This version of the famous Cracker Barrel Hashbrown Casserole will satisfy your potato craving and trick your entire family. I frequently make potato dishes with cauliflower and my husband still could not believe this wasn't actually potatoes!
Cracker Barrel Hashbrown Casserole. That might be my favorite 4-word phrase ever. Anytime we are on a road trip and pop into a Cracker Barrel with the kids I have a hard time resisting a heaping side of cheesy, potato goodness. My kids have grown to love it too so I've made a few copycat recipes over the years using shredded potatoes and cream of chicken soup. It is a great make ahead for brunches. Whenever my kids have had a celebration like a Baptism or First Communion my favorite (and the easiest) meal to feed our guests is always brunch. I make egg bakes, some coffee cakes, and a copycat Cracker Barrel Hashbrown Casserole. It is delicious but is definitely not the healthiest option.
Therefore, a remake of this has been on my recipe list for YEARS. Every few months I would think about how could I possibly make the delicious, carb-loaded, fattening Cracker Barrel Hashbrown Casserole healthy?
First, I thought over the different potato subs. Should I use jicama? Should I use radishes? What about cauliflower? And how on earth do I replicate cream of chicken soup? The more I thought on it the more my plan became solid in my mind. My favorite potato sub is cauliflower so I decided I would just use cauliflower. BUT I would only use the stalks of fresh cauliflower because I wanted a shredded texture, not the texture of the florets which is more rice like.
This was the biggest part in disguising the cauliflower as a potato substitute. My family knows mashed cauliflower. And they know cauliflower rice. But shredded cauliflower? That is a new one. To do this I cut off the florets trying to leave as much of the stalk as possible. Then, I put them through the food processor with a shredding disc.
One medium head of cauliflower had enough stalk for me to have the 3 cups of shredded cauliflower I needed for this recipe. I put the florets in a large plastic storage bag and roasted them for dinner a few nights later with some roasted garlic paste.
To make the cream of chicken soup I needed a few creamy ingredients and some chicken bouillon. I cheated a bit and used a canned chicken broth concentrate paste. It ends up being 1/8 tsp per serving so it has a negligible impact on the nutrition facts. There is a link in the recipe card to a recipe to make your own version if you prefer to do so. A powdered chicken bouillon would also work. I made one about 6 months ago using nutritional yeast that was amazing. I could not believe how much nutritional yeast plus some salt and spices could taste like chicken.
The rest of the ingredients in my remake of the Cracker Barrel Hashbrown Casserole Recipe were easier. I can do cheese, and onion, and more cheese. Who doesn't love cheese? I chose to use a blend of shredded cheddar and Monterey jack but you can use whatever your family's favorite cheese is.
I served this hashbrown casserole recipe along with some baked pork chops. It goes well with breakfast, breakfast for dinner, or just your regular dinner as a side dish. Next on my to do list is to add shredded chicken into this to make it a one dish meal. If you try that make sure to let me know how it turns out!
I hope you enjoy my healthy Cracker Barrel Hashbrown Casserole Recipe!
This version of the famous Cracker Barrel Hashbrown Casserole will satisfy your potato craving and trick your entire family. I frequently make potato dishes with cauliflower and my husband still could not believe this wasn't actually potatoes!
Preheat oven to 350. Spray an 8 x 8 baking dish with cooking spray.
Set aside 1/3 cup of the shredded cheese to use as a topping. Stir together the remaining ingredients. Spread in the prepared baking dish. Sprinkle with the reserved cheese.
Bake for 50-60 minutes, until the casserole is golden and bubbly.
I use the organic Better than Bouillon concentrate. If you prefer to make your own check out this recipe.
THANK YOU for this recipe. I made it this weekend, and it tastes just like the real thing! I didn't really make any modifications, but I did thaw out a bag of frozen cauliflower rice and let it dry for about 30 min on some paper towel (instead of shredding my own). I used half sharp cheddar and half guyere/fontina blend from Trader Joe's; and I only had creme fraiche in the fridge. Absolutely delicious!
I am excited to try. Thank you for the great recipe. What is the fiber content? I need to track my macros.
My question is, texture aside, can you taste the cauliflower? I keep trying cauliflower dishes, but the strong sulfury taste always comes through. I can't disguise it enough for my powerful tastebuds! Do the cheese and sour cream overpower the cauliflower flavor?
Think it would be ok to make this a day ahead, cover and pop in the fridge overnight? Then cook as stated?
This was amazing! I hate thinking about how many cauliflower stems I've wasted all these years .My hubby loved it and I have the florets to roast this week. Thank you!
I've wasted a lot too! I've started freezing them and then once I have a good amount I'll make this again. I'll be back to let everyone know how it worked with frozen cauliflower stems.
Cheesy hashbrown casserole has always been a fav of mine!! I'm excited to try this!! I always made mine in a crockpot do you think this recipe could be made in a crockpot as well?
Yup! It should work with whatever cooking instructions you've used personally. Please come back and let us know how it turns out in the crockpot!
You could use some powdered bouillion. I like to make my own with nutritional yeast. So, you bought cream of chicken soup? It would work to add it but the nutrition facts would be different. I'd reduce some of the other liquids to make up for it.
How do you make the powdered bullion with nutritional yeast?
The industry should offer cauli-slaw (they make broccoli slaw, so why not cauli-slaw?)- my husband and son had no idea it wasn't potatoes!
That's a great idea! And I'm glad you liked the Cracker Barrel Hashbrown Casserole!
Might be good with broccoli slaw too.
Wow, this looks simply amazing !! I'm loving that you made it Keto n will be trying soon.
I absolutely love that you made this total comfort food low carb and gluten free!!!
Yes! No grains at all.
Ooooo, I am all about tricking the fam with cauliflower, because they often try to NOT eat it, saying it's not the same, but man, when you make it like potatoes, it's so good!
Love the idea of a healthier copy cat recipe! This hashbrown casserole looks so perfect!
Any tips on how to shred just the stems?
Yes, I give some in the post but can add more. Cut the florets off, leaving as much stem as possible, and then put the stalks through a food processor with a shredding disc. This is one recipe you really do need a food processor for. If you care more about the flavor you could just use finely chopped cauliflower or cauli-rice. You don't get the hashbrown texture but the flavor is the same.
This looks soooo good! Do you think it would affect the flavor too much if I subbed greek yogurt for the sour cream?, maybe add a bit more butter to make up for the loss of fats in the sour cream? Thanks. Also thinking of cooking adding chopped pork chops right into this as well.
Greek yogurt should work. Enjoy!


