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Linda Brown's death is a reminder of how much segregation still exists in America's schools - The Washington Post
Linda Brown's death is a reminder of how much segregation still exists in America's schools - The Washington Post:
Linda Brown's death is a reminder of how much segregation still exists in America's schools
The death of an icon in America's civil rights history is a reminder of how recently school segregation existed in the United States — and how little has changed since that time.
Linda Brown, who became the symbolic center of Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court case that desegregated the nation's public schools, died on Sunday at 76. Her father, the Rev. Oliver L. Brown, was one of 13 plaintiffs who sought to ensure that Topeka, Kan., fully integrated its schools.
"I feel that after 30 years, looking back on Brown v. the Board of Education, it has made an impact in all facets of life for minorities throughout the land," Brown said in a 1985 interview for "Eyes on the Prize," a PBS documentary series on the civil rights movement. "I really think of it in terms of what it has done for our young people, in taking away that feeling of second-class citizenship."
[ Linda Brown Thompson, girl at center of Brown v. Board of Education case, dies ]
But while many black youths may no longer feel like second-class citizens, data suggests they may still be experiencing America in that way.
A recent report by the Economic Policy Institute says that 50 years after the Kerner Commission, a group that assessed poverty and racism in the United States, black youths have made significant gains in K-through-12 education, but challenges still exist.
"Over the last five decades, African Americans have seen substantial gains in high school completion rates. In 1968, just over half (54.4 percent) of 25- to 29-year-old African Americans had a high school diploma. Today, more than 9 out of 10 African Americans (92.3 percent) in the same age range had a high school diploma.
However, college completion expanded for whites at a similar pace, rising from 16.2 percent in 1968 to 42.1 percent today, leaving the relative situation of African Americans basically unchanged: In 1968 blacks were just over half (56.0 percent) as likely as whites to have a college degree, a situation that is essentially the same today (54.2 percent)."
These strides have often been made in schools that don't look much different from those in Kansas in the 1950s. In the last few decades, schools have been quietly resegregating. Federal data shows that the number of high-poverty schools serving primarily black and brown students has more than doubled between 2001 and 2014. Continue reading: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/03/27/linda-browns-death-is-a-reminder-of-how-much-segregation-still-exists-in-americas-schools/
Linda Brown's death is a reminder of how much segr...


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Meet the Canon EOS Rebel T8i DSLR
Advanced AF, 4K video, and vertical video too!
By Jeanette D. Moses
The EOS Rebel T8i is built around a 24-megapixel APS-C format CMOS sensor and has a new Digic 8 processor for 4K video shooting and 7fps continuous shooting.Canon
Canon has a new Rebel DSLR on the way with features that were only previously found on its higher-end DSLRs. The EOS Rebel T8i is built around a 24-megapixel APS-C format CMOS sensor. It features Dual Pixel CMOS autofocus, 45-point all cross-type AF, and a 220,000-pixel AE sensor. A new Digic 8 processor inside the camera means it can shoot 4K video and offers 7fps continuous shooting. The camera features Face and Eye-Detection in live view and video modes. The new AE sensor means face detection works through the viewfinder as well. It shoots vertical video as well.
The features make this one of the most powerful Rebel cameras that the company has ever released—making it a promising tool for ambitious amateurs. Bluetooth and WiFi are built in which makes sharing your images and videos a breeze. The camera is available now for $750 (body only) or for $900 when bundled with the EF-S 18-55mm F4-5.6 IS STM lens.

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Tag : Finals
[Worlds 2020] Finals KR Reactions: "Please 3-0... Please 3-0... Please win the championship..."
David "Viion" Jang
Pre Game It's the first time that an LCK team made it to the finals since '17, and I'm not getting nervous at all. It's been long since it felt we wouldn't lose. ㄴ I'm actually quite nervous...T
[Worlds 2020] DWG Press Conference ShowMaker: "After I couldn't qualify for Challengers Korea playoffs in 2018, I thought 'What am I going to do with my life?"
Daniel "Quest" Kwon
They were Worlds favorites from the very start, and they lived up to the hype. DAMWON Gaming blew through the entire World Championship, only losing three games from start to finish. See thier press conference here:
[Worlds 2020] Suning Press Conference SwordArt: "Even when we were at a disadvantage, I could hear you all cheering for us, and that gave me a lot of strength."
They defied the odds and ruined so many Pick'Ems game after game, series after series, but Suning Gaming finally met their match with the Worlds favorites, DAMWON Gaming, falling 1-3 in the Finals. Suning spoke with the press after the series, see the conference here:
[Worlds 2020] Suning is the best team to match DAMWON in the finals, but it'll still end in a 3-0
After six years, the LPL and LCK have finally found themselves back in a Worlds Finals match against each other, and it marks the first best of five series between the two regions of the 2020 World Championship.
[Worlds 2020] DWG ShowMaker: "It'll be more than exciting if we win [...] by beating an LPL team on their home ground."
Takyun "Laff" Pack
DAMWON Gaming took down G2 Esports in the semifinals of the 2020 LoL World Championship. It was sweet revenge for DAMWON Gaming as they reigned over the team that knocked them out in the previous
[Worlds 2020] Suning Press Conference: SofM to his Vietnamese fans: "I received an incredible amount of support... I just want to say thank you."
Suning Gaming has defeated the giants, Top Esports, who took them down in the LPL semifinals the last time they met. They won the rematch; they knocked out the Worlds favorites. Now they meet DAMWON in the Finals. Read the press conference here:
3.2M people applied for the 6,300 League of Legends World Championship tickets
In a press release leading up to Worlds, Riot announced that they'd attempt to host guests for the big title match, and later in the tournament, they confirmed that they'd invite just over 6,000 guests to attend the grand finale.
Riot Games will allow 6,312 spectators to watch the Worlds 2020 finals live
Byungho "Haao" Kim
6,312 fans will be allowed to attend the 2020 League of Legends World Championship grand finals at Pudong Stadium on Oct. 31, Riot China confirmed Saturday through their social media. The company made
[Opinion] Riot's exclusion of the LPL English casters from Worlds 2020 is a terrible mistake
Riot not inviting a single member of the LPL English broadcast team to Worlds is an absolutely heinous mistake that will not only negatively affect this year's Worlds broadcast quality, but also the careers of the LPL English casting team and the international broadcasts of the future. Read more here:
G2 Esports beat Rogue in the LEC semifinals, will face Fnatic in the Finals
In the LEC everyone beats everyone, but in the end, it's always G2 VS Fnatic. G2 Esports has beaten Rogue 3-2 in the best of five semifinals series. Read more on the series and LEC playoffs here:
[LCS Summer Playoffs] FlyQuest beats Team Liquid 3-2 to advance to LCS Finals, secures Worlds main event spot
Two splits in a row, FlyQuest have advanced to the League Championship Series Finals. Last spring, they climbed through the lower bracket after losing early in their playoff run, but this Summer Split
Brandini released from Evil Geniuses
After signing huni earlier this week, Evil Geniuses has released Brandini from their roster for this Summer. Brandini and the rest of the EG Academy squad climbed to 2nd place in the Spring Split Playoffs, losing to C9 in the Finals. Read more on his release here:
The LCL Finals remade Game 1 due to an unofficial stream having no delay
In order to uphold competitive integrity, Riot Games has implemented a stream delay in their broadcasts. However, in Game 1 of the LCL Finals between Unicorns of Love and RoX, one of the streams didn't have a full three minute delay, and was instead casted live in English. That game had to be remade by request of the losing team. Read more on the story here:
2020 LCK Spring Split Finals peaked at 1,074,561 viewers
Youngbo "Roxyy" Sim
On the 25th (KST), T1 defeated Gen.G 3-0 in the 2020 League of Legends Champions Korea (LCK) Spring Split Finals and claimed their ninth LCK championship. Many fans around the world had their eyes on
[KR Reactions] LCK Spring Finals: "Wow, I never expected the loss of 2 ban cards would turn out to be a handicap for Gen.G."
Joonkyu "Lasso" Seok
Before the match Gen.G vs T1. Let's start the "Peanut Korea Finals" T1 lost 2 ban cards because they were 30 minutes late boys - Is this because BMW is slower than Mercedez? - What kind of
T1 coach Kim: "When I first got here, there were a lot of trophies. I'll do my best to add another to the collection."
Yeonjae "Arra" Shin
T1 head coach Kim Jeong-soo expressed his determination going into the finals of the 2020 League of Legends Champions Korea Spring Split. T1 will be facing Gen.G on the 25th (KST) for the spring champ
Cloud9 Reapered on C9's strength: "We shifted our culture to be more serious and professional."
Reapered is really proud of himself and the team, however, he didn't expect this Spring to work out as well as it did. "At the beginning, we were not that insane of a team... We had a lot of problems." Read more on how Reapered and Cloud9 overcame those issues here:
[LCS Spring Playoffs] Cloud9 are your Spring Split Champions, taking down FlyQuest in a 3-0 sweep
Dropping only two games in the entirety of the 2020 Spring Split, through both the regular season and the playoffs, Cloud9 have the most dominant season in LCS history, and claim their first title since 2014. Read more on their dominant 3-0 run here:
[Academy Spring Playoffs] Cloud9 Academy are the 2020 Spring Split champions
After a dominating second half of the split, Cloud9 Academy climbed through the 2020 League of LCS Academy League Spring Playoffs and beat out Evil Geniuses Academy in a clean 3-0 sweep to take the title. Read more on their victory here:
Cloud9 Blaber is your 2020 LCS Spring Split Honda MVP
Blaber is your 2020 League of Legends Championship Series Spring Split Most Valuable Player. All five members of Cloud9 were All Pro first team. Top three came down to Blaber, Nisqy, and Zven with Blaber being crowned MVP. Read more on his acheivements here.


