This one goes in the category of those things we are planning to do when we get the time – making or updating a home inventory. It may not sound like an exciting activity, but in the event of a calamity such as a fire, burglary, flood or tornado, a current home inventory can save a lot of time, money and frustration in the insurance settlement process.
Take this test. Sit down and try to make a detailed list of what's in each room of your dwelling. It's amazingly hard to remember all the "stuff" that accumulates – wall hangings, curtains, cookware, clothing, sports gear, jewelry, knick-knacks, rugs, clocks, etc. Get the picture?
This weekend, go ahead and face the situation. Video or photo each room and list major items on paper. Record brand, model, date and amount of purchase, if possible (serial numbers are important on some items). Also, saving receipts on big-ticket items is always a good idea.
For antiques and jewelry, written descriptions or appraisals are important. Don't forget the closets, and remember, even your attic may be full of valuables.
Finally, remember to update your inventory every year or so, and keep it in a safe location away from your dwelling. Taking the time to make and update your inventory now, can help you in working with your insurer later and maximizing your recovery should you have the need.
NextReasons to Participate – Why Fish?


What good is a short-term financial solution if it isn't customized to your specific needs? You wouldn't buy a one-size-fits-all shirt, so why would you be content with a lending service that doesn't offer flexible borrowing options? Learn more about the benefits of relying on us to pair you with the best lenders in the business. You will see why we are a leading authority when it comes to unsecured lending solutions.
When you are doing your research, be sure to remember that not all resources are created equal. We have helped countless consumers take control of their situation and can do the same for you. If you still need a little more convincing, we have compiled the top nine reasons we are a leading resource when it comes to matching consumers with the best payday lenders in the business.
Forget the Paperwork Gone are the days when consumers would have to drive across town to a brick-and-mortar payday loan store, stand in line and fill out complicated paperwork in order to get the money they needed. The online alternative offers convenient service at your fingertips every hour of the day! All you need to do is complete a simple, secure online application to get started.
Rates You Can Afford We have established a network of many reputable companies vying for your business. This competitive environment ensures you will have access to the lowest rates in the business. This means more money in your pocket and a loan that you can live with.
Your Information is Protected When you use our streamlined application form to request funds, your personal information is protected by advanced security measures designed to keep it safe at all times. You don't want to worry about identity theft when requesting funds, so we want you to feel confident at all times when you use our free service.
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Fast Service You don't have time to wait around for an approval, and we understand this sense of urgency. This is why we have partnered with companies that pride themselves in offering quick, convenient service so you can take control of your finances expediently.
Flexible Borrowing Options Our affiliates are very diverse in their offerings and can offer you many different types of products including auto title options, advances, paycheck and secured or unsecured loans, and more.
Knowledgeable Staff Our team has helped countless find solutions to their problems, and we can help you as well! Don't spend anymore time worrying about your situation and instead rely on us to help!


text:
1933 Dorothy 2021
Dorothy Houlf
June 6, 1933 — April 8, 2021
Dorothy M. (Née Schaefer) Houlf, 87, passed away on April 8, 2021 with family at her side.
Dorothy was born June 6, 1933 on the South Side, the youngest of six. She was a proud graduate of Visitation High School. She met her husband at Hillman's Foods, where they both worked. Don and Dorothy would be married for 62 years.
Dorothy opened Rainbow Travel in La Grange, and she and Don would take many memorable trips together. Dorothy's favorite chapter began when she and Don became "Granny and Papa". Dorothy was the finest grandmother one could wish for.
Dorothy is survived by her children: Patti Houlf, Dan (Mary) Houlf, and Maribeth (Jim) Kopriva. She is also survived by six lucky grandchildren: Tom Houlf, Daniel (Luciana) Houlf, Tim Houlf, Mike Houlf, Jim (Cassandra) Kopriva, and Ellie Kopriva. Dorothy was also a dear aunt to many.
Relatives and friends are invited to join the family for a Mass of Christian Burial to be celebrated at St. Ambrose Catholic Church, 1705 Burry Circle Drive, Crest Hill, IL on Thursday, June 10, 2021 at 11:00 a.m., Rev Tom Cargo officiating. Facemasks and social distancing will be observed in Church.
Dorothy will join her husband at Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery in Elwood, IL following a private family committal service.
Preferred memorials may be made as gifts in Dorothy's memory to: St. Thomas Hospice Care, 119 East Ogden Avenue, Suite 111, Hinsdale, IL 60521.
Friends may sign the online guest book by logging onto: www.PleseFuneral.com.
Funeral services and arrangements have been made under the genuine care and direction of Kenneth A. Plese, in Joliet, IL 815-735-2125.
To order memorial trees or send flowers to the family in memory of Dorothy Houlf, please visit our flower store.
St. Ambrose Catholic Church
1705 Burry Cir Dr, Crest Hill, IL 60403
Laid to Rest
20953 W. Hoff Road
, Elwood, IL 60421

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.mygdx.game.states;

import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.SpriteBatch;

import java.util.Stack;

/**
 * Implementation simple state machine for managed game states
 */
public class GameStateManager {
    private final Stack<AbstractState> states;

    /**
     * Constructor. Initialized stack for save game states.
     */
    public GameStateManager() {
        this.states = new Stack<AbstractState>();
    }

    /**
     * Add new game state in stack
     * @param item New game state
     */
    public void push(AbstractState item) {
        states.push(item);
    }

    /**
     * Remove current game state from stack and unloaded resources
     */
    public void pop() {
        states.pop().dispose();
    }

    /**
     * Change current game state
     * @param element New game state
     */
    public void set(AbstractState element) {
        this.pop();
        states.push(element);
    }

    /**
     * Run update logic for current state
     * @param delta time after last call method render
     */
    public void update(float delta){
        states.peek().update(delta);
    }

    /**
     * Run render logic for current state
     * @param batch sprites collections for render
     */
    public void render(SpriteBatch batch){
        states.peek().render(batch);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Fiesta! June 30th, SOAS: End the Two-Tier Workforce in Bloomsbury! | Bloomsbury Fightback!
Senate House Unison, Birkbeck Unison, SOAS Unison and Bloomsbury Fightback! invite you to join us to mark our victory in the London Living Wage campaign at Senate House, which we are celebrating with a Latin American Fiesta!
Where: SOAS Junior Common Room, Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, London WC1H 0XG.
What: Food, drink, Latin American music, a live band and the bare minimum of speeches.
Who: Everyone– crèche facilities will be available.


text:
/*                     __                                               *\
**     ________ ___   / /  ___     Scala API                            **
**    / __/ __// _ | / /  / _ |    (c) 2003-2018, LAMP/EPFL             **
**  __\ \/ /__/ __ |/ /__/ __ |    http://scala-lang.org/               **
** /____/\___/_/ |_/____/_/ | |                                         **
**                          |/                                          **
\*                                                                      */

package scala
package xml

import scala.collection.Seq

/**
 * The class `Atom` provides an XML node for text (`PCDATA`).
 *  It is used in both non-bound and bound XML representations.
 *
 *  @author Burak Emir
 *  @param data the text contained in this node, may not be `'''null'''`.
 */
class Atom[+A](val data: A) extends SpecialNode with Serializable {
  if (data == null)
    throw new IllegalArgumentException("cannot construct " + getClass.getSimpleName + " with null")

  override protected def basisForHashCode: Seq[Any] = Seq(data)

  override def strict_==(other: Equality) = other match {
    case x: Atom[_] => data == x.data
    case _          => false
  }

  override def canEqual(other: Any) = other match {
    case _: Atom[_] => true
    case _          => false
  }

  final override def doCollectNamespaces = false
  final override def doTransform = false

  def label = "#PCDATA"

  /**
   * Returns text, with some characters escaped according to the XML
   *  specification.
   */
  def buildString(sb: StringBuilder): StringBuilder =
    Utility.escape(data.toString, sb)

