the military. On 7 November 1938, a young Polish Jew, Herschel Grynszpan, attacked and shot two German officials in the Nazi German embassy in Paris. (Grynszpan was angry about the treatment of his parents by the Nazi Germans.) On 9 November the German Attache, vom Rath, died. Goebbels issued instructions that demonstrations against Jews be organized and undertaken in retaliation throughout Germany. The SS ordered the Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht) to be carried out that night, November 9–10. The storefronts of Jewish shops and offices were smashed and vandalised, and many synagogues were destroyed by fire. Approximately 100 Jews were killed, and another 20,000 arrested, some of whom were sent to the newly formed concentration camps. Many Germans were disgusted by this action when the full extent of the damage was discovered, so Hitler ordered it to be blamed on the Jews. Collectively, the Jews were made to pay back one billion Reichsmark in damages, the fine being raised by confiscating 20% of every Jewish property. The Jews also had to repair all damages at their own cost.Fact|date=November 2007
As many as half of the 500,000 Jews in Germany in 1933 fled before the Holocaust.Fact|date=November 2007
The Holocaust (1940–1945)
The Nazi persecution of the Jews culminated in the Holocaust, in which approximately 6 million European Jews were deported and murdered during the Second World War. On May 19 1943, Germany was declared "judenrein" (clean of Jews; also "judenfrei": free of Jews). It is believed that between 170,000 and 200,000 German Jews were killed. Many Jews were shielded from the death camps by Germans unsympathetic to the Nazis and their policies.
An American historian Bryan Mark Rigg argues that approximately 150,000 German Jews had served in the German Wehrmacht, including decorated veterans and high-ranking officers, even generals and admirals. A great many of these men did not even consider themselves Jewish and had embraced the military as a way of life and as devoted patriots eager to serve a revived German nation. In turn, they had been embraced by the Wehrmacht, which prior to Hitler had given little thought to the race of these men but which was now forced to look deeply into the ancestry of its soldiers. [ [http://www.kansaspress.ku.edu/righit.html Hitler's Jewish Soldiers] ]
Jews in Germany from 1945 to the reunification
Most German Jews who survived the war in exile decided to remain abroad; however, a small number returned to Germany. Additionally, approximately 15,000 German Jews survived the concentration camps or survived by going into hiding. These German Jews were joined by approximately 200,000 displaced persons (DPs), eastern European Jewish Holocaust survivors. They came to Allied-occupied western Germany after finding no homes left for them in eastern Europe (especially in Poland) or after having been liberated on German soil. The overwhelming majority of the DPs wished to emigrate to Palestine and lived in Allied- and U.N.-administered refugee camps, remaining isolated from German society. After Israeli independence in 1948, most left Germany; however, 10,000 to 15,000 remained. Despite hesitations and a long history of antagonism between German Jews ("Yekkes") and eastern European Jews ("Ostjuden"), the two disparate groups united to form the basis of a new Jewish community. In 1950 they founded their unitary representative organization, the Central Council of Jews in Germany. Although often disputedWho|date=July 2007vague|What's disputed? And who disputes it?|date=March 2008, the Central Council continues to be the most important Jewish organization in Germany.
Jews of West Germany
The Jewish community in West Germany from the 1950s to the 1970s was characterized by its social conservatism and generally private nature. Although there were Jewish elementary schools in West Berlin, Frankfurt, and Munich, the community had a very high average age. Few young adults chose to remain in Germany, and many of those who did married non-Jews. Many critics of the community and its leadership accused it of ossification. In the 1980s, a college for Jewish studies was established in Heidelberg; however, a disproportionate number of its students were not Jewish. By 1990, the community numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. Although the Jewish community of Germany did not have the same impact as the pre-1933 community, some Jews were prominent in German public life, including Hamburg mayor Herbert Weichmann; Schleswig-Holstein Minister of Justice (and Deputy Chief Justice of the Federal Constitutional Court) Rudolf Katz; Hesse Attorney General Fritz Bauer; former Hesse Minister of Economics Heinz-Herbert Karry; West Berlin politician Jeanette Wolff; television personalities Hugo Egon Balder, Hans Rosenthal, Ilja Richter, Inge Meysel, and Michel Friedman; Jewish communal leaders Heinz Galinski, Ignatz Bubis, Paul Spiegel, and Charlotte Knobloch (see: Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland); and Germany's most influential literary critic, Marcel Reich-Ranicki.
Jews of East Germany
The Jewish community of East Germany, a Communist country, numbered only a few hundred active members. Most Jews who settled in the Soviet occupation zone or the German Democratic Republic did so either because their pre-1933 homes had been in eastern Germany or because they had been politically leftist before the Nazi seizure of power and, after 1945, wished to build an antifascist, socialist Germany. Most such politically engaged Jews were not religious or active in the official Jewish community. They included writers Anna Seghers, Stefan Heym, Jurek Becker, and composer Hanns Eisler.
Jews in the reunited Germany (post-1990)
The end of the Cold War contributed to a growth in the Jewish people of Germany. Today, Germany is home to a nominal Jewish population of more than 200,000; 108,000 are officially registered with Jewish religious communities. [ [http://www.zentralratdjuden.de/en/topic/154.html Central Council of Jews in Germany] ] Most Jews in Germany are recent immigrants from the former Soviet Union. There is also a handful of Jewish families from Muslim countries, including Iran, Turkey, Morocco, and Afghanistan. Germany has the third-largest Jewish population in Western Europe after France (600,000) and Great Britain (300,000). ["Die Welt": "" [http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article353090/Oberrabbiner_tagen_erstmals_in_Berlin.html Oberrabbiner tagen erstmals in Berlin.] "" November 17, 2004] and the fastest-growing Jewish population in Europe in recent years. The influx of refugees, many of them seeking renewed contact with their Jewish heritage, has led to a renaissance of Jewish life on German soil. In 2002 a Reform rabbinical seminary, Abraham Geiger College, was established in Potsdam. In 2006, the college announced that it would be ordaining three new rabbis, the first rabbis to be ordained in Germany since 1942. [ [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/762347.html German Jewish community to ordain three new rabbis, first since 1942] ]
Partly owing to the deep similarities between Yiddish and German, Jewish studies has become a very popular subject for academic study, and many German universities have departments or institutes of Jewish studies, culture, or history. Active Jewish religious communities have sprung up across Germany, including in many cities where the previous communities were no longer extant or were moribund. Several cities in Germany have Jewish day schools, kosher facilities, and other Jewish institutions beyond synagogues. Additionally, many of the Russian Jews were alienated from their Jewish heritage and unfamiliar or uncomfortable with Orthodox Judaism. Thus American-style Reform Judaism, led by the Union of Progressive Jews in Germany, has emerged as a powerful and popular force in Germany, even though the Central Council of Jews in Germany and most local Jewish communities officially adhere to Orthodoxy. The unresolved tension between the re-emerging Reform movement in Germany and the official Orthodoxy is one of the most pressing issues facing the community at present.An important step for the renaissance of Jewish life in Germany occurred when on January 27 2003 German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder signed the first-ever agreement on a federal level with the Central Council, so that Judaism was granted the same elevated, semi-established legal status in Germany as the Roman Catholic and Evangelical Church in Germany, at least since the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949.
In Germany it is a criminal act to deny the Holocaust or that six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust (§130 StGB); violations can be punished with up to five years of prison. [ [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1833619,00.html No Room for Holocaust Denial in Germany] , Deutsche Welle.] The Interior Minister of Germany, Wolfgang Schaeuble, points out the official policy of Germany: "We will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia or anti-Semitism."cite web
title=BBC NEWS | Europe | Germans warned of neo-Nazi surge
accessdate=2007-06-06
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5005472.stm] Although the number of right-wing groups and organisations grew from 141 (2001)Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. [http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/SHOW/vsbericht_2003.pdf Verfassungsschutzbericht 2003] . Annual Report. 2003, Page 29] to 182 (2006),Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. [http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/de/publikationen/verfassungsschutzbericht/vsbericht_2006/vsbericht_2006.pdf Verfassungsschutzbericht 2006. Annual Report] . 2006, Page 51] especially in the formerly communist East Germany, [ [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2214527,00.html German Jewish Leader Says Right-wing Violence Recalls 1930s] , Deutsche Welle.] [ [http://www.ifcj.org/site/News2?id=13865 Jewish leader: Attacks just like Hitler era] ] Germany's measures against right- wing groups and antisemitism are effective: according to the annual reports of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution the overall number of far-right extremists in Germany has dropped in recent years from 49,700 (2001), 45,000 (2002), 41,500 (2003), 40,700 (2004), 39,000 (2005), to 38,600 in 2006. Germany provided several million euros to fund "nationwide programs aimed at fighting far-right extremism, including teams of traveling consultants, and victims' groups".