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Home » Markets » China reports most COVID cases in five months as Hebei infections rise
China reports most COVID cases in five months as Hebei infections rise
01/07/2021 Ca..., China, coronavirus, health, US
SHANGHAI (Reuters) -Authorities in the capital of China's Hebei province strengthened travel restriction on Thursday to curb the spread of the coronavirus as the country reported the biggest rise in daily COVID-19 cases in more than five months.
Hebei, which entered a "wartime mode" on Tuesday, accounted for 51 of the 52 local cases reported by the National Health Commission on Thursday. This compared with 20 cases reported in the province, which surrounds Beijing, a day earlier.
Authorities in Shijiazhuang, Hebei's capital, have launched mass testing drives and banned gatherings to reduce the spread of the coronavirus.
Chinese state television reported that the city has now banned passengers from entering its main railway station. The city previously required travellers to present a negative nucleic acid COVID-19 test result taken within 72 hours before boarding a train or an airplane in the province.
Total new COVID-19 cases for all of mainland China stood at 63, compared with 32 reported a day earlier, marking the biggest rise in daily cases since 127 cases were reported on July 30.
The number of asymptomatic patients, who have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes the disease but have yet to develop any symptoms, also rose to 79 from 64 a day earlier.
The total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in mainland China since the outbreak first started in the city of Wuhan in late 2019 now stands at 87,278 cases, while the death toll remained unchanged at 4,634.
In the city of Dalian in Liaoning province, which has reported local infections in recent days, residents in medium or high-risk areas have been barred from leaving the city. Residents in other areas were told to refrain from unnecessary trips out of Dalian.
Authorities in Guangdong province late on Wednesday reported a patient infected with a more transmissible variant of the coronavirus discovered in South Africa.
Some scientists worry that COVID-19 vaccines currently being rolled out may not be able to protect against this variant because of certain mutations that have been observed.
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Fmr DNC Chair Donna Brazile: 'I get in trouble' when I refuse to say that Trump is a racist
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China's November factory activity growth hits decade high: Caixin PMI


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How many Olympic sponsors are there?
Who are the sponsors for the Olympics?
Who sponsor the Olympics 2021?
Who sponsors the Olympics 2022?
Who has Coca Cola sponsored?
Why does Coca Cola sponsor the Olympics?
Who sponsors Formula One?
How much are Olympic sponsors?
Do Olympians get paid?
Alibaba, Atos, Bridgestone, Dow Chemical, GE, Intel, Omega, Panasonic, and Visa are all Worldwide Olympic Sponsors, but their total spending over the first six months of 2021 totaled $50.7mm, which is only 2% of all Olympic sponsor spending.
The Indian Olympic Association on Friday roped in Adani Group as a sponsor for the Indian contingent at the ongoing Tokyo Games.
Representatives from the five TOP American sponsors of Beijing 2022—Coca-Cola, Visa, Intel, Airbnb, and Procter & Gamble—participated in the hearings.
Among our most well-known sponsorships are American Idol, Apple iTunes, BET Network, NASCAR, NBA, NCAA, and the Olympic Games. Among our most well-known sponsorships are American Idol, Apple iTunes, BET Network, NASCAR, NBA, NCAA, and the Olympic Games.
We seek to be aligned with the things that people care about and, year after year, our consumers tell us that they are passionate about sports and the world's pinnacle sporting event, the Olympic Games.
Petronas, INEOS, UBS, Epson, Bose, Tommy Hilfiger, IWC, Hewlett Packard, The Ritz-Carlton, Monster Energy, Pure Storage, CrowdStrike, TIBCO, AMD, Puma, Police, OZ Racing, Endless, Axalta, Belstaff, Marriott Bonvoy, TeamViewer and Pirelli.
IT IS IMPORTANT: Quick Answer: How can I go to Olympiad 2020?
Basic, four-year sponsorship packages start in the neighborhood of $200 million but with two highly lucrative Western markets hosting the Olympics soon—Paris in 2024 and Los Angeles in 2028—the price of sponsorships is likely to go up, Bloomberg reports.
Heading into Tokyo, our athletes are rewarded $20,000 for gold, $15,000 for silver and $10,000 for bronze, which is largely consistent with the 2016 Games in Rio.


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Q: по значению и имени столбца выбрать название таблиц Есть 2 таблицы:
tab1
|id - length|

|1- 0.5|
|2- 0.6|
|3- 0.7|

Связанная внешним ключом со второй:
tab2
|id-  diam- cap  - id_length|

|1- 6-  0.0013 -    1|

|2- 7-  0.0019- 1|

|3- 6-  0.0025- 2|

|4- 6-  0.0032- 3|

Надо по значению с первой таблицы вытащить данные из второй. Просто таких связанных таблиц есть очень много. А мне нужно, чтоб запрос происходил динамически через значение length из первой таблицы (основной).

A: String table = "tab1"; // динамическое имя первой таблицы
String table2 = "tab2"; // имя второй таблицы
String column1 = table2 + ".diam"; // динамическое название столбца в таблице
String column2 = table2 + ".cap";
Cursor cursor = rawQuery("SELECT " + column1 + " , " + column2 + " FROM " + table + " , " + table2 + " WHERE " + table + ".id = " + table2 + ".id_length", null);

Получим значение колонки tab2.diam и tab2.cap у которой id_length = id из таблицы tab1
Так же вам нужно обязательно иметь колонку _id в таблицах (а не id)

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These dolls can definitely beat up Barbie -- and probably Ken too. A line of six "Get Real Girl" dolls don't come with pre-formed high-heel feet and pearl-drop earrings.
These dolls can definitely beat up Barbie -- and probably Ken too. A line of six "Get Real Girl" dolls don't come with pre-formed high-heel feet and pearl-drop earrings. Instead, look for backpacks, hiking boots, soccer balls, snowboards, and other killer athletic and recreational gear and equipment. Creator Julz Chavez of San Francisco hasn't had an easy time getting her reality dolls on the market, but they're there now, even having slipped onto Toys 'R' Us shelves. www.getrealgirl.com. SNEWS® View: We aren't anti-Barbie. But these are really cool dolls that we hope can compete with the Barbies of the world for a little space in the toy chest and can show girls that reality isn't about 15-inch waists, high heels, and divine makeup. Add one to your Christmas shopping list for a little girl you know.


