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International Journal of Photoenergy
International Journal of Photoenergy / 2012 / Article
AbstractIntroductionResults and DiscussionConclusionsReferencesCopyright
Photovoltaic Materials and Devices
Jeum-Jong Kim, Jeonghun Yoon, Eun Jung Kim, Bo Ram Kim, Yong-Jin Yoon, Mangu Kang, "A New Ruthenium Sensitizer Containing Benzo[1,9]quinolizino(acridin-2-yl)vinyl-2,2′-bipyridine Ligand for Effective Nanocrystalline Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells", International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2012, Article ID 743947, 7 pages, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/743947
A New Ruthenium Sensitizer Containing Benzo[1,9]quinolizino(acridin-2-yl)vinyl-2,2′-bipyridine Ligand for Effective Nanocrystalline Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Jeum-Jong Kim,1 Jeonghun Yoon,1 Eun Jung Kim,2 Bo Ram Kim,2 Yong-Jin Yoon,2 and Mangu Kang1
1Advanced Solar Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-700, Republic of Korea
2Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660701, Republic of Korea
Academic Editor: Peter Rupnowski
Accepted13 Dec 2011
Published08 Mar 2012
Novel ruthenium bipyridyl sensitizer incorporating conjugated benzo[1,9]quinolizino-(acridin-2-yl)vinyl-2,2′-bipyridine ligand [JJ-12] has been synthesized and demonstrated as efficient sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells. A mesoporous titania film stained with JJ-12 exhibits a remarkable incident monochromatic photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 82%. Under standard AM 1.5 sunlight, the solar cell using a liquid-based electrolyte consisting of 0.6 M 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII), 0.05 M I2, 0.1 M LiI, and 0.5 M tert-butylpyridine in acetonitrile exhibits a short-circuit photocurrent density of 16.47 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.71 V, and a fill factor of 0.71, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 8.34 %.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been extensively studied as a novel sunlight-to-electricity conversion system [1–5]. The working principle of the dye-sensitized solar cell is the following. Upon photoexcitation, the dye molecules inject an electron into the conduction band of TiO2, leaving the dye in its oxidized state (D+, also referred to as dye cation). The dye is restored to its ground state by electron transfer from the redox pair. The regeneration of the sensitizer by iodide intercepts the recombination of the conduction band electron with the oxidized dye. The ions formed by oxidation of I- diffuse to the cathode where the regenerative cycle is completed by electron transfer to reduce to I-. DSSCs consist of a dye-sensitized TiO2 electrode, a Pt-sputtered counter electrode, and a redox couple. In these cells, the sensitizer is one of the key components for high-power conversion efficiencies. Polypyridyl ruthenium sensitizers such as cis-dithiocyanato-bis(4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium (II) (N719) have shown to be excellent dyes in DSSCs, and their photoconversion efficiency is more than 10% under air mass 1.5 sunlight [6]. The main drawback of this sensitizer is the lack of absorption in the red region of the visible spectrum. An important goal on ruthenium dyes has been the development of new ruthenium dyes having a wide and red-shifted MLCT band [7–9]. Numerous attempts have been made to molecularly engineer ruthenium sensitizers to broaden the absorption band and increase the molar absorption coefficient. One of the successful approaches is to replace one of the 4,4′-dicarboxylic acid-2,2′-bipyridine (dcbpy) anchoring ligands in N3 with a highly conjugated ancillary ligand. Several groups have successfully developed efficient ruthenium sensitizers by introducing extended conjugation units on the bipyridyl ligand such as thiophene [10–14] and alkoxybenzene [15–17] derivatives. Another approach is to synthesize efficient ruthenium sensitizers through a systematic tuning of the LUMO and HOMO energy levels of the ruthenium polypyridyl complexes by introducing a ligand with a low-lying π* molecular orbital or by destabilizing the metal orbital with a strong donor ligand [18]. Thus, the systematic designs of efficient ruthenium sensitizers to enhance the absorption coefficient and red shift the MLCT band by increasing the conjugation length of the ancillary ligands such as a styryl-substituted bipyridine and using strong σ-donating power of the amine are well documented strategies. As even small structural modifications of sensitizers result in significant changes in redox energies and the threshold wavelength, the ruthenium sensitizer, JJ-12, is molecularly engineered in a way to have a red-shift and high absorption coefficient of MLCT band. Here, we report the synthesis of a novel ruthenium sensitizer containing benzo[1,9]-quinolizino(acridin-2-yl)vinyl-2,2′-bipyridine and its excellent photovoltaic performances in DSSCs (Figure 1).
Molecular structure of JJ-12.
2. Experimental Section
2.1. NMR Spectra, UV-Vis Spectra, and Emission Spectra Measurement
All of the reactions were carried out under an argon atmosphere. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury 300 spectrometer. UV-vis spectra were recorded in a 1 cm path length quartz cell on a Cary 5 spectrophotometer. Emission spectra were recorded on a Spex Fluorolog 112 using a 90° optical geometry. The emitted light was detected with a Hamamatsu R928 photomultiplier operated in single-photon counting mode.
2.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectra (EIS) and I-V Curve Spectra Measurement
Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of DSSCs were measured with an impedance analyzer (VersaSTAT 3, AMETEK) connected to a potentiostat under illumination conditions at room temperature. The spectra were scanned in a frequency range from 10-1 Hz to 105 Hz and AC amplitude 10 mV at room temperature.
Photoelectrochemical data were measured using a 1000 W xenon light source (Oriel, 91193) that was focused to give 1000 W/m2, the equivalent of one sun at air mass (AM) 1.5, at the surface of the test cell. The light intensity was adjusted with an Si solar cell that was doubled-checked with an NREL-calibrated Si solar cell (PV Measurement Inc.). The applied potential and measured cell current were measured using a Keithley model 2400 digital source meter. The current-voltage characteristics of the cell under these conditions were determined by biasing the cell externally and measuring the generated photocurrent. This process was fully automated using WaveMetrics software.
2.3. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Fabrication
Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass plates (Pilkington TEC Glass-TEC 8, Solar 2.3 mm thickness) were cleaned in a detergent solution using an ultrasonic bath for 30 min and then rinsed with water and ethanol. Then, the plates were immersed in 40 mM TiCl4 (aqueous) at 70°C for 30 min and washed with water and ethanol. A transparent nanocrystalline layer was prepared on the FTO glass plates by using a doctor blade printing TiO2 paste (Solaronix, Ti-Nanoxide T/SP), which was then dried for 2 h at 25°C. The TiO2 electrodes were gradually heated under an air flow at 325°C for 5 min, at 375°C for 5 min, at 450°C for 15 min, and at 500°C for 15 min. The thickness of the transparent layer was measured by using an Alpha-Step 250 surface profilometer (Tencor Instruments, San Jose, CA, USA). A Paste containing 400 nm sized anatase particles (CCIC. PST-400C) was deposited by means of doctor blade printing to obtain the scattering layer, and then dried and heated under same condition which was applied for TiO2 (Solaronix, Ti-Nanoxide T/SP) paste described above. The resulting film was composed of a 10 μm thick transparent layer and a 4 μm thick scattering layer. The TiO2 electrodes were treated again with TiCl4 at 70°C for 30 min and sintered at 500°C for 30 min. Then, they were immersed in JJ-12 (0.3 mM in ethanol) solutions and kept at room temperature for 24 h. FTO plates for the counter electrodes were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath in H2O, Acetone, and 0.1 M aqueous HCl, subsequently. The counter electrodes were prepared by placing a drop of an H2PtCl6 solution (2 mg Pt in 1 mL ethanol) on an FTO plate and heating it (at 400°C) for 15 min. The dye adsorbed TiO2 electrodes, and the Pt counter electrodes were assembled into a sealed sandwich-type cell by heating at 80°C using a hot-melt ionomer film (Surlyn) as a spacer between the electrodes. A drop of the electrolyte consisting of 0.6 M 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII), 0.05 M I2, 0.1 M LiI, and 0.5 M tert-butylpyridine in acetonitrile was placed in the drilled hole of the counter electrode and was driven into the cell via vacuum backfilling. Finally, the hole was sealed using additional surlyn and a cover glass (0.1 mm thickness).
2.4. Typical Synthesis Procedures and Analytical Data
4,4′-bis((E)-2-(4,4,8,8,12,12-hexamethyl-8,12-dihydro-4H-benzo[1,9]quinolizino[3,4,5,6,7-defg]acridin-2-yl)vinyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (7): 4,4,8,8,12,12-hexamethyl-8,12-dihydro-4H-benzo[1,9]quinolizino[3,4,5,6,7-defg]acridine-2-carbaldehyde (130 mg, 0.33 mmol), tetraethyl[2,2′-bipyridine]-4,4′-diylbis(methylene) bis(phosphonate) (80 mg, 0.17 mmol) and potassium tert-butoxide (55 mg, 0.50 mmol) were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL), and the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h. After the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, H2O (50 mL) and methylene chloride (50 mL) were added. The organic layer was separated and dried in MgSO4. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The pure product 7 was obtained by column chromatography on silica gel (methylene chloride:hexane = 1 : 1, = 0.3). Yield: 90%. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 8.73 (d, 2H, Hz), 8.65 (s, 2H), 7.63 (s, 4H), 7.57 (d, 2H, Hz), 7.44 (m, 12H), 7.18 (m, 4H), 1.71 (s, 24H), 1.67 (s, 12H). 13C NMR (CDCl3): 156.5, 149.5, 146.3, 133.4, 132.8, 131.5, 130.6, 130.2, 130.1, 129.9, 123.9, 123.5, 123.3, 122.4, 120.9, 118.1, 35.6, 33.0. Anal. calcd. for C68H62N4: C, 87.33; H, 6.68. Found: C, 87.30; H, 6.71.
- Complex