The Associated Press. " [http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/22/europe/EU_GEN_Germany_Neo_Nazis.php Berlin police say 16 arrested during neo-Nazi demonstration.] " "International Herald Tribune". October 22, 2006] Despite these facts, Israeli Ambassador Shimon Stein warned in October 2006 that Jews in Germany feel increasingly unsafe, stating that they "are not able to live a normal Jewish life" and that heavy security surrounds most synagogues or Jewish community centers. Yosef Havlin, Rabbi at the Chabad Lubavitch in Frankfurt, does not agree with the Israeli Ambassador and states in an interview with "Der Spiegel" in September 2007 that the German public does not support far-right groups; instead, he has personally experienced the support of Germans, and as a Jew and rabbi he "feels welcome in his (hometown) Frankfurt, he is not afraid, the city is not a no-go-area". ["Der Spiegel": [http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,505159,00.html ""Wir dürfen uns auf keinen Fall verstecken""] . September 12, 2007]
A flagship moment for the burgeoning Jewish community in modern Germany occurred on 9 November 2006 (the 68th anniversary of Kristallnacht), when the newly constructed Ohel Jakob synagogue was dedicated in Munich, Germany. [ [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2230576,00.html New Munich Synagogue Opens on Nazi Persecution Anniversary] , Deutsche Welle, 2006-11-09.] [ [http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/09/europe/EU_GEN_Germany_Synagogue_Of_Hope.php New Munich synagogue symbolizes German Jew's growing presence, confidence] ] This is particularly crucial given the fact that Munich was once at the ideological heart of Nazi Germany.Jewish life in the capital Berlin is prospering, the Jewish community is growing, the Centrum Judaicum and several synagogues—including the largest in Germany [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6971778.stm BBC NEWS | World | Europe | Major German synagogue reopened ] ] —have been renovated and opened, and Berlin's annual week of Jewish culture and the Jewish Cultural Festival in Berlin, held for the 21st time, featuring concerts, exhibitions, public readings and discussions [Die Bundesregierung (Federal government of Germany): " [http://www.bundesregierung.de/nn_6538/Content/EN/Artikel/2007/08/2007-08-31-groesste-synagoge-deutschlands__en.html Germany's largest synagogue officially reopened.] " August 31, 2007] [Axelrod, Toby. " [http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/12907/edition_id/249/format/html/displaystory.html Cantor who led Berlin's Jews for past 50 years dies] ." "j.". January 21, 2000] can only partially explain why Rabbi Yitzhak Ehrenberg of the orthodox Jewish community in Berlin states: "Orthodox Jewish life is alive in Berlin again. ... Germany is the only European country with a growing Jewish community." [Schoelkopf, Katrin. [http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article353306/Rabbiner_Ehrenberg_Orthodoxes_juedisches_Leben_ist_wieder_lebendig_in_Berlin.html ""Rabbiner Ehrenberg: Orthodoxes jüdisches Leben ist wieder lebendig in Berlin"" (Rabbi Ehrenberg: Orthodox Jewish life is alive again in Berlin).] "Die Welt". November 18, 2004]
*List of German Jews
*Ashkenazi Jews
*"On the Jews and Their Lies"
*Martin Luther
*The Holocaust
*Germany-Israel relations
*Jewish Encyclopedia
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/germany.html Jewish Virtual Library]
* [http://www.jmberlin.de Jewish Museum Berlin]
* Berger, Michael: "Eisernes Kreuz und Davidstern. Die Geschichte Jüdischer Soldaten in Deutschen Armeen". trafo verlag, 2006. ISBN 3-89626-476-1 de icon
* "IRON CROSS and STAR OF DAVID: Jewish Soldiers in German Armies," a summary of Michael Berger's book at http://www.trafoberlin.de/pdf-dateien/Iron_Cross_and_Star_of_David.pdf (PDF file), from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judenzählung.
* Elon, Amos: "The Pity of It All: A History of Jews in Germany, 1743-1933". New York, 2002
* Schultheis, Herbert / Wahler, Isaac E.: Bilder und Akten der Gestapo Wuerzburg ueber die Judendeportationen 1941 - 1943. Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale 1988. ISBN 978-3-9800482-7-9 (German-English Edition)
* Meyer, Michael A., ed.: "German–Jewish History in Modern Times", vols. 1–4. New York, 1996–1998:
** vol. 1 "Tradition and Enlightenment, 1600–1780"
** vol. 2 "Emancipation and Acculturation, 1780–1871"
** vol. 3 "Integration in Dispute, 1871–1918"
** vol. 4 "Renewal and Destruction, 1918–1945"
* Rink, Thomas: "Doppelte Loyalität: Fritz Rathenau als deutscher Beamter und Jude". Published by Georg Olms Verlag, 2002
* Kaplan, Marion A.: "Jewish Daily Life in Germany, 1618–1945". Oxford, 2005
* Geller, Jay Howard: "Jews in Post-Holocaust Germany ". Cambridge, 2005
* Kauders, Anthony D.: "Unmögliche Heimat. Eine deutsch-jüdische Geschichte der Bundesrepublik". Munich, 2007.
* Peck, Jeffrey: "Being Jewish in the New Germany." 2006
* [http://www.chabad.org/centers/default_cdo/country/Germany Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Germany]
Florida State Road 429
1908 in rail transport
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Finally, your burning recycling questions answered! Have a question about recycling?
Let us know and we will try to get an answer to you!
Why do most plastics have a recycling symbol on them, if only some of them are actually recyclable?
The recycling symbol with the number inside is the way the plastics industry identifies what type of plastic an item is made out of. They tell us about it's past, not its future. Some communities decide what plastics they accept based on the number. Here in Deschutes County, we recycle plastic bottles, tubs and jugs. Use the numbers on the bottom to see if the plastic is safe for reuse.
Why can't I put plastic lids and caps in my commingling recycling?
Lids are small and flat and can end up in places they shouldn't be, such as in the folds of cardboard or newspaper, contaminating those materials when they are sorted and sent off to be recycled at a paper mill. Bottle caps and other small plastics can get caught in the gears of the conveyor belts that are used to sort out our commingled recycling. That's why we only recycle containers 6oz and larger. (Think single size yogurt cup).
There so many plastics, why can we only recycle a few types of plastic containers?
There are over 100 different types of resins used to make plastics, not all of which can be easily sorted or recycled. Here in Deschutes County, the plastics that are accepted include bottles, tubs and jugs. Other plastics, such as bags, shrink wrap and clamshell take out containers, can contaminate the materials and are not permitted recyclables. Try to reuse these plastics that cannot be recycled, or try to avoid them in the first place when you are shopping.
Why do we recycle glass in a separate bin from the rest of our recycling?
Glass breaks easily, is difficult to sort and can harm workers, damage equipment and cause problems in the recycling. Glass is kept separate in most Oregon communities. Never put glass in your commingled recycling.
Why can plastic bags be recycled at a grocery store, but not in my home bin?
Plastic bags, much like plastic lids, can contaminate other materials in the recycling process. It gets stuck between cardboard or stacks of paper, or it gets caught on the gears of recycling sorting machinery, causing the system to fail. Supermarkets however, are able to keep those materials bundled together by collecting just plastic bags and film. They also have the transportation infrastructure already in place. To avoid transporting empty containers, many supermarkets will recycle cardboard, plastic bags, wood pallets and sometime even food just so they don't have to drive empty trucks back to the distributor.
What should I do with batteries?
Alkaline household AA and AAA batteries can go straight in to the trash now. They no longer contain items that are toxic or sought after for recycling into new material. Rechargable batteries however are widely recyclable – find a listing of locations on our Find a Recycler or Reuser database. And then begin replacing your disposable batteries with rechargable ones!
No, plastic cups are not recyclable. However, many local event organizers now use compostable cups that can be commercially composted. These look just like plastic cups, so look on the bottom of the cup to see if it reads "COMPOSTABLE" and then head to your nearest Zero Waste Station to make sure the cups get in the right bin. Compostable cups cannot be recycled and they will not break down in a home compost bin, so make sure they make it into a commercial composting bin if there is one available at the event.
Why aren't paper coffee cups recyclable, if it's made from paper?
Unfortunately, in order for your drink to not get absorbed by the paper, the inside of the cup is lined with something. Usually plastic. Sometimes a renewable product, like plastic made from corn, but still plastic. Because of that mix of materials, paper cups are not recyclable (but that hot sleeve is!).
Labels, signs, guides. We have you covered.
A guide to what is and isn't recyclable curbside.
Find all the Deschutes County locations.
Get answers to your recycling questions.
Find ideas for reducing construction waste.
Paper: Recycle Vs. Landfill Photo Cheat Sheet!


