Large house on a raised foundation with side porch area and indoor laundry room next to the kitchen. Recently painted interior and wood floors finished. With an over 9000 square foot lot and an R2 Zoning this property offers a lot of possibilities.
Look at this cute 3 bed 2 bath home with granite counters, laminate floors, celling fans dual pane windows central heat and air big back fenced yard close to schools this hose is so cute come and make it hour home.
LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION! This tastefully done home is nestled on it's own private hilltop and was perfectly placed in order to be able take in the beautiful 360 degree views that surround it. The home has 3 bedrooms and 2 full bathrooms. The countertops have been upgraded throughout the home to quartz. The windows were also upgraded to double pane windows. There are gorgeous lined silk curtains in the master, living room, and dining room.
Welcome Home to this warm & inviting single level modern architectural residence in the heart of Mar Vista. Built in 2006 by the Award Winning Architectural Firm SPF, this stylish corner residence features 3 spacious bedrooms + 2 bathrooms, including Master Suite with Walk-in-Closet and Designer en-suite Bathroom. Interior finishes include wood floors, gourmet kitchen with Italian cabinetry, high ceilings and abundant natural light.


S1: with the S1 change at Ostbahnhof to either the S6 (Train) direction Kreuzstraße/Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn or to the U5 (Subway) to Neuperlach Süd. The S1 takes 20 minutes longer than the S8.
S8: with the S8 change at Ostbahnhof to either the S6 (Train) direction Kreuzstraße/Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn or to the U5 (Subway) to Neuperlach Süd.
Bus route 217 from the stop at Neuperlach Süd direction Unterhaching/Unterbiberg.
Alight from the train, traverse the platform contra to the direction of travel of the train, descend the stairs and exit the station via the doors to the left. The stop for the bus 217 is just outside the door.
Get off the bus at the stop Universität Bw-West/Universitätsstraße and enter the campus through the west gate (Westtor). The Faculty of Computer Science is on the left in building 41.
Alight from the train, traverse the platform contra to the direction of travel of the train, descend the stairs and exit the station via the doors to the left (Schindler-Platz).
After about 50 metres (uphill), take the Gustav-Heinemann-Ring to the left. After crossing the Therese-Giehse-Allee, the Gustav-Heinemann-Ring bends to the right after some 100 metres. At the outside of the bend is Paul-Dahlke-Weg, which soon becomes a small foot path. Follow the path over the field (the university buildings are already in sight).
Cross the road, stay on the pavement in front of the campus, turn right and continue to the second gate (Westtor) to enter the campus. The Faculty of Computer Science is on the left in building 41.


Should we raise the legal smoking age to 21?
Although the IOM was instructed by the FDA to not make specific policy recommendations, others (such as the Washington Post and the Seattle Times) have predictably taken the next step of advocating outlawing smoking for anyone under age 21.
If the government can prevent an adult 18-year old from smoking, can they also stop him or her from eating too many chocolate chip cookies? Or require that they eat enough vegetables?
From an economic perspective, it is true that unhealthy life choices such as smoking will lead to increased medical costs. But in a free society, that can be dealt with by allowing health insurance companies to charge smokers higher premiums. Smokers themselves can and should cover their own increased medical costs of lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, etc.
It is also true that all 50 states have raised their drinking ages from 18 to 21. (Many states did so in response to a 1984 federal law requiring that they do so or else lose millions of dollars in federal highway funds.) For 18-20 year-olds, alcohol is now seen as an enticing "forbidden fruit," and too many college students in this age group have responded by engaging in unhealthy binge drinking. Former Middlebury College president John McCardell, Jr. has thus described the current drinking age law as "bad social policy and terrible law," and he is part of a growing movement to lower the drinking age back to 18.
The IOM report argues that raising the smoking age to 21 will result in fewer kids below age 18 exposed to older friends in the 18-20 age range who smoke. In theory, this should decrease the likelihood of underage smoking.
I do agree that below a certain age, young people cannot give meaningful consent for contracts, medical procedures, and other major life decisions. Currently, the law recognizes that age of majority as 18. But after someone turns 18, he or she is regarded as an adult who can vote, give consent for major surgery, join the military, or sign binding contracts.
If 18-year-olds can decide whether or not to assume the risks of major surgery, they should also be able to decide whether or not to assume the risks of smoking.
The political Left has long defended abortion rights with slogans such as, "Our bodies, our choice" (a view I agree with). This principle of bodily autonomy should also apply to other life choices such as smoking. This is just part of the broader principle of individual rights.
But while you have right to smoke, you cannot do so in a fashion that violates others' rights. You have the right to smoke on your own home or property, or on another's property with the owner's consent. But restaurant or business owners also have the right to forbid smoking on their property, just as they have the right to require that customers wear shoes and shirts.
Your life is yours to live — not some government regulator's. Don't let anyone tell you otherwise.


I'd like to draw your attention to the community space on the site plan – this is something I discussed back in August when I posted about walkability. If you remember, I described walkability as a combination of all the elements that make up a community – the sidewalks and streets, the architecture, common spaces, green spaces and most importantly, the people. I really wanted to preserve trees and create lovely and functional green spaces not only because it adds to the aesthetics of your home/neighbourhoods but also because these common spaces bring people together.
Did you know that I led Mason Homes to be the first ENERGY STAR standard builder in Canada? I've won BILD's Green Builder of the Year award twice – green is a standard in my book. You deserve a happy, healthy home. All my homes are ENERGY STAR-qualified; offer rain barrels to further reduce water needs and offer high performance heating ventilation systems, filters and low VOC materials – among other features designed to save you money and lower your eco footprint.
Be sure to register today to get all the good stuff, like the spacious open concept floor plans, finishes, buyers guide, preview appointment booking and important updates.
I wanted to add a few exciting new updates about my site design. I'm going to be adding an off-leash dog park to my smart town community during the initial phase of construction. As well, a children's play area is being designed for the second phase of construction – complete with play structure. I believe that these additions to the neighbourhood will create a greater possibility for social interaction between members of the community, while adding additional benefit to families with small children and pet owners.


text:
Foster House ist der Name folgender im NRHP gelisteten Objekte:

 Foster House (Alabama), ID-Nr. 98001021
 Foster House (303 N. Hervey St., Hope, Arkansas), ID-Nr. 82000825
 Foster House (420 S. Spruce St., Hope, Arkansas), ID-Nr. 91000683
 Foster House (Texas), ID-Nr. 80004123

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


New Jersey, October 10th, 2012 – 3Shape continues to expand its presence around the globe with the opening of a new office in California. Located in Rancho Cucamonga, near Los Angeles, the office will offer training, technical support, product demonstrations, and business support to 3Shape partners and end-users.
3Shape's latest expansion will meet the increasing demands for CAD/CAM solutions in the area and lay the groundwork for the increased activity surrounding the upcoming release of 3Shape TRIOS® - the digital impression solution system for dentists. The opening of the new office demonstrates 3Shape's commitment to maintain the market's highest standards for service. Customers and partners all over the West Coast will now have quick local access to 3Shape technical support and sales support during their normal business hours (Pacific Time).
The office will be managed by Henrik Vestermark who has also been managing the East Coast office in New Jersey. The new office will host modern training facilities and equipment where users and partners can benefit from hands-on courses in 3Shape's digital technologies for labs and clinics.