text:
Access to EU research funding by stimulating and demonstrating Societal Impact
View programme view trainers Outcome
Online, hosted from The Hague, The Netherlands
Research institutions, most notable Universities (of Applied Sciences) throughout the EU are increasingly in the position to apply for EU research funding. Several EU initiatives were launched to give Universities access to these grants in order to strengthen their research programmers. To increase the chances of receiving this funding, it is important to know how the EU decides on these applications and understand the role of demonstrating the Societal Impact of the research project in this process.
This 5-half-days online course invites research managers and administrators to profit from the knowledge of our Impact and EU experts to put their insights to practice. The course will map out recent insights and results on measuring the impact of EU research and outline how the Union defines societal and economic impact. We will discuss how universities and universities of applied sciences can improve the demonstration of "impact" in their EU research funding applications and provide tools to optimise this even further by using the format of a Research Consortium. This will include a segment with tips and tricks to help you to successfully apply for EU funding.
Together with experts in the field and other participants from all over Europe, representing a variety of contexts and a wide range of experiences, you will be able to discuss best practices to find solutions to shared problems and strengthen both research excellence as well as societal impact. Finally, we will convert our knowledge into practice and do a case-study exercise which creates a large pool of sources to enhance your access to EU funding for your research projects.
Taking an active role within an EU research strategy
Integrating impact in an institutional research strategy
Effective collaboration for EU funding
Successful applications of EU Research
We look forward to welcome you online!
Confirmed trainers
Daniëlle de Boer
Otto Bruun
Cecile ten Kate
Simon Kerridge
Bruno van Koeckhoven
Brigita Serafinavičiūtė
Esther de Smet
Yvonne Vermonden
Show all trainers
The course will be organised online via Zoom software
This course is organized by the AESIS Network.
Registration for the course is available via the form on this website
Costs include participation through our digital platform, a virtual networking reception and course documentation.
Fee Non-members 1150,-
Fee Members of AESIS or partner networks 950,-
Payment of the participation fee should happen before the course starts. You will receive an invoice together with the confirmation. Payments have to be made in Euro at your discretion and free or all bank and other charges. Personal or company checks are not accepted. All amounts are excluding VAT, if applicable.
If you are unable to attend the course it is permitted to allow someone else to participate in your stead, if the name of the replacement is communicated before the start of the course to the organizers. Cancellation without cost is possible until October 12th 2020. If you cancel between October 12th and November 8th 2020, we will invoice € 95 administration costs. After November 8th 2020, you owe us the full amount.
Photography rights
Photographs, screenshots and / or videos may be taken during the course. By attending this event, you acknowledge and agree that your likeness maybe included in photos and videos of the event and used by AESIS in connection with communications about the course or other AESIS communications and promotion. If you do not agree to this usage, please send us a written notification at least 3 days before the event.
Louis Roijmans - Project Manager
l.roijmans@aesisnet.nl
2514 HC The Hague
Daniëlle is an innovator and a connector. She runs her daily business from Brussels, the Netherlands and abroad. She is director of Innofius, a Brussels-based lobby office and (cross sectoral) innovation company. She mainly works for education and research organizations, often throughout the whole sector (from primary education to university). She writes national, regional and EU strategies linked to the innovation strategies of universities, colleges and innovation consortia/multiple stakeholder ecosystems. She is strong in connecting people, organisations and countries in a sustainable manner, usually in a cross-disciplinary and cross-sectoral way. Her approach is evidence-based, people and results-oriented. She is both a thinker and a doer; can operate high-level as well as at the workfloor. She operates in contexts where change is complex or difficult to obtain; or where different parties must come together to solve a problem or societal challenge. She strives to make a difference and is eager to take up difficult challenges. With her broad knowledge, skills to connect, her perseverance, energy and creativity, she hopes to make a valuable contribution to society. https://www.linkedin.com/in/danielledeboer/
Otto Bruun is the European adviser for innovation at SwissCore, the Swiss liaison office to the EU for education, research, and innovation. In this role, he works closely with SERI, Innosuisse and swissuniversities. He serves as national expert in the Swiss delegation to Horizon 2020 programme committees relevant to innovation and he represents Innosuisse in TAFTIE at the working group level.
Before joining Swisscore, he was a research associate for four years at the Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research for Affective Sciences and subsequently took on the role of head of operations at ID-ch, providing management services to Swiss SMEs and start-ups. He also served as consulting grants adviser at the Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences and project lead at the University of Geneva, promoting participation in EU research and innovation programmes. He holds an M.Phil in Philosophy from the University of Geneva, Switzerland and an M.A. in History from the University of St. Andrews, UK.
She is a senior consultant at Nehem B.V. As senior consultant she is active in the field of Research, Education and Healthcare. She has been involved in the development of research and innovation projects in several EU programs including Horizon2020, COST, Erasmus+, Interreg and several national funding programs (NWO/ZonMw) and the project management of several European projects. Her experience allows her to find creative solutions for her clients, especially in framing innovative projects to qualify for funding opportunities. She studies Business Economics (MSc)at the University of Groningen.
Director of Research Services, University of Kent, UK.
Simon has been a research manager and administrator for over 25 years, the past eight leading the research office at Kent where he is responsible for all aspects of the research support including pre-award, post-award, information, strategy, assessment and governance.
He has a passion for research management and administration (RMA) as a profession and leads the INORMS (International Network of Research Management Societies) RAAAP (Research Administration as a Profession) Task Force that is collecting longitudinal data about the profession. Simon is an EARMA (European Association of Research Managers and Administrators) Board member and chair of the Awards Committee. Previously he was on the ARMA (the UK Association of Research Managers and Administrators) Board for 15 years, and is the immediate past chair. He is also a member of the NCURA (US National Council of University Research Administrators) Select Committee on Global Affairs (SCGA), and is a Professional Development track chair for the SRAi (US Society of Research Administrators, International) 2020 conference in Boston. Simon is also an expert advisor to the EU funded foRMAtion project.
He has presented, trained, and consulted widely on many aspects of RMA around the world including in Africa, America, Asia, and Europe. Simon holds a holds a professional doctorate in Electronic Research Administration, is an adjunct lecturer on the Johns Hopkins University international masters' program in Research Administration, and an editor of the Journal of Research Management and Administration.
s.r.kerridge@kent.ac.uk
Recently Bruno Van Koeckhoven (1973°) started as an Interreg-project Coordinator and EU Affairs Manager at the PXL University of Applied Sciences and Arts (UASA) in the east of Flanders (Belgium), close to the Dutch and German border. Before he was 3 year Secretary-General of the University of Applied Sciences Network (UASnet) which united the national rector's conferences of UAS's in Finland, Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Flanders & Wallonia (Belgium), Ireland and Portugal on the field of EU-funded research. He coordinated for one year (2018-2019) the Organisation Committee of the bigger UAS4EUROPE-platform, consisting out of UASnet, EURASHE and the national council of UAS's of Switzerland, Austria and the German region Bavaria.
Previously Bruno worked 8 years as Policy Advisor of the Vlaamse Hogescholenraad (Flemish Council of Universities of Applied Sciences and Arts - VLHORA) specialized in Research, Innovation & Development (RDI). He also has more than 7 years expertise in the Belgian political world as Personal Advisor to different Members of the Belgian Parliament, Senate and a Minister. Bruno has a master in Ancient History and a post-graduate in International Politics at the KU Leuven (Belgium).
Dr. Brigita Serafinavičiūtė is the head of Lithuanian RDI Liaison Office LINO in Brussels. She holds doctoral degree in Ecology and Environmental Science and Executive Masters of Business Administration.
Brigita was responsible to launch the activities of LINO Office in 2017. The Office, which is part of the Research Council of Lithuania, aims to strengthen European research cooperation by facilitating the successful integration of Lithuanian researchers into international research and innovation projects and by constantly monitoring the developments of relevant EU policies. In 2018-2019 LINO office was entrusted to chair IGLO network – an association of national Liaison Offices in Brussels.
Brigita's interest in research and innovation policy began in 2003 when she joined the Lithuanian Society of Young Researchers. In 2006 she was the chair of this NGO and later became Board Member of Eurodoc - the European Council of Doctoral Candidates and Junior Researchers.
After defending her doctoral thesis she was invited to join the Research Council of Lithuania and served there as the Board Member and Scientific Secretary for more than 7 years. Later she was the Head of the Research Management Office at Vilnius University.
Brigita served as a member of FP7 programme committee "People" and currently is the Lithuanian delegate for Horizon 2020 programme committee "Climate Action, Environment, Resource Efficiency and Raw Materials".
Her experience in various projects encompass such fields as Open Access, biodiversity, career development, gender equality, etc.
Esther De Smet is Senior Research Policy Advisor at the Research Department of Ghent University with a penchant for knowledge management and communication. She has been co-ordinating the university's strategy on societal impact of research since 2013. She is also project lead on the institutional research information system (GISMO). Her passion is creating a stimulating and nurturing research environment at Ghent and putting her university's research on the local and global map. Esther invests a lot of time and energy into her personal network of researchers and other partners in research communication and developing her own skills. She leads workshops on communication strategy, impact, digital presence and social media. Twitter is her medium of choice: she is the proud curator of @ResearchUGent since 2012 making her a frontrunner in harnessing social media in Flemish research communication.
She is a consultant at Nehem B.V. which is part of the PNO group. She is responsible for supporting Universities and Universities of Applied sciences in developing research and education projects. Her expertise lies in the H2020, Erasmus+, MSCA, ERC and Dutch national grant programs. Yvonne has been active in this field since 2012. She is also interested in Gender Equality policies and has dedicated her time to developing new initiatives which promote gender equality in HEI. One of these is the EQUAL4EUROPE project for which Yvonne is the project leader at Nehem. She has studied European Studies (BSc) and Public Administration (MSc) at the University of Twente, the Netherlands.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: Swift UIView.animateWithDuration disregards animation code at times I'm trying to animate a UIButton to shrink and move to the view's center. This animation alternates between running correctly and not. When it doesn't run correctly, it disregards the call sending the UIButton to the center, and only shrinks the view in place.
Animation code:
println("before send box center \(self.box1.center) to middle \(self.view.center)")

UIView.animateWithDuration(0.5, delay: 0.0, options: UIViewAnimationOptions.CurveEaseInOut, animations: {
     println("1 send box center \(self.box1.center) to middle \(self.view.center)")

     self.box1.center = self.view.center
     self.box1.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(0.0001, 0.0001)

     println("2 send box center \(self.box1.center) to middle \(self.view.center)")
}, completion: { finished in
     println("final box center \(self.box1.center) to middle \(self.view.center)")
})

When the animation runs correctly, the first two printlns show the box's center CGPoint before the animation, and the final two printlns show the view's center CGPoint, which is now also the box's center point.
When the animation messes up, the first two printlns show the box's center CGPoint before the animation, the third println (within the animation block) shows the box's center has been set to the view's center, BUT when we get to the println in the completion block, the box has returned to its original center point (and the animation does the same, shrinking the box in place, without moving it to the center)
What can cause this same animation code to flip between following its code and disregarding its code?
What can cause the code within the animation block which sets the box's center point to have been disregarded by the time we get to the completion block?
There is no other code animating or changing the frame or location of the box I am trying to animate.
I've tried adding UIViewAnimationOptions.OverrideInheritedCurve and . AllowAnimatedContent and .BeginFromCurrentState and .AllowUserInteraction in hopes of finding a glitch causing the issue but none of those have made any difference in how the code executes or how the animation shows.

