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World Energy Congress at Istanbul
Oct 10, 2016 | Budget, Carbon footprint, Climate Change, Developed Countries, Emerging Markets, Environment, International Conference, MENA, Oil and Gas, Oil price, Oil Production, OPEC, Renewable Energy
What prospects for OPEC?
The World Energy Congress at Istanbul, Turkey on October 10th through 13th, 2016 on the eve of the COP22 of Marrakesh will gather a majority of countries that ratified the agreement of the Paris COP21. It is the first global event to deal with energy and will bring together about 5,000 participants from different regions of the world such as members of the World Energy Congress (WEC), leaders and experts specialists of the energy sectors, leaders of international organizations, researchers, policy makers and leaders but also the media and those involved in sustainable energy development. On this occasion, an informal meeting of OPEC countries and non OPEC with Russia is expected to take place but nothing is decided yet.
1 – Although OPEC countries agreed last month in Algiers to go towards stabilisation of the market, it is now acknowledged in view of the reactions of the market, that the barrel having gained $5 to $6, a 700,000 barrels cut off production would be insufficient for the stabilization of prices range between $50 and $60 dollars a barrel. This is to be confirmed in terms of quotas in Vienna's official OPEC meeting scheduled in November 30, 2016. It is worth reminding that the decision taken in that Algiers informal meeting committed up to now, only the OPEC countries.
So, on the side of this Congress, a meeting between OPEC and Russia could be held to try and find an agreement between OPEC and non-OPEC producers that is likely to stabilize all crude oil markets. Russia, second largest producer, is willing to cooperate whilst maintaining its stance of not lowering its production, with OPEC countries, notably between Iran and Saudi Arabia, provided and according to Russian officials that these come to agree amongst themselves. The theoretical quotas (but rarely respected) by OPEC members that make up between 33 and 35% of marketed world production, leaving 65 to 67% to non-OPEC are as follows:
Saudi Arabia 10.447
Iraq 4.320
Iran 3.629
UAE 2.946
Kuwait 2.783
Venezuela 2.095
Angola 1.782
Nigeria 1.508
Algeria 1.087
Indonesia 0.737
Qatar 0.662
Ecuador 0.548
Libya 0.304
Gabon 0.320
Total 33.106 million barrels day
2 – What of the Istanbul meeting and its impact on the oil market? This meeting will focus like that of the Algiers one on the energy transition of the decades 2020, 2030 and 2040, with most probably the publication of a report on intermittent renewable energy. This report noted that renewable energy in 2016, accounts for more than 30% of the total capacity of power generation in the world and 23% of the total production of electricity, that the funding of renewable energy is about $286 billion in 2015 representing 154GW in new capacity by 2015, exceeding by far the investment in conventional production of 97 GW. Thus, the report highlights three essential factors:
First, the definition of the market rules ensuring a system of sustainable energy in accordance with the objectives of the trilemma, including clearly defined regulations on emissions of CO2;
Second, the markets capacity that could "ensure safety in terms of supply in addition to markets based on energies "often insufficient to ensure a reliable supply based on the further development of methodologies in weather forecasting to ensure better reliability and speed of response to the variability of the wind and the sun. As for the outlook for the fossil oil market, they are at best unpredictable. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) in its monthly report of September 2016, the oil market will have to take its pain with philosophy, in view of the prospect of the sought after rebalancing under the effect of a demand that is penalized by economic uncertainties and a supply that is abundantly fed.
Indeed, the stabilization of prices is difficult because the supply-demand dynamics would not significantly change over the coming months and the first half of the year 2017 due basically to production continuing to surpass demand. We saw how production of Russian oil amounted to more than 10.5 million barrels per day, while that of Saudi was 10.3 million barrels these last months besides that of the American shale gas, whose costs dropped between 30 and 40%. Saudi Arabia's strategy that wanted to drive out the American shale producers that supplied in 2016 between 8.5 and 10 million barrels a day, having reached its limits, stands unsure that non-conventional oil extractions collapse altogether – in any case not at the expected pace.
Moreover if on September 30th, 2016, the commercial reserves of crude oil declined by 3 million barrels to 499.7 million barrels, the US reserves of crude oil appeared all the same like to have increased by 8.4% compared to the same period in 2015. China, took advantage of the lower prices to increase its stocks (1) and remaining at historically high levels, can play on both rising or falling stocks to raise or lower prices. With a barrel to $55 / $60, many of US shale deposits would become profitable, thus a further increase supply could be expected. However, imponderable events can influence prices such as the fires in May 2016 in Western Canada, that brought down the country's oil production by about 1.2 million barrels day, disorders in certain regions like that of the Niger delta in Nigeria or other small disturbances like the decline in Iraqi oil export transfer through Kurdistan or the three-day strike which affected the oil industry in Kuwait whose production dropped by about 1.7 million barrels per day.
