Last week, we held our inaugural Asian Philanthropy & Sustainability Forum at the beautiful Asian Art Museum in San Francisco. A small group of funders, nonprofit executives, and social innovators gathered to connect with and learn from one another.
Jenny Bowen, President and CEO of Half the Sky Foundation, shared her inspiring story of how she started with a simple premise to find a way to improve the livelihood of orphaned girls in China. In the 16 years since she began her efforts, her organization has built 51 training centers in 23 municipalities and provinces, trained 22,174 caregivers, and impacted over 100,000 children all across China. Not bad for a former Hollywood screenwriter who spoke no Chinese and had barely visited China when she first got started.
We [Half the Sky Foundation] didn't want to [take the credit] for success, we wanted to give the government the credit. We would not be there if they didn't allow us to.
As for the role of private philanthropy in China, Jenny believes that "there will be solid philanthropy in China." Part of the challenge is helping donors to see and understand the impact of their wealth, and to help donors see past the transactional nature of a gift. Many donors have the financial ability, they just need to be asked, and they need to know it's okay to say yes, and to do it for China.
Jenny's story is told in full detail in her recently released book, Wish You Happy Forever: What China's Orphans Taught Me About Moving Mountains.
Terry Farris, the Chief Development Officer at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, followed Jenny Bowen's presentation. Terry spoke of the rising numbers of millionaires in Asia, soon to overtake the United States. While there isn't a lot of research on Asian philanthropy, there is still significant philanthropy taking place, much of it through families. Families also control about 80% of companies in Asia, thus the families that run and own the businesses also largely determine corporate philanthropy. The wealth transfers taking place to the next generation are also changing how philanthropy is being shaped. The 1st generation are the donors, the 2nd generation are the managers, and 3rd generation is interested in doing more through impact investing and investing in social entrepreneurs.
Terry concluded his thoughts by sharing about how philanthropy and social entrepreneurship can change the region. The philanthropy is already there, it's about unlocking the potential. As economies continue to grow, as philanthropy becomes more mainstream with each new generation that is increasingly engaged, the role families can have in changing society is significant.
You can find photos from the event on our Facebook page!


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Obinna Ezugwu: On Joe Igbokwe's Misplaced Concern For The Igbo
By OBINNA EZUGWU
DAILY POST, NIGERIA, JULY 13, 2016
It was gratifying to read a recent article by the immediate past spokesperson of All Progressives Congress, Lagos State, Mr. Joe Igbokwe, who thanks to the magnanimity of Governor Akinwumi Ambode, is now living comfortably as the Chairman of Wharf Landing Fee Collecting Authority in Lagos.
In the said article, Igbokwe expressed worry over what he called Igbo ethnic bigotry and hate campaigns. Truly, aren't the Igbo all ethnic bigots?
It felt good to know that he is still concerned about the state of the Igbo nation to which he belongs. For him to have shown this deep concern as illustrated in his write up, less than a year after declaring that he no longer cared about the Igbo and that President Muhammadu Buhari was right to neglect them since they failed to heed his advice to embrace the him and his party prior to the 2015 election shows that blood is indeed thicker than water.
Notwithstanding, there is something tricky, if not outright mischievous about Igbokwe's concerns. It is probably true that the Igbo have refused to let go after their favoured candidate, Goodluck Jonathan, was defeated in that bitterly contested election which more than any in our recent history, aggravated our religious and ethnic fault lines. Indeed, it was a miracle that the country did not slid into major crisis as seen play out in other African countries.
However, it is rather unfortunate that while we thought the worst was now behind us, it is beginning to appear as though we are not yet out of the woods by any chance. As Igbokwe rightly pointed out, the Igbo are throwing venom on Facebook. But it is not just the Igbo who are doing so. Hatred and verbal abuse on social media cut across all ethnic groups. Thus trying to suggest that it is the making of the Igbo is playing to the gallery. That is why I sincerely believe that Igbokwe's concerns are misplaced. If indeed he is worried about the unfolding ethnic animosity in the country, then he should be imploring all and sundry to embrace peace. Trying to accuse the Igbo exclusively of bigotry in this regard is being dishonest.
Truly speaking, since Igbokwe has found a new life in Lagos, his treatment and regard for the Igbo has been disdainful and condescending. For him, the Igbo must be dictated to from the comfort of his room. They must support Buhari and APC; if not for anything because he feels so. If they don't, it is because they are disobedient and like every disobedient child, they should be whipped or coerced into line.
Over the years, it has become convenient for Igbokwe to sit and pour spittle on the Igbo in this regard. Who could forget his much publicized article, "The Efulefu Biafrans and the Ethnic Card Show?" That was an excellent response to the massacre of Igbo youths in Onitsha, Aba and elsewhere.
Igbokwe, who was once a hardcore champion of the Igbo course and had written extensively on the marginalisation of the Igbo in the Nigerian polity since the war ended, has since switched gear. But this switch is rather surprising when you think that not much has changed for the Igbo between then and now. Well, you could say that a lot has changed for Igbokwe himself. He is now a big man in Lagos and because he is a big man, it would be stupid for anyone to tell him that the Igbo are still being marginalized, nay, for them to complain about anything.
Igbokwe is an interesting character. Once he is comfortable; no one should be justified to complain. It is rather ironic that while it is common knowledge that Buhari's clannish and anti-South tendencies is largely stoking the fire of ethnic distrust as we have now, Igbokwe would rather blame it on the Igbo.
His is typical of a man whose little brother cried home to inform that a bully outside had beaten him up, but instead of squaring up to the bully, he, out of cowardice, turned against his own brother and started blaming him for going out in the first place.
It is obvious that the Igbo are being treated by this administration as though they do not exist for none other reason than personal vendetta. Buhari had ostensibly divided the country into the 97 percent and the 5percent groups according to votes for him in the last election. Of course, people like Igbokwe will applaud him. After all, that's politically fair. However, must everyone be of the same political party? Must every zone be in the APC? Certainly not, and trying to visit people with vendetta simply because they didn't vote for you in an election is extremely childish, unreasonable and dangerous.
Having said that, let's not forget that there were a few Igbo like Igbokwe himself who supported Buhari, but what has been their reward? Crumbs at best!
If Mr. Igbokwe is truly concerned about the state of affairs in the country, his energy is better served advising Buhari to be the president of the whole Nigeria, and not that of the North. The discordant tunes are not only those sung by the Igbo. Ask Agatu people in Benue State, the Niger Delta Avengers or even Christians in the North.
He should not forget that the toxic atmosphere in which we now live was essentially caused by the APC and its supporters during Jonathan's regime. It would be dubious to blame the Igbo for it. Igbokwe will of course look away while the military shoot and kill tens of unarmed pro-Biafra Igbo protesters and even blame them for getting shot. That was the aim of his initial article. The recent one, of course, is blaming them for what he called bigotry. For him, the Igbo should sit back and take whatever is thrown at them, be it using herdsmen to destroy their lives and crops, use of excessive force to quell the slightest resistance from them as well as abuse on social media. That way, he can relax and dance "Owambe" every Saturday.
You can reach this writer through ezugupatricko@gmail.com
Igbo Politics Nd'Igbo News Desk Nigeria Nigerian Dailies Society


A special thanks to all that participated and attended this years annual conference at Fire Keeper Casino and Resort in Battle Creek. The new layout and training sessions certainly provided a wealth of information to all members. It was our honor to have Kevin "Dauber" Lacz, former US Navy Seal sniper, share his experiences overseas while at the same time expressing the importance of teamwork.
Please click here to sign up online.
Please click here to download the pdf brochure.
Please click here for Exhibitor Booth Application.
Our host hotel is Firekeepers Casino Hotel in Battle Creek.
Phone the hotel directly at 877-352-8777. Please mention group code Michigan Aggregates Association 2019 Conference.
Visit their web site at https://firekeeperscasino.com/stay/. Click "Book Now" and enter code 2052019MAA in the "Group Attendee" drop down box to receive the discounted group rate.
Reservations must be made by 5pm on Sunday, January 21st to receive the discounted rate.


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Foggy it costs? Move them into the Cloud.
Cloud computing keeps getting bigger, as more and more organizations move their IT systems to virtualized self-service platforms, whether in-house or at a service provider. Flexible costs, agility, and security continue to be the main motivating factors, but another significant advantage all cloud users enjoy is more transparent IT costs.
In the distant past, IT systems were built for a single purpose, so it was easy to identify who they benefited. Then came the era of centralized IT departments with shared IT systems that simultaneously serve anyone and everyone over the network. With distinctions between resources used by individual services now foggy at best, allocating IT costs to specific business functions or products suddenly became very difficult – even in organizations where IT constitutes a large chunk of overall expenditure. Companies have a solid history of skillfully allocating overhead costs. They typically identify organization activities and assign the cost of each activity with resources to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. Allocating centralized IT services to individual activities, however, is a different matter. It isn't easy to look deep into the usage of those big shared servers, which compute this, that, and everything in between without much regard for divisional classifications.
Billing systems that help with allocating computing resources have been around for some time, but it is only now, in the cloud, that they have reached a satisfactory level of precision and simplicity. The cloud, be it private or public, makes it easy to identify which IT assets are used by a particular IT service. Billing allocated or consumed computing, storage, or networking resources to a specific service is absolutely essential to the way the cloud works. Rates that are calculated by the hour, or even by the minute or second, now provide precise cost inputs by default. There's more, too: While accounting only analyzes the history of costs, the cloud also controls their present, or even future state. It makes it easy to set various limits to different resource parameters in a self-service user portal. Not only can you now predict future expenditure on individual IT services, you can actually preset it.
This eliminates one of the major shortcomings of existing managerial accounting systems: that they deliver the information too late for a remedy to take place. Financial figures are often reported with a delay of several weeks, which, in this dynamic age, may not be soon enough to allow a prompt reaction. The cloud, by contrast, can report immediate costs and make predictions, thus enabling accounting controllers to become active players in an ongoing game instead of the passive statisticians they may have been until now. Better control of IT costs is hardly the primary reason why organizations choose to enter the cloud. Those who do need crystal-clear insights into their IT department's spending, however, will find that the cloud can calculate it down to the cent.