text:
Lancaster County Births: Jan. 7, 2020
LANCASTERONLINE | Staff
BEILER, Benuel L. and Susie S. (Esh), Nottingham, a son, at home, Jan. 5.
BEILER, Norman J. and Mary S. (Zook), 5287 Mine Road, Kinzers, a daughter, at home, Jan. 5.
BRADLEY, Timothy D. Jr. and Adrienne (Lerch), Mount Joy, a son, at Women & Babies Hospital, Jan. 2.
BRANSBY, Kaitlyn, Lancaster, a daughter, at Women & Babies Hospital, Jan. 3.
BURKHOLDER, Jansen C. and Danika (Martin), Stevens, a son, at WellSpan Ephrata Community Hospital, Jan. 3.
GOULD, Dominic and Leea Toney, Lancaster, a son, at WellSpan Ephrata Community Hospital, Jan. 4.
HARRELL, Zachary A. and Laura, York, a daughter, at Women & Babies Hospital, Jan. 2.
HORST, Justin M. and Anna M. (Zimmerman), Narvon, a daughter, at home, Jan. 4.
NOLL, John D. and Melisa (Charles), Lancaster, a son, at Women & Babies Hospital, Jan. 3.
NOLL, Michael, and Heaven Harris, Drumore, a son, at Birth Care & Family Health Services, Jan. 5.
POLITO, Carmen A. and Gina, Mountville, a daughter, at Women & Babies Hospital, Jan. 4.
SMOKER, Roland and Laura (Long), Ephrata, a son, at Women & Babies Hospital, Jan. 1.
STOLTZFUS, Moses and Barbara E., Kinzers, a daughter, at Birth Care & Family Health Services, Jan. 5.
YODER, Joseph D. and Marie, Honey Brook, a son, at Women & Babies Hospital, Jan. 2.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Eurovision Song Contest ( ) is an annual competition held among active member countries of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU).
Each member country submits a song to be performed on live television and then casts votes for the other countries' songs to determine the most popular song in the competition. Each country participates via one of their national EBU-member television stations, whose task it is to select a singer and a song to represent their country in the international competition.The Contest has been broadcast every year since its inauguration in 1956 and is one of the longest-running television programmes in the world. It is also one of the most-watched non-sporting events in the world, with audience figures having been quoted in recent years as anything between 100 million and 600 million internationally. Eurovision has also been broadcast outside Europe to such places as Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Egypt, India, Japan, Jordan, Mexico, New Zealand, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Uruguay despite the fact that they do not compete. Since the year 2000, the Contest has also been broadcast over the Internet, with more than 74,000 people in almost 140 countries having watched the 2006 edition online.
In the 1950s, as a war-torn Europe rebuilt itself, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU)—based in Switzerland —set up an ad-hoc committee to search for ways of bringing together the countries of the EBU around a "light entertainment programme". At a committee meeting held in Monaco in January 1955, director general of Swiss television and committee chairman Marcel Bezençon conceived the idea of an international song contest where countries would participate in one television programme, to be transmitted simultaneously to all countries of the union. The competition was based upon the existing Sanremo Music Festival held in Italy , and was also seen as a technological experiment in live television: as in those days, it was a very ambitious project to join many countries together in a wide-area international network. Satellite television did not exist, and the so-called Eurovision Network comprised a terrestrial microwave network. The concept, then known as "Eurovision Grand Prix", was approved by the EBU General Assembly in at a meeting held in Rome on 19 October 1955 and it was decided that the first contest would take place in spring 1956 in Lugano, Switzerland. The name "Eurovision" was first used in relation to the EBU's network by British journalist George Campey in the London Evening Standard in 1951.
The first Contest was held in the town of Lugano , Switzerland, on 24 May 1956. Seven countries participated—each submitting two songs, for a total of 14. This was the only Contest in which more than one song per country was performed: since 1957 all Contests have allowed one entry per country. The 1956 Contest was won by the host nation, Switzerland.
The programme is invariably opened by one or more presenters, welcoming viewers to the show. Most host countries choose to capitalise on the opportunity afforded them by hosting a programme with such a wide-ranging international audience, and it is common to see the presentation interspersed with video footage of scenes from the host nation, as if advertising for tourism. Between the songs and the announcement of the voting, an interval act is performed. These acts can be any form of entertainment imaginable. Interval entertainment has included such acts as The Wombles ( ) and the first international presentation of Riverdance ( ).
The theme music played before and after the broadcasts of the Eurovision Song Contest (and other Eurovision broadcasts) is the prelude to Marc-Antoine Charpentier's Te Deum.
Eligible participants include Active Members (as opposed to Associate Members) of the EBU. Active members are those whose states fall within the European Broadcasting Area, or otherwise those who are members of the Council of Europe.
The "European Broadcasting Area" is bounded on the west by the western boundary of Region 1 (see below), on the east by the meridian 40° East of Greenwich and on the south by the parallel 30° North so as to include the western part of the USSR, the northern part of Saudi Arabia and that part of those countries bordering the Mediterranean within these limits. In addition, Iraq, Jordan and that part of the territory of Turkey lying outside the above limits are included in the European Broadcasting Area.
The western boundary of Region 1 is defined by a line running from the North Pole along meridian 40° East of Greenwich to parallel 40° North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 60° East and the Tropic of Cancer ; thence along the meridian 60° East to the South Pole .
Active members include broadcasting organisations whose transmissions are made available to at least 98% of households in their own country which are equipped to receive such transmissions.
If an EBU Active Member wishes to participate, they must fulfil conditions as laid down by the rules of the Contest (of which a separate copy is drafted annually). As of , this includes the necessity to have broadcast the previous year's programme within their country, and paid the EBU a participation fee in advance of the deadline specified in the rules of the Contest for the year in which they wish to participate.
Eligibility to participate is not determined by geographic inclusion within the continent of Europe, despite the "Euro" in "Eurovision" — nor does it have any relation to the European Union. Several countries geographically outside the boundaries of Europe have competed: Israel , Cyprus and Armenia , in Western Asia, since 1973, 1981 and 2006 respectively; and Morocco , in North Africa, in the 1980 competition alone. In addition, several transcontinental countries with only part of their territory in Europe have competed: Turkey , since 1975; Russia , since 1994; Georgia , since 2007; and Azerbaijan , which made its first appearance in the 2008 competition.
a) Before German reunification in 1990 occasionally presented as West Germany , representing the Federal Republic of Germany . East Germany (the German Democratic Republic) did not compete.
b) The entries presented as being from "Yugoslavia" represented the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , except for the 1992 entry, which represented the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia .
Each country must submit one song to represent them in any given year they participate. The only exception to this was when each country submitted two songs in the inaugural Contest. There is a rule which forbids any song being entered which has been previously commercially released or broadcast in public before a certain date relative to the Contest in question.
Countries may select their songs by any means, whether by an internal decision of the participating broadcaster or a public contest that allows the country's public to televote between several songs. The EBU encourages broadcasters to use the latter, as this generates more publicity for the contest. These public selections are known as national finals.
Some countries' national finals are as big as—if not bigger than—the international Eurovision Song Contest itself, involving many songs being submitted to national semi-finals. The Swedish national final, Melodifestivalen (literally, "The Song Festival") includes 32 songs being performed over four semi-finals, played to huge audiences in arenas around the country, before the final show in Stockholm . This has become the most-watched programme of the year in Sweden. In Spain, the reality show Operación Triunfo started in 2002; the winners of the first three seasons proceeded to represent the country at Eurovision.
Regardless of the method used to select the entry, the song's details must be finalised and submitted to the EBU before a deadline some weeks before the international Contest..
Preparations for the event start a matter of weeks after the host wins in the previous year, and confirms to the EBU that they intend to—and have the capacity to—host the event. A host city is chosen—usually the capital—and a suitable concert venue. The largest concert venue was a football stadium in Copenhagen —Parken —which held approximately 38,000 people when Denmark were the 2001 hosts. The smallest town to have been hosts was Millstreet in County Cork , Ireland , in 1993. The village had a population of 1,500—although the Green Glens Arena venue could hold up to 8,000 people.
The hotel and press facilities in the vicinity are always a consideration when choosing a host city and venue. In Kiev 2005, hotel rooms were scarce as the Contest organisers asked the Ukrainian government to put a block on bookings they did not control themselves through official delegation allocations or tour packages: this led to many people's hotel bookings being cancelled. The impact that the Contest has on the host city is inversely proportional to its size: in Riga 2003, it was difficult to avoid encountering Eurovision delegates everywhere while walking through the streets of the relatively small capital.
The term "Eurovision Week" is used to refer to the week during which the Contest takes place. As it is a live show, the Eurovision Song Contest requires the performers to have perfected their acts in rehearsals in order for the big night to run smoothly. In addition to rehearsals in their home countries, every participant is given the opportunity to rehearse on the stage in the Eurovision auditorium. These rehearsals are held during the course of several days before the Saturday show, and consequently the delegations arrive in the host city many days before the event. This means, in turn, journalists and fans are also present during the preceding days, and the events of Eurovision last a lot longer than a few hours of television. A number of officially accredited hotels are selected for the delegations to stay in, and shuttle-bus services are used to transport the performers and accompanying people to and from the Contest venue.
Each participating broadcaster nominates a Head of Delegation, whose job it is to coordinate the movements of the delegate members, and who acts as that country's representative to the EBU in the host city. Members of the delegations include performers, lyricists, composers, official press officers and—in the years where songs were performed with a live orchestra—a conductor. Also present if desired is a commentator: each broadcaster may supply their own commentary for their TV and/or radio feed, to be broadcast in each country. The commentators are given dedicated commentary booths situated around the back of the arena behind the audience.
Traditionally, delegations would arrive on the Sunday before the Contest, in order to be present for rehearsals starting on the Monday morning. However, with the introduction of the semi-final—and therefore the resulting increase in the number of countries taking part—since 2004 the first rehearsals have commenced during the week before Eurovision Week. The countries taking part in the semi-final currently rehearse over four days from the first Thursday to the Sunday, with two rehearsal periods allowed for each country. The countries which have already directly qualified for the grand final rehearse on the Monday and Tuesday of Eurovision Week.
After each country has rehearsed, the delegation meets with the show's artistic director in the video viewing room. Here, they watch the footage of the rehearsal just performed, discussing camera angles, lighting and choreography, in order to try to achieve maximum æsthetic effect on television. At this point the Head of Delegation may make known any special requirements needed for the performance, and request them from the host broadcaster. Following this meeting, the delegation hold a press conference where members of the accredited press may pose them questions. The rehearsals and press conferences are held in parallel; so one country holds its press conference, while the next one is in the auditorium rehearsing. A printed summary of the questions and answers which emerge from the press conferences is produced by the host press office, and distributed to journalists' pigeon-holes.
Before each of the semi-finals, one or more full dress rehearsals are held. Since tickets to the live shows are often scarce, tickets are also sold in order that the public may attend these dress rehearsals. Similarly, two or more full dress rehearsals are held after all semi-finals are finished, before the live transmission of the grand final on Saturday evening.
On the Monday evening of Eurovision Week, a Mayor's Reception is traditionally held, where the city administration hosts a celebration that Eurovision has come to their city. This is usually held in a grand municipally-owned location in the city centre. All delegations are invited, and the party is usually accompanied by live music, complimentary food and drink and—in recent years—fireworks.
A Euroclub is held every night of the week; a Eurovision-themed nightclub, to which all accredited personnel are invited.
During the week many delegations have traditionally hosted their own parties in addition to the officially-sponsored ones. However, in the new millennium the trend has been for the national delegations to centralise their activity and hold their celebrations in the Euroclub.
Historically, a country's set of votes was decided by an internal jury, but in 1997 five countries (Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom) experimented with televoting, giving members of the public in those countries the opportunity to vote en-masse for their favourite songs. The experiment was a success, and from 1998 onwards all countries were encouraged to use televoting wherever possible. Back-up juries are still utilised by each country, in the event of the televoting failure. Nowadays members of the public may also vote by SMS, in addition to televoting.
After the interval act is over, when all the points have been calculated, the presenter(s) of the show call upon each voting country in turn to invite them to announce the results of their vote. Prior to 1994 the announcements were made over telephone lines; with the audio being piped into the auditorium for the audience to hear, and over the television transmission. With the advent of more reliable satellite networks, from 1994 onwards voting spokespeople have appeared on camera from their respective countries to read out the votes. Often the opportunity is taken by each country to show their spokesperson standing in front of a backdrop which includes a famous place in that country.
Votes are read out in ascending order, culminating with the maximum 12 points. The scores are repeated by the Contest's presenters in English and French, which has given rise to the famous "douze points" exclamation when the host repeats the top score in French.
From 1957 to 2003, countries were called in the same order in which the songs had been presented. Since 2004, the order of the countries' announcements of votes has changed—due to the presence of the semi-final, and the fact that non-participating countries could also vote. In 2004, the countries were called in alphabetical order (according to their ISO codes). In 2005, the votes from the non-qualifying semi-finalists were announced first, in their running order on the Thursday night; then the finalists gave their votes in their own order of performance. Since 2006, a separate draw has been held to determine the order in which countries would present their votes.
From 1971 to 1973, each country sent two jurors, who were actually present at the Contest venue and announced their votes as the camera was trained on them. In 1973 one of the Swiss jurors made a great show of presenting his votes with flamboyant gestures. This system was retired for the next year.
In 2006, the EBU decided to conserve time during the broadcast—much of which had been taken up with the announcement of every single point—because there was an ever-increasing number of countries voting. From then onwards, the points from 1–7 were flashed up onto the screen automatically, and the announcers only read out the 8, 10 and 12 points individually.
The voting is presided over by the EBU scrutineer, who is responsible for ensuring that all points are allocated correctly and in turn. The scrutineer is notified in advance of the results of the last five countries in the running-order of voting, to ensure that no foul play can take place in the form of tactical voting; where for example a country could change its votes after seeing how the trend has gone before them on the scoreboard.
In 1969, a tie-break system had not yet been conceived, and four countries all tied for first place based on their total numbers of points: France, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Since there was no predetermined set of rules to decide the winner, all four countries were declared as winners. This caused much discontent among most of the non-winning countries, and mass-walkouts were threatened. Finland, Norway, Sweden and Portugal did not participate in the 1970 Contest as a protest against the results of the previous year. This prompted the EBU to introduce a tie-break rule.
In the event of a tie for first place at the end of the evening, a count is made of the total number of countries who awarded any points at all to each of the tied countries; and the one who received points from the most countries is declared the winner. If the numbers are still tied, it is counted how many sets of maximum marks (12 points) each country received. If there is still a tie, the numbers of 10-point scores awarded are compared—and then the numbers of 8-points, all the way down the list. In the extremely unlikely event of there then still being a tie for first place, the song performed earliest in the running order is declared the winner. The same tie-break rule now applies to ties for all places.
As of , the only time since 1969 when two or more countries have tied for first place on total points alone was in 1991, when France and Sweden both totalled 146 points. In 1991 the tie-break rules did not include counting the numbers of countries awarding any points at all to these countries, but began with tallying up the numbers of 12 points awarded. Both France and Sweden had received four sets of 12 points. However, because Sweden had received more sets of 10 points, they were declared the winners. Had the current rule been in play, France would have won instead.