3 – In the face of the inevitable new energy transition, OPEC countries should no more live in the illusion of the eternal rentier economy, that could play as a stabilizing factor, in cohabitation with other actors, but not being able to play a key role as in the 70s. Also, between 2017-2020 beyond which no expert could predict anything, the price of oil should normally fluctuate, depending on the growth rate and structure of the growth of the world economy. The oil price would therefore be between $45/65 for a low growth, between $40-45 dollars for an average growth and between $50/60, at most 60/65 up to $ 70 maximum in case of very strong growth; this latter hypothesis should be taken with extreme caution and in the event of a severe global crisis, the price could be below 40 dollars. Besides according to, our information and as announced in the latest report of the World Economic Forum (2016 Davos) the world is on the cusp of a new industrial revolution that will change the balance of power at the global level and…
The two countries with largest reserves, are envisaging their future in diametrically opposed directions; Russia investing in nanotechnology Research and Development (the infinitely small) and Saudi Arabia ploughing $2000 billion of investment away from oil. Because if the world went from the era of the coal to that of oil, this did not mean that there was not anymore reserves of coal (200 years of coal reserves as opposed to 40/50 years for oil), but instead it is that new technologies have been put into place that always refer us back to the Foundation of the development on the economy of knowledge (1). The reserves are and always will be function of the price vector / international cost that could require thousands of unprofitable deposits in light of the global energy changes to be discovered and exploited. It could also be a strategic nonsense to reason on energy consumption in a linear model, relying on the rigidity of supply that could lead in the medium term, because of lack of investment, towards an inexorable rise in price of a barrel.
It is that the analyses of the new energy mutations are wrong-footing or sidestepping all currently ongoing reasoning. In the past, tensions in the Middle East caused a rise or certain volatility in prices, while recently we have witnessed literally a collapse in the price of oil, without any real change in the structure of demand. And it is here that between geo-strategies, and especially that of the European, Chinese, and especially American one that guides the R&D towards new energies, which are committing as of now half of new investments and this in order to maintain their energy leadership at the global level.
In summary, let us beware of any euphoria for according to the Prospects of the World Economy of October 4th, 2016, presented by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and contrary to the predictions of certain experts, the price of oil would be $51 on average for 2017. But the most worrisome is that the transfer price of conventional gas representing a third of the revenue of say Algeria's with a forecast of 50 percent by 2020 and according to the IMF reached its lowest in 12 years because not only of the fall in the price of oil, but also by the strength of Russian natural gas supply and the simultaneous weakening of Asian demand. The oil is only a transitional funding resource; the strategic objective for the OPEC countries is to achieve a diversified economy that adapts to the new global changes.
Written by Dr. Abderrahmane Mebtoul, University Professor, International Expert, ademmebtoul@gmail.com
Translation from French by Microsoft / FaroL faro@farolco.onmicrosoft.com
(1) Refer interviews and contributions of Dr. Abderrahmane Mebtoul
on Chorouk TV on October 7th, 2016 on eight proposed solutions,
on Beur TV on October 7th, 2016 interview on the informal OPEC/non OPEC in Istanbul on 10 October 2016 on the sidelines of the World Energy Congress,
by the Chinese International Agency on OPEC, non-OPEC nations to meet to boost prices by Xinhua , October 7th, 2016,
on Les Afriques international magazine of 30/09/2016 on OPEC-Algiers meeting: Beware of euphoria on the impact of the oil price,
on MENA-Forum, Guildford, UK, articles in English – "OPEC Algiers's Informal Meeting" by Dr A. Mebtoul on September 26th, and "Algeria's 2017 Finance Bill Enacted" by Dr. A. Mebtoul on October 5th, 2016.
15th World Forum on Sustainable Development in Paris
Mar 14, 2017 | Climate Change, Economic Development, European Union, Finance and Investment, Green Buildings, Population Migration, Sustainability
The transition energy guarantor of global security . . .
The one day 15th World Forum on Sustainable Development in Paris ended on March 13th, 2017 in the presence of many personalities from the world's governments, politics, business, academic experts in energy.