A mixture 4,4′-bis((E)-2-(4,4,8,8,12,12-hexamethyl-8,12-dihydro-4H-benzo[1,9]quinolizino[3,4,5,-6,7-defg]acridin-2-yl)vinyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (130 mg, 0.14 mmol) and a dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium (II) dimer (43 mg, 0.07 mmol) in argon-degassed DMF (15 mL) was stirred at 70°C for 4 h under reduced light. Subsequently, 4,4′-dicarboxylic-2,2′-bipyridine (34 mg, 0.14 mmol) was added into the flask, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 160°C for 4 h. At last, an excess of NH4NCS (105 mg, 1.40 mmol) was added to the resulting dark solution, and the reaction continued for another 4 h at 140°C. Then the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature, and the solvent was removed under vacuum. Water was added to get the precipitate. The precipitate was filtered out, washed with water, and dried under vacuum. The resulting solid was dissolved in methanol containing 2,2 equivalent of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide to confer solubility by deprotonating the carboxylic group and purified on a Sephadex LH-20 column with methanol as eluent. The collected main band was concentrated, and the solution pH was lowered to 5.1 using 0.02 M nitric acid. The precipitate was collected on a sintered glass crucible by suction filtration and dried in air. Yield: 60%. 1H NMR (CD3OD): 9.35–8.90 (m, 6H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.08–7.18 (m, 24H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 1.61 (m, 24H), 1.33 (m, 12H), 0.87 (m, 9H). Anal. calcd. for C82H70N8O4RuS2: C, 70.52; H, 5.05. Found: C, 70.63; H, 5.01
The synthetic route for the preparation of JJ-12 is depicted in Scheme 1. First, trimethyl 2,2′,2′′-nitrilotribenzoate 3 was prepared by the Ullmann coupling reaction [19] of methyl 2-aminobenzoate 1 and methyl 2-iodobenzoate 2 and compound 6 was synthesized through methylation, cyclization and formylation from compound 3. 2-Bromo-4,4′-bis((E)-2-(4,4,8,8,12,12-hexamethyl-8,12-dihydro-4H-benzo[1,9]quinolizino[3,4,5,6,7-defg]acridin-2-yl)vinyl)-2,2′-bipyridine 7 was prepared from the reaction of 4,4,8,8,12,12-hexamethyl-8,12-dihydro-4H-benzo[1,9]quinolizino[3,4,5,6,7-defg]acridine-2-carbaldehyde 6 and tetraethyl[2,2′-bipyridine]-4,4′-diylbis(methylene))bis(phosphonate) using the Horner-Emmons-Wadsworth reaction [20]. The one-pot synthetic procedure developed for heteroleptic polypyridyl ruthenium sensitizers was adapted for the preparation of new JJ-12 [21, 22]. The analytical and spectroscopic data of novel sensitizer are consistent with the formulated structure.
Scheme 1
Schematic diagram for the synthesis of sensitizers JJ-12.
Figure 2 shows the ultraviolet-visible spectra of JJ-12, together with the N3 absorption spectrum as a reference. The polypyridyl complexes of JJ-12 show very broad and intense absorption peaks throughout the whole absorption region. The UV-vis spectrum of JJ-12 displays two absorption bands at 420 and 531 nm in the visible region, which are characteristic of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) bands [23, 24]. The low-energy MLCT band of JJ-12 at 531 nm is 11 nm red shifted relative to that of N3. The red shift of JJ-12 sensitizer is attributable to the increase of π-conjugation in an ancillary ligand and donor ability of benzo[1,9]quinolizinoacridine. The low-energy MLCT band at 531 nm of JJ-12 exhibits a molar extinction coefficient of 15.4 × 103 M-1 cm−1, which is higher than that of the N3 dye (14.4 × 103 M-1 cm−1). Adsorption of JJ-12 onto a TiO2 electrode was observed to broaden the absorption band and to red shift the absorption threshold up to 770 nm, ensuring a good light-harvesting efficiency (Figure 2(b)). Such broadening and red shift have been observed in many ruthenium sensitizers on TiO2 electrodes [25, 26].
Absorption and emission spectra (a) of JJ-12 (blue line) and N3 (green line) in EtOH, and absorption spectra (b) of JJ-12 (blue line) and N3 (green line) adsorbed on TiO2 film.
We also observed that the JJ-12 exhibited strong luminescence maxima at 740–755 nm when they were excited with their MLCT absorption bands at 298 K in an air-equilibrated ethanol solution.
The electrochemical properties of the novel sensitizer JJ-12 were studied by cyclic voltammetry in CH3CN with 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate using TiO2 film with adsorbed dyes as the working electrode. The oxidation potential of JJ-12 adsorbed on TiO2 film shows a quasi-reversible couple at 0.92 V versus NHE (Table 1). The value may be compared to 1.12 V versus NHE measured for N3. The 0.20 V cathodic shift of the JJ-12 oxidation potential compared to that of N3 is attributable to the influence of the electron-rich fused triphenylamine donor ring. The oxidation potential of JJ-12 sensitizer is energetically favorable for iodide oxidation [27]. The reduction potentials of JJ-12 dye calculated from the oxidation potentials and the determined from the intersection of absorption and emission spectra are −0.96 V for JJ-12 versus NHE [28]. The value is much more negative than the conduction band level of TiO2 at approximately −0.5 V versus NHE, ensuring the thermodynamic driving force for charge injection [29, 30].
Dye /nm (ε/M-1 cm−1) /V /V /V (mA cm−2) (V) e (%)
JJ-12 531 (15,430); 420 (24,430) 0.92 1.88 −0.96 16.47 0.71 0.71 8.34
N3 520 (14,400); 380 (14,682) 14.52 0.72 0.69 7.23
aAbsorption spectra was measured in ethanol solution. bOxidation potential of dyes on TiO2 were measured in CH3CN with 0.1 M (n-C4H9)4NPF6 with a scan rate of 50 mVs−1 (versus NHE). c was determined from intersection of absorption and emission spectra in ethanol. d was calculated by - . ePerformances of DSSCs were measured with 0.18 cm2 working area. Electrolyte: 0.6 M DMPII, 0.05 M I2, 0.1 M LiI, and tert-butylpyridine in acetonitrile.
Optical, oxidation, and DSSC performance parameters of dyes.
Figure 3 shows the incident monochromatic photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) using 0.6 M 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII), 0.05 M I2, 0.1 M LiI, and 0.5 M tert-butylpyridine in acetonitrile. The cell was fabricated using a double layer of 10 μm thick TiO2 (20 nm nanoparticles) and 4 μm thick scattering TiO2 (400 nm nanoparticles). The incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of JJ-12 exceeds 70% in a broad spectral range from 440 to 630 nm, reaching a maximum 82% at 520 nm. The band tails off toward 800 nm, contributing to the broad spectral light harvesting that is characteristic of polypyridyl ruthenium dyes [31–33]. For reference, N3 dye affords a maximum IPCE of 75% at 520 nm under the same condition. The JJ-12 sensitizer's IPCE spectrum is more enhanced in 420–740 nm range compared to that of N3 as a result of extended π-conjugation of fused triphenylamine ring, which is consistent with the absorption spectrum of JJ-12.
IPCE of JJ-12 (blue line) and N3 (green line).
The - curve for the devices based on JJ-12 is shown and compared with that of N3 in Figure 4. Under standard global AM1.5 solar condition, the JJ-12 sensitized cell gave a short-circuit photocurrent density ( ) of 16.47 mAcm−2, an open-circuit voltage ( ) of 0.71 V, and a fill factor of 0.71, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiencies of 8.34%. The photovoltaic performance of the JJ-12 and N3 sensitized cells is presented in Table 1. Under the same condition, the N3 sensitized cell gave a of 14.52 mAcm−2, of 0.72 V, and a fill factor of 0.69, corresponding to of 7.23%.
- curve of JJ-12 (blue line) and N3 (green line).
The ac impedances of the cells were measured under the illumination conditions. Figure 5(a) shows the ac impedance spectra measured under open-circuit conditions and under illumination of 100 mWcm−2. The radius of the intermediate-frequency semicircle in the Nyquist plot decreased in the order of N3 (34.55 Ω) > JJ-12 (22.50 Ω), indicating the improved electron generation and transport. This result is in good agreement with that of short-circuit photocurrent trend shown in Table 1. Figure 5(b) shows the ac impedance spectrum measured under dark condition. In the dark under forward bias (−0.68 V), the semicircle in intermediate frequency regime demonstrates the dark reaction impedance caused by the electron transport from the conduction band of TiO2 to ions in electrolyte. The increased radius of the semicircle in intermediate frequency regime implies a reduced electron recombination rate at the dyed TiO2/electrolyte interface. In dark, the radius of the intermediate-frequency semicircle showed the increasing order of JJ-12 (214.70 Ω) < N3 (243.90 Ω), in accord with the trends of the value in Table 1.
Electrochemical impedance spectra measured under the illumination (1 sun) and in the dark for the cells with different dye adsorption conditions (i.e., JJ-12 (blue), N3 (green)).
The electron lifetime can be estimated from the following relationship. is the maximum frequency of the intermediate frequencies peak [34]. The results are displayed in the form of a bode-phase plot, as shown in Figure 6. The values of JJ-12 and N3 are 22.63 Hz and 13.81 Hz, respectively. The values show a significant gap among the dyes, resulting in the increasing order of N3 > JJ-12. The different values might be caused by the different molecular structure of the dyes. The low value of in JJ-12 compared to those of N3 may be due to the defects of the JJ-12 monolayer on the TiO2 electrodes. The results of the electron lifetime are well consistent with those of the in Table 1.
Electrochemical impedance spectra of JJ-12 and N3-sensitized cells in the form of a bode phase plot(Measured under open-circuit conditions and AM 1.5 simulated sunlight illumination (100 mWcm−2).
In conclusion, a novel ruthenium bipyridyl sensitizer incorporating highly conjugated benzo[1,9]quinolizino(acridin-2-yl)vinyl units has been synthesized and characterized. A solar-cell device based on the sensitizer JJ-12 in conjunction with a volatile electrolyte yielded an overall conversion efficiency of 8.34%. The efficient performance of JJ-12 is attributed to its high absorption extinction coefficient of MLCT band and extended absorption in the visible region. We believe that the development of highly efficient ruthenium sensitizers is possible through meticulous molecular engineering.
This work was supported by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI).
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Copyright © 2012 Jeum-Jong Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