There are a number of rules which must be observed by the participating nations. The rules are numerous and unabridged, and a separate draft is produced each year, which explicitly specifies the dates by which certain things must be done; for example the deadline by which all the participating broadcasters must submit the final recorded version of their song to the EBU. Many rules pertain to such matters as sponsorship agreements and rights of broadcasters to re-transmit the show within a certain time. The most notable rules which actually affect the format and presentation of the Contest have changed somewhat over the years, and are highlighted here.
—hosted by the BBC in London when the Netherlands declined due to expense. The UK was chosen to host because it had come second in 1959.
—hosted by the BBC in London when France declined due to expense. Although the UK had only come fourth in 1962, Monaco and Luxembourg (who came second and third) had also declined.
—hosted by the BBC in Edinburgh when Monaco was unable to provide a suitable venue: Monegasque television invited the BBC to take over due to its previous experience.
—hosted by the BBC in Brighton when Luxembourg declined due to expense. The BBC was becoming known as the host by default, if the winning country declined.
—hosted by NOS in The Hague when the Israel Broadcasting Authority declined due to expense, and the fact that the date chosen for the Contest (19 April) was Israel's Remembrance Day that year. The Dutch offered to host the Contest after several other broadcasters (including the BBC) were unwilling to do so.
The declinations due to expense were due to those broadcasters' already having hosted the Contest during the past couple of years. Since 1981, all Contests have been held in the country which won the previous year.
All vocals must be sung live: no voices are permitted on backing tracks. In 1999, the Croatian song featured sounds on their backing track which sounded suspiciously like human voices. The Croatian delegation stated that there were no human voices, but only digitally-synthesised sounds which replicated vocals. The EBU nevertheless decided that they had broken the spirit of the rules, and docked them 33% of their points total that year as used for calculating their five-year points average for future qualification.
From 1956 until 1998, it was necessary for the host country to provide a live orchestra for the use of the participants. Prior to 1973, all music was required to be played by the host orchestra. From 1973 onwards, pre-recorded backing tracks were permitted—although the host country was still obliged to provide a live orchestra in order to give participants a choice. If a backing track was used, then all the instruments heard on the track were required to be present on the stage. In 1997 this requirement was dropped.
In 1999 the rules were amended to abolish the requirement by the host broadcaster to provide a live orchestra, leaving it as an optional contribution. The host that year, Israel's IBA, decided not to use an orchestra in order to save on expenses, and 1999 became the first year in which all of the songs were played as pre-recorded backing tracks (in conjunction with live vocals). The orchestra has not since made an appearance at the Contest; the last time being in 1998 when the BBC hosted the show in Birmingham.
The rule requiring countries to sing in their own national language has been changed several times over the years. From 1956 until 1965, there was no rule restricting the languages in which the songs could be sung. However, in 1966 a rule was imposed stating that the songs must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating.
The language restriction continued until 1973, when it was lifted and performers were again allowed to sing in any language they wished. Several winners in the mid-1970s took advantage of the newly-found allowance, with performers from non-native-English-speaking countries singing in English, including ABBA in 1974.
In 1977, the EBU decided to revert to the national language restriction. However, special dispensation was given to Germany and Belgium as their national song selection procedures were already too advanced to change.
In 1999, the rule was changed again to allow the choice of language once more. This linguistic allowance led to the Belgian entry in 2003, "Sanomi", being sung in an entirely fictional language. In 2006 the Dutch entry, "Amambanda", was sung partly in English and partly in an artificial language.; and in 2008, the Belgian entry, "O Julissi" was sung in an artificial language.
Each participating broadcaster is required to broadcast the show in its entirety: including all songs, recap, voting and reprise, skipping only the interval act for advertising breaks if they wish. From 1999 onwards, broadcasters who wished to do so were given the opportunity to take more advertising breaks as short, non-essential hiatuses were introduced into the programme. The Dutch state broadcaster pulled their broadcast of the 2000 final to provide emergency news coverage of a major incident, the Enschede fireworks disaster . This was technically a violation of the rule, but was done out of necessity.
In 1978, during the performance of the Israeli entry, the Jordanian broadcaster JRTV suspended the broadcast and showed pictures of flowers. When it became apparent during the later stages of the voting sequence that Israel was going to win the Contest, JRTV abruptly ended the transmission. Afterwards, the Jordanian news media refused to acknowledge the fact that Israel had won and announced that the winner was Belgium (which had actually come 2nd).
In 2005, Lebanon intended to participate in the Contest. However, Lebanese law does not allow recognition of Israel, and consequently Lebanese television did not intend to transmit the Israeli entry. The EBU informed them that such an act would breach the rules of the Contest, and Lebanon was subsequently forced to withdraw from the competition. Their late withdrawal incurred a fine, since they had already confirmed their participation and the deadline had passed.
In the first Contest in 1956, there was recommended a time limit of 3½ minutes per song. In 1957, despite protests, the Italian song was 5:09 minutes in duration. This led to a stricter time limit of 3 minutes precisely.
There is no restriction imposed by the EBU on the nationality of the performers or songwriters. Individual broadcasters are, however, permitted to impose their own restrictions at their discretion.
From 1957 to 1970 (in 1956 there was no restriction at all), only soloists and duos were allowed on stage. From 1963, a chorus of up to three people was permitted. Since 1971, a maximum of six performers have been permitted on the stage.
The performance and/or lyrics of a song "must not bring the Contest into disrepute".
Since 1990, all people on stage must be at least 16 years of age.
The addition of Central and Eastern European countries, and the separate ex-Yugoslavian states, makes a stark change from the participation map of 1992.
The number of countries participating each year has steadily grown over the course of the years, from seven participants in 1956 to over 20 in the late 1980s. In 1993 there were 25 countries participating in the competition, including, for the first time that year, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, entering independently due to the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia.
Due to the fact that the Contest is a live television programme, a reasonable time limit must be imposed on the duration of the show. In recent years the nominal limit has been three hours, with the broadcast occasionally overrunning.
Since 1993, there have been more countries wishing to enter the Contest than there is time to reasonably include all their entries in a single TV show. Several relegation or qualification systems have, therefore, been tried in order to limit the number of countries participating in the competition in any given year. The 1993 Contest introduced two new features: firstly, a pre-selection competition was held in Ljubljana in which seven new countries fought for three places in the international competition. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia took part in Kvalifikacija za Millstreet; and the three former Yugoslav republics, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, qualified for a place in the international final. Also to be introduced that year was relegation. The lowest-placed countries in the 1993 score table were forced to skip the next year, in order to allow the countries which failed the 1993 pre-selection into the 1994 Contest. The 1994 Contest included also—for the first time—Lithuania, Poland and Russia.
Relegation continued through 1994 and 1995; but in 1996 a different pre-selection system was used, in which nearly all the countries participated. Audio tapes of all the songs were sent to juries in each of the countries some weeks before the television show. These juries selected the songs which would then proceed to be included in the international broadcast. Norway, as the host country in 1996 (having won the 1995 Contest), automatically qualified and was therefore excluded from the necessity of going through the pre-selection.
Since 2000, four particular countries have automatically qualified for the Eurovision final, regardless of their positions on the scoreboard in previous Contests. They earned this special status by being the four biggest financial contributors to the EBU (without which the production of the Eurovision Song Contest would not be possible). These countries are the United Kingdom , Germany , France and Spain . Due to their untouchable status in the Contest, these countries became known as the "Big Four".
From 1997 to 2001, countries qualified for each Contest based on the average of their points totals for their entries over the previous five years. However, there was much discontent voiced over this system because a country could be punished by not being allowed to enter merely because of poor previous results, which did not take into account how good a fresh attempt might be. This led the EBU to create what was hoped would be a more permanent solution to the problem, which was to have two shows every year: a qualification round, and the grand final. In these two shows there would be enough broadcast time to include all the countries which wished to participate, every year. The qualification round became known as the Eurovision Semi-Final.
A qualification round, known as the semi-final, was introduced for the 2004 Contest. This semi-final was held on the Wednesday during Eurovision Week, and was a programme similar in format to the grand final, whose time slot remained 19:00 UTC on the Saturday. The highest-placed songs from the semi-final would qualify for the grand final, while the lower-placed songs were out of the competition for that year. From 2005–2007, the semi-final programme was held on the Thursday of Eurovision Week.
The ten most highly-placed non-Big Four countries in the grand final were guaranteed a place in the following year's grand final, without the need to participate in next year's semi. If, for example, Germany came in the top ten, the eleventh-placed non-Big-Four country would automatically qualify for the next year's grand final. The remaining countries—which had not automatically qualified for the grand final—had to enter the semi.
At the 50th annual meeting of the EBU reference group in September 2007, it was decided that from the 2008 Contest onwards there would be held two semi-finals. From 2008 onwards, the scoreboard position of any previous years has not been relevant, and—save for the automatic qualifiers—all participating countries have had to participate in the semi-finals, regardless of their previous year's scoreboard position. The only countries which automatically qualify for the grand final are the host country, and the Big Four: France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom, who continue to enjoy their protected status.
In each of the semi-finals the voting is conducted among those countries which participate in that semi-final in question. With regards to the automatic grand final qualifiers, which do not participate in the semi-finals, a draw is conducted to determine in which semi-final each of them will be allowed to vote. In contrast, every participating country in a particular year may vote in the Saturday grand final — whether their song qualified from the semi or not.
After the votes have been cast in each semi-final, the countries which received the most votes—and will therefore proceed to the grand final on Saturday—are announced by name by the presenters. Full voting results are withheld until after the grand final, whereupon they are published on the EBU's website.
Winning the Eurovision Song Contest provides a unique opportunity for the winning artist(s) to capitalise on the surrounding publicity to further his, her or their career(s).
The most notable winning Eurovision artist whose career was directly launched into the spotlight following their win was ABBA, who won the Contest for Sweden in 1974 with their song "Waterloo". ABBA went on to become one of the most successful bands of all time.
France Gall ("Poupée de cire, poupée de son", Luxembourg 1965), Dana ("All Kinds of Everything", Ireland 1970),Vicky Leandros ("Après toi", Luxembourg 1972),Brotherhood of Man ("Save Your Kisses for Me", United Kingdom 1976), Marie Myriam ("L'oiseau et l'enfant", France 1977),Johnny Logan (who won twice for Ireland; with "What's Another Year?" in 1980, and "Hold Me Now" in 1987),Bucks Fizz ("Making Your Mind Up", United Kingdom 1981), Nicole ("Ein Bißchen Frieden", Germany 1982), and Herreys ("Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley", Sweden 1984).
Many other winners include well-known artists who won the Contest mid-career, after they had already established themselves as successful. An example being, Katrina and the Waves, representing the United Kingdom, who were the winners of the contest with the song, Love Shine a Light.
Some artists, however, have vanished into relative obscurity, making little or no impact on the international music scene after their win.
Map showing each country's number of Eurovision wins.
Ireland holds the record for the most number of wins, having won the Contest seven times—including three times in a row in 1992, 1993 and 1994. The United Kingdom is second with five wins, but has come in second a record 15 times.
The early years of the Contest saw many wins for "traditional" Eurovision countries: France, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. However, the success of these countries has declined in recent decades: the Netherlands last won in 1975; France in 1977; and Luxembourg in 1983. The last time Luxembourg entered the Contest was in 1993.
The first years of the 21st century produced a spate of first-time winners, from both "new" Eurovision countries, and old-timers who had entered for many years without a win. Every year from 2001 to 2008 resulted in a country winning for the first time. The 2006 winner was Finland, which finally won after having entered the Contest for 45 years. Ukraine on the other hand did not have to wait so long, winning with their second entry in 2004. Serbia won the very first year it entered as an independent state, in 2007.
As of 2009, the country which has entered the longest with no wins to their name is Portugal. They started entering in 1964, and with 43 appearances, are still awaiting their first win.
The Contest has been the subject of criticism regarding both its musical content and the perception that it is more about politics than it is about music.
Due to the fact that the musicalsongs are playing to such a diverse international audience with contrasting musical tastes, and that countries want to be able to appeal to as many people as possible to gain votes, the majority of the songs have historically been middle-of-the-road pop. Deviations from this formula have rarely achieved success, leading to the Contest gaining a reputation for its music being "bubblegum pop". This well-established pattern, however, was notably broken in 2006 with Finnish hard rock band Lordi's landslide victory. As Eurovision is a visual show, many performances attempt to attract the attention of the voters through means other than the music, sometimes leading to bizarre onstage gimmicks.
The contest has long been perceived as politically influenced, as judges—and now televoters—allocate points based on their nation's relationship to the other countries, rather than the musical merits of the songs. These criticisms have increased recently with the inclusion of numerous additional countries in the competition. According to one study of Eurovision voting patterns, certain countries tend to form "clusters" or "cliques" by frequently voting in the same way. This study (which uses data from before 2004) shows in particular that Scandinavian and Baltic countries tend to vote in bloc as well as countries from the former Yugoslavia. Studies which use more recent data identify also an Eastern bloc around Russia, Poland and Ukraine. On the contrary countries with a relatively large population like Germany, France, Spain and the UK are not really integrated in any bloc and are therefore much less likely to win the competition. Since 1997 and the last victory of one of the Big Four (UK), Scandinavian and Baltic countries have won the competition 6 times out of 12 competitions, Russia and Ukraine twice and Serbia once. Defenders of the contest argue that certain countries allocate disproportionately high points to others because of similar musical tastes, cultures and because they speak similar languages, and are therefore more likely to appreciate each other's music; for example, the explanation for Greece and Cyprus' routine exchange of 12 points in every possible occasion since popular voting was introduced in 1998 is because those countries share the same music industry and language, and artists who are popular in one country are popular in the other.
Another influential factor is the high proportion of expatriates, ethnic minorities and diaspora living in certain countries, often due to recent political upheaval. Although judges and televoters cannot vote for their own country's entry, expatriates and diaspora can vote for their country of origin from their current location. Countries with large populations of non-nationals may have their televote influenced considerably. This has been cited as the reason for apparent bloc voting in the Balkan countries of the former Yugoslavia . The "émigré vote" is seen as an important factor for Turkey, as their song often garners a large proportion of the votes from countries where there is a sizeable diaspora, such as Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France and Austria.
Junior Eurovision Song Contest—held annually since 2003, for artists under the age of 16.
MGP Nordic—Nordic contest similar to the Junior Eurovision Song Contest.
Sopot International Song Festival—held in Sopot , Poland, annually since 1961.
Intervision Song Contest—held by the Eastern bloc countries between 1977 and 1980.
World Oriental Music Festival—first held in Sarajevo in 2005; includes participants from Europe and Asia.
Bundesvision Song Contest—held annually between the 16 states of Germany since 2005.
Baltic Song Contest—held annually in Karlshamn , Sweden .
In Autumn 2005, the EBU organised a special programme to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Contest. The show, entitled Congratulations (after Cliff Richard's entry for the United Kingdom in 1968) was held in Copenhagen, and featured many artists from the last 50 years of the Contest. A telephone vote was held to determine the most popular Eurovision song of all-time, which was won by ABBA's "Waterloo" (winner, Sweden 1974).
See Paul Allatson, "'Antes cursi que sencilla': Eurovision Song Contests and the Kitsch Drive to Euro-Unity," in the Special issue on Creolisation: Towards a Non-Eurocentric Europe, in Culture, Theory and Critique, vol. 48, no. 1 (Spring 2007): 87–98.