  override def text: String = data.toString

}


text:
CDC Investigating Multistate Outbreak of Drug-Resistant Infections Linked to Pet Store Puppies
By Kashmira Gander On 12/18/19 at 5:12 AM EST
Health Puppies Dogs CDC
Over two dozen people have fallen ill—including four hospitalized—due to a multi-state drug-resistant infection outbreak linked to pet store puppies, health officials have said.
A total of 30 people have been infected by Campylobacter jejuni across 13 states, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said in a statement on Tuesday. No deaths have been reported.
The sick range from eight months old to 70 years old, with cases spread across Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah and Wyoming. The dates when the illnesses began range from January 6 of this year, to November 10.
The CDC said it is working with public health officials across the affected states to investigate the outbreak, which is believed to have been caused by contact with puppies—"especially those at pet stores."
Why Are the U.S. and Russia Still Holding Stocks of Eradicated Smallpox?
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Thousands of Bizarre Throbbing 'Penis Fish' Wash Up on California Beach
Of the 24 individuals the authorities have spoken to, 21 had contact with a puppy, with 15 involving a pet store. Some 12 of those 15 cases were tied to the Petland chain, including 5 employees. Officials have not identified a single common puppy supplier linked to the outbreak.
"Illnesses might not yet be reported due to the time it takes between when a person becomes ill and when the illness is reported," the CDC stated.
The Campylobacter bacteria identified in the outbreak are resistant to commonly-used antibiotics, the CDC said.
In humans, the Campylobacter infection can cause a fever, diarrhea—which is often bloody—as well as stomach cramps. These symptoms appear between two to five days after the person comes in contact with the bug, and last for around a week. Most people don't require antibiotic treatment, according to the CDC, but those with severely weakened immune systems may need such drugs.
The health institute warned pet owners puppies and dogs can carry Campylobacter "even while appearing healthy and clean."
The bug is related to bacteria that caused a separate multi-state outbreak of Campylobacter between 2016 and 2018, involving 113 cases and 23 hospitalizations.
Anyone who touches a puppy or dog, handles their food, or cleans up after them—including their urine or feces— is advised to wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water. Dry your hands using a clean paper towel or air dry, not on clothing. In the absence of soap and water, hand sanitizer can be used, the CDC said. Adults should watch children while they wash their hands.
Dog urine, feces and vomit should be cleared up immediately, and the area disinfected with water and bleach.
The CDC advises against letting dogs lick your face and mouth, open wounds, or broken skin. Dogs should also be taken to the vet regularly to have their health checked and to prevent the diseases they might carry from spreading.
On Monday, Petland release a statement on the CDC update.The organization said the specific Campylobacter strain did not originate at any specific Petland store. "Upon receipt of relevant information, Petland will endeavor to determine the sources of infection, and will, in the meantime, remind all employees of the importance of sanitation and hygienic practices to keep people and pets safe," it said.
"Petland takes the health and welfare of our employees, our customers and our pets very seriously. Since an earlier outbreak in 2016, in which no specific source of infection was identified, Petland has implemented all recommended protocols from federal and state animal and public health officials to prevent human and puppy illness," the company stated.
Mark Laughlin, a veterinary medical officer at the CDC, told Newsweek: "Puppies and dogs can bring many benefits to people, but they also can carry germs that make people sick. This outbreak of Campylobacter infections underscores the importance of taking steps to keep yourself and your family healthy when you come into contact with puppies and dogs."
Petland did not immediately respond to a request for comment from Newsweek.
This article has been updated with comment from Mark Laughlin.
A stock image shows a dachshund puppy being held by its owner. It's unclear which breeds were involved in the multi state outbreak of infections.


text:
Sports and Service: Worcester program championing change for girls
By: Bob Dumas
Updated: November 30, 2018 - 9:56 AM
WORCESTER, Mass. — An innovative program in Worcester is bringing together sports and community service to change lives.
Worcester Union Athletics offers young women from all socio-economic backgrounds a chance to play on an elite club team for both basketball and softball. But one of the requirements to participate is a commitment to community service projects organized by the league.
[ 13-year-old boy who was hit by truck discharged from hospital on Thanksgiving eve ]
Ninth grader Shirle Major dreams of "going to college and being successful and maybe playing in the WNBA."
That's the kind of thing program coordinator Sean Rose likes to hear, as it was his idea to form a club with two objectives.
"For me, there just wasn't enough opportunity for girls in the local community, and this was my way of giving back to the local community, and also helping myself at the same time, with having four daughters," Rose said.
Even if there's a little self interest in that statement, there's even more good will for the community built into the program.
In recent weeks, the players have visited senior centers, collected food for the needy and cleaned up parks around Worcester.
Meg Mulhern, director of operations for Worcester Union Athletics, said, "We can show them, give back to your community in little snippets, and just give them a taste of it, and as they grow older, they are going to want to do it on their own, without us."
Being out in the community is already making an impression on Ally Dube, a ninth-grade basketball player.
"It's a lot of fun and it feels good to do things for other people," she said.
Sports is often a perfect antidote to a lot of other forces teens face.
Meghan Stevens, another ninth-grade basketball player, said "It just helps us stay out of trouble basically. We have something to do all the time, and not get into the social media stuff too much."
Research shows girls involved in sports have an improved self-image. They also develop a sense of teamwork that has been shown to increase the likelihood of success in their future careers.
Rose, who is also a Worcester City Councilor and a mental health professional, doesn't need a study to tell him what he's seeing playing out on the court in real time.
"I think this program can change the path and trajectory of one of these girl's lives in a second," he said.
Worcester Union Athletics offers scholarships based on financial need.
[ Worcester teens run into burning apartment building, save families ]


This package includes the basic services of the funeral director and staff, transfer of the body from the place of death within Seller's Service Area (Los Angeles, Ventura, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties) to licensed climate controlled holding facility and to crematory facility, with use of a positive identification system, filing of death certificate, the actual process of cremation with alternative container, disposition of the cremated remains by common scattering at sea or return to person designated within the Authorization for Cremation and Disposition.
This package includes high-gloss memento chest with latch, cherry finish or biodegradable urn (Autumn Leaves), cherry finish photo keepsake, 25 thank you cards and Neptune information book (delivered by express mail or courier service-signature required).
No refund or credit will be issued for package sale goods or services which remain unused by the customer at time of need.
Common scattering of Cremated Remains at Sea.
Our charge for a direct cremation (without ceremony) includes the basic services of funeral director and staff, transportation within our Service Area, use of licensed climate controlled holding facility up to 7 days, cremation and processing fee. If you want to arrange a direct cremation, you can use an alternative container. Alternative containers encase the body and can be made of materials like fiberboard or composition materials (with or without an outside covering). The containers we provide are cardboard containers.
This package includes the basic services of the funeral director and staff, transfer of the body from the place of death within seller's service area (Los Angeles, Ventura, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties) to licensed climate-controlled holding facility and the crematory facility, with use of a positive identification system, filing of the death certificate, the actual process of cremation with alternative container, an urn allowance of $299.00, 25 thank you cards, 4 certified copies of the death certificate, a standard keepsake urn of your choice, a register book, 50 prayer cards, graveside service (within 35 miles of Neptune office), flag, memorial flag case, and the use of the Compassion Helpline for one year.
This package includes the basic services of the funeral director and staff, transfer of the body from the place of death within seller's service area (Los Angeles, Ventura, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties) to licensed climate-controlled holding facility and the crematory facility, with use of a positive identification system, filing of the death certificate, the actual process of cremation with alternative container, a choice of a premium urn, delivery of the cremated remains (within 35 miles of Neptune office) or mailing of the cremated remains within 48 contiguous states if necessary, 25 thank you cards, 4 certified copies of the death certificate, a standard keepsake urn of your choice, and the use of the Compassion Helpline for one year.
This package includes the basic services of the funeral director and staff, transfer of the body from the place of death within the seller's service area (Los Angeles, Ventura, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties) to licensed climate-controlled holding facility and the crematory facility, with use of a positive identification system, filing of the death certificate, the actual process of cremation with alternative container, an urn allowance of $199.00, and 2 certified copies of the death certificate, a common sea scattering and the use of the Compassion Helpline for one year.
This package includes the basic services of the funeral director and staff, transfer of the body from the place of death within seller's service area (Los Angeles, Ventura, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties) to licensed climate-controlled holding facility and the crematory facility, with use of a positive identification system, filing of the death certificate, the actual process of cremation with alternative container, a *temporary container, and the use of the Compassion Helpline for one year.
You will be charged for only the items you select. Please note that there may be extra charges for items selected by you that are not in this price list such as cemetery fee, flowers and newspaper notices or for items and services by funeral diresctors or direct disposers if funeral services are not purchased from the funeral home named above.
Use of Licensed Climate Controlled Holding Facility up to 7 days.


text:
Browse Average Salary Ranges for IT - Computers, Hardware Jobs
What are the average salary ranges for jobs in the IT - Computers, Hardware? There are 449 jobs in IT - Computers, Hardware category. Average salaries can vary and range from $55,471 to $232,744. Salary ranges can differ significantly depending on the job, industry, location, required experience, specific skills, education, and other factors... Salaries listed below are U.S. national averages data from January 26, 2023.
Client Desktop Services Support Technician
Alternate Job Titles: Client Technologies Technician | Desktop Systems Support Technician-Entry
Maintains, repairs, and troubleshoots desktop hardware and software packages. Also responsible for customer service and end-user training. May require a bachelor's degree or its equivalent. Typically reports to a supervisor. Typically requires 0-2 years of related experience. Works on projects/matters of limited complexity in a support role. Work is closely managed.... View job details
Client Technologies Technician
Alternate Job Titles: Client Desktop Services Support Technician | Desktop Systems Support Technician-Entry
Database Administrator - Entry
Alternate Job Titles: Database Administrator I | DBA - Entry | DBA I
Administers and maintains the company database and data warehouses. Implements and monitors database access and configurations. Resolves database performance and capacity issues. Performs database recovery and back-up. May involve in capacity planning, and some development work. May require a bachelor's degree or its equivalent. Typically reports to a manager. Works on projects/matters of limited ... View job details
Database Administrator I
Alternate Job Titles: Database Administrator - Entry | DBA - Entry | DBA I
DBA - Entry
Alternate Job Titles: Database Administrator I | Database Administrator - Entry | DBA I
About Telecom Industry
Companies in the Telecommunications industry include carriers that provide access to communication services and maintain and operate the facilities and infrastructure used to enable transmission. Services offered include the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video through wired, wireless, or satellite networks. Examples of companies in this industry include cable, telephone and satellite providers. This industry also includes companies that sell and service user equipment as well as resellers that sell discounted access to provider networks.