New York – Chinese and Japanese vessels prowl menacingly in the sea around the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu islands as Beijing and Tokyo exchange threats.
A few wrong moves could spark a clash between China and Japan that would likely draw in Tokyo's ally, the United States, which, under a 1960 defense treaty, is bound to defend Japan if it is attacked.
Meanwhile, Israel's rightist prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, keeps threatening to attack Iran, with or without US assistance.
Even so, hysteria and disinformation about Iran's nuclear program continues without relent, intensifying war fever in America which is in the midst of election fever.
Last week, a secretly taped video emerged of candidate Romney talking to a $50,000 a plate lunch for pro-Israel supporters in Boca Raton, Florida. Romney told the audience he could not support a Palestinian state and would stall this burning issue indefinitely. Romney called Iran's leaders "crazy." Publicly, Romney advocated a two-state solution and creation of a Palestinian state.
Shortly before, Romney asserted at another private fundraiser that 47% of Americans paid no taxes, were freeloaders, and thus naturally supported President Barack Obama. Romney's remark sparked outrage, coming from a multi-millionaire who never seems to have paid more than 15% taxes thanks to a shady scheme of converting corporate profits into lower-taxed dividends.
Too many Americans pay no taxes, it is true, and too many are on the dole, from 44 million people who use food stamps to America's industrial farmers. But Romney's comments were certain to be taken amiss, and they were.
While Romney was floundering, rightwing Republicans were on the war path after the killing of the US ambassador to Libya – which looked to this old Libya hand like payback for the US-assisted killing of Muammar Gadaffi.
Republican hawks demanded Obama "take action" and "get tough" with the troublesome Muslim world. Alas for those howling for revenge, the killers of the ambassador remained for now unidentified.
So what targets were left for the enraged Republican sofa samurais? Bomb Tripoli or Cairo? Bomb Mecca, as some far right crazies have long urged? Former president George W. Bush was a great one for "taking action." The result: the disasters in Afghanistan and Iraq, the wrecking of America's once vibrant economy, and over $1 trillion in debt to finance these lost wars.
Independent voters, who will probably decide the November election, are better educated and more worldly than the core Republican blue collar and Bible Belt voters. Many were aghast at Romney's calls for more war, his painful ignorance of foreign affairs, and close identification with far right policies.
Barack Obama may have achieved very little in his foreign policy, but a President Romney looks like he might be a disaster – a sort of George W. Bush on steroids. In fact, Romney is surrounded by the same cast of far right, neoconservative nut cases that misled the foolish Bush into wars.
Meanwhile, Netanyahu is lambasting Obama and getting away with it, backed by Republicans and neocons. The danger here is that Israel's leader might conclude having tied Obama's hands he can go ahead and use tactical nuclear weapons to destroy Iran's underground nuclear facilities.
The very idea of Israel or Iran attacking one another's nuclear plants is madness. The result would be a global radioactive catastrophe, particularly so for the Gulf states. The world has so far ignored this danger.
By encouraging Israel's far right to threaten Iran with war, Romney is being irresponsible and reckless. He is showing that he is not ready for the presidency, never mind global leadership. He could end up being as big a disaster for Israel as for the United States.
President Obama has been a profound disappointment to those who hoped he would end America's militarized foreign policy and the Bush era's violation of rights. However, the blundering, ill-educated Romney now makes Obama look wise and saintly.
The Republicans had a common cause in 2010, when they regained the Congress. It was all about the economy!
Now, for the presidential election, we had Ron Paul, and Mitt Romney, along of a whole bunch of foaming at the mouth war mongers. Ron Paul was dismissed from day one for not wanting wars! Romney was a mild manner Mormon dude, who got corrupted by the foaming at the mouth Zionist neocon.
Now, we have got a dude who is destroying this country with the socialists, or a dude who will drag us to WWIII.
Door #3…MAYBE….But WE THE PEOPLE Have To Build It First!
It is Insanity to only have TWO Choices for the Strongest Democracy in the World!
I wouldn't object to a Door #4! Coalition governments work and satisfy more constituents in the State.
…and from the BBC, "President Barack Obama is to tell the UN General Assembly the US will "do what we must" to stop Iran acquiring nuclear weapons, officials say.
Iran keep saying that they are not building nuclear bombs, and today no one on earth say that that they have built even one bomb.
On the other hand, Israel told Kennedy they are not building bombs. Today, every one on earth know that they have nuclear bombs- about 300 of them; even more than China has.
It seems to me, that this is another tactic on the chessboard of international politics with the ultimate goal of the acquisition of undisputed world-power. China is the burr under the saddle of Israel, which wants to take over Iran and thereafter the entire Islamic world, so that all central banks come under the stewardship of an entity, that already controls the west. That will be the moment, that all of mankind will be enslaved by that same entity.
No more freedom, no more democracy for whatever that has ever been worth.
Israel cannot afford to fight China, so China has to be supplied with an adversary, for which Japan would be the perfect candidate, considering the treaty Japan has with the US and the long standing animosity between China and Japan.
Israel`s fears of attacking Iran are greatly diminished then, because both China and the US will have their own preoccupation with their commitments. That way the US might be able to erase its debt to China in a 'winner take all' situation. The US and its handlers might as well go for broke, because what future does the US have right now with a debt, that is greater than its GDP?
Aldous Huxley`s 'Brave new world' may make the transition from fiction to reality in the very near future, but with a sinister twist to it.
I find it terribly sad to see the Americans have 'fallen' so low… that Romney would even be considered as presidential material.
I would rather have a president who is intelligent, thoughtful, and well read; who listens to advisors, asks questions, asks more questions and brings in academic experts from outside the beltway, and ponders the consequences before making a decision.
Sometimes in hindsight, doing nothing or doing very little at a snails pace makes sense.
We know that in foreign policy President Obama "Walks softly but carries a Big Stick". We know he will use it if necessary.
We also know that Governor Romney speaks with a forked tongue, and brashly beats the bushes all around him with his Big Stick. Perhaps in the faint hope of finding a discarded skeleton in the White House garden. He is flailing about like a swimmer who is not strong enough to fight the tide. If he is not careful he may drown in the politcal current.
It would make my heart swell with hope if all Republicans on their election ballot in November would pick Dr. Ron Paul as a write-in candidate.
Now wouln't that be something!
I, for one will do that even so, i am sure this will hand it to Obama. Hoping that Ron Paul can get the statistics, and flash it in the loser's face! The Republican party needed to respect Dr. Paul during their convention, and should have drafted him a VP candidate, or at least float his name as the secretary of treasury IN ADVANCE to sooth the rough treatment that they have done against him during the primary.
Not being an "Insider", I am afraid he will be discarded; this campaign being his swan song. I hold out no hope for him being offered any position in any future administration. However Rand Paul……..?
Perhaps a full defeat of Republican tickets will sweep the cobwebs out of the Parties closet and re-invigorate a newborn party of the People.