Allison: Have you been to Sukiya?
Bee Lee: Yes. Of course. Free flow of meat. The one I told you about!
Allison: You sure? No. The one you went was in Pavilion.
Allison: I think the way the name of the shop is written differently or something.
Allison: Hmm. Maybe. But they do serve good food. Not bad.
Allison: We're going there to eat for dinner later, you wanna come?
1) So nice! It's an air-conditioned place. I am so smart, I wore a grey cardigan.
2) Oh, they have delivery and WIFI.
3) Paiseh leh, I don't dare to take picture of the menu as the menu is only available at the counter.
I simply ordered a set.
Ta-daa! I had myself Gyu-sara Teishoku!
Review: Basically it is worth the price for only RM13.90 without any tax. When I had the rice I added the egg into my rice and have it mixed well as suggested by my sister. Next up is that I think the beef in its sauce is actually really salty. I felt glad that I did not have the whole plate of sauce poured into the rice. It was too salty for me probably because I am more used to milder food. [After all I have been in a more organic kind of diet thing for some time already with my love. It was a great time but bored.] What I like next is the pickled vegetables. My sister was telling me that it taste like the "pao chai" (in Chinese it means pickled vegetables) where we had it back in Taiwan while eating the stinky tofu. I don't believe it at first. Then when I eat it, OMGosh, the memories of how good stinky tofu tasted back when I was a kid in Taiwan. Oh, how I missed life in Taiwan as a kid. No troubles, life is just smooth sailing and all.... Back to what we are talking, food yeap, the beef the beeef. I love the beef. I cannot recall when was the last time I had this kind of beef prepared in the slice kind of way. It s nice as in it is not tough and jerky-like.
To close my blog for this review, I wanna say, Sukiya, you have the cutest bowl! I LOVE IT SO MUCH and had to take a picture of the bowl !!