I've seen Connie Britton several times over the years and she's hot and cold in terms of being fan friendly.
So, I was excited to see her being super friendly at the FYC event! I couldn't pass up the opportunity for a picture, right? That would be silly.


The first OlliOlli demonstrated that there are a lot of space expressions of an individual inside of the skateboarding type. Along with a new viewpoint, showing exactly how incredibly specialized road skating can be in 2 dimensions. The olliolli 2 destroys that first exertion on each level. You naturally skate to one side of the screen and cant stop or move in reverse. When you crash, your run is over, implying that you continually measure the danger of longer combos with the prize of a higher score.
READ MORE:- Do you know that Buying Assassin Creed online can be a loss?
1 Whats new in the game?
1.1.1 Whats in the Game-Play?
Whats new in the game?
Flip traps and granulates are the primary instruments of your exchange. In this way, so comparative. The development is about giving you a chance to get the secret for landing, and the later you get it. In the game olliolli 2 tap X when you try the ground landing you will be honored with an œimpeccable landing.
Toils are somewhat weak in the eviction, just you need to control one bearing out of four(once more, conceivably including a single or many arms caches as modifiers), yet the same movement controls the stick finally and you will get a perfect review at present joined by green sparkles and a velocity support.
Immaculate appraisals mean a speedier multiplier of climbing for trap combos, yet they likewise calculate the level configuration in a really real manner. Once you are a piece of the route through the profession mode, you will run over toil successions that are not conceivable for finishing purpose.
You boost the time and your score objectives that require exchanging mixes when you take off which is just understandable with a consummately timed beginning drudgery. You will additionally need to utilize splendidly timed traps on olliolli 2 exit ramps to support to the following segment or end up with damaged and broken spikes beneath.
The olliolli 2 doesn't request you anything first. Truth be told, this provides you a lot of movement to figure out the frameworks take a glance to it. When it begins tossing more extreme difficulties you ought to be prepared for them.
Regardless, in light of the fact that there plenty of gameplay here as of now, and a thoroughly enlivened makeover entwines it. The first diversions useful pixel craftsmanship has been supplanted by an exceptionally stylized, level shaded look that is smooth and helpful as it likewise reverberating purposes of motivation, unlike the other games.
All the five areas are magnificently particular, taking them away from the back-loads films of olliolli 2 along with sets of the various locations. It can take a couple of minutes to change in accordance with the features and graphics of every new setting, however, generally speaking, the visual outline is incredible. Its way better in movement than the first as well and has a hold at the controllers which are just as reflective as you guess for an amusement based on time.
Another reward is that olliolli 2 is cross-purchase in the middle of PS4 and Vita, and coordinates cross-recovery to permit you to move your amusement between gadgets. It plays indeed well on Vita, with the brief levels and moment restarts making it an incredible short-burst diversion while all over the place. Its certainly best on PS4, nonetheless. I discovered it simpler to time my manuals with the Dual Shock 4s significantly more powerful simple stick, and the craftsmanship course and luxurious edge rate are at their most great on an extra-large screen.
There was basically no restriction to how great you can get at olliolli 2. Exactly when you have comprehended beating levels in a single combo and timing each and every drudgery and manual splendidly, there are a large group of different mechanics to incorporate into your skating to knock that high score much further skyward. Why land in an exhausting old manual when you could return to it?
Why do a standard trap or pound when you could include a revolution or draw off something more unpredictable with a more extended and more hazardous liveliness? What's more, hey, would you say you are drudgery exchanging on each rail you can? Its an astonishingly layered amusement and makes an awesome showing of tapping profound into the skater mind, where a fixation on traps and natural style converge.


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Profile: Brandon Aspires To Play Basketball
By Meagan McAdams | August 5, 2013
Brandon Wilson was shot in the back at the age of 14. As part of an initiation, a group of friends was playing with a BB gun and he was shot while trying to run away. "It showed me that you shouldn't play with guns,'' Wilson said. Wilson, 17, attends Amistad High School in New Haven. He aspires to attend law school one day and run his own law firm, however, he has been recruited by DePaul University, North Carolina State University and Mount Ida College to play basketball.
Profile: Meagan A Future Watchdog Journalist
By Brandon Wilson | August 5, 2013
Meagan McAdams sees herself as a journalist in the future. "Journalism inspired me to think outside the box and to provide information to everyone and keep people updated,'' she said. "Journalism is a door waiting to be opened one after another."
Meagan, 15, is a junior at Montville High School. She wants to attend the University of Connecticut or Boston College and major in journalism. "I want to have a profession in journalism,'' she said.
Connecticut Health I-Team
Low-Income Children Are Most Vulnerable To Pandemic's Long-Term Effects
Tameeka Coleman and six of her children lived on the streets before moving into a shelter in Fairfield.
Pandemic Exposes Stark Health Disparities Generations In The Making
Soon after Minerva Cuapio, a 48-year-old Mexican immigrant who lives in New Haven, was laid off from her job at a dry cleaner in March, she developed a headache, an itchy throat and a dry cough.
© Copyright 2021, Connecticut Health I-Team

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Posted on March 16, 2021 by Times Gazette
HHS eyes prom activities
Girls, boys bowling teams finished 3rd, 7th in state, respectively
By Jeff Gilliland - jgilliland@timesgazette.com
Members of the Hillsboro High School girls bowling team that recently finished third at the OHSAA Division I State Tournament are pictured (l-r) coach Lucia Tomko, Lila Carter, Brianna Callahan, Taylor Jordan, Madison Tomko and coach Shane Ison. Other members of the team include Jazlen Jones, Selena Mingua and Bell Perkins.
Jeff Gilliland | The Times-Gazette
Members of the Hillsboro High School boys bowling team that recently finished seventh at the OHSAA Division II State Tournament are pictured (l-r) coach Dan Snapp, Zach Burns, Zach Ison, Jawaun Jones and coach Shane Ison. Other members of the team include Blaine Bledsoe, Shaun Rodgers, Hunter Springer and Ovid Wilson.
This picture was taken from the stage of the new Hillsboro High School auditorium just prior to the start of Monday's board of education meeting.
A combined prom and after prom event is being planned at the Hillsboro City Schools, superintendent Tim Davis said at Monday's board of education meeting, the second event held in the new 800-seat auditorium.
Davis said that while the school district is still awaiting guidelines from the state and no date has been announced, the prom activities will be for juniors and seniors in the school district only.
Both the prom and after prom were cancelled a year ago due to COVID-19.
"We want to give our seniors something nice," Davis said.
He said there will not be a grand march because it would result in too many people gathering in one location.
"If it rains we've got to bring it inside and if you've ever been here for one of those, it's wall to wall people and we can't do that. It's unsafe," Davis said.
He said a graduation ceremony is also being planned, and that it will be held inside with a more traditional format than a year ago when it was held outdoors.
Sophie Bourne, a senior who is the student representative to the board, said she has heard complaints about not enough family members being able to attend graduation, but also acknowledged that there is little the school district can do about state guidelines.
"We want to give the kids the best we can under what the circumstances are, and it's very difficult," Davis said.
Bourne also addressed what she said was a problem with parking in the mornings at the school that causes traffic congestion.
Davis said the parking situation is caused largely by parents who park in student spaces waiting for a bell to ring to allow students to enter the school. He said he hopes the problem will improve when the weather gets better and construction related to the auditorium is finished. He said there is a lack of room for students while they wait for the bell to ring and that possibly some adjustments can be made before next school year.
The superintendent reported that Everetts Way, a road that will link the high school/middle school to SR 247, is nearing completion with signage already erected. He said that when the weather breaks light poles can be set and markings on the road can be finished.
The auditorium is 98 percent complete, Davis said, with things like training on lighting and sound technology, installation of speakers and a few punch list items left to finish. He said the hope is to have those items finished in the next couple weeks so the school can receive a temporary occupancy permit. After that will be the paving of the driveway and parking area.
The school's girls and boys bowling teams were honored at the meeting after both qualified for their respective state tournaments. The girls finished third in the state in Division I and the boys finished seventh in Division II.
The girls were also Frontier Athletic Conference and district champions. The team has not lost a conference match in four years. Davis said Selena Mingua finished third in the state individually and was named first-team All-Ohio, and Madison Tomko finished 12th in the state and was named All-Ohio honorable mention.
The boys were also FAC champions and advanced to the state tournament for the fifth time in the 11 years the sport has been in existence at the school.
"It's absolutely unbelievable in the time this sport has been going on," Davis said. "The tradition you guys have started and continue to excel in for our school and our community … makes us very proud."
Reach Jeff Gilliland at 937-402-2522.
https://www.timesgazette.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2021/03/web1_HHS-Girls-bowling-pic-2-.jpgMembers of the Hillsboro High School girls bowling team that recently finished third at the OHSAA Division I State Tournament are pictured (l-r) coach Lucia Tomko, Lila Carter, Brianna Callahan, Taylor Jordan, Madison Tomko and coach Shane Ison. Other members of the team include Jazlen Jones, Selena Mingua and Bell Perkins. Jeff Gilliland | The Times-Gazette
https://www.timesgazette.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2021/03/web1_HHS-Boys-bowling-pic.jpgMembers of the Hillsboro High School boys bowling team that recently finished seventh at the OHSAA Division II State Tournament are pictured (l-r) coach Dan Snapp, Zach Burns, Zach Ison, Jawaun Jones and coach Shane Ison. Other members of the team include Blaine Bledsoe, Shaun Rodgers, Hunter Springer and Ovid Wilson. Jeff Gilliland | The Times-Gazette
https://www.timesgazette.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2021/03/web1_Auditorium-pic.jpgThis picture was taken from the stage of the new Hillsboro High School auditorium just prior to the start of Monday's board of education meeting. Jeff Gilliland | The Times-Gazette
By Jeff Gilliland
jgilliland@timesgazette.com
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3832 Overland Avenue is an intimate residential building located just minutes from the downtown district and Sony Studios in Culver City, California. Built in 1981, the 3832 Overland Avenue complex is comprised of just 4 tri-level luxury condos. This community offers floor plans that feature white oak flooring, an abundance of open space, open loft areas, private decks, large walk-in closets, and spacious bedrooms. Residents are drawn to 3832 Overland Avenue because of the single family home atmosphere, quiet neighborhood, and the close proximity to schools, freeway access, stores, restaurants, Culver City Park, and Veterans Memorial Park. This building offers secured parking and storage.
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Whether you are contemplating purchasing or selling your condo in 3832 Overland Ave, it is imperative that you hire the right Culver City Real Estate Expert that can exceed all of your expectations. When you work with The Ryan Case Team, your every need will be met with the greatest attention to detail. We are intimately familiar with 3832 Overland Ave, and you will not find a more qualified Culver City Real Estate Agent to help you achieve your goals.
As a seller of a Condo or Townhome in 3832 Overland Ave, your unit will be front and center on our top ranked website. This gives you maximum exposure above what a normal Culver City Realtor would provide, as our highly trafficked website will help us to sell your property in less time, at the highest possible net to you! After all, the same way you found us is how your next buyer will!
Listed once again as of January 28th at 8:29am, this home was originally listed on August 31st in 2018. The property is being listed at a price of $1,099,000 , the same as its original list price. This 2 bedroom, 2 full baths, 1 half bath residence is located on Overland Avenue, one of the nicer areas of .
With a total size of 2,278 square feet, this spacious home comes in at $482.44 per square foot. That's 0.00% higher than the neighborhood average. There are also 2.00 garage spaces available for parking.
Originally built in 1981, this home sits on a 5,105 square foot lot.
Listing provided courtesy of Albert Santos at Century 21 Masters.


text:
package org.camunda.bpm.model.bpmn.impl.instance;

import org.camunda.bpm.model.xml.ModelBuilder;
import org.camunda.bpm.model.xml.impl.instance.ModelTypeInstanceContext;
import org.camunda.bpm.model.xml.type.ModelElementTypeBuilder;

import static org.camunda.bpm.model.bpmn.impl.BpmnModelConstants.BPMN20_NS;
import static org.camunda.bpm.model.bpmn.impl.BpmnModelConstants.BPMN_ELEMENT_DATA_INPUT_REFS;
import static org.camunda.bpm.model.xml.type.ModelElementTypeBuilder.ModelTypeInstanceProvider;

/**
 * The BPMN element dataInputRef of the BPMN tInputSet type
 *
 * @author Sebastian Menski
 */
public class DataInputRefs extends BpmnModelElementInstanceImpl {

  public static void registerType(ModelBuilder modelBuilder) {
    ModelElementTypeBuilder typeBuilder = modelBuilder.defineType(DataInputRefs.class, BPMN_ELEMENT_DATA_INPUT_REFS)
      .namespaceUri(BPMN20_NS)
      .instanceProvider(new ModelTypeInstanceProvider<DataInputRefs>() {
        public DataInputRefs newInstance(ModelTypeInstanceContext instanceContext) {
          return new DataInputRefs(instanceContext);
        }
      });