How To… – Welcome to EZ Edit Music !
This page will explain and demonstrate some of the editing and mixing techniques you may find useful in producing your media project.
Let's start with some basics. We need to establish the overall length of time required for the music to play during each segment, scene or edit of the video; or for each page of your website. Once the duration in minutes / seconds is known, it's appropriate to consider if the length of the music track you are using is either too long or short as compared to the visuals.
If the music track is LONGER than what you need, you will simply trim the music track to the needed length, using an appropriate audio editing software application or DAW; or within your video editing application. The decision as to where to start and end the music track is something you should experiment with so that you get a nice match with the visuals in terms of drama, emotion or rhythm provided by the music track. If you are using stems (sub-mixes of the main stereo music track), those will all need edits in the exact same locations (time in/out) so that they will synchronize. As will be discussed in more detail later, stems can be re-mixed; and this may become part of the process. For now, we'll focus on using one, complete, stereo mix. And as such, we can also consider whether the volume should fade in or out at the beginning and end of our edited music track; which can also be handled by virtually any audio editing application.
If the music track is SHORTER than what you need, it is likely that you will want to do one of two things: (1) create a looping soundtrack or (2) edit together multiple copies of the music track end-to-end. In this particular scenario, we are talking about music tracks from our "looping libraries", which are designed to loop seamlessly from the end back to the beginning. A looping soundtrack is a typical application used in website background music, which is handled by a music player on the website that is capable of looping a music track any number of times or indefinitely, since we do not know how long a visitor will linger on a particular website or website page. When music is played against a video, because the video is a linear medium that has a beginning and end (except for some short clips used on social media etc., but let's set that aside for now), we will also want the music track to have a beginning and end. Sometimes the music will play for the full duration of the video, but not always – as this is a creative choice. In any case, with a video that is longer than one of our music tracks, you will be doing some fairly "EZ" editing within the video editing application; or within an audio editing application (DAW etc.). Because our music tracks are designed loop seamlessly and musically, that also means they can be copied and spliced end-to-end without any noticeable gap, thus creating a longer version of the same music track. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, you can also add a fade-in and/or a fade-out to the longer version of the music track, once it has been spliced together.
So when considering creating a longer music track from a song in one of our looping libraries, the next consideration is how repetitive it will sound to splice multiple copies together. Of course, that is a creative choice that depends on several variables: (1) how many times does the track need to repeat? (2) how prominent is the music – i.e. will it be behind dialogue, narration, sound effects, and be less noticeable? (3) is the song interesting enough to make the repetitions enjoyable? If the answer is that you feel the track will start to get boring after too many repeats, you have a couple of options. One option is to simply start a new music track after a desired period of time. A second option is to use the benefit of our "stems" package to create variation over time. Since each of the four included stems represents a subset of the instruments used in the full mix, you can probably see how easy it is to create your own unique arrangement of the song, to keep it interesting over the duration of the video.
If you want to experiment with this idea, simply open your audio (or video) editing application and enable four stereo audio tracks. Then you will want to import the four stems of the song and position them all at whatever the "zero" point or start-point of the video is where the music will begin playing. Once you have all four stems positioned at the same start point, either use a "duplicate" or "copy/paste" function to create repeats of the stems for the length you need. It's OK if the last copy of the stems goes beyond the end or out-point of your video; as you will likely be trimming the last copy to fit the length you need. To begin experimenting with your stem arrangement, you can simply begin muting individual copies of any desired stems (see demonstration video below), which drops them out of the mix for one complete song-cycle. If you are feeling adventurous, you can also do some volume automation for individual stems to control the muting and/or volume during a portion of the song-cycle. This is a more advanced mixing technique, but not difficult to learn, assuming your software editing application has this feature.
Please check back with us, as we will update this page with additional tips and techniques.


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Home»World»Games»Splatoon 3 and Zelda: Skyward Sword, the highlight of a very bland Nintendo Direct
Splatoon 3 and Zelda: Skyward Sword, the highlight of a very bland Nintendo Direct
By News March 15, 2021 Updated: May 12, 2021 No Comments2 Mins Read
The 50 minutes that last night's Nintendo Direct lasted could have given more than to announce an infinite list of indie games
Blame us for hoping that the first relevant Nintendo Direct in over a year, one that would last almost an hour, was going to be littered with major announcements. In perspective, I can count on the fingers of my hands the announcements that can mark Nintendo's agenda in 2021.
Let's start at the end: at the end of the broadcast, Nintendo confirmed for 2022 the launch of Splatoon 3, the new installment of a very new franchise in the company and that has gained a lot of followers for its mix of risky aesthetics, funny characters and, ultimately, that it is a very different shooting game.
The other great announcement of the Direct would be the remastering of The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword, a somewhat controversial installment of Wii because its control by movements did not end up liking everyone. I was fascinated and am more glad that this game is coming to Switch, with movement control but also with the option to control it with the buttons. Almost more than if they had rescued Wind Waker or Twilight Princess, both released with improved versions on Wii U.
Another crucial announcement is the Monster Hunter: Rise release date. The action game about hunting huge monsters, which is becoming more and more popular in the West, will arrive on Switch on March 26. Shortly before, on March 20, it will also do Pokémon Snap, the game of taking pictures of Pokémon. They are undoubtedly Nintendo's two big names for the spring and into the summer.
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Review: Suave Parisian scalpel-botherer Dimitri From Paris continues to churn out top notch re-edits, slightly altering his famous production persona from label to label. Here, he delivers a second 12" for Razor 'N' Tape under the Dimitri From Brooklyn alias. Like its' predecessor, it features a couple of stone cold bangers. "Right My File" offers a thunderous, housed-up take on a lesser-known cover version of Dan Hartman's grandiose disco smasher "Relight My Fire" - all vocal breakdowns, big builds and big-lunged sing-along moments. As for "I Want Your Back", it re-casts Dimitri as The Reflex, laying down a version of The Jacksons' "I Want You Back" that sounds like it was done from the multi-track parts. It is, of course, dancefloor dynamite.


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Jeff Jarvis and the new hyperlocal news business model
At a presentation today at the Aspen Institute conference on journalism, veteran media executive, CUNY professor and Buzzmachine blogger Jeff Jarvis talked about a new business model for hyperlocal news.
It presumes big and doesn't necessarily accommodate small.
But it's a first step in the reconsideration of the metrics necessary to ensure strong local coverage takes place in the time ahead.
Essentially Jarvis' model organizes local bloggers into a network that associates for advertising.
The concept founders on the existing economics of digital advertising, but the principle is an interesting one that ought to be explored more fully before dismissing it. (He took a fair amount of heat quickly from others attending the conference.)
It isn't clear how the bloggers would organize to avoid excessive duplication or assign and share work, but no matter --- that's in the details for later.