text:
_Women's Health
_Men's Health
Home Health Tips White matter influences how people respond to non-invasive electrical brain stimulation
White matter influences how people respond to non-invasive electrical brain stimulation
Help Tips Blog 11:19 PM 0 comments
Tiny changes in the microscopic structure of the human brain may affect how patients respond to an emerging therapy for neurological problems.
The technique, called non-invasive electrical brain stimulation, involves applying an electrical current to the surface of a patient's head to stimulate brain cells, altering the patient's brain activity. It is being trialled for a range of neurological problems including recovery from stroke, traumatic brain injury, dementia, and depression, but research to date has found the effects to be inconsistent
Now, a team led by researchers at Imperial College London has shed more light on why these inconsistencies occur and may provide physical evidence for why some patients respond better than others - because of the fine structure of their brain tissue. The new research suggests it may be possible to target the therapy to those patients most likely to benefit.
They found that differences in the makeup of the brain's white matter - the tissue deep in the brain and rich in the branching 'tails' of nerve cells - were key. The research revealed that those who had more connectivity in the regions being stimulated were more likely to respond better to the treatment.
According to the team, the findings, published in the journal Brain, could help to personalise the non-invasive electrical brain stimulation, targeting the treatment to patients who are most likely to gain clinical benefits.
Dr Lucia Li, a clinical lecturer in neurology in the Department of Brain Sciences at Imperial College London, and lead author of the study, said:
With all the current buzz around brain stimulation for altering brain activity, it's important to understand who will benefit most from this technique in the clinic.
Problems with white matter structure are a feature of a range of different neurological conditions. Our study is a step towards more personalized use of brain stimulation, which will improve the outcomes using this technique, as well as reduce the number of people treated unnecessarily."
In the study, researchers looked at 24 healthy patients and 35 patients recovering from a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants performed a task inside an MRI scanner (see 'The Stop Signal Task' in notes to editors) while receiving small amounts of electrical current through electrodes on the surface of the scalp or a placebo. They were unable to tell whether they were receiving brain stimulation or not.
They found that healthy participants who received brain stimulation performed better in the task than when they didn't receive the treatment. For patient with TBI, task performance in response to stimulation varied widely.
However, when they analyzed MRI scans, they found that those participants with highly-connected white matter in the brain region being stimulated responded best to the treatment, and those who had damaged or less-connected regions of white matter showed less improvement.
They also found that brain stimulation could partially reverse some of the abnormalities in brain activity caused by TBI.
The team cautions that while more work is needed to confirm the findings, it could mean brain stimulation might prove a useful treatment approach for other neurological conditions with abnormal brain activity as a feature, such as dementia.
"We found that people with stronger white matter connections in their brain had better improvement with stimulation," Dr Li explained. "This might be an important reason why previous studies have found that some people benefit from stimulation, whilst others don't and means we can start using brain stimulation in a more personalized way."
According to the researchers, the study is limited in that in that they only investigated one type of cognitive behaviour and would need to be replicated in other types of behaviour to show if the findings apply more generally. In addition, they only stimulated one region of the brain, so they don't know whether the effects are specific to this region, or whether other regions can be stimulated.
Dr Li explains the team will now focus on larger studies with more participants to investigate what other factors influence someone's response to brain stimulation. They will also apply the technique to other conditions with abnormalities in brain activity to see if they can alter activity and improve brain function.
The work was supported by the Wellcome Trust and the National Institute for Health Research. Patients were predominantly recruited from St Mary's Hospital (Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust) and imaged at the Imperial College Clinical Imaging Facility.
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text:
Copyright 2016 Roelof Roos (SirQuack)
Part of Particle Maker Garry's Mod Tool