    typeBuilder.build();
  }

  public DataInputRefs(ModelTypeInstanceContext instanceContext) {
    super(instanceContext);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
psycho ex girlfriend plot
Home Uncategorized	psycho ex girlfriend plot
5 Places to Watch Weathering With You Online, Where to Watch Kimi No Na Wa Online (Your Name), FREE BEGINNER GUITAR FAST TRACK - Learn Guitar Basics Online, The Complete Guide to Makoto Shinkai's Best Movies, Untold facts about Whitney Scott Mathers, Eminem's adopted Daughter, The Reason why Irina Shayk Hates Lady Gaga, 7 Things You Must Know About Robert Downey Jr, Top 5 High School Romance Anime Every Otaku Must See, The Reasons Why Video Marketing Must Be The Next Step In Your Business, Tenki No Ko: Weathering With You Glossary — Characters, Release Dates, Synopsis, Trailers, Drone Aerial Filming of Downton Abbey The Movie (release date 13/09/19 UK). Twisted is a short thriller that instantly hooks the audience. twitter.com/marcfusion Coming Soon, Regal and to receive email from Rotten Tomatoes and Fandango. And much as exploitation producers of the 1970s appealed to the violent fantasies of men who were—consciously or subconsciously—both titillated and threatened by women's liberation, so do Lifetime executives lure in middle- and upper-middle-class white women primed by American exceptionalism to believe that their lifestyles are the envy of the world. Don't worry, it won't take long. There are no approved quotes yet for this movie. Did she have the girl in the trailer use her computer at the church office to set up the ads to make the guy come to rape her? We're all trying to be Beyoncé and Sheryl Sandberg at the same time.". Psycho Stripper. I have been acting for about 5 years now, and it is truly my biggest passion in life. Forgot your password? Kara and Tyler are planning on getting married when Tyler's ex-girlfriend returns from rehab, determined to get her life back - starting with Tyler. This one has a lot of fun dialogue, with Elle as a source of frequent fiery lines and Murray's performance milks all the melodrama and mean girl vibes out of the script, to be sure. The plot progressives nicely, with conflicts for the characters arising every twist and turn. Lifetime's cinematic coffers overflow with unstable obsessives out to ruin lives, all driven by no more complicated a motive than raging jealousy over a wholesome routine of church picnics, cutesy signs from HomeGoods, and weekly missionary with the lights off. Games. It looks like we don't have any Plot Keywords for this title yet. Verified reviews are considered more trustworthy by fellow moviegoers. Coming Soon. Lalonde's character partners up with the protagonist, Kara. If Halloween 6 won Best Picture, in 1996, would mathematics have been decimated? The best of these films go all the way with slasher-movie style opening kills and codas set in mental hospitals, like the hard turn into horror that is Psycho Granny (2019). Because who's going to make a musical television show?" With McKenna in her corner, the two shopped the concept around to cable networks, eventually shooting a pilot for Showtime. The film showed Laura seeking Kara's help getting her and her daughter away from her husband, with the film's midpoint seeing Kara send Laura away to a house that once belonged to Kara's deceased parents. Want more Rolling Stone? "On our show you'll never have someone be like, 'Huh, I'm hungry. The six episodes that have aired so far are peppered with musical numbers running the gamut from a Fred-and-Ginger-style soft shoe about lowering expectations ("Settle for Me") to an R&B breakdown of the insane things women do to primp for dudes ("The Sexy Getting Ready Song"). But hints begin to come to light that Bob was more than a Bastard Boyfriend ; he systematically psychologically abused her into being utterly dependent on him , and destroyed her relationships with everyone else she loved. To Kara's shock, Isabelle begins injecting herself into Tyler's life and Kara fears that he may fall back into his bad habits. Well, first you'd have to own your own art gallery, wouldn't you? Memphis. Upon arrival, Rebecca performs an elaborate song-and-dance number involving scores of back-up dancers, singing billboards and a giant replica of a pretzel. Oscars Best Picture Winners Best Picture Winners Golden Globes Emmys San Diego Comic-Con New York Comic-Con Sundance Film Festival Toronto Int'l Film Festival Awards Central Festival Central All Events Psycho Party Planner. That would be Robin Riker, a soap-opera and sitcom actress who did her time in the B-horror trenches with 1980's Alligator, starring here as serial predator Colleen. (Otherwise, you're just sitting around looking for humorous details, like the kitten calendar in Psycho Ex-Girlfriend and the Jell-O product placement in Psycho BFF. ) Taken more seriously, Lindy's tactics veer uncomfortably close to those of a pedophile—halfway through, she's getting Kayla's 15-year-old daughter Kerry (Cathryn Dylan) drunk at her house. Crazy Ex-Girlfriend follow Rebecca Bunch (co-creator Rachel Bloom), a successful New York lawyer staring down an existential crisis. ... Exploited: Bob realizes that despite her usually even temperament, the plot requires Alice to go nuts when he breaks up with her. Superman Returns (2006) review: good teaches evil to believe in itself, Nocturnal Animals review: experiences that come to life, so that they can reject themselves, I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997): film review, The true meaning of The Phantom Menace, and why it failed. The movie has some tense moments of course and confrontations, but minimal violence. She didn't take the breakup very well." Sign up for our newsletter. But I do think Psycho Ex-Girlfriend dials up the tension when needed and the finale delivers, so the lack of wild aggression is never an issue in the least. Bloom, who had dipped her toe in TV writing on shows like Allen Gregory and Robot Chicken, had pitched musical television series in the past to no avail. It's a revealing detail, one that bolsters the argument for Lifetime as the female-driven, at-home grindhouse of today—as does the network pairing with notorious schlockmeisters The Asylum for Psycho BFF, a.k.a American Psychos. I love the Lifetime thriller formula of course, but it is appreciated when some attempts to spice things up are made, so Psycho Ex-Girlfriend earns brownie points there. The psycho usually outshines the more stable characters in these movies, but Elisabeth Harnois holds her own and turns in one of the best protagonist performances I've seen in the Lifetime realm. and the Terms and Policies, That leads us to Psycho Party Planner (2020), a film that knows its premise is ridiculous, its performances over the top, and its twists visible from space. In 2010, fresh from NYU's musical theater program and having done work at the Upright Citizens Brigade, Bloom combined her love of song-and-dance and sketch comedy into a music video called "Fuck Me, Ray Bradbury." The raunchy sci-fi ode went viral, and she became a minor Internet sensation; more videos ("Historically Accurate Disney Princess Song"; "I Steal Pets") and two musical-comedy albums followed. Twisted), for example, the lead character, Kara (Elisabeth Harnois), is a counselor. Soon Elle is hired at the restaurant where Tyler works and Kara feels trouble ahead, but no one seems to believe her. "I made sure to work closely with the Director to embody all those strong emotions.". None of that stops Elle from crashing through the window of Kara's kitchen with an axe like a slasher villain just prior to the film's very confusing ending, but this is a movie, after all. "Making a musical television show was always the ultimate dream," she says. But Begin plays the role like a Kaitlin Olson character, popping up from behind hedges and from the other side of restaurant patios with wild eyes and exaggerated movements as the camera gleefully swooshes around her. (Think the Eating Out series.) The percentage of Approved Tomatometer Critics who have given this movie a positive review. At the same time, the movie is able to establish both Kara and Elle as characters with solid development, but while the pace is kinetic, the important parts aren't rushed through. (It's not as baffling as the scene where Kara flips through a blank kitten calendar, pausing to chuckle at a particularly cute cat, though.) The finale amps up that element, but it is still rather mild and little is shown. Featuring many compelling characters, we follow them on this frivolous journey facing love, angst and suspense. © Copyright 2020 Rolling Stone, LLC, a subsidiary of Penske Business Media, LLC. Sidney Poitier's 7 Most Memorable Performances, All Harry Potter Movies Ranked Worst to Best by Tomatometer. As Kara's world starts to crumble, she notices that Isabelle may be behind the violent threats against her. We won't be able to verify your ticket today, but it's great to know for the future. In classic huckster fashion, they're just taking advantage of the cultural moment. White suburban paranoia that they are coming to destroy everything you love isn't just the cornerstone of the modern Republican party—it's also a staple of Lifetime movies. Entertainment Value: This is a fun, brisk Lifetime thriller that leans on familiar threads, with an obsessed ex, boyfriend with a dark past, and a lead that can't seem to catch a break, but it throws in some nice, fresh twists as well. The Last Jedi review (a remake of Tom Ford's Nocturnal Animals), Getting ready for the Avengers Infinity Wars premier, Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Freesat. Laura Fischer (Laika Lalonde) is the plot-twist secondary villainess from the 2018 Lifetime film, Psycho Ex-Girlfriend (alternately titled, Twisted; airdate May 19, 2018). Same here. ( Log Out / The film's climax saw Kara confronted by Elle, who ended up shot to death by Kara in self-defense; however, Kara's visit to Laura and her daughter revealed that Elle was set up by the former. View all posts by Marc Fusion, Did not understand the final scene ,what did the girl in the trailer home have to do with the ending?My wife and I both watched and didnt get it, I also didn't understand if that meant that they both plotted to hire the rapist? When that didn't shake out, Crazy Ex-Girlfriend eventually landed at the CW; though its creators had to tone down some of the more explicit content for network TV, the series maintains its raunchy, alt-comedy heart. Movies. MY CRAZY EX-GIRLFRIEND WANTS ME BACK! Beside it, in unhinged all-caps: Crazy Ex-Girlfriend. This 10-digit number is your confirmation number. → Television / Movies. In the latter, a rapper starts riffing about Rebecca's "tight little dress" but ends up appalled by the grim reality of the female beauty regiment. Laura Fischer (Laika Lalonde) is the plot-twist secondary villainess from the 2018 Lifetime film, Psycho Ex-Girlfriend (alternately titled, Twisted; airdate May 19, 2018). And to be fair to the writers and directors, Lifetime does have a habit of changing the titles of films it acquires for maximum salaciousness. Plot: Kara (Elisabeth Harnois) is a therapist who loves to help those in need, a trait which carries over to her personal life as well. Meanwhile, Tyler's ex girlfriend has been released from rehab and is on a psychotic mission to reunite with Tyler.
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psycho ex girlfriend plot was last modified: November 3rd, 2020 by


text:
Babhangaon Halt railway station is a halt railway station on the Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line of Katihar railway division of Northeast Frontier Railway Zone. It is situated at Babhangaon, Deogaon of Katihar district in the Indian state of Bihar.

References

Railway stations in Katihar district
Katihar railway division

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


OK, so he's the first pope from Latin America, and the first Francis, which ties him with Hilarius and a few dozen others for last place in the papal names rankings. He's also a member of The Society — A Jesuit pope, the first one, which means Dan Brown gets five more novels. (Strangely enough, the Jesuits, in their Fourth Vow, take a special vow of obedience to...wait for it...the pope. This is going to make for an interesting internal monologue for the new fella, I'm thinking.) Most important, he's 76-years old which means, quite honestly, that the man's a caretaker, or that there is a real faction within the cardinal-electors arrayed against the idea of very long papacies on the order of that of John Paul II. The last pope, in a conclave that was a bigger fix than the 1919 World Series, was the obvious choice, but he also was 78 upon his election, and he reigned only eight years. It's hard to imagine Francis I going much longer than that. It's also hard to imagine that this wasn't some kind of plan all along.
The longer a pope reigns, the more indelible a mark he puts on the Church, and it is possible — probably likely — that the Curial members of the Clan Of The Red Beanie once again hedged their bets. The likelihood of this crew electing a real reformer was slim enough anyway — Thanks to the last two popes, there weren't many real reformers in the room — but it is possible that the papacy could change a man from a safe bet to a guy who would inconvenience the power of the institutional church, so better to vote for a guy with the actuarial tables lined up against him.
And, from the inside, Jorge Bergoglio must have looked like a safe bet. He edged away from liberation theology during the time that John Paul II brought the hammer down on its proponents, and out of this came a pretty terrible story about his possible collaboration with the murderous Argentine junta of the time.
And since John Paul II was knuckling The Society pretty hard at that time, too, it's no surprise that a Jesuit with Bergoglio's record would rise in the Church.
From 1973 to 1979 he served as the Jesuit provincial in Argentina, then in 1980 became the rector of the seminary from which he had graduated. These were the years of the military junta in Argentina, when many priests, including leading Jesuits, were gravitating towards the progressive liberation theology movement. As the Jesuit provincial, Bergoglio insisted on a more traditional reading of Ignatian spirituality, mandating that Jesuits continue to staff parishes and act as chaplains rather than moving into "base communities" and political activism.Although Jesuits generally are discouraged from receiving ecclesiastical honors and advancement, especially outside mission countries, Bergoglio was named auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires in 1992 and then succeeded the ailing Cardinal Antonio Quarracino in 1998. John Paul II made Bergoglio a cardinal in 2001, assigning him the Roman church named after the legendary Jesuit St. Robert Bellarmino.
He also has ties to the shadowy network of international conservative Catholic organizations that John Paul II enabled and encouraged throughout his long reign. In Bergoglio's case, it's the Comunione e Liberazione movement in Italy, a group based in the conservatibe backlash against the Second Vatican Council that has been conspicuously involved in Italian politics. (Its newspaper, Il Sabato, came very close to calling for outright Catholic theocracy in Italy.) Sylvio Berlusconi is also quite a fan.
So, at first glance, we have a deft clerical politician with a long track record of managing to straddle controversial issues while leaning always toward the powers in Rome. We also have someone who may not be pope for very long. We also have the perfect product of the Church produced by John Paul II and Benedict XVI. Their papacies continue unabated.