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Tag: News
Jewish Survival Through Jewish Unity, Theme of New AZM President
Washington, D.C. lawyer Richard D. Heideman was recently chosen as the president of the American Zionist Movement. Who Heideman is, what AZM is and what…
US jury convicts Arab Bank of financing Hamas terrorism
In a landmark decision, a New York jury on Monday found the Jordan-based multinational Arab Bank liable on 24 counts of supporting terrorism by transferring…
Arab Bank ruling could have far-reaching implications for terrorists and their victims
But more tellingly, the case, which asserted violations by the Arab Bank of the U.S. Anti-Terrorism Act, could affect policies by banks worldwide. "Congress adopted…
Arab Bank Liable for Supporting Terrorist Efforts, Jury Finds
A federal jury on Monday found that Arab Bank was liable for knowingly supporting terrorist efforts that were connected to 24 attacks in the Middle…
At Arab Bank's Terrorism Trial, Victim Recalls Seeing Suicide Bomber's Body
It was a bit after midnight, and the crowd at Mike's Place, a beachfront bar in Tel Aviv, was still thick, as people stayed for…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tag Archives: Climate Movement
This is unique – let's seize the moment
On March 15th 2019 1.6 million school children took to the streets to demand climate action. It was an unprecedented moment in the history of climate change activism; building on decades of awareness raising and fighting climate change. Across the globe, action on climate change is accelerating at a tremendous pace; from Extinction Rebellion's week long blockade…
May 2, 2019 in Articles.
The Global Movement To Divest From Fossil Fuels Is Unstoppable
Climate impacts are taking us into uncharted territory. Over the past 10 days the pressure to break ties with the fossil fuel industry has never been greater, as thousands of people attended over 260 events in 45 countries on six continents during the Global Divestment Mobilisation (GDM), demanding institutions divest from fossil fuels. At a…
Divestment from fossil fuels is key to a sustainable, cleaner economy
This week, people all over the world are taking action to divest their institutions from fossil fuels. Hoda Baraka explains why. It is official: data from the UK Met Office, NASA and NOAA demonstrate beyond doubt that 2016 was the warmest year on record. Climate impacts are taking us into uncharted territory while affecting the planet's most vulnerable people. This is happening…
The Global Climate Movement is More Powerful than Trump
As the Marrakesh Climate Talks come to an end, there is no denying that the global political landscape has changed with Donald Trump's election win. But the global climate community remains steadfast. As people from every continent who have spent our lives working for social justice, climate action, and a better future for all, we…
One Earth, One Human Family: climate march in Rome
Thousands marched in Rome today to celebrate the Pope's recent call for urgent climate action People of faith, civil society groups, and communities impacted by climate change marched together in Rome this Sunday to express gratitude to Pope Francis for the release of his encyclical on the environment, Laudato Si', and call for bolder climate…
June 28, 2015 in Articles.
Climate Action Is In the Air
Leaders are responding because the public demand for action is undeniable. The following remarks were made at the conclusion of the UN climate talks that formally concluded in Bonn, Germany on Thursday. This week — and the past few months — have seen an incredible surge of momentum for climate action around the world. Climate action…
Report from Bonn: Climate action is in the air ..
This week 350.org was at the climate negotiations held in Bonn. I had the privilege of being on the closing press conference organised by CAN; below is the statement made: This week — and the past few months — have seen an incredible surge of momentum for climate action around the world. Climate action is in the air. People,…
People's Climate Mobilization: A Global Invitation
To change everything, we need everyone. This September, world leaders are coming to New York City to talk about how to address the climate crisis. This is a crucial moment; we're at a crossroads. We can and must change course by building a new economy through efforts to reconceive corporations and redefine economic progress. We…
August 19, 2014 in Articles.