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
]]

--[[
    This file handles locale support. Since Garry's Mod only imports their own
    locales and there is no easy way to find out what language the user uses,
    we simply test it against a list of data we /know/ is correct.

    Afterwards, we manually add the file to the language database.
]]

local function registerLanguage()
    // Generated with get-locales.php
    local localeLinks = {
        {"Нова игра", "bg"},
        {"Spustit novou hru", "cs"},
        {"Start nyt spil", "da"},
        {"Neues Spiel starten", "de"},
        {"Έναρξη νέου παιχνιδιού", "el"},
        {"Start New Game", "en"},
        {"Sail upon a quest", "en-PT"},
        {"Comenzar nueva partida", "es-ES"},
        {"Alusta Uut Mängu", "et"},
        {"Aloita Uusi Peli", "fi"},
        {"Commencer une nouvelle partie", "fr"},
        {"התחל משחק חדש", "he"},
        {"Započni Novu Igru", "hr"},
        {"Új játék indítása", "hu"},
        {"Avvia Nuova Partita", "it"},
        {"新しいゲームを開始", "ja"},
        {"새로운 게임 시작", "ko"},
        {"Pradėti naują žaidimą", "lt"},
        {"Start een nieuw spel", "nl"},
        {"Start nytt spill", "no"},
        {"Rozpocznij Nową Grę", "pl"},
        {"Iniciar novo jogo", "pt-BR"},
        {"Começar Novo Jogo", "pt-PT"},
        {"Начать новую игру", "ru"},
        {"Nová hra", "sk"},
        {"Starta nytt spel", "sv-SE"},
        {"เริ่มเกมใหม่", "th"},
        {"Yeni Bir Oyun Başlat", "tr"},
        {"Нова гра", "uk"},
        {"Bắt đầu trò chơi mới", "vi"},
        {"开始新游戏", "zh-CN"},
        {"開始新遊戲", "zh-TW"}
    }

    local currentText = language.GetPhrase('new_game');
    local currentLocal = 'en'
    local languageFile = 'resource/localization/%s/particlemaker.properties'