text:
From Our Bureaus
Georgian Foreign Minister Renounces Russian Citizenship
November 06, 2009 09:39 GMT
Georgian Foreign Minister Grigol Vashadze
TBILISI -- Georgian Foreign Minister Grigol Vashadze has renounced his Russian citizenship, RFE/RL's Russian and Georgian services reports.
Vashadze, who had dual citizenship, said on November 4 that after he heard that Russian Duma deputies raised the issue of his Russian citizenship, he decided to give up his Russian passport. He said he sent a letter to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev renouncing his Russian citizenship.
Vashadze has spent most of his life in Russia. His wife, Nino Ananiashvili, is a ballet dancer in Russia's Bolshoi Theater. He and his wife came to Tbilisi in 2004 at the invitation of President Mikheil Saakashvili, and were later granted Georgian citizenship.
Vashadze was appointed culture minister and became Georgian foreign minister in 2008.
He had previously said he would not give up his Russian citizenship after being criticized by Georgian politicians for continuing to hold it.
Georgia Slams Russia For Shutting Down UN Mission
Georgia Signals Readiness To Discuss Opening Border Crossing With Russia
Does U.S. Charter Protect Georgia Against Renewed Conflict With Russia?


text:
How it happened Capitol riot arrests What to know Nation's top 25 teams
Obama declares Day of Remembrance for JFK
President Obama has declared Friday a Day of Remembrance for President John F. Kennedy, and ordered flags to be flown at half-staff to commemorate the 50th anniversary of JFK's death.
"With broad vision and soaring but sober idealism, President John F. Kennedy had called a generation to service and summoned a Nation to greatness," Obama says in his proclamation. "Today, we honor his memory and celebrate his enduring imprint on American history."
Kennedy was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963, in Dallas.
From Obama's proclamation:
"A half century ago, America mourned the loss of an extraordinary public servant.
"With broad vision and soaring but sober idealism, President John F. Kennedy had called a generation to service and summoned a Nation to greatness. Today, we honor his memory and celebrate his enduring imprint on American history.
"In his 3 years as President of the United States, John F. Kennedy weathered some of the most perilous tests of the Cold War and led America to the cusp of a bright new age.
"His leadership through the Cuban Missile Crisis remains the standard for American diplomacy at its finest. In a divided Berlin, he delivered a stirring defense of freedom that would echo through the ages, yet he also knew that we must advance human rights here at home.
"During his final year in office, he proposed a civil rights bill that called for an end to segregation in America. And recognizing women's basic right to earn a living equal to their efforts, he signed the Equal Pay Act into law.
"While President Kennedy's life was tragically cut short, his vision lives on in the generations he inspired -- volunteers who serve as ambassadors for peace in distant corners of the globe, scientists and engineers who reach for new heights in the face of impossible odds, innovators who set their sights on the new frontiers of our time.
"Today and in the decades to come, let us carry his legacy forward. Let us face today's tests by beckoning the spirit he embodied -- that fearless, resilient, uniquely American character that has always driven our Nation to defy the odds, write our own destiny, and make the world anew.
"NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 22, 2013, as a Day of Remembrance for President John F. Kennedy."


text:
Hawk Mountain group receives national award for conservation
Eastern Golden Eagle Working Group is honored
Posted on April 05, 2013 in Science
A member of the Eastern Golden Eagle Working Group, professor and ornithologist Dr. Todd Katzner of West Virginia University with a golden eagle.
An international partnership focused on golden eagles in eastern North American and initiated at Hawk Mountain, has been recognized by the U.S. Forest Service with a special award.
"Successful conservation happens best through partnerships, and the Eastern Golden Eagle Working Group is no exception," says Dr. Keith Bildstein, the Sarkis Acopian Director of Conservation Science at the Sanctuary.
"A flight of 39 golden eagles in autumn 1934, the Sanctuary's first migration season, ranks as Hawk Mountain's first significant contribution to the ornithological literature, and a record flight of 170 golden eagles last autumn suggests just how far the species has come," Bildstein explains.
"Hawk Mountain is proud to be part of this new partnership which is focused on protecting one of our 'signature' birds of prey," he adds.
The award-winning collaboration developed as a result of an international workshop at the Sanctuary's Acopian Center for Conservation Learning, the private research and training facility at Hawk Mountain that was designed specifically to bring scientists together for information sharing and to further common conservation goals. The participants of the workshop, which hailed from the United States and Canada, gathered at Hawk Mountain to work on new strategies to better pool satellite telemetry data, and to use multiple research projects to better help learn and conserve birds of prey.
That initial meeting led to the formation of the Eastern Golden Eagle Working Group, a collaboration of biologists and wildlife managers from the United States and Canada working together to develop a more complete understanding of golden eagle ecology throughout eastern North America. Goals of the group include raising conservation awareness, encouraging population management, coordinating collaboration, and supporting research activities.
Other Forest Service award recipients included universities, volunteers, foundations, conservation organizations and private firms that have demonstrated excellence in their work to ensure the long-term sustainability of migratory birds, butterflies, bats and dragonflies.
A complete listing of the 20 winners is available at www.fs.fed.us/global/wings, and those with an Internet connection can learn more about the Eastern Golden Eagle Workshop Group at www.egewg.org.
Hawk Mountain Sanctuary is the world's first refuge for birds of prey and an international center for raptor conservation. In 2012 the Sanctuary celebrated the first ten years at its Acopian Center for Conservation Learning, a facility that provided the capacity to effectively double its research and professional training programs. To learn more about Hawk Mountain, visit www.hawkmountain.org.


If your wall needs a pop of pizzazz that will fit your decor now and as your style changes, this is it! This circular wall mirror has an intricate wire mesh outer frame wrapped and knotted with rattan-like material that is visually interesting, textural, and stunning. Its the perfect finishing touch for your room.
Item weight: 4.6 lbs. 32" x 2" x 32" high. 50% PPC, 50% iron. UPC: 849179015879.


Mr. and Mrs. Gerald G. Hotchkiss of Bedford Hills, N.Y., have announced September wedding plans for their daughter Julia Anne Hotchkiss and David Reed Eaton, the son of Mr. and Mrs. Kendall C. Eaton of Farmington, Conn.
Miss Hotchkiss, 25 years old, is a special-education teacher at the Learning Center for Multiply Handicapped in Waltham, Mass. She graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall and Denison University. Her father is a vice president and the associate publisher of Adweek magazine in New York. Her mother, Patricia V. Hotchkiss, is a member of the Westchester County Legislature.
The prospective bridegroom, 29, is the assistant vocational director at the Learning Center in Waltham and a history and an English teacher at the New England Hebrew Academy in Boston. He graduated from Farmington High School and the University of Maine. His mother, Katherine Eaton, is a guidance counselor at Irving A. Robbins Jr. High School in Farmington. His father owns Data Prep, a computer data entry service in Hartford and New Haven.