Nobody mentioned the most important part. Redline is the faster of the two.
This is a picture of the car taken today. It's overcast and raining. It looks nothing like the color on Dodge's website.
Thanks for posting some pictures. Color is such a subjective thing. As long as it's not maroon I'll be cool with it.
This image looks like torred to me. Redline red is a few shades darker and less "orangey"
I think I have seen a Redline Red Charger Hellcat while driving a few times and that color is awesome! I normally don't like red cars, but it I definitely am putting Redline on my list as I look for a SRT Challenger. Unfortunately didn't make very many in that color.
The color looks similar to Imola Red on bmws that is pretty rare.
Here is my TorRed The other red is to me more like a burgundy color and that was not what I was looking for in my car. Good luck in your decision.
I agree. The Redline Red is darker and more burgundy looking. The TorRed on the other hand is much brighter and that orange tint in it makes the color pop out more whether it's in the sun or in the shade.


text:
Q: Python remove data from a list to add into a new list Question: how to I remove the first word from a list to add into a new list called car_list and keep the rest to add into another list other_list.
In other_list I'm putting the rest into a dictionary
Such as when I read the file I get something like
data_file = ['1911 Overland OctoAuto', '1913 Scripps-Booth Bi-Autogo','1920 Briggs and Stratton Flyer'

car_list = []
other_list = []
How do I get the outcome as followed
car_list = [Overland, Scripps-Booth, Briggs]

other_list = [1911,OctoAuto, 1913, Bi-Autogo, 1920, and Stratton flyer]

Here is what I have
data_file = open("facts.txt", 'r')

def clean_list(data_file):
    new_list =[]
    clean_list =[]
    car_list = []
    other_list = []
    D = {}
    for i in data_file:
        new_list = data_file.split('\n') #change split by new line or word

    clean_list = [(x.strip(' ')) for x in new_list]
    car_list = (clean_list.strip().split(' ')[2:], ' ')
    other_list = dict(zip(keys, values))# Just an example
    return car_list

car_list = clean_list(data_file)

I thought car_list = (clean_list.strip().split(' ')[2:], ' ')
would work but I get the following error.
car_list = (clean_list.lstrip().split(' ')[2:], ' ')

AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'split'
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'lstrip'
I thought by splicing would work but no dice.`
I tried car_list = clean_list.split(' ',2)[2] and prints nothing
any ideas? I know the file is being read for sure but I just dont know what to do here.