Smart Futures is looking for volunteers with science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) backgrounds, to help inspire the next generation.
If you are interested in becoming a volunteer and have a background in STEM please visit our partner organisations page to register with our associated partners. If you need any assistance please get in touch with us through our 'contact us' page.
Smart Futures is training people with science and technology backgrounds to give career talks to students in secondary schools around Ireland.
Volunteers come from STEM companies such as Abbott, Novartis, IBM, Google and SAP etc. across the pharma chemical, medical devices, energy and technology sector, as well as from research centres and academia.
Career talks are aimed at Junior Cycle and Transition Year students, with a view to encouraging them to keep on STEM subjects, but may also be available for Senior Cycle students.
Read our volunteer resource document under 'Resources' on the right hand side of the page.
engineering backgrounds can also access volunteer resources with an engineering focus on STEPS.ie.
If you are visiting a school and want to carry out some simple hands-on experiments, see the below list for some ideas.


text:
typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, OSCSearchCatalogType) {
    OSCSearchCatalogType_News = 0,
    OSCSearchCatalogType_Blog = 1,
    OSCSearchCatalogType_Project = 2,
    OSCSearchCatalogType_Post = 3,
    OSCSearchCatalogType_Unknow
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@interface OSCSearchResultModel : OSCBaseTableModel

@property (nonatomic, assign) OSCSearchCatalogType catalogType;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString* keywords;

@end


What is the African Palliative Care Association and what does it do?
The African Palliative Care Association (APCA) is a pan-African non-profit organisation mandated with promoting and supporting culturally appropriate palliative care across Africa, through education and training, advocacy, and development of standards of care. APCA's mission is to ensure palliative care is widely understood, integrated into health systems at all levels, and underpinned by evidence in order to reduce pain and suffering across Africa. APCA does not provide hospice services or direct care to patients.
APCA is in a unique position to drive forward the palliative care agenda across the continent. With a pan-African remit, it has a proud and proven track record of supporting, developing and building the organisational capacity of its members, including national palliative care associations. It is the regional voice for palliative care, speaking for the whole of Africa. In the past, less than effective health delivery systems have posed a substantial challenge to APCA's attempt to realise this vision. According to the World Health Organisation, the six fundamental building blocks of a generic health system include: service delivery; health workforce; information; medical products, vaccines and technologies; financing; and leadership and governance. A critical component of the WHO's service delivery building block is a package of integrated services. However, despite being defined as an integral and essential component of a comprehensive package of care for people living with life-limiting illnesses, palliative care is a variable component of service delivery models in Africa. A health system that excludes palliative care services is both deficient and not working optimally.
APCA recognises the integration of palliative care into the national health systems across Africa as the cornerstone for palliative care and its sustainability.
address physical, psychological, social, spiritual and practical issues as well as associated expectations, needs, hopes and fears.
prepare for, and manage self-determined life closure and the dying process, and cope with loss and grief during illness and bereavement.
What is involved in palliative care?
Pain management – palliative care providers work with patients and families to find out what could be causing their pain and the best ways to relieve it. The WHO has recommended morphine (a narcotic) as the drug of choice for patients with moderate-to-severe pain. Other modalities and/or other drugs could be used in the management of a patient's physical pain.
Symptom management – patients with cancer and/or HIV/AIDS often have to deal with symptoms such as: nausea and vomiting, weakness, difficulty breathing, bowel and bladder problems, among others. Palliative care can help relieve these symptoms that may be very distressing for patients.
Psychosocial, spiritual and emotional support – the health of the whole person is important in palliative care, hence the need for provision of many different kinds of support to both the individual and family.
Advice and assistance from health care providers -- nurses and doctors -- who are skilled in providing palliative care.
Instruction on how to care for the person – e.g. how to give medication, prevention of skin problems, how to recognise when a person is close to death and what to do at that time.
Home support services that provide assistance with household tasks and other activities of daily living (ADL). Providing relief for the caregiver through day care services and staying at home with the patient could also alleviate the strain an illness places on caregivers.
Palliative care may complement and enhance disease-modifying therapy or may become the total focus of care. It continues even after the death of a patient through bereavement support for family members.
Who provides palliative care in Africa?
Palliative care in Africa is still a very new concept and it is not widely available. Many countries do not have an active palliative care programme. However, a growing number of countries in Africa are beginning to integrate palliative care into their national health care plans. Consequently, not only is palliative care absent from the vast majority of African national health policies or basic care packages, but its provision is limited primarily to non-governmental organisations, faith- and community-based organisations and dedicated hospices. Whilst some of these services are excellent demonstration sites for care provision, they cannot begin to reach the significant national need for palliative care (estimated as one percent of a country's total population). Unmet needs can only be addressed by the public health approach to palliative care delivery that is advocated by the WHO.
Is there a difference between palliative care and home-based care?
There are various models of delivery of palliative care services in different parts of the world. One of the models of delivery is home-based where patients are cared for in their own homes.
Home-based care is defined as the provision of health services by formal and informal caregivers in the home. However, home-based care without holistic palliative care including effective pain and symptom control is not classified as palliative care. Palliative care delivered in the patients' homes is a convenient and preferred way of care for many patients, allowing them to be in an environment where they have access to loved ones and the comfort of being in a familiar environment.
What is Grief and Bereavement?
Grief is a personal emotional response to a loss. The loss of a loved one is life's most stressful event and can cause a major emotional crisis. Anticipatory grieving may start with a diagnosis of a life-threatening illness and may enable preparation for loss. Anticipatory grieving does not mean that the family will not grieve after the death of their loved one. Expression of the loss varies greatly among different cultures and the aching pain of bereavement can last for years.
Sharing your memories (if appropriate) of the deceased and talking about his or her special qualities.
How can I find out about palliative care services in my country?


WARMLY welcome to Legend Travel Group – a leading and unique company sharing timeless vacations and travel experiences throughout the Southeast Asia. In the last decade, Legend Travel Group has been locally an icon for travel and adventures. We take it as a great honour to thank our valued customers and business partners whose passions and enthusiasm for Legend Travel Group have always enabled us to be so successful. Historically, in 1994, the founder was a member of a high school trip through his beautiful home country-Vietnam. After a 45-day wonderful journey from the North to the South, he decided that this opportunity should be available to everyone, not only from Vietnam but also all countries around the world. He started his dream of being a tourism expert by choosing one of the best institutes to study all about this field for five years. In 2008, Legend Travel Group was set up with his deep hope that all of travellers could enjoy amazing experiences, and your holidays would be well worth your time and money. Annually, Legend Travel Group is welcoming around 15,000 travellers across Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Myanmar. Our number one priority is to ensure that your memorable moments are also our top pride – our legend.
Great. Enjoyed the experience overall.
"The best Tour Operator and DMC in Southeast Asia - SHARING 'Legend Land - Legend People' - All things…"


The coastal Health Authority operates this detox facility in Vancouver.
Enough talk, analysis and fruitless recommendations. Terrace needs a detox and treatment centre.
Nov. 7, 2015 2:00 p.m.
There's much higher drug and alcohol use per capita outside of the south and the further north you go, the worse the matter.
Local mental health services are not available when required, Terrace ranked the 10th city in the Canadian Crime Severity Index in 2014. This year, the homeless count cost the city $2,500 and 74 people were found. And now what, another committee is formed to analyze the situation.
Action has always been diverted by yet another well-intentioned committee or task force whether the subject is youth at risk, suicide awareness, domestic violence, the RCMP Crime Reduction Unit (an increased police presence to make the problem less visible) or the Highway of Tears and Fears.
The politicians commissioning these reports and their authors have obviously never had to deal with personal demons or the dark, dank side of life without any hope of helpful services or they would have insisted they exist long before now. The Minister of Health and the Minister of Children and Family Development commissioned a 40-page glossy report and mandate titled "Healthy Minds, Healthy People: A 10-year Plan to Address Mental Health and Substance Use in B.C. 2010" It was an election promise.
"The plan establishes a vision for collaborative and integrated actions focused on opportunities to promote positive mental health, and to prevent health and substance abuse problems before they occur," to quote the document.
It also states that mental illness costs B.C. $6.6 billion per year and indirect costs of $1.6 billion in lost productivity directly related to alcohol alone. Liquid courage is costly.
These promises were made by the Liberal government even though budget cuts ensued. Christy Clark was sworn in as the Premier of B.C. with a "Family First Agenda" in 2011. But she seems to have swept the mandate under the carpet as she strides forward with an exceptional interest in Northern B.C.'s resources.
There are literally hundreds of reports making the same recommendations costing millions of dollars and action is never taken. Accountability is non-existent.
Broken people are voiceless and don't alert the media of the gaps in service mandates until they die, a tear or two falls and then they disappear into the forgotten past or if tragic enough, another inquiry is ordered. It does, however, create government jobs and an aura of good will.
That is a cold shoulder when you are standing on the edge of a precipice so close to falling.
It means you need a doctor, a phone and the strength to wait for an appointment and then a referral to services that usually don't exist here. This is another direct contravention of the 2010 report recommendations. Mental healthiness is merely a theory with them.
If you were born beautiful or smart it wasn't by your choice though it is a leg up on the road through life but by the same measure if you were born into poverty of mind or body or with a tortured soul these are also not choices made at birth but the luck of the draw, cards fall as they may.
Lucky or not, they are not choices.
Overwhelming challenges are to be overcome and some have the strength and/or opportunity and some do not, it's not just a question of not trying hard enough. Equal opportunity is not an inherent right as the Charter of Rights insists.
A detox and treatment centre along with a crisis centre here in Terrace would be a sensible central location for a vast area that would be better utilized and successful than placing people on waiting lists for Prince George or Vancouver, a fast track to Hastings street if you fail.
This would be the first step in addressing the volumes of issues leading to drug and alcohol addictions or in reverse, addictions leading to mental illness, homelessness and crime.
If Canadians want change, there has never a better time than now to prevent another headline of one more man, woman or child tragically dying as the end result of addiction.
Remember every homeless person camped out in the woods behind the arena was once a child. Whether it's looking out from a drug-induced coma or ending it all, these are not choices we wish upon ourselves – why would we assume anyone else would wish it upon themselves?
If anyone out there is capable of setting up an online petition to get action on a decade long promise, please let me know at judehay21@gmail.com.
The evidence is reality and what we need is pressure from the community for accountability.


text:
Blues in Orbit is an album by American pianist, composer and bandleader Duke Ellington recorded for the Columbia label in 1959 and released in 1960.