I want to first thank the President of the World Forum of Sustainable Development for his kind invitation and for allowing me to put my view forward in an intervention, as an independent expert. It followed on that of the Algerian Minister of Energy who has objectively presented his vision of Algeria's. Utopia aside, fossil fuels such as gas, still have time to go as the main source of energy at least until 2030. But governing is anticipating, it is up to Governments to deal with the new and irreversible global energy changes notably those enshrined in the agreements of the COP21 in Paris and signed off a year later at the COP22 of Marrakesh in order to prepare the necessary energy transition.
It is a strategic mistake to reason as in the past on a linear energy model of consumption.
As far as energy engaging the security of Nations is concerned, the strategy of renewable energy must form part of a clear and dated definition of a new model of energy consumption based on an Energy Mix by evaluating resources to achieve all objectives that have to prepare the industries of the future. These will be based on the new technologies related environmental industries, object of the new economic revolution that is anticipated to be in 2020/2040
Strategy for the Energy of the Future
Photovoltaic solar energy refers to the energy recovered and converted directly into electricity from the sunlight by photovoltaic panels. It results from the direct conversion into a semiconductor of a photon to electron. In addition to the benefits associated with the low cost of maintenance of the Photovoltaic systems, this energy fits perfectly for isolated sites and whose connection to the electric grid is too expensive.
Solar Thermal energy is the conversion of solar radiation into heat energy. This transformation can be used directly to heat a building, for example or indirectly (such as the production of steam for turbo-alternators and thus get electrical energy). Using this transferred heat through radiation rather than the radiation itself, these modes of transformation of energy differ from other forms of solar energy as solar cells such as Photovoltaic cells..
By definition, wind energy is the energy produced as a result of the action of wind on specially designed turbines to generate electrical power.
Average solar irradiation in African countries, according to IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) is between 1,750 kWh/m²/year and 2,500 kWh/m², nearly double that of the Germany (1150 kWh/m²) which has an installed photovoltaic farm of 40 GW (a photovoltaic capacity 20 times greater than that of Africa).
The load factor of any photovoltaic systems would be much higher in Africa than in European countries. And by end of 2015, Africa had 2,100 MW of installed solar photovoltaic plant, 65% of this capacity is concentrated in South Africa and 13% in Algeria and 9% the Reunion.
In the past two years, the continent has more than quadrupled its capacity in photovoltaic farming but this would remain still modest in the light of the great African potential because some 600 million Africans do not have access to electricity.
According to the Agency, this energy would be competitive today with currently used fossil fuels, whether in the case of important plants or isolated micro-grids (as well as home systems). According to IRENA, the investment of large photovoltaic power plants in Africa costs decreased by 61% since 2012 and possible a decrease of 59% of these costs over the coming decade.
These currently are nearly $1.3 million by installed MW (the world average for photovoltaic is around $1.8 million per MW/h according to IRENA). IRENA highlights the fact that photovoltaic energy presents for Africa a decentralized and "modular" solution (with facilities of a few to several tens of MW) for rapid electrification of areas not connected to power grids.
According to experts, it is true that the energy needs of Africans are limited to a few KW/h per capita per year, for mainly electric lighting. Electrical power networks are rare in Africa; therefore there could be no possibility of economy of scale. Africans pay 2 times more expensive power than Europeans do. It's always more interesting to have cheap electricity.
But industrial development requires great levels of power and heat specially. Photovoltaic source of energy is certainly more suited to small off-grid installations and for some African countries but industrial production would require this to be combined with heat production.
Renewable energy expansion would be part of the professed Energy Transition.
The transition may be defined as the passage of a civilization built on energy essentially fossil, polluting but abundant and cheap, to a civilization where energy is renewable, rare, expensive but less polluting and aimed at the eventual replacement of energy (oil, coal, gas, uranium) stock by energies of flow (wind, solar).
Energy transition refers to subjects other than techniques, such as those related to societal problems. It is a move towards an Energy Mix as justified by the scarcity of resources, thus the urgency of a new model of consumption on a global scale which poses the problem of energy efficiency, and a social consensus, today's technical choices engaging society in the long term: how much is this transition, how much is it worth and who will be the beneficiaries?
It was necessary to first make few remarks on the current approach to development of renewable energy. We must target priority projects which contribute the most to the achievement of the objectives. Without any decision between the Photovoltaic and Thermal, we would discuss solar heat that seems suitable in the regional program of the South. Algeria that has significant potential in this area can become between 2020 and 2030 an exporter. The lack of knowledge of the field could not explain the selected program.