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So what do the other board gamers here enjoy?
1. Alien Frontiers - Worker Placement with a twist. One of my FAVORITE games, love it every time we play.
2. Xia: Legend of a Drift System - Imagination strikes hard in this great sandbox space game.
4. Specter Ops - Not sure if this fires Letters from Whitechapel, but it's pretty awesome.
6. Five Tribes - I love the worker displacement aspect of this game.
7. Steam Park - Dice rolling action selection madness!
8. Suburbia - Simple and elegant! Great gateway.
9. Sentinels of the Multiverse - Super thematic and super fun. I love Chrono Ranger, but he's basically cowboy Booster Gold.
10. Formula D - RACING!
1. Runewars - this is on my shelf but I have yet to learn it. It's a BIG game. I want to get it done.
2. Mysterium - GenCon release in the USA, looks really fascinating.
3. VS System 2PCG - I like that they're giving you enough to build PLENTY of decks in the core box. I missed VS when it was out before, and this looks really cool.
3. Star Wars Imperial Assault-who doesn't love Star Wars?
UGHHHH CAN I HAVE MORE THAN 10??????
3. Flash Point: Fire Rescue.
6. King of New York.
We have to talk, because I've found Kingsburg to be just awful.
Mine are in no order... and I might not even hit 10.
I'll try this one out...even though I have just started with the board gaming! So I will do the opposite, 3 games I have played, 10 I want to play!
Last edited by DavidH; 07-10-2015 at 08:25 PM.
The only game on my top ten (9) in any form of order is the first. It is easily my favorite outside of DM, and has been so a long while.
I've only been tabletop gaming for about a year and a half, so here's my top 10 so far (not counting DM). this order changes pretty frequently.
Hmm, surprising over representation of one of my favorite games, especially that I don't see other classic heavy euros like Agricola or Puerto Rico.
I included Caverna which replaced Agricola for me, and I do enjoy Puerto Rico but dont get it to thw table as often as I used to.
Will definitely have to check out the app!
So I got KB when Alien Frontiers was unavailable. They're very similar games, and I wanted it to scratch that itch, but several things didn't work for me about KB, especially in comparison to AF and also Castles of Burgundy, which also has some similarities.
First, the number on the dice that you roll determine the quality of actions that you can select. This is in stark contrast to the others, where the rolls merely provide you with your options that are of relatively equal standing. Now, in Kingsburg, this quality issue that I speak of isn't absolute. Sometimes, a slightly lower roll still gives you something that you need a little more than a higher numbered advisor. But some of the most rewarding and/or flexible options are at higher numbers, and that's frustrating.
There are also times where you literally have nothing that you can do with a die. In Alien Frontiers, you can advance the colonization track, or in CoB you can get some worker tiles with spare dice. Here, there's nothing.
The battle phase - It's very possible that you never had an opportunity to build up your army at ALL. The die that adds to your army total can save you, but if that reinforcement die rolls too low, you're going to lose things. Buildings, resources, etcetera. That can be crippling, because it's a multi-point swing between the players who won and those who lost. If you lose a building, you also lose the victory points that go with that building, AND the resources that it took to build it AND the bonus that it gave you. You might never recover from it.
Conversely, you could take steps to ensure that you can defend, and then never have actually needed to because the reinforcement die was so high.
Since everything is laid out on the board, and since you can build a particular building (provided you also built the prior one on that row) whenever you want to, the game becomes an exercise in deciding on a strategy during set-up and then hoping that you get decent enough roles to get the resources that allow you to execute that strategy throughout the game. If you get those rolls, huzzah! You may win! If you don't, you'll be playing a futile game of catch-up the whole time.
The game DOES have catch-up mechanisms built in, but they're inadequate charity, because the game also has rewards for the player who is ahead. Some of those catch-up mechanisms - the King's Envoy, namely - may never even have an ideal time to use it before you lose it.
Generally, we found that the player who was in the lead by year 3 (halfway through the game) was without fail the winner. There is a rich-get-richer problem here and a few "ideal" building strategies that will just let you win if you get the rolls.
Xia is AWESOME. I hope you get to play it.
Not sure about all the Power Grid love in here. It's one of those games that everyone seems to love but just can't hold my interest.
4. Flash Point: Fire Rescue.
3. A whole bunch of others that haven't quite bubbled up in to the 'really want to play' category yet for me..
Yeah me too :S , then we could play until the game is forming into the right shape. I would like to go to a big game hobby store to play all these kind of crazy games. Even all the english or usa typo games. @_@ Runewars was played 2 times and its lurking me "PLAY ME"!
And of course Dice Masters with more then 1 guy and even a draft or something^^.
Yeah XIA, my Freelancer of the Boardgames. It sounds so much fun and has all this stuff you can do. But 250~300$ is killing again my Dream^^.
@Ressless wow, that's quite a price. In the US it runs around 60-70. I hope you get wider availability where you are so that the price goes down. It's so fun.
We should play sheriff and Spec Ops sometime!


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Just an annual exam, but all went well.


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The Metropole
UHA Kenneth Jackson Award for Best Book (North American), 2019
Co-Winner:
Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof, Racial Migrations: New York City and the Revolutionary Politics of the Spanish Caribbean (Princeton University Press, 2019).
New York was not just a leading American metropolis in the nineteenth century, it was a forum for independence movements that facilitated political activism for revolutionaries working and writing throughout the Caribbean. Racial Migrations charts the actions of Caribbean-born artisans and journalists who came together in New York as part of La Liga education society. These men and women, from writers to midwives to cigar makers, discussed and debated anti-colonial movements and, through their education and cultural associations, circulated those ideas back throughout the Caribbean world to turn into political organizing and to fuel nationalist independence movements. As they did, they worked to untangle the system of racial hierarchy that organized European influence in the Caribbean and undermined nationalist ideals, illustrating the challenging racial entanglements of anticolonialism.
Jessica M. Kim, Imperial Metropolis: Los Angeles, Mexico, and the Borderlands of American Empire, 1865–1941 (University of North Carolina Press, 2019).
Imperial Metropolis offers a new look at American city building as imperialist development. In this history of urban development and international capitalism, Kim examines the border-crossing web of financial and political relationships between Los Angeles and Mexico at the turn of the century. Mexican minerals, oil, and real estate helped fueled the rise of Los Angeles from a modest western city in the late nineteenth century to a leading global metropolis in the twentieth century. Investors like Griffith, Bradbury, and Chandler, whose names are inscribed on the Los Angeles landscape, built their fortunes with Mexican resources. Kim argues that the resulting inequality and exploitation of workers and rural farmers in Mexico helped give rise to the Mexican revolution that deposed Porfirio Diaz. This process severed the financial ties between Los Angeles and Mexico and forced Angeleno investors to redevelop their networks and business connections to Mexico. They did this through the revision of international agreements and institutions such as the United State's Good Neighbor Policy and promotion of the International Monetary Fund, recruiting national and global institutions to structure the web of international investments and markets.
Arnold Hirsch Award for Best Article in a Scholarly Journal, 2019
Mike Amezcua, "A Machine in the Barrio: Chicago's Conservative Colonia and the Remaking of Latino Politics in the 1960s and 1970s," The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture 12, no. 1 (2019): 95-120.
It can be daunting to tackle a city as well studied in urban history as Chicago and convey something not just entirely new, but that powerfully recalibrates long held understandings. Mike Amezcua's "A Machine in the Barrio: Chicago's Conservative Colonia and the Remaking of Latino Politics in the 1960s and 1970s" does precisely that. Through lively prose and convincing evidence, Amezcua takes a well-known case–the rise, consolidation, and evolution of machine politics in Richard J. Daley-era Chicago–and offers a novel interpretation that highlights unexpected racial politics and alliances, in turn presaging under-examined tensions at the heart of national level politics in the United States today. Amezcua's extensive gathering and meticulous use of oral sources are especially compelling. They offer ample sense of how laborious, emotionally and empirically, it is to do work outside the archive, tracking down people and evidence often left out of written records but that hold rich historical treasure, much of it requiring deft navigation of urban space, habitation, and community. In its argument, style, method, and impact, "A Machine in the Barrio" is urban history at its best.
Tasha Rijke-Epstein, "The Politics of Filth: Sanitation, Work, and Competing Moralities in Urban Madagascar, 1890s-1977," Journal of African History 60, no. 2 (2019): 229-256.
In "The Politics of Filth," Tasha Rijke-Epstein describes how residents of Mahajanga, Madagascar, responded to French colonial impositions of sanitation technology while developing their own waste management strategies. Rijke-Epstein's article is theoretically ambitious and methodologically rigorous, telling a compelling century-long history of an often-neglected topic using ethnography, oral history interviews, and archival research in multiple languages. Rijke-Epstein evaluates conflicting responses to the changing regimes of waste management as residents negotiate differences along the lines of gender, class, and citizenship. Ultimately, the article clarifies how a history of sanitation points urban planners today towards more fruitful solutions to the problems and politics of filth. The article is an essential read for all urban studies scholars.
Michael Katz Award for Best Dissertation in Urban History, 2019
Pedro Amaury Regalado Santos, "Where Angels Fear to Tread: Latinx Work and the Making of Postindustrial New York City," PhD Dissertation, Yale University, 2019.
Regalado traces the ways Latinx workers forged urban visions for post-1945 New York City. Analyzing a broad range of Latin American and Caribbean immigrants as they moved across greater New York City, with fine-grained research and clear writing, he reveals the resilience and creativity of Latinx New Yorkers who took on the challenges of a declining city, contested postwar capitalism, and forged communities, politics, and identities that modify our understandings of urban decline as well as urban revitalization. Regalado reveals how Latinx workers in the garment industries and electronic manufacturing defy simplistic narratives of a "postindustrial" city, entrepreneurs in bodegas and other neighborhood-based enterprises carved a political space for themselves while pursuing elusive economic mobility, bankers strategized for racial capitalism, and drug workers engaged in housing battles, each repurposing racist housing containment into resilient communities with consequences for national urban policy.
Taylor Hadley Desloge, "The Tortured Pre-History of Urban Blight: African American Saint Louis and the Politics of Public Health, 1877-1940," PhD Dissertation, Washington University in St. Louis, 2019.
Orlando Deavila Partuz, "The Battle for Paradise: Tourism Development, Race, and Popular Politics during the Remaking of Cartagena (Columbia), 1942-1984," PhD Dissertation, University of Connecticut, 2019.
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Tawasol
Tawasol was founded in 2007 as an NGO geared towards the development of Estable Antar in Ezbet Khairallah. Tawasol has since bought and restored a building, turning it into a school for children that had dropped out from primary public schools. Today, that school is registered with the Ministry of Education and is home to over140 students. Tawasol offers a safe environment for learning and access to a library, computer lab, art room and daily balanced meals to combat malnutrition. Moreover the students also learn vocational crafts, namely carpet weaving, embroidery, and carpentry. These children now benefit from a primary education, a real chance at employment and have developed a sense of belonging to the school.
Educate-Me is a registered Egyptian non-profit foundation (registration number 8418) that was founded in 2010 and aspires to redefine education in Egypt. Educate-Me started as a fundraising effort to reinstate financially underprivileged children back to school, but after concluding that public education is insufficient, Educate-Me moved towards developing its own learner-centered educational model that can hopefully influence the national education system in Egypt on the long-term. Through a grass-roots community-based and community-driven model, Educate-Me serves underprivileged communities with a vision of giving every child the knowledge, skills and attitudes that enables him/her to have the freedom and opportunity to aspire to their dreams.
The Nebny Foundation
Nebny recognizes that this post-revolution moment belongs to the nation's young people. Through a youth-led, locally-driven approach, Nebny will promote, educate, enable, and empower youth to actively participate in shaping Egypt's economy. Our approach will respond to the current economic needs of Egypt's economy and youth by creating employment opportunities and will be complemented by sustainable mechanisms for long-term economic growth.
Ministry of State for Youth Affairs
Our mission : Rehabilitation of children and youth and their development spiritually, morally and culturally , scientifically and physically , psychologically and socially, economically and enable them to active political participation by working with ministries , institutions and individuals
Our vision : A generation of young people and prepare young people enjoy a free and dignified life
IGMADI
IGMADI's idea is to empower women in Egypt and fight sexual harassment as well as violence against women.
Cairo's most well-known Zumba instructors have teamed up with WenDo Self Defense to empower women against sexual harassment and violence in Egypt in a campaign under the name Igmadi Did al-Taharosh, Arabic for "take a stand against sexual harassment."
Since day one, IGMADI and Heya Masr partnered in events and in classes. IGMADI provides suppose us with instructors to train girls in our own Heya Masr classes with the basics of self-defense in order to build self-esteem and confidence.
Despite the most recent occurrences in Egypt politics and society, girls and young women of Egypt have struggled with rising above cultural barriers and obstacles presented before them on a daily basis. Heya Masr arises because we want more for Egyptian women.
Heya Masr was envisioned to be an opportunity to reach Egyptian youth, specifically females. Heya Masr believes we must be proactive rather than reactive to the changing environment of the Egyptian society and its challenges. A team of passionate and committed volunteers drives the organization with backgrounds in the fields of human rights, youth, gender, health, education and social services.
"Egyptian women must believe in themselves, and know they are transformational change agents" ~ Moody Demetry. Founder and Director


