Judge Francois-Xavier Martin, a Louisiana Supreme Court judge for thirty-one years, from 1815 until his death in 1846, first acquired 915 Royal Street in 1818 for $7,500. At that time, a two-story brick house with a tile roof was situated on the property.
This Victorian brick townhouse currently at 915 Royal Street, now known as the Cornstalk Hotel, dates to around 1850 and reportedly was built after Judge Francois-Xavier Martin sold the property. The hotel, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is renowned for its famous iron cornstalk fence.
Judge Martin, considered "The Father of Louisiana Jurisprudence," was appointed to the Louisiana Supreme Court on February 1, 1815. This was less than a month after the Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815 and while New Orleans was still under martial law. After Judge Martin took his oath of office at Government House on February 6, 1815, the court adjourned until March 6, 1815.
"the present crisis will oblige a great number of citizens to take up arms in the defence [sic] of the state and compel them to leave their private affairs in a state of abandonment, which may expose them to great distress, if the Legislature should not, by measures adopted to the circumstances, come to their relief.' The 3d section next provides that 'no civil suit or action shall be commenced, or prosecuted before any court of record, or any tribunal of the state, till the first of May next."
Judge Martin enforced the state law since the British were invading and the citizens were needed to defend the city.
In fact, at the time the act was approved, the enemy was fast approaching, and five days later the British appeared within five miles of New Orleans. Shortly afterwards, the whole militia of the state was called en masse into service, and they were not discharged until the middle of March. During most of this period, the fate of the contest was doubtful.
It was, therefore, advantageous to all parties that the administration of civil justice should be confined to cautionary steps, which were not suspended. This was beneficial to all parties. Plaintiffs were relieved from attendance upon the courts, and the same indulgence was granted to defendants.
How preposterous then the idea that a military commander may, by his own authority, destroy the tribunal established by law as the asylum of those oppressed by military despotism.
"The doctrine established, in the first part of the opinion of the Court, in the above case, is corroborated by the decision of the District Court of the United States for the Louisiana District, in the case of United States vs. Jackson, in which the defendant, having acted in opposition to it, was fined $1000."
The federal courthouse where Andrew Jackson was fined was located next door at 919 Royal Street, now the site of the Andrew Jackson Hotel.
Mary Ann Wegmann, The Law Library of Louisiana, and University of New Orleans History Department, "Former Home of Judge Francois-Xavier Martin," New Orleans Historical, accessed April 19, 2019, https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/798.


text:
<?php

namespace orm\event\search;

use Yii;
use yii\base\Model;
use yii\data\ActiveDataProvider;
use orm\event\Price;

/**
 * SearchPrice represents the model behind the search form about `orm\event\Price`.
 */
class SearchPrice extends Price
{
	/**
	 * Disable behaviors for search model
	 *
     * @inheritdoc
     */
	public function behaviors()
    {
        return [];
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function rules()
    {
        return [
            [['id', 'eventId', 'stock'], 'integer'],
            [['name', 'description', 'currency', 'toDate', 'fromDate'], 'safe'],
        ];
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function scenarios()
    {
        // bypass scenarios() implementation in the parent class
        return Model::scenarios();
    }

    /**
     * Creates data provider instance with search query applied
     *
     * @param array $params
     * @param array $with // relation names to fetch
     *
     * @return ActiveDataProvider
     */
    public function search($params, $with = null)
    {
        $query = Price::find();
        if (!empty($with)) $query->with($with);

        $dataProvider = new ActiveDataProvider([
            'query' => $query,
        ]);

        if (!($this->load($params) && $this->validate())) {
            return $dataProvider;
        }

        $query->andFilterWhere([
            'id' => $this->id,
            'eventId' => $this->eventId,
            'stock' => $this->stock,
        ]);

        $query->andFilterWhere(['like', 'name', $this->name])
            ->andFilterWhere(['like', 'description', $this->description])
            ->andFilterWhere(['like', 'currency', $this->currency])
            ->andFilterWhere(['like', 'toDate', $this->toDate])
            ->andFilterWhere(['like', 'fromDate', $this->fromDate]);

        return $dataProvider;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Super Smiley Olivia is an old hand at being photographed, she has been doing is before she was born, when mum Kristi came in for her Pregnancy portraits. She and Husband Michael opted for one of our Blissful life collections and yesterday was their third shoot.
It has been really rewarding, following along with Olivia's development from a "Bump" to a 6.5 month old, and I hope that you will come again when she is walking!
Olivia is a sweetheart-I can see a little imp in her eyes the final b/w. Sweet!


text:
Main Attraction
Visitstop on by
ExperienceMedia and more
News & EventsThe latest
Contact Ushire the chorus
Hire the chorus
MEMBER BIRTHDAYS
Brenda Joyce Jan 22
Caitlyn Barnes Jan 25
Maureen Arcis Jan 30
Gena Sommer Mar 05
Liz Hardcastle Mar 23
Sound Celebration Chorus Third Place Small Chorus in the World!
The Sound Celebration Chorus Wins Third Place in the Division A Harmony Classic International Competition Held in Las Vegas, Nevada
The Sound Celebration Chorus just returned from Sweet Adelines International (SAI) Harmony Classic Competition with a Third Place Medal. We are thrilled to be the THIRD highest scoring small chorus in the WORLD. We shared the stage in the Grand Arena at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas with other Division A small choruses from California, Florida, Canada, and England.
The Chorus won our place to compete at the international level when we competed in the annual Regional Competition held in Cedar Rapids, IA in the Spring of 2015. We also won the coveted Most Improved Chorus medal at that time.
Harmony Classic allow the sets to be not less that 13 minutes or longer than 15 minutes. We used those minutes on stage to present a clever, entertaining, and humorous set costumed has bumble bees. Our set included parodies of songs all arranged in the barbershop a cappella style, including; "A Day in the Hive," set to the music and disco beat of "Stayin' Alive," a version of "Balling the Jack," and another parody set to "They'll Be Some Changes Made." We told the story of how if you are wanting changes in your life, sometimes those changes start within you. The entire set can be seen on our home page. Take a look, we know you will love it.
The members of the Sound Celebration Chorus, under the direction of Terry Ludwig, all share a love for music and singing four-part barbershop harmony.
Rehearsals are on Mondays, 7:00 p.m. at the Hoogland Center for the Arts in Springfield. Come visit anytime!
Linda Gross's blog
SCC at the Be Aware Women's Fair
The Sound Celebration Chorus had the pleasure of hosting a booth at the 2017 Memorial Hospital Be Aware Women... more
February 25, 2017 - 9:28am
Open Rehearsals!
If you are a woman who loves to sing a cappella, we are here for you. The award-winning Sound Celebration... more
November 22, 2016 - 10:08pm
Mt. Zion students joined us on the risers!
What a treat! Rich Hansen visited our chorus rehearsal and brought his students from Mt. Zion High School.... more
Spirit of the Midwest Region 5
Weekly Rehearsals
Mondays from 7:00pm to 9:30pm
Hoogland Center for the Arts
Interested in membership?
Please arrive by 6:30pm.
The Sound Celebration Chorus is an organization of women dedicated to excellence and committed to advancing the enjoyment of singing a cappella music in the barbershop style through education, competition, and performance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Church seeks crafters and/or vendors for the Harvest of Crafts sale. This church craft sale includes homemade crafts made by the church members, Bake Sale, Café, Treasures and Trinkets tables, Raffle, and other crafters/vendors. A space with a table is $25; (two tables for a cost of $40) The table is 2 1/2 ft. by 8 ft. and includes 2 chairs. Limited electrical outlets on a first-come first-serve basis. Please contact Westchester Community Church by Monday, Oct. 1 if interested or have any questions.


text:
September 24, 2020 /0 Comments/in Article, blog /by Dr. Omekongo Dibinga
191 days all for a charge that had nothing to do with the killing of Breonna Taylor. The charges of wanton endangerment were made against apartments other than Breonna's that were shot into. Taylor's life was taken and no one is accountable. This is why we march. We launched a global protest for 6 months to only be denied the possibility of justice once again. State attorney general Daniel Cameron has made good on his campaign promise to make the police untouchable. Until white people know what it's like to fight 6 months for no charges, to March for 191 days for no charges, and to bring our case to a global stage only for no charges, there will continue to be an empathy gap in America. Justice delayed is justice denied yet today we've been denied even the attempt at justice. Breonna should be here today. She didn't die. She was killed and Cameron couldn't even bring himself to say that. The fact that so many of us aren't even surprised speaks to the decades of injustice we have had to endure at the hands of the police. #blacklivesmatter #BreonnaTaylor
https://www.upstanderinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/OmekongoLogo.png 0 0 Dr. Omekongo Dibinga https://www.upstanderinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/OmekongoLogo.png Dr. Omekongo Dibinga2020-09-24 12:39:242020-09-24 12:43:30Breonna Taylor deserves better