Indeed, wanting to test all technologies before opting does not seem to be the right approach. This would hide all studies that have been used including the studies in question had been carried out in collaboration with key research centres in the USA, as the ENREL, as regulators of solar technology: the DLR (Germany) and CIEMAT (Spain). The Kramer Junction plant works in the USA since 1980 with a capacity of 300 MW on the same technology that was used in Hassi R'Mel, Algeria.
Solar towers in Spain have been proven for many years. This is to identify the parameters of different technology assessment. With GTZ (Germany) the decomposition of the value chain by component and by cost helped to set a realistic integration of 70% for the solar heat rate. Manufacturers of solar thermal converge with this rate, while also according with the level to export electricity to Europe. Indeed Europe will need to import 15% of its needs by 2030 that is the electrical equivalent of 24 GW or the equivalent of 50 billion M3 of gas per year.
The study has also defined the conditions:- a stable political framework, a sustainable local market the size of 250 MW/year and a market that is open between the countries of the Maghreb. Technologies must correspond to the most important value potential allowing a rate of integration, the greatest creation of jobs, offering the best match with the electricity market and finally, the most important technologies with the greatest potential for cost reduction up to competitiveness with fossil fuels.
The technology partnership and integration generally appeal to private companies. The risk is too great for an investor to agree to be put under the control of a public company.
Transition based on Realism
It is therefore to identify the real actors and have a strategic vision based not on utopia but on realism as it is generally believed that laws and changes in organizations would not solve the foundations of problems, the political actors are therefore essential, referring to the political and social base. As far Algeria is concerned, I warned the Government and particularly SONATRACH of a suicidal adventure that could involve the security of the country, if these were to engage in massive investments in conventional hydrocarbons whereas the world at this time would undergo between 2020 and 2030 a major shift in energy consumption.
The Government that was misled in the past into believing that $90/100 per barrel would be the market price of oil, must at all costs avoid to reason about a model of linear consumption. It is that large firms in the U.S., in the European and Asian International spheres are reportedly investing massively, preparing the future in other alternative energy segments. Also, future profitability must register for the deposits between a fork of $40/55 and for marginal deposits between $60/70 before despite the recent report of the IEA on a possible barrel at above $80/90
What are the axes for the energy transition of the 2017/2025/2030 Algeria?
The first axis, would be to improve energy efficiency with new technology; energy consumption whether at the household level and / or the economic sectors referring to the policy of the currently widespread subsidies source of wastage that should be targeted for energy products. The Algerian Government would be bound to reflect on the creation of a National Chamber of Compensation that would be charged to coordinate all inter socio-professional and inter-regional equalization.
The second axis would be for Algeria to decide on investing upstream for new discoveries. But for the profitability of these deposits, it will depend on price at the international level and the costs,.
The third axis, Algeria planning to build its first nuclear plant by 2025 for peaceful purposes, in order to meet its soaring electricity demand.
The fourth axis, would be the option of Shale Oil/Gas (3rd global reserves according to international reports) introduced in the new law of hydrocarbons from 2013, folder that I have the honour to lead on behalf of the Government and handed over in January 2015. In Algeria, in order to avoid positions decided for or against, a broad national discussion, because we cannot minimize the risk of pollution of aquifers in the South of the country where as a semi-arid country, the problem of water is a strategic issue in the Mediterranean and African level.
The fifth axis would be the development of renewable energy by combining Thermal and Photovoltaic whose global costs of production decreased by more than 50%. Algeria has decided to apply the resolutions of the COP21 and 22, about global warming. But effective action cannot be designed by a Nation on its own. It will involve wide consultation with especially between the countries of the South Mediterranean and the Maghreb because for the Maghreb including Algeria, water resources are vulnerable to changes in climate. Water and its management problems would definitely affect the future of all these countries.
With more than 3000 hours of sunshine a year, Algeria has what it takes to develop the use of solar energy in a win-win partnership. For this purpose, the CREG (regulatory agency) issued decrees to accompany the implementation of the program of Algerian of development of renewable energy in the context of the implementation of a national fund for energy efficiency (FNME) to ensure the funding of these projects and grant loans at subsidized interest rates and guarantees for loans made from the banks and financial institutions.