Appearing Rooms was an interactive sculpture by the Danish artist Jeppe Hein, installed in Preston's Market Square for six weeks during the summer of 2006. The sculpture radically transformed the nature of the space from a thoroughfare and shortcut to other locations in the city, to a place in which people chose to spend time and interact. Appearing Rooms was especially popular with families, many of whom travelled from outside of Preston to visit the work, armed with towels and swimming costumes.
Click here to visit Jeppe Hein's artist page.


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Q: how can I change get-model or get-value output to print decimals instead of fractions When solving using SMTLIB2 files, if I call get-model or get-value everything is printed as fractions. Is there an easy way to get Z3 to print the decimal values?
For example, (get-value t) might output ((t (/ 1.0 2.0))), whereas I would prefer something like ((t 0.5)).

A: Please use the command
(set-option :pp.decimal true)

Please look the following example
(declare-const t Real)
(assert (= t (/ 1.0 2.0)))
(check-sat)
(set-option :pp.decimal true)
(get-model)
(get-value (t))

and the corresponding output is
sat (model (define-fun t () Real 0.5) )
((t 0.5))


text:
VTA allocates $650K to further expand RYDE car service program for seniors
by Jana Kadah, Bay City News Foundation March 11, 2021 March 10, 2021
The RYDE — Reach Your Destination Easily — program provides low-cost transportation to seniors in some areas of Santa Clara County. The program has received an additional $650,000 in Measure B transportation funds to further expand its service area. (Photo courtesy of RYDE)
The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority has authorized more than half a million dollars to expand a car service for seniors into some areas of San Jose and Morgan Hill.
Reach Your Destination Easily, or RYDE, is a local program that provides rides to residents 65 years and older in an effort to combat senior isolation and help them get to doctor appointments, grocery stores and access other necessities.
On Monday, the VTA authorized $652,701 in 2016 Measure B grant funding to expand into San Jose ZIP codes: 95118, 95119, 95122, 95123 and 95139. RYDE will also expand to service the entire 95037 ZIP code in Morgan Hill.
Since its launch, RYDE has been serving Saratoga, Cupertino, Campbell, Los Gatos, and Monte Sereno to clients who on average are 81 years old.
In late October, the program also received a $327,000 federal grant to expand services to southern Santa Clara County.
"The expansion into San Jose and Morgan Hill is great news," said Santa Clara County Supervisor Joe Simitian, who spearheaded efforts to launch RYDE in 2017. "As we look to a future where people can more safely socialize, we want to make sure no community member is left housebound due to lack of transportation."
RYDE is operated by two nonprofits: West Valley Community Services and the Saratoga Area Senior Coordinating Council. The organizations also connect seniors to different programs and services through drivers who are specifically trained to be "knowledgeable about their senior clientele," according to Simitian's office.
Josh Selo, the executive director at West Valley Community Services, said the expansion will have an "enormous impact" because it makes it possible for older adults to stay connected to the community.
RYDE drivers will assist clients into cars and with seatbelts. Caregivers or companions can also accompany seniors with no additional charge.
Fees range from $0.90 to $18 and are based on income and the number of miles between destinations. RYDE can also help connect seniors to different transit options for longer trips.
Seniors interested in RYDE services can learn more and book trips online. RYDE operates from 8 a.m. to noon and 1-4 p.m. Monday through Friday.
San Jose commuters losing three days a year in traffic — and experts say it will get worse
'No prior knowledge': Investigation finds VTA could have done little to avert mass shooting
Thousands of San Jose Seniors Face Homelessness
In "Aging News"
Tagged: Measure B, Morgan Hill, public transit, San Jose, Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, seniors, south bay