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The Express Tribune > Opinion
Quranic imperatives on acquisition of knowledge
The Holy Quran puts the highest emphasis on the importance of acquiring knowledge.
By Dr Riffat Hassan
Dr Riffat Hassan is professor emerita of the University of Louisville, Kentucky.
The Holy Quran puts the highest emphasis on the importance of acquiring knowledge. That knowledge has been at the core of the Islamic world from the very beginning as attested by Surah 96:1-5, which Muslims believe to be the first revelation received by the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). It says: "Read — for thy Sustainer is the Most Bountiful One who has taught (man) the use of the pen — taught insan what he did not know!"
The Quran describes the Prophet (pbuh) as an imparter of knowledge to others (Surah 2:151). His famous prayer was: "Allah grant me knowledge of the ultimate nature of things".
In Surah 39:9, the Quran rhetorically asks: "Can they who know and they who do not know be deemed equal?" and exhorts believers to pray for advancement in knowledge. Further, the Quran exhorts believers not to pursue that of which they have no knowledge since God will hold them accountable for actions which reflect a lack of knowledge.
About those who have knowledge, the Quran says: "God will exalt by (many) degrees those of you who have attained to faith…" (Surah 58: 11).
According to Quranic perspective, knowledge is a prerequisite for the creation of a just world in which authentic peace can prevail. The Quran emphasises the importance of the pursuit of learning even at the time, and in the midst, of war. It says: "With all this, it is not desirable that all of the believers take the field (in time of war). From within every group in their midst, some shall refrain from going to war, and shall devote themselves (instead) to acquiring a deeper knowledge of the Faith, and (thus be able to) teach their home-coming brethren, so that these (too) might guard themselves against evil" (Quran 9: 122, which states).
Embodying the spirit of the Quran are some well-known ahadith: "The seeking of knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim" (Baihaqi, Mishkat); "Searching for knowledge is compulsory for every Muslim male and Muslim female (Ibn Majah). The attitude of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) towards acquiring knowledge can be inferred from the fact that after the Battle of Badr (624 AD), he employed several captives from the Quraish tribe to teach Muslim boys reading and writing — this service counted as their ransom. As Semaan pointed out: "… Muhammad (pbuh) instituted learning as an incumbent duty upon his people and this established a definite educational policy for Islam". That the obligation to acquire knowledge was "a concept that possessed religious urgency and was ready to play a prominent role in a new religious movement" is testified by Rosenthal. Gulick expressed the belief that the knowledge-affirming ahadith which "have been widely accepted as authentic and…have exerted a wide and salutary influence…must assuredly have stimulated and encouraged the great thinkers of the golden age of Islamic civilisation."
Published in The Express Tribune, July 6th, 2010.
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Get lost, Muslim woman!
Reader Comments (10)
Syed Nadir El-Edroos
Jul 5, 2010 - 11:38PM
So true! Though the emphasis on acquiring knowledge has been conveniently ignored to cater to our own biases. As a misogynist society, we undervalue the importance of educating women. As a country mired in poverty, the opportunity cost of education is very high. Rather than spending years in school parents would rather push their children into income generation. However, most importantly, education is no more than a tool for indoctrination and control. Religious scholars interpret the "quest for knowledge" as solely the pursuit of religious education. Though perhaps its our own ignorance, that in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan we ignore important Islamic values, i.e. education in favour of a more martial, fatalistic view of the nation as a bastion of Islam, surrounded by enemies. Recommend
H Saqib
Jul 6, 2010 - 11:45AM
The knowledge here does not mean only Dars-e-Nizami as Mullahs want us to believe. The knowledge means science and technology. Those who are ignorant of science and technology can not understand how the universe works and can not even understand Qura'an.Recommend
Sharif Lone
I agree with most of what Dr. Hussain is saying, but we must move forward to make our decisions based on science and reason and not always what quran says. Some of the verses are valid today as in those days, but some others need reinterpretation. I says in quran that women are like fields and use them whenever you want, does not show any rights for women who can be watered without consultation. Denying such verses does not impress anybody; we need to interpret them differently or say that such attitudes do not fit into 21st century. All the other religions have reformed themselves and have in fact become more popular.Recommend
Aftab Siddiqui
Cant disagree at all but the problem is those who should read this aren't reading it at all and not even concerned.Recommend
Fareed Ali
Jul 6, 2010 - 2:44PM
True. Even if our so-called government isn't doing enough, we should initiate teaching on our own.Recommend
women are like fields. it does not mean that they are commodities and can be used like one, but it means that they have potiential and their potiential should be utilized in proper manner.we interpret Quran according to our likes and dislikesRecommend
samina; 98% of Muslims interpret the way I said. Ask any Mullah and he will tell you the same. So fields are like knowledge and men can water them? And that women have half the rights to inherit property? I say we should reform and ask Mullahs to start preaching equal rights for women. They should be allowed to walk freely and choose their partners and should not be put behind walls of their homes. After all they are human.Recommend
it does not matter what the mullas say What Quran says is important.you know little knowledge is also very harmful.Recommend
@Sharif Lone
Allah and his Prophet knows better, if there is something mentioned in Quran, we as a Muslim cannot go against it. Any modification according to times that you are suggesting is done on the basis of Hadith and Quranic verses. And since it is written in Quran that women has half rights of property compared to men, so be it, we cannot change that ruling. For choosing partners, it is clearly said that both man and women should be consulted before marriage. There is nothing as such in Islam that says women to marry men against their will. And can you please mention which religion have reformed according to time and became popular? Currenlty, there are 1.6 Billion Muslims in the world (Stats published last year) out of around 7 Billion population in the world.Recommend
actually we don't want equal rights if islam is practiced according to the rules of The Quran, we do not want more than what Islam gives us because we get a share from our husband, our father, our son. and women importance is such than Our Prophet PBUH compared our share with the propotion of 3:1 the rutba for mother is 3:1.Recommend
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Q: Calling php functions using concatenation - $newArticle->setInternationalText.$i(); I have eight php functions. They are:
setInternationalText1()

setInternationalText2()

setInternationalText3()

...etc

I want to call these functions all at once using minimal code. I have tried using a for loop but PHP doesnt seem to allow me to concatinate my 'counter' variable onto the end of a function name. See below...
for ($i = 1; $i <= 8; $i++)
{
   $newArticle->setInternationalText.$i();
}

The above gives me the following (symfony) error:
Notice: Undefined property: Imagine\NewsletterBundle\Entity\Article::$setInternationalText in /Applications/MAMP/htdocs/newsletters/src/Imagine/NewsletterBundle/Controller/SectionController.php line 260

A: You could use the call_user_func() function:
for ($i = 1; $i <= 8; $i++)
{
    $fn = 'setInternationalText'.$i;
    call_user_func(array($newArticle,$fn));
}