A: I bet you have "Use AutoLayout" checked in your Storyboard/XIB. You have to do animations differently when you use AutoLayout. Instead of changing a view's frame or center, you should add constraints for those settings and hook up IBOutlets to those constraints..
Then in your animation code change the constant value of the constraint(s). and then call layoutIfNeeded() on self.view.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Consultations & Herbs still available!
Due to high demand Please allow 1-7 days for shipping!
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We chose to work with Cedar because of the long history of being used for the creation of sacred spaces, that support, cleanse and heal. Cedar has long been the wood of choice by builders to withstand high-moisture environments, such as saunas. Cedar has strong aromatic properties because it bares thujaplicin, a natural antibacterial and anti fungal agent.
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text:
Q: lookup hashtable returning blank result Trying to use this PowerShell script to find an email address based on a portion of the filename. I'm able to parse out the portion needed (i.e. if I output $ext it displays the extension number) but the resulting variable I'm trying to store the email address in comes out blank.
$Path = 'c:\test2'
$delim = '-'
# table for extensions & associated email addresses
$extensions = @{
    'bob@test.com'  = '23';
    'jack@test.com' = '1000';
    'blah@test.com' = '765'
}

Get-ChildItem $Path -Name | foreach {
    $nameArray = $_.Split($delim)
    $newName = $nameArray[2] + " " + ($nameArray[0].Substring(0, 8))
    $ext = $nameArray[3]
    $emailAddress = $extensions[$ext]
    Write-Output $newName
    Write-Output $emailAddress
}

What am I missing?


Velocity Electronics is a leading certified stocking distributor and provider of outsourced procurement services, specializing in the supply and material management of board-level electronic components for leading electronics manufacturers worldwide.
But what sets us apart from the competition?
In a crowded marketplace where supply chain fraud is all too common, we return again and again to two acronyms: SAFE and LEAD. These form the core of our business philosophy, are foundational to our culture, and drive every business decision.
SAFE defines our code of conduct. It is embedded in our business operations and our component management systems, including procurement, processing, and distribution.
Secure. We take supply chain security seriously. Our real-time supplier rating system combined with our industry-leading inspection and counterfeit avoidance protocols ensure superior quality conformance. And our record is impeccable. Since the Congressional inquiry into counterfeit electronic parts in the DOD's supply chain was completed in 2012, we have been granted preferred status. Over the last three years, we have passed 126 of 126 audits.
Aligned. Our business is aligned with the needs and interests of our partners. We have been hand-picked as a preferred and trusted supply chain partner across all major market verticals, including aerospace and defense, transportation, energy, medical, industrial, environmental, infrastructure, and consumer. And with locations around the globe, we provide regional support and fast delivery, no matter where our partners are located.
Flexible. We leverage our people, processes, and protocols to meet the needs of our partners. In many cases, we are able to increase payment terms by 32 days over the industry standard, reducing total cost of procurement and easing cash flow pressures. We can also schedule inventory shipments over twelve months, which can significantly reduce total cost of ownership.
Ethical. Through our rigorous supplier and inspection processes and seizure of non-conforming materials, we help our partners save by reducing the component-related cost of poor quality (COPQ). To date, we have protected over 2,000 end customers from non-conforming product. At the same time, this allows us to preserve the integrity of over 500 original component manufacturers (OCMs).
LEAD defines our core values. It isn't just a motto on the wall; it is how we do business. It is an integrated part of our recruitment and retention efforts, and a part of every team meeting and new employee training. Our team lives these values every day, and they dovetail perfectly with our code of conduct.
Loyal. We believe in doing what is right. We treat colleagues and partners with respect and inspire trust by aligning our words with our behaviors and actions.
Enterprising. We hold initiative, creativity, and personal responsibility in the highest regard. We work together, leveraging our individual and collective resources to solve the challenges faced by our company and our partners.
Adaptable. We thrive by listening to and learning from our business partners and each other. We rely on meaningful collaboration to achieve success and approach each and every challenge as an opportunity to deliver exceptional value.We value determination, innovation, and relentless dedication to our team and our mission while fostering a family spirit of connectedness that fuels us to be our best.
Determined. We value determination, innovation, and relentless dedication to our team and our mission while fostering a family spirit of connectedness that fuels us to be our best.
Electronics component management is a complex, time-consuming process. You need a partner who can not only supply board-level electronic components but who can also manage the procurement process, ensuring that the components you receive are of the highest quality and lowest total cost. We are a resource you can count on to help you manage the process efficiently and cost-effectively. We'd appreciate the opportunity to earn your trust and demonstrate our value to your procurement team. Please contact us to start the conversation.
" SAFE, our code of conduct, and LEAD, our core values, not only define our business philosophy, but are embedded into our component management systems. "


Vintaged Bar + Grill is a showcase of Queensland's world-class produce. A unique and interactive dining experience, Vintaged is a haven for meat lovers and wine connoisseurs alike. Enjoy a modern Australian menu that has been prepared simply with elements of surprise hidden in each dish. Choose your ideal cut of meat or the freshest of seafood which will be cooked to perfection and matched perfectly with a glass of wine that has been expertly selected from the custom designed Wine Room.
The black hardwood floor flows from the restaurant out to the vibrant, open Vintaged Bar. Premium spirits and seasonal ingredients, including freshly squeezed citrus juice, take centre stage, reinforcing the Vintaged emphasis on fresh produce and presentation perfection.
The cocktail menu blends old and new, featuring Vintaged classics alongside carefully crafted cocktails that nod to the modern transformation of this iconic hotel. Or indulge in a craft beer or quality wine from The Wine Room.
For the sweet tooth, the popular Vintaged high tea is served daily. Reservations are recommended but not essential. Tea, coffee and light refreshments are also served from opening to close.
Vintaged Bar + Grill is at the forefront of Queensland's world-class produce and culinary expertise, showcasing the best Australia and Queensland has to offer. Choose your ideal serve of properly aged beef from the dry age case and have it cooked to order on the open grill.
To perfectly complement your meal visit the Wine Room, a wine-lover's paradise. Browse the extensive collection and select by the glass or bottle from a hand-picked collection of the finest Australian wines. Take a seat at the wine table and sip, learn and taste as our expertly trained team takes you through the best we have to offer. Private dining is also available.
For more information, view www.vintagedbarandgrill.com.
No one does breakfast quite like Brisbane and our award-winning restaurant Vintaged Bar + Grill. Brisbane is a burgeoning city renowned for its fresh approach to breakfast, and the Vintaged breakfast is one not to be missed, featuring fresh seasonal produce utilized in the simplest of ways, coupled with presentation perfection.
Prepare for the day ahead with a choice of home-style inspired a la carte dishes or a plentiful buffet, complete with fresh eggs made to order, freshly baked pastries and breads, and all your breakfast favorites.
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text:
\section{Introduction}
} \else {}\fi

Many theories of physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) predict the presence of new high-mass states which can currently only be produced in the high-energy collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
One powerful experimental signature of these new states is a resonance in the diphoton invariant mass spectrum, as this final state provides excellent invariant mass resolution which can be used to separate the signal from the SM background processes.

This Letter presents a search for new high-mass resonances decaying into two photons using 139~\ifb\ of $\sqrt{s}=13$~\TeV\ proton--proton ($pp$) collision data recorded by the ATLAS detector from 2015 to 2018 at the LHC.
This analysis searches for a generic resonance using two benchmark signal models: a spin-0 resonant state ($X$), which is predicted by many models that include extensions to the Higgs sector~\cite{Lee:1973iz,Hill:1987ea,Veltman:1989vw,Binoth:1996au,Schabinger:2005ei,Patt:2006fw,Pruna:2013bma}; and a spin-2 graviton ($G^{*}$), taken here to be the lightest Kaluza--Klein (KK)~\cite{Appelquist:1987nr} excitation in a Randall--Sundrum model~\cite{Randall:1999ee,Randall:1999vf} with one warped extra dimension (RS1).
Previous searches for high-mass diphoton resonances using the 2015--2016 $pp$ collision data have been reported by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations~\cite{HIGG-2016-17,CMS-EXO-17-017}.
Modifications with respect to the analysis in Ref.~\cite{HIGG-2016-17} include a common event selection for the spin-0 and spin-2 resonance searches, the use of the functional decomposition method~\cite{Edgar:2018irz} to assess the spurious-signal uncertainty, and updates to the photon reconstruction, identification, isolation and energy calibration.

This search uses functional forms to describe the signal and background components in a fit of the diphoton invariant mass spectrum, $m_{\gamma\gamma}$, to determine the signal yield.
In the absence of a significant signal excess, limits are placed on the production cross-section times branching ratio, $\sigma \times B(X\rightarrow \gamma\gamma)$. For the spin-0 case, the limits are computed in terms of the fiducial cross-section, defined as the product of the cross-section times the branching ratio to two photons within a fiducial acceptance which closely follows the selection criteria applied to the reconstructed data. In the spin-2 analysis, limits are instead placed on the total cross-section times branching ratio to the two-photon final state.
These limits are provided as a function of resonance mass and width in the spin-0 search and as a function of graviton mass and coupling \kMpl\ for the spin-2 resonance search.
As the graviton natural width is related to the coupling via $\Gamma_{G^{*}}=1.44(\kMpl)^2\mG$, the graviton is expected to be a narrow resonance~\cite{Davoudiasl:1999jd} for the couplings considered in this search, i.e.\ \kMpl\ < 0.1.