Everyone has financial goals even though we don't really call them as "goals". When asked what their financial goals are, most people tend to keep it simple by replying that they just want to become rich. That's it, period. For example, if you want to buy a new laptop, a new house or renovate your old one, would you able to do them all if your primary goal was to save money and become rich?
So becoming rich is not a smart financial goal. It is just a wish or a desire of the heart. Smart financial goals would enable you to not only become rich but will also help you to accomplish your other necessities. S.M.A.R.T stands for Specific, Measurable, Adjustable, Realistic and Time- Based. Let's see what all these terms mean.
For whom is this goal?
Why do you need to accomplish this goal?
What is it that you need to achieve precisely?
When will the goal materialize?
What are the necessities and conditions to achieve it?
An example will be " increase investments by ₨. 25,000 per month to have a capital of ₨. 1 crore within 15 years" which is more specific than "become rich in 15 years".
Instead of having a vague far-sighted goal, try to have a goal that is measurable. As you are working towards a goal, you will feel good by knowing how much you've achieved this far. To know this, it is imperative that it should be divided into different timelines so that you can monitor your progress and give yourself a treat whenever a specific milestone is achieved. This will encourage you to do even better in the future and will not let you deviate from your goal.
It can be explained by giving you an example of buying things from a grocery store. You would make a list of things you want to buy and check those items off one by one when you buy them, and finally, you get all the things you wanted. Do the same while setting your financial goal.
For example, you are planning to go on a family vacation, and you figure out that you need to save ₨.10,000 so that you can afford it by the end of next December. This means your goal is measurable. You can monitor how much you have saved up and how much you need to, and also you can ease up on your savings if you are ahead of your short-term goals which can turn out to be very useful.
Most people make the mistake of setting goals that are inelastic, i.e. which can be destroyed by some unprecedented events or can be pulled off-course by them discouraging the goal-setter. Such goals must be avoided at all costs, and moreover, it is unnecessary. There is a common misunderstanding that goals are meant to be won or lost. This is not true. Goals are just goals. You can achieve 100%, 50% or 25% of your goal or make it possible early or late. If the things are going according to the plan, you're doing a good job.
The important thing to remember is that you're working towards your goal and if something comes up along the way, you should not get stressed out. For this, you need to set goals that are adjustable.
To explain this, imagine you've started saving up for your retirement, and suddenly recession hits resulting in you losing your job. And also you've depleted your contingency funds. When this happens, you can dip into your retirement savings until you get another job. If you insist on achieving the retirement goals, you won't reach anywhere. You can adjust on your retirement goal because it is flexible and save up again when you get another job.
It is important that your goal must be realistic. You are not a child to have goals such as becoming an astronaut or walking the moon or becoming the next Bill Gates. Remember that we are an achieving generation, not a dreaming one. We need to feed our families, do well in our careers, have fun with friends, buy new stuff, travel to holiday destinations, etc.
Let your financial goals be realistic. If your goals are just a list of your heart's wishes, you might be disappointed after you find them unachievable. Know your significances, understand your capabilities and limitations, and stretch yourself until you achieve the realistic goal. Never take risks where you cannot afford to and always remember that money is just a means to an end, not an end in itself.
Although it is imperative that your goal must be specific, adjustable and realistic, it should be kept in mind that for it to be measurable, it must be time-based. Different timelines must be assigned for different steps to achieve the goal. Setting a goal to buy a car is not specifically time-based, a goal to buy it in a period of say 17 months is more measurable. If you know the total price of the car, knowing how much to save up each month becomes a simple math problem.
With no time-frame, it's like walking in the dark without knowing what to do and where to go.
Setting goals will give you an insight of yourself and what you can achieve. You will see your dreams and aspirations come into reality by taking small steps towards them. And setting S.M.A.R.T goals will help you to discriminate real needs from daydreams.
More importantly, goals act as a conscience. When you're in a shop to buy something, they can help you determine whether they fit in your savings plan or whether it helps you to take you closer to your ultimate goal. S.M.A.R.T goals help you to take decisions with full financial awareness.


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They are not dangerous to your computer in any way, they are not executable programmes, viruses or code and cannot read information that exists on your computer. Cookies are also not a threat to privacy as they only store information that you volunteered to that particular website anyway.
The major concern with cookies is that of third party cookies (a cookie is issued by a site other than the one you are currently surfing, maybe by an advertisement on that website) or tracking cookies which can be used to record peoples browsing histories. This is causing concerns over privacy as people do not want it recorded what they have been looking at.
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Page last updated on Friday 12 February 2016 at 10.40am.