http://php.net/manual/en/function.call-user-func.php

A: The right syntax is:
$newArticle->{setInternationalText . $i}();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Research article | Open | Published: 15 April 2019
Supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil attenuates muscle stiffness after eccentric contractions of human elbow flexors
Yosuke Tsuchiya1,
Kenichi Yanagimoto2,
Hisashi Ueda3 &
Eisuke Ochi ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2497-02504
This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementation of fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the damage of the biceps brachii after eccentric contractions (ECCs) of the elbow flexors, particularly focusing on muscle stiffness.
Sixteen men were included in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design study and the participants were randomly assigned to the EPA and DHA supplement group (EPA, n = 8) and placebo group (PL, n = 8). They consumed either EPA 600 mg and DHA 260 mg per day or placebo supplement for 8 weeks prior to exercise. Moreover, they performed six sets of 10 ECCs at 100% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) using a dumbbell. Changes in MVC torque, range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference, muscle soreness, muscle echo intensity, and muscle stiffness were assessed before exercise; immediately after exercise; and 1, 2, and 5 days after exercise.
MVC torque and ROM were significantly higher in the EPA group than in the PL group after ECCs (p < 0.05). Muscle soreness, upper arm circumference, and muscle echo intensity were significantly higher in the PL group than in the EPA group after ECCs (p < 0.05). In addition, muscle stiffness at 150° was significantly higher in the PL group than in the EPA group immediately after ECCs (p < 0.05).
The present study showed that EPA and DHA supplementation has a positive role in inhibiting muscle stiffness after ECCs.
This trial (UMIN000028165) was registered on 10th/July/2017.
Fish oil contains omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are a major component of the cell membrane and accumulate in the muscle cellular membrane after intake of fish oil [1]. Although the mechanism is unclear, EPA and DHA supplementation from fish oil may inhibit muscle damage after exercise by protecting the muscle cell membrane and promoting an anti-inflammatory response. Previous studies have shown that EPA and DHA supplementation inhibited muscle damage after eccentric contractions (ECCs) [2,3,4,5]. A recent study also confirmed that the intake of EPA and DHA inhibited the loss of muscle strength, limited range of motion (ROM), development of DOMS, and increase in serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels after 30 maximal ECCs of elbow flexors [5].
Recent studies have revealed that muscle stiffness increases after transient ECCs [6, 7]. Elastographic techniques can be used to assess the shear elastic modulus (i.e., elasticity) of a localized area in the muscle at rest [8,9,10] and during isometric contraction [9, 11] and passive stretching [12, 13]. Lacourpaille et al. [6] showed that muscle stiffness of the biceps brachii and brachialis increased at 1 h after ECCs using elastographic techniques. The increase in muscle stiffness after ECCs is associated with the release of Ca2+ owing to cell membrane damage along with sarcomere disruption during ECCs [6]. However, no study has reported about the effect of EPA and DHA supplementation on muscle stiffness after ECCs.
Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of EPA and DHA supplementation on muscle stiffness, particularly in the biceps brachii, after ECCs of the elbow flexors. Muscle function, ROM, muscle soreness, upper arm circumference, and muscle echo intensity after ECCs were also assessed. Moreover, we hypothesized that EPA and DHA supplementation inhibits the increase in muscle stiffness after ECCs, decrease in muscle strength, limited ROM, development of muscle soreness, and increase in upper arm circumference and muscle echo intensity.
A total of 16 healthy men were recruited for this study. The participants were not allergic to fish and had no resistance training. Thus, they were requested not to participate in other clinical trials and interventions, such as massage, stretching, strenuous exercise, excessive consumption of food or alcohol, and intake of supplementations or medications during the experimental period. All participants were provided with detailed explanations of the study protocol prior to participation, and an informed consent was obtained. The present study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee for human experiments of Hosei University (ID: 2017–002). Moreover, it has been registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR identifier: UMIN000028165).
The study used the double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial design. Since this study design was similar to our previous studies [2, 5] in order to extend these previous studies, we conducted similar type of subjects and ECCs. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups using a table of random numbers to minimize the intergroup differences in terms of age, and body mass index (BMI). According to the previous studies [2, 5], the placebo (PL) group consumed daily placebo capsules for 8 weeks prior to an exercise experiment and for 5 days after the exercise, whereas the EPA group consumed EPA supplement capsules. The participants consumed the capsules for 62 days (including during exercise days). The sequence allocation concealment and blinding of participants and researchers were maintained throughout this period. Medication adherence was assessed using the daily record of the patients and via pill count at the end of the study. On the day of exercise testing, the markers of muscle damage were assessed using the nondominant arm before exercise. Immediately after these baseline measurements, the participants performed ECCs using the same arm. All measurements were performed immediately before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 1, 2, and 5 days after exercise. In addition, the nutrition status of all participants was assessed prior to supplement consumption and after the experimental testing on food frequency using a questionnaire based on food groups (FFQg version 3.5, Kenpakusha, Tokyo, Japan). In addition, serum fatty acid levels were measured, including EPA, DHA, arachidonic acid (AA), and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) levels.
Based on previous studies [2, 3, 5] and considering the safety factor [14], the EPA group consumed eight 300-mg EPA-rich fish oil softgel capsules (Nippon Suisan Kaisha Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) per day, and the total consumption was 2400 mg per day (600-mg EPA and 260-mg DHA). The PL group consumed eight 300-mg corn oil softgel capsules per day (without EPA and DHA), and the total consumption was 2400 mg. The participants took the capsules within 30 min after each meal.
Blood sample
The participants fasted for 8 h before a trained doctor obtained blood samples from the forearm [5]. The blood samples were allowed to clot at room temperature (25 °C) and were then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. The serum was extracted and stored at − 20 °C until analysis. The serum levels of DGLA, AA, EPA, and DHA were measured.
For the ECCs, the participant sat on a preacher curl bench with his shoulder joint angle at 45° flexion. For the use of the dumbbell, the value of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) measurement at 90° was converted to kg. The exercise consisted of six sets of 10 maximal voluntary ECCs of the elbow flexors with a rest period of 90 s between each set, as described in our previous study [2]. The dumbbell was handed to the participant at the elbow flexed position (90°), and the participant was instructed to lower it to a fully extended position (0°) at an approximately constant speed (30°/s) in time (3 s) with a metronome. The investigator then removed the dumbbell, and the participant returned his arm without the dumbbell to the start the position for the next ECC.
MVC torque
For the measurement of MVC torque, the participant performed three 3-s MVCs at 90°, 110°, 130° of elbow joint angle with a 15-s rest during contractions. The peak torque of each angle contractions was used as the MVC torque. The torque signal was amplified using a strain amplifier (LUR-A-100NSA1; Kyowa Electronic Instruments, Tokyo, Japan). The analog torque signal was converted to digital signals with a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (Power-Lab 16SP; AD Instruments, Bella Vista, Australia). The sampling frequency was set at 10 kHz. The measurement was based on a previous study [15].
ROM of the elbow joint
To examine the ROM of the elbow joint, two elbow joint angles (extended and flexed) were measured using a goniometer (Takase Medical, Tokyo, Japan). The extended joint angle was recorded while the participant attempted to fully extend the joint with the elbow held by his side and the hand in supination [5, 16, 17]. The flexed joint angle was identified while the participant attempted to fully flex the joint from an equally fully extended position with the hand supinated. The ROM was calculated by subtracting the flexed joint angle from the extended joint angle.
Muscle soreness in the elbow flexors was assessed using a 10-cm visual analog scale in which 0 indicated "no pain" and 10 "the worst pain imaginable" [5, 16, 17]. The participant relaxed his arm in a natural position. The investigator then palpated the upper arm using a thumb, and the participant indicated his pain level using the visual analogue scale. All tests were conducted by the same investigator who had been trained to use the same pressure over time between participants.
Upper arm circumference
Upper arm circumference was assessed at 9 cm above the elbow joint using a tape measure while the participants were standing with the arms relaxed by their side [2]. The measurement marks were maintained during the experimental period using a semipermanent ink marker, and a well-trained investigator obtained the measurements. The average value of the three measurements was used for further analysis.
Muscle echo intensity
For the measurement of muscle echo intensity, the elbow joint angles of the participants were set at 70°, 110°, and 150°. The B-mode ultrasound pictures of the upper arm were obtained using the biceps brachii via an ultrasound (Aixplorer version 4.2, Supersonic Imagine, France), and the probe was placed 9 cm from the elbow joint at the position marked for the measurement of the upper arm circumference. The same gains and contrast were used over the experimental period. The transverse images were transferred to a computer as bitmap (.bmp) files and analyzed using a computer. The average muscle echo intensity of the region of interest (20 × 20 mm) was calculated using the computer image analysis software that provided a gray scale histogram (0, black; 100, white) for the region, as described in a previous study [2].
Using the ultrasound shear wave elastography, muscle stiffness at 70°, 110°, and 150° elbow angle were measured, as previously described [6]. An ultrasonic scanner (Aixplorer version 4.2, Supersonic Imagine, France) in shear wave elastography mode with musculoskeletal preset was used. An electronic linear array probe (SL15–4, Supersonic Imagine) coated with water-soluble transmission gel was placed longitudinally on each muscle head. Muscle shear modulus (μ), a measure of normalized muscle stiffness, was calculated using the following equation: μ = ρVs2, where ρ is the muscle density (assumed to be 1000 kg/m3) and Vs is the velocity of shear wave propagation caused by focused ultrasound beam from the scanner. A 10-mm square map of the muscle shear modulus with a spatial resolution of 1× 1 mm was obtained with each ultrasound image. A representative value of the shear modulus for each muscle head was then identified via spatial averaging over a 5-mm diameter circle [18].
All analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Values were expressed as means ± standard deviation. MVC torque, ROM, muscle soreness, upper arm circumference, muscle echo intensity, and muscle stiffness of values on the time immediately after exercise, the days 1, 2, and 5 post-exercise were calculated based on relative changes from baseline. MVC, ROM, muscle soreness, upper arm circumference, muscle echo intensity, and muscle stiffness of the PL and EPA groups were compared using two-way repeated-measure analysis of variance. When a significant primary effect or interaction was found, Bonferroni's correction was performed for post-hoc testing. The partial eta squared (η2) were calculated to demonstrate the effect size. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
No significant differences were observed between the EPA and PL groups in terms of age, weight, and BMI (PL group, n = 8; age, 20.9 ± 0.4 years; height, 173.0 ± 6.0 cm; weight, 64.9 ± 6.8 kg; body fat, 15.9 ± 3.2%; and BMI, 21.7 ± 2.0 kg/m2; EPA group, n = 8; age, 21.9 ± 1.4 years; height, 174.9 ± 3.9 cm; weight, 67.1 ± 8.0 kg; body fat, 15.9 ± 4.6%; and BMI, 22.0 ± 3.0 kg/m2). Based on the results of the food frequency survey, no difference was observed between the PL group (energy, 1975.3 ± 418.6 kcal; protein, 74.6 ± 16.3 g; fat, 76.2 ± 16.3 g; carbohydrate, 234.9 ± 60.7 g; and omega-3 fatty acid, 2.1 ± 0.7 g) and EPA group (energy, 1995.4 ± 673.7 kcal; protein, 80.7 ± 38.5 g; fat, 74.0 ± 38.5 g; carbohydrate, 237.0 ± 51.8 g; omega-3 fatty acid, 1.9 ± 0.8 g) in terms of nutrition status before the intake of the supplements. The nutrition status of the participants did not change during the experimental period.
Blood analyses
As shown in Table 1, no significant changes were observed in the PL group before and after the 8-week supplementation in terms of DGLA, AA, EPA, and DHA levels. In the EPA group, the EPA level increased after 8 weeks (p < 0.05). In addition, the DHA level increased after 8 weeks (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the DGLA and AA levels. For comparison between groups, EPA and DHA levels were significantly higher in the EPA group (EPA; 80.3 ± 13.6 μg/ml, DHA; 104.5 ± 24.0 μg/ml) than in the PL group (EPA; 24.8 ± 14.2 μg/ml, DHA; 73.6 ± 19.6 μg/ml) after the 8-week supplementation (p < 0.05).
Table 1 Changes of serum dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid in Placebo and EPA groups at before and after 8-weeks supplementation
Maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque
Compared with the pre-exercise value, in the PL group, the MVC torque at 90° elbow angle significantly decreased immediately after exercise and remained until 5 days after exercise (p < 0.05; Fig. 1a). Moreover, in the EPA group, the MVC torque at 90° elbow angle decreased immediately after exercise and on days 1 and 2 after exercise but returned to baseline on day 5 after exercise. A significant interaction effect was found (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.14). The MVC torque at 90° elbow angle was significantly higher in the EPA group than in the PL group immediately (EPA group; 46.2 ± 12.1%, PL group; 27.9 ± 11.2%) and 1 day (EPA group; 58.8 ± 9.4%, PL group; 45.2 ± 12.8%) after exercise (p < 0.05). Compared with the pre-exercise value, in the PL group, the MVC torque at 110° elbow angle significantly decreased immediately after exercise and remained lower than the baseline on days 1, 2, and 5 after exercise (p < 0.05). In the EPA group, the MVC torque at 110° elbow angle decreased immediately and on days 1 and 2 after exercise but returned to baseline on day 5 after exercise. However, no significant difference was observed between the PL and EPA groups in terms of MVC torque at 110° elbow angle at any time points (η2 = 0.06; Fig. 1b). These phenomena were also observed at 130° elbow angle (η2 = 0.02; Fig. 1c).
Changes (mean ± SD) of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque at 90° (a), 110° (b), 130° (c), and "optimum angle (d)" measured before (pre) and immediately after (post) the eccentric contractions exercise and then 1, 2 and 5 days in the placebo (PL) and EPA groups. # p < 0.05 for the difference between groups; * p < 0.05 for the difference from the pre-exercise value in the PL group, † p < 0.05 for the difference from pre-exercise value in the EPA group
ROM of the elbow
As shown in Fig. 2a, a significant decrease in ROM was observed in the PL group immediately after exercise and remained lower than baseline on days 1, 2, and 5 after exercise. The ROM in the EPA group decreased immediately and 1 day after exercise compared with the pre-exercise value but returned to baseline on day 2 after exercise. A significant interaction effect was found (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.26). The ROM in the EPA group was significantly higher than that of the PL group immediately (EPA group; 72.8 ± 20.6%, PL group; 46.9 ± 1.4%) and after days 1 (EPA group; 81.7 ± 10.2%, PL group; 58.3 ± 10.8%), 2 (EPA group; 83.9 ± 13.7%, PL group; 61.6 ± 14.3%), and 5 (EPA group; 92.1 ± 7.8%, PL group; 68.7 ± 12.8%) after exercise (p < 0.05).
Changes (mean ± SD) of range of motion (ROM) (a), visual analog scale (VAS) (b), and circumference (c) measured before (pre) and immediately after (post) the eccentric contractions exercise and then 1, 2 and 5 days in the PL and EPA groups. # p < 0.05 for the difference between groups; * p < 0.05 for the difference from the pre-exercise value in the PL group, † p < 0.05 for the difference from pre-exercise value in the EPA group
Compared with the pre-exercise value, a significant level of muscle soreness was observed in the PL group using the visual analog scale on days 1, 2, and 5 after exercise (p < 0.05). In the EPA group, a greater muscle soreness developed on days 1 and 2 after exercise compared with the pre-exercise values. A significant interaction effect was found (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.21). The muscle soreness was significantly higher in the PL group (41.8 ± 18.3 mm) than in the EPA group (20.1 ± 13.0 mm) on day 5 after exercise (Fig. 2b).
The upper arm circumference of the PL group was significantly higher at all time points than the baseline value. In the EPA group, the upper arm circumference also increased immediately after exercise. However, no significant increase was observed in the upper arm circumference of the EPA group after 1 day of exercise. A significant interaction effect was found (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.27). The circumference was significantly higher in the PL group than in the EPA group on days 2 (PL group; 108.7 ± 4.7%, EPA group; 104.2 ± 4.4%) and 5 (PL group; 112.4 ± 6.1%, EPA group; 104.4 ± 4.4%) after exercise (p < 0.05; Fig. 2c).
No significant change was observed in muscle echo intensity between time and group at 70° elbow joint angle (η2 = 0.09, Fig. 3a). However, a significant interaction effect was found at 110°(p < 0.05, η2 = 0.19). Compared with the pre-exercise value, in the PL group, the muscle echo intensity at 110° significantly increased on days 2 and 5 after exercise. By contrast, no significant increase was observed at any time points compared with the pre-exercise value of the EPA group. The PL group (183.6 ± 42.8%) had significantly higher values than the EPA group (128.9 ± 49.3%) on day 5 after exercise (p < 0.05, Fig. 3b). In addition, a significant interaction effect was also found at 150°(p < 0.05, η2 = 0.30). Although the muscle echo intensity at 150° in the PL group significantly increased immediately and on days 2 and 5 after exercise, that of the EPA group did not significantly increase at any time points (Fig. 3c). The muscle echo intensity of the PL group was significantly higher than that of the EPA group immediately (PL group; 127.1 ± 25.8%, EPA group; 94.1 ± 22.8%) and on days 2 (PL group; 141.6 ± 36.2%, EPA group; 99.9 ± 28.2%) and 5 (PL group; 180.4 ± 37.2%, EPA group; 109.7 ± 26.6%) after exercise (p < 0.05).
Changes (mean ± SD) of echo intensity at 70° (a), 110° (b), and 150° (c) measured before (pre) and immediately after (post) the eccentric contractions exercise and then 1, 2 and 5 days in the PL and EPA groups. # p < 0.05 for the difference between groups; * p < 0.05 for the difference from the pre-exercise value in the PL group, † p < 0.05 for the difference from pre-exercise value in the EPA group
No significant difference was observed in the muscle stiffness at 70° elbow joint angle at any time points (η2 = 0.06, Fig. 4a). However, a significant interaction effect was found at 110°(p < 0.05, η2 = 0.23) and 150°(p < 0.05, η2 = 0.24). Compared with the pre-exercise value, in the PL group, the muscle stiffness at 110° significantly increased on day 2 after exercise (p < 0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in the EPA group at any time points (Fig. 4b). Compared with the value of the EPA group, the muscle stiffness at 110° in the PL group significantly increased 2 days (PL group; 9.3 ± 2.9 kPa, EPA group; 5.4 ± 1.0 kPa, p < 0.05; Fig. 4b) after the exercise, and at 150° significantly increased immediately after the exercise (PL group; 23.1 ± 9.0 kPa, EPA group; 12.4 ± 5.3 kPa, p < 0.05; Fig. 4c).
Changes (mean ± SD) of muscle stiffness at 70° (a), 110° (b), and 150° (c) measured before (pre) and immediately after (post) the eccentric contractions exercise and then 1, 2 and 5 days in the placebo (PL) and EPA groups. # p < 0.05 for the difference between groups; * p < 0.05 for the difference from the pre-exercise value in the PL group, † p < 0.05 for the difference from pre-exercise value in the EPA group
This study aimed to investigate the effect of EPA and DHA supplementation on the stiffness of the biceps brachii and on muscle damage after one bout of isotonic ECCs of elbow flexors. Results showed that EPA and DHA supplementations for 8 weeks inhibited the loss of muscle strength, limitation of ROM, development of muscle soreness, and increases in muscle swelling, echo intensity, and stiffness using elastographic techniques. These results supported our original hypothesis.
Although our previous study demonstrated that eight weeks of EPA and DHA supplementation attenuates muscle strength loss after ECCs [5], the detailed mechanism was unclear. Interestingly, this present study additionally provides evidence on the preventive effect of EPA and DHA supplementation on muscle stiffness after ECCs. Lacourpaille et al. [6] have confirmed that the early changes in muscle stiffness cannot be attributed to delayed fluid accumulation and inflammatory response after ECCs. The increase in muscle stiffness is likely associated with the loss of desmin, a cytoskeletal protein, and cell membrane damage, resulting in calcium overload [19, 20]. Hence, the early changes in muscle stiffness after ECCs reflect the rapid calcium homeostasis perturbation after the myofibrillar disruptions induced by ECCs [6, 21]. Considering these results, EPA and DHA supplementation attenuates not only delayed inflammatory response and muscle soreness but also muscle fiber disruptions. The muscle stiffness in each elbow angle is shown in Fig. 5. In the PL group, the elbow angle at 70° did not change. However, the elbow angle at 150° increased.
Changes (mean ± SD) of muscle stiffness for the PL group (a), the EPA group (b) at 70°, 110° and 150°
The reduction of MVC torque was significantly inhibited in the EPA group but not in the PL group. Our previous studies have also shown that 600-mg EPA and 260-mg DHA supplementation for 8 weeks inhibited the loss of strength after isokinetic [5] and isotonic [2] ECCs of the elbow flexors. In the present study, EPA and DHA supplementation had a preventive effect on ROM and DOMS after ECCs. These results are consistent with those of previous studies [2, 5]. Limited ROM after ECCs has been attributed to an inflammatory response in the myofibrils leading to an increase in passive stiffness and swelling [22]. DOMS is considered as micro damages in the sarcomeres that cause inflammatory responses. Our previous study has shown that 8-week EPA and DHA supplementation inhibited the increase in IL-6 level [5]. Therefore, it is suggested that the inhibitions of limited ROM and the development of DOMS could be attributed to their anti-inflammatory effects.
Previous studies have confirmed that the increase in muscle echo intensity was caused by ECCs [2, 23, 24]. Nosaka et al. [24] reported that the echo intensity of the biceps brachialis increased to approximately 30% on day 2 after ECCs and to around 60% on day 4 as a result of loading 24 maximal ECCs of elbow flexors. The increase in muscle echo intensity reflects the amount and distribution of free water or interstitial edema from extracellular matrix disruption [23]. EPA and DHA supplementation inhibited the increase in muscle echo intensity after ECCs. In addition, the increase in the upper arm circumference of the EPA group was significantly inhibited. However, our previous study reported that no significant difference between the EPA group and placebo group was observed [5]. We speculate that one of reasons for this discrepancy is caused by different exercise load, which is much greater in this study compared with previous study. Therefore, EPA and DHA may have inhibited the distribution of free water and interstitial edema by protecting the muscle membrane.
The present study had the following two limitations. First, since our protocol was one type of ECCs for untrained male subjects, further study is needed to confirm on different exercise protocols and subjects such as female, trained, etc.. Second, the sample size was relatively small in this study. It should be necessary to investigate with larger sample size.
In summary, EPA and DHA supplementation inhibited muscle stiffness. In addition, EPA and DHA supplementation for 8 weeks inhibited the loss of muscle strength, limitation in ROM, development of DOMS, and increases in muscle swelling and echo intensity. These results may be significant in identifying the mechanism associated with the preventive effect of EPA and DHA supplementation on muscle damage.
AA:
BMI:
DGLA:
Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid
DOMS:
ECCs:
Eccentric contractions
EPA:
IL-6:
MVC:
Maximal voluntary contraction
PL:
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We would like to express the deepest appreciation to all our subjects.
This study was supported by Nippon Suisan Kaisha ltd. However, the sponsor was not involved in data collection or data entry and there were no restrictions on publication.
Please contact author for data requests.
Faculty of Modern life, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
Yosuke Tsuchiya
Food Function R&D Center, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Kenichi Yanagimoto
Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Chiba, Japan
Hisashi Ueda
Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, 3-7-2, Kajino, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
Eisuke Ochi
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EO and KY conceived the study. YT and EO participated in the design and coordination of the study. YT, EO, and HU carried out the data collection and performed the statistical analysis. EO and YT helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Eisuke Ochi.
This study was reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee for Human Experiments at Hosei University (ID: 2017–002) in compliance in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0283-x
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Shear wave elastography
Shear elastic modulus
Muscle function
Muscle swelling
Echo intensity