The original liner notes by Teo Macero described this album as primarily a blues album (as most of the track titles indicate). The album was re-released on CD in 2004 with bonus tracks including alternate takes and tracks from earlier sessions.

Reception
The Allmusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: "Blues in Orbit lacks the intellectual cachet of the suites and concept pieces that loomed large in Ellington's recordings of this period, but it's an album worth tracking down, if only to hear the band run through a lighter side of its sound. Indeed, it captures the essence of a late-night recording date that was as much a loose jam as a formal studio date, balancing the spontaneity of the former and the technical polish of the latter".

Track listing
:All compositions by Duke Ellington except as indicated
 "Three J's Blues" (Jimmy Hamilton) - 2:54
 "Smada" (Ellington, Billy Strayhorn) - 2:38
 "Pie Eye's Blues" - 3:27
 "Sweet and Pungent" (Strayhorn) - 4:03
 "C Jam Blues" (Ellington, Barney Bigard) - 4:52
 "In a Mellow Tone" (Ellington, Milt Gabler) - 2:43
 "Blues in Blueprint" - 3:43
 "The Swingers Get the Blues, Too" (Ellington, Matthew Gee) - 3:09
 "The Swinger's Jump" - 3:53
 "Blues in Orbit" (Ellington, Strayhorn) - 2:29
 "Villes Ville Is the Place, Man" - 2:33
 "Track 360" - 2:03 Bonus track on CD reissue
 "Sentimental Lady" - 4:02 Bonus track on CD reissue
 "Brown Penny" (Ellington, John La Touche) - 3:02 Bonus track on CD reissue
 "Pie Eye's Blues" [alternate take] - 3:32 Bonus track on CD reissue
 "Sweet and Pungent" [alternate take] (Strayhorn) - 3:52 Bonus track on CD reissue
 "The Swinger's Jump" [alternate take] (Ellington) - 3:51 Bonus track on CD reissue
 "Blues in Orbit" [alternate take] (Strayhorn) - 2:39 Bonus track on CD reissue
 "Track 360" [alternate take] - 2:01 Bonus track on CD reissue

Recorded at Radio Recorders, Los Angeles on February 4, 1958 (tracks 12 & 19) and February 12, 1958 (tracks 10 & 18) and at Columbia 30th Street Studio, New York on February 25, 1959 (track 11), December 2, 1959 (tracks 1, 3-5 & 13-16) and December 3, 1959 (tracks 2, 6-9 & 17).

Personnel
Duke Ellington – piano (tracks 1, 3-6 & 8-19)
Billy Strayhorn - piano (tracks 2 & 7)
Ray Nance - trumpet, violin
Cat Anderson, Shorty Baker, Clark Terry - trumpet (tracks 10-12, 18 & 19)
Fats Ford - trumpet (track 11)
Britt Woodman - trombone
Matthew Gee, Booty Wood - trombone (tracks 1-9 & 13-17)
Quentin Jackson - trombone (tracks 10-12, 18 & 19)
John Sanders - valve trombone (tracks 10-12, 18 & 19)
Jimmy Hamilton - clarinet, tenor saxophone
Johnny Hodges - alto saxophone (tracks 1-9, 11 & 13-17)
Russell Procope - alto saxophone, clarinet
Paul Gonsalves - tenor saxophone
Harry Carney - baritone saxophone
Jimmy Woode - bass
Jimmy Johnson - drums (tracks 1-9 & 13-17)
Sam Woodyard - drums (tracks 10-12, 18 & 19)

References

Columbia Records albums
Duke Ellington albums
1960 albums
Albums recorded at CBS 30th Street Studio


Guidelines for paper or abstract for submission Invited and received papers will be presented in respective technical sessions. Paper should be neatly typed on A-4 size paper with double spacing. The title of the paper, name of author and their address should be mentioned properly. The abstract should be submitted in both hardcopy and softcopy in MS word format.


text:
Vysoký Tribeč je geomorfologickou částí Velkého Tribča, podcelku pohoří Tribeč.  Leží ve střední části podcelku, severozápadně od Zlatých Moraviec.

Polohopis
Území se nachází ve střední, nejvyšší části pohoří Tribeč a zabírá centrální část podcelku Veľký Tribeč. Vytváří oválný pás území, protáhlý v západo-východním směru, severozápadně od Zlatých Moraviec. Vysoký Tribeč obklopují jen části pohoří Tribeč, jmenovitě na severu a severozápadě navazuje Hornonitrianske predhorie, jihozápadním a jižním směrem leží Zlatnianske predhorie, obě části podcelku Veľký Tribeč. Na východě sousedí Skýcovská vrchovina, která tvoří geomorfologickou část podcelku Rázdiel.

Západní a severní úbočí Vysokého Tribča  patří do povodí Nitry, kam směřují i nejvýznamnější přítoky této části, Dršňa, Hradský potok a Vyčoma. Vodní toky z jižní části tečou jižním směrem do říčky Žitava, mezi nimi Čerešňový potok a Stránka.

Chráněná území
Celá střední část pohoří, včetně Vysokého Tribča, patří do Chráněné krajinné oblasti Ponitrie. Zvláště chráněné oblasti se zde nenacházejí, poblíž však leží chráněný areál Zubří obora v Topoľčiankách na jihu, národní přírodní rezervace Hrdovická, přírodní rezervace Kovarská hôrka a Solčiansky háj západním směrem.

Turismus
Turisticky atraktivní území je přístupné značenými stezkami z okolních obcí v podhůří. Nejnavštěvovanější je hlavní hřeben v úseku Veľký Tribeč - Malý Tribeč - Medvedí vrch, s pokračováním na Javorový vrch. Oblíbené lokality jsou také ruiny Čierného hradu v blízkosti obce Zlatno a okolní chráněná území.

Vybrané vrcholy

 Veľký Tribeč (830 m n. m.)
 Malý Tribeč (769 m n. m.)
 Javorový vrch (731 m n. m. )
 Medvedí vrch (719 m n. m.)

Turistické trasy

 po  červeně značené Ponitrianské magistrále z Kostolan pod Tribečom přes Veľký Tribeč do Zlatna
 po  modře značeném chodníku:
 z Kovarce na Veľký Tribeč
 ze Solčan přes Medvedí vrch a Malý Tribeč na rozc. Pustovníkova studňa
 ze Zlatna do sedla Rakyta
 po  zeleně značeném chodníku ze Skýcova přes sedlo Rakyta na Medvedí vrch
 po  žluté trase:
 zo Zlatna na Javorový vrch s odbočením na Čierny hrad
 z Klátovej Novej Vsi na Javorový vrch

Reference

Související články

 Veľký Tribeč
 Tribeč
 Geomorfologické členění Slovenska

Tribeč
Údržba:Články s nekontrolovanými překlady


text:
A 2146 Stentor (ideiglenes jelöléssel 1976 UQ) egy kisbolygó a Naprendszerben. Richard Martin West fedezte fel 1976. október 24-én. A Jupiter pályáján keringő trójai csoport tagja.

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
 Kisbolygók listája (2001–2500)

Jegyzetek

A Naprendszer kisbolygói


text:
Q: How to join two query result and filter out the data based on the condition? I am running two sql queries which is giving some output. I want to combine them and filter out the result based on the requirement.
Explaination -
query 1:
select `Project Number` from vw_onco_pharma onco_pharma union select `Project Number` from vw_onco_cell_gene cell_gene union select `Project Number` from vw_non_onco_cell_gene onco_cell_gene union select `Project Number` from vw_non_onco_pharma non_onco_pharma union select `Project Number` from vw_plasma_protein plasma_protein

Output 1:
Project Number
S100
S100
S200
S300
S300
S300
S400
S400

Query 2:
select Project Number from FCT_HTA_ONC_NONONC_PGMS;
Output 2:
Project Number
S100
S200
S200
S300
S300
S300
S500

Now I have to convert Output1 & Output2 in below format:
Output 1 :                          Output 2 :
Project Number    Count            Project Number    Count
S100              2                S100              1
S200              1                S200              2
S300              3                S300              3
S400              2                S500              1

Now match the Output 1 & Output 2 and print the differences-
Final Output:
Project Number
S100
S200
S400
S500