\ifnum\value{num}>0 {
\section{ATLAS detector}
} \else {}\fi

\newcommand{\AtlasCoordFootnote}{
ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP)
in the centre of the detector and the \(z\)-axis along the beam pipe.
The \(x\)-axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring,
and the \(y\)-axis points upwards.
Cylindrical coordinates \((r,\phi)\) are used in the transverse plane,
\(\phi\) being the azimuthal angle around the \(z\)-axis.
The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle \(\theta\) as \(\eta = -\ln \tan(\theta/2)\).
Angular distance is measured in units of \(\Delta R \equiv \sqrt{(\Delta\eta)^{2} + (\Delta\phi)^{2}}\).}

The ATLAS experiment~\cite{PERF-2007-01, ATLAS-TDR-2010-19, PIX-2018-001} at the LHC is a multipurpose particle detector
with a forward--backward symmetric cylindrical geometry and a near \(4\pi\) coverage in
solid angle.\footnote{\AtlasCoordFootnote}
It consists of an inner tracking detector surrounded by a thin superconducting solenoid
providing a \SI{2}{\tesla} axial magnetic field, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, and a muon spectrometer.
The inner tracking detector covers the pseudorapidity range \(|\eta| < 2.5\).
It consists of silicon pixel, silicon microstrip, and transition radiation tracking detectors.
Lead/liquid-argon (LAr) sampling calorimeters provide electromagnetic (EM) energy measurements
with high granularity.
A hadron sampling calorimeter made of steel and scintillator tiles covers the central pseudorapidity range (\(|\eta| < 1.7\)).
The endcap and forward regions are instrumented with LAr calorimeters
for EM and hadronic energy measurements up to \(|\eta| = 4.9\).
The muon spectrometer surrounds the calorimeters and is based on
three large air-core toroidal superconducting magnets with eight coils each.
The field integral of the toroids ranges between \num{2.0} and \SI{6.0}{\tesla\metre}
across most of the detector.
A two-level trigger system is used to select events.
The first-level trigger is implemented in hardware and uses a subset of the detector information
to keep the accepted rate below \SI{100}{\kHz}.
A software-based trigger reduces the accepted event rate
to an average of \SI{1}{\kHz} depending on the data-taking conditions.

\ifnum\value{num}>0 {\section{Data and simulated event samples}
} \else {}\fi

The search is carried out using the $\sqrt{s} = 13$~\TeV\ $pp$ collision dataset with a bunch spacing of \SI{25}{\ns} collected from 2015 to 2018, with stable beam conditions and all ATLAS subsystems operational, which corresponds to an integrated luminosity of $139.0\pm2.4~\ifb$~\cite{ATLAS-CONF-2019-021}.
The data were recorded using a diphoton trigger that required two electromagnetic clusters with transverse energies \ET\ above 35 and 25~\GeV, respectively, both fulfilling photon identification criteria based on shower shapes in the electromagnetic calorimeter.
The efficiency of the diphoton trigger with respect to the full event selection is above 99\% for 2015--2016 and above 98\% for 2017--2018~\cite{TRIG-2018-05}.

Simulated Monte Carlo (MC) events are used to optimize the analysis selections and characterize the signal and background.
Interference effects between the resonant signal and all background processes are expected to be small for a narrow-width signal and are neglected in this analysis to keep it as model-independent as possible.

To model the spin-0 resonance signals, MC samples were generated for a hypothetical resonance mass \mX\ in the range 200--3000~\GeV\ assuming a decay width \GX\ of 4~\MeV\ to describe a hypothetical resonance in the narrow-width approximation (NWA). Four production modes were generated to assess the model dependence of the fiducial selection.
The gluon--gluon fusion (ggF) samples were generated at next-to-leading order (NLO) in pQCD using \MGNLO~\cite{Alwall:2014hca}, with a set-up matching that described in Ref.~\cite{HIGG-2016-17}.
Vector-boson fusion (VBF) samples were generated at NLO in pQCD with \POWHEGBOX v2~\cite{Nason:2004rx,Frixione:2007vw,Alioli:2010xd} interfaced with \PYTHIA[8]~\cite{Sjostrand:2014zea} using the CT10 parton distribution function (PDF) set~\cite{Lai:2010vv} and the AZNLO tune~\cite{STDM-2012-23} of the parameter values.
Simulated samples for production of a scalar resonance in association with a vector boson or $t\bar{t}$ pair were generated at leading order (LO) in pQCD with \PYTHIA[8] using the NNPDF23LO PDF set~\cite{Ball:2012cx} and the A14 tune~\cite{ATL-PHYS-PUB-2014-021}.
Additional gluon--gluon fusion samples were produced for various fixed decay widths, ranging from 4~\MeV\ up to 10\% of \mX.

To model the spin-2 resonance signals, MC samples incorporating the RS1 model were generated at LO in pQCD using \PYTHIA[8] with the NNPDF23LO PDF set and the A14 tune, with masses \mG\ in the range 500--5000~\GeV\ and fixed coupling values \kMpl\ ranging from 0.01 to 0.1.

The irreducible background in this search, coming from events with two prompt photons, was simulated using the \SHERPA~\cite{Gleisberg:2008ta,Bothmann:2019yzt} event generator, version 2.2.4.
Matrix elements were calculated with up to one additional parton at NLO and with two or three partons at LO in pQCD and merged with the \SHERPA parton-shower simulation using the ME+PS@NLO prescription~\cite{Hoeche:2011fd,Hoeche:2012yf,Catani:2001cc,Hoeche:2009rj}.
The NNPDF3.0 NNLO PDF set~\cite{Ball:2014uwa} was used in conjunction with a dedicated parton-shower tune in the \SHERPA generator.

The effects of multiple $pp$ interactions in the same bunch crossing as the hard scatter and in neighbouring ones are included using simulated events generated with \PYTHIA[8]. Simulated events were weighted to reproduce the distribution of the average number of interactions per bunch crossing observed in data.

All simulated signal events were processed using a full simulation of the ATLAS detector~\cite{SOFT-2010-01} based on $\GEANT$~\cite{Agostinelli:2002hh}.
The background $\gamma\gamma$ events were processed using a fast simulation of the ATLAS detector~\cite{ATL-PHYS-PUB-2010-013}, where the full simulation of the calorimeter is replaced with a parameterization of the calorimeter response.
All simulated events were reconstructed with the same reconstruction algorithms as those used for data.

\ifnum\value{num}>0 {\section{Object and event selection}
} \else {}\fi

Photon candidates are reconstructed from topological clusters of energy deposits in the EM calorimeter and calibrated as described in Ref.~\cite{EGAM-2018-01}.
The event selection requires at least two photon candidates with $\ET> 25$~\GeV\ and $|\eta|< 2.37$, excluding the barrel-to-endcap transition regions of the calorimeter, $1.37 <|\eta|< 1.52$. The two highest-\ET\ photons and additional information from the tracking systems are used to identify the diphoton production vertex~\cite{HIGG-2013-08}.

To reduce the background from jets, photon candidates are required to fulfil \emph{tight} identification criteria based on shower shapes in the EM calorimeter and energy leakage into the hadronic calorimeter~\cite{EGAM-2018-01}. A looser identification is considered for background estimations that benefit from a larger sample size. The \emph{tight} identification is optimized in sub-ranges of photon \ET\ and $|\eta|$ to have an identification efficiency greater than 90\% for the \ET\ range considered in this analysis.
The calorimeter isolation transverse energy \ETiso\ is required to be smaller than $0.022\ET + 2.45$~\gev, where \ETiso\ is defined as the sum of transverse energies of the positive-energy topological clusters~\cite{PERF-2014-07} within a cone of size $\Delta R = 0.4$ around the photon candidate. The core of the photon shower is excluded, and \ETiso\ is corrected for the leakage of the photon shower into the isolation cone. The contributions from the underlying event and pile-up are subtracted using the techniques described in Refs.~\cite{Cacciari:area,Cacciari:UE}. The track isolation is defined as the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of tracks with $\pT > 1$~\GeV\ which satisfy some loose track-quality criteria, are not associated with a photon conversion and originate from the diphoton production vertex in a $\Delta R=0.2$ cone around the photon candidate. It is required to be less than $0.05\ET$.

The diphoton invariant mass \mgg\ is evaluated using the energies of the leading- and subleading-\ET\ photons, their separation $\Delta\phi$ in azimuthal angle and $\Delta\eta$ in pseudorapidity determined from their positions in the calorimeter, and the position of the diphoton production vertex.
Additional kinematic requirements are placed on the photon \ET\ relative to the diphoton invariant mass: the leading photon must have $\ET/\mgg>0.3$ and the subleading photon must satisfy $\ET/\mgg>0.25$.
These requirements were optimized to retain improved significance with respect to Ref.~\cite{HIGG-2016-17} while allowing the analysis to have a unified selection for the spin-0 and spin-2 models.
For the spin-0 model, the new selections result in a slightly worse expected limit for the NWA scalar models below 700~\GeV\ but up to 30\% better expected limits above.
For the spin-2 model, these updated selections lead to an improvement in the expected limit by 15\% to 50\% depending on \mG\ for masses up to 2 TeV.

In total, 433\,919 data events with $\mgg > 150$~\GeV\ are selected.

The fiducial volume for the spin-0 interpretation is defined by requiring two photons at generator level with $|\eta|<2.37$, and $\ET/\mgg>0.3$ and $\ET/\mgg>0.25$ for the leading and subleading photons, respectively. The particle isolation, defined as the scalar sum of \pT\ of all the stable particles (except neutrinos) found within a $\Delta R=0.4$ cone around the photon direction, is required to be less than $0.05\ET + 6$~\GeV.