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Justia › US Law › Case Law › Georgia Case Law › Supreme Court of Georgia Decisions › 2001 › State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Mabry
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Mabry
556 S.E.2d 114 (2001)
274 Ga. 498
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY v. MABRY et al.
No. S01A0982.
Supreme Court of Georgia.
*115 Powell, Goldstein, Frazer & Murphy, E.A. Simpson, Jr., Linda G. Birchall, Atlanta,
*116 Page, Scrantom, Sprouse, Tucker & Ford, W.G. Scrantom, Jr., Columbus, for Appellant.
Pope, McGlamry, Kilpatrick & Morrison, Charles N. Pope, Michael L. McGlamry, Paul Kilpatrick, Jr., Wade H. Tomlinson III, Columbus, Elizabeth P. Holmes, William U. Norwood III, Sutherland, Asbill & Brennan, John A. Chandler, Carey P. DeDeyn, Teresa W. Roseborough, Hatcher, Stubbs, Land, Hollis & Rothschild, James E. Humes II, William B. Hardegree, C. Ronald Ellington, Athens, for Appellees.
Hawkins & Parnell, Michael J. Goldman, H. Lane Young II, Atlanta, Buchanan & Land, Benjamin A. Land, Clay D. Land, Columbus, Walker, Hulbert, Gray & Byrd, Charles W. Byrd, Groover & Childs, Duke R. Groover, Frank H. Childs, Jr., Troutman Sanders, Herbert D. Shellhouse, Alan W. Loeffler, King & Spalding, Dwight J. Davis, S. Stewart Haskins, Atlanta, amici curiae.
BENHAM, Justice.
Two policyholders[1] (hereinafter collectively, "Plaintiffs") brought an action for damages and injunctive relief against State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company (hereinafter "State Farm"). Plaintiffs asserted in the "Breach of Contract" sections of their complaint that they had made first-party physical damage claims and that State Farm had failed to pay them part of the covered losses they sustained. The element of loss they alleged was covered by their policies, and that State Farm did not tell them about or pay, was the diminution in value of their vehicles caused by the fact of the physical damage. In the "Equitable Relief" section of the complaint, Plaintiffs asserted that State Farm, with knowledge of its contractual obligations, and pursuant to a scheme to avoid those obligations, had failed to establish a procedure for handling the diminution in value element of claims, had failed to inform its policyholders of that coverage, and had failed to pay Plaintiffs' claims. The Plaintiffs sought an order requiring State Farm to notify insureds of the coverage or to implement a procedure for handling diminution in value claims, and to honor its contractual obligation to pay diminution in value in first-party physical damage claims presented by its policyholders. Finally, the complaint sought certification of at least two classes of plaintiffs, one consisting of all former or current insureds of State Farm who presented first-party physical damage claims in the past six years, the "Breach of Contract Class," and one consisting of present insureds, the "Equitable Relief Class." After State Farm filed an answer and the parties engaged in discovery, the trial court issued an order certifying a class for declaratory and injunctive relief consisting of all current insureds under State Farm policies issued in Georgia. Following another hearing and further discovery, the trial court entered an order in December 2000 declaring that the law of Georgia requires that State Farm pay its first-party physical damage claimants for any diminution in value their cars sustain; that State Farm, once an insured reports a loss, evaluate the claim to determine whether the vehicle has sustained diminution in value; and that State Farm, at the conclusion of the adjustment and repair process, either affirm the presence of diminution in value and pay it, or deny the presence of diminution in value. That order also included an injunction by which State Farm was ordered to evaluate first-party physical damage claims for diminution in value "by an appropriate methodology and procedure," and either offer to pay it or deny it; to collect, catalog, and maintain any information necessary to make a determination of diminution in value; and to report to the trial court the manner in which it complies with the order. This appeal is from the order certifying the class and the order granting declaratory and injunctive relief to Plaintiffs.
1. We turn first to State Farm's contention that the certification of a class of plaintiffs for declaratory and injunctive relief was improper. Specifically, State Farm asserts *117 that bifurcation of the class into a declaratory and injunctive relief class and a damages class was improper, that there are no common issues for trial, and that individual issues predominate.
While Georgia's class action statute, OCGA § 9-11-23, does not by its terms provide for bifurcation of classes in a class action as does Federal Rule 23(c)(4), the appellate courts of Georgia have relied on the federal rules when construing our statute. See Ford Motor Credit Co. v. London, 175 Ga.App. 33, 35, 332 S.E.2d 345 (1985) (noting adoption from federal rules of requirement of certification of class action). Although this Court found it unnecessary in Tanner v. Brasher, 254 Ga. 41, n. 5, 326 S.E.2d 218 (1985), to decide whether to follow federal precedent permitting the splitting of issues in certifying class action, the Court of Appeals suggested in Trend Star Continental v. Branham, 220 Ga.App. 781, n. 2, 469 S.E.2d 750 (1996), that a trial court could certify a class with respect to some counts of a complaint and not as to others. We agree with that suggestion for reasons which answer State Farm's other complaints about the certification of a class in this case: commonality of rights and issues. The issues for the declaratory and injunctive relief class in this case are whether Georgia law, as applied to the contract at issue, requires insurers to assess vehicles presented with first-party physical damages claims for diminution in value and, if found, pay it; and, if so, whether State Farm has sought to avoid that obligation. Those issues are common to all members of the class certified by the trial court, all of whom are policyholders. "Common questions of law and fact predominate, as in the instant case, when action is brought on behalf of purchasers of agreements from a common source, the character of the right sought to be enforced is common, and common relief is sought. [Cit]" Sta-Power Indus. v. Avant, 134 Ga.App. 952, 954, 216 S.E.2d 897 (1975). Thus, contrary to State Farm's assertion on appeal, there are issues for trial common to the members of the class, and those issues predominate over any individual issues. By certifying a class of plaintiffs only for declaratory and injunctive relief, the trial court ensured that the class would possess the qualifications of a proper plaintiff class.
"On appellate review of a trial court's decision on a motion to certify a class, `the discretion of the trial judge in certifying or refusing to certify a class action is to be respected in all cases where not abused.' [Cit.]" Jones v. Douglas County, 262 Ga. 317(2), 418 S.E.2d 19 (1992). No abuse of discretion appears in the trial court's decision to certify a plaintiff class in this case.
2. We consider next State Farm's contentions that the trial court's rulings in this case infringe on the expertise of the Georgia Insurance Commissioner; that the Insurance Commissioner has exclusive jurisdiction over the issues here and the courts should defer to the Insurance Commissioner; and that Plaintiffs were required to exhaust administrative remedies before filing suit. State Farm argues that the imposition of specific claims handling procedures was improper because the Insurance Commissioner is charged with regulating claims handling procedures. That argument is factually faulty since the trial court's order did not impose specific claims handling procedures. The trial court's order required State Farm to include an evaluation of diminution in value in its standard assessment of damages, just as it evaluates other elements of damage, and to adopt a suitable methodology for doing so. Thus, the trial court's order did not mandate any certain claims handling procedure, only that State Farm start actually handling its claims in accord with its contract, without refusing to consider some elements of loss. Since Plaintiffs' claims do not require proof that State Farm has violated the Insurance Code, there is no exclusive jurisdiction in the Insurance Commissioner and no requirement that the courts defer to the Insurance Commissioner in this case. Griffeth v. Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co., 243 Ga.App. 618, 533 S.E.2d 126 (2000); Provident Indem. Life Ins. Co. v. James, 234 Ga.App. 403, 506 S.E.2d 892 (1998). Where, as here, no administrative procedure has been invoked, exhaustion of administrative remedies is not required. See Griffeth, supra. Compare Cerulean Cos. v. Tiller, 271 Ga. 65(2), 516 S.E.2d 522 (1999). Accordingly, *118 there was no error in the trial court's rejection of State Farm's arguments regarding the jurisdiction or expertise of the Insurance Commissioner.
3. State Farm contends the trial court's declaratory judgment is infected with two errors. First, it argues that declaratory judgment is inappropriate because there are no circumstances necessitating the trial court's guidance with respect to Plaintiffs' future acts. The trial court relied on the provision in OCGA § 9-4-2(b) permitting a declaration of rights when required by the ends of justice.
[T]he respective superior courts of this State, under [OCGA § 9-4-2(b)], have power to determine and settle by declaration any justiciable controversy of a civil nature where it appears to the court that the ends of justice require that such should be made for the guidance and protection of the petitioner, and when such a declaration will relieve the petitioner from uncertainty and insecurity with respect to his rights, status, and legal relations.
Calvary Independent Baptist Church v. City of Rome, 208 Ga. 312(3), 66 S.E.2d 726 (1951). This Court has held that use of a declaratory judgment action by insureds to determine the scope of policy provisions is in keeping with the purpose of the Declaratory Judgment Act (OCGA § 9-4-1 et seq.), i.e., to settle and afford relief from uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status, and other legal relations. Atlantic Wood Indus. Inc. v. Argonaut Ins. Co., 258 Ga. 800(2), 375 S.E.2d 221 (1989). The holding in Allstate Ins. Co. v. Shuman, 163 Ga.App. 313(4), (6), 293 S.E.2d 868 (1982), cited by the trial court in the declaratory judgment portion of the order on appeal, is pertinent to the present case:
The issue is certainly unsettled at the present time and resolution of the issue is certainly of manifest importance to the parties (as well as the insurance industry in general, as amici curiae so vigorously point out).... The issue at bar is a question of law and therefore can only be decided by a court of law. A trial would serve no useful purpose because the issue is purely legal. Moreover, it is an important issue, one that needs to be decided. Therefore, we hold that the ends of justice require that the court below render the declaratory judgment prayed for.
Second, State Farm contends that the trial court erred in entering declaratory judgment without affording State Farm the jury trial it demanded. A jury trial is proper in a declaratory judgment action "[w]hen a declaration of right or the granting of further relief based thereon involves the determination of issues of fact triable by a jury and jury trial is not waived...." OCGA § 9-4-6. Where, however, a party sets forth no disputed facts, either at trial or on appeal, which required submission to a jury, there is no error in proceeding without a jury. Aponte v. City of Columbus, 246 Ga.App. 646(4), 540 S.E.2d 617 (2000). In its request for jury trial, State Farm identified only two areas as to which it contended there was a factual dispute: State Farm's motivation in the manner in which it does business, and whether State Farm has breached its obligation to pay diminution in value to any persons. The trial court's order makes no specific finding on either of those issues, and State Farm has not identified on appeal any finding of fact as to which there was a conflict in the evidence which would require submission to a jury. Accordingly, there was no error in the trial court's refusal to grant State Farm a jury trial. Id.