text:
Tuesday: Chinatown Sinks, East New York Rises, and Silvercup Goes Green
By Observer Staff • 09/12/06 8:30am
Another green world? [Metrop.]
Few New York neighborhoods have suffered so distinctly–and so quietly–as Chinatown. Has lower Manhattan's most densely populated locale dealt with the "social, environmental and psychological problems" that arose after 9/11? CUNY has chronicled first-person accounts of local pollution, the "crippled" restaurant business, and a widespread identity crisis.(City Limits)
Remember Silvercup Studios? Among other things, it's the billion-dollar development in Long Island City, a place Metropolis calls "one of those up-and-coming neighborhoods for more than a quarter-century." It also has 26 million square feet for "green-roof technology," so 20 years from now there will be a pseudo-Central Park streched over Queens. (Metropolis)
It's horrifying that there's a sub-1% vacancy rate throughout the entire island of Manhattan (except for those unliked wastelands called Midtown East and the Upper West Side). And it's horrifying that a sub-1% vacancy rate is barely newsworthy anymore. (The Real Deal)
How do we know East New York is gentrifying? Because Apollo Real Estate and Taconic Investment Partners have paid $90 million for about 1,000 residential condos in the Brooklyn neighborhood, and is pumping nearly half that number into improvements–but mostly because a Taconic prinpal says: "We do not envision this as a gentrification project, but rather as the revitalization of a community." Of course. (Crain's, via R.D.)
Though Mr. Bloomberg's office swears he's never heard Jerusalem of Gold, the tastefully-titled luxury condo development in Israel boasts that "the Jewish mayor" is about to sign a contract for a penthouse apartment. Is there a contract? Not so much. Is there worldwide love for Mayor Mike? Yessir. (NY Sun)
– Max Abelson
Filed Under: Home, Real Estate, The Real Estate, Manhattan, Central Park, East New York, City University of New York System
SEE ALSO: Events for September 12, 2006