\ifnum\value{num}>0 {\section{Signal modelling}
}
\else {}\fi

Parametric models of the diphoton invariant mass distributions of the signal are used to test for different resonance masses and \GX\ or \kMpl. The detector resolution is modelled by a double-sided Crystal Ball (DSCB) function~\cite{HIGG-2014-04, Oreglia:1980cs}, with parameters expressed as a function of \mX.
The DSCB function is convolved with the true lineshape, which is parameterized as the product of a relativistic Breit--Wigner (BW) function and mass-dependent factors accounting for the parton luminosity and the matrix elements of the processes. This convolution is performed independently for the spin-0 and spin-2 models.
The lineshapes for the spin-0 model are derived from the functional forms defined in the \MGNLO\ MC simulation of the ggF process, where a BW function of width \GX\ is combined with a mass-dependent gluon--gluon luminosity functional form.
The lineshapes for the spin-2 model are derived from the functional forms defined in the \PYTHIA[8] MC simulation of the RS1 model~\cite{Bijnens:2001gh}, where a BW function of width $1.44(\kMpl)^{2}\mG$ is combined with mass-dependent gluon--gluon and quark--antiquark luminosity functional forms.

\ifnum\value{num}>0 {\section{Background estimates}
} \else {}\fi

The unified spin-0 and spin-2 search selections in this analysis allow the use of a common background modelling procedure.
The largest background component comes from the non-resonant production of photon pairs ($\gamma \gamma$ events); smaller backgrounds come from events containing a photon and a jet ($\gamma j$ events) and events with two jets ($jj$ events), where the jets are misidentified as photons.
The relative contribution of these processes is determined using the two-dimensional sideband method described in Ref.~\cite{STDM-2012-05} and shown in Figure~\ref{fig:decomp_result}.
The overall $\gamma \gamma$ purity of the selected events increases with \mgg\ from around 89\% at 150--200~\GeV\ to around 97\% above 400~\GeV\ with an uncertainty of 0.5--3\%.
No significant difference in purity is seen between the LHC data-taking periods, and the remaining background is dominated by $\gamma j$ events.

\begin{figure}[hbpt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{fig_01.pdf}
\caption{Diphoton invariant mass distributions of the data after event selection and their decomposition into contributions from genuine diphoton ($\gamma\gamma$), photon+jet ($\gamma j$ and $j\gamma$) and dijet ($jj$) events as determined using the two-dimensional sideband method. The bottom panel shows the sample's purity in diphoton events. Each point in the distributions is plotted in the centre of the corresponding bin. The total uncertainties, including statistical and systematic components added in quadrature, are shown as error bars.}
\label{fig:decomp_result}
\end{figure}

The analytic form of the continuum background is determined by fitting a template built from reconstructed \SHERPA $\gamma\gamma$ MC events and $\gamma j$ events derived from a dedicated data control region where the photon identification requirements are inverted.
The diphoton invariant mass distribution is fitted in the range above 150~\GeV. The lower value of the range is chosen to allow for enough events in the \mgg\ side-bands to ensure a good description by the analytic form, while the upper value of the range is chosen such as the procedure remains stable in injection tests .
The search region for a resonant signal covers the region 160--3000~\GeV\ for a NWA spin-0 resonance, 400--2800~\GeV\ for a wide spin-0 resonance, and 500--2800~\GeV\ for a graviton resonance.
The procedure described in Ref.~\cite{HIGG-2013-08} is used to ensure that the chosen analytic function is flexible enough to model any potential variations in the background template. The analytic form is chosen from the family of functions previously used to describe the diphoton invariant mass spectrum~\cite{HIGG-2016-08}. Additional background templates are constructed from variations due to the uncertainties in the measured background composition, shape of the $\gamma j$ component and theoretical uncertainties such as the choice of PDF and the variation of renormalization and factorization scales.
The function with the fewest degrees of freedom that maintains enough flexibility to model all variations of the template shape is chosen, and it takes the form
\begin{eqnarray}
f(x;b,a_0,a_1) = N (1-x^{1/3})^{b} x^{a_0 + a_1 \textrm{log}(x)}
\label{eqn:powlog1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $N$, $b$, $a_0$, $a_1$ are free parameters and $x = \mgg/\sqrt{s}$.

Fits to these background templates are used to estimate the bias due to this choice of analytic function; any fitted signal yield is considered as a `spurious-signal' systematic uncertainty.
Up to masses of 2~\TeV\ this uncertainty is dominated by the statistical fluctuations of the background template due to the limited number of generated MC events, leading to fluctuations that are significant compared to the expected statistical uncertainty on the data.
To suppress the impact of these fluctuations, each background template is smoothed using the functional decomposition (FD) method~\cite{Edgar:2018irz}. This method uses a linear combination of orthonormal exponential functions to fit a background template and the fit result is binned and used as a smoothed template for the spurious-signal determination only.

To illustrate the FD process, an example fit to a pseudo-experiment and the resulting spurious-signal uncertainty is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:fd_pseudoexperiment}.
This pseudo-experiment dataset is generated from the functional form given in Eq.~(\ref{eqn:powlog1}), where the parameters are determined by fitting simulated $\gamma\gamma$ events.
First, the FD method is used to fit the pseudo-experiment, resulting in a smoothed FD template; this template and the pseudo-experiment are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fd_pexp}.
The spurious-signal estimated by fitting the smoothed FD template with the signal-plus-background model has fewer fluctuations and a smaller amplitude than the one estimated by fitting the unsmoothed template as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fd_comp}: it can be larger than 50\% of the statistical uncertainty with the unsmoothed template while it decreases from 40\% at 160~\GeV\ to 20\% at 500~\GeV\ and less than 10\% above 1~\TeV\ with the smoothed template.
To verify that the smoothing maintains the underlying shape of the $m_{\gamma\gamma}$ distribution, this process is repeated for an ensemble of pseudo-experiments and the mean number of extracted signal events is compared between the smoothed and unsmoothed templates. The resulting bias in the determination of the spurious-signal uncertainty, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fd_ensemble}, agrees between the unsmoothed and smoothed template ensembles and is found to be much smaller than the uncertainty from a single pseudo-experiment. It should be noted that the mean spurious-signal is not exactly equal to 0 because of the limited number of pseudo-experiments.
Finally, by using this smoothed template approach, an improved description of the spurious-signal uncertainty is obtained, leading to an improvement of 2--28\% in the expected sensitivity of this search as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fd_fidlim}.

\begin{figure}[hbpt]
\centering
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\columnwidth]{fig_02a.pdf}\label{fig:fd_pexp}}
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\columnwidth]{fig_02b.pdf}\label{fig:fd_comp}} \\
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\columnwidth]{fig_02c.pdf}\label{fig:fd_ensemble}}
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\columnwidth]{fig_02d.pdf}\label{fig:fd_fidlim}}
\caption{An illustration of the smoothing method used to determine the spurious-signal systematic uncertainty.
(a) An example FD fit to the $\mgg$ spectrum of a pseudo-experiment dataset generated from the functional form fit to simulated $\gamma\gamma$ events.
(b) Number of spurious-signal events relative to the statistical uncertainty of the input dataset calculated using signal-plus-background fits to the input dataset (black) and the smoothed FD template (red).
The background function used in these fits is the same function used to generate the pseudo-experiment dataset, and the variance of the unsmoothed template highlights the role of the number of events in the MC sample in the systematic uncertainty determination.
(c) Mean of the relative spurious-signal calculated by repeating the signal-plus-background fits on a large ensemble of pseudo-experiments and the FD smoothed templates. The shaded area indicates the size of the spurious-signal uncertainty from the single smoothed template pseudo-experiment of Fig.~\ref{fig:fd_comp}.
(d) The effect of the reduced systematic uncertainty on the expected fiducial cross-section limits for the NWA spin-0 signal hypothesis. The use of smoothed templates leads to a limit improvement of 2--28\%.}
\label{fig:fd_pseudoexperiment}
\end{figure}

The spurious-signal uncertainty for this background function choice is 40--10\% of the statistical uncertainty of the fitted signal yield for NWA signals with masses ranging from 160~\GeV\ to 3000~\GeV.
This uncertainty increases to 70--20\% for wider signals with masses ranging from 400~\GeV\ to 2800~\GeV.

\ifnum\value{num}>0 {\section{Statistical procedure}
} \else {}\fi

The statistical analysis of the data uses binned maximum-likelihood fits of the \mgg\ distribution. The systematic uncertainties listed in Table~\ref{tab:systs} are accounted for in the fits by using nuisance parameters constrained by Gaussian penalty terms in the likelihood function.
They include the experimental uncertainties in the luminosity determination, pile-up profile, trigger efficiency, and photon identification and reconstruction.
Additional systematic uncertainties in the signal shape come from the uncertainties in the photon energy resolution and scale.
For the spin-0 model, the correction factors inside the fiducial volume, used to compute the limit on the fiducial cross-section, are determined using gluon–gluon fusion MC events. They are compared with the ones computed for the other production modes, leading to a small mass-dependent systematic uncertainty in the signal yield.

A local $p$-value ($p_{0}$) for the background-only hypothesis is calculated using the asymptotic approximation~\cite{Cowan:2010js}. Global significance values are computed using background-only pseudo-experiments to account for the trial factors because the searches scan both the signal mass and a range of width (coupling) hypotheses. For these calculations, a maximum-likelihood fit is performed on each pseudo-experiment with the signal mass, width, and signal rate as free parameters within a specific search range. For the spin-0 case, the search ranges are defined to be $\mX = [400,\,2800]$~\GeV\ and $\Gamma_{X}/m_{X} = [0,\,10] \%$; the spin-2 case is restricted to the ranges $\mG = [500,\,2800]$~\GeV\ and $\kMpl = [0.01,\,0.1]$.