Recently, I was reading an article online about a conversation that occurred during the 2017 U.S. Senate confirmation hearing for Russ Vought, the nominee for deputy director of the Office of Management and Budget. There were a couple of political opinion pieces about this exchange, including one by Daniel Davis, "Bernie Sanders Shows the Left's Refusal to Coexist With Traditional Believers" and another by David French of National Review, "Watch Bernie Sanders Attack a Christian Nominee and Impose an Unconstitutional Religious Test for Public Office".
The original exchange is posted on YouTube as well.
These articles are interesting, but rather than commenting on the political ramifications of a U.S. Senator questioning the religious beliefs of a nominee for the role of Deputy Director for the Office of Management and Budget, instead, I want to discuss how I think Mr. Vought might have better answered Senator Sander's questions.
Sanders: You wrote, "Muslims do not simply have a deficient theology. They do not know God because they have rejected Jesus Christ, His Son, and they stand condemned." Do you believe that that statement is Islamophobic?
Vought: Again, senator, I'm a Christian, and I wrote that piece in accordance with the statement of faith at Wheaton College.
Sanders (shouting): I understand you are a Christian, but this country are made of people who are not just—I understand that Christianity is the majority religion, but there are other people of different religions in this country and around the world. In your judgment, do you think that people who are not Christians are going to be condemned?
When I watched this exchange, I cringed. First, because Sanders clearly doesn't understand Christianity and Christian teachings (but Jew I don't expect him to). Second, because Sanders seems to be applying a "religious test" to a nominee who is seeking confirmation for a very secular position (Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget). But third, I cringed because I think Mr. Vought made two critical mis-steps at the outset of the questioning. Vought failed to clarify terms, and he failed to properly articulate who is making claims about Christian teachings.
You see, many who are hostile to Christianity will often resort to name-calling like "bigot", "homophobic" or "Islamophobic" to try and suggest that Christians are wrong in their beliefs by simply calling us names. Sanders clearly doesn't subscribe to Christian beliefs. But instead of trying to answer this question, Vought should have sought clarification on the term "Islamophobic".
Strictly speaking, a "phobia" is an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something. So to ask if someone is (in this case Vought statement) Islamophobic implies that he has an irrational fear of Islam or Muslims. Thus accusing someone of "Islamophobia" is really to imply they have a mental illness, not a policial or religious belief with which one disagrees. So, Vought really could have turned the tables on Sanders by asking, "Senator, can you please tell me what you mean by Islamophobic?" or alternatively, "Senator, can you please tell me what you believe is Islamophobic about that statement?" Either of these questions would have either exposed the faulty thinking or (more likely) the name-calling that Sanders was engaged in. But more importantly, it would have forced Sanders to clarify his terms and the use of Islamophobic. I can only wonder what he really means by this.
Personally, I would love to see what Senator Bernie Sanders would have said to that statement.


text:
How do you cite a source that has already been cited?
Your in-text citation should include both authors: the author(s) of the original source and the author(s) of the secondary source. For example: (Habermehl, 1985, as cited in Kersten, 1987). In your reference list you should provide the details of the secondary source (the source you read).
How do you reference a previous essay?
Use this format: Your last name, Your first name. "Title of the Essay." Type of essay (for example, MA thesis). Name of the institution, date degree earned or year paper written. Medium of the paper (for example, print).
How do you double a citation?
Separate the citations with semicolons. Arrange two or more works by the same authors (in the same order) by year of publication. Place in-press citations last. Give the authors' surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date.
What would an APA in text citation include in parentheses when the source is quoted directly?
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.3 days ago
What is a proper citation?
A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including: information about the author.
What does citation needed mean?
Citation-needed definitions (Internet slang, Wiktionary and WMF jargon) A portion of a wiki needs to be validated by a source. phrase. 0. 0. (Internet slang, by extension, chiefly humorous) A portion of text may be false or inaccurate.
How do I start an application letter?
What are the 3 main beliefs of Shintoism?


text:
Piers Corbyn: WEF's Six Point Plan for New World Order Tyranny
By Keith Preston on December 1, 2022 • ( Leave a comment )
Geopolitics and Empire
Piers Corbyn discusses the myth and fraud of the "Climate Change" narrative and how it's the solar and lunar cycle that drives the weather. The Green Agenda emanated from the Club of Rome, was adopted by the EU, and is part of a much larger agenda. Piers can't believe how quickly they began accelerating the plan from 2020 onward. There are six legs to WEF's "New World Tyranny" (virus, climate, war, vaccines, 5G, Digital ID). The left has completely sold out and where Russia and China fit in all of this is a crucial question. Moscow and Beijing adopt aspects of the Great Reset which help them domestically to control their populations. He believes the EU was a trailblazer for the WEF where they were just testing things out. He discusses ways to resist and fight back.
ANALYSIS: Kurds Caught in Proxy War Between Iran & U.S.-Israeli Axis
The US has an interest in not seeing any Middle Eastern country achieve regional hegemony. One of the ways of achieving that is by encouraging separatist movements that undermine the territorial integrity of aspiring great powers.
The Hrvoje Morić Show on TNT Radio
Listen to my live daily show on TNT Radio from 7-9pm New York. Guest suggestions are welcome: hrvojemoric@tntradio.live
Above Phone
Above Phone is on a mission to help people break free of the Algorithm Ghetto. Their phones reduce tracking and their Above Privacy Suite provides private services. Just like with our food, water, healthcare, schooling, and security – our tech needs to be sovereign!
Get an Above Phone here: 👇
Abovephone.com
Borderless Health
Don't get stranded in a foreign country relying on GoFundMe to get treatment or an evacuation home. For a small price, you can get coverage that follows you wherever you are in the world. If you are in need of international health insurance visit James Guzman's page for Borderless Health Insurance.
Find out more here: 👇
Borderlessblog.com/healthinsurance
Categories: Geopolitics
McCarthy Issues Warning to Jan. 6 Committee to Preserve Its Findings
Daily News: December 1, 2022 The Week-Kanye West openly praises Hitler on Alex Jones' show


colloidal silver 30ppm 30 ppm vs 10.
colloidal silver 30ppm spray twin pack for pink eye.
colloidal silver 30ppm ultra pure with smallest by healthcare dosage.
colloidal silver 30ppm purest on the market be ready for cold season with vegan and gluten free bottle source naturals wellness.
colloidal silver 30ppm 2 oz wellness reviews.
colloidal silver 30ppm 8 ounce ppm uses.
colloidal silver 30ppm 1 gallon oz walmart.
colloidal silver 30ppm buy homeopathic immune defense ppm 8 oz at uses.
colloidal silver 30ppm source throat spray vs 10 ppm.
colloidal silver 30ppm 2 oz vs 10 ppm.
colloidal silver 30ppm 8 fl oz ionic formulation ppm by wild mountain market gnc.
colloidal silver 30ppm my spray vs 10 ppm.
colloidal silver 30ppm trace minerals ppm 8 oz dosage.
colloidal silver 30ppm trace minerals research ppm 8 fl oz for pink eye.
colloidal silver 30ppm get quotations a strongest mineral supplement oz ppm liquid for pink eye.
colloidal silver 30ppm trace minerals research ppm fl oz gnc.
colloidal silver 30ppm ppm tester uses.
colloidal silver 30ppm source naturals wellness.
colloidal silver 30ppm r garden beautiful amazon bullet ppm 2 oz vegan wellness reviews.
colloidal silver 30ppm one quart of our equals 1 gallon what other claim is with a being sold 30 ppm vs 10.
colloidal silver 30ppm trace minerals research ppm uses.
colloidal silver 30ppm image 0 30 ppm vs 10.
colloidal silver 30ppm best ppm walmart.
colloidal silver 30ppm previous next dosage.
colloidal silver 30ppm 30 ppm dosage for dogs.