Forecasts & predictions to 2020.
We are happy to discuss your individual needs, answer any questions you have or just provide our view on issues you may be interested in. We're here to help.
Quantification of market & sector expenditures, highlighting the scale of opportunities as well as defining structure, sector flows and competitive intensity.
Highlighting the most important trends & change factors that players need to be aware of.
Defining how different customer types behave, their characteristics, needs, preferences – and how these are changing.
Independent measurement of how well customers feel they are being serviced by their suppliers (across multiple factors).
Confirming who the brand leaders are, their % share and what strengths/weaknesses they each have.
"With declines in core (traditional) office products accelerating, the 'non-core' sector has emerged as both the growth driver and potential saviour for market operators. Our research reveals a rapidly changing landscape, in terms of products, customer behaviour and competitive environment. For able market participants there is currently a rare window of opportunity in the large $12.5 billion, multi-faceted office & work supplies market..... ."
I never imagined the value, Penfold reports could add to our business. They have gained significant popularity within our business, in particular for category management and segmentation strategy.
We have subscribed to a number of Penfold Research reports. They provide a comprehensive source of data on the market and we have used this information as a basis for plans moving forward. The reports are well researched and cover all aspects of the industry.
The reports provide an objective analysis of our performance, benchmarked against our competitors that we can share with our stakeholders.
Their information is valuable and a good insight/confirmation of market intelligence and trends. The benefit to us is in the confirmation and detailed information at market and product levels.
The high quality of Penfold reports help confirm our strategy decisions. I would recommend this research for major retailers so better category decisions are made.
We have subscribed to Penfold reports for many years. They provide an independent view and help support business decisions as well as help with sales activity. I would recommend them for manufacturers in this industry.


text:
Bohumila Kubišová (8. dubna 1922 – ???) byla česká a československá politička Komunistické strany Československa a poúnorová poslankyně Národního shromáždění ČSSR.

Biografie
Ve volbách roku 1960 byla zvolena za KSČ do Národního shromáždění ČSSR za Jihomoravský kraj. V Národním shromáždění zasedala až do konce volebního období parlamentu, tedy do voleb v roce 1964. K roku 1960 se profesně uvádí jako zemědělská dělnice.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy
  Bohumila Kubišová v parlamentu

Narození v roce 1922
Osoby s nejistým datem úmrtí
Českoslovenští politici české národnosti
Poslanci československého Národního shromáždění
Členové KSČ
Ženy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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HQ B&W photos of Genevieve Morton by the Riker Brothers.
Here are HQ B&W photos of Genevieve Morton by the Riker Brothers for treats! Magazine №12 (2017). Is an exotic model from Benoni. Age: 31 years old.
South African model whose accolades include being voted FHM's Sexiest Woman in the World in 2012, as well as being named one of the Top 50 Swimsuit Models of All Time by Sports Illustrated in 2014.
In 2008, she did a photo shoot for South African Sports Illustrated for the first time.
See more photos and videos from.


A limited edition poetry pamphlet and verse script in response to an exhibition of contemporary portraiture at the Hatton Gallery in Newcastle as part of a residency organised through the Write Around The Toon project. The script was produced as a poetic tour of the Hatton in February 2011. The pamphlets were hand printed and stitched by Susannah Pickering.


I found myself drawn back to the ruin of St. Ciarán's Church at Glendalough. St. Ciarán was the anam cara (soul friend) of St. Kevin.
His church is right next to Kevin's Church in the newer monastic ruins of Glendalough. (Newer … as in the 800s.) I sat inside the ruins in silence and contemplated friendship. These words came.
You honor my spirit by your presence.
Join in the One Heart that holds all.
thank you…your blessings bless me.
very nice. I so appreciate what you are able to say in just a few words… blessings!