In the absence of a signal, the expected and observed 95\% confidence level (CL) exclusion limits on the cross-section times branching ratio to two photons are computed using a modified frequentist approach CL$_{\textrm{s}}$~\cite{Junk:1999kv,Read:2002hq}, assuming the asymptotic approximation for the test-statistic distribution. In regions where very few events are observed and the expected signal yield is also small, the asymptotic approximation is found to deviate from the limits based on pseudo-experiments.
To account for this effect, for masses greater than 1000~\GeV, pseudo-experiments are used to verify the expected and observed limits, and used in place of the asymptotic limit where differences are observed.

For the spin-2 model, the limits on the total production cross-section can be translated into a lower limit on the graviton mass. For that purpose the spin-2 exclusion limits are extended up to $\mG = 5000$~\GeV\ for all coupling hypotheses.

\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Summary of the systematic uncertainties. The mass-dependent values are highlighted with a star $\ast$ and are given for signal masses between 160 and 2800~\GeV\ unless stated otherwise.}
\label{tab:systs}
\vspace{0.2cm}
\begin{threeparttable}
\def1.2{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{lclc}
\hline\hline
\multicolumn{4}{c}{\em Signal yield}  \\
\hline
Luminosity               & $\pm 1.7 \%$~~~ & Trigger & $\pm 0.5  \%$~~~ \\
Photon identification    & $\pm 0.5 \%$~~~ & Photon isolation & $\pm 1.5 \%$~~~ \\
Photon energy scale/resolution      & negligible & Pile-up reweighting\tnote{$\ast$} & ~~~$\pm$(2--0.2)\%  \\
Spin-0 production process\tnote{$\ast$}  & $\pm$(7--3)\%  & & \\
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{c}{\em Signal modelling\tnote{$\ast$}}                                                                                \\
\hline
Photon energy resolution & $^{+14\%}_{-9.3\%}$ -- $^{+51\%}_{-29\%}$ & &  \\
Photon energy scale & $\pm$(0.5--0.6)\% & & \\
Pile-up reweighting  & negligible & &  \\
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{c}{\em Spurious-signal, Spin-0$^{\ast}$}                                                                                \\
\hline
NWA                  & \multicolumn{3}{l}{114--0.04 events ($\mX=160$--2800~\gev)} \\
$\Gamma_X/\mX = 2\%$  & \multicolumn{3}{l}{107--0.14 events ($\mX=400$--2800~\gev)} \\
$\Gamma_X/\mX = 6\%$  & \multicolumn{3}{l}{223--0.38 events ($\mX=400$--2800~\gev)} \\
$\Gamma_X/\mX = 10\%$ & \multicolumn{3}{l}{437--0.50 events ($\mX=400$--2800~\gev)} \\
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{c}{\em Spurious-signal, Spin-2$^{\ast}$}                                                                                \\
\hline
$\kMpl = 0.01$       & \multicolumn{3}{l}{4.71--0.04 events ($\mG=500$--2800~\gev)}  \\
$\kMpl = 0.05$       & \multicolumn{3}{l}{19.0--0.09 events ($\mG=500$--2800~\gev)}  \\
$\kMpl = 0.1$        & \multicolumn{3}{l}{31.2--0.20 events ($\mG=500$--2800~\gev)}  \\
\hline \hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\item[$\ast$] mass-dependent
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\ifnum\value{num}>0 {\section{Results}
} \else {}\fi

The diphoton invariant mass distribution of the events passing the selection is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:BkgOnlyFitData}, along with the background-only fit. The highest-mass diphoton candidate selected in data has a mass of 2.36~\TeV.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.60\textwidth]{fig_03.pdf}
\caption{Background-only fit to the data (black dots) as a function of the diphoton invariant mass \mgg with several generic narrow-width signal shapes overlaid (dotted lines), scaled to 10 times the value of the corresponding expected upper limit at 95\% CL on the fiducial cross-section times branching ratio, with pole masses of $\mX = 0.4$, 1 and 2~\TeV. The normalized residuals between the data and the fit are shown in the bottom panel with $\sigma$ denoting only the statistical error of the data. There is no data event with $\mgg > 2.36$~\TeV. }
\label{fig:BkgOnlyFitData}
\end{figure}

The probability of compatibility with the background-only hypothesis, quantified with the local $p$-value expressed in standard deviations, is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:2Dp0} as a function of the hypothesized resonance mass and width.
The most significant excess is observed for a mass of $\simeq 684~\GeV$ for the spin-0 NWA model and for the spin-2 $\kMpl=0.01$ model, corresponding to a $3.29\,\sigma$ local significance. The corresponding global significance is $1.30\,\sigma$ and $1.36\,\sigma$ for the two models, respectively.

The observed and expected limits, shown in Figure~\ref{fig:1Dlimits} for two values of the signal width, are in good agreement, consistent with the absence of a signal.

The observed limits for different masses and different values of $\Gamma_X/\mX$ or \kMpl\ are summarized in Table~\ref{tab:results}.
For all signals considered in this analysis, the largest single improvement in the limits with respect to Ref.~\cite{HIGG-2016-17} comes from the increased integrated luminosity.
The RS1 model is excluded for \mG\ below 2.2, 3.9 and 4.5~\TeV\ for \kMpl\ values of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1, respectively.

\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Summary of the observed upper limits on the fiducial and the total production cross-section times branching ratio to two photons for the spin-0 and spin-2 models, respectively.}
\label{tab:results}
\vspace{0.2cm}
\def1.2{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\hline\hline
\multicolumn{3}{c}{\em Spin-0}                                                                                \\
\hline
\mX                  & ~~~400~\GeV        & ~~~2800~\GeV \\
NWA                  & 1.1~fb          & 0.03~fb \\
$\Gamma_X/\mX = 2\%$  & 2.5~fb          & 0.03~fb \\
$\Gamma_X/\mX = 6\%$  & 4.4~fb          & 0.03~fb \\
$\Gamma_X/\mX = 10\%$ & 8.3~fb          & 0.04~fb \\
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{c}{\em Spin-2}                                                                                \\
\hline
\mG                & ~~~500~\GeV  & ~~~5000~\GeV \\
$\kMpl = 0.01$       & 1.9~fb  & 0.04~fb \\
$\kMpl = 0.05$       & 2.3~fb  & 0.04~fb \\
$\kMpl = 0.1$        & 3.2~fb  & 0.04~fb \\
\hline \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{fig_04a.pdf}}
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{fig_04b.pdf}}
\caption{Probability of compatibility, in terms of local $p_{0}$ quantified in standard deviations $\sigma$, with the background-only hypothesis as a function of (a) the assumed signal mass \mX\ and relative width \GX/\mX\ for the spin-0 resonance search and (b) the assumed signal mass \mG\ and \kMpl\ for the spin-2 resonance search.}
\label{fig:2Dp0}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{fig_05a.pdf}}
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{fig_05b.pdf}}
\caption{The expected and observed upper limits at 95\% CL on (a) the fiducial and (b) the total production cross-section times branching ratio to two photons of (a) a NWA spin-0 resonance as a function of its mass \mX\ and (b) the lightest KK graviton as a function of its mass \mG\ for $\kMpl = 0.1$. For masses greater than 1000~\GeV, pseudo-experiments are used to verify the expected and observed limits, and used in place of the asymptotic limit where differences are observed.
Cross-section predictions for the RS1 model are shown in (b), where the grey band illustrates the PDF uncertainty.
}
\label{fig:1Dlimits}
\end{figure}

\FloatBarrier

\ifnum\value{num}>0 {
\section{Conclusion}
} \else {}\fi

Searches for new resonances in high-mass diphoton final states with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC are presented. The searches use the full LHC Run 2 proton--proton collision dataset at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 13$~\TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139~\ifb. The analyses are optimized to search for spin-0 resonances with masses above 200~\GeV\ and for spin-2 resonances predicted by the Randall--Sundrum model with masses above 500~\GeV.

The data are consistent with the Standard Model background expectation. In the spin-0 resonance search, the observed 95\% CL upper limits on the fiducial cross-section times branching ratio for a narrow-width signal range from 12.5~fb at 160~\GeV\ to about 0.03~fb at 2800~\GeV. In the spin-2 resonance search, the observed limits on the total cross-section times branching ratio for $\kMpl = 0.1$ range from 3.2~fb to about 0.04~fb for a graviton mass between 500 and 5000~\GeV, and the RS1 graviton is excluded for masses below 4500~\GeV\ for this coupling hypothesis.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the
support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be
operated efficiently.