4. The basic conflict in the present case concerns the scope of State Farm's contractual promise to compensate its policyholders for their losses. The physical damage coverage in its policies provides that State Farm will "pay for loss to your car," minus any deductible. The policy contains a provision limiting State Farm's liability to the lower of the actual cash value of the vehicle or the cost of repair or replacement, and a provision giving State Farm the right to settle a loss by paying up to the actual cash value of the car or paying "to repair or replace the property or part with like kind and quality." That provision also requires that the policyholder pay for any "betterment" resulting from repair or replacement.
Plaintiffs contend that State Farm's duty under its policies, when a physical damage *119 loss is reported by a policyholder, is to assess every element of that loss covered by the policy and to pay for the entire loss, the measure of which, they contend, is the difference between the value of the vehicle prior to the loss and its value after the loss. There is no question that paying the policyholder the amount of the vehicle's pre-loss actual cash value, which would be the result of a decision that the vehicle is a total loss, satisfies State Farm's duty under the policy. The conflict central to this case arises when State Farm determines that the vehicle is not a total loss and exercises its option to repair. Plaintiffs assert that in almost every case, a vehicle that has been damaged in a covered event will suffer some diminution in value, regardless of the efficacy of the repairs undertaken, and that State Farm is liable to the policyholder for the amount of that diminution in value.
State Farm asserts, however, that questions of value arise only when the vehicle is assessed as a total loss or when repairs cannot return the vehicle to its pre-loss condition in terms of appearance and function. When physical damage has been properly repaired, State Farm contends, there is no objectively discernible diminution in value, and if there were such a loss, it would not be realized until the vehicle was sold. State Farm also denies any duty to assess vehicles for diminution in value unless the insured specifically makes a claim, separate from the original claim of loss, that the vehicle has lost value even though the physical damage to it was repaired.
The trial court was presented, therefore, with the following questions in the declaratory judgment portion of this case: whether the fact of physical damage resulting from an event covered by the policy reduces the value of a vehicle, even if repairs return it to pre-loss condition in terms of appearance and function; if so, whether the policies issued by State Farm obligate it to compensate its policyholders for that loss of value, or permit it to discharge its responsibility under the policy by making repairs that return the vehicle to pre-loss condition in terms of appearance and function; and if State Farm is obligated to pay its policyholders for diminution in value, whether it is required to assess that element of loss along with the elements of physical damage when a policyholder makes a general claim of loss.
The first question, whether diminution in value occurs even when physical damage is properly repaired, is one of fact. The trial court found that there is a potential for a diminution in value loss in every event of loss, and that diminution in value can occur even when a vehicle is repaired properly. In support of those findings, the trial court relied primarily upon documents produced by State Farm during discovery and upon the testimony of State Farm's witnesses. The documents from State Farm acknowledged that there is a common perception that a wrecked vehicle is worth less simply because it has been wrecked. Witnesses for State Farm testified that a potential for diminution in value exists in every automobile accident, and that the public perceives a loss of value in any wrecked vehicle and would choose an unwrecked vehicle over a wrecked one, assuming the vehicles are otherwise the same. "Based on that evidence, the trial court's findings are not clearly erroneous and must, therefore, be accepted by this court as correct. [Cit.]" Delta Cascade Partners, II v. Fulton County, 260 Ga. 99, 100, 390 S.E.2d 45 (1990).
The next question, whether State Farm is required to pay for diminution in value as a part of its physical damage coverage, is a matter of contract construction and is, therefore, one of law. Magnetic Resonance Plus v. Imaging Systems Intl., 273 Ga. 525, 526, 543 S.E.2d 32 (2001). State Farm contends that its only obligation under the contract of insurance, when it elects to rely on the limitation of liability provision, is to pay for repairs which return the vehicle to its pre-loss condition. Plaintiffs contend that the policy of insurance requires State Farm to compensate them for their entire loss, to make them whole, and that when State Farm elects to repair the vehicle, it is also obligated to pay for any diminution in value that may occur.
As the Court of Appeals noted in Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Rowland, 181 Ga. *120 App. 213(1), 351 S.E.2d 650 (1986), the question of an insurer's obligation to pay for diminution in value under the physical damage coverage of automobile policies is not one of first impression. The basic holding establishing the measure of damages and the effect of a limitation of liability provision appeared 75 years ago in U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Corbett, 35 Ga.App. 606(1), 134 S.E. 336 (1926), where the Court of Appeals held that
the undertaking of the company to insure the owner against "actual loss or damage" must be taken as the primary obligation, under which the measure of the liability would be the difference between the value of the property immediately before the injury and its value immediately afterwards [cit.]; and the stipulation that the liability should not exceed the cost of repair or replacement must be construed as a subordinate provision, limiting or abating the primary liability, to be pleaded defensively if the insurer would diminish or limit the amount of recovery by reason thereof.
The reasoning of the Court of Appeals in that case was expressly adopted by this Court in Dependable Ins. Co. v. Gibbs, 218 Ga. 305, 315, 127 S.E.2d 454 (1962). The Court of Appeals addressed the issue again in Simmons v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 111 Ga.App. 738(2), 143 S.E.2d 55 (1965), clarifying the effect of a limitation of liability clause:
"[T]he defendant insurance company here had an option to pay for the loss in money, to repair the vehicle, or to replace it with other property of like kind and quality, but the contract requires that no matter which alternative is chosen, the market value of the property plus $100 [deductible] after payment must equal the market value before the loss. This is the rule generally with this type of policy."
Although the Simmons case clearly held that the measure of damages is based on value, the Court of Appeals found it necessary four years later in State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Smith, 119 Ga.App. 447, 448(1), 167 S.E.2d 610 (1969), to reiterate that point and to distinguish "condition" from "value." There, the insured contended that the car could not be repaired in such a way as to return it to its previous value, while State Farm claimed that its limitation of liability only required it to return the car to pre-loss condition, and that repairs could do that. The policy language relied upon by State Farm provided that [t]he limit of ... liability... shall not exceed the actual cash value of the property ... at time of loss, nor [sic] what it would then cost to repair or replace such property with other of like kind and quality, less depreciation and deductible amount applicable.... The company may at its option pay for the loss in money or may repair or replace the property.... The Court of Appeals explained State Farm's contractual duty and the effect of an election to repair:
The obligation of an insurer under a contract containing such language as is set forth above, where the insurer elects to repair, is "to pay for the loss caused by collision and ... the correct measure of that loss would be the difference in the market value of the automobile immediately before the collision and its market value immediately after being repaired...." [Cits.] Thus an insurer under a policy such as the one in this case has three basic options, to wit: (1) To replace the property with other of like kind and quality less depreciation and deductible, (2) pay the loss in money (the loss being the difference in the market value measured immediately before and after the collision), less any deductible, or (3) if the insurer elects to repair it may do so, but to the extent that repairs do not restore to the market value immediately before the collision, the insurer is obligated to compensate for the difference, the total liability reduced by any deductible. The insured must be made whole, except for any deductible, under any option.
Id. When the Court of Appeals next revisited the issue, it spoke specifically of adding diminution in value to the cost of repairs:
There was substantial evidence from both the plaintiff's and the defendant's witnesses that a car damaged to the extent this vehicle was could not be repaired to restore its value prior to the accident. In such a case depreciation in market price should be added to cost of repairs, or the *121 property or its value replaced, so that the insured will be made whole.
Ga. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. Lane, 129 Ga.App. 166(3), 199 S.E.2d 273 (1973). The Court of Appeals touched on the appropriate measure of damages again in Travelers Indem. Co. v. Cumbie, 128 Ga.App. 723(2), (3), 197 S.E.2d 783 (1973), noting that the basic measure, the difference between pre-loss value and post-loss value, was modified by an election to repair so that the measure would be the difference between pre-loss value and post-repair value. The meaning of "repair" was key to the next case in which the Court of Appeals applied the basic rules it had stated in 1926. In U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. Welch, 163 Ga.App. 480, 294 S.E.2d 713 (1982), the insurer insisted that its policy gave it the right to pay for repairs only without regard to the value of the vehicle. The Court of Appeals rejected that argument: "Appellant misconstrues the meaning of repair in the limit of liability provision as meaning any repair. We construe repair to mean restoration of the vehicle to substantially the same condition and value as existed before the damage occurred." Id. at 481, 294 S.E.2d 713. Finally, the Court of Appeals addressed these issues again in Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Rowland, supra, reiterating the principles developed in this line of cases and upholding a jury verdict for diminution in value and for statutory penalties for failing to pay diminution in value. The foregoing review of Georgia case law establishes clearly that value, not condition, is the baseline for the measure of damages in a claim under an automobile insurance policy in which the insurer undertakes to pay for the insured's loss from a covered event, and that a limitation of liability provision affording the insurer an option to repair serves only to abate, not eliminate, the insurer's liability for the difference between pre-loss value and post-loss value.
State Farm argues, however, that these cases do not apply to it because the language of its limitation of liability is different and because the diminution in value to which the cases refer is only that diminution in value which results from repairs which do not return the vehicle to its pre-loss condition. The assertion that the language of the limitation of liability provision in State Farm policies is sufficiently different than that in earlier cases that the long-standing interpretations set forth above do not apply is inconsistent with the holdings in Rowland, supra, and Welch, supra. Both of those cases involved limitation of liability provisions framed in terms of "lesser" (Welch) or "smaller" (Rowland) amounts, and in each case the Court of Appeals held that the language of the limitation provisions did not distinguish that case from previous cases on the subject. An interpretation more in keeping with State Farm's appears in a dissenting opinion in Canal Ins. Co. v. Bryant, 173 Ga.App. 173, 325 S.E.2d 839 (1984), but was rejected by the majority.