text:
Market Call Video
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Market Call @marketcall 1d Market Call Tonight is now live with Paul MacDonald of @harvestetfs! Tweet us your questions on large cap healthcar… https://t.co/TSgujPHqcm
Market Call @marketcall 1d Interested in getting technical analysis on your stocks? Keith Richards is live on Market Call Tonight, so tweet us and tune in! #MarketCall
Market Call @marketcall 3d Market Call Tonight is live with the return of John Zechner! Tweet us your questions on North American Large Caps and tune in! #MarketCall
John O'Connell's Top Picks: May 13, 2019
John O'Connell's Top Picks
{{ video.Duration | time }}
John O'Connell, chairman and CEO of Davis Rea
Focus: North American large caps
China and the U.S. have gone to the next level of self-destructive behaviour, causing their citizens to pay more for each other's respective goods and services. Because neither side can afford to behave in this manner for an extended period of time, this will pass. No one wins by causing their consumers and companies to lose.
China needs to sell things to America, and they also need to reform their system of economic protectionism and stop the theft of intellectual property. They no longer need to steal: They have an abundance of local talent and are quite capable of competing on the global stage. But change is difficult and old habits die hard.
Until now China has been the biggest loser in this tussle, but the U.S. consumer is about to feel pain. This new round of tariffs will apply to items that you buy in retail stores and China is by far the largest supplier to the U.S. of consumer goods. It will likely cost the average American family of four about $790 more a year to get dressed, walk, sit in a chair and watch TV. President Trump's loyal fans and farmers in the Rust Belt are already getting smacked in the head from existing tariffs and now he's hitting the whole country. Not a smart election move.
In China, Xi Jinping must make some decisions and figure a way to deliver the message to his aging population that their kids, who are expected to pay for their retirement, are losing their jobs and their stock market is in free fall.
China may be able to mess with Canada because we are small, but President Trump runs a bigger show and has the upper hand for the time being.
We're in the late rounds of the battle. The effects on the stock market should wear off over time. Our portfolios have reasonably small economic exposure to this spat. The impact on the profits of the companies you own should be relatively muted. The headlines will be more exciting than the reality. The biggest impact will be on sentiment and valuations will bounce around with every bellicose tweet.
John O'Connell of Davis Rea shares his top picks: FedEx, Raytheon, Accenture, FDX.N, RTN.N, ACN.N, John O'Connell
FEDEX (FDX.N)
FedEx is one of the world's largest courier and express transportation providers. It's a play on global growth and a continued shift towards e-commerce. The company is one of the largest industrial shippers as well, and growth in the business-to-business market in addition to the business-to-consumer market provides a large revenue growth opportunity. FedEx continues to grow globally and invest in the infrastructure that's required to optimize shipments for lighter packages and shorter delivery times and works through the integration of its European business. FedEx continues to generate free cash and also returns capital to shareholders through buybacks and a modest dividend.
RAYTHEON (RTN.N)
Best known for the Patriot Missile defense system, defence company Raytheon provides electronics, mission systems integrations and other capabilities in the areas of sensing, command and control, communications, intelligence systems and mission support services. We believe that the diversity in business mix allows Raytheon to weather the ups and downs in defence spending. The company puts a strong premium on innovating in defense and intelligence, applying cutting-edge technology and re-investing in R&D. Raytheon has a large backlog of business, and consistently wins large contracts from countries and governments to provide both defensive and offensive solutions. Increasingly, they're earning a reputation as a leader in cyberdefence, which is an area we believe will see increasing allocations in the defence budgets of countries. Raytheon consistently generates strong free cash flow, and returns a large portion of it to shareholders in the form of buybacks and a modest dividend.
ACCENTURE (CAN.N)
Accenture is the world's largest consulting firm and provides management and technology consulting services and solutions to clients globally. The company has been pivoting since 2014 to focus their consulting business on newer areas such as digital experience, data analytics, cybersecurity and cloud services, which now collectively comprise about 50 per cent of their revenues. They have achieved this through organic growth and also a combination of tuck-in acquisitions. It carries a pristine balance sheet with almost zero debt, and generates an abundance of free cash, which is allocated to acquisitions to grow the business and to shareholder return through a dividend (currently yielding 1.7 [per cent) and share repurchases. As the world focuses more on digital channels, Accenture is well positioned to benefit from the ongoing shift to cloud computing and focus on data-driven digital insights and experience.
PORTFOLIO/FUND
FDX Y Y Y
RTN Y Y Y
ACN Y Y Y
PAST PICKS: MAY 31, 2018
John O'Connell's Past Picks
John O'Connell of Davis Rea reviews his past picks: Goldman Sachs, Keyera and Brookfield Infrastructure.
GOLDMAN SACHS (GS.N)
Then: $225.88
Return: -14%
Total return: -13%
KEYERA (KEY.TO)
Then: $36.35
BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE PARTNERS (BIP_u.TO)
Return: 14%
Total return: 18%
Total return average: -2%
GS Y Y Y
KEY Y Y Y
BIP-U Y Y Y
Davis Rea Equity Fund
Performance as of: April 30, 2019
1 month: 7.0% fund, 3.5% index
1 year: 2.1% fund, 8.7% index
3 years: 5.5% fund, 9.3% index
INDEX: 50% TSX60, 50% S&P 500.
Returns are based on reinvested dividends, net of fees and annualized.
Gear Energy: 6.9%
Kelt Exploration: 6.1%
Cenovus Energy: 5.3%
Stryker: 5.3%
Brookfield Infrastructure Partners: 5.0%
WEBSITE: davisrea.com
TWITTER: @davisrealtd
Early search for CannTrust buyer underway amid Health Canada probe: Sources
Multiple sources directly familiar with the matter told BNN Bloomberg that at least two Canadian cannabis producers have been approached by bankers to gauge interest in acquiring CannTrust.
Martin is urging Canada and other world leaders to fight back against Donald Trump's "America First" leadership style, warning that the U.S. president's policies are increasingly threatening global multilateralism.
Average baby boomer $275,000 shy of retirement goal: RBC
According to a report released Thursday by Royal Bank of Canada the average boomer is $275,000 shy of the amount they want to have saved for their retirements.
President Donald Trump is poised to meet with the heads of American Airlines Group Inc., United Airlines Holdings Inc. and Qatar Airways to discuss competition issues amid a long-running feud pitting the U.S. carriers against their Persian Gulf rivals, people familiar with the matter said.
Helping clients deal with divorce
Preparing for a divorce
The grey divorce and re-retirement planning
The lack of diversity in the ranks of Canadian companies extends far beyond specific industries and remains a problem in the country's most powerful and influential firms.
The Canadian dollar is having the best year of any major currency, but there's concern about its near-term outlook among analysts at some of the nation's top banks.
Are cellphones a flight danger? They could be on these Boeing jets
U.S. government officials in 2014 revealed an alarming safety issue. Today, potentially hundreds of planes worldwide are still flying with the unsafe systems cited in the FAA report.
The CBD industry is betting that pets need to chill, too
Forecasters estimate that almost 10% of CBD could soon end up in products for your furry friends.


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text:
Inspired by the Beatles' A Hard Day's Night, The Monkees is one of the most successful musical television projects of all time. Formed in Los Angeles in 1965, the quartet of Micky Dolenz, Peter Tork, Michael Nesmith and the late Davy Jones brought a singular mix of pop, rock, psychedelia, Broadway and country to their music. The Monkees' first single, "Last Train to Clarksville," was released in 1966 and quickly headed for the top spot of the Billboard charts, to be followed by such hits as "I'm a Believer," "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone," "A Little Bit Me, A Little Bit You," "The Girl I Knew Somewhere," "Pleasant Valley Sunday," "Words," "Daydream Believer" and "Valleri." With their impact still reverberating 50 years on, Micky Dolenz & Peter Tork celebrate The Monkees with a critically acclaimed live show including all of the hits, brilliant multimedia and an intimate acoustic set.
Agent: Bruce Solar
bsolar@apa-agency.com
Website: monkees.com


text:
Q: Unable to upload images to Azure blob from HTML upload I am trying to save images that users upload via a webpage to Azure Storage as a blob. I have built the code and tested it out, I am connecting and creating the blob with no problems but it does not seem to be saving the file correctly as when I access the file via HTTP I just get the "Broken image" icon. If I download the file directly form the Azure Portal and try to open it in an image editor (paint) I get a message saying the file is not a valid bitmap file. You can see the file I just tried to upload at
https://gisstore01.blob.core.windows.net/ffinfofiles/Test/Core/Logo.jpg
and here is the code I am using to upload the files. I have no idea what is wrong here, any advice?
        var StorageAccount = CloudStorageAccount.Parse(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["StorageConnectionString"].ToString());
        var BlobClient = StorageAccount.CreateCloudBlobClient();
        var Container = BlobClient.GetContainerReference("ffinfofiles");
        var FileExtension = Path.GetExtension(UploadedFile.FileName.ToLower());
        var BlobBlock = Container.GetBlockBlobReference(FileName + FileExtension);
        BlobBlock.Properties.ContentType = UploadedFile.ContentType;

        using (UploadedFile.InputStream)
        {
            BlobBlock.UploadFromStream(UploadedFile.InputStream);
        }

O, this is an ASP.Net 4.6 application using C#.

A: I've run a quick prototype and I managed to upload and download the image just fine, so I suspect your problem could be one of the following:
1)Blob containers don't allow public access by default. It may be that the image is stored fine at the moment, but your browser just doesn't have permission to see it. Have a look at your "ffinfofiles" blob container setting and make sure that "Public Read Access" is set to true
2)The information that you are using to set up the upload call is all dynamic so there is always the possibility that the data you are passing in as arguments is wrong. Double check that UploadedFile.FileName.ToLower() s correct ad more importantly that UploadedFile.ContentType is correct
3)Continuing the thought from item 2 above, you have to make sure that UploadedFile.InputStream is valid. Unless you are indeed streaming the file content from another source other than your local disk, I would actually just read the file bytes and use the BlobBlock.UploadFromByteArray() overload. Keep in mind that by doing this though you are effectively reading files into memory first, but it shouldn't be a problem if your files are small enough like a jpg in this case
Conclusion:
Here's the code I used as proof of concept.
var StorageAccount = CloudStorageAccount.Parse(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["StorageConnectionString"].ToString());
var BlobClient = StorageAccount.CreateCloudBlobClient();
var Container = BlobClient.GetContainerReference("ffinfofiles");
Container.CreateIfNotExists();

var BlobBlock = Container.GetBlockBlobReference(filename);
BlobBlock.Properties.ContentType = "image/jpg";
var fileContent = System.IO.File.ReadAllBytes(Server.MapPath("~/images/" + filename));
BlobBlock.UploadFromByteArray(fileContent,0,fileContent.Length);

PS: To improve this further, consider using the Async overload, namely BlobBlock.UploadFromByteArrayAsync()


Fires and burns are the #5 cause of injury-related death to children in the United States?
Over 300 children are treated in emergency rooms for burn-related injuries each day and 2 children die as a result of being burned?
47% of children who died from fires or burns were aged 4 and under?
Teach children not to hide from firefighters, but to get out quickly and call for help from another location.
Show children how to crawl low on the floor, below the smoke, to get out of the house and stay out in the case of fire.
Demonstrate how to stop, drop to the ground and roll if their clothes catch fire.
Take the mystery out of fire play by teaching children that fire is a tool, not a toy.
Dan Doofus Presents "Kitchen for Trouble"


All OzoneOils.com Ozonated Hemp Oils are made from certified organic vegetable oils and pure medical grade ozone. They are a great addition to your health or beauty routines.
Hemp oil- (Strength = Strong) It's POI is 192.


Kontiki Bungalows situated on the South East Corner of the small island of Gili Meno.
The picturesque white sand beach in front of Kontiki is very popular with sun worshippers and swimmers. Great Diving and Snorkeling!
The tropical ambience make it the ideal place to relax with complete peace of mind. Make sure you bring a book!
Most accommodation is strung out along the eastern coast, near the widest and most picturesque beach. Kontiki cottage provide accommodation for those seeking a peaceful place in the sun, with unpopulated beaches, clean water and quite walks under the star filled skies at night. Inland you will find homestay, coconut plantation and a shallow lake that produces salt in the dry season.
Private Beach, White sandy beaches, blue ocean, sun rise and clear sky will stunning you with private beach you will papered, also available water sport.
Available menu with international taste and local taste, pizza fresh from the oven, unbelievable beverage and sea food, barbeque, all serve in banquet with international standart, on moderate price. Barbeque on the beach (on request).
Clean breeze – teak wood carved wall bungalows, some with elaborately carved doorways.
Free breakfast served in the restaurant.


text:
Lubcza – dawna wieś. Tereny, na których leżała, znajdują się obecnie na Białorusi, w obwodzie mińskim, w rejonie wilejskim, w sielsowiecie Chocieńczyce.