text:
Reading: Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and...
Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England
Thomas Salisbury,
Northern Deanery, GB
Neda Qurashi ,
South Tees NHS Trust, GB
Qasim Mansoor
Background: Abusive head trauma(AHT) is currently the accepted terminology that encompasses previously used terms such as non-accidental injury (NAI) or non-accidental head injury (NAHI) and shaken baby syndrome (SBS). It is AHT and its ocular manifestations that ophthalmologists are vital in identifying and reporting.
Objectives: To investigate whether there is a change in the incidence or severity of AHT pre- and during COVID-19 lockdown.
Participants and Settings: AHT cases reported between March–June 2019 and March–June 2020. Data will be collected from James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough NHS Foundation Trust.
Methods: A retrospective comparative study.
Comparison of total number of children reported to child protection services pre- and during lockdown.
Severity of reported cases.
Ophthalmic involvement.
Results: Of the pre-lockdown safeguarding referrals, 5/61 (8.19%) had confirmed AHT, and 4/40 (10%) of the during lockdown group were confirmed AHT. The absence of teachers was evident, as in the pre-lockdown group 40% (2) of referrals originated from schools compared to none during the lockdown period. Ophthalmic involvement was not present in any of the pre-lockdown cases and only 50% (2) of the during lockdown cases, with the appropriate proforma only used in one of these cases. Unfortunately, no further statistical testing was meaningful in light of the small sample size.
Conclusions: The loss of the early warning detection mechanism provided by schools and health visitors may have contributed to both the change in presentation and severity of cases during the lockdown. There is also a need for ophthalmology and paediatrics to collaborate to ensure AHT cases are thoroughly investigated and documented.
Keywords: child abuse, abusive head trauma, retinal haemorrhage, COVID-19, non-accidental injury
How to Cite: Salisbury, T., Qurashi, N. and Mansoor, Q., 2022. Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England. British and Irish Orthoptic Journal, 18(1), pp.101–110. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.265
Published on 23 Aug 2022
Accepted on 17 Jun 2022 Submitted on 28 Jan 2022
Child abuse is an issue that manifests in all societies to some extent; the various types of abuse and their respective frequencies vary throughout the UK. It was estimated from the Crime Survey for England and Wales that one in five adults aged 18 to 74 years experienced at least one form of child abuse, whether emotional, physical or sexual, or witnessed domestic violence or abuse before the age of 16 years (8.5 million people) (ONS 2020).
Within the umbrella of physical abuse, the term abusive head trauma (AHT) is currently the accepted terminology that encompasses previously used terms such as non-accidental injury (NAI) or non-accidental head injury (NAHI) and shaken baby syndrome (SBS) (Watts 2013a). In the presence of head injury without any plausible medical explanation, the description of retinal findings helps distinguish between abusive damage and other causes. It is these ocular manifestations that ophthalmologists are vital in identifying and reporting (Bechtel et al. 2004; Watts 2013a). The presence of retinal haemorrhage (RH) was highly associated with definite or probable abuse versus definite or probable accident (Binenbaum et al. 2009).
Certain patterns of RH are more common in AHT, such as a large number of RH in both eyes, involving all layers of the retina, as well as extension into the periphery; however, there was no single retinal sign that was unique to abusive injury. RH is rare in accidental trauma and, when present, is predominantly unilateral (Maguire et al. 2013). RHs that are flame shaped and bilateral should be treated as suspicious of AHT in the absence of direct head trauma. The incidence of RH is convulsions (0.7%), chest compressions (0–2.3%), forceful vomiting (0%) and severe persistent coughing (0%). With these findings, only a trained ophthalmic specialist is able to detect AHT; therefore, and ophthalmic specialists can prove to be crucial in identifying victims of AHT.
When a new referral of possible AHT is identified, prompt involvement of the ophthalmic team is vital. It relies on good communication links between the relevant teams involved in the investigation, diagnosis and management of AHT.
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a public health emergency on January 30, 2020, and on March 11, 2020, it was declared a pandemic and a global health emergency. The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of a large family of viruses called coronaviruses and was first described in the Wuhan province of China. It is a highly transmissible virus and is responsible for causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The world was suddenly faced with a new set of challenging rules that included limiting our contact with others and the closure of non-essential businesses.
To mitigate the spread of the COVID-19, a 'lockdown' was introduced in England on March 23, 2020, and this continued in various forms until the first phased re-opening of schools in England on June 1, 2020. Lockdown measures included the closure of non-essential businesses, childcare facilities and schools. The government mandated social distancing measures in a bid to slow the spread, as it was evident that there was human-to-human transmission. The lockdown has had many foreseen and unforeseen consequences whose effects are still being understood in different fields; social, economic and health consequences are inevitable.
The lockdown has meant that families have had their support circles interrupted. Ultimately, this poses a risk, as telltale signs of abuse may go unnoticed. For this reason, AHT has sometimes been referred to as the 'silent pandemic' and become even more silent in the face of a global pandemic. Reduced exposure to services for children has caused widespread concern that child maltreatment may go undetected and that a surge of newly diagnosed victims of child abuse will emerge (Agrawal 2020; Rosenthal & Thompson, 2020; Seddighi et al., 2021; Teo & Griffiths 2020).
As a consequence of lockdown, children have spent an increased amount of time in the home, with less access to childcare facilities, decreased interactions with primary care health providers and a reduction in interaction with educators, who play a vital role in identifying abuse. In the United States, 20% of reports of abuse to protective services are made by educators (HHS 2013). The closure of schools for most pupils has been a critical point for families with children, especially those who are considered vulnerable. Definitions of vulnerability in children include children who are in care; children that care for others; children in households suffering domestic abuse, mental health problems, or drug or alcohol problems; children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND); children who are outside mainstream education; and children on the edge of social care involvement, having been referred to social services in the last year but not meeting thresholds (Public Health England 2020).
The impact of lockdown and the changes to the way of life in many places of the world has been significant to both the psychological health and well-being of the population. It has been suggested in the UK that around 72% of people are worried about the effect of COVID-19 on their life, with high levels of anxiety in 32% of the population (ONS 2021). These adverse psychological effects of lockdown are multiplied due to other stressors resulting from the pandemic, such as unemployment (Brooks et al. 2020; Galea & Abdalla 2020).
Anecdotal evidence indicates there has been an increase in domestic violence during this period of lockdown (Bradbury-Jones & Isham 2020; Campbell 2020). Families confined to their homes without external support or contact with those that may be able to identify, help or signpost victims are unintentionally isolated without the usual scrutiny that may prevent this (Schols, de Ruiter & Öry 2013). It is postulated that the incidence of AHT in children may increase directly due to household isolation while detection may be decreased as children are hidden from healthcare professionals, teachers and social workers (Radford et al 2011). The pandemic may also increase AHT in children indirectly through the increased risk of domestic abuse during this time frame (Campbell 2020; Usher et al. 2020). In the United States, 60% of households where domestic abuse occurs contain children (Campbell et al. 2020). It has been estimated that children in households containing domestic violence are at a 60 times greater risk of child abuse than the general US paediatric population (Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect et al. 2010). The National Incidence Study in the United States estimated that 6% of children aged under 11 years, 19% of children aged 11–17 years, and 25% of those aged 18–24 years had experienced severe maltreatment at some point during childhood (Sedlak & Broadhurst 1996). Even in the pre-COVID-19 era, many child abuse cases may have been hidden, so these figures may be larger than estimated.
To investigate if there is a change in incidence and severity of abusive head trauma (AHT) in children between the initial three months of the first COVID-19 lockdown to the incidence and severity noted in the same time period in the preceding year. Of those cases, notes were reviewed to see which had ophthalmology input and how this was recorded.
Data Source and Study Population
Data was collected from James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, a major tertiary referral hospital, district general hospital and major trauma centre in James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, England, which forms part of the James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough Trust.
Within the National Health Service (NHS), all staff who come into contact with children and their families have a responsibility to safeguard them when they have concerns; where appropriate, this means escalating to safeguarding teams within their respective areas. Data was made available for reported child protection referrals from the safeguarding team at James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough Hospital. Approval for the collection of data was obtained from the paediatric safeguarding and information governance lead for this study. We followed the Declaration of Helsinki and ethics committee principles. All data was collected on-site, and stayed on-site.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria (Figure 1)
Flow diagram detailing the inclusion and exclusion of patients.
The participants for this study were selected using the following criteria:
Child protection referral made
Under 18 years old
Occurred between March and June 2019 OR March and June 2020
Patients confirmed not to have had any AHT (e.g., accidental, domestic, emotional, neglect, sexual).
Cases with appropriate inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria had data extracted from electronic medical records using a standardised data collection form by an ophthalmology registrar. Data was collected on demographic variables (age and gender), mode of presentation, date of presentation, whether the abuse was confirmed or suspected, systemic findings, skeletal imaging findings and whether an ophthalmic assessment was performed (defined as the entry into the clinical notes by an ophthalmic clinician); if so, the grade of the ophthalmic clinician, what was noted and whether a Royal College of Ophthalmologists proforma was used to record this were also collected (Watts 2013b). Anonymisation was performed on data collected for confidentiality.
We aimed to collect systemic findings, which we divided into facial bruising, non-facial bruising and conscious/unconscious. To assess whether the severity of injuries had been influenced by the lockdown period, we looked at previous studies that had attempted to predict the presence and severity of abuse based on bruise characteristics (Dunstan et al. 2002) and facial bruising in two different categories of severity and an additional informative category. Mild facial bruising was defined as a single bruise measuring <1cm2, and severe bruising was defined as multiple facial bruises or a single one measuring ≥1cm2. We also recorded whether any bruises could be classified as 'patterned' bruises (Kos & Shwayder 2006); these would include marks that indicated their origin, e.g., shape of the object used to inflict the bruise, slap or grab injuries in the shape of finger marks, ligature marks, etc., and could in turn inform regarding the severity of injuries inflicted. Additionally, as a consequence of the pandemic, it was thought that while social services would be aware of children with prior social service interactions, in light of the lack of published material on this, we would also record whether those children with confirmed AHT had previous involvement with social services or if they were new cases, previously unknown to social services.
Continuous variables are presented as a mean with standard deviation.