State Farm's argument that the diminution in value recovery which is authorized by case law is only that which results from inadequate repairs is likewise not supported by the decisions. In Corbett, supra, there was no suggestion of defective repair; in fact, no repair was undertaken. In Dependable, supra, although this Court commented that the measure of damages it stated was the appropriate standard in cases in which the insurer undertook to repair and did so defectively, there is nothing in the opinion to suggest the case involved defective repairs or that the measure of damages stated was applicable only to that situation. There had been no repairs undertaken in Simmons, supra, and the Court of Appeals rejected the notion that paying the insured the amount of an estimate, in the absence of "an uncontradicted showing by one or the other that a given sum of money will restore the market value of the vehicle to its former level," would meet State Farm's obligation. The evidence in Smith, supra, was that the car could not be returned to its former value by repairing it. That does not equate to inadequate repairs because the same words would describe a car which was adequately repaired, but had lost value solely because it had been in a wreck. In fact, State Farm took the position in that case that the car could be returned to its former condition, but the court rejected that position and required use of value, not condition, as the measure. Lane, supra, was not a defective repair case, but one in which the *122 insurer asserted that paying for repairs would meet its obligation even though the evidence of both parties showed that repairs would not return the car to its pre-loss value. Cumbie, supra, was a defective repair case, but the measure of damages is the same. From the emphasis used in a quote in Cumbie ("The measure of damages is stated in Dependable to be that which obtains `under an automobile policy where the insurer has elected to make repairs and did so defectively.' (Emphasis supplied.)" Cumbie, supra at 725, 197 S.E.2d 783), it is apparent that the court's decision in that case relied more on the fact that the insurer had elected to repair than on the fact that the repairs were inadequate. In Welch, supra, the car was repaired and there is no argument that the repairs were defective, only that they could not return the car to its pre-loss value. Likewise, Rowland, supra, was not a defective repair case, only one in which the evidence showed diminution in value after repair.
State Farm also asserts in this appeal that the trial court is essentially imposing a tort measure of damages rather than that measure appropriate to a contract. That assertion disregards the holdings in the cases discussed above. The first words of the first case in that line make clear that these are contract cases and the measure of damages comes from the contract.
In an action by the owner of personal property, such as an automobile, to recover for loss or damage sustained by him as a result of a tortious injury thereto, the measure of damages is to be determined under general principles of law. [Cit.] But in a suit on a contract, as a policy of insurance, whereby the owner is insured against actual loss or damage to an automobile by collision, the measure of the insurer's liability will be determined according to the terms of the contract.
Corbett, supra, at 610, 134 S.E. 336. Most recently, in Rowland, supra, the Court of Appeals spoke of the interpretation of contracts when considering the insurer's obligations. The argument that the trial court is using an inappropriate measure of damages to describe State Farm's obligations is without merit.
We recognize that there is a split of authority regarding an insurer's liability for any loss of value resulting from a covered loss event. See 43 A.L.R.2d 327, "Measure of Recovery by Insured Under Automobile Collision Insurance Policy." Some jurisdictions, for instance, have chosen to define "repair" more narrowly. See, e.g., Siegle v. Progressive Consumers Ins. Co., 788 So. 2d 355 (Fla.Ct.App.2001) (certifying to Florida Supreme Court question of insurer's liability under collision coverage for diminution in market value). Others have determined that diminution in value is not an element of loss under policies such as those involved in this case. See Bickel v. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co., 206 Va. 419, 423, 143 S.E.2d 903 (1965). Georgia, however, has been consistent in interpreting the physical damage coverage of automobile insurance policies to require that the insured be made whole, basing the measure of damages on the value of the vehicle. For other jurisdictions following that rationale, see 43 A.L.R.2d 327, supra at 346.
Having reviewed both Georgia law and that of other jurisdictions, we adhere to the long-standing contract interpretation set forth in the Georgia decisions discussed above. The rationale of those cases remains solid: the insurance policy, drafted by the insurer, promises to pay for the insured's loss; what is lost when physical damage occurs is both utility and value; therefore, the insurer's obligation to pay for the loss includes paying for any lost value. That interpretation has stood for 75 years in Georgia and has become, therefore, part of the agreement between the parties when they enter into a contract of insurance which includes the promise to pay for the insured's loss. Magnetic Resonance Plus, supra, at 527(2). Thus, our holding in this case that State Farm is obligated to pay for diminution in value when it occurs is based in reason, precedent, and the intent of the parties. Recognition of diminution in value as an element of loss to be recovered on the same basis as other elements of loss merely reflects economic reality.
*123 Finally, the question of whether State Farm is required to assess for diminution in value without a specific claim for that element of loss, is a matter of the contract between the parties, interpretation of which is a question of law. Id. at 526, 543 S.E.2d 32. State Farm's insurance policy includes a provision outlining the duties of the insured in reporting a claim. Those duties which are pertinent to the evaluation of the insured's loss are that the insured report the "accident or loss" as soon as reasonably possible, including the time, place, and circumstances of the accident or loss; that the insured protect the damaged vehicle; that the insured show the insurer the damage; and that the insured provide all records, receipts, and invoices. Nothing in the insurance policy requires the insured to assert a right to recover any particular element of damage. If the policy does not require the insured to claim separately such items as damage to tires or damage to bodywork, it stands to reason that the policy does not require a separate claim for diminution in value.
State Farm argues that the imposition on it of a requirement that it evaluate all first-party damage claims for diminution in value was error because the requirement is based on the incorrect premise that diminution in value is a proper element of loss to be recovered under State Farm's policies and because nothing in its policy gives an insured the right to insist on any particular claims handling procedure. The first assertion is controlled by our holding above that State Farm's policy does cover diminution in value as an element of loss. The second assertion fails because, as noted in Division 2, supra, the trial court has not imposed any particular claims handling procedure, but has merely required that State Farm handle all elements of loss in each claim. The trial court's construction of the contract of insurance to require State Farm, not the insured, to determine all the elements of loss in each claim is consistent with the language of the contract with regard to the relative duties of the parties to that contract.
In summary, we conclude that the trial court correctly answered the questions presented by the declaratory judgment portion of this case: the fact of physical damage resulting from an event covered by the policy can reduce the value of a vehicle, even if repairs return it to pre-loss condition in terms of appearance and function; the policies issued by State Farm obligate it to compensate its policyholders for that loss of value, notwithstanding repairs that return the vehicle to pre-loss condition in terms of appearance and function, if the repairs do not return the vehicle to its pre-loss value; and State Farm is obligated to assess that element of loss along with the elements of physical damage when a policyholder makes a general claim of loss.
5. We turn finally to a consideration of the trial court's grant of injunctive relief. In support of its contention that the trial court erred in issuing an injunction, State Farm has set forth an argument based on the standards for granting an interlocutory injunction. However, the injunction issued in this case does not perform the function of an interlocutory injunction. "`(T)he sole purpose for granting interlocutory injunctions is to preserve the status quo of the parties pending a final adjudication of the case.' (Cit.) "An interlocutory hearing is designed to balance the conveniences of the parties pending a final outcome of the case.'" [Cit.]" Poe & Brown of Ga. Inc. v. Gill, 268 Ga. 749, 750, 492 S.E.2d 864 (1997). The injunction in the present case is not intended to preserve the status quo pending a final adjudication nor to balance conveniences pending a final outcome, but to require a party to perform contractual duties which the trial court has declared that party is obligated to perform. That is the function of a permanent rather than interlocutory injunction. Stephens v. Geise, 226 Ga. 639, 641, 176 S.E.2d 923 (1970). Because it requires action that can affect the rights of parties, the order constitutes the grant of a mandatory injunction. Glynn County v. Waters, 268 Ga. 500(1), 491 S.E.2d 370 (1997). We discussed the appellate review of such injunctions in Prime Bank v. Galler, 263 Ga. 286(4), 430 S.E.2d 735 (1993):
Equitable relief is generally a matter within the sound discretion of the trial court. [Cit.] The action of the trial court should *124 be sustained on review where such discretion has not been abused. [Cit.] However, in determining whether there has been an abuse of discretion, the conveniences of the parties cannot be ignored. [Cit.] ... A mandatory injunction is an extraordinary remedy, one of the most powerful a court can issue. It is for that reason called the "strong arm of equity." [Cit.] "`There is no power the exercise of which is more delicate, which requires greater caution, deliberation, and sound discretion, or is more dangerous in a doubtful case, than the issuing of an injunction.'" [Cit.] It should be crafted in a manner that is the least oppressive to the defendant while still protecting the valuable rights of the plaintiff.
We have upheld above the trial court's declaration of the rights and duties of the parties. Since the trial court found that State Farm has a duty to evaluate all first-party physical damage claims for the existence of diminution in value, requiring State Farm to perform that duty is no abuse of discretion. The trial court also ordered State Farm to develop an appropriate methodology for making such evaluations; to collect, catalog, and maintain any information necessary to determine the amount of any diminution in value; and to report to the court the manner in which it was complying with the injunction. Requiring the development of an appropriate methodology was necessary since the undisputed evidence shows that State Farm had no such methodology in use. Permitting State Farm to develop its own methodology rather than imposing one is the least oppressive means of accomplishing that necessary task. Requiring State Farm to collect, catalog, and maintain information needed to make diminution in value evaluations was necessary because State Farm had admitted it did not collect information for that purpose, and was not oppressive because, as the trial court found, State Farm already collected and maintained such information for other purposes, including initial determinations of the actual cash value of cars in the course of deciding whether to declare the car a total loss, and the determination whether repairs resulted in "betterment" for which an insured would be charged by State Farm. Given the latitude the trial court allowed State Farm in developing its own procedures for complying with the basic requirement that it evaluate all claims for the presence of diminution in value, the reporting requirement was appropriate to allow the trial court to ensure that its mandate was being followed. That requirement is less oppressive to State Farm than other options for ensuring compliance such as the placement of court-appointed monitors to oversee compliance. Given those factors, we conclude that the trial court appropriately considered the convenience of the parties, chose the least oppressive means of ensuring performance of State Farm's contractual duties, and did not, therefore, abuse its discretion in ordering injunctive relief.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur.
[1] A third policyholder was subsequently added as a representative plaintiff.
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