By 2020, it is expected that the installation of a total power of about 2,600 MW for the national market and a possibility of export of the magnitude of 2,000 MW and by 2030, it is expected the installation of a power of nearly 12,000 MW for the national market as well as a possibility to export up to 10,000 MW. According to the CREG, Algeria plans to launch a tender for investors for a mega project of 4,050 MW Photovoltaic solar power plants, soon split into three lots of 1,350 MW each and backed by the construction of one or more factories of manufacturing equipment and components of solar power plants.
Development of electric interconnection between the North and the Sahara (Adrar), will enable the installation of large renewable energy plants in the regions of In Salah, Adrar, Timimoun and Béchar, and their integration into the national energy grid system. If these achievements were effective, apart from the problem of funding with budgetary tensions, the country would have by 2030, 37% of the installed capacity of electricity for domestic consumption from renewable sources.
In conclusion, economic dynamics alter the balance of power throughout the world also affect the political compositions within States as well as at regional and nationwide areas. Energy, in particular, is at the heart of the sovereignty of States and their security policies.
As I had to sustain it in various international conferences of mine and recently in a long interview by the American Herald Tribune of January 28th, 2016), co-development, and collocations, which cannot be limited to economics, including cultural diversity, can be the field of implementation of all the ideas at the level of the Mediterranean basin as to hopefully turn it into a shared Lake of peace and prosperity.
In the interest of both the Europeans and all of the southern Mediterranean populations, borders of the common market, of Schengen, of social protection, would be the borders of the environmental requirements of tomorrow. These must be along a line south of the MENA region for a lasting peace, where Arab, Jewish and all other ethnic populations have a thousand-year history of peaceful coexistence.
In these moments of great geo-strategic upheavals, the African continent with very strong potential, would have to face up to significant challenges in the 21st century, such as rivalries between the major powers, USA/China/Europe for its control, whilst by 2040, it will have a quarter of the world's population and perhaps drawing the growth of the world economy. This is subject to good governance and of the primacy of the economy of knowledge and the struggle to lower global warming which hits it hard by the preservation of its environment. In this context, the development of renewable energy is the guarantor of the coverage of needs and energy security of humanity. –
Written in Paris on March 14th, 2017 by Professor, Expert Dr Abderrahmane Mebtoul, Director of Studies Department of Energy 1974/2008 – ademmebtoul@gmail.com
At the 15th Forum of Sustainable Development "The Mediterranean and regional borders" on Monday, March 13th, 2017 at 9, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Paris 75008, FRANCE.
See also recent contributions of Pr Abderrahmane Mebtoul on MENA-Forum.com
Facing Energy and Geostrategic Global Changes, Sep 19, 2016,
OPEC's Informal Algiers Meeting, Sep 26, 2016 and
World Energy Congress at Istanbul, Oct 10, 2016.
Wave of Fossil Fuel Dislike amongst the Young
Jul 15, 2017 | Climate Change, Diversification of the economy, Emerging Markets, Employment, Environment, Global Warming, MENA, Oil and Gas, Oil Production, OPEC, Youth employment
Further to our Demand May Top Out Before Supply Does, here is an interesting article on the side-lines of one of the Oil Industry's main concerns as elaborated on this report of the IBT on the recently held 22nd World Petroleum Congress – Istanbul, 2017 where it was a question of how age and gender could obviously affect the industry to survive this wave of fossil fuel dislike amongst the young. The unleashing of a frenzy amongst today's youth as Fossil Free is a growing international divestment movement calling for organisations, institutions and individuals to demonstrate climate leadership and end their financial support for the fossil fuel industry.
No industry for old men: Why 'Big Oil' needs to woo younger, female workforce
Energy industry's lack of appeal for women and the young remains a major cause for concern.
By Gaurav Sharma in Istanbul, Turkey
Updated on July 14, 2017 20:22 BST
It may not be as pressing an issue for the World Petroleum Congress (WPC) as the crude oil price slump, but had you asked around the oil and gas industry's recently concluded triennial jamboree held in Istanbul, Turkey, plenty of high profile people would point to a lack of female executives as a major concern.
Furthermore, equally concerning is the perceived loss of the industry's appeal for young professionals choosing a career pathway. To his credit, Dr Jozsef Toth, President of World Petroleum Council, which has been organising the congress since 1933, acknowledged the problem in his very first quip of the event.
"Oil and gas will play a role in the energy mix for decades to come. Yet, at the same time the number of people joining the energy industry is declining."
Much more needs to be done when it comes addressing the gender balance in the business, he added. "We are committed to changing this, as well as showcasing the talent of female industry executives to inspire."