We acknowledge the support of
ANPCyT, Argentina;
YerPhI, Armenia;
ARC, Australia;
BMWFW and FWF, Austria;
ANAS, Azerbaijan;
SSTC, Belarus;
CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil;
NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada;
CERN;
ANID, Chile;
CAS, MOST and NSFC, China;
Minciencias, Colombia;
MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic;
DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark;
IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France;
SRNSFG, Georgia;
BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany;
GSRI, Greece;
RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China;
ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel;
INFN, Italy;
MEXT and JSPS, Japan;
CNRST, Morocco;
NWO, Netherlands;
RCN, Norway;
MNiSW and NCN, Poland;
FCT, Portugal;
MNE/IFA, Romania;
JINR;
MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation;
MESTD, Serbia;
MSSR, Slovakia;
ARRS and MIZ\v{S}, Slovenia;
DSI/NRF, South Africa;
MICINN, Spain;
SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden;
SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland;
MOST, Taiwan;
TAEK, Turkey;
STFC, United Kingdom;
DOE and NSF, United States of America.
In addition, individual groups and members have received support from
BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada and CRC, Canada;
COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sk{\l}odowska-Curie Actions, European Union;
Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France;
DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany;
Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece;
BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel;
Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021, Norway;
La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain;
G\"{o}ran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden;
The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref.~\cite{ATL-SOFT-PUB-2021-003}.

\printbibliography

\clearpage \input{atlas_authlist}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


In celebration of International Education Week, The Forum is pleased to announce the 2018 recipient of the Award for Excellence in Education Abroad Curriculum Design: Markus Crepaz of the University of Georgia, for his course "The Politics of Development," which is part of UGA's South Africa Study Abroad Program in Stellenbosch.
It is a great honor for the University of Georgia that Professor Markus Crepaz has been selected as this year's recipient of The Forum's Award for Excellence in Education Abroad Curriculum Design. The program in Stellenbosch, South Africa, integrates substantive core classes with a unique after-school program in the Kayamandi Township on the outskirts of Stellenbosch, thereby bridging the gap between theory and praxis, as our students become fully engaged in meaningful and impactful service learning projects. Markus's work underscores the fact that the faculty-led programs at UGA are underpinned by our firm commitment to curriculum innovation and academic rigor.
The course, which has run for ten years, has strong ties to Stellenbosch University and to local NGO, Vision Afrika, enabling the students to form connections to the local community in an intentional way, with an emphasis on best practices service learning.
The Forum's Award for Excellence in Curriculum Design honors instructors who develop and implement innovative and effective education abroad curricula. It is the education abroad field's only award presented to an individual or group of individuals for excellence in the design of an education abroad course. By recognizing the outstanding efforts of instructors who are committed to the Standards of Good Practice for Education Abroad, The Forum hopes to inspire the field to strive for enrichment of education abroad curricula, and to continually reflect on how to best encourage student learning abroad.
The award will be presented at The Forum's 15th Annual Conference, Broadening the Circle of Education Abroad, in Denver on March 29, 2019, where Professor Crepaz will present a session about the course.


text:
Daily Trade Alert
Buffett Tracker
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Jason Fieber's FIRE Fund
Dave Van Knapp's Dividend Growth Portfolio
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We're Buying This Stock on Tuesday, February 12
by Mike Nadel, Daily Trade Alert • February 9, 2019
About two years ago, one of India's government officials opined that oil-powered cars were on the way out in his nation of 1.3 billion people.
Speaking at the Confederation of Indian Industry Annual Session 2017, Piyush Goyal, then the country's coal and mines minister, said:
"The idea is that by 2030, not a single petrol or diesel car should be sold in the country."
Understandably, such a statement from a leader of one of the world's largest nations caused some raised eyebrows … and it also caused some sweaty palms for those who work or invest in "Big Oil."
A few months later, however, Babul Supriyo, India's minister of state for heavy industry, contradicted his countryman:
"There are, at present, no plans under consideration of the Department of Heavy Industry to make all vehicles in the country powered by electricity by 2030."
In a world that is increasingly affected by global warming, getting rid of vehicles that run on oil might sound like a great idea … but great ideas are not always realistic, especially in the near term.
In an October 2018 New York Times article about the future of oil, David Sealock, chief executive of Canadian oil company Petroteq, said:
"The need for hydrocarbons has always been there and will always be there."
Now, I'm not certain of the accuracy of that proclamation on the other extreme, either. Always is a long time!
What I'm fairly certain of is that it is viable to invest in one of the world's top oil producers without worrying that "black gold" will disappear (or even wane) in the next decade or more.
So I feel pretty good about selecting Chevron (CVX) as the next company to join DTA's Income Builder Portfolio.
Come Tuesday, Feb. 12, I will execute an order on Daily Trade Alert's behalf for about $1,000 worth of Chevron shares.
CVX will be the IBP's first holding from the Energy sector, and it will give the portfolio 24 positions.
Here is how Morningstar Investment Research Center describes Chevron's business:
Chevron is an integrated energy company with exploration, production, and refining operations worldwide. Chevron is the second-largest oil company in the United States with production of 2.7 million of barrels of oil equivalent a day, including 6.0 million cubic feet a day of natural gas and 1.7 million of barrels of liquids a day. Production activities take place in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Its refineries are located in the United States, South Africa, and Asia for total refining capacity of 1.7 million barrels of oil a day. Proven reserves at year-end 2017 stood at 11.7 billion barrels of oil equivalent, including 6.5 billion barrels of liquids and 30.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
Like every other oil company, Chevron struggled mightily as the price of the commodity plummeted from 2014-16 due primarily to oversupply.
The situation adversely affected everything about Chevron's business — earnings, revenues and free cash flow.
The oil crash led CVX to do some serious belt-tightening, and when oil prices recovered, the company's bottom line improved dramatically.
The following image from FAST Graphs shows how Chevron's free cash flow practically fell off the face of the earth but then recovered (red circled area).
Through it all, Chevron continued to be considered a high-quality company, with a credit rating of AA from Standard & Poor's, a Financial Strength score of A++ from Value Line and an Exemplary stewardship rating from Morningstar.
Those who bought CVX during the oil glut, when it was priced in the $70s, are smiling today. (Disclosure: I added to the position in my personal portfolio several times during that stretch.)
Chevron released its 2018 Q4 earnings report on Feb. 1, highlighting its strong performance last year.
The company also noted its initiatives to reduce production costs and cut corporate costs, comparing the latter to peers such as BP (BP), Royal Dutch Shell (RDS), Total (TOT) and Exxon Mobil (XOM).
Looking ahead — because investing is always about projecting the future — CVX pledged to continue improving cash returns and free cash flow.
The bar graph to the right in the following slide compared Chevron's current and expected FCF growth to that of its peers.
Dividends Growing Again
Chevron has paid dividends without interruption for more than a century, and it has grown its annual payout for 32 consecutive years.
Because its free cash flow was falling, and because dividends come from FCF, the company had to do some fancy footwork (and some borrowing) to keep its streak alive.
As shown in the above table, Chevron raised its quarterly dividend a grand total of one penny from Q2 2014 through Q4 2017. The timing of its one increase during that span (for Q4 2016) let the company maintain its Dividend Aristocrat status.
Some criticized such "cleverness" as little more than a ploy, but I looked at it as a company that is practically religiously committed to growing its dividend.
Sure enough, in the first earnings-report slide I presented in this article, "Maintain and grow dividend" was cited by Chevron as its No. 1 financial priority.
As a Dividend Growth Investing practitioner, that means something to me.
In the decade before the oil glut, CVX had been very aggressive with its dividend raises.
Thanks to several double-digit-percentage increases, Chevron's payout grew 175% during that span.
(Table from FAST Graphs)
As it continues to improve its balance sheet, the company is not yet ready to go back to double-digit divvy hikes.
Nevertheless, two days before its most recent earnings report, Chevron did announce a 6.25% dividend hike for 2019, to $1.19 per quarter ($4.76 for the year). The yield now exceeds 4%.
In my personal portfolio, I hold only two oil companies: Chevron and Exxon Mobil.
The industry can be so volatile, I only wanted to own the best of the best, and I imagine the same will be true of how I manage the Income Builder Portfolio.
Again, I'll turn to Morningstar for a discussion of the risks CVX faces:
Chevron's profits and cash flow are largely tied to oil and gas production and could suffer as a result of a significant fall in prices. Additionally, long-term price depreciation would expose the company to overinvestment risk, as current projects would see returns languish with weaker economics. Regardless of commodity prices, these projects are also subject to cost overruns or completion delays. Many of the company's new investments are in politically challenging areas that sometimes have fickle leaders and populations hostile to outside firms. With significant exposure to the Gulf Coast, extended delays in permitting could result in higher costs and delayed production volumes. In the long term, greater adoption of electric vehicles, autonomous vehicles, and ride-sharing could reduce demand for oil and refined products.
Interestingly, Big Oil can hold up decently (relatively speaking) in bear-market conditions.
Chevron suffered a much lower drawdown than the S&P 500 Index did during the Great Recession, and CVX fared quite well compared to some well-known companies in defensive sectors such as Utilities, Health Care and Consumer Staples.
Why CVX Instead Of XOM?
Some might wonder why I selected Chevron rather than its larger peer, Exxon Mobil.
Although I will go into valuation more in next week's post-buy article, I do believe CVX has a somewhat more inviting valuation; for example, its price/earnings to growth ratio (PEG) is 1.5 to XOM's 3.7.
As the IBP Business Plan says: "When trying to decide between two or more similar companies, the more attractively valued stock usually will be selected."
Chevron's price also has recovered better since the industry pullback ended.
Nevertheless, the CVX-or-XOM debate is legitimate, and I probably could have flipped a coin to choose between the two for the IBP's first Energy-sector position.
I imagine the portfolio will own XOM before it's all said and done.
Someday, roads in India — and everywhere else in the world — very well could be filled with vehicles that use electricity or hydrogen or natural gas or just about anything other than oil.
Heck, maybe there won't even be roads, and we'll all use the same transportation method as my favorite cartoon family.
(Image from syfy.com)
I happen to think "someday" is such a long way off, however, that I'm comfortable making a long-term investment in Chevron, a true blue-chip company.
My article about the execution of our CVX purchase, along with some pertinent valuation information, will be published Wednesday, Feb. 13.
— Mike Nadel
← This Company Remains a Reliable Dividend Stock
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7.1% Dividends, 0% Withdrawals: the Key to a Low-Stress Retirement
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AUSTIN, Texas–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Iconixx, the industry leader in next-generation, enterprise-class Incentive Compensation Management (ICM) solutions, today reported record sales for the quarter ending September 30, 2016.
David Loia, Chief Revenue Officer, attributes recent performance to CFOs leveraging incentive compensation for competitive advantage. "CFOs are taking a fresh look at the strategic role of incentive compensation, replacing older systems that are too cumbersome, with enterprise-class ICM software built specifically to handle the speed and complexity of new business processes," Loia adds.
An example of this enterprise-level ICM trend is at a Fortune 500 consumer products giant, with tens of thousands of employees spread across the globe. "As the leading provider of sales compensation and incentive management software for modern, large enterprises, only Iconixx had the power, flexibility, and speed to meet their rigorous requirements," Loia said, referring to the Incentive Compensation Management Stress Test.Another example is a global company with headquarters in Europe and the USA. "The complexity of managing incentive compensation for a large multi-national, multi-currency workforce proved too demanding for their existing system. After unsuccessfully trying to pay the complex incentives inherent in their business, they selected the flexibility Iconixx gave them to easily leverage compensation to drive strategic growth," said Loia.