Of the 101 safeguarding referrals reviewed, 60% (61/101) were pre-lockdown (March–June 2019) and 40% (40/101) during lockdown (March–June 2020). This represents a 34% reduction in safeguarding referrals made during the lockdown period (see Figure 2).
Safeguarding referrals made during pre-lockdown (March–June 2019) and during lockdown (March–June 2020).
Of these referrals, 56/61 of the pre-lockdown safeguarding referrals were excluded as not being AHT, resulting in a pre-lockdown sample size of n = 5. Of the during lockdown group, 36/40 were excluded, resulting in a sample of n = 4 (Figure 3).
Zoomed-in bar chart showing the percentage of non-AHT compared to AHT during pre-lockdown (March–June 2019) and during lockdown (March–June 2020).
The incidence of AHT in the pre-lockdown and during lockdown group was 8.19% and 10%, respectively (see Figure 2): Risk ratio [RR], 1.22 [95% CI, 0.35–4.27] (Table 1).
Table showing all safeguarding referrals received during the described time periods and those identified as AHT and non-AHT.
PRE-LOCKDOWN (MARCH–JUNE 2019)
DURING LOCKDOWN (MARCH–JUNE 2020)
AHT 5 4
Non-AHT 56 36
Cumulative incidence 8.19% 10%
The age of AHT cases pre-lockdown had a mean of 40 (±30.47) months and a median of 45 months. During the lockdown, AHT cases had a younger mean of 35.5 (±30.56) months and a median of 35.5 months. During the lockdown, more males were recorded suffering AHT (3:1) compared to pre-lockdown (3:2) (Table 2).
Summary of patients with confirmed AHT.
MARCH–JUNE 2019
Number of patients (n) 5 4
Mean age (months) 40 (±30.47) 35.5 (±30.56)
Median age (months) 45 35.5
Age range (months) 1–76 3–68
Males 3 (60%) 3 (75%)
Females 2 (40%) 1 (25%)
Modes of presentation displayed a shift in how cases were reported. The Accident and Emergency (A&E) Department and the police became the primary source of referrals during the lockdown period, 75% and 25%, respectively, compared to health visitors, schools and A&E in the pre-lockdown period, 40%, 40%, 20%, respectively (Table 3). It was also noted that of those referrals identified as being AHT, the proportion previously known to social services pre-lockdown and during lockdown were 3 (60%) and 1 (25%), respectively.
Demonstrating where safeguarding referrals were initially generated from.
MODE OF PRESENTATION
Accident & Emergency Dept. 1 (20%) 3 (75%)
Police 0 1 (25%)
Health visitor 2 (40%) 0
School 2 (40%) 0
It is not possible to produce further meaningful statistical analysis comparing the incidence of AHT between the two time periods due to the small sample size precluding either the Pearson chi-square test or a meaningful result from a two-sided Fisher's exact test. There is, therefore, not enough evidence to reject H0 in favour of H1.
The findings noted during the pre-lockdown period showed that all cases involved mild facial bruising (Table 4). This contrasts with the during lockdown period, where equal proportions of mild and severe facial bruising recorded at 50% (2) and 50% (2), respectively. There were no cases of patterned bruising recorded. The only episode of unconsciousness at presentation was noted during the lockdown period.
Paediatric systemic findings. Presenting signs in children confirmed with AHT.
2020 Facial bruising 5 (100%) 4 (100%)
Mild facial bruising 5 (100%) 2 (50%)
Severe facial bruising 0 2 (50%)
Patterned bruising 0 0
Non-facial bruising 0 0
Conscious 5 (100%) 3 (75%)
Unconscious 0 1 (25%)
Of the nine patients in this cohort, 89% (8) had facial bruising, and 11% (1) patient had ear bruising. Bruising in obvious areas on the face/head was the reason these children were brought to the attention of medical professionals. This highlights the importance of looking out for children who are possibly suffering from physical abuse but have no obvious physical signs of it in easy-to-see areas such as the face. In the pre-lockdown group, 80% (4) were brought to the attention of professionals by social services/health visitors. The absence of this visibility to multi-disciplinary professionals could mean that some children suffering from physical abuse were possibly undetected during lockdown. This further reinforces the need for identification of vulnerable and 'at-risk' children in particular in the event of another lockdown or unplanned interruption to schooling.
In the pre-lockdown period, an MRI head scan was performed on one child compared to CT head imaging performed on 50% (2) of children during the lockdown period. None of the during lockdown group underwent an MRI scan.
This study showed that of the nine patients in the study, only 33% (3) patients had any form of imaging performed. In the pre-lockdown group 20% (1) had a CT scan, and the other 80% (4) had no imaging performed. Of note, 50% (2) had significant facial bruising in the during lockdown group, and only one of these, who presented unconscious, underwent imaging.
Of the pre-lockdown group 40% (2) were under the age of one year, and of these, only 50% (1) had imaging in the form of MRI scan performed. In the during lockdown group, 50% (2) were under the age of one year. Of these, only 25% (1) child had imaging performed (Table 5).
Documented investigations in children confirmed with AHT.
IMAGING MODALITY
MRI head 1 (20%) 0
CT head 0 2 (50%)
Ophthalmic assessment
Performed 0 2 (50%)
Not performed 5 (100%) 2 (50%)
Grade of ophthalmologist
ST7 0 1 (50%)
Consultant 0 1 (50%)
Ophthalmology proforma used
Used N/A 1 (50%)
Not used N/A 1 (50%)
Ophthalmic examination was not performed on any patients presenting during the pre-lockdown period, whereas it was performed on 50% (2) of children during the lockdown period. Of the ophthalmic assessments performed, 50% (1) were performed by a senior trainee (ST7) and a consultant ophthalmologist, one of which used the ophthalmology AHT proforma.
In the during lockdown group, only 25% (1) had ophthalmic findings. Of the pre-lockdown group, there were no ophthalmic findings, as 0% had ophthalmic involvement. A limitation of this study is that we cannot be sure that all children who presented with confirmed or suspected AHT were referred for ophthalmology input. It is possible that if the ophthalmology team had been involved in every case of suspected or confirmed AHT, we may have found a higher incidence of ophthalmic findings.
Unfortunately, it was again impossible to produce meaningful statistical analysis comparing the severity of the pre-lockdown and during lockdown periods due to the small sample sizes precluding either the Pearson chi-square test or a meaningful result from a two-sided Fisher's exact test.
Our study found no significant change in the incidence or severity of abusive head trauma (AHT) in the paediatric population pre- and during the COVID-19 lockdown in the North East of England. The during lockdown group found bilateral retinal haemorrhage in 25% (1) of patients compared to no ophthalmic findings in the pre-lockdown group. This was due to no ophthalmic involvement in all the pre-lockdown cases. This is an important finding, as it shows the lack of engagement and/or awareness of the importance of ophthalmic involvement in such cases.
Most countries widely employed social distancing and movement restriction in the form of lockdowns during the pandemic in an attempt to control the reproduction number of the coronavirus, buying time for health care systems to cope with surges in demand as well as allowing for the production of vaccines. As with all interventions used on such a large scale, unrecognised and unintended consequences may result, and as such, the risk of child abuse and AHT has been suggested to increase during this period (Peterman et al. 2020). Similar patterns in child abuse frequency have been reported around the periods when children spent more time at home, such as during summer holidays (Leaman, Hennrikus & Nasreddine 2017).
It was important to note that more referrals were made to safeguarding services during the pre-lockdown period, which likely reflects the greater visibility children have to multi-disciplinary agency members such as health visitors and teachers during a fully functioning non-locked-down society. Teachers have a vital role in the detection and reporting of child abuse, as they encounter almost all children in the population through their role (Schols, de Ruiter & Öry 2013). Table 3 demonstrates the loss of referrals from teachers, and it is the authors' and our colleagues' suspicion that the loss of this early warning detection mechanism may have contributed to the change in presentation and severity. This requires further research to identify methods of preventing this should further lockdowns or interruptions to children's education occur in the future. There is a concern that as lockdown is relaxed, there may be an increase in cases of recognised child abuse, which were undetected during lockdown (Agrawal 2020; Kovler et al. 2021).
In a lockdown, it could be expected that the associated loss of childcare arrangements, economic uncertainty (Berger et al. 2011), social isolation and the consequences on parents' and carers' mental health that there would be a correlated increase in frequency and severity of AHT (Conrad-Hiebner & Byram 2020). Although our small sample cannot definitively show any statistically significant changes that let us reject H0, it highlights to us the fact that children have had a loss of visibility to multiple social mechanisms that might recognise and report risk factors or evidence of abuse. This is also highlighted by the lower levels of presentation to A&E pre-lockdown, which suggests that children may have been identified as possibly suffering from physical abuse/AHT by multi-disciplinary professionals that had seen the children and consequently raised the alarm, so to speak, and sought medical help. The absence of this avenue of visibility for children during lockdown may have contributed to the higher rate of presentation to A&E.
It is important to consider the limitations of this study. This retrospective study is severely limited by the short period, small catchment area, and the associated small number of patients. Additionally, we were only able to review children who had safeguarding referrals performed and therefore did not capture cases of AHT that did not come to the attention of authorities. The exclusion criteria for patients classified as not AHT is a possible source of false negatives if patients were erroneously classified as accidental rather than abusive. Our patients were derived from a specific geographical area in the UK which may not be generalisable to other sites and may be specific to hitherto unknown socio-economic factors affecting adversity in the area.
Not all families may have been adversely affected by the COVID-19 lockdown. Furlough schemes were provided by the UK government under which firms could 'furlough' employees and apply to the government for a grant that would cover a portion of each worker's usual monthly wage. Previous studies have shown that the mental health decline associated with AHT (Aldridge 2006) is ameliorated significantly by employment protection (Barlow et al. 2019; Cook, Giovanis & Gobey 2020). This may result in some parents having reduced stressors compared to normal, decreasing the risk of AHT.
Out of the nine recognised cases of AHT, only two had an ophthalmic assessment, of which one was accompanied by a corresponding proforma. A child suspected of physical abuse should be assessed from an ophthalmic point of view as part of a multi-disciplinary assessment. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) have created guidance on the evaluation of a child with suspected head trauma that states that a child suspected of AHT should be referred to the ophthalmologist for clinical assessment. The joint working group has designed a standardised clinical proforma for documentation. It has been clinically established that retinal haemorrhages have a high positive predictive rate for AHT (Watts 2013). In our study, of the nine patients that were included, one patient had subdural haemorrhage, and the same patient was confirmed to have bilateral retinal haemorrhages. The low number of patients with ophthalmic involvement shows that a better understanding and more robust communication system is needed amongst paediatricians and ophthalmologists. We also need to prioritise auditing our protocols against the national guidelines for continuous improvement.
The Royal College of Radiologists has created recommendations to assist clinicians in decision making concerning suspected physical abuse:
Imaging should always include skeletal survey in children under two years old and skeletal survey and CT head scan in children under one year old.
Children who are older than one year and have external evidence of head trauma and/or abnormal neurological symptoms or signs should also have a CT head scan.
Skeletal survey may occasionally be indicated in older children, and this should be considered on a case-by-case basis (Royal College of Radiologists and Society and College of Radiographers 2018).
In view of the above recommendations, it was difficult to decipher from the medical notes that were available whether a skeletal survey was done in the patients who fell within the guidance set above. This reinforces the importance of being aware of and following guidance set by the RCOphth and other professional bodies, such as the Royal College of Radiologists. Further collaborative work is required in this area to work on improving communication and awareness of recommendations, documentation and auditing to ensure we are following the latest guidelines and achieving the best outcomes for these patients.