Historia
W czasach zaborów wieś włościańska w gminie Chocieńczyce, w powiecie wilejskim, w guberni wileńskiej Imperium Rosyjskiego. W 1866 roku w 1 domu zamieszkiwało 12 osób. Były wyznania prawosławnego.

W latach 1921–1945 wieś leżała w Polsce, w województwie wileńskim, w powiecie wilejskim, w gminie Chocieńczyce.

Według Powszechnego Spisu Ludności z 1921 roku zamieszkiwały tu 22 osoby, wszystkie były wyznania prawosławnego i zadeklarowały białoruską przynależność narodową. Było tu 4 budynki mieszkalne. W 1931 w 4 domach zamieszkiwało 17 osób.

Wierni należeli do parafii rzymskokatolickiej w Ilji i parafii prawosławnej w Chocieńczycach. Miejscowość podlegała pod Sąd Grodzki w Ilji i Okręgowy w Wilnie; właściwy urząd pocztowy mieścił się w Chocieńczycach.

Uwagi

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Rejon wilejski
Opuszczone miejscowości na Białorusi
Miejscowości województwa wileńskiego (II Rzeczpospolita)


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Ventura County Fair still on for now despite coronavirus pandemic; tickets on sale
Mike Harris Arlene Martinez
The 2020 Ventura County Fair is still on for the time being, despite the coronavirus pandemic, fair officials say.
The public can buy tickets on the fair's website, venturacountyfair.org.
"At this point, we are carrying on, signing contracts, as if we are going to have the fair," Leslie Cornejo, president of the Ventura County Fairgrounds Board of Directors, said Friday.
"The fair is on calendar for Aug. 5-16 and no decision has been made by the board to cancel or postpone it based on guidance of the governor or health officials," she said.
Stay-at-home orders issued by California Gov. Gavin Newson and Ventura County Health Officer Robert Levin prohibit large gatherings like the fair in an attempt to slow the spread of the coronavirus, which, as of Friday, had killed 16 people in Ventura County and infected 476.
Nearly 303,000 people attended the 2019 fair.
Other local COVID-19 news:
COVID-19 claims life of 79-year-old Camarillo man
Ventura County's coronavirus death toll reaches 16
Police to monitor social distancing at local re-opened beaches
The governor's order is in effect until further notice, his office said Friday, while the county's order has been extended to May 15.
Cornejo said it's not known if the governor's order will extend into August.
"There have been no mandates to us at this point, so we have time to wait and see how things are developing with public health and safety to see if we can carry on or not," she said. "We could wind up deciding not to have the fair if we feel that's the best course of action."
On Friday, organizers of the California State Fair announced that the fair would be canceled this year and rescheduled to 2021. The fair was to be held July 17 through Aug. 2 in Sacramento.
But for now, county fairgrounds officials are proceeding with plans for the fair — 12 days of ag displays, fried foods, head-spinning rides and much more, held at the fairgrounds on Harbor Boulevard in Ventura.
"It's so important to our community to have it," she said.
The fair is the single biggest annual revenue generator for the fairgrounds, which are officially the 31st District Agricultural Association, a state agency overseen by an appointed board of directors.
Cornejo said any decision by the board to postpone or cancel the fair ideally won't be a last-minute one, barring an eleventh-hour mandate from the state or county health officials.
"We prefer not to make a last-minute decision since so many people are involved," she said. "We hire hundreds of people and we have thousands of volunteers and we're in the process of gearing up for that now."
Since the fair isn't until August, "we have a little time to really study and weigh it," she said.
Longtime fairgrounds CEO Barbara Quaid agreed.
"It's a really hard choice and one I don't think one we have to make right now," she said.
Cornejo said if the fair is canceled or postponed, the board would have to figure out a refund policy for those who have bought tickets, perhaps offering an option of honoring the tickets if the fair is rescheduled.
Meanwhile, during an emergency meeting Wednesday, the board voted to accept Quaid's resignation. But she won't actually be going anywhere. Once she officially retires at the end of April, she starts May 1 part time, Cornejo said.
Quaid said she hopes to stay on at least through the 2021Ventura County Fair, if not longer.
Typically, under rules for members of the California Public Employees' Retirement System, of which the fairgrounds' special district is a member, retirees have to wait six months to return to most public-sector work.
But an executive order by the governor's office waived that because of the pandemic, allowing Quaid to retire, begin receiving her pension and immediately start up again as a less expensive part-time employee.
The story continues below.
Affordable housing project at former lumber yard in Camarillo will have 68 units Study reveals data on COVID-19 antibody prevalence in Ventura County Coronavirus: What we know about mountain lion survival when Californians stayed home Crews tackle small brush fire outside Santa Paula
Cornejo said the move will save the district a significant amount of money. Quaid's salary will be about $65,000 based on a 20-hour work week, Quaid and Cornejo said.
Cornejo said the pay would work out to roughly $68 an hour, though the final rate hasn't been determined.
And the district will no longer have to pay Quaid's pension contributions.
Cornejo said Quaid suggested the move to help save the district money in a difficult time. Even before the coronavirus, the fairgrounds was struggling to keep enough revenue coming in to cover expenses, including growing pension contributions.
"It's an extremely generous offer on her part," Cornejo said. "She loves our fair and she loves our industry, and it will help us get through this difficult year."
Aside from the fair, the grounds make its money off facility rentals and the Derby Club, so next to no money is coming in, Cornejo said.
Quaid will receive her health benefits from CalPERS, which provides retirees lifetime health benefits under its plan with the fairgrounds.
Mike Harris covers the East County cities of Simi Valley and Thousand Oaks, as well as transportation countywide. You can contact him at mike.harris@vcstar.com or 805-437-0323.
SUPPORT LOCAL JOURNALISM and get all the latest East County news from Star reporter Mike Harris. Get a digital subscription.


text:
Scott D. Jones
Scott D. Jones / Associate
Scott D. Jones is an associate at Bayard. Scott concentrates his practice in the areas of corporate bankruptcy and restructuring.
Before joining Bayard, Scott graduated cum laude from the Temple University School of Law. While in law school, Scott interned for The Honorable Jan Jurden, President Judge of the Delaware Superior Court, and The Honorable Kevin Carey of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court, District of Delaware. In 2018, Scott was named a Melvin Lashner Scholar for his outstanding achievement in Bankruptcy Law.
Prior to law school, Scott spent over 20 years with the Wilmington Police Department as a police officer. Scott spent most of his career as an investigator, Sergeant, and Lieutenant within the Criminal Investigations Division. Scott also served as the Executive Officer of the Uniformed Services Division. Scott received numerous citations for his actions as a police officer and was recognized for his work within the community. Scott also served on the Board of Directors of the Wilmington Police and Fire Federal Credit Union. Scott graduated summa cum laude from Wilmington University with a B.A. in Criminal Justice and earned his M.B.A. in Finance from University of Delaware.
United States District Court for the District of Delaware
Delaware State Bar Association
Wilmington Police Academy
A.A.S., Delaware Technical & Community College
B.S., summa cum laude,Wilmington University
M.B.A., University of Delaware
J.D., with honors,Temple University School of Law
Practice Focus:
600 N. King Street, Suite 400 Wilmington, DE 19801
sjones@bayardlaw.com


text:
Editors' Summary of the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity – 1999 No 1
Return to Brookings Papers on Economic Activity
BPEA Article
George L. Perry and William C. Brainard 1999, No. 1
PDF File Editors' Summary of the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity - 1999 No 1
THE BROOKINGS PANEL on Economic Activity held its sixty-seventh
conference in Washington, D.C., on March 25 and 26, 1999. This issue of
Brookings Papers includes the papers, reports, and discussions presented
at the conference. The first paper undertakes an eclectic analysis of trends
and developments in the U.S. labor market, in search of clues to explain the
current propitious coincidence of low unemployment and falling inflation.
The second paper inquires whether, in the wake of recent currency crises
in developing economies, economists and policymakers should reconsider
their endorsement of capital account liberalization and concede, for some
countries, a useful role to official restrictions on capital inflows. The first
report examines a fundamental question raised by the recent crises, namely,
what contribution foreign capital inflows make to developing economies.
The second report provides some new perspectives on the supposedly
anemic U.S. saving rate by considering several conceptual adjustments to
official saving measures, including the effect of capital gains on household
wealth. The concluding report asks whether, after decades of concern about
inflation, a bout of deflation may now be in our future, and if so, whether
it poses special problems for stabilization policy.
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity
Raising the Speed Limit: U.S. Economic Growth in the Information Age
Dale W. Jorgenson and Kevin J. Stiroh
2000, No. 1
Reflections on U.S. Macroeconomic Policy
William Poole
Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox
Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers
Kuznets beyond Kuznets
By Saumik Paul
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Spring 2018
Edited by Janice C. Eberly and James H. Stock
Dance of the Trillions
By David Lubin
George L. Perry
Senior Fellow - Economic Studies
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