    -- Locales unavailable, abort.
    if currentText == "new_game" then return end

    for _, test in pairs(localeLinks) do
        if test[1] == currentText then
            currentLocal = test[2]
            break
        end
    end

    local langPath = string.format(languageFile, currentLocal)

    if not file.Exists(langPath, 'GAME') then
        print("Falling back")
        langPath = string.format(languageFile, 'en')
    end

    if not file.Exists(langPath, 'GAME') then
        Error("Cannot use path at " .. langPath)
        return
    end

    local data = file.Read(langPath, 'GAME')
    local dataLines = string.Split(data, "\n")

    for _, line in pairs(dataLines) do
        line = string.Trim(line)
        if string.len(line) == 0 then continue end
        if string.sub(line, 0, 1) == '#' then continue end

        local _, _, key, value = string.find(
            line,
            '([%w%p_]+)=(.+)'
        )

        language.Add(key, value)
    end

end

-- Run registration upon initialisation
hook.Add(
    "Initialise",
    "ParticleMaker_Initialise_Locales",
    registerLanguage
)

-- Run registration upon entity ready
hook.Add(
    "InitPostEntity",
    "ParticleMaker_InitPostEntity_Locales",
    registerLanguage
)

-- Run it now too, to fix issue #4
registerLanguage()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home > Business > Cairn begins work to raise Rajasthans Mangala output
Cairn begins work to raise Rajasthan's Mangala output
PTI1 Nov 2014 12:10 AM GMT
Cairn India on Friday said it has started to inject polymer into wells to raise output from its largest oil field in the prolific Rajasthan block, Mangala.
'Cairn has initiated polymer injection at the Mangala field. Mangala enhanced oil recovery (EOR) project, which is amongst the largest polymer flood EOR programmes in the world, commenced well ahead of the guidance provided,' the company said in a statement here. The polymer injection activity would gradually be ramped up.
The Mangala polymer flood enhanced oil recovery (EOR) programme has a capex of about $600 million. About 100 additional wells have been planned for the project.
The EOR has potential to raise output from the Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya— the largest of the 36 discoveries in the Rajasthan block, by 10 to 15 per cent.
Polymer flood is a proven technology that has been successfully used by the Chinese. Daqing Oil in China which has similar oil as in Rajasthan, has been successfully implementing polymer flood. ONGC has implemented polymer flood in a couple of fields in Gujarat. However, the Mangala Polymer flood EOR project is of a much larger scale.
'Cairn India had recognised the potential for chemical EOR at an early stage of development in its Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya (MBA) fields,' the statement said. The reservoir quality, oil properties and ambient temperature make MBA fields ideal for the application of chemical flooding EOR methods such as polymer or alkaline surfactant polymer (ASP) flooding.
The chemical EOR programme has a potential to enhance recoveries from the Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya fields by around 300 million barrels, it said.
Sudhir Mathur, CFO, Cairn India said: 'Injecting the polymer at our world class polymer flood EOR project, ahead of schedule is a testament to our execution skills and team work.
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Citizenship isn't just about rights but also about duties
Shabana Azmi injured in car accident on Mumbai-Pune...


text:
Writing⇠
Math for Pictures
Here's the small subset of math that I use for the vast majority of visualizations - ideally it's a good introduction to those who want to make pretty things with d3js, canvas, or other tools.
In essence, I'll try to explain four parts of Javascript's built-in Math object:
Math.cos(a), which we use to get x positions from angles
Math.sin(a), which we use to get y positions from angles
Math.atan2(y, x), which turns x, y positions back into angles
Math.PI, which we use to convert radians to degrees and back, and use for the angles in a circle
Of course, each of these parts is usable for much, much more - but let's start here.
As a preface, let's get confortable with the units that these functions take: radians. The degree angles in a circle go from 0° to 360°. In the land of radians, that's 0 radians to 2π radians. So, halfway around is π and 90° is π/2.
Core Math functions use radians exclusively. For code that bridges the gap and accepts degrees as input, you'll usually see a chunk like this, that defines D2R and R2D, which convert radians R to degrees D and back again.
Math.sin & Math.cos
Before diving in to Math.sin() and Math.cos(), let's think quickly about what they are.2
Math.sin() and Math.cos() are functions that take one numeric argument and return a numeric value. While you can give them any number and they'll give a value, the values repeat every 2 * Math.PI, because that's their wavelength.
Sine, Cosine, and Unit Circles
Many visualizations are composed of circles, circle fitting, or 'radial' layouts. For instance, this geometry daily redo, as well as this one, and this one, and this one - all circle-based.
To just draw circles, SVG has a circle element. But it's more important to reason about them - to know that, at a certain angle, where is a point on a circle.
This is where Math.sin() and Math.cos() jump in.1
The fundamental circle you can draw with the functions is a unit circle: a circle with a radius of 1. (and thus a diameter of 2) Once you make a unit circle, it's easy to scale it up or down.
In terms of a unit circle, using Math.sin() and Math.cos() is simple: the sine function generates y coordinates, and cosine generates x coordinates.
We call it a unit circle because the distance from the center to each point is 1.
Both functions take as an argument an angle in radians, and return a number which you can interpret as a distance from the center of the circle. The center of the circle, for a unit circle, is at the coordinate 0, 0, and so it radiates outwards to 1 and -1 in x and y dimensions.
One of the classic tricks with sine, cosine, and so on is the pattern:
sine: opposite / hypotenuse
cosine: adjacent / hypotenuse
tangent: adjacent / adjacent
These make a lot of sense in this context if you think of a triangle radiating out of a unit circle, and since the hypotenuse is always equal to 1, sine and cosine simply provide the values of opposite and adjacent sides.
Radial Shapes from Circles
With this basic knowledge, you can draw other kinds of shapes as well.
Here's an equilateral triangle, drawn by choosing three angles - 0°, 120°, and 240°, from a unit circle. Besides just being an easy way to compute this, you also know that this triangle will be inscribed in a circle made from the same formula.
Here's a square, made the exact same way, which you can also guarantee is inscribed in a circle of radius 90.
So: in this narrow usage of trigonometry, sine and cosine are used to go from angles into coordinates. How do you go back?
atan2 and Angles
Let's do the opposite: going from coordinates to angles. Doing this is useful for a number of reasons - like if you have a 'dial' control in which the user can drag a circular UI element, and you want to know what angle they're currently dragging it to. Or if you have existing data and you want to do something that requires working with the angles from a → b → c, like my running map.
Sine, cosine, and tangent have inverse versions: arcsine, arctan, and arccos - but they're not that convenient. Why? Because, while an angle going into sine and cosine will give you a point in x & y, giving arcsine a y coordinate and arccos an x coordinate is not enough, because there's no one-to-one mapping - the point x=0 could be at the the top of the sphere or at the bottom, and arccos doesn't know.
In school, you would learn how to figure out what quadrant the point is in, and use a different little equation for each. Luckily there's some new math:
atan2 is awesome: it takes a coordinate and gives you the angle to it, and handles the quadrant problem internally. The only catch is that atan2 takes arguments in an atypical y, x order.
Here's an example of looping this around - this uses Math.atan2 to find the angle from a point a picture to the mouse position, and then draws a line at that angle using Math.cos and Math.sin:
atan2 is the goldmine that made my running map possible and sparked this renewed fascination with math.
Nature of Code is a great exploration of other realms of math. Bret Victor's Kill Math is essential. Trig without Tears is great.
The examples in this article are powered by bl.ocks.org, jsfiddle, and my project mistakes.io. You might also find tributary.io useful for prototyping. The lead illustration was done in Context Free.
1. Sine and Cosine in other languages
2. Want to know the really core implementation of sine and cosine? Here it is in V8 </ul>
March 05, 2013 @tmcw