Of note, there were no episodes of patterned or non-facial bruising reported in either group reviewed, whether this is because a certain type or severity of abuse is required to generate these findings or they were not identified is unclear. However, there is a case to ensure clinicians are aware to regularly look out for and document this type of injury.
The study was retrospective, performed remotely on previously collected data. It was therefore not able to capture the views of children or their carers regarding the impact that lockdown has had on them. Further research into this area is required as lockdowns end to identify the groups most affected by this to allow delivery of focused care and intervention and recognition on how to prevent this should any future interruptions to schooling ever occur. This could involve facilitating all stakeholders' input on the issue and allowing more evidence to help guide future prevention and intervention programs.
Our study found no significant change in the incidence or severity of abusive head trauma (AHT) in the paediatric population pre- and during COVID-19 lockdown in the North East of England. The during lockdown group found bilateral retinal haemorrhage in one (25%) patient compared to no ophthalmic findings in the pre-lockdown group. This was due to no ophthalmic involvement in all the pre-lockdown cases. This is an important finding, as it shows the lack of engagement and/or awareness of the importance of ophthalmic involvement in such cases.
This study adds to the growing body of evidence that as children have come out of lockdowns and returned to school in the UK, we should be vigilant for previously unreported incidents of AHT.
Although our data has a limited sample size, it has highlighted the loss of exposure children have to both teachers and health visitors as a consequence of the lockdown. As we have discussed, they form a key mechanism to identify children in need of support. Our data also demonstrates that there may be a wider trend warranting further study, looking at the recovery from lockdowns, the resultant cases that come to light and the severity of both AHT and other types of abuse. The majority of children presented via A&E during lockdown (75%) compared to pre-lockdown (20%). This highlights that the visibility of children from other multi-disciplinary professional agencies outside of the home plays an important safety net for children who may be suffering from or are at risk of physical abuse.
We should be aware that regardless of the broader social issues that may occur as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an enduring need for multi-level stakeholder cooperation to protect and ensure children's safety (Sserwanja, Kawuki & Kim 2021). This may require attempting to catch up, so to speak, with the opportunities missed during lockdown by identifying those most vulnerable and being vigilant for any future signs of abuse despite stretched health and social care budgets.
There were inconsistencies in which patients had an ophthalmology review, and there were inconsistencies regarding which child underwent imaging. This study identifies the need for a rigorous work-up of a child who presents with suspected or confirmed AHT from the involved specialities in a logical and timely manner.
This study also highlights that any ophthalmic clinician involved in assessing a child for possible AHT should complete the Royal College of Ophthalmologists proforma following an ophthalmic examination. In our study, only one out of the nine reviews had a completed proforma. Completion of this form would provide useful data for future audits and enable us to work collaboratively with other trusts to build stronger research projects.
Our study shows a need for not only more research to identify specific at-risk groups and effective interventions but also multi-level stakeholder cooperation to ensure increased funding, increased community awareness and sensitisation, early detection and effective management and referral of child abuse cases in the recovery from lockdowns and for any future prolonged absences from school for children.
Ethics and Consent
As this study was a retrospective review, ethical approval and consent were not required.
We are grateful to the safeguarding team at James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough Hospital for providing the data that enabled this project.
Agrawal, N. 2020. The coronavirus could cause a child abuse epidemic. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/opinion/coronavirus-child-abuse.html.
Barlow, P, Reeves, A, McKee, M and Stuckler, D. 2019. Employment relations and dismissal regulations: Does employment legislation protect the health of workers? Social Policy & Administration, 53(7): 939–957. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12487
Bechtel, K, Stoessel, K, Leventhal, JM, Ogle, E, Teague, B, Lavietes, S, Banyas, B, Allen, K, Dziura, J and Duncan, C. 2004. Characteristics that distinguish accidental from abusive injury in hospitalized young children with head trauma. Am Acad Pediatrics, 114(1): 165–168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.165
Berger, RP, Fromkin, JB, Stutz, H, Makoroff, K, Scribano, PV, Feldman, K, Tu, LC and Fabio, A. 2011. Abusive head trauma during a time of increased unemployment: A multicenter analysis. Pediatrics, 128(4): 637–643. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2185
Binenbaum, G, Mirza-George, N, Christian, CW and Forbes, BJ. 2009. Odds of abuse associated with retinal hemorrhages in children suspected of child abuse. Journal of AAPOS, 13(3): 268–272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2009.03.005
Bradbury-Jones, C and Isham, L. 2020. The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(13–14): 2047–2049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15296
Brooks, SK, Webster, RK, Smith, LE, Woodland, L, Wessely, S, Greenberg, N and Rubin, GJ. 2020. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227): 912–920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Campbell, AM. 2020. An increasing risk of family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports, 2: 100089. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100089
Campbell, AM, Hicks, RA, Thompson, SL and Wiehe, SE. 2020. Characteristics of intimate partner violence incidents and the environments in which they occur: Victim reports to responding law enforcement officers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(13–14): 2583–2606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517704230
Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention & Council on Community Pediatrics. 2010. American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy statement—Child fatality review. Pediatrics, 126(3): 592–596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2006
Conrad-Hiebner, A and Byram, E. 2020. The temporal impact of economic insecurity on child maltreatment: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(1): 157–178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018756122
Cook, W, Giovanis, E and Gobey, M. 2020. The effect of furloughing workers on mental wellbeing. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3830621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3830621
Dunstan, FD, Guildea, ZE, Kontos, K, Kemp, AM and Sibert, JR. 2002. A scoring system for bruise patterns: A tool for identifying abuse. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 86(5), 330–333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.86.5.330
Galea, S and Abdalla, SM. 2020. COVID-19 pandemic, unemployment, and civil unrest: Underlying deep racial and socioeconomic divides. Journal of the American Medical Association, 324(3): 227–228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.11132
Kos, L and Shwayder, T. 2006. Cutaneous manifestations of child abuse. Pediatric Dermatology, 23(4): 311–320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2006.00266.x
Kovler, ML, Ziegfeld, S, Ryan, LM, Goldstein, MA, Gardner, R, Garcia, AV and Nasr, IW. 2021. Increased proportion of physical child abuse injuries at a level I pediatric trauma center during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse and Neglect, 116(Part 2): 104756 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104756
Leaman, L, Hennrikus, W and Nasreddine, AY. 2017. An evaluation of seasonal variation of nonaccidental fractures in children less than 1 year of age. Clinical Pediatrics, 56(14): 1345–1349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922816687324
Maguire, SA, Watts, PO, Shaw, AD, Holden, S, Taylor, RH, Watkins, WJ, Mann, MK, Tempest, V and Kemp, AM. 2013. Retinal haemorrhages and related findings in abusive and non-abusive head trauma: A systematic review. Eye, 27(1): 28–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2012.213
Office for National Statistics (ONS). 2020. Crime Survey for England and Wales. UK Data Service.
Office for National Statistics (ONS). 2021. Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain.
Peterman, A, Potts, A, O'Donnell, M, Thompson, K, Shah, N, Oertelt-Prigione, S and van Gelder, N. 2020. Pandemics and violence against women and children. Vol. 528. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
Public Health England. 2020. No child left behind: Understanding and quantifying vulnerability.
Radford, L, et al. 2011. Child abuse and neglect in the UK today. London: NSPCC.
Rosenthal, CM and Thompson, LA. 2020. Child abuse awareness month during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. In JAMA Pediatrics, 174(8): 812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1459
Royal College of Radiologists and Society and College of Radiographers. 2018. The radiological investigations of suspected physical abuse in children. Rev. 1st ed. https://www.rcr.ac.uk/system/files/publication/field_publication_files/bfcr174_suspected_physical_abuse.pdf.
Schols, MWA, de Ruiter, C and Öry, FG. 2013. How do public child healthcare professionals and primary school teachers identify and handle child abuse cases? A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 13(1): 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-807
Seddighi, H, Salmani, I, Javadi, MH and Seddighi, S. 2021. Child abuse in natural disasters and conflicts: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(1): 176–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019835973
Sedlak, AJ and Broadhurst, DD. 1996. Third national incidence study of child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.
Sserwanja, Q, Kawuki, J and Kim, JH. 2021. Increased child abuse in Uganda amidst COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 57(2): 188–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15289
Teo, SS and Griffiths, G. 2020. Child protection in the time of COVID-19. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 56(6): 838–840. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14916
US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2013. Child maltreatment.
Usher, K, Bhullar, N, Durkin, J, Gyamfi, N and Jackson, D. 2020. Family violence and COVID-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(4): 549–552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12735
Watts, P. 2013a. Abusive head trauma and the eye in infancy. Eye, 27(10): 1227–1229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.192
Watts, P. 2013b. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and the Royal College of Ophthalmologists Abusive Head Trauma and the Eye in Infancy. www.rcophth.ac.uk. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.192
Salisbury, T., Qurashi, N. and Mansoor, Q., 2022. Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England. British and Irish Orthoptic Journal, 18(1), pp.101–110. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.265
Salisbury T, Qurashi N, Mansoor Q. Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England. British and Irish Orthoptic Journal. 2022;18(1):101–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.265
Salisbury, T., Qurashi, N., & Mansoor, Q. (2022). Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England. British and Irish Orthoptic Journal, 18(1), 101–110. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.265
1. Salisbury T, Qurashi N, Mansoor Q. Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England. British and Irish Orthoptic Journal. 2022;18(1):101-110. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.265
Salisbury T, Qurashi N and Mansoor Q, 'Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England' (2022) 18 British and Irish Orthoptic Journal 101 DOI: http://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.265
Salisbury, Thomas, Neda Qurashi, and Qasim Mansoor. 2022. "Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England". British and Irish Orthoptic Journal 18 (1): 101–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.265
Salisbury, Thomas, Neda Qurashi, and Qasim Mansoor. "Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England". British and Irish Orthoptic Journal 18, no. 1 (2022): 101–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.265
Salisbury, T, et al.. "Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England". British and Irish Orthoptic Journal, vol. 18, no. 1, 2022, pp. 101–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.265