text:
Search The Planet
Once-fired Coughlin named Pacifica's executive director
By Judith Scherr Daily Planet staff
... And they lived happily ever after.
Don't believe it happens? Even hard-nosed cynics at Berkeley's KPFA radio are saying such endings are possible.
At a weekend Pacifica Board Foundation meeting in New York, former Pacifica Network News director Dan Coughlin – fired for airing a 30-second news piece on protests at the network – was named executive director of the foundation.
Fired programmer-turned-volunteer Larry Bensky was brought back onto the paid staff at KPFA and fired or banned staff and volunteers at Pacifica's New York station, WBAI, are coming back to work.
The station headquarters, moved from Berkeley to Washington, D.C. in the heat of the clash between the local station and national management, might come home to the offices adjacent to KPFA's office at 1929 Martin Luther King, Jr. Way. This will be discussed during the March board meeting in Los Angeles.
In a phone interview Monday, Bensky applauded Coughlin's hiring.
"This is a major, positive step," he said. "It signifies a return to Pacifica's basic mission."
KPFA, the oldest of the five listener-sponsored stations, was founded in Berkeley in 1949 by Pacifist Lew Hill. But the Pacifica Foundation Board was taken over several years ago by people who did not have Hill's vision in mind, according to Bensky. The board changed its bylaws and became self-perpetuating, no longer including representation from the various local advisory boards.
A popular KPFA station manager was terminated in 1999, causing listeners and programmers to take to the streets and the airwaves in protest. The movement to make the board more democratic and accountable to listeners spread across the country. Lawsuits were filed and recently settled through mediation in an Alameda County courtroom.
"It's an amazing turn of events," said Coughlin, 38, speaking on Monday from New York.
His goal? "To restore accountability, the democratic process and transparency to Pacifica."
The board is in the process of changing into one in which at least five of the members will be elected by local advisory boards of the five stations. "Pacifica will become the first national media organization to be democratically run," Coughlin said.
The new executive director, whose interim position is in place for just 60 days, has a daunting task before him. "The organization is functionally bankrupt," he said. The former board is thought to have squandered its listener-generated funds on lawyers to fight the listener and staff-sponsored law suits, security guards to keep those fired and banned out of the stations, consultants and public relations firms.
"The rebels have come down from the hills to find the (bad guys) have looted" the treasury, he said.
But Coughlin said he's ready to face the challenge, noting that KPFA came out of its crisis stronger than ever.
An outstanding question, yet to be examined by the board, is whether the headquarters will be brought back to Berkeley. "In our view, it's an essential part of the process of justice and reconciliation," Coughlin said.
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2018 election video: What does the attorney general do?
Minnesotans will choose its new state attorney general on Nov. 6, 12 years after incumbent Lori Swanson was elected to the office.
• Quiz: Which state attorney general candidate do you agree with most?
Swanson decided not to seek re-election, leaving three men vying for the office. They are: DFL candidate Keith Ellison, Republican Doug Wardlow and Noah Johnson from the Grassroots-Legal Cannabis Now party.
But how much do you know about what the state's top lawyer does?
Did you know you also can be represented by the attorney general in certain cases?
Watch the video to learn more about what the job, in under a minute.
Do you have more election questions? #AskMPRNews.


text:
Home Volcanoes Mysterious Large-Magnitude Eruption that Covered the Mediterranean
Mysterious Large-Magnitude Eruption that Covered the Mediterranean
Mysterious Large-Magnitude Eruption that Covered the Mediterranean in Ash 29,000 Years Ago is Now Known to Have Occurred at Campi Flegrei Caldera (Naples, Italy)
The Campi Flegrei caldera cluster. Credit: NASA Earth
The caldera-forming eruption of Campi Flegrei (Italy) 40,000 years ago is the largest known eruption in Europe during the last 200,000 years, but little is known about other large eruptions at the volcano prior to a more recent caldera-forming event 15,000 years ago. A new Geology article by Paul Albert and colleagues discusses a 29,000-year-old eruption, here verified as coming from Campi Flegrei, that spread a volcanic ash layer more than 150,000 square kilometers of the Mediterranean.
Knowledge of large explosive eruptions is mostly established from geological investigations of the exposed deposits found around the source volcano, with the deposits of large eruptions forming thick sequences. However, since the late 1970s, a widespread volcanic ash layer, dated at about 29,000 years ago, was commonly identified in marine and lake sediment cores from across the Mediterranean, documenting the occurrence of a large-magnitude eruption. Despite this widespread distribution and relatively young age, no clear evidence of such an event was identified at any of the main active volcanoes in the region.
In this study, the team's detailed chemical analysis (volcanic glass) of an eruption deposit found five kilometers northeast of Campi Flegrei caldera in Naples, Italy, are entirely consistent with the distinctive composition of this ash layer. This, combined with new dating of the near-source eruption deposit, verifies that Campi Flegrei was responsible for this widespread ash layer.
Constraints on the size of the eruption were determined by the team using a computational ash dispersal model which integrated the thicknesses of the near-source eruption deposits, named here the Masseria del Monte Tuff, with those of the related ash fall across the Mediterranean.
Recommended For You Study finds 'frictional heat' as a new trigger for explosive volcanic eruptions
The results indicate that this eruption at Campi Flegrei caldera was similar in scale to the younger of two known large-magnitude, caldera-forming eruptions at the volcano, the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (about 15,000 years ago). The Masseria del Monte Tuff eruption was smaller than the older caldera-forming eruption, the enormous Campanian Ignimbrite (about 40,000 years old), which dispersed ash as far as Russia (more than 2,500 km from the volcano).
The 29,000 year old Masseria del Monte Tuff eruption positioned between known caldera-forming events significantly reduces the recurrence interval of large magnitude events in the eruptive history of Campi Flegrei caldera.
In contrast to other large magnitude events at Campi Flegrei, the lack of thick, traceable, deposits for this eruption appear to be the result of the eruption dynamics and their destruction and burial by more recent activities. This research highlights the benefits of investigating explosive eruption records preserved as ash fall in sedimentary records when attempting to accurately reconstruct the tempo and magnitude of past activity at highly productive volcanoes such as Campi Flegrei.
P.G. Albert, B. Giaccio, R. Isaia, A. Costa, E.M. Niespolo, S. Nomade, A. Pereira, P.R. Renne, A. Hinchliffe, D.F. Mark, R.J. Brown, V.C. Smith. Evidence for a large-magnitude eruption from Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) at 29 ka. Geology, 2019; DOI: 10.1130/G45805.1
Note: The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Geological Society of America.
+20 Strange Geological Formations On Earth
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Gobihadros, a new species of Mongolian hadrosaur


text:
Luna 16 () var en sovjetisk rymdsond i Lunaprogrammet. Rymdsondens huvuduppgift var att ta ett markprov på månen och återföra det till jorden. Farkosten återförde 101 gram markprov från månen, vilket var Sovjetunionens första markprover från månen.

Rymdsonden sköts upp den 12 september 1970, med en Proton-K/D raket. Farkosten gick in i omloppsbana runt månen den 17 september 1970. Efter att både den 18 och den 19 september genomfört korrigeringar av sin omloppsbanan landade farkosten i nordöstra delarna av Mare Fecunditatis på månen den 20 september 1970. Knappt en timme efter landningen aktiverades en arm på rymdsonden som borrade en 35 centimeter djupt hål i månens yta. Materialet från borrhålet flyttades till en kapsel i rymdsondens topp. Ungefär ett dygn efter landningen sköts kapseln upp från månen. Kapseln landade tre dagar senare i Kazakstan.

Källor

Fotnoter

Lunaprogrammet
Utforskningen av månen
1970 i Sovjetunionen
Rymdfartsåret 1970

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia