The aim of Mouse About is to solve all the food puzzles by guiding Marv the hungry mouse around the screen from one piece of food to another, he will then scoff the food down and wait impatiently for you to guide him to the next tasty morsel. Marv has to eat all the food onscreen to successfully progress to the next puzzle. Each puzzle is played against the clock so you have to hurry.
No two games are ever the same as the puzzles dynamically respond to the players skill level.
The Any Touch game mechanic lets you play by touching anywhere on the screen, making for some great interaction.


Jada Pinkett Smith has made her choice when it comes to the feud between Khloe Kardashian and her family and Jordyn Woods.
According to TMZ, Jada has officially unfollowed several members of the famous family, including Khloe and Kim Kardashian, and their mother, Kris Jenner.
As many fans already know, Jordyn Woods is a close family friend of Jada and her family, after her father and Will Smith grew close while working together on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. Woods has been an honorary member of the family ever since.
However, the Smith family and the Kardashian-Jenners have also been very close for years. Will and Jada's kids, Willow and Jaden, have been close friends of Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and have also spent a lot of time with Kourtney Kardashian.
Last month the Smith family got caught in the center of the drama between Jordyn and Khloe after Woods allegedly hooked up with Kardashian's baby daddy, Tristan Thompson.
After days of rumors, Jordyn Woods decided to appear on Jada Pinkett Smith's Facebook series, Red Table Talk, where she opened up about the encounter with Khloe Kardashian's man.
Jordyn claimed that she was at a party at Tristan's house, and that when she tried to leave, the NBA star kissed her on the lips. Woods claimed that she went home following the awkward encounter, but was too scared to tell Kylie or Khloe about the situation.
As previously reported by The Inquisitr, after the interview Khloe took to Twitter to call Jordyn out for lying, and revealed that Woods was the reason that her family had fallen apart.
However, the next day, Kardashian retracted her original statement, putting the blame on Thompson, but confirming that she was more hurt by Woods' actions than by those of her baby daddy, who had already been unfaithful to her once during their relationship.
It seems that Jada Pinkett Smith's relationship with the Khloe Kardashian and family could be severely damaged, and that she has been a source of support for Jordyn Woods following the cheating scandal, and all of the negative press that she's been getting.
However, Jada is said to still be following Kylie. Perhaps she believes that Jenner and Woods can work things out and become best friends again in the future. However, for now it looks like the drama continues.
Fans can see more of Khloe Kardashian's breakup with Tristan Thompson and drama with Jordyn Woods and Jada Pinkett Smith when Keeping Up With the Kardashians returns for a new season on Sunday.


text:
Vasileostrovsky District () is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 214,625; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census.

Geography
The district occupies the territories of Vasilyevsky and Dekabristov Islands and includes a smaller Serny Island.

History
The district was one of the first established in Petrograd in 1917.

Municipal divisions
Vasileostrovsky District comprises the following five municipal okrugs:
#7
Ostrov Dekabristov
Gavan
Morskoy
Vasilyevsky

Transportation
Vasilievsky island is connected to the mainland by 6 bridges, 2 bridge of the Western Rapid Diameter and 4 other bridges built before.
Also on Vasilevsky island there are 3 underground stations, which are on the green line they are the Primorskaya and Vasileostrovskaya, and the purple line station Sportivnaya. Three more stations were also built on the orange line.

References

Notes

Sources

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Www.rovinfest.com - New England Prep School Soccer Tournament. The Festival season is upon us and it's time to seize your Hunter Wellingtons for one more wild tunes tour. You are going to uncover journals full of competition strategies, but they can be very impractical - all sandals and maxi attire. This can be apparel is okay when you are Kate Moss with all your really personal shower and VIP area but if you are going to any British isles Festivals so you you should not have the luxurious of employed enable, then rain blended with mud, are just about a given. This is certainly relevant to New England Prep School Soccer Tournament.
Linked to New England Prep School Soccer Tournament, If you agree that nothing might be a lot better than being outside, making new friends, and earning some cash in your boss then you are prepared to be a festival seller. Being a festival vendor can be easy or difficult; it surely depends on the festival you want to promote your wares at.
Summer is listed here, which suggests some time has come to pay attention to fantastic new music at some of the festivals around the world. Before you pack up to the day and head out on the competition, have a moment to master some suggestions in order to possess the most entertaining attainable. Learn tips on how to have got a wonderful time without the need of any with the stresses that could have an all-day or multi-day summer songs festival.
A community festival will be a conference that is more often than not organised and staged by a regional community to celebrate or highlight a more unique element of itself same community.
As new music festival time methods be well prepared and program in advance. If you are picking out the single most crucial bit of your tenting package, your tent, make certain that it is actually properly imagined out prior to you decide on that which you all want. I provide you with a few foods for imagined down below.


U.S. President Barack Obama will hold his first press conference today (Wednesday) since winning re-election and will state his case for a whopping $1.6 trillion in tax hikes to fight the fiscal cliff.
Democratic and Republican policy makers returned to Washington, D.C. on Tuesday with just seven weeks left to come up with some sort of compromise. If the two opposing sides fail to reach an agreement and the nation falls off the cliff, a recession in 2013 is guaranteed, the Congressional Budget Office has warned on a number of occasions.
Negotiations with congressional leaders will convene Friday.
But while Washington takes its time to argue over the fiscal cliff, businesses can't wait any longer.
Their impatience was highlighted in recent advertisements by the Business Roundtable, where they tell Congress it's time to act.
In one ad, Honeywell International Inc. (NYSE: HON) Chair and CEO David Cote jumps to the point: "If the last debt ceiling was playing with fire," he asserts, "this time they're playing with nitroglycerin."
Companies are urging action because the effects from fiscal cliff anticipation are already being felt, according to Bank of America Corp. (NYSE: BAC) CEO Brian Moynihan Tuesday at an investors conference.
Companies have implemented hiring freezes and scratched expansion efforts. And individuals have become increasingly frugal with their spending habits as they await what could be the biggest ever tax increase on Americans.
"That uncertainty continues to hold back the recovery," CEO Moynihan stressed to his peers and a group of concerned market participants.
According to BofA's survey of chief financial officers, "the number one issue they see is the fiscal cliff."
Moynihan noted that his bank's clients are holding off making investment decisions until they are afforded more clarity on the situation.
Sharing Moynihan's views is Lloyd C. Blankfein, CEO of investment powerhouse Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (NYSE: GS).
Speaking of the impending fiscal cliff, Blankfein shared the following at Tuesday's conference: "Whether or not it gets resolved-which I believe it will-we're going to have uncertain moments and insecurity between now and then, which will roil the markets. My best guess-it might not turn out this way-but we are at least braced for a ride here."
That's why President Obama is meeting with big business CEOs today to hear their fiscal cliff concerns. Those expected to attend include General Electric Co. (NYSE: GE) CEO Jeffrey Immelt and American Express Co. (NYSE: AXP) CEO Kenneth Chenault.
If U.S. lawmakers can come to terms before Dec. 31, a Santa Claus rally may deliver what is on investors' wish lists. But if no fiscal cliff resolution arrives before the New Year, look for a possibly violent market reaction.


text:
<?php
defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');

class Model_halte extends CI_Model{

    public function create(){
        $data = array('namahalte' => $this->input->post('namahalte'),
        'keterangan'=>$this->input->post('keterangan'));
        $query = $this->db->insert('tbl_halte', $data);
        return $query;
    }
    public function ambildata($perPage, $uri, $ringkasan) {
    		$this->db->select('*');
    		$this->db->from('tbl_halte');
    		if (!empty($ringkasan)) {
    			$this->db->like('namahalte', $ringkasan);
    		}
    		$this->db->order_by('namahalte','asc');
    		$getData = $this->db->get('', $perPage, $uri);

    		if ($getData->num_rows() > 0)
    			return $getData->result_array();
    		else
    			return null;
  	}

    public function getAll(){
        $query = $this->db->get('tbl_halte');
        return $query;
    }
    public function read($id){
        $this->db->where('id_halte', $id);
        $query = $this->db->get('tbl_halte');
        return $query;
    }
    public function delete($id){
        $this->db->where('id_halte', $id);
        $query = $this->db->delete('tbl_halte');
        return $query;
    }
    public function update($id){
        $data = array('namahalte' => $this->input->post('namahalte'),
        'keterangan'=>$this->input->post('keterangan'));
        $this->db->where('id_halte', $id);
        $query = $this->db->update('tbl_halte', $data);
        return $query;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Comprehensive list of Round Rock, Texas companies offering color & commercial printing services - business cards, brochures, flyers. Read reviews and recommendations.
We're comitted to delivering you with high-quality products and great service! SRI Monogramming is your single source for customized promotional items. We are situated in Round Rock, Texas and serve all of Central Texas and beyond. Our core services Embroidery, Screen Printing and Engraving can be applied to a huge range of products.
W elcome to Round Rock Copier. Your local choice for the BEST PRICE for new and reconditioned copy machines, serving the Austin - Round Rock, Texas, TX metro area since 1989. Round Rock Copier offers LEASING and RENTALS long and short terms at competitive affordable rates.
Precision quality custom screen printing and embroidery firm. Our baseball uniforms are sewn on state of the art sewing equipment. Only quality materials go into our final product. A Major League look is our standard. Our screen printers print on state of the art screen printing equipment. NO ART CHARGES, SETUP FEES, OR FREIGHT when you purchase from our template t-shirt designs!l.
Central Texas' huge format printing and scanning equipment leader for over twenty five years! TAVCO Services. has been proudly serving the Central Texas A.E.C. Architectural - Engineering - Construction industry for over 26 years. While many things have changed over those years, TAVCO's unified sales-service business model has not.
Made from extra-soft sheer jersey, pre-shrunk and laundered. High-quality, performance uniforms with over 400 styles in inventory. Fully decorated, lettered, and numbered in 10 business days. Tite Tee's Screen Printing and Embroidery is in the process of revamping our website. We are in the process of developing a custom online One-Stop-Shop with custom artwork and products.


LOS ANGELES, Aug. 10, 2018 /Christian Newswire/ -- Richard Rossi, a maverick minister-turned-moviemaker, has been cleared of a 1994 attempted murder charge of the assault of his wife. His vindication came from DNA, witnesses, and confessions of culprits who attacked and framed him.
It was a sensationalistic case that was front-page news in his hometown of Pittsburgh, and was widely covered by tabloid TV shows.
One of the confessions was from an officer Rossi exposed on his talk-show. Rossi outed police for assaulting women pulled over for traffic stops.
The officer committed suicide in Ireland at an Antrim PSNI station, but left a note saying Rossi was innocent and that he and accomplices procured a man who looked like Rossi to carjack them. The second accomplice who confessed is in a hospital for the criminally-disturbed in Massachusetts.
Rossi's current career as filmmaker who directed biopics on Roberto Clemente and evangelist Aimee McPherson, was birthed from the ashes of the scandal. Both Rossi and his wife Sherrie maintained his innocence. Mrs. Rossi testified that her husband was innocent in his trial, penned a book defending him, and filed a lawsuit for the wrongful prosecution of her husband.
The publicity caused the Rossi's to move to Sherrie's hometown of Hollywood where Rossi reinvented himself as an artist who directed movies, released albums, and wrote a novel. The Rossi's started Eternal Grace, a ministry that focuses on "meeting the real needs of people with grace."
"My brother's been like the Steelers coming back in the second-half," Rossi's brother Joseph said. "We thought he was finished. Before it happened they said if he didn't shut up they could frame and destroy him."
"Richard was ahead of his time in confronting sexual predators and paid a price," Amy Thomson, a MeToo activist said. "He named names before it was fashionable and had courage to keep speaking out."
"We forgive those who hurt us," Rossi said.
"Despite being acquitted, articles quoted relatives of Rossi who didn't exist making him look guilty," Al Hill, a volunteer with a group focused on media accuracy said. "The cloud remained because of biased coverage."
"Jesus forgave those who crucified Him. praying, 'Forgive them,'" Sherrie Rossi said. "We forgive those who tried to crucify us. Our faith and family are strong."
Rossi's film 'Canaan Land,' is set for a 2019 release. Their daughter Karis, a graduate theology student at Princeton, is assisting with their ministry.


text:
Latest stories: Ordinations
Catholic Bishop in Kenya Hails Irish-founded Missionary Society for "triple presence"
The Catholic Bishop of Kenya's Nakuru Diocese, Bishop Maurice Muhatia Makumba, has hailed members of St. Patrick's Missionary Society (SPS) who have ministered in the Kenyan Episcopal See for their instrumental role in evangelization through what he termed "triple presence."
"Priesthood not a distinction, but a gift": Cameroonian Prelate at Ordination of Priests
During the ordination of nine Deacons to the Priesthood in Cameroon's Catholic Diocese of Kumbo, the Bishop invited the candidates to be ordained to view their priestly ministry not as "a distinction" that sets them apart in isolation but as a gift that brings them closer to the people of God who will be under their care in service.
"Together for a New Africa" Pioneer Group Graduate at a Colorful Ceremony

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Absolute magnitude equation
How do you find the absolute magnitude?
If you measure a star's apparent magnitude and its distance from its trigonometric parallax, the star's absolute magnitude = the apparent magnitude – 5 × log(distance + 5.
What is the absolute magnitude scale?
The scale for absolute magnitude is the same as that for apparent magnitude, that is a difference of 1 magnitude = 2.512 times difference in brightness. This logarithmic scale is also open-ended and unitless. Again, the lower or more negative the value of M, the brighter the star is.
What is an example of absolute magnitude?
It does not tell us how bright the object is compared to other objects in the universe. For example, from Earth the planet Venus appears brighter than any star in the sky. Absolute magnitude is defined to be the apparent magnitude an object would have if it were located at a distance of 10 parsecs.
How do you find the magnitude of a star?
The apparent magnitude of a celestial object, such as a star or galaxy, is the brightness measured by an observer at a specific distance from the object. The smaller the distance between the observer and object, the greater the apparent brightness. (left) Two stars, A and B, with the same apparent magnitude.
What's the difference between luminosity and absolute magnitude?
Luminosity is the total energy output of a star per unit time. The absolute magnitude is, in some ways, analogous to luminosity in that it is a measure of the energy output of a star. The definition of absolute magnitude is that it is the magnitude a star would have if it were 10 parsecs from an observer.
What is the absolute magnitude of the sun?
You might be interested: Fluid flow equation
What magnitude stars are visible?
Magnitude -27
Magnitude -1 Sirius and Canopus (the two brightest stars)
Magnitude 6 The dimmest objects visible with the naked eye
Magnitude 10 The dimmest objects visible with binoculars
Magnitude 25 The dimmest objects on a photographic plate produced with a large telescope
What color is the coolest star?
What distance is a parsec?
The parsec (symbol: pc) is a unit of length used to measure the large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System. One parsec is approximately equal to 31 trillion kilometres (19 trillion miles), or 210,000 astronomical units, and equates to about 3.3 light-years.
What is the brightest absolute magnitude?
It's a star system about 7,500 light-years from Earth. It looks like the brightest (absolute magnitude) single star visible to the unaided eye is WR 24 (in Carina Nebula). Its absolute magnitude is −11.1 and apparent magnitude is 6.48, so just barely visible.
What does Parsec mean?
Parsec, unit for expressing distances to stars and galaxies, used by professional astronomers. It represents the distance at which the radius of Earth's orbit subtends an angle of one second of arc.
What magnitude means?
size; extent; dimensions: to determine the magnitude of an angle. great importance or consequence: affairs of magnitude. greatness of size or amount. moral greatness: magnitude of mind.
Which star shines the brightest?
Sirius, also known as the Dog Star or Sirius A, is the brightest star in Earth's night sky. The name means "glowing" in Greek — a fitting description, as only a few planets, the full moon and the International Space Station outshine this star.
How do I find magnitude?
To work with a vector, we need to be able to find its magnitude and its direction. We find its magnitude using the Pythagorean Theorem or the distance formula, and we find its direction using the inverse tangent function. Given a position vector →v=⟨a,b⟩,the magnitude is found by |v|=√a2+b2.


text:
Q: Infinite vertical scrollview both ways (add items dynamically at top/bottom) that doesn't interfere with scroll position when you add to list start I'm after a vertical scrollview that's infinite both ways: scrolling up to the top or down to the bottom results in more items being added dynamically. Almost all help I've encountered is only concerned with the bottom side being infinite in scope. I did come across this relevant answer but it's not what I'm specifically looking for (it's adding items automatically based on time duration, and requires interaction with direction buttons to specify which way to scroll). This less relevant answer however has been quite helpful. Based on the suggestion made there, I realised I can keep a record of items visible at any time, and if they happen to be X positions from the top/bottom, to insert an item at the starting/ending index on the list.
One other note is I'm getting the list to start in the middle, so there's no need to add anything either way unless you've moved 50% up/down.
To be clear, this is for a calendar screen that I want the user to be scroll to any time freely.
    struct TestInfinityList: View {

    @State var visibleItems: Set<Int> = []
    @State var items: [Int] = Array(0...20)

    var body: some View {
        ScrollViewReader { value in

            List(items, id: \.self) { item in
                VStack {
                    Text("Item \(item)")
                }.id(item)
                .onAppear {
                    self.visibleItems.insert(item)

                    /// if this is the second item on the list, then time to add with a short delay
                    /// another item at the top
                    if items[1] == item {
                        DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.4) {
                            withAnimation(.easeIn) {
                                items.insert(items.first! - 1, at: 0)
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                .onDisappear {
                    self.visibleItems.remove(item)
                }
                .frame(height: 300)
            }
            .onAppear {
                value.scrollTo(10, anchor: .top)
            }
        }
    }
}

This is mostly working fine except for a small but important detail. When an item is added from the top, depending on how I'm scrolling down, it can sometimes be jumpy. This is most noticeable towards the end of clip attached.

A: I tried your code and couldn't fix anything with List OR ScrollView, but it is possible to as a uiscrollview that scrolls infinitly.
1.wrap that uiscrollView in UIViewRepresentable
struct ScrollViewWrapper: UIViewRepresentable {

    private let uiScrollView: UIInfiniteScrollView

    init<Content: View>(content: Content) {
         uiScrollView = UIInfiniteScrollView()
    }

    init<Content: View>(@ViewBuilder content: () -> Content) {
        self.init(content: content())
    }

    func makeUIView(context: Context) -> UIScrollView {
        return uiScrollView
    }

    func updateUIView(_ uiView: UIScrollView, context: Context) {

    }
}

2.this is my whole code for the infinitly scrolling uiscrollview
class UIInfiniteScrollView: UIScrollView {

    private enum Placement {
        case top
        case bottom
    }

    var months: [Date] {
        return Calendar.current.generateDates(inside: Calendar.current.dateInterval(of: .year, for: Date())!, matching: DateComponents(day: 1, hour: 0, minute: 0, second: 0))
    }

    var visibleViews: [UIView] = []
    var container: UIView! = nil
    var visibleDates: [Date] = [Date()]

    override init(frame: CGRect) {
        super.init(frame: frame)
        setup()
    }

    required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
        fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
    }

    //MARK: (*) otherwise can cause a bug of infinite scroll

    func setup() {
        contentSize = CGSize(width: UIScreen.main.bounds.width, height: UIScreen.main.bounds.height * 6)
        scrollsToTop = false // (*)
        showsVerticalScrollIndicator = false

        container = UIView(frame: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: contentSize.width, height: contentSize.height))
        container.backgroundColor = .purple

        addSubview(container)
    }

    override func layoutSubviews() {
        super.layoutSubviews()

        recenterIfNecessary()
        placeViews(min: bounds.minY, max: bounds.maxY)
    }

    func recenterIfNecessary() {
        let currentOffset = contentOffset
        let contentHeight = contentSize.height
        let centerOffsetY = (contentHeight - bounds.size.height) / 2.0
        let distanceFromCenter = abs(contentOffset.y - centerOffsetY)

        if distanceFromCenter > contentHeight / 3.0 {
            contentOffset = CGPoint(x: currentOffset.x, y: centerOffsetY)

            visibleViews.forEach { v in
                v.center = CGPoint(x: v.center.x, y: v.center.y + (centerOffsetY - currentOffset.y))
            }
        }
    }

    func placeViews(min: CGFloat, max: CGFloat) {

        // first run
        if visibleViews.count == 0 {
            _ = place(on: .bottom, edge: min)
        }

        // place on top
        var topEdge: CGFloat = visibleViews.first!.frame.minY

        while topEdge > min {topEdge = place(on: .top, edge: topEdge)}

        // place on bottom
        var bottomEdge: CGFloat = visibleViews.last!.frame.maxY
        while bottomEdge < max {bottomEdge = place(on: .bottom, edge: bottomEdge)}

        // remove invisible items

        var last = visibleViews.last
        while (last?.frame.minY ?? max) > max {
            last?.removeFromSuperview()
            visibleViews.removeLast()
            visibleDates.removeLast()
            last = visibleViews.last
        }

        var first = visibleViews.first
        while (first?.frame.maxY ?? min) < min {
            first?.removeFromSuperview()
            visibleViews.removeFirst()
            visibleDates.removeFirst()
            first = visibleViews.first
        }
    }

    //MARK: returns the new edge either biggest or smallest

    private func place(on: Placement, edge: CGFloat) -> CGFloat {
        switch on {
            case .top:
                let newDate = Calendar.current.date(byAdding: .month, value: -1, to: visibleDates.first ?? Date())!
                let newMonth = makeUIViewMonth(newDate)

                visibleViews.insert(newMonth, at: 0)
                visibleDates.insert(newDate, at: 0)
                container.addSubview(newMonth)

                newMonth.frame.origin.y = edge - newMonth.frame.size.height
                return newMonth.frame.minY

            case .bottom:
                let newDate = Calendar.current.date(byAdding: .month, value: 1, to: visibleDates.last ?? Date())!
                let newMonth = makeUIViewMonth(newDate)

                visibleViews.append(newMonth)
                visibleDates.append(newDate)
                container.addSubview(newMonth)

                newMonth.frame.origin.y = edge
                return newMonth.frame.maxY
        }
    }

    func makeUIViewMonth(_ date: Date) -> UIView {
        let month = makeSwiftUIMonth(from: date)
        let hosting = UIHostingController(rootView: month)
        hosting.view.bounds.size = CGSize(width: UIScreen.main.bounds.width,       height: UIScreen.main.bounds.height * 0.55)
        hosting.view.clipsToBounds = true
        hosting.view.center.x = container.center.x

        return hosting.view
    }

    func makeSwiftUIMonth(from date: Date) -> some View {
        return MonthView(month: date) { day in
            Text(String(Calendar.current.component(.day, from: day)))
        }
    }
}

watch that one closely, its pretty much self explanatory, taken from WWDC 2011 idea, you reset the offset to midle of screen when you get close enough to the edge, and it all comes down to tiling your views so they all appear one on top of each other. if you want any clarification for that class please ask in comments.
when you have those 2 figured out, then you glue the SwiftUIView which is also in the class provided. for now the only way for the views to be seen on screen is to specify an explict size for hosting.view, if you figure out how to make the SwiftUIView size the hosting.view, please tell me in the comments, i am looking for an answer for that. hope that code helps someone, if something is wrong please leave a comment.

A: After poking at your code I believe that this jumpiness that you're seeing is caused by this:
DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.4) {
    withAnimation(.easeIn) {
        items.insert(items.first! - 1, at: 0)
    }
}

If you remove both and only leave items.insert(items.first! - 1, at: 0) the jumpiness will stop.

A: I've been banging my head against the wall with this problem for the past two days... Taking away the DispatchQueue like @Ferologics suggested almost works, but you run into a potential problem of an infinite auto-scroll if you pull down too hard. I ended up scrapping the infinite scroller, and using a pulldown-refresh SwiftUIRefresh to load new items from the top. It does the job for now, but I still would love to know how to get true infinite scrolling going up!
import SwiftUI
import SwiftUIRefresh

struct InfiniteChatView: View {

    @ObservedObject var viewModel = InfiniteChatViewModel()

    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            Text("Infinite Scroll View Testing...")
            Divider()
            ScrollViewReader { proxy in
                List(viewModel.stagedChats, id: \.id) { chat in
                    Text(chat.text)
                        .padding()
                        .id(chat.id)
                        .transition(.move(edge: .top))
                }
                .pullToRefresh(isShowing: $viewModel.chatLoaderShowing, onRefresh: {
                    withAnimation {
                        viewModel.insertPriors()
                    }
                    viewModel.chatLoaderShowing = false
                })
                .onAppear {
                    proxy.scrollTo(viewModel.stagedChats.last!.id, anchor: .bottom)
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

And the ViewModel:
class InfiniteChatViewModel: ObservableObject {

    @Published var stagedChats = [Chat]()
    @Published var chatLoaderShowing = false
    var chatRepo: [Chat]

    init() {
        self.chatRepo = Array(0...1000).map { Chat($0) }
        self.stagedChats = Array(chatRepo[500...520])
    }

    func insertPriors() {
        guard let id = stagedChats.first?.id else {
            print("first member of stagedChats does not exist")
            return
        }
        guard let firstIndex = self.chatRepo.firstIndex(where: {$0.id == id}) else {
            print(chatRepo.count)
            print("ID \(id) not found in chatRepo")
            return
        }

        stagedChats.insert(contentsOf: chatRepo[firstIndex-5...firstIndex-1], at: 0)
    }

}

struct Chat: Identifiable {

    var id: String = UUID().uuidString
    var text: String

    init(_ number: Int) {
        text = "Chat \(number)"
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Communicating "yes/no" responses with consistent training and environmental enrichments does not improve communication responses in individuals post ABI.
Retrieval practice is effective for improving memory recall in individuals with an ABI.
Targeted figurative language therapy improves communication in individuals with chronic TBI.
Text-to-speech technology improves reading rates in individuals with TBI.
Memory group interventions improve memory function post ABI.
Training in social skills, social communication or pragmatics is effective in improving communication following brain injury.
Goal-driven interventions may be effective in improving social communication skills and goals following TBI.
Conversation group therapy appears to have a beneficial effect on pragmatic and quality of life concerns following brain injury.
Providing communication training to individuals who interact with people with TBI is effective and encourages two-way dialogue.
Providing training to the communication partner and the individual with TBI together is more effective than training the individual with TBI alone.
Facial affect recognition training improves emotional perception post ABI.
Short intervention designed to improve emotional prosody is not effective post ABI.
Cognitive Pragmatic Treatment (CPT) program is effective at improving comprehension and production of a communication act.
Augmentative and alternative communication interventions designed to assist with organization, access, and efficiency of communication may be beneficial for individuals with severe ABI.
A common sequela after a brain injury is cognitive impairment, which we know largely predicts rehabilitation outcomes. The primary purpose of this chapter is to review the evidence concerning cognitive-communication disorders and their treatments following moderate to severe acquired brain injury (ABI). For more information regarding cognitive impairments that do not stem from communication deficits, such as memory, attention, and executive functioning, please refer to ERABI Module 6 Cognition.
Prior to 1980, Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) working in the area of ABI were uncommon; while there has been a significant expansion in the outcome research and clinical services over the past 15 years, it is apparent from this review that evidence-based research into therapeutic interventions is lagging. This review focuses on communication interventions provided to individuals with brain injury. There is a limited number of high quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) within the literature dedicated to cognitive-communication impairments and the therapies performed to assist with the improvement of these deficits. This is especially true for impairments related to linguistic organization, reading comprehension, written expression and information processing. In a review conducted by Perdices et al. (2006) on brain injury, it was found that the majority of studies (39%) were single subject designs, and only 21% were RCTs. Difficulties conducting RCTs with individuals who have sustained an ABI include the complexity of the disorder, the confounding effects of spontaneous recovery, the heterogeneity of this population, costs, specificity of treatment, the need for multifaceted integrated rehabilitation, and the informed consent procedure (Struchen, 2005; Wiseman-Hakes et al., 2010). Further, blinding participants to their treatment group, and team members who are responsible for providing the treatment is "nearly impossible" (Kennedy & Turkstra, 2006).
Bloom and Lahey (1978) define language as, "knowledge of a code for representing ideas about the world through a conventional system of arbitrary signals for communication." Language is comprised of some aspect of content or meaning that is coded or represented in a linguistic manner for the purpose of use in a particular context (Bloom & Lahey, 1978). Every aspect of language (content, form and use) includes cognitive processing. Impairment of any cognitive process may affect any or all components of language. It is the mutually dependent relationship between cognition and language that gives individuals the ability to generate, assimilate, retain, retrieve, organize, monitor, respond to and learn from the environment (Kennedy & Deruyter, 1991).
Traditionally, descriptions of communication disorders that exist within populations of individuals with ABI fall into four main groups: apraxia, aphasia, dysarthria and cognitive-communication. The term cognitive-communication disorder was adopted by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 1987) to distinguish the unique characteristics of communication post ABI from those of aphasia following stroke. The College of Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists of Ontario defines cognitive-communication disorders as: "…communication impairments resulting from underlying cognitive deficits due to neurological impairment. These are difficulties in communicative competence (listening, speaking, reading, writing, conversation, and social interaction) that result from underlying cognitive impairments (attention, memory, organization, information processing, problem solving and executive functions)" (p.4) (College of Audiologists and Speech Language Pathologists of Ontario, 2002). The study of language disorders following ABI has been challenging; conceivably more than any other area of communication disorders. Clinicians are required to deal with issues of language use or pragmatics to a greater extent than for other acquired neurological communication disorders. In some instances, the language disorders found among individuals with ABI are more than just a reflection of underlying cognitive deficits. At other times, precise language processing deficits occur in conjunction with cognitively associated communication disorders (Kennedy & Deruyter, 1991).
Many individuals with an ABI, unlike individuals with developmental communication disorders, have a history of normal learning, language and speech. Typically, they are younger than stroke survivors, and have greater concerns regarding transitions back to school and work. The mechanism of injury is unique, and is related to a collection of cognitive-communication disorders. Therefore, it is important to regard individuals with ABI as a distinct group (Turkstra, 1998).
Communication impairments among this group are generally described as non-aphasic in nature (Ylvisaker M & SF, 1994). This is a different type of communication impairment than that seen following stroke, and this distinction is an important one. Communication deficits in individuals with ABI may also include aphasic-like symptoms such as naming errors and word-finding problems, impaired self-monitoring, and auditory recognition impairments. These constraints may also be coupled with other cognitive-communication impairments, such as attention and perception difficulties, impaired memory, impulsivity, and severe impairment of the individual's overall communicative proficiency within functional situations. These constraints can prevent individuals with ABI from exhibiting even simple communication skills (Lennox & Brune, 1993).
In ABI, communication challenges are often observed along with otherwise intact speech, fluency, comprehension and grammar (Ylvisaker M & SF, 1994). The communication style of those with an ABI has been described as "the language of confusion" (Halpern et al., 1973). In an older study, dysarthria was the most commonly diagnosed communication disorder (54%), followed by other cognitive communication deficits (16%), aphasia (4%) and apraxia of speech (4%) (Duffy, 2005).
Inappropriate/unconventional social behaviour or impaired executive functions (self-awareness of strengths and weaknesses, goal setting, planning, self-initiating, self-inhibiting, self-monitoring, self-evaluating) are also common areas affected (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 1987).
There are a number of challenges and difficulties with communication post ABI, some of which include participating in a conversation (retrieving or finding the right word to express oneself), or talking at length about any given topic, formulating sentences, and naming objects or people (Wiseman-Hakes et al., 2010). Despite the variety and availability of treatment materials and strategies aimed at addressing anomia, there is unfortunately a real paucity of studies with strong evidence that meet the inclusion criteria for the ERABI project.
Due to impairments in cognitive abilities following an ABI, difficulties in producing proficient discourse is commonplace. Previous treatments have focused on improving narrative and structured conversations post injury (Kilov et al., 2009). Established treatments often focus on the individual's ability to communicate with a clinician or researcher but not in the presence of a friend or family member (Jorgensen & Togher, 2009). Whether an individual communicates with a friend, a family member or community member, rather than a trained clinician post brain injury, has had an effect on the language choices made by both partners (Jorgensen & Togher, 2009).
Group treatment may be an effective intervention for individuals post ABI with cognitive-communication deficits, and may be used to target more complex and higher-level skills within the communication domain and with a wide array of communication partners. Within a group treatment setting, patients with ABI gain support and benefit from the experience of their peers within a non-judgmental environment to experiment with compensatory strategies and acquisition of appropriate interaction skills (College of Audiologists and Speech Language Pathologists of Ontario, 2002).
Some specific goals of group treatment post ABI include having individuals focus on having their basic needs met, to improve word fluency, word usage and word finding, and, to have tools to help better organize ideas in conversation. Strategies to ensure meeting these goals is possible would be to implement the use of a yes/no response system, as well as encouraging individuals to speak clearly, with vocal effort and with proper breath support. For clinical use, the Lee Silverman Voice treatment (LSVT®) would be the primary tool when addressing these issues.
The terms rehabilitation and remediation can often be misused interchangeably; rehabilitation aims at compensatory changes, whereas the goal of remediation is to return to original function. In reviewing the literature with regards to cognitive-communication interventions in ABI, cognitive retaining approaches have been described as "mental muscle building designed to improve aspects of cognition through repetition" (Ylvisaker & Urbanczyk, 1990). While a number of studies have demonstrated statistically significant improvements after intensive cognitive retraining, there have been concerns that the improvements did not translate to functional improvements in daily communication (Ylvisaker & Urbanczyk, 1990). It is important that such interventions translate outside of research studies and make a difference during everyday tasks, and generalize to everyday settings where the individual communicates on a daily basis.
Several authors have reviewed a variety of studies focusing on cognitive-communication therapies used to assist those post ABI (Coelho et al., 1996; Kennedy et al., 2008; MacDonald & Wiseman-Hakes, 2010). In an earlier review conducted by Coelho et al. (1996), the concluding findings suggest that those who sustain an ABI benefit from the work of a SLP. Study authors found evidence to suggest that individuals undergoing therapy showed gains in receptive and expressive language, speech production, reading, writing, and cognition. Further they noted that patients with more severe cognitive-communication deficits are more effectively remediated when treatment is directed toward the development of compensatory rehabilitation strategies such as the use of memory aids (Coelho et al., 1996). Additionally, Coelho and colleagues (1996) reported that although interventions directed at particular cognitive deficits are important, clinicians must attend to broader issues of social skills retraining, timing of treatment during recovery, treatment location and its effectiveness (e.g. hospital, home, school, work). Study results from Mackay et al. (1992) suggest that intervention programs offered earlier post injury result in shorter rehabilitation stays. Further, for individuals with comparable disabilities, those who receive rehabilitation have better than average cost outcomes compared to those not receiving these services (Aronow, 1987). For individuals with profound deficits following their ABI, treatment focusing on environmental modification or the arrangement of permanent support systems may be most effective (e.g. training family members/ significant others to encourage patient/client during activities of daily living) (DePompei & Williams, 1994; Story, 1991).
Barreca et al. (2003) compared two rehabilitation approaches that attempted to establish correct responses to yes/no questions. In addition to providing an enriched environment to the first group, a communicative disorders assistant provided yes/no training to the individuals. In addition, the assistant trained healthcare team members and families to follow scripted procedures to increase arousal/attention and to elicit yes/no responses. This was compared against standard care. A trend towards statistical significance for the first group (yes/no training) was found over the second. These findings offer evidence that some patients with severe head injuries improve their ability to communicate "yes/no" responses when undergoing consistent training and environmental enrichments. Increased interactions between patients and nursing were informally observed. As well, families reported on a satisfaction questionnaire that they were better able to communication with their loved one (Barreca et al., 2003).