A: My warning to you is that other_list looks like a mixture of different types of data. That's usually not wise. With that disclaimer, here's an attempt:
data_file = ['1911 Overland OctoAuto',
             '1913 Scripps-Booth Bi-Autogo',
             '1920 Briggs and Stratton Flyer']

car_list = []
other_list = []
for entry in data_file:
    year, make, model = entry.split(' ',2)
    car_list.append(make)
    other_list.append(year)
    other_list.append(model)

print car_list
>>>> ['Overland', 'Scripps-Booth', 'Briggs']
print other_list
>>>> ['1911', 'OctoAuto', '1913', 'Bi-Autogo', '1920', 'and Stratton Flyer']

A: Eventually you can use regex also to split the string.
import re
data_file = ['1911 Overland OctoAuto',
             '1913 Scripps-Booth Bi-Autogo',
             '1920 Briggs and Stratton Flyer']

car_list = []
other_list = []
delimiter_space = re.compile(' ')
for entry in data_file:
    year, make, model = delimiter_space.split(entry,maxsplit=2)
    car_list.append(make)
    other_list.append(year)
    other_list.append(model)

print car_list
>>>> ['Overland', 'Scripps-Booth', 'Briggs']
print other_list
>>>> ['1911', 'OctoAuto', '1913', 'Bi-Autogo', '1920', 'and Stratton Flyer']

A: T = [x.split(' ', 2) for x in data_file]
car_list = [ x[1] for x in T]
other_list =  [ v for x in T for v in x if v != x[1]]
print car_list
print other_list

Output
['Overland', 'Scripps-Booth', 'Briggs']
['1911', 'OctoAuto', '1913', 'Bi-Autogo', '1920', 'and Stratton Flyer']

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: NameError: name 'username_entry' is not defined So i'm trying to do a login gui using customtkinter
I want to have an window with 2 buttons first : Login and Exit
Then when I press Login to open another py script with the login label
If i execute the second script its all right but if I try from the first one I get this error

Exception in Tkinter callback
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\denis\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python311\Lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 1948, in __call__
    return self.func(*args)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "D:\test\venv\Lib\site-packages\customtkinter\windows\widgets\ctk_button.py", line 527, in _clicked
    self._command()
  File "<string>", line 21, in login
NameError: name 'username_entry' is not defined

This is the first code:
`
import tkinter
import customtkinter

customtkinter.set_appearance_mode("System")
customtkinter.set_default_color_theme("dark-blue")

app = customtkinter.CTk()  # create CTk window like you do with the Tk window
app.title("Menu")
app.geometry("240x240")
app.config(bg="#242320")

def button_function():
    exec(open('D:\test\login.py').read())

def Close():
    app.destroy()

font1=('Arial', 15, 'bold')

button = customtkinter.CTkButton(master=app, text="Login", font=font1, command=button_function)
button.place(relx=0.5, rely=0.4, anchor=tkinter.CENTER)
button = customtkinter.CTkButton(master=app, text="Exit", font=font1, command=Close)
button.place(relx=0.5, rely=0.6, anchor=tkinter.CENTER)

app.mainloop()

`
and this is the login code:
`
import customtkinter
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox

app = customtkinter.CTk()
app.title("Login")
app.geometry("350x200")
app.config(bg="#242320")

font1=('Arial', 15, 'bold')

username="hello"
password="123"
trials=0

def login():
    global username
    global password
    global trials
    written_username = username_entry.get()
    written_password = password_entry.get()
    if(written_username == '' or written_password==''):
        messagebox.showwarning(title="Error", message="Enter your username and password.")
    elif(written_username==username and written_password==password):
        new_window=Toplevel(app)
        new_window.geometry("350x200")
        new_window.config(bg="#242320")
        welcome_label=customtkinter.CTkLabel(new_window, text="Welcome...", font=font1, text_color="#FFFFFF")
        welcome_label.place(x=100, y=100)
    elif((written_username != username or written_password != password) and trials<3):
        messagebox.showerror(title="Error", message="Your username or password are not correct.")
        trials=trials + 1
        if (trials != 3):
            trials_label = customtkinter.CTkLabel(app, text=f"You have {3-trials} trials", font=font1, text_color="#FFFFFF")
            trials_label.place(x=100, y=160)
        if(trials==3):
            login_button.destroy()
            locked_label = customtkinter.CTkLabel(app, text="Your account is locked.", font=font1, text_color="#FFFFFF")
            locked_label.place(x=100, y=160)

username_label=customtkinter.CTkLabel(app, text="Username: ",font=font1, text_color="#FFFFFF")
username_label.place(x=10, y=25)

password_label=customtkinter.CTkLabel(app, text="Password: ",font=font1, text_color="#FFFFFF")
password_label.place(x=10, y=75)

username_entry=customtkinter.CTkEntry(app,fg_color="#FFFFFF", font=font1, text_color="#000000", border_color="#FFFFFF", width= 200, height= 1)
username_entry.place(x=100, y=25)

password_entry=customtkinter.CTkEntry(app,fg_color="#FFFFFF", font=font1, text_color="#000000", border_color="#FFFFFF", show="*",  width= 200, height= 1)
password_entry.place(x=100, y=75)

login_button=customtkinter.CTkButton(app, command=login,  text="Login", font=font1, text_color="#FFFFFF", fg_color="#1f538d", hover_color="#14375e", width=50)
login_button.place(x=165, y=120)

app.mainloop()

`
Tried to do a login box and got this error. Idk how to resolve it

A: Obviously, the username_entry is not defined in the login function body. please add it to the function arguments and then use it properly.