Almost a decade ago now, the still much missed Findlay Dunachie did a posting here about the wicked sayings and doings of Communist academics and supporters and subverters in America, some of whom were then trying to expunge from the historical record their long catalogue of blunder and subterfuge and just plain evil. Earlier this year I encountered this posting again, and recycled its particularly eloquent opening sentences as a Samizdata quote of the day.
But this posting contained other things that were perhaps even more memorable than those opening sentences, namely two lists of the bad communists and communist sympathisers in question. List One: The Academics. List Two: The Spies. May they live in infamy.
What is this book about? Well, one way to describe it would be for its author to list all the people whose ideas she approves of and is herself channelling.
My theme in short is the true liberal one of the de la Court brothers, Richard Overton, John Lilburne, William Walwyn, Thomas Rainsborough, Richard Rumbold, Spinoza, Dudley North, Algernon Sidney, Locke, Voltaire, Hume, Turgot, Montesquieu, Adam Ferguson, Smith, Thomas Paine, Destutt de Tracy, Jefferson, Madame de Stael, Benjamin Constant, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Charles [not Auguste] Comte, Charles Dunoyer, Malthus, Ricardo, Harriet Martineau, Tocqueville, Giuseppe Mazzini, Frederic Bastiat, Mill, Henry Maine, Richard Cobden, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Cavour, Johan August Gripenstedt, Herbert Spencer, Lysander Spooner, Karl von Rotteck, Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Carl Menger, Lord Acton, Josephine Butler, Knut Wicksell, Luigi Einaudi, H. L. Mencken, Johan Huizinga, Frank Knight, Ludwig von Mises, Willa Cather, Rose Wilder Lane, Walter Lippmann until the 1950s, Nora Zeale Hurston, Karl Popper, Isaiah Berlin, Michael Polanyi, Friedrich Hayek, Raymond Aron, Henry Hazlitt, Bertrand de Jouvenel, Ronald Coase, Milton, Rose, and son David Friedman, Murray Rothbard, James Buchanan, Ludwig Lachmann, Gordon Tullock, Thomas Sowell, Joan Kennedy Taylor, Roy A. Childs, Julian Simon, Israel Kirzner, Vernon Smith, Wendy McElroy, Norman Barry, Loren Lomasky, Tibor Machan, Anthony de Jasay, Douglas Den Uyl, Douglas Rasmussen, Deepak Lal, Chandran Kukathas, Ronald Hamowy, Tom Palmer, Don Lavoie, David Boaz, Richard Epstein, Tyler Cowen, David Schmidtz, Donald Boudreaux, Peter Boettke, and the young Robert Nozick. It is the obvious and simple system of natural liberty. It contradicts the aristocratic sneering by conservatives at innovations and at the bourgeoisie, or the clerical sneering by progressives at markets and at the bourgeoisie. The true-liberal claim is that unusual bourgeois dignity and personal liberty in northwestern Europe, and especially in Holland and then in Britain, made for unusual national wealth, by way of a revaluation of ordinary, bourgeois life.
Interesting, both for its inclusions and for its exclusions. Particular kudos to the very select few who need only be mentioned with one surname!
The most notable exclusion that commenters here may want to notice and opine about is Ayn Rand. Rand gets no mention either in the book's index or in the list of works cited. My guess is that McCloskey's attitude to Rand can be summarised as the claim that Rand contributed a minus quantity to our understanding of, to quote the title of McCloskey's earlier book, The Bourgeois Virtues.
For me it is the inclusions in this list that are the most interesting. It makes me want to learn more, in particular, about the English men of the seventeenth century at the top of the list, and about all those Germanic sounding people, throughout, several of whose names are entirely new to me.
I'd be very interested to hear if anyone reading this list can honestly claim to have even heard of everyone on it. Paul Marks has, obviously, but … anyone else?
Happy Christmas to all who are reading this, and happy googling, of the who is he? sort, that this posting will, I hope, stimulate.
I'm on the list and haven't.
I was curious in general about what McCloskey thought of Rand, and so looked up every index entry for her. It did not seem to me that McCloskey had read Rand very carefully, as her responses to Rand's views were based on reactions to the words Rand chose to use, and not on a careful study of the text to find out what Rand meant by that words, or what Rand actually thought; that is, I did not find her comments to be made in a spirit of careful scholarship, and insofar as careful scholarship is one of the bourgeois virtues, I thought she fell short of her own standards.
More broadly, I have to say that I was not favorably impressed by McCloskey's advocacy of the four cardinal and three theological virtues of medieval thought as "bourgeois" virtues. Surely there ought to be something distinctive in a list of such virtues? And while I can see merit in the four cardinal virtues, I think that Rand had it exactly right in holding that if you reject Christian doctrine (as she did and as I do) you need to reject Christian morality as well.
"Paul Marks has, obviously" – that was a very nice thing to say about me.
Although being able to recognise the names (and know a few facts) is a very different thing from being an expert on their thought.
As Christians have historically been unable to agree on what Christian morality is…..
Should force be used in matters of religious faith? No it should not (to try and make people believe in religious doctrines by violence is both evil and wrong headed – all it produces are corpses of the brave and the lying hypocrisy of those who choose to pretend to believe things they do not really believe) – but many theologians from Augustine onwards have argued that it should be.
Should the virtue of charity be voluntary? Yes – or it is not a virtue (because it is compelled) and it is not charity (by definition – because it is not voluntary), yet many theologians (and philosophers) have argued that it should be compulsory – compelled by state violence.
As Christians can not (historically) agree what Christian morality is – how is it possible to reject it?
And I speak as a Christian.
Yes I know – it was off topic.
Still what does it profit a man to gain the whole world if he loses his own soul – his self. The opposite of "self sacrifice" (the destruction of the self) that Ayn Rand (quite rightly) condemns.
A person may lay down their life for their friends (or for a cause) – but that is not dishonouring the self (the soul – whether the soul dies with the body or not)) it is affirming it.
Ayn Rand was always clear that she was not interested in brute survival – only in survival as a person (in the Aristotelian sense).
In my opinion, Spinoza and Rothbard should not be in the list.
Spinoza was a totalitarian — not in the sense that the State OUGHT to have complete power over the people, but in the sense that the State DOES have complete power over the people, and you better resign yourself to that.
As for Rothbard, we discussed his work here recently.
Having read what Acton wrote on Cavour, I am also bemused by a list that includes Mazzini, Cavour, and Acton. I'd have thought that you can have at most one of them in such a list.
Greetings to David Friedman if he read this: he is one of my favorites in the last class.
What has not yet been covered in McCloskey's two Bourgeois works is an examination of Individuality (that's ity not ism) both for its role in the formation of the Bourgeoisie, and as the probable root cause for the Industrial Revolution to begin in England (with its tremendous multiplier effects); and not least as the "Typhoid Mary" of the very virtues of McCloskey's disquisitions.
The inclusion of Walter Lippmann "until the 1950s" brought a chuckle to me as an avid reader of most of McCloskey's writings "post Max-U." surely she would segregate the Wilsonian phase, the eugenics and certain other aberrations, despite the clarity of their presentations and his value in the ultimate formation of the Mount Pellerin Society.
Paul: As someone whose greatest philosophical influence is Ayn Rand, I'm gratified to see her position stated with such justice by someone who, as a Christian, can hardly agree entirely with it. This kind of intellectual conscientiousness is far less common than it ought to be, and all the more to be valued when someone attains it.
I was trying to be nice (rare for me) – as for Cavour, an interventionist. Italian Unification (like German Unification) was bad (not good).
As for Spinoza – he is like marmite, one either likes him or one hates him.
I like marmite – I hate Spinoza.
Better an honest atheist than a "the universe is God" type (at least he did not include the words "in a very real sense….").
And another bleeping determinist – someone who believed in necessity not liberty.
Many of those names are obscure, but I've heard of a good quarter to a third, and actually read maybe ten or twelve of them. Smith, Spooner, Voltaire, Hume, etc. I have a thing for eighteenth and nineteenth century Enlightenment folks.
Incidentally, I have read something by 34 of them and heard of 38 more.
A belated Merry Christmas for readers of this thread (minutes after i wrote it on Perry's thread).
Paul: i must admit that i don't actually hate Spinoza; i just think that he is vastly overrated, like most continental philosophers (except Austrians, and of course ancient Greeks).
His Political Treatise, however, is worth reading because (a) it's short and (b) it has a passage that can unambiguously be used to legitimize ethnic cleansing of the West Bank and Gaza. (I might track it down on request.) Not that i myself advocate such a policy, but i find it amusing that some people consider Spinoza a "good Jew" as opposed to Israeli Jews.
A –> B does not imply notA –> notB.
But i suppose there was something more behind it.
What i do believe is that if you do NOT reject Christian morality, then it is futile to reject Christian doctrine.
Yes indeed, and I'm glad you made the point about the lack of unanimity regarding "the" Christian morality.
Paul, at 8:51 — Yes indeed, on both counts.
I never thought* Miss R. understood that "There is a God" is a postulate which one assumes "without proof," that is, without analytical proof; but not necessarily without what seems to be the evidence of direct experience.
*Although it seems to me that recently I read something she wrote that indicated that she did indeed understand "There is a God" to be a formal logical postulate. I hope I can find it again.
Anyway, Paul, your entire summation at 8:51 is spot on and beautifully, concisely put.
And it implies that Randite morality is not so far removed from Christian morality properly understood (that would be, as you and also I understand it *g*).
Miss R. did like very much the proposition, "Do not unto others as you would not have them do unto you." Because it did not obligate you to "serve" others in any way; it only obliged you not to mistreat them. I am sure I first read that formulation somewhere in her writings, and it hit me like a ton of bricks.
As she grew older, I believe she also became less hostile to religion.
It was Ayn Rand's fiction that first presented to me the idea that I might have just as much right to my life and my preferences as anyone else; and that the need to live without guilt might be satisfied, at least partially, without becoming either a hypocrite or a psychopath (a.k.a. "selfish bastardess"). In other words, that every human being is "valuable" in his very humanness — not because of his usefulness to others — unless he loses the very quality that makes him worthy of human respect, which is his understanding that he must respect others.
Yes it is astonishing, but on basic principles (such as the ones I pointed out) there has historically been no agreement among Christians. And very often the bad guys have been in charge – in spite of (or because of) their basic logical errors and contradictions.
Up to 1948 all land lived on by Jews in the Holy Land had been voluntarily bought – this did not stop repeated attacks (going back to the 19th century – but getting worse over time).
In 1948 the war to exterminate the Jews was launched at the urging of the Grand Mufti (a friend and ally of the late Mr Hitler).
When people are trying to exterminate you all bets are off – including respecting their property rights (after all they are not respecting yours – if it is not a two way street it is a no way street).
For example a wonderful hill top village can not be allowed – because they will shoot down from there.
There is a basic problem here.
I might argue (I would argue) that Christians who commit terrible crimes (as so many have) are spitting on the life and teachings of Jesus.
But how am I (or anyone else) to argue against the Grand Mufti (or Islamic leaders today) – when the life and teachings of Mohammed are so much in accord with what they teach?
This is an incredibly serious matter for the world (not just for Israel).
Mr Blair, Mr Bush and so many others have assumed that the problem is a "perversion" of Islam – indeed Mr Bush often sounded as if he expected an Islamic version of Mr Wesley to turn up (Bush is Methodist).
But what if the problem is Islam itself? In that case peace is simply not possible – with an Islamic population. Although that can change – after all the ancestors of the people of Malta were Muslim, the language even evolved from Arabic.
To turn back to the list……….
What is Thomas Paine (paper money is O.K. if it is issued by a democratic government, plus state pays for education, old age, poverty, everything – and if the sums do not add up just bung of the land tax till it reaches 100% for large estates) doing on the list?
I was under the impression the man drank himself to death.
Paul: The basis of Islam, as I understand it, is that Islam = peace, which = submission to the one valid legal system, which = submission to the god who ordains it; and if you're not in the dar al-Islam (the house of peace) then you're in the dar al-Harb (the house of war). That actually makes sense to me, in a way. I subscribe to a different law, the law of individual rights, reason, and the Enlightenment, and I'm willing to live at peace with monotheists of any stripe as long as they submit to that law, as many, perhaps most Christians have, but few Muslims; but if they aren't willing to submit to the demand for toleration of other beliefs then I favor subduing them by force. So ironically any Muslims who demand supremacy for their law are quite right to regard people like me as enemies, because I am no more willing then they are to compromise on my supreme law, which is different from theirs, and I'm perfectly willing to see them compelled by force to endure infidels, apostates, and blasphemers.
I have not heard of all of them by any means, but I do note that the list of names cited would be a good source of names for a libertarian Musical. We just need a plot, add a few good tunes and the dialogue should come to us: Samizdata, the Musical'.
Quite an interesting list. Like everyone else here, there are names on that list I've never heard of, as well as others whose names are vaguely familiar but whose works I haven't sampled. More books to add to the list, I suppose (including McClosky's). Sigh.
I agree with Snorri's comments, also Paul's (as always). I would also add that, as someone who considers himself a libertarian, I have some problems with a few of the others on this list: JS Mill (more a communitarian than a libertarian), Malthus (seriously?), Voltaire (some very clever epigrams, but on the whole a bit problematic; I would recommend Philipp Blom's "A Wicked Company" for a somewhat contrarian take on him), and Deepak Lal (I can't get past his pop psychology). It was good to see Mencken on the list, though; he tends to be overlooked as a philosopher.
This has all the makings of one of the better threads.
Laird: thank you for the pointer to A Wicked Company. Maybe it can help me understand what this fuss about the French Enlightenment is about.
It's also good that you see that there are important areas of agreement amongst us, in spite of philosophical differences which might or might not matter in practice.
I was unsure whether to comment on this, but i might as well get it off my chest: a major problem that i find with Ayn Rand is the Aristotelian baggage in her philosophy … which transpires, for instance, from Julie's comment @4:06.
Of course, i am aware that philosophers have been slow in taking stock of this fact, and many of them still haven't — including normative relativists, paradoxically.
* That's not to say that the texts of Plato and Aristotle are obsolete btw.
PS: wrt Thomas Paine, i am vaguely aware that he wrote a few influential pamphlets, but what first comes to mind when i hear his name is that he defended the French Revolution and almost lost his head for it, at the hands of the Jacobins.
William – yes Islam is clear, alas only too clear.
"Voluntarists" – but not in a libertarian sense.
Vs in the theological sense of defining "good" and "evil" simply in terms of what God (arbitrarily) commands and what He (arbitrarily) forbids (what Calvinists are accused of believing in – the WILL of God being the only thing that matters).
The old core of the Scholastics "Natural Law is the law of God, but if God did not exist Natural Law would be exactly the same" is totally against Islam.
There was a sect of Islam that was open to the idea of morality not being a matter of the WILL of God – but they were crushed (a thousand years ago).
Now there is just the Koran and the Hadiths (the sayings of Mohammed).
And any effort to interpret them in the light of reason is forbidden by the various Schools of Islamic law – that would be the same as the offense of the Jews that led to the cry of "raise your hand".
It was Jewish practice in the time Mohammed to place one's hand over sections of the Torah (the books of law in what Christians call the Old Testament) that needed a lot of explaining via the Talmud (the book of commentary) this was in case one accidentally read aloud parts of the Torah in the hearing of ignorant persons who would interpret it literally (and go out and stone people who committed adultery to death – and so on).
To Mohammed and his followers this was unacceptable – as God had written (for they held that all of the Koran was the direct word of God) so should it be (without need for correction – indeed "correction" would be a terrible crime).
So "raise your hand" – read out the punishment, and carry it out.
By the way – the book that John Selden (the great English Common Lawyer) asked for whilst in the Tower of London was the Talmud. It was the reasoning that he respected.
I suspect that he and Mohammed would not have got on.
Islam being best understood as a "revolt against the Talmud".
My own problem with it all is that it should not take some of the greatest legal minds the human species has ever produced to get the Torah and make it compatible with basic morals (I know that they did NOT put it that way – they were explaining and so on….).
Anyway – let us leave the question aside.
On the original list of Findlay Danachie (the list of socialist, anti American, academics) is the name of Gabriel Kolko – and it is right that this name should be there, for the man's endless lies (that the government is the puppet of big business, that government interventionism benefits most large business enterprises – and on and on).
Never forget people exactly where Murray Rothbard and the others got this stuff from.
It was NOT from "historical research" (proving that T. Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and so on were really the puppets of the capitalists) they got it from G. Kolko (the socialist America hater) and other such.
I am reminded of one of Tolkien's stories.
Huren (a great human hero) is captured by Morgoth (basically Satan).
Huren's mind and spirit are too strong fall under Morgoth's control – but Morgoth has another plan.
He hold Huren prisioner – but "allows" him to see and hear everything that happens to his wife and children.
But Huren does not see or hear the truth – he sees and hears what Morgoth wants him to see and hear.
So when Morgoth (pretending pity) lets Huren go (years later) Huren goes off and kills or betrays the people that Morgoth wants him to (without even knowing he, Huren, is serving evil).
Libertarians who get their "facts" from socialists (about the Progressive era, about Vietnam, about…..) "see all things crooked".
Those who "see all things crooked" do the bidding of the enemy – without even knowing that is what they are doing.
How is this not true?
Sorry, but that does not logically follow. It is generally impossible (and almost never necessary) to "prove" a negative. The onus is on others to prove the positive (i.e., the existence of god). The default assumption (subject, of course, to refutation) should be that he/she/it does not exist. That is not an article of faith, just observable reality.
Snorri, FWIW when you deign to comment here (and I haven't seen you around in a long time; welcome back) I generally find myself in agreement with you. And even when I don't I appreciate your comments.
Laird, that business about "you can't prove a negative" is balderdash, which you know perfectly well, although you may not realize it. Because you, yourself, do it every day in some way; we all do! For example: I'm at the grocery. Boy, I'd love to buy a nice lobster tail. But I can't, because I don't have the money. (A 2-fer: two negative statements, both provable.) And this same example shows how often it really is necessary to prove a negative: We're always figuring out whether we can afford X or not, or should do A or not. And when we arrive at the answer, we have in effect proven the negative: I cannot afford X; I should not do A.
Or here's a nicely abstract one: There is no integer X such that X+1 = X.
Proof: Suppose the contrary, that there is an X such that X+1 = X.
Then X+1 – X = 1.
Suppose S is any statement in some logical system under discussion (the "universe of discourse"). Then S may or may not be provable (which means, quite specifically, "provably TRUE"). In particular, S is not provably true if it is in fact false (by the rules of logic as applied to the system).
So, some negatives can't be proven because in fact they're false.
However, some negatives "can't be proven" only contingently: Either there's insufficient information to show their truth or falsity, or no one has yet come up with a valid proof of their truth or falsity.
In other words, you can't prove a negative proposition if it's false, and you also can't prove it if the premises or the argument you've provided don't support it. But in this latter case, the proposition might still be true.
There is also the simple fact that if negative propositions are inherently logically unprovable, then so are positive propositions — since they are simply the negative statement of a negative statement.
However, your conclusion doesn't even conform to your initial claim. If "you can't prove a negative," then you can't prove the statement "there is no God," because that is itself a negative statement.
The simple fact is that one can presume, for what seem to him good and sufficient reasons, that there is some entity which he calls "God" and which has what he thinks are the characteristics of the more-or-less Judeo-Christian God as traditionally understood — more-or-less, that is.
Or one can presume, for what seem to him good and sufficient reasons, that there is no entity whose characteristics approximate whatever he takes to be the more-or-less traditional understanding of the more-or-less Judeo-Christian God.
Or one can take the attitude (as I do) that since I neither sense His presence nor feel a need to build a logical system in which He figures at all — that is, one which either affirms or denies His existence — to do the latter, that is to adopt either the existence or the non-existence postulate and fit it into my worldview — I don't get involved with the issue in any serious way at all.
What you can prove is that there is no entity (whether it's called "God" or "Mrshpbk") that has characteristics X, Y, Z, which "both are and are not, at the same time and in the same sense." Or which contradict facts that we most truly know about the real world, for instance that sometimes people's physical bodies get physically damaged.
St. Thomas Aquinas's Great Work was to figure out what must be the characteristics of God, given that He must exist (postulate, assumed without analytic proof) in a non-contradictory fashion. Or so I have always understood, at any rate.
Aside: That business about who bears the burden of proof is tricky, because in fact it turns out that the one who bears it is the one who's most interested in persuading the other guy to his conclusion.
I think I'm familiar with all the names. At least enough to wonder why some of them are included. Cavour, for instance, I think of as an unreliable supporter of any values but Italian unification.
Oh nuts. x+1-x = x-x = 0. So 1=0.
Laird: I have mostly been lurking in recent months, but it's nice to be welcome back, especially in this season of goodwill.
WRT the existence of God I must take exception to what you say about the burden of proof, though i do not side with Julie either.
Another way of looking at it: theists might say that God revealed herself to them, and what can i say to that? it's circular reasoning, but circular reasoning has the virtue of consistency.
By contrast, what can Dawkins tell me? that God revealed that he (God) does not exist?
In any case, it seems to me that the problem common to many theists and practically all atheists, is the inability to cope with uncertainty. I myself have learned to accept uncertainty (thanks to Popper, in the above list) and even feel smug about it (thanks to Taleb, who should perhaps be in the above list).
So i reject both theism and atheism.
How is it not true Alisa?
Because government taxes and regulations hurt far more than they help.
The line is "they hit small business enterprises more" – which assumes a ZERO SUM GAME (less for small business meaning more for big business), but the economy is not a zero sum game.
Government interventionism makes the economy smaller – it hurts small business enterprises AND it hurts most big business enterprises.
The whole "libertarian left" (really socialist – for that is what Kolko and the others actually were) theory is a double lie.
It is a lie in motivation – as it claims that the Progressive state is really under the control of "the Capitalists" (it is not – and was not a century ago either).
And it a lie in effect – as it claims that big government is a net benefit to most big business enterprises (it is a net loss).
What has actually benefitted the American economy recently – much to the astonishment of gloomy guts people such as ME.
The oil and gas boom – which the government desperately tried to UNDERMINE (clue the Koch Brothers and so on are not on the Whitehouse Christmas card list).
And the "Sequester" cuts in government spending.
Much to my astonishment (I confidently predicted in 2012 that some squalid deal would be made to prevent the Sequester cuts coming into effect – and I was WRONG), the Sequester cuts actually happened in 2013.
Smaller government benefitted most "big business" and "small business" – however, now a squalid deal has been made (thanks for nothing Paul Ryan).
Let us see how this turns out…..
Cue cries of "the deal was made to benefit the defence companies….".
Yes the Defence budget which has gone for over 10% of GDP to 3% of GDP in my lifetime.
Paul, the reality is that regulations tend to hurt small business owners more than the big ones (and with the really big ones there are no 'owners' at all, not in the sense that a small business owner would understand). That is not to say that they don't hurt the big ones, or that they don't hurt the economy in general, and thus everyone in it. But you can't ignore things such as barriers to entry that government regulations create, in addition to their other harmful effects.
And none of that means that government is controlled by business, either big or small. The fact that some businesses benefit from some government actions does not mean that they control the government. The latter still has monopoly over both the money and the big guns.
Julie, that's a long line of silliness. I can never prove that there is no butter in the fridge. Even if neither of us can find it, it might nonetheless be lurking in a hidden compartment, or someone could have accidentally put it into the yogurt container. But you can prove its existence by producing the stick. Nor is your "abstract" illustration any sort of "proof of a negative"; it's merely the proof of a logical inconsistency. The inability to prove a negative is elementary logic. I cannot "prove" the non-existence of god, because it is always possible (or you can always claim) that he is choosing not to be found (omnipotence is a useful attribute in such matters!). That's my whole point.
As a practical matter you're probably correct that the burden of proof in this area is on the one who is "most interested in persuading the other guy to his conclusion." I have no particular interest in converting anyone to atheism (what you choose to believe is of no concern to me as long as you're not trying to harm me on the basis of those beliefs), so from my perspective it falls on those who would convert me.
* Credit to Pierre Laplace.
Actually, agnosticism by definition means having no convictions on the matter at hand (the existence of god, in this case). Same as uncertainty, it seems to me, at least for the purpose of this discussion. The literal meaning is along the lines of something as simple as 'I don't know'.
I fail to see why theists and atheists get so excited about proof for God. If we replace 'God' with 'elf' and we have 'elvists' and 'anelvists' arguing over whether Elves exist (or even 'Elvis'), neither side has any reason to sensibly argue that law or government policy should be based on the existence or non-existence of Elves. The absurdity of the whole argument is self-evident.
No: my logic is that you should be agnostic too.
You have to convince me of something, namely, of the non-existence of god(s). You assert that proposition, you take up the burden of the proof.
Alisa: good point. Although i do have a couple of near-convictions. One is epistemological, namely, that trying to prove or disprove the existence of God is futile. Another is that atheism (at least, Dawkins atheism, perhaps not Laird atheism) is almost invariably the result of a psychological need for a feeling of certainty (not to be confused with actual certainty).
The point to note is that i do not claim that there are one or more gods who will do the punishing.
Also, this belief can itself be punished in the afterlife, if held too strongly.
Coming to think of it, perhaps we should also be punished for not acting decisively in spite of uncertainty.
Thomas Huxley is our Prophet.
Mr Ed: that's a good point too; though i note that people do not necessarily argue about these issues for political reasons.
Also, if the elves are on Earth, then the burden of the proof should be on the elvists. If otoh the elves, or Elvis, have moved to another planet, then neither elvists nor anelvists can bear the burden of proof, and you can pick either side, or none, according to taste.
Heh…actually, Laird, I wasn't trying to convert you to anything but logic.
And my math example uses the method of proof by contradiction, which most people do remember for their early brush with plane geometry as (usually) sophomores in high school, if they're approximately our age (I have the idea that you and I are near contemporaries).
As for the butter, if you're so unwilling as to believe that a refrigerator that is, by direct observation, 100% totally empty of anything but air (as per the given of the proposition) still somehow hides a teaspoon of butter, I don't see how you can be reasonably certain of any report of your senses, let alone the one that "there is no God." Maybe He's lurking in the corners somewhere, along with the butter.
Anyway, my whole approach to the "God" question is to look at the underlying logical, abstract system of a worldview that specifically includes or specifically excludes "God," where "God" may or may not be well-defined. As I've said repeatedly over the years, including in this very thread of this very discussion, I'm not a believer myself. But the subject interests me (clarifying my earlier statement) very much, because of what it may tell us about human history and the nature of human beings and the human condition; and also as a field of investigation in the abstract, which is an issue of pure logic.
One attempts to apply reason (logic) to the Reality one observes; that's "rational empiricism," and you don't get to throw out the nonexistent butter, and you don't get to throw out basic methods of elementary mathematics, either.
Actually, I think that the degree of agreement among people who are ostensibly arguing different positions is remarkable. Snorri says he's not "taking my side," but what he says is quite close to what I was trying to say in addressing that particular part of the issue.
The part before the statement in bold typeface needs unpacking if we were to follow that issue out (we'd have to discuss what would be the defining characteristics of an entity that "we would call a 'god'").
But given what seems to be the general tradition of the nature of the Judeo-Christian God: Laird's second sentence, that I put in boldface, states my personal belief on the existence issue exactly and precisely.
Julie: I can't think that how mathematicians use the term "exist" is of much relevance to this issue. In mathematics, to say that something exists is more or less to say that it can be imagined, or thought of, or conceived without self-contradiction. The universe of mathematics is logically full: Any two regions of cognitive space that a definition draws a line between are inhabited. But that's because mathematics is about what Hume calls "relations of ideas," not about "matters of fact." In dealing with the real world, we are concerned with matters of fact, which are not reducible to relations of ideas. Whether something exists is not a question about the insides of our heads, but about the world out there.
The agnosticism you put forth is in fact a descendant of Hume's philosophy, which repeatedly tends to reduce questions about what is out there to questions about what is inside our heads (though admittedly not in so crude a fashion as in Berkeley's ideas). Agnosticism is simply the application of the academical or skeptical philosophy to religion. But as Hume himself admitted, the academical or skeptical philosophy is at use at most in the study; we can't actually apply it to living in the real world. Its end result is to leave us in chronic doubt about everything. It isn't suited to guiding us in the actual conduct of life.
On the other hand, for outside-in philosophers—which includes figures as varied as Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Reid, and Ayn Rand—the matter looks different. Some of these philosophers were theists; Rand at least was a consistent atheist. And what all of them agree in rejecting is the idea of skepticism, which includes the idea of agnosticism in particular.
I don't propose to argue whether the outside-in (or as Rand calls it, "primacy of existence") position is true, or more rational, or preferable. But simply to assume that the academical or skeptical philosophy is true, and to apply its standards without question to dismiss atheism, is prejudging the case at issue.
On the contrary: "Existence" in mathematical discourse always, without exception, refers to a mathematical "object" (for instance, a geometric figure, or a number of some sort, or a set of cycles, or a single cycle, or a series, or a function, or … or something more abstract than any of these.
And a given "existence theorem" pertains ONLY to objects within the particular "domain" under discussion.
Anyway, I don't see that I'm particularly skeptical. It was Laird, after all, and not I, who wouldn't accept the evidence of "Honey's" senses that the fridge was empty.
Humean skepticism. First, the only Hume I ever read was maybe 45 years ago, in college, and I was not impressed. The only thing I remember was that he simply didn't grasp the concept of a mathematical point. So if I'm "influenced" by him, it's purely indirectly, osmosis from the culture or some such. My natural sympathies are with the viewpoint of Miss Rand and, presumable, of Aristotle; but that doesn't mean I think either of them got everything right.
I think that the word "know" is used in two ways: One, to refer to a kind of "absolute" knowledge, which is in principle (and, of course, in fact) utterly unquestionable. This kind of "knowledge" is a fantasy, in my opinion, but we all yearn for it and many people think they have it. I would conjecture that for some it is one of the drivers of traditional religions. But then, I believe that angels and the Socialist Utopia are also fantasies. This does not make me skeptical that there are unusually virtuous human beings or that it is possible to devise a political order that is reasonably satisfactory.
So there is another understanding of "to know," or of "knowledge," that is not absolute in the sense of "absolutely absolute," but which is certain for all practical purposes. I really am certain that I am "typing" on the computer, that the weblog called "Samizdata" exists, that I am eating creamed spinach, that there's snow on the ground. I really am certain that there are things called airplanes that fly through the air, and that the discipline of aerodynamics pretty much explains why its wings hold an airplane up.
I know that certain people really have loved me, and vice-versa.
I'm pretty certain that I can cross the Mississippi River on the bridge at Quincy, Illinois, and it will keep me out of the water. But I could be wrong, of course, as those poor folks in Minnesota were a few years back.
Anyway, "skepticism" as a philosophical doctrine (or, perhaps better, attitude) arises from the fact that we have all had experiences where our senses misreported the situation, or our brains misinterpreted the input, or even that our minds underwent catastrophic failure in some way.
But as a practical matter — as things are in Reality, and not as they might be in some nightmare fantastical reality where nothing is as it seems or where, to quote Miss R., "nothing is anything" — knowledge and certainty do exist. And that's as good as it's going to get.
And I do understand — not just "believe" but UNDERSTAND — that proper axioms exist, the axioms of reasoning, the principles the denial of which is impossible because you must invoke them even to deny them.
Blah blah blah, there's so much to say about all this, and I want my supper. But one other thing–different people really do see things differently. Somebody on ObjectivistLiving.com observed the difference between logicians and others in their viewpoints or attitudes and their styles of thinking, and of expressing their thoughts.
But, of course, we deal with the facts by means of the ideas in our heads that represent the facts. These are not necessarily mathematical ideas, of course; there are the patterns of ideas that we put together and call history; in fact preparing a recipe or building a bridge depends upon following a course of action represented by a set of ideas in certain specific "relationships" with one another: in short, a pattern of ideas.
Of course, the clearest example of how effective our abstract, in-our-heads patterns of ideas can be in understanding and manipulating the real world is the use of mathematics to draw forth and to express the theories (themselves abstractions) of physics, and the "recipes" of engineering.
It does seem that we are blessed with the ability to make mental maps that represent reality, and that we also are able to refine and improve these maps as time goes on. I believe that the best course is to accept this simple fact, and quit fantasizing about "essences" and so forth as something inherent in the outside world. These "essences" are just what our minds are prompted by the real world to devise, as our minds go about their business of preparing and improving our maps.
"In mathematics, to say that something exists" is to say that the nature of the system being considered requires that it exist. That is the whole point.
Agnosticism: There are various definitions of agnosticism and atheism floating around, and the people adopting these various definitions all urge etymological reasons for accepting them.
How I describe myself in any particular discussion depends on what I think is the best description to use with the particular interlocutor, in order to get my real meaning across.
Julie: Well, I was formulating a response, and then I came back and found that your responses had miraculously multiplied. But I think I will mostly say what I had worked out to say, and reserve response to your later points until I have had time to think more.
I believe that you misunderstand what is going on with Rand's use of the term "axiom." Rand's choice of this term was not really the best she could have made; it invites exactly the interpretation you make, and in contrast to her use of "altruism," which is contrary to widespread popular usage but derives directly from Comte's definition of it, her use of "axiom" does not come from previous usage.
You seem to be taking "axiom" as equivalent to what is often called "postulate" in mathematics: a basic, unproven assertion from which other assertions are derived by deductive logic. In post-Hilbertian mathematics, postulates are usually taken to be arbitrary, in the spirit of "'Take what you like,' said God; 'take it, and pay for it.'" That is, you can prove anything you like, but you must start by assuming the right things.
Now, in the first place, Rand's philosophy is not primarily deductive, though her talk of "logic" often suggests otherwise. She is not using "axiom" to mean a premise from which you deduce a long series of propositions in the manner of Spinoza's Ethics. Her axioms serve more to emphasize things you must bear in mind to avoid errors of concept and method in thinking about the real world.
And in the second place, her axioms are not, in her view, arbitrary. Rather, they identify things that cannot be denied if you wish to claim to know anything. In effect, they are her armamentarium against skepticism and fideism.
For example—one Rand does not explicitly discuss—there are skeptical arguments against memory. But human knowledge is conceptual, and the nature of concepts is that they do not refer simply to the experience of the present moment, but to past experiences and anticipated future ones; if we did not have concepts we could not, for example, use language. And if we reject memory as having no evidential value, we have no past experiences to integrate into our concepts, which thus at best collapse into momentary perceptions. So the validity of memory is axiomatic: skeptical arguments that memory is never to be relied on can be rejected out of hand, as invalidating all concepts and all propositions, including the proposition that memory is unreliable, and arguments against a statement made from memory must rest on actual evidence of error, not simply on the general fact that memory is not perfect.
Axioms are reaffirmations of the basic structure of human cognition and of the features of the world that make it possible. A consistent denial of axioms is a denial that human cognition is possible, and thus a denial of any claim that anything is true, including that denial itself. That is, it's not false so much as incoherent and incomprehensible.
The other thing I'm going to say is that I distinguish between weak agnosticism, "I don't currently know if there is a God, but I might someday know"; strong agnosticism, "No one could ever know if there is a God"; weak atheism, "The evidence we now have supports the conclusion that there is no God"; and strong atheism, "No evidence could ever show that there is a God." I'm a strong atheist: I adhere to a view of "axioms" much like Rand's (though not to her exact list of axioms) and I am convinced that the claim that there is a God is one of the claims that those "axioms" exclude.
[Miss Rand's] use of "axiom" does not come from previous usage.
There is currently disagreement amongst the ranks of mathematicians and logicians as to what will be called an "axiom" and what will be called a "postulate": some use the former term where others use the latter, and vice-versa, as Searches for the terms will show. This causes considerable confusion among philosophers and others who are trying to understand abstract logical systems, as tends to happen when mis-usages or elisions of usage are absorbed into language.
The distinction between axioms (so understood) and postulates is quite clear, if we remember our Euclid, with its famous "Parallel Postulate." (The Wikipedia article linked below is mess in its paragraph that mentions hyperbolic geometry.) And indeed, those concepts were distinguished from one another and introduced to us in the first week of our high-school plane (i.e., Euclidean) geometry course in 1958.
It was still the usage in Birkhoff's and Maclean's classic textbook A Survey of Modern Algebra, which was the U. of Chicago's first course in modern algebra for mathematics and physics majors in the early 60's. In particular, that book names and studies the Peano Postulates for generating the positive integers.
I didn't say, nor intend to imply, that I didn't grasp the distinction before I ever heard of Ayn Rand, but rather I meant that I hadn't quite articulated to myself that the axioms are the basis of rational thought itself and are perfectly applicable outside the province of mathematics.
In any case, Miss R.'s use of the term "axiom," as it applies to logic, is precisely congruent with the usage I learned back in the 50's and early 60's.
I follow the usage of "axiom" to denote the foundational principles without which it is impossible to think logically about anything.
3. Logic and Math. A self-evident proposition, requiring no formal demonstration to prove its truth, but received and assented to as soon as mentioned.
II. 2. Logic and Gen. A proposition demanded or claimed to be granted; esp. something claimed, taken for granted, or assumed, as a basis of reasoning, discussion, or belief; hence, a fundamental condition or principle.
Subhead b. Sometimes with special reference to its undemonstrated or hypothetical quality: An unproved assumption, a hypothesis.
Thus the OED's on the history and meaning of "axiom" and "postulate." It certainly supports my understanding of the terms at issue, but you might easily also plead its testimony, at least vis-á-vis "postulates," which certainly bears on the discussion since the issue is, in part, the difference that may exist between the meanings of the two words.
One must concede the need for primitive notions, or undefined terms or concepts, in any study.
The distinction between an "axiom" and a "postulate" disappears.
[A.R.] is not using "axiom" to mean a premise from which you deduce a long series of propositions in the manner of Spinoza's Ethics.
Agreed. Objectivism is not a "rationalist" philosophy in that sense. However, it does depend on logic, which is applied to observed reality (which includes the thinker, his consciousness, and his perceptual and conceptual apparatus).
Axioms are reaffirmations of the basic structure of human cognition and of the features of the world that make it possible. A consistent denial of axioms is a denial that human cognition is possible, and thus a denial of any claim that anything is true, including that denial itself.
Agreed, and very nicely put.