Another study examined retrieval practice, administered in person, compared to massed restudy and spaced restudy (Sumowski et al., 2014). In the retrieval practice intervention, the participants were first exposed to a verbal paired associate; the subsequent trials for that verbal paired associate were structured as cued recall tests. For individuals with severe TBI and memory-impairments, this retrieval practice was significantly more effective for memory recall than the massed restudy and spaced restudy interventions both immediately following the intervention and at 1 week post (Sumowski et al., 2014).
Technology interventions have also been used to improve communication post TBI. In a study conducted by Harvey et al. (2013) participants completed six sessions of computerized text-to-speech training. Results showed a significant improvement in reading rates during the text-to-speech conditions compared to the no text-to-speech conditions (Harvey et al., 2013). These findings suggest that text-to-speech technology is a useful tool in improving reading rates among individuals with a TBI. However, the authors note that while reading rates improved, comprehension of the written material was not affected.
Brownell et al. (2013) utilized therapy targeting deficiencies in figurative language. All participants completed 10 sessions of word task training resulting in significant improvements in oral metaphor interpretation (Brownell et al., 2013). Participants in the study were approximately eight years post injury suggesting that post TBI individuals are capable of advanced improvements in non-literal language even after the period of rapid and pronounced spontaneous recovery.
In a study by O'Neil-Pirozzi et al. (2010), individuals with ABI participated in twelve 90-minute sessions which were held twice a week. The intervention included memory education, and to improve memory function the study emphasized internal strategy acquisition. Primary emphasis was placed on semantic association followed by semantic elaboration/chaining and imagery. Results from the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) indicated significant differences between the groups and those with a severe ABI performed more poorly than those with a moderate injury. Despite this finding, those with severe ABIs did perform better than those in the control group. In all, memory performance was seen to improve for all in the intervention group compared to the control group.
There is level 1b evidence that yes/no training and an enriched environment does not significantly improve communication responses in individuals with an ABI.
There is level 4 evidence that retrieval practice is more effective for memory recall in individuals with an ABI than massed restudy (i.e., cramming) and spaced restudy (i.e., distributed learning).
There is level 4 evidence that targeted therapy towards figurative language improves communication in chronic TBI individuals.
There is level 4 evidence that text-to-speech technology improves reading rates post ABI.
There is level 2 evidence suggesting memory group interventions can improve everyday memory functioning post ABI.
ABI can influence every aspect of life including physicality, cognitive function, emotional responses, and social functioning. Communication remediation focuses on one's ability to improve expressive language, speech production, reading, writing, and cognition. Social communication training more specifically addresses social competence and removing barriers to returning to a meaningful and productive life, which includes having the ability to sustain interpersonal relationships (Braden et al., 2010).
An RCT by Westerhof-Evers et al. (2017) compared the use of a Social cognition and Emotion regulation treatment (T-ScEmo) to a treatment for general cognitive gains (control group), to evaluate how participants performed on emotion perception, social understanding, and social behavior. The T-ScEmo group had statistically significant improvements on emotion perception (facial affect recognition), theory of mind, proxy-rated empathic behavior, societal participation, and treatment goal attainment, when compared with the Cogniplus group (Westerhof-Evers et al., 2017). Participants in the T-ScEmo group also reported higher quality of life and their life partners rated relationship quality to be higher than those in the Cogniplus group.
In an RCT conducted by Dahlberg et al. (2007) it was found that subjects in the experimental group, when exposed to twelve, 1.5 hour communication sessions, significantly improved their scores on the general participation in conversation subscale on the Profile of Functional Impairment in Communication and the Social Communication Skills questionnaire-adapted (Dahlberg et al., 2007). These improvements were also noted at 6 and 9 month follow up periods. Therefore, this treatment model shows promise for improving social communication skills in an ABI population.
Finch et al., (2017) conducted pre-post study in adults with brain injury aimed at improving and maintaining social communication skills, in particular, the study authors focused on improved perceived communication skills, and achievement of goals. The results from this study indicated that goal-driven interventions may help individuals with TBI achieve social communication goals.
The Braden et al. (2010) study examined the efficacy of the Group Interactive Structured Treatment (GIST) for social competence in a cohort study examining 30 individuals greater than one year post ABI. The 13 week training covered the following topics: skills of the great communicator, self-assessment and goal setting, starting conversations, keeping conversations going and using feedback, assertiveness in solving problems, practice in the community, social confidence through positive self-talk, social boundaries, videotaping, video review, conflict resolution, closure and celebration (Braden et al., 2010). Overall, data gathered from several subjective social communication tools supported the hypothesis that social communication skills and social competence can be improved several years post injury. Further, the program seemed to be effective for individuals with TBI who also have comorbidities.
Although interventions addressing social skills have been studied in detail in other populations, including mental health; in individuals with ABI, there is limited evidenced-based research addressing this area.
There is level 1b evidence that pragmatic interventions including role-playing, improve a variety of social communication skills in individuals with an ABI, as well as self-concept and self-confidence in social communications.
There is level 4 evidence suggesting that a goal-driven, metacognitive approach to intervention may be beneficial in assisting individuals with TBI to achieve social communication goals.
There is level 2 evidence that conversation group therapy has a beneficial effect on pragmatic and quality of life concerns in individuals with an ABI.
The success of communication interventions often relies on the understanding, compliance and competence of communication partners. Training of communication partners has become a central component of communication interventions with many populations. This development is consistent with the World Health Organization (2001) emphasis on context (environmental and attitudinal) as a determinant in health and disability outcomes. Training of communication partners has been shown to have a positive effect on communication effectiveness and reacquisition of communication skills in children with language disorders and developmental disabilities (Girolametto et al., 1994), adults with aphasia (Kagan et al., 2001), adults with dementia (Ripich et al., 1999), and adults with ABI (Togher et al., 2004).
It is not surprising that following an ABI, individuals may have difficulty engaging in meaningful conversation with others. Training communication partners is particularly helpful in successfully facilitating communication with those with moderate to severe ABI. The strategies that are most useful in ensuring success of treatment include speaking in short, simple sentences, making and maintaining eye contact, and asking the patient to repeat the messages being conveyed (Behn et al., 2013). Also, asking patients to clarify they understand the information and repeating the information when necessary, while allowing adequate time to receive an answer. Presenting the information in written form can also elicit a positive outcome from patients (Behn et al., 2013). Eliminating environmental distractions will be a tremendous aid to allow proper focus and attention for optimal results. Communication partners should present choices to patients and clarify the intent of the message being delivered. Using a variety of modes of communication (such as nonverbal) can also be a useful strategy (Behn et al., 2012, Togher et al., 2004, Togher et al., 2016, Sim et al., 2013, Togher et al. 2013).
In a RCT conducted by Togher et al. (2004), the benefits of training individuals regarding how to effectively communicate with individuals post ABI was evident. Police officers were trained to respond to individuals with ABI, while the remaining officers who volunteered did not participate in the training. Overall, it was noted that trained officers significantly reduced the number of inquiries required to gain the necessary information from their callers, as well as spent less time establishing the nature of the service request and more time answering the questions being presented.
Behn et al. (2012) found that training allowed for caregivers to interact more easily with the individual with a TBI and encouraged a two-way dialogue. The training in this study was a number of didactic and performance-based approaches such as modeling, role-playing, feedback and rehearsal. As well, the strategies used were both elaborative and collaborative.
When looking at training communication partners, the most efficacious way to improve interactions is to have both the individual with an ABI and their communication partner participate in training together. Two studies by Togher et al. (2013; 2016) found that those who completed social communication training together, made significantly greater gains in participation and overall communication compared to individuals with TBI who attended alone or those who received no training. In a similar study, providing training to communication partners allowed for their communication styles to be modified, which in turn allowed for the individual with TBI to improve their communication (Sim et al., 2013). This study highlighted the benefits of monitoring the two-way interaction using discourse analysis to ensure that information is given, received, and negotiated in an effective and appropriate way (Sim et al., 2013).
There is level 2 evidence to support the effectiveness of interventions that focus on training the communication partners of individuals with severe TBI.
There is level 2 evidence that providing training to both the communication partner and the individual with a TBI together is more effective than only training the individual with TBI alone or no training at all.
Pragmatics describes "a person's ability to perceive, interpret and respond to the contextual and situational demands of conversation" (Wiseman-Hakes et al., 1998). In other words, pragmatics refers to the interaction between language behavior and the context in which language occurs (Strauss HM & RS, 1994). Studies have shown that the conversations of individuals with ABI, compared to individuals without injury, have been rated as significantly less interesting, less appropriate, less rewarding, more effortful, and more reliant on conversation partners to maintain the flow of the conversation (Bond & Godfrey, 1997; Coelho et al., 1996). Since it is through conversation that we form and maintain relationships, impaired communication can have a significant negative impact on social competence, vocational competence and academic competence. Social communication deficits in ABI can result in social isolation, frustration, and a sense of helplessness (Kilov et al., 2009; Sarno et al., 1986).
Goals of treatment regarding non-verbal communication post ABI include initiating conversation with others, learning to understand the emotion presented in verbal language, the ability to respond appropriately, and to maintain conversation. In order to achieve these goals, the necessary strategies to be employed consist of environmental and behavioural modification, counselling and support, pragmatic skills trailing, and targeted speech and language therapy. Patients will require positive reinforcement of the appropriate responses, as well as auditory/visual feedback by others.
Westerhof-Evers et al. (2017) conducted an RCT that is outlined in Table 7.2 describing social communication training. Not only did this study evaluate social understanding and social behaviour, it also examined emotional regulation and perception. On the emotional intelligence components of the study, the experimental group improved significantly on the facial affect recognition (Westerhof-Evers et al. 2017). Participants in the experimental group also reported higher quality of life and their life partners rated relationship quality to be higher than those in the control group (Westerhof-Evers et al. 2017).
A short treatment aimed at improving the ability to recognize emotional prosody was overall found to be ineffective (McDonald et al., 2013). Activities consisted of mostly games designed to focus on prosodic cues but found no change related to communication competence. Significance was approached for the treatment group in terms of improvements in the accuracy on the prosody task and ratings of intensity of emotions. However, participants in the treatment group self-reported that their ability to comprehend daily conversations had improved (McDonald et al., 2013).
Radice-Neumann et al. (2009) and Neumann et al. (2015) demonstrated that training focused on emotional processing can be effective when introduced to a group of individuals who had sustained an ABI. They assert that individuals with ABI can re-learn affective recognition skills. Two interventions to enhance emotion processing were utilized in both studies. The first intervention (Facial Affect Recognition), focused on attention to important visual information and attention to the participant's own emotional experience. The second intervention (Stories of Emotional Inference) taught patients to read emotions from contextual cues presented in stories and then relate these stories to personal events. Participants who received Facial Affect Recognition training had more positive outcomes. Participants were better at reading faces (emotions) and were more descriptive in relating how they or others would feel in a similar situation. Decreased level of aggression was an additional finding. The Stories of Emotional Inference group produced fewer improvements; however, they were able to make more emotional inferences about how they would feel in a given context. They did not make improvements in their ability to infer how others would feel in a given situation. The authors hypothesized that this might be related to self-centeredness, a trait often attributed to individuals post ABI (Radice-Neumann et al., 2009). However, Neumann et al. (2015) notes that the ability to identify one's own emotions is an important precursor to recognizing the emotions of others and therefore, should not be dismissed prematurely.
Gabbatore et al., (2015) evaluated a cognitive pragmatic rehabilitation program aimed at improving communicative-pragmatic abilities, in particular self-awareness and executive functioning. Study authors aimed at improving comprehension and production of a communication act. No improvements in comprehension were found from baseline to pre-training (p=0.41), however, significant improvements were demonstrated at post-training and follow-up (Gabbatore et al., 2015).
There is level 1b evidence that facial affect recognition training is beneficial at improving the emotional perception of individuals with ABI.
There is level 1b evidence that short intervention designed to improve the ability to recognize emotional prosody was minimally effective in individuals with ABI.
There is level 4 evidence that a Cognitive Pragmatic Treatment (CPT) program is effective in improving communicative-pragmatic abilities in individuals with ABI.
Following severe ABI, patients present with significant communication challenges that interfere with daily communication needs. Whereas those who sustain a mild or moderate ABI may be more readily able to communicate using natural speech with minor difficulties, those with severe ABI may not be able to meet communication needs through speech alone and may benefit from an augmentative or alternative communication (AAC) strategy (M. S. Bourgeois et al., 2001; Burke et al., 2004; de Joode et al., 2012; Fager et al., 2006; Johannsen-Horbach et al., 1985). Many individuals eventually recover their speech abilities post ABI, but there are still many who remain unable to speak for extended periods of time (Fager et al., 2006). For this specific group, assessments and AAC interventions may be a continual process, ensuring that the individual's level of function is matched appropriately with new systems as needed (Fager et al., 2006).
In the AAC domain, there are divisions of complexity that include simple, low-tech options (e.g. alphabet boards, picture-based communication boards, memory books, conversation books, day planners) and high tech options that include Voice Output Communication Aids (i.e., Dynavox, McCaw, Message Mate, Big Mack, Voice Pal and Boardmaker) (Fager et al., 2006). Notably, both low-tech and high-tech solutions to communication difficulties may have access that is either direct (i.e. touching/ pointing) or indirect (i.e. switch access or partner-assisted scanning).
Clinicians working in the area of AAC or Assistive/Enabling Technology are well acquainted with the recent explosion of technology options available. Presently, clinicians and patients have access to an extensive set of devices and peripherals including but not limited to iPad, Android, and Windows based tablets as well as a wide variety of associated applications and software (e.g. Proloquo2go, Talking Tiles). Changes in cost, improved ease of access/availability in mainstream retail, and rapid changes in the technology itself and associated applications have resulted in AAC clinical practice that is both invigorating and exhausting. Given that we are in the midst of an unprecedented technology growth, the research in this area is lagging and limited.
In this particular area, difficulties sustained post ABI include verbal expression and severe dysarthria, with the primary goal of treatment being to allow individuals with severe ABI to efficiently access and communicate effectively via AAC. Particular treatment strategies for ACC may be to complete an initial assessment of the individuals needs from access and communication perspectives. From there, clinicians are able to determine the best device and method of access for individuals on a one-to-one basis (taking into account age and gender). And finally, to allow time for training and teaching of both patient and communication partners (i.e. facilitator).
While there is a great deal of discussion around the importance of AAC, there is limited literature supporting the effectiveness of the strategies currently available for ABI populations. Further research is required in order to understand how these communication approaches or alternatives work to benefit individuals with an ABI and their care giving team.
Burke et al. (2004) studied the use of three organizational word retrieval strategies for adults with ABI who use AAC. These organizational strategies included semantic topic, geographic place, and first letter of alphabet. While the subjects retrieved words more accurately when using the alphabet organization strategy, they expressed the preference for use of the semantic topic strategy. Clinicians may consider providing these three strategies for clients using AAC, and assisting with identification of the most beneficial and preferred strategy for the individual client.
All the above AAC treatments are considered to be "aided" forms of communication, meaning they require external support by way of auxiliary materials (communication board, printed words, etc.) (Sigafoos & Drasgow, 2001). In contrast, natural gestures and sign language are forms of "unaided" AAC (Sigafoos & Drasgow, 2001)American Sign Language is the most commonly used, however there are other systems including Pidgin Signed English (PSE), and Signed Exact English (SEE). The advantages of sign language as an AAC are that it is portable (it does not require materials or devices), and it can be easier to teach than speech; communication partners, and clinicians can help individuals with hand formations (Sigafoos & Drasgow, 2001). There is no literature to support use of sign language in brain injured populations specifically, therefore more research in this field is required to make conclusions about its efficacy as a potential therapy.
Assistive devices for AAC range in their properties and capabilities. Non-electronic communication boards, along with electronic counterparts, can aid individuals post ABI with messages and symbols depicted on the display. However, the number of messages they can display are limited, and they do not have the capacity for speech output (Iacono et al., 2011). This option would be ideal for people with complex communication needs, as they are easy to access, less expensive, and generally more easy to use by patients, caregivers and clinicians.
Assistive technologies aim to improve outcomes in individuals with physical and cognitive impairments. Gaze-based communication boards use computers controlled by the individual's eyes. This device replaces keyboard and mouse with eye gaze for those who have physical impairments that prevents the use of upper limb motor function (Borgestig et al., 2016). By using their eyes, individuals can control the computer and gain access to communication and activities, including playing games, music, and perform a range of activities that they would not otherwise be physically able to do (Borgestig et al., 2016). The limitation of this technology is that is not as cost effective as other AAC devices, and novice users may experience fatigue quickly, as there is a substantial learning curve with the type of specific eye movements needed to operate the communication board (it does not mimic natural/intuitive eye movements required for daily activities) (Borgestig et al., 2016).
Bliss symbols or boards have been available and utilized for several years. The use of these symbols has been found to be very effective with those who have been diagnosed with aphasia or Broca's aphasia (Rajaram et al., 2012). However, there is little in the literature specific pertaining to individuals with an ABI.
Pictorgrams allow individuals to express their thoughts, emotions, wants and needs with pictures, as there is not a verbal explanation of all words. Pictogram-based ACC has been used for >30 years and has been shown to help learn new linguistic skills(Pahisa-Solé & Herrera-Joancomartí, 2017).
Despite the surge in technology, picture and symbol based boards remain in high use today (e.g. pictograms, Boardmaker). These symbols or pictures may represent a concept, object, activity, place or event. Symbols, pictures, and boards in general may be used with minimal training and software may be individualized (Bhatnagar SC & F, 1999). The selection of symbols should be appropriate to the individual's communicative needs. Picture/symbol software is also available for computers, iPads, and iPhones.
Individuals with dysarthria or who are non-verbal may benefit from an alphabet board. These boards are helpful for spelling single word or short phrase messages. Board sizes may vary depending on the person's abilities, necessity, or access (Bhatnagar SC & F, 1999). A lexical communication board is another type of AAC that uses common words such as nouns, pronouns, verbs and adjectives to improve sentence formation in patients, however this is not supported by academic sources and therefore requires further research.
Synthetic voice, or synthesized speech uses computer-generated text-to-speech synthesis to extract speech and sound components from words and then combine them to form a natural sounding voice (JL Flaubert, 2017)This differs from digitized speech, which uses human voices stored as segments of sounds waves. Synthesized speech is ideal because it allows greater message flexibility and accuracy of what the individual is trying to convey (JL Flaubert, 2017).
Cognitive-Communication post-ABI represents a unique area of rehabilitation. Cognitive communication deficits are primarily treated by SLPs, and can include both verbal and non-verbal communication, such as emotional intelligence. For other cognitive deficits related to attention, memory, and executive functioning please see Module 6.
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Girolametto, L., Verbey, M., & Tannock, R. (1994). Improving Joint Engagement in Parent-Child Interaction An Intervention Study. Journal of Early Intervention, 18(2), 155-167.
Halpern, H., Darley, F. L., & Brown, J. R. (1973). Differential language and neurologic characteristics in cerebral involvement. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 38(2), 162-173.
Harvey, J., Hux, K., Scott, N., & Snell, J. (2013). Text-to-speech technology effects on reading rate and comprehension by adults with traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj, 27(12), 1388-1394.
Iacono, T., Lyon, K., & West, D. (2011). Non-electronic communication aids for people with complex communication needs. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 13(5), 399-410.
JL Flaubert, C. S., AM Jette. (2017). The Promise of Assistive Technology to Enhance Activity and Work Participation.: National Academies of Sciences.
Johannsen-Horbach, H., Cegla, B., Mager, U., Schempp, B., & Wallesch, C. W. (1985). Treatment of chronic global aphasia with a nonverbal communication system. Brain and Language, 24(1), 74-82.
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Kagan, A., Black, S. E., Duchan, J. F., Simmons-Mackie, N., & Square, P. (2001). Training Volunteers as Conversation Partners Using "Supported Conversation for Adults with Aphasia" (SCA): A Controlled Trial. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44(3), 624-638.
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MacDonald, S., & Wiseman-Hakes, C. (2010). Knowledge translation in ABI rehabilitation: A model for consolidating and applying the evidence for cognitive-communication interventions. Brain Injury, 24(3), 486-508.
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text:
Maryland Route 198 (MD 198) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs  from MD 650 near Spencerville east to the entrance of Fort George G. Meade beyond its junction with MD 32. MD 198 connects Laurel in far northern Prince George's County with the northeastern Montgomery County communities of Spencerville and Burtonsville and Maryland City and Fort Meade in western Anne Arundel County. The highway is a four-to-six-lane divided highway between U.S. Route 29 (US 29) in Burtonsville and the Baltimore–Washington Parkway in Maryland City.