Fight crime with DC Comics' Batgirl and Robin within the streets of Gotham with the all-new The LEGO Batman Movie Story Pack for LEGO Dimensions! Build an all-new Bat-Computer gateway to your LEGO toy Pad after which turn on Batgirl's and Robin's special abilities to resolve puzzles and battle enemies. Take flight with the Batwing to accelerate your game play, afterwards rebuild it into The Black Thunder and Bat-Tank for enhanced in-game powers. The LEGO Batman Movie Story Pack set features a Bat-Computer gateway build, buildable Batgirl and Robin minifigures, a three-in-1 Batwing vehicle, six new game levels and The LEGO Batman Movie Adventure World with a Battle Arena.
The LEGO Batman Movie Story Pack includes buildable Batgirl and Robin minifigures, rebuildable 3-in-1 Batwing vehicle, and Bat-Computer gateway build.
Unlocks six levels of action-packed THE LEGO BATMAN MOVIE game play and an Adventure World with a Battle Arena.
Characters and models come with a detachable LEGO toy Tag.
With the LEGO Batman Movie Story Pack Rebuild the Batwing into The Black Thunder and Bat-Tank. Place Batgirl, Robin and their vehicle at the LEGO toy Pad to bring them to life within the game.
Collect your favorite LEGO DIMENSIONS characters and use them in-game in combination for a mash-up multiverse of your favorite characters.


In trading on Wednesday, shares of Jernigan Capital Inc crossed below their 200 day moving average of $20.25, changing hands as low as $20.05 per share. Jernigan Capital Inc shares are currently trading down about 1.1% on the day.
The DividendRank formula at Dividend Channel ranks a coverage universe of thousands of dividend stocks, according to a proprietary formula designed to identify those stocks that combine two important characteristics — strong fundamentals and a valuation that looks inexpensive. LeMaitre Vascular Inc presently has an above average rank, in the top 50% of the coverage universe, which suggests it is among the top most "interesting" ideas that merit further research by investors.
The DividendRank formula at Dividend Channel ranks a coverage universe of thousands of dividend stocks, according to a proprietary formula designed to identify those stocks that combine two important characteristics — strong fundamentals and a valuation that looks inexpensive. Guaranty Bancshares Inc presently has an excellent rank, in the top 25% of the coverage universe, which suggests it is among the top most "interesting" ideas that merit further research by investors.
In trading on Wednesday, shares of Compass Diversified Holdings crossed below their 200 day moving average of $16.17, changing hands as low as $16.13 per share. Compass Diversified Holdings shares are currently trading off about 1.2% on the day.
Investors in MannKind Corp saw new options become available today, for the May 31st expiration. At Stock Options Channel, our YieldBoost formula has looked up and down the MNKD options chain for the new May 31st contracts and identified one put and one call contract of particular interest.
Investors in SunPower Corp saw new options become available today, for the May 31st expiration. At Stock Options Channel, our YieldBoost formula has looked up and down the SPWR options chain for the new May 31st contracts and identified one put and one call contract of particular interest.
Investors in Infinera Corp saw new options become available today, for the May 31st expiration. At Stock Options Channel, our YieldBoost formula has looked up and down the INFN options chain for the new May 31st contracts and identified one put and one call contract of particular interest.
Investors in 21Vianet Group, Inc. saw new options begin trading today, for the May 31st expiration.
Investors in GoPro Inc saw new options become available today, for the May 31st expiration. At Stock Options Channel, our YieldBoost formula has looked up and down the GPRO options chain for the new May 31st contracts and identified one put and one call contract of particular interest.


2.1 Anyone need to mailing list?
Do we have a talk for tonight?
Chris is happy to do more Wireless Network related talks, please suggest topics.
Phil had an idea for a talk about ARIS. He will let us know when he's ready.
Talk to the guy who makes the End-fed Zepps.
The money hadn't gone in last time Darren checked but he's not checked too recently.
Need another £6 for polo shirts and £10 for fleeces.
Tyler is chasing this up. Progress?
Add events widget to homepage?
Dave will chase up but wants ideas on how to put it.
Anyone need to mailing list?
This page was last edited on 4 February 2016, at 20:50.


Your professional toolbox isn't complete without a well-built and maintained LinkedIn account. This is a step-by-step training on how to build a LinkedIn profile. Learn why you need it, what it can do for you professionally, and how it can be your best and favorite method to search for jobs and internships.
You hear the word "resume" and you know you need it to make an immediate great first impression. Learn tips for building effective resumes that successfully market you to employers and/or further education.
Think you don't need a personal brand? Think again! Regardless of your professional field, you need to create a unique, professional fingerprint to stand out from the crowd. Eighty percent of jobs are not posted, and there is an average of 150-200 people applying for a single job. How will you stand out?
At Chapman, career is a priority, so we make it simple. Unlike many universities that separate alumni and student services, no matter what year you graduated - or if you have yet to graduate - you have one core team serving you. All resources listed on the Office of Career and Professional Development site are available to all Panthers. Your Career and Professional Development team is here to assist you through your entire professional journey - from freshman student to alumni executive.
For our students and alumni to identify Chapman as their career connection for life.
Deliver on the promise of a world-class, One-Chapman career experience for all students and alumni. Empower students and alumni with the skills and resources for lifetime career navigation. Provide personalized service to employers with the goal that they develop a "Think Chapman First" mindset that results in a preference for hiring students and alumni for professional opportunities.
Chapman's Career and Professional Development team serves the entire Chapman Family for life. This includes all undergraduate and graduate students and alumni (regardless of graduation year), faculty, parents, and employers from all of Chapman's unique schools and colleges.


text:
UNESCO chief: 'Temple Mount is holiest place in Judaism'
UNESCO Director General Irina Bokova speaking to World Jewish Congress. (Shahar Azran)
(Shahar Azran)
WhatsApp Email https://worldisraelnews.com/unesco-chief-temple-mount-holiest-place-judaism/
The UNESCO's Director General reaffirmed that "to deny, conceal, or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions runs counter to the reasons that justified its inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage list."
Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Irina Bokova acknowledged the utmost importance of Jerusalem's Temple Mount to the Jewish people, while addressing the 15th plenary assembly of the World Jewish Congress on Monday.
"The Al Aqsa Mosque / Al-Haram al-Sharif, the sacred shrine of the Muslims, is also the Har Habayit – or Temple Mount – the holiest place in Judaism, whose Western Wall is revered by millions across the world, a few steps away from the Saint Sepulchre and the Mount of Olives holy to the Christians," Bokova noted.
Bokova also stressed a need to protect the recognition of Jerusalem's importance to all three monotheistic religions.
"To deny, conceal, or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions runs counter to the reasons that justified its inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage list," Bokova added.
"The outstanding universal value of Jerusalem, and the reason why it was inscribed on the World Heritage list, lies in this synthesis, which is an appeal for dialogue not confrontation."
Bokova reaffirmed Jerusalem's connection to the Jewish people several weeks earlier, while addressing the European Jewish Policy Conference.
Read Ben-Gvir announces visit to Temple Mount, Lapid warns of violence
"The protection of the heritage of Jerusalem is part of a broader vision for peace and the fight against all forms of denial of Jewish history, delegitimization of Israel and anti-Semitism," she reportedly said.
Bokova is also on record for opposing at least the first of two resolutions passed by UNESCO members, both of which avoided explicitly mentioning the Temple Mount and Western Wall Plaza, despite referring to the Islamic names of the two sites. Subsequently, Bokova received a number of death threats.
By: Jonathan Benedek, World Israel News
BokovaJerusalemTemple MountUNESCOWestern Wall
I found a very interesting article on World Israel News! Click to read this: --> https://worldisraelnews.com/unesco-chief-temple-mount-holiest-place-judaism/