There is a chance that you are very interested in coconut oil because of the different things that it can give you. A lot of people have said that coconut oil is one of the most essential things that you can use for different purposes.
How many benefits do you know about coconut oil? Do you know how good coconut oil is for your skin? Do you know the coconut oil can be very helpful in making people healthier in general? You may not know that coconut oil can even make people lose some weight. Knowing all of these benefits will make you just want to have a huge amount of coconut oil at all.
At this point, you may be thinking what different things you can actually do with coconut oil?
Homemade Mascara – At this point, you may be thinking how coconut oil can be used as homemade mascara. It is pretty simple to do. You just need to have about two tablespoons of coconut oil, aloe vera, beeswax and activated charcoal if you would like to have black colored mascara. If you think that black is too strong, you may choose brown colored mascara with the use of cocoa powder. This is mascara that will not cause you to have raccoon eyes.
Body Butter – This is somewhat predictable already because coconut oil can be used as body butter especially when mixed in with other ingredients. You just need coconut oil and you would also need vitamin E and essential oil maybe carrier oil that can help you out a lot.
Foot Scrub – Your feet need some pampering too and you can do that with the use of the foot scrub. Do you know that you can make a great foot scrub with the use of coconut oil? You just need to mix it in with Epsom salt or you can also add sugar if you would like the foot scrub to be a bit different. With all the different ingredients, you can be sure that it will be a nice scrub to use whenever you need it.
Lip Balm – Lip balm is actually very important because every time your lips are dry and a bit cracked, lip balm can make sure that your lips will start feeling soft again. You can make your very own organic lip balm with the use of coconut oil. Just place coconut oil mixed in with another ingredient on a small container and you can bring it with you anytime and anywhere.
Eczema Cream – Eczema is one of the skin conditions that some people are born with and instead of feeling uncomfortable every time the condition hits, coconut oil can be used in order to heal the various areas of the skin that are inflamed. Do remember to mix this with coconut oil and shea butter and you can place essential oils as well.
Acne Controller – One of the main problems that you may have right now is acne. It is not true that only teenager experience acne, even adults experience it and there is a need for you to use coconut oil and tea tree oil. You can then dab this on your pimple every night and it will most likely heal before morning arrives.
White Chocolate Bath – Would you like to make taking a bath more fun than usual? You may be able to do that with the use of white chocolate bath. They are very simple to make yet they can make you feel like a million bucks because of the smell of chocolate as well. They are very easy to make too. Make sure that you will mix in chocolate, oil and 10 drops of essential oil.
Coconut Oil Lotion – You may not be fond of placing lotion on your skin but you have to remember that as the days become colder, you cannot help but make sure that you will have the right lotion. You can use standard lotion but make sure that you will use the organic variety. You can then mix in coconut oil and fruit cream. This will keep your skin moisturized during the cold months.
Cuticle Cream – Do you think that your cuticle needs some pampering? You do not need to buy inorganic products anymore to make it possible. You can simply make use of cuticle cream made out of coconut oil. You can just soften your cuticles and make sure that you will pamper your cuticles as well.
Toothpaste – You may be a bit apprehensive about trying out this coconut oil toothpaste but this is possible. This coconut oil toothpaste is not only safe for the teeth and gums. They also contain anti bacterial properties that can help get rid of the bacteria of the teeth. You can then add baking soda and any choice of your essential oil. You can then place it on any jar and use it whenever you would need to.
Hand and Body Scrub – Do you have a job that makes your hand very grubby and dry? You can always make use of a hand and body scrub with the use of coconut oil so that you can have moisturized and soft hands again. Just add coffee to the coconut oil and you can use it already.
Lip Gloss – Since you already know how you can make a coconut oil lip balm that will allow you to use it whenever you are travelling, you can also create your own lip gloss with the use of coconut oil. You may also choose to make this by bulk and distribute it to your family and friends. Make sure that you will add all the proper ingredients such as coconut oil, a bit of lipstick for color and virgin coconut oil.
Cellulite Cream – A lot of women are problematic about their cellulite. This is the fat that is usually seen beneath the skin and a lot of women are prone to it because they tend to be stored like the honey in beehives. Cellulite cream would only need coconut oil, lemon essential oil and peppermint essential oil and it will already be the best one available.
Eye Cream – There is just something about eye cream that is very important for a lot of people. The eye area is just one of the areas wherein people's age tends to show because they tend to wrinkle easily. This eye cream made with coconut oil and vitamin E can already be very helpful.
Lathering Soap – Making hand soap with the use of coconut oil may seem common but the use of a lathering soap may be a bit different. The great thing about this is that it can be used by the whole family and it will give people what they need.
Deep Conditioner with Hot Oil Treatment – If you commonly expose your hair to various things that can make your hair damaged such as blow drying or straightening your hair with the use of a flat iron, you can be sure that this is one item that you need for your home. You simply need coconut oil, tea tree oil and jojoba oil and mix them all together. You can use this after you have shampooed your hair.
Hand Soap – Making hand soap with the use of a coconut oil is already something that people have done before but coconut oil is guaranteed to make this hand soap truly different from all the other natural hand soaps that you may have created in the past.
Hand Cream – Since you can make hand soap with the use of coconut oil, you ought to know that you can also make use of coconut oil to create an all natural hand cream. You need hand cream in order to help protect your hands from the weather. You can also make them softer if you are always exposing your hands to heavy work.
Shaving Cream – It is pretty hard to search for shaving cream that does not contain a lot of chemicals so why not make your own? This is one shaving cream that you can make with coconut oil and your favorite essential oil. You may choose any essential oil that you would like to place.
Overnight Cream – There is a chance that you would like to make sure that you have a cream that can help your skin become more refreshed overnight. The overnight cream that you can make with the use of the coconut oil will leave you with a clean feeling that you just want to repeat every night. Just place coconut oil on your face at night and rinse it off in the morning.
With all of these things that you can do, do you still doubt the need for coconut oil at home?


text:
Q: 'A server error occurred. Please contact the administrator.' at django 1.8.11 I updated my django from 1.7 to 1.8 and my server isn't running anymore.
What I did:

*

*Tried to install python 3.6: nothing happened after I run the installer.

*Uninstalled Django 1.7 and installed 1.9. Unfortunately this version brings me trouble (server didn't even starts).

*Uninstalled 1.9 and installed 1.8. Now it's getting this error.

I'm on a macOS Sierra. 10.12.3. My python version is 2.7.
I need version 1.8 of Django in order to use the 'from rest_framwork.view import APIView'
Can someone help me?
Here's the log:
    System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
    April 09, 2017 - 01:35:43
    Django version 1.8.18, using settings 'connectedin.settings'
    Starting development server at http://192.168.0.101:8000/
    Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/wsgiref/handlers.py", line 85, in run
        self.result = application(self.environ, self.start_response)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/contrib/staticfiles/handlers.py", line 63, in __call__
        return self.application(environ, start_response)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py", line 189, in __call__
        response = self.get_response(request)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/core/handlers/base.py", line 207, in get_response
        return debug.technical_500_response(request, *sys.exc_info(), status_code=400)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/views/debug.py", line 97, in technical_500_response
        html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/views/debug.py", line 384, in get_traceback_html
        return t.render(c)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/template/base.py", line 210, in render
        return self._render(context)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/template/base.py", line 202, in _render
        return self.nodelist.render(context)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/template/base.py", line 905, in render
        bit = self.render_node(node, context)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/template/debug.py", line 79, in render_node
        return node.render(context)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/template/defaulttags.py", line 329, in render
        return nodelist.render(context)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/template/base.py", line 905, in render
        bit = self.render_node(node, context)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/template/debug.py", line 79, in render_node
        return node.render(context)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/template/debug.py", line 89, in render
        output = self.filter_expression.resolve(context)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/template/base.py", line 648, in resolve
        obj = self.var.resolve(context)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/template/base.py", line 789, in resolve
        value = self._resolve_lookup(context)
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/template/base.py", line 849, in _resolve_lookup
        current = current()
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/http/request.py", line 152, in build_absolute_uri
        host=self.get_host(),
      File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/Django-1.8.18-py2.7.egg/django/http/request.py", line 102, in get_host
        raise DisallowedHost(msg)
    DisallowedHost: Invalid HTTP_HOST header: '192.168.0.101:8000'. You may need to add u'192.168.0.101' to ALLOWED_HOSTS.
    [09/Apr/2017 01:35:51] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 59

A: Looks like you need the ALLOWED_HOSTS settings
This behavior changed between django 1.7] and django 1.8
From 1.7 Documentation:

When DEBUG is True or when running tests, host validation is disabled;
  any host will be accepted. Thus it's usually only necessary to set it
  in production.

From 1.8 Documentation:

When DEBUG is True and ALLOWED_HOSTS is empty, the host is validated
  against ['localhost', '127.0.0.1', '[::1]']

You need to add this IP address to this setting
Something on the lines of:
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['192.168.0.101', 'localhost', '127.0.0.1', '[::1]']

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sister Annette's order received a $2500 grant for a scooter so Sister Annette can travel from her apartment to a local nursing home where she volunteers as a pastoral minister. She recently shared some her on-going vocation story with SOAR!.
From the start, Sister Annette liked the spirit of the Sisters of St. Francis.
At the high school she attended, Sister Annette encountered many congregations of Sisters, but the Fransiscan Sisters stood out to her; they were always happy and it was easy to talk and spend time with them.
"Sternness was NOT one of their characteristics. The Sisters relaxed after classes and they were fun to be around," she writes.
Whenever possible, Sister Annette says she, too, tried to bring joy to the people she ministers to.
"Often times it was just being the ear they needed at the moment in the process of a struggle," she writes.
She said a favorite time in ministry for her was when, at a parish where she worked, the transitions to a new pastor went smoothly for everyone.
"Yes, changes were made peacefully because the door of communications was kept open on all sides," she writes.
In her years as teacher and administrator, Sister Annette said she has learned a lot from her students too.
Summers working as house mother or camp counselor for children from the orphanage where she taught also opened her eyes – and heart – as to how to relate with these children, who were growing up in very different circumstances than her own.
When she ministered in Mexico, Sister Annette remembered meeting a mother whose two-year-old son, Esteban, had a cleft palate. The woman's neighbors told her not to let a doctor correct it, warning her he would kill her child. Sr. Annette gently persuaded her to meet with the doctor and the mother consented to the surgery.
"As she and I sat in the waiting room during the surgery, her tears flowed freely while we chatted and prayed," Sister Annette writes.
Today, she is grateful to continue her ministry and bring Christ to the people at St. Francis Home by attending Mass with the residents and having faith-filled conversations with them.


Lilly Diabetes 250 live on Scoreboard.com. This page is about Lilly Diabetes 250, (Motorsport/Nascar Xfinity Series). If you're searching for results from an other competition with the name Lilly Diabetes 250, please select your sport in the top menu or a category (country) on the left. Follow Lilly Diabetes 250 live on Scoreboard.com - Lilly Diabetes 250 live results, final race results, practice and qualifying times.


text:
The Lone Cypress
The Lone Cypress is a Monterey cypress tree in Pebble Beach, California. Standing on a granite hillside off the 17-Mile Drive, the tree is a Western icon, and has been called one of the most photographed trees in North America. It is located between Cypress Point Club and the Pebble Beach Golf Links, two of world's best-known golf courses. Possibly as old as 250 years, the cypress has been scarred by fire and has been held in place with cables for 65 years. The look of the tree changed significantly when it lost its leftmost branch during a storm in 2019. The Monterey cypress grows naturally only in Pebble Beach and Point Lobos.
Point Lobos
Point Lobos State Natural Reserve is outstanding for sightseeing, photography, painting, nature study, picnicking, SCUBA diving, and jogging. In addition to the spectacular beauty, nearly every aspect of its resources is of scientific interest. There are rare plant communities, endangered archeological sites, unique geological formations, and incredibly rich flora and fauna of both land and sea. Deriving its name from the offshore rocks at Punta de los Lobos Marinos, Point of the Sea Wolves, where the sound of the sea lions carries inland, the Reserve has often been called "the crown jewel of the State Park System". Point Lobos has offered many things to millions of people who have visited it over the years. This area contains headlands, coves and rolling meadows. The offshore area forms one of the richest underwater habitats in the world popular with divers. Wildlife includes seals, sea lions, sea otters and migrating gray whales (from December to May). Thousands of seabirds also make the Reserve their home. Hiking trails follow the shoreline and lead to hidden coves. The area used to be the home of a turn-of-the-century whaling and abalone industry. A small cabin built by Chinese fishermen from that era still remains at Whalers Cove and is now a cultural history museum.
Glimmering Carnelian
Sunset on Rodeo Beach, located in the Fort Cronkhite area of the Marin Headlands, one of the most special places in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area with access to multiple trails, fantastic views, a dog-friendly beach, fascinating geology, and an interesting history. As a pocket beach, Rodeo Beach sands do not migrate up or down the coast. Instead, they are carried a short distance offshore in winter, tumble about in the surf, and then return to replenish the beach in the spring and summer. Thus, the sands of Rodeo Beach are native to the Marin Headlands and reflect the Franciscan geology of the closest hills and cliffs. This earthcache focuses on the abundant radiolarian chert and rare carnelian pebbles.


text:
Recently in News
Prokofiev's Soviet Operas
https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/music/twentieth-century-and-contemporary-music/prokofievs-soviet-operas?format=HB
The Operas of Benjamin Britten – Expression and Evasion by Claire Seymour
https://boydellandbrewer.com/the-operas-of-benjamin-britten.html
The Opera Singer's Acting Toolkit
https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-opera-singers-acting-toolkit-9781350006454/
The real Traviata. The Song of Marie Duplessis
https://h-france.net/vol18reviews/vol18no52palidda.pdf
Glyndebourne announces new Artistic Director
http://www.operatoday.com/content/2018/08/glyndebourne_an.php
BLACK OPERA: HISTORY, POWER, ENGAGEMENT
A musical challenge to our view of the past
Die schöne Müllerin by Mark Padmore
Opera Rara - How to Rescue a Lost Opera
https://vimeo.com/operarara/how-to-rescue-an-opera
Welsh National Opera explores Madness for autumn season
New Releases from Opera Rara
A Time-Out With Isabel Leonard: In 'L'Heure Espagnole' at San Francisco Symphony
On Site Opera Presents 'Barber of Seville' at Fabbri Mansion on New York's Upper East Side
Il Trittico: Puccini's most underrated opera
Bizet's Carmen | English National Opera
Metropolitan Opera Stars Join Opera Las Vegas in Puccini's Madama Butterfly
Lowering the tone
Celebrating Bidú Sayão's Birthday (11 May 1902)
The Rake's Progress, Metropolitan Opera, New York
Three Tales, Imax Cinema, Science Museum, London
Rimsky-Korsakov: the forgotten centenary
http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/tomserviceblog/2008/oct/20/rimsky-korsakov-anniversary-russia
Tom Service [The Guardian, 20 October 2008]
It's the forgotten classical music anniversary this year: not Vaughan Williams (50 years since his death in 1958) or Olivier Messiaen (100 years since his birth) - both of whom have been firm fixtures of festivals, orchestras, and even opera houses this year - but Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who died in 1908.


text:
Japan Fast Facts
CNN Editorial Research
Updated 7:35 AM EST, Tue November 15, 2022
TOSHIFUMI KITAMURA/AFP/Getty Images
Here's a look at Japan, a country of islands located off the eastern coast of mainland Asia.
(from the CIA World Fact Book)
Area: 377,915 sq km
Population: 124,214,766 (2022 est.)
Median age: 48.6 years (2020 est.)
Capital: Tokyo
Ethnic groups: Japanese 97.9%, Chinese 0.6%, Korean 0.4%, other 1.1%
Religion: Shintoism 70.5%, Buddhism 67.2%, Christianity 1.5%, other 5.9% (Many practice both Shintoism and Buddhism)
Unemployment: 2.36% (2019 est.)
TOKYO, JAPAN - MAY 07: People wearing face masks walk through Kabuki-cho area on May 07, 2021 in Tokyo, Japan. Japan's prime minister, Yoshihide Suga, announced today that the current state of emergency covering Tokyo and a number of other prefectures is to be extended until May 31st to halt a surge in COVID-19 infections. With just under three months remaining until the Olympic games, concern continues to mount over the feasibility of hosting the event amid the ongoing pandemic. (Photo by Yuichi Yamazaki/Getty Images)
Yuichi Yamazaki/Getty Images
Photos of Japan's best islands
Japan is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. The prime minister is the head of government, and the emperor is the head of state.
Four large islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, account for about 98% of the country's land area.
Japanese society dates back to the Jomon period circa 300 BC.
Following an economic boom after World War II, Japan has been stuck in stagnation and deflation since the 1990s.
Modern Timeline
July 1931 - Japan invades Manchuria for its natural resources. By 1937, Japan controls much of China.
December 7, 1941 - Japan enters World War II, by attacking Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, hoping to destroy the US Pacific fleet.
August 6, 1945 - The first atomic bomb used in warfare is dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the United States, killing up to 140,000 people.
August 9, 1945 - After getting no response from the Japanese government, the United States drops a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing up to 80,000 people.
August 14, 1945 - Japan unconditionally agrees to accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and end the war. Victory over Japan (V-J) Day is declared.
September 2, 1945 - Japan signs the formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
1945-1952 - The Occupation of Japan. The country is under the control of the Allied nations, the United States, Great Britain, China and the Soviet Union. The occupation ends when a treaty signed by 49 nations at a peace conference goes into effect.
1956 - Joins the United Nations.
1964 - Tokyo hosts the Summer Olympics.
1972 - The Olympic Winter Games take place in Sapporo, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan.
January 7, 1989 - Akihito becomes emperor after the death of Hirohito, who had been emperor since 1926.
1993 - Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono issues a statement that accepts Japan's responsibility for recruiting comfort women before and during World War II and extends "its sincere apologies and remorse."
January 1995 - The 6.9 magnitude Kobe earthquake occurs, where 5,502 people were killed and 36,896 people were injured.
March 1995 - A religious cult spreads sarin, a nerve gas, in the Tokyo subway. Twelve people are killed and more than 5,000 become sick.
1998 - Nagano hosts the Winter Olympics.
2002 - Co-hosts the World Cup with South Korea.
2006 - The first defense ministry since World War II is approved by the parliament.
March 11, 2011 - A 9.1 magnitude earthquake takes place 231 miles northeast of Tokyo. The earthquake causes a tsunami with 30 ft. waves that damage several nuclear reactors in the area. The combined total of confirmed deaths and missing is more than 22,000 (nearly 20,000 deaths and 2,500 missing). (Source: Japan's Fire and Disaster Management Agency)
September 7, 2013 - Tokyo is chosen by the International Olympic Committee to host the 2020 Summer Games.
July 1, 2014 - Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announces that his Cabinet has approved a defense policy that takes a liberal view of the constitution, allowing for Japanese involvement in the defense of its allies. Previously, Japan's Self-Defense Forces (SDF) could only act if Japan itself was directly threatened.
December 14, 2014 - In Japan's snap parliamentary elections, exit polls show Abe's Liberal Democratic Party winning by a landslide. The win gives Abe four more years to institute his policies aimed at reviving Japan's economy by flooding the market with cash, encouraging corporations to create more jobs and increasing government spending.
September 19, 2015 - Japan's upper chamber of Parliament approves controversial bills allowing the country's military to engage in overseas combat in limited circumstances – a major shift after seven decades of pacifism. The 148-90 vote is the final hurdle for the measures, which will go into effect within roughly the next six months.
December 28, 2015 - Japan and South Korea announce that an agreement has been reached over the long-standing issue of "comfort women," a term that describes sex slaves used by the Japanese military during World War II. Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida says his government will give 1 billion yen ($8.3 million) to a fund to help those who suffered.
June 9, 2017 - Japan's parliament passes a historic bill that will allow Emperor Akihito to become the first Japanese monarch to abdicate in 200 years.
December 1, 2017 - Abe announces that Emperor Akihito will stand down on April 30, 2019. Crown Prince Naruhito, who has already assumed some of his father's duties, will take on the role on May 1, 2019, becoming the 126th Emperor to ascend to Japan's Chrysanthemum Throne.
July 2018 - At least 220 people are killed when heavy rain causes flooding and landslides throughout southwest Japan (source: Japan's Fire and Disaster Management Agency). It is one of the deadliest natural disasters to hit the country since the 2011 earthquake and tsunami.
April 30, 2019 - Emperor Akihito formally abdicates during a ceremony in Tokyo. He will now be known as Emperor Emeritus Akihito. The following day, Crown Prince Naruhito ascends to the Chrysanthemum Throne. Naruhito's ascension signals the start of the "Reiwa" era.
July 18, 2019 - At least 34 people are killed after a man burns down a renowned animation studio in Kyoto. The suspect, Shinji Aoba, is injured in the attack. This is the country's worst mass killing in almost 20 years.
July 22, 2019 - Abe declares victory in Japan's national elections after polls indicate his party has won a majority of seats in the upper house of Parliament.
November 23, 2019 - Pope Francis begins a four-day tour of Japan. This trip is only the second papal visit to Japan and is the first in nearly four decades.
March 24, 2020 - Abe and the IOC agree to postpone the Olympics until 2021, due to the coronavirus outbreak. It is also announced that the event will still be called Tokyo 2020 despite the date change.
July 29, 2020 - A Japanese court recognizes dozens of victims of radioactive "black rain" as survivors of the Hiroshima atomic bombing, clearing the way for them to receive medical benefits just days before the 75th anniversary of the attack.
August 28, 2020 - Abe resigns as prime minister, citing health reasons.
September 16, 2020 - Yoshihide Suga is elected prime minister following a vote in the country's parliament.
October 4, 2021 - Kishida, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), takes office as the country's new prime minister.
July 8, 2022 - Abe dies after being shot during a campaign speech in Nara.
September 22. 2022 - Marking a major policy shift, Kishida announces Japan is dissolving its Covid-19 travel restrictions and is opening the door back up to mass tourism. "We will lift the ceiling of the number of entrants into Japan, lift the ban on individual travel and lift the ban over visa-less travel."


text:
Why Study in Singapore
Singapore Education System
Singapore General Application Process
Singapore Financial Information
Singapore Scholarship Information
Singapore Student Visa Guidance
Singapore Frequently Asked Questions
Singapore Career Workrights info.
Singapore Awards and Certificates
Dedicated to creating a brighter future for life is Australia's James Cook University (JCU). Established in 2003, JCU Singapore offers fast track delivery of degrees, allowing students to complete their studies in a shorter duration (usually two years). Coupled together with lower course fees and living expenses, JCU Singapore is an ideal study location.
Why James Cook University
JCU Singapore is recommended to students because:
Wide range of study options:
JCU Singapore offers an extensive range of study options at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. These courses cover a wide range of categories including Business, Tourism & Hospitality, Information Technology, Education and Psychology.
High quality education:
Students studying at JCU Singapore get the same high quality Australian education of James Cook University without making the way Down Under to Australia.
Offers the best of both the worlds in Singapore:
The opportunity to enjoy a rich diversity of experiences and exciting lifestyle in one of the world's leading business and financial hubs
Quick Query Singapore
City* Select City Chennai Hyderabad Bangalore Chandigarh Kolkatta Mumbai Delhi Gurgaon Fridabad Noida


The designs included in this carpet collection are based on a lifetime of work from well-known San Francisco artist Rex Ray. This collection transforms artist Rex Ray's designs from another medium into woven works of art. For many years, Ray has created mixed-media collages with circular, scalloping and teardrop forms, which hint at an organic, living force. His carpet designs provide a dramatic, colorful, and very graphic option for floor coverings.