MD 198 was constructed from US 1 in Laurel west toward Burtonsville in the early 1920s and completed in the late 1920s. Another section was built in Spencerville in the late 1920s; the two segments were connected in the mid-1950s. The Laurel–Fort Meade road was built as MD 602 for military access purposes in the mid-1940s, replacing the original highway between the two locations, MD 216. MD 198 was relocated through Laurel and extended east along MD 602 to Fort Meade in the early 1960s. The first divided highway portion of the highway was part of a relocation at the Interstate 95 (I-95) interchange in the early 1970s. The divided highway was extended west to Burtonsville in the mid-1980s and through Maryland City in the late 1980s. MD 198's eastern end was extended to MD 32 in the early 1990s and then moved again for its interchange with that highway in the early 2000s. The Maryland State Highway Administration (MDSHA) plans to expand the remaining two-lane portions of MD 198 to a divided highway.

Route description

MD 198 begins at a four-legged intersection with MD 650 (New Hampshire Avenue) west of Spencerville. The west leg of the intersection is county-maintained Norbeck Road, which leads west to MD 28. MD 198 heads east as two-lane undivided Spencerville Road through an intersection with Good Hope Road and passes through the village of Spencerville. At the western edge of Burtonsville, the highway expands to a four-lane undivided highway and has a three-way intersection with Old Columbia Pike and takes on that name. MD 198 expands to a six-lane divided highway just west of its three-quarter diamond interchange with US 29 (Columbia Pike). Access from southbound US 29 to MD 198 is provided via Old Columbia Pike, a bypassed segment of US 29 that intersects MD 198 opposite the ramp from MD 198 to southbound US 29.

MD 198 continues east as Sandy Spring Road, which drops to four lanes as the road leaves Burtonsville. The route crosses the Montgomery–Prince George's county line and temporarily expands to six lanes between the intersection with Old Gunpowder Road and Bond Mill Road and the state highway's junction with I-95 in West Laurel. The junction is a cloverleaf interchange with a flyover ramp from westbound MD 198 to southbound I-95. MD 198 again becomes six lanes at the east end of the interchange where the highway enters the city of Laurel. At Ninth Street, the state highway splits into a one-way pair that uses Gorman Avenue eastbound and Talbott Avenue westbound. MD 198 meets the southern end of MD 216 (Seventh Street) and intersects US 1, which comprises a one-way pair that uses Washington Boulevard southbound and Second Street northbound. East of US 1, Gorman and Talbott avenues come together to form Fort Meade Road, a six-lane divided highway that crosses CSX's Capital Subdivision railroad line, which carries MARC's Camden Line.

MD 198 curves northeast and meets the northern end of MD 197 (Laurel Bowie Road) before crossing the Patuxent River, where the route leaves the city of Laurel and enters Anne Arundel County. The highway, now named Laurel Fort Meade Road, passes one of the main entrances to Laurel Park Racecourse and passes through Maryland City. MD 198 drops to four lanes at its partial cloverleaf interchange with the Baltimore–Washington Parkway (unsigned MD 295) and then becomes a two-lane undivided road a short distance east of the interchange. The state highway crosses the Little Patuxent River, then curves southeast and expands to a four-lane divided highway as it parallels MD 32 (Patuxent Freeway). At the entrance to Tipton Airport, MD 198 curves north and meets MD 32 at a dumbbell interchange. The highway passes through an S-curve then reaches its eastern terminus at an entrance to Fort Meade. The road continues into the military installation as Mapes Road.

MD 198 is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length. The highway is an intermodal connector between I-95 and US 1. The remainder of the highway is a National Highway System principal arterial.

History

The first segment of MD 198 was built as a  concrete road from US 1 west to Contee Road by 1921; the two roads intersected at the site of the modern I-95 interchange. The concrete road was extended west to the Montgomery–Prince George's county line in 1923. In Laurel, MD 198 originally followed Montgomery Street and the piece of Sandy Spring Road north of modern MD 198 from Montgomery Street to the I-95 interchange. A separate segment of MD 198 was built as a macadam road from MD 27 (later US 29, now MD 650) to a point east of Good Hope Road in 1929 and 1930. In addition, the first segment of the state highway was extended as a  macadam road from the county line to the western Old Columbia Pike intersection in Burtonsville; the macadam road continued south along Old Columbia Pike, which was then designated MD 196. MD 198 was widened with a pair of  bituminous shoulders from the county line east to Laurel between 1938 and 1940. There remained a gap in MD 198 between Spencerville and Burtonsville until the intervening county road was brought into state maintenance in 1956.

The original route connecting Laurel and Fort Meade was MD 216. That highway was built between 1934 and 1939 along a course generally north of modern MD 198. Modern MD 198 was constructed as MD 602 as a military access project during World War II. The first segment of the new highway, from US 1 to MD 216 near Brock Bridge Road in what is now Maryland City, was started in 1943 and completed in 1944. This segment included a bridge across the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (now CSX) in Laurel and a bridge across the Patuxent River. The remainder of MD 602, from near Brock Bridge Road to the entrance to Fort Meade near the Little Patuxent River, was completed by 1946. When MD 602 was completed, MD 216 was truncated at US 1.

MD 198 was widened to  on Montgomery Street in Laurel in 1948. When the US 1 Laurel Bypass—today the northbound lanes of the U.S. Highway on Second Street—was completed, the highway was extended east one block on Montgomery Street to the new bypass in 1950 and 1951. In 1963, MD 198 was removed from Montgomery Avenue and placed on its Gorman–Talbott one-way pair through Laurel in 1963. That same year, a new piece of highway was created from Van Dusen Road to Ninth Street to connect the one-way pair with Sandy Spring Road. That same year, MD 198 was extended over the course of MD 602 to Fort Meade. The first portion of MD 198 to become a divided highway was along a new alignment from Sweitzer Lane to Van Dusen Road. This highway was built concurrent with I-95 and the I-95–MD 198 interchange in 1970 and 1971.

The MD 198 divided highway was extended west from Sweitzer Lane to what was then US 29 in 1985. That same year, the state highway was expanded to a divided highway from US 1 to the Patuxent River. MD 198 was rebuilt as a divided highway from the Patuxent River to just west of the Baltimore–Washington Parkway in 1987. The divided highway was extended through the parkway interchange in 1991. As part of the construction, the original five-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange had a loop ramp added from the northbound parkway to westbound MD 198. That same year, MD 198 was extended east from the Little Patuxent River to newly constructed MD 32 in Fort Meade. The state highway's western terminus was relocated from an acute intersection with MD 650 to an orthogonal intersection in 1997. The west leg of the intersection became operational when the extended Norbeck Road, a county highway connecting the ends of MD 28 and MD 198, opened in 2004. MD 198's eastern end was extended along its current course when the MD 198–MD 32 dumbbell interchange was completed in 2002. The MD 198–US 29 interchange opened in 2005.

MDSHA has conducted a study on the east–west corridor between the MD 28–MD 97 intersection at Norbeck and the I-95–MD 198 interchange, a corridor that forms the most direct route from Laurel to Rockville. Plans for the MD 198 portion of the corridor call for expanding the route to a four-lane divided highway from MD 650 to US 29 and widening the highway to six lanes from the Montgomery–Prince George's County line to west of I-95. The proposals also include adding a center left-turn lane to MD 198 between Old Columbia Pike and the Columbia Pike intersection and constructing roundabouts at Good Hope Road, Thompson Road, and Peach Orchard Road in Spencerville. MDSHA has also conducted a study concerning MD 198 between the Baltimore–Washington Parkway and Fort Meade. Proposed improvements are associated with the Base Realignment and Closure process that has greatly increased activity at Fort Meade. The preferred alternative that came out of the study was to expand MD 198 from the Baltimore–Washington Parkway to MD 32 to a four-lane divided highway and to construct a flyover ramp from westbound MD 32 to westbound MD 198 to supplement the existing dumbbell interchange.

Junction list

Auxiliary route
MD 198A is the designation for Old MD 198, which runs  from MD 650 east to a dead end adjacent to MD 198 near Spencerville. MD 198A is the old alignment of MD 198 before the highway's western terminus was relocated to its present intersection in 1997. MD 198A was assigned to the stub in 2007.

See also

References

External links

 MDRoads: MD 198
 Maryland Roads – MD 198

198
Roads in Montgomery County, Maryland
Roads in Prince George's County, Maryland
Roads in Anne Arundel County, Maryland


text:
Q: Number of relations that are both symmetric and antisymmetric? Because one relation cannot be symmetric and antisymmetric in relation to another, but is always symmetric and reflexive to itself, there are 2^n relations (relations in the diagonal only). Is that right?

A: Correct. Consider representing relations $R$ as $n \times n$ matrices (where $R$ is a relation on a set of cardinality $n$; call it $S = \{a_1,\cdots,a_n\}$). Denote the elements $r_{i,j}$ for the $i^{th}$ row and $j^{th}$ column element. Then $r_{i,j} = 1$ if $a_i R a_j$ and $0$ otherwise.
With this in mind, properties arise, such as:

*

*$R$ is symmetric if $R=R^T$.

*$R$ is antisymmetric if, for non-diagonal entries, one of $r_{i,j}=0$ or $r_{j,i}=0$ for particular but unequal $i,j$. That is, you cannot have $r_{i,j} = r_{j,i} = 1$.

With this, we notice that, in $R^T$, $r_{i,j}$ goes to the position of $r_{j,i}$. If $R=R^T$ as well, then $r_{i,j} = r_{j,i}$. However, antisymmetry requires at least one of these be zero, and thus if $R$ represents a symmetric and antisymmetric relation, $r_{i,j}=0$ for all $i \ne j$.
Then for all $n$ elements $r_{i,i}$ on the diagonal, we have two choices: either it is or is not related to itself (i.e. we can choose any diagonal entry freely to be $0$ or $1$). This gives $2^n$ possibilities.


What will you be doing for Free RPG Day 2017? We should try and do something special for this great event at our local stores. Even if the store doesn't participate we should make it a Palladium Books event.
I am planning on running some games for Free RPG Day at Fun4All in Ypsilanti, Michigan located at 3773 Carpenter Rd, Ypsilanti, MI 48197 next year. If you are in the area let me know. Would love to have some other Palladium Books fans in attendance.
It was June 18th this year.
Planning on Rifts/Savage Rifts ant the Veil the RPG at local stores.


The page provides the exchange rate of 2395 Philippine Peso (PHP) to Canadian Dollar (CAD), sale and conversion rate. Moreover, we added the list of the most popular conversions for visualization and the history table with exchange rate diagram for 2395 Philippine Peso (PHP) to Canadian Dollar (CAD) from Wednesday, 24/04/2019 till Wednesday, 17/04/2019. Latest update of 2395 Philippine Peso (PHP) exchange rate.
Convert currency 2395 PHP to CAD. How much is 2395 Philippine Peso to Canadian Dollar? — 61.81 Canadian Dollar.
2395 Philippine Peso to Canadian Dollar, convert 2395 PHP in CAD.


text:
Q: Automatic unloading of an OS X driver it's my first question here :)
I'm currently writing a generic kext which provides a character device and targets OSX 10.7+. It's pure C, with zero IOKit/C++. (In case this matters, I'm testing the driver on 10.11.)
I want the driver to be unloaded once all file descriptors that refer to the character device are closed, but this doesn't seem to work.
According to Apple's documentation for OSKextRetainKextWithLoadTag:

When autounload is enabled, then shortly after the kext's last reference is dropped, it will be unloaded if there are no outstanding references to it and there are no instances of its Libkern C++ subclasses (if any).
...
Kexts that define subclasses of IOService have autounload enabled automatically. Other kexts can use the reference count to manage automatic unload without having to define and create Libkern C++ objects.

As mentioned above, my kext doesn't have any IOService subclasses (or any classes, for that matter), so I should be able to use OSKextRetainKextWithLoadTag.
However, the kext remains loaded forever, after all file descriptors are closed:
static int cdev_open(dev_t dev, int flags, int devtype, struct proc *p)
{
    /* ... */

    return OSKextRetainKextWithLoadTag(OSKextGetCurrentLoadTag()) == kOSReturnSuccess) ? 0 : kOSReturnError
}

static int cdev_close(dev_t dev, int flags, int devtype, struct proc *p)
{
    /* ... */

   OSKextReleaseKextWithLoadTag(OSKextGetCurrentLoadTag());
   return 0;
}

In addition, I wrote "hybrid" version of my kext, where I wrapped the start and stop routines with a thin C++ wrapper that provides a IOService subclass (with IOResources as the provider), in case unloading is no longer supported with generic kexts. Same result.
(I've found several examples of generic kexts that use OSKextRetainKextWithLoadTag and OSKextReleaseKextWithLoadTag
, but they're extremely old and don't know if they work against recent versions of OS X.)
Any idea what I'm doing wrong?
Thank you.

A: Consider the following generic kext:
kern_return_t xxxKext_start(kmod_info_t * ki, void *d)
{
    // this should set auto unload enabled
    // and retain a refcount on the kext
    OSKextRetainKextWithLoadTag(OSKextGetCurrentLoadTag());

    // this should call OSKext::considerUnloads()
    // and remove the search retain and the previous call retain
    OSKextReleaseKextWithLoadTag(OSKextGetCurrentLoadTag());

    // somewhere here or even before - kext suppose to be unloaded automatically (according to Apple docs)
    return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

kern_return_t xxxKext_stop(kmod_info_t *ki, void *d)
{
   return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

This kext should automatically disappear after a short time regardless of calling kextunload or something similar.
in 10.12.1 it works perfectly. After a while (not that short delay they describe in their docs), it will disappear from the kextstat command.
In 10.11.6 though it will remain loaded for some reason.
So you are not doing anything wrong, it is just broken in some releases.


text:
Brent celebrates the 800th anniversary of the sealing of the Magna Carta
Lorraine King
A special citizenship ceremony took place at Brent Civic Centre - Credit: Archant
People from all over the world became British citizens at a special citizenship ceremony held in Brent yesterday to launch the 2015 celebrations of the 800th anniversary of the sealing of the Magna Carta.
Around 30 people, from countries including Lebanon, Mongolia, India, China and Bulgaria, took the oath of allegiance to the crown and sang the national anthem at the event held at Brent Civic Centre.
They were then presented with their naturalisation certificates by Cllr Aslam Choudry, former Mayor of Brent, and current chair of scrutiny committee.
The Magna Carta, which is Latin for "Great Charter", was first agreed in June 1215 by King John of England and his Barons and is arguably one of the most important moments of history that has enshrined the Rule of Law in English society.
Mark Rimmer OBE, head of registration and nationality at Brent Council, said: "It's an honour for Brent Council to be able to kick off a year of celebration of the 800th anniversary of the Magna Carta.
"British citizens have enjoyed many rights that can trace their origin to the Magna Carta so it's important to remember this foundation stone of our freedom and democracy
"We welcome all the new citizens today to the British family and to the local community in Brent".
Each person was presented with a facsimile copy of the Magna Carta scroll and there was speech by Patrick Wintour OBE, a supporter of the Magna Carta society, who explained what it is and what relevance it has to the new citizens.
Mr Wintour said: "it's wonderful to be in Brent today for the first of the special Magna Carta citizenship ceremonies. We hope that all local authorities that are able to, can have at least one of these special ceremonies this year."