text:
IHSAA basketball Class A sectional preview: Matchups, players to watch and predictions
The high school boys basketball sectional round begins on Tuesday with 402 teams competing at 64 sectional sites. Let's take a closer look at the Class A field with a closer look at the local brackets with players to watch and predictions:
CLASS 2A PREVIEW:Matchups, players to watch and predictions
Last year's state champion: Fort Wayne Blackhawk (20-3, has moved up to Class 2A)
No. 1 team: Barr-Reeve (22-1)
Worth noting: Arguably the top four teams in the class could come out of different regionals — Gary 21st Century (20-3), Lafayette Central Catholic (19-4), Greenwood Christian (22-1) and Barr-Reeve (22-1).
Worth noting II: The state's second-leading scorer, Florida Atlantic recruit Johnell Davis, is a senior at Gary 21st Century. Davis is averaging 32.2 points per game.
Eyes on Sectional 63: There will be plenty of interest in Sectional 63 at Loogootee, where Barr-Reeve, last year's state runner-up, is the favorite. But host Loogootee (18-5) handed Barr-Reeve its lone loss, 53-48, in mid-January. The Vikings will first have to defeat North Daviess (15-8) before seeing Loogootee in the semifinal. North Daviess is 1-1 against Loogootee and has lost two competitive games vs. Barr-Reeve.
Sleeper team in the north: Kouts (21-2) is ranked No. 4 in the state and was a 22-win team a year ago. Twin brothers Cole and Cale Wireman, juniors, are high-scoring guards for the Mustangs. The problem for Kouts is that it is in the same Sectional 49 with Gary 21st Century.
Local sectionals
Sectional 57 at White River Valley
Matchups: Tuesday, Eminence (7-16) vs. Shakamak (7-16), 6 p.m.; Clay City (10-12) vs. White River Valley (10-13), 7:30 p.m.; Friday, Bloomfield (14-9) vs. Eminence-Shakamak winner, 6 p.m.; North Central-Farmersburg (11-12) vs. Clay City-White River Valley winner, 7 p.m.; Championship, 7:30 p.m. Saturday
The skinny: Bloomfield, with a 5-0 record against the sectional field, has won back-to-back sectional titles and went all the way to the semistate a year ago. The Cardinals are led by senior Turner Royal, who returned from an injury this week that caused him to miss five games. The gap between Bloomfield and rest of the field is not enormous, though, as White River Valley played the Cardinals to a two-point game in December. First-year coach J.B. Neill is the former coach at White River Valley.
Sleeper: Take your pick. The most likely candidate to pull an upset is probably the winner of the White River Valley-Clay City game, although all five of the teams outside of Bloomfield have taken turns beating each other this season. North Central is a good story under second-year coach Vance Edmondson after winning a combined 13 games in the previous four seasons.
Prediction: Bloomfield.
Sectional 58 at Bethesda Christian
Matchups: Tuesday, International (9-9) vs. Indiana Math & Science (6-17), 7 p.m.; Wednesday, Metropolitan (14-10) vs. Traders Point Academy (3-18), 6 p.m.; Bethesda Christian (9-13) vs. Riverside (4-13), 7:30 p.m.; Friday, Indiana Deaf (5-15) vs. International-Indiana Math & Science winner, 6 p.m.; Metropolitan-Traders Point winner vs. Bethesda Christian-Riverside winner, 7:30 p.m.; Championship, 7:30 p.m. Saturday
The skinny: Metropolitan won the sectional last year in a field that included University, which has since moved up to 2A. The Pumas will again be the team to beat, led by senior William Keno.
Sleeper: International. The Gryphons are led by junior Jaden Thomas, who averages 20.9 points per game. Host Bethesda Christian, which defeated International by three points early in the season, could also be a team to watch.
Prediction: Metropolitan. The Pumas have played a tough schedule, which helps this time of the year.
Sectional 59 at Lutheran
Matchups: Tuesday, Victory College Prep (13-10) vs. Tindley (12-11), 7 p.m.; Wednesday, Christel House Academy (3-17) vs. Providence Cristo Rey (18-4), 6 p.m.; Lutheran (12-9) vs. Central Christian (12-9), 7:30 p.m.; Friday, Greenwood Christian (22-1) vs. Victory Prep-Tindley winner, 6 p.m.; Christel House Academy-Providence Cristo Rey winner vs. Lutheran-Central Christian winner, 7:30 p.m.; Championship, 7:30 p.m. Saturday
The skinny: Greenwood Christian was oh-so-close to winning a regional last year, falling 52-50 to Bloomfield in the regional final. This team is even better with four players — seniors Champ McCorkle, Derek Peterson and Andrew Anderson and junior Styles McCorkle – averaging in double figures. The Cougars' only loss was by one point to University.
Sleeper: A tossup between Tindley and Providence Cristo Rey. Tindley is really young, led by freshman Billy Brown (13.6 ppg) and sophomore Joseph Glenn (12.4 ppg, 6.7 rebounds). Providence Cristo Rey is a veteran team, led by seniors Chris Mason (16.1 ppg, 4.4 rebounds), Jaren Freeman (11.6 ppg, 7.7 rebounds), Jamil Chandler (11.0 ppg) and Elkin Ramirez (10.6 ppg).
Prediction: Greenwood Christian.
Sectional 60 at Southwestern of Shelbyville
Matchups: Tuesday, Morristown (16-6) vs. Waldron (7-14); Wednesday, Southwestern of Shelbyville (15-8) vs. Jac-Cen-Del (12-11), 6 p.m.; Hauser (7-16) vs. Oldenburg Academy (15-7), 7:30 p.m.; Friday, Rising Sun (4-18) vs. Morristown-Waldron winner, 6 p.m.; Southwestern-Jac-Cen-Del winner vs. Hauser-Oldenburg Academy winner, 7:30 p.m.; Championship, 7:30 p.m. Saturday
The skinny: Oldenburg Academy is 5-0 against the sectional field, including a win over back-to-back sectional champion Morristown. It could come down to those two teams meeting in the sectional championship game. Oldenburg is led by senior Jake Johnson, while Morristown has senior Trevon Carlton (15.7 ppg, 5.5 rebounds) and juniors Kyle Crim (15.7 ppg, 6.2 rebounds) and Drake Moore (13.7 ppg).
Sleeper: Jac-Cen-Del or Southwestern. The winner of that game will likely get Oldenburg on Friday night. Jac-Cen-Del won the regular-season meeting by eight points.
Prediction: Morristown. I like the Yellow Jackets in a minor upset over Oldenburg.
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Sectional 62 at Edinburgh
Matchups: Tuesday, Trinity Lutheran (11-12) vs. Edinburgh (5-17), 6 p.m.; Shawe Memorial (9-13) vs. West Washington (15-7), 7:30 p.m.; Friday, Crothersville (12-10) vs. Trinity Lutheran-Edinburgh winner, 6 p.m.; Medora (2-20) vs. Shawe Memorial-West Washington winner, 7:30 p.m.; Championship, 7:30 p.m. Saturday
The skinny: West Washington is 4-0 against the sectional field, but had close games vs. Edinburgh and Crothersville. The Senators have won the sectional three of the past four years.
Sleeper: Trinity Lutheran. The Cougars will bring back their top three scorers next season.
Prediction: West Washington. The Senators will rack up some highway miles, but have a beneficial draw.
Call Star reporter Kyle Neddenriep at 317-444-6649.