All too often, you hear of people who start with a big business dream but, sadly, watch those dreams go down the toilet after a few mistakes or miscues. Here at Solbio, though, our business dream actually started IN the toilet!
A couple of years ago, I was on vacation with my wife, Gerd, and my dog, Icey. We decided to drive an RV through the beautiful Corsica countryside. We didn't worry about the lack of bathrooms in the remote RV campgrounds we parked in overnight because we had our own chemical toilet onboard.
Unfortunately, though, that toilet wound up putting a damper on our entire trip!
Everywhere we went, we were greeted by "No Dumping" signs. So, we drove from place to place with a full toilet! Eventually, those powerful chemicals wore off, and our RV started to stink. Talk about spoiling an otherwise unspoiled island!
It didn't take long for us to realize that our vacation would be so much better with an all-natural toilet fluid. That way, we could empty it anytime, anywhere. Instead of riding around with the stench of dirty toilet, we could have enjoyed everything that Corsica had to offer.
And that's where the dream of Solbio was born!
After that trip, we made it our mission to create a toilet fluid made from plants. That way, it could cover up bathroom smells without unleashing a bunch of harsh chemicals. With it, people could travel the world, sail the open waters for weeks on end, or simply head off into the nearby woods and enjoy the solitude of nature — without worrying about how, when, and where they're going to empty their toilet.
And now that you know this all-natural option exists, we bet you won't either!


Car title loans are a type of secured loans where the borrower uses their car title as collateral. It's a fast way to get a short-term loan – you simply hand over the title to the lender, and they keep it until you've completely repaid the loan. This type of loan can be risky, but it's a good option in case you need the money immediately. In order to borrow against your vehicle, you need to have some equity in your car and in some cases, it's required that you have already paid off all the loans you might have used to buy it. The greater the value of your four-wheeler, the more you can borrow, but you won't get the whole value of the car in a loan. Lenders will give you the amount that they can quickly get for your vehicle in case they need to sell it. One of the biggest problems with these loans is losing the car.
There are plenty of companies in Florida that specialize in providing auto title loans. They promise you the money in a matter of minutes after you've handed your car title. It's usually quite easy to get the loan, the whole process typically lasts around 15 minutes.
What might be asked from you to provide to the lender is a proof that the vehicle is lien free, that your monthly income is around $1000 or more and you'll need to provide the proof of residency (phone bill, utility bill, or a bank statement in your name). Also, you need to be at least 18 years old in order to be able to apply for title loans in Florida.
Often, you can fill out the online application form and simply wait for the loan specialist to contact you, or you can go directly to the office with all the necessary documents. Before approving the loan, the lender will inspect your vehicle. They typically won't ask for your car keys, so you get to keep it. As soon as the loan is paid back in full, you get your four-wheeler back.
Because of the high risk that comes with title loans, they are not intended to be a long-term solution.
If you decide to apply for a title loan Florida might be a good place to look for a lender.
No credit checks are needed when applying for a title loan. Your credit history or credit scores play no role in getting you the money. In case you don't pay the loan before or on the due date, or the extension date, you lose your collateral, but nothing is reported to credit bureaus.
In Florida, loans average from $500 to $5.000, depending on the value of the car and you are given the funds the very same day if you're in need of the money fast which, since you opting for a title loan, you probably are. Often, other vehicles like motorcycles, boats, RVs or jet skis are accepted as collateral as well.
Lenders also promise you full privacy. The transaction is between you and them, no one else will be privy to this information.
Title loans are illegal in 30 states, while in others, such as Florida, they are not. Florida Title Loan act governs the title loans in Florida. In requires title loan lenders to be licensed by the state Office of Financial Regulation. Also, it requires both you and the lender to sign an agreement before the loan is offered. Make sure to read and understand the agreement before signing! Also, in case the lender is keeping your car as well, next to the title, you should have a chance to remove all your personal property from the vehicle.
It's important for you to know that the title loan might be risky for you, but not for the lender. That's why you should think carefully before opting for this type of loan and understand your and the lender's rights.


On Tuesday, January 26, Comal will welcome brewmaster John Gillooly and owner John Martin of Drake's Brewing to feature a selection of small batch beers paired with dishes by Comal's executive chef Matt Gandin. Drake's Brewing Co. is an urban craft brewery located in San Leandro, Calif. that has been dedicated to making the highest-quality, hand-crafted ales and lagers since 1989. Drake's Brewing has become known for consistently producing a wide variety of craft beers from classics like IPA and Amber to innovative creations such as Hopocalypse Imperial IPA and a growing collection of artisan barrel-aged and sour beers. As one of the original craft breweries in the Bay Area, Drake's has been at the forefront of the craft movement working to educate the community about what it means to brew and enjoy quality, full-flavored beers. In addition to Drake's, John Martin owns legendary brewpubs Triple Rock and Jupiter, both Downtown Berkeley neighbors of Comal. Like previous special events, the SF Beer Week Dinner with Drake's Brewing will be held in Abajo, Comal's private dining room.
DATE/TIME: Tuesday, January 26 at 6:30 p.m.
Comal is located at 2020 Shattuck Avenue (at University Avenue) in Berkeley.