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Svea Ekonomi and P.F.C. join forces
Published Tuesday 24 August 2021 16:19 | Other
Svea Ekonomi today announced the acquisition of P.F.C. Together, they will build Generation Z's first choice among neobanks.
- Since 2016, Svea has both been a partner to P.F.C. and collaborated on refinancing and card issuing. We have gotten to know each other and believe that there are additional fruitful points of contact, for example in IT development and Bank as a Service – all services that Svea offers, says Lennart Ågren, President and CEO of Svea Ekonomi.
- With Svea as our dedicated owner, we can significantly accelerate our journey towards our goal of becoming a bank that empowers generation Z as they start their financial life, says Kevin Albrecht, CEO of P.F.C. P.F.C. will expand its consumer app with continued investments in modern and award-winning design, brand, technology and a fast-paced organization.
P.F.C. is an app and a free Mastercard debit card that was launched at the end of 2018 and which now has more than 100,000 users in Sweden. P.F.C. enables its users to spend, save and grow their money. With the help of the P.F.C app, users can manage their everyday finances and keep tabs on their money. P.F.C. has been awarded silver in the Swedish Design Prize and was named Challenger of the Year by the publication Privata Affärer 2019.
P.F.C. simplifies everyday finances for ordinary people with a combination of outstanding technology and design. P.F.C. create an experience where financial services are simple, personal and transparent, while at the same time being available to more people at a reasonable cost. P.F.C. is building a personal finance app that helps people keep track of their money. It's everyday finances, on your terms.
Svea is an early investor in P.F.C. and will now become sole owner. P.F.C. will be a subsidiary of Svea Ekonomi.
Lennart Ågren, CEO, +46 8 735 90 00, lennart.agren@svea.com
Pressrelease, pdf
Svea Ekonomi becomes Svea Bank
Svea Ekonomi acquires finnish payment institution Maksuturva
Helena Bäckström new CEO at Svea Inkasso
Svea Ekonomi acquires Amfa Bank
Svea Ekonomi publishes prospectus and prepares for listing of bond on Nasdaq Stockholm
Published Tuesday 24 August 2021 16:19
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I had no idea that the Zach-Sarah tandem used to be very popular at school. From what information Gwen had sufficiently provided me with, they were considered the "golden couple" being the it girl and popular jock and all, back when they were dating.
I guess that's why people seemed to be very blatant about their disapproval of my relationship with Zach. It was very obvious who the frontrunner was, and it was clearly Sarah.
As what Gwen has said, she used to be very actively involved in all of Cross High's academic and extracurricular activities and other awesome stuff like that. She was cheerleading captain but was very good at class, too. Suffice to say, I was obviously a loser compared to her.
I mean, besides being extremely mediocre and bone-idle, there was nothing else I was terribly good at.
Welcome to the tragic universe that is Carli Davidson's life, everybody.
It was lunch time and Gwen and I were looking for empty seats in the cafeteria when Chase's voice cut through the loud noise engulfing the place. "Carli, over here!"
I turned around and saw him waving at me from the popular kids' table. I raised an eyebrow at him but he kept on motioning us over so reluctantly, I moved my feet and walked towards him, Gwen in tow.
"What is it?" I asked him once we reached their table.
He just patted the bench where he was sitting, making the jock sitting next to him move further, allowing two free spaces, and said, "I just want to invite you and Gwen to sit with us."
Looking around the table, I spotted some familiar faces, both friendly and unfriendly ones and nearly refused but Gwen answered ahead of me. Like what she always does.
"Thank you," she politely answered, proceeding to sit next to the jock. That left me no choice so I sidled next to Chase, placing my tray on the table as I did so.
Unfortunately, Ken wasn't able to go to school because of some headache Gwen told me about and Zach was still in class, explaining why the two of us were on our own at that moment.
I've only one experience sitting with this troop and it wasn't exactly very pleasant that's why I'm not really comfortable being here again.
The girls, who were lead by Ashley Evans, were all eyeing the food on my tray which consisted of two slices of pizza, a cheeseburger and a can of coke.
"Are you seriously gonna eat all that?" A girl who I remembered as Gemma asked me, her nose all scrunched up in displeasure. She was Ashley's second-in-command but the two of them were equally mean and snotty.
"Yeah," I casually answered. "Why?"
"Uh, duh. That's like, a lot of carbs."
I resisted the urge to roll my eyes. Uh duh, like I care? "I'm a growing teenager, I need all the food I can get," I told her, taking a large bite of my pizza.
The girls dramatically gasped at the same time, like what I did was enough for my soul to be burned in hell.
The guys, however, all looked amused. "You eat a lot but you're still hot, how do you do that?" A guy named Dave asked, making me blush.
Gwen snickered beside me so I kicked her leg shutting her up. "Uh, thanks? That was an awkward thing to say, but I don't really know the reason why."


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Weekly Film Music Roundup (June 12, 2020)
Posted: June 12, 2020 by filmmusicreporter in Film Music News
Tags: Bill Brown, Edwyn Collins, Infamous, Jake Monaco, Michael Andrews, Sean Read, Sometimes Always Never, The King of Staten Island, Think Like a Dog
Opening on VOD today is the comedy The King of Staten Island co-written and directed by Judd Apatow and starring Pete Davidson, Marisa Tomei, Bill Burr, Bel Powley, Maude Apatow and Steve Buscemi. The film's original score is composed by Michael Andrews (Donnie Darko, Bridesmaids, Freaks & Geeks, Funny People, Neighbors, Bad Teacher). Back Lot Music has released a soundtrack EP featuring the composer's music earlier this week. Check out our previous news article for the full album details and for more information about the Universal Pictures release.
Opening in select theaters and on VOD today is the crime thriller Infamous written and directed by Joshua Caldwell and starring Bella Thorne, Jake Manley, Marisa Coughlan and Amber Riley. Bill Brown (CSI: NY, Dominion, The Devil's Tomb, Wolfenstein, Rainbow Six, Desiree, Lineage II) has composed the film's original music. A soundtrack album featuring the composer's score has been released today. Check out our soundtrack announcement for the full album details and to learn more about the Vertical Entertainment release.
Already out on VOD since this past Tuesday is the family comedy Think Like a Dog directed by Gil Junger and starring Gabriel Bateman, Josh Duhamel, Megan Fox, Janet Montgomery, Kunal Nayyar, Julia Jones and Bryan Callen. The film's original music is composed by Jake Monaco (Let's Be Cops, Dumplin', Keeping Up with the Joneses, Forky Asks a Question, Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie). Varese Sarabande/Music.Film Recordings have released a soundtrack album featuring the composer's score. Check out out our previous article for the full album details and for more information about the Lionsgate release.
Opening in virtual theaters today is the British comedy drama Sometimes Always Never directed by Carl Hunter and starring Bill Nighy, Sam Riley, Alice Lowe, Jenny Agutter and Tim McInnerny. Edwyn Collins and Sean Read have composed the film's original music. Analogue Enhanced Digital Limited has released a soundtrack album featuring the composers' score last summer when the movie opened overseas. Click here for the full album details and for more information about the dramedy, which is being released stateside by Blue Fox Entertainment.


There are not many scents more magical than those experienced while browsing through a collection of old, hardcover books. Books that have been well handled and have imparted a wealth of knowledge and adventure unto generations of readers. The weathered, brittle paper that has been lovingly turned dozens and dozens of times, the creaking leatherbound cover and the sweetly musky undertone that come from countless travels and adventures that come together to create an intoxicating olfactory backdrop for a literary journey.
This was the inspiration for the second edition of the Side Project Series: Biblio.
At the top of the fragrance is a dry paper accord, a papyrus-type note. It begins with Norlimbanol, a piercingly dry scent that Chandler Burr described in The Perfect Scent as "one of the most amazing scents around, a genius molecule that should be worth its weight in gold; Norlimbanol gives you, quite simply, the smell of extreme dryness, absolute desiccation, and if when you smell it, you'll understand that instantly—the molecule is, by itself, a multi-sensory Disney ride."
This works in conjunction with Tobacarol, a scent that communicates the dry, woody notes of tobacco rather than the rich, ambroxan and/or fruity flavors in much of the tobacco out there. More cigar box than the cigar itself. Both of these are complemented by Iso E Super, a note that encapsulates the driest aspects of cedar wood.
To get the musky smell of the degradation that is the result of generations of readers devouring every word on every page, I used the elements that are derived from the degradation of cellulose that occurs in paper used in the early 19th century, as described by the always insightful knowledge base, Compound Interest. In addition to those elements, I employed a good dose of furfurals to really enhance the way an old book, maybe 200 years old, would smell in the current day.
With this skeleton, combined with smaller doses of a variety of different raw materials meant to accentuate the important notes and fill out the rest of the scent, Biblio is a scent memory and a bridge through time, just like a trip to a second-hand bookseller with an outstanding selection of first editions and well-loved literary masterpieces.
Biblio will be another limited edition release in eau de parfum and will be available only at ChatillonLux.com on March 8, 2019.


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Business Leader Bob Danzig
Books to Lift Your Spirits
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BOOKS BY BOB
AFFIRMING SELF-TALK
Quest Ties to BBB's Mission
Quest For The Better Ties to BBB's Mission
by Bryan Redemske, World-Herald Correspondent
Integrity Awards
Before he rose to success in the business world as CEO of the Hearst Newspaper Group and vice president of the Hearst Corp., Bob Danzig bounced from house to house as a foster child in Albany, N.Y.
Tuesday, he told of being a high school graduate working at the Albany Times Union as an office boy when, after about six months, he was pulled aside by a superior who was a former foster parent. She said, I've been observing you, and I believe you are full of promise, Danzig said. At that moment, she gave him permission to have ambition, permission to seek the better.
Danzig was the featured speaker at the Nebraska Better Business Bureau Integrity Awards luncheon Tuesday at the La Vista Conference Center. He drew parallels between his lifelong quest to do great work and the BBB's mission to help members of the business community uphold the highest standards of ethics and business practices.
Doing things the right way includes choosing to be leaders and role models in a tough business climate.
Danzig relayed a story about a friend, Richard Ruffalo, who lost his sight at age 32. A teacher at the time, Ruffalo embraced his ability to inspire others while competing in a track and field meet for disabled athletes. After meeting a group of blind children, he threw the javelin (yes, Ruffalo was a blind javelin thrower) 40 feet farther than ever before.
He knew he had to use his abilities to inspire other people, Danzig said. He knew he had to be a giver of light. And that's what the BBB does here in Omaha. It says, Join us as light givers. Join us in being ethical and promoting integrity.
The banquet celebrated winners of the BBB's highest honor, the Integrity Award, as well as the organization's 100th anniversary. Five local companies were honored during the event for their commitment to uphold the trust of their customers.
It's really gratifying to have everybody here, said Nebraska BBB president and CEO Jim Hegarty.For me, since I spent so much time in the trenches working on stories about schemes and scams and unfavorable business practices, it's a pleasure to spend time with such a huge group of businesses that are all committed to doing things the right way.
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