A: WITH
-- first query, UNION ALL used instead of single UNION
cte1 AS (select `Project Number` from vw_onco_pharma onco_pharma
         union all
         select `Project Number` from vw_onco_cell_gene cell_gene
         union all
         select `Project Number` from vw_non_onco_cell_gene onco_cell_gene
         union all
         select `Project Number` from vw_non_onco_pharma non_onco_pharma
         union all
         select `Project Number` from vw_plasma_protein plasma_protein),
-- count the amounts for 1st query
cte2 AS (SELECT `Project Number`, COUNT(*) cnt
         FROM cte1
         GROUP BY `Project Number`),
-- 2nd query, amounts counting added
cte3 AS (select `Project Number`, COUNT(*) cnt
         from FCT_HTA_ONC_NONONC_PGMS
         GROUP BY `Project Number`),
-- gathering all projects
cte4 AS (SELECT `Project Number`
         FROM cte1
         UNION
         SELECT `Project Number`
         FROM cte3)
-- get final data
SELECT `Project Number`
FROM cte4
LEFT JOIN cte2 USING (`Project Number`)
LEFT JOIN cte4 USING (`Project Number`)
WHERE cte2.cnt IS NULL
   OR cte4.cnt IS NULL
   OR cte2.cnt <> cte4.cnt;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Trump says to finish preventative hydroxychloroquine regimen "in a day or two"
WASHINGTON, May 20 (Xinhua) -- U.S. President Donald Trump said on Wednesday that he will finish his preventative hydroxychloroquine regimen "in a day or two."
"I think the regimen finishes in a day or two. I think it's in two days," Trump told reporters at a White House event.
The comments came two days after he announced he had taken the anti-malaria drug on a daily basis for some two weeks as a preventative measure against the novel coronavirus, or COVID-19.
Trump has frequently touted hydroxychloroquine as a potential treatment for the coronavirus, despite warnings that it can cause heart problems.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warned last month against the use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 "outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems."
"Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have not been shown to be safe and effective for treating or preventing COVID-19," the FDA said in a release. "They are being studied in clinical trials for COVID-19."


Oversupply, Undersupply: Can We Ever Get Workforce Issues Right?
There are two strident voices in the workforce debate. The first claims we don't have nearly enough scientists and engineers. The second (usually articulated by jobless scientists and engineers) claims we already have too many. Last year a Wall Street Journal article espoused the first view, quoting the President of the National Academy of Engineering in support of its arguments. Boy, did the NAE President hear from the holders of the second view-in spades.
How can both sides be right?
In my opinion, the answer is relatively simple. We have a vibrant, well-tested system for producing scientists and engineers in this country. It is called federal R&D funding.
-at least in the physical science, math, and engineering disciplines.
A more eloquent economic framework by Goldman and Massy makes the same case for S&E students at the PhD level. The problem, as it were, stems from the fact that federal R&D funding?which sets up domestic student supply-operates completely independently of any indicator or driver of "demand. "It is difficult to find any economic indicator-and we tried several-that correlates at all with student output to any degree of fidelity.
Consequently, it appears students are churned out whether or not they are needed by the market. Sometimes we get oversupply. Sometimes we get undersupply. But we rarely get it right.
Given this situation, it seems the rational thing to do would be to design an S&E workforce system where supply meets demand, where all workers get jobs and all jobs have workers. What would such a system look like? One appealing thought is that we could predict worker demand and then adjust congressional R&D appropriations accordingly.
Unfortunately, this solution makes two unfounded assumptions: 1) that scientists can control Congress and 2) that scientists have a model that accurately predicts worker shortages and surpluses.
The better approach is to simply "go with the flow." Forget about prediction and preemptive measures: just design a responsive system where the student production continuously and automatically readjusts to workforce demand, whatever that demand is at the moment.
In other words, reestablish the lost feedback loop between student supply and worker demand, so that federal R&D funding does not become the only input to student production.
First, there needs to be a mechanism by which students continuously receive input from the job market?not just at the career services interview table, after four years of education have already gone by. The blandishments of well-funded professors, though much more constant in a student's life, also do not qualify as "information about the job market." A "hot" field in the research market does not easily translate to a "hot" field in the nonacademic job market, since basic research is usually five-25 years out from production.
One way to accomplish a job market reality-check for undergraduate students is to establish a tradition of student summer jobs in industry as part of the curriculum. There's nothing like trying to find a summer job and realizing no one wants your intended specialty to think about changing your direction to match the market.
In addition, a summer job experience lets you know quite viscerally that the courses you really needed to have had were design of experiments and statistics, not dislocation theory. As a professor, I discovered that India's IIT system was a mother lode of truly excellent graduate students. That system requires integrated academic plus industrial training of its undergraduates. So, integrated training is not only useful for those undergraduates who enter the workforce immediately upon graduation, it is also useful for undergraduates who wish to pursue advanced degrees.
At the undergraduate level, one also needs to recognize that the economy, and hence the job market, has a time constant much shorter than the average four year degree. Even if a student has a way of knowing that a particular field has a strong vacancy rate, and begins studies in that field, the vacancy rate can change dramatically by the time he/she graduates. Thus, there is a strong need to reduce the time constant associated with the degree to match the time constant of the job market. This can be done by delaying the choice of a major until the senior year?one year out from the job market, rather than four. This should cut down on hysteresis effects and the concomitant four year transients in undersupply/oversupply swings relative to the market, as observed by labor economists in many fields.
It will also give the undergraduate three years in which to develop a deep but flexible skill set that can be used for any technical job. In the engineering disciplines, such a curricular overhaul becomes much more possible under the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) 2000 accreditation guidelines. Earlier ABET regulations prescribed exact sets and sequences of courses for a department's degree program to be accredited. Under ABET 2000, the rigid course requirements for engineering majors are gone. Instead, the department must establish its own educational outcomes metrics and prove continuing improvement in its students' accomplishments as measured by those metrics. Though some complain that these standards are in fact no standards at all, they do provide the flexibility for an enterprising department to completely abandon old "course quota" paradigms and strike out on a path that leads to greater employability of its graduates. Conveniently, the greater student employment rates would qualify as an ABET 2000 outcomes metric.
At the graduate level, the lack of feedback between supply and demand stems not only from the amount of R&D funding in each field, but the mechanism of that funding. A large fraction of graduate students receive federal funding in the form of research assistantships on federal grants. They take and the projects they work on are all tightly directed towards their advisor's end goal of getting the next grant, since it is the advisor who is paying the way. Separating the student' s funding from the professor's funding?in the form of portable fellowships?gives the student the economic independence to pursue those training paths most likely to result in a job.
While the replacement of assistantships by fellowships is an often-voiced cure for undue academic self-replication (and jobless students), it has never been implemented by the federal agencies on a grand scale. A fear of unintended consequences keeps a wholesale transformation of the system from occurring, and budget arithmetic prevents the simple addition of large numbers of fellowships to the existing assistantships.
However, a median path might be to take existing grants and separate them into two parts: the first part, containing the stipend and tuition, would be sent to the receiving department to be used as a portable fellowship for a worthy student.
The second part, containing all the supplies, professorial salary, and research equipment support, would be sent to the research account of the grant-winning professor.
This scheme allows students to gain enough economic independence that they can chart a learning experience best suited to maximize their own chances of economic success, rather than their professors'.
If done well, the economic separation of student and professor may even benefit the department: the scheme could be arranged so the department obtains a federal agency commitment for student slots well ahead of the admission decision deadline. That would be a true luxury.
Beyond graduate school, one must look towards periodic retraining as a method of keeping people in registry with the ups and downs of the job market. Multiple education treatments per career are the logical next step in an educational progression that has progressively shortened itself to match technology cycles. The earliest technical trades?e.g., goldsmithing, fletching, masonry?had time constants measured in multiple generations. Fathers would teach sons, because the underlying technology changed little from generation to generation.
When the industrial revolution arrived, the time constant of technology shifted to about one generation in length. Suddenly it made sense to send one's offspring to a university, because the technology changed completely about every thirty-fifty years.
Come the information revolution, and we find that the time constant of technical knowledge has again shifted. A once-per-lifetime degree no longer makes sense, when a complete turnover in technology occurs in a fraction of a lifetime. It is not surprising that the EE's and the IT workers have felt the pangs of forced obsolescence first and most strongly.
Eventually all disciplines will find that a single degree earned in one's youth no longer suffices for a lifetime of employment. The university system will have to adapt, perhaps offering accredited degrees in the form of "specialization modules." These would be one year, accredited "capsule" degrees, equivalent to the final year of specialization in an undergraduate curriculum?but without requiring the prior three years of effort demanded of first degree earners.
The prescriptions so far attempt to link the domestically educated workforce to domestically available demand?yet we live in a global world, where both people and jobs cross borders with increasing ease. How do we deal with the addition of the foreign-born, foreign educated into the workforce equation? We can take the same theme?trying to establish a feedback loop between supply and demand?and extend it to visa policy. At present, our visa ceilings are set by political factors. If enough interest groups complain, the visa ceilings go up (or down). If no one complains, the visa ceilings stay where they are.
However, the sensitivity of visa policy to political factors results in large waves of immigrants at times when there may or may not be jobs for them (or for the folks already in the US).
A more logical approach might be to establish an advisory board of labor economists that can watch domestic labor market indicators for shortages or gluts (usually reflected in rising or falling salaries, unemployment rates, etc.), and continually adjust visa allotments to keep the labor market on an even keel.
The US has long prided itself on the quality of its people?both home grown and adopted from afar?and the quality of its innovation. Maybe it's time to apply some of that innovation to the future of its people, and retool our workforce system.
Merrilea J. Mayo is president of the Materials Research Society. She would like to recognize the contributions of Bill Joyce to several of the ideas in this column, most notably the reduction of effective time to degree, the value of summer jobs as feedback loops, and the concept of packaging continuing education into one year modular degrees.


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