That's all well and good; but a cursory look around the WPC plenary halls, auditoriums and corridors by your correspondent found an overwhelming number of delegates of the male and middle-aged variety, regardless of which country they were travelling from.
Of course, there was a young professionals' floor and youth congress, and events such as a youth night and a 'Women in Energy' breakfast.
Despite being well-intentioned objectives aimed at promoting dialogue, to many participants interviewed by IBTimes UK they seemed to be perfunctory box-ticking exercises being conducted because a mega industry event of the WPC's size could not possibly, not have them. The previous Congress in Doha (2011) and Moscow (2014) had the very same events.
Hope is that the hard work in attracting young recruits and tackling the gender imbalance will finally begin in earnest once WPC's 6,000-odd delegates, 500 CEOs, 50 Ministers and heads of state go home and ponder about it.
For that to happen, it is worth getting a deeper understanding of the problem first, according to Deborah Byers, US Oil & Gas Practice leader at global consultancy EY. A recent polling exercise in the US by Byers' colleagues found that most of the younger generation perceive oil and gas jobs as a bit too blue collar and dangerous.
"That's generation Z – or post-Millennials – typically born in the mid-1990s to early 2000s to you and me. We also find a disconnect between what oil and gas executives think young people want from a career and what they actually want. There's a general lack of awareness about the industry and the careers that power it, and a substantial gender gap."
When EY asked which three considerations are the most important in selecting a future career, both Millennials and Generation Z, as a whole, prioritised salary (56%), good work-life balance (49%), job stability (37%) and on-the-job happiness (37%)."
However, oil and gas executives polled expected the leading career drivers for young people to be salary (72%), technology (43%), good work-life balance (38%), and the opportunity to try new roles (28%). The study also found that only 24% of women in the 16-35 age group find oil and gas jobs appealing, while 54% of men in the same age range find them appealing.
The findings were based on a survey of 1,204 US consumers and 109 industry executives conducted earlier this year. In the wider scheme of things, the consultancy's findings offer only a glimpse into the thinking of female and young people hunting career prospects. However, what it also does is flag up the enormity of the task ahead.
"In an era of lower for longer, some say lower forever oil prices, the industry has a call to action to solve this perception problem for the sake of their future workforce and their success," Byers concludes.
Dr Jozsef Toth, President of World Petroleum Council, says the industry must improve its appeal to younger recruits and female aspirants.Gaurav Sharma / IB Times UK
Paradoxically, Eithne Treanor, a seasoned energy sector broadcaster and conference moderator based in Dubai, feels it's the low price environment that is putting people off.
"Oil and gas companies aren't in hiring mode in any case to begin with, as opportunities from geology to engineering, management to on-site operations dwindle. Furthermore, young people and suitable female candidates ask themselves should I really choose a future in an industry that's in decline or at least appears to be."
While the oil price environment is a relatively recent development, Treanor said the industry's problem of attracting fewer qualified female professionals and its lack of appeal to youngsters also has to do with historical reputational problems.
"The industry has been quite poor at engaging with young people, something I feel it is attempting to rectify. When the idea is to catch them young, leaving it till they are at university is a bit too late; I'd say go all the way lower to junior school.
"For example – a programme started by a science professor in Lebanon called 'The Young Engineer' has been running for 10 years and piques the interest of kids when they are 5-6 years old."
Specifically on the subject of attracting female talent, Trainer said: "Look around the WPC, majority of the panel discussions and deliberations have mostly male speakers. The lack of diversity is visible. Some women have risen through the industry ranks and have become role models, and are indeed here, but there are not that many."
Positive discrimination is needed, she added, including perhaps an introduction of the Norwegian model of mandatory quotas for women to be on corporate boards and in positions of authority.
Time is running out, and the industry needs to act fast, according Aleek Datta, Managing Director at consultancy Accenture.
"In 2011, around $590bn (£455bn) was spent on petrotechnical workforce development, which rose to a commendable $760bn in 2014. However, oil price slump hit and spending on talent fell to $570bn in 2015, and has been in decline ever since.
"If we assume oil demand will increase, yet spending on talent continues at its current level, the global industry will have 30% deficit of petrotechnical professionals as early as 2020.
"The oil and gas industry is losing the fight for top millennial talent, as young professionals prefer other industries, like the technology industry. Only 2% of US graduates, according our research, consider oil and gas as a primary career choice."
To some it might seem counterintuitive to invest in attracting and training young professionals and wooing more women to the industry when the oil price is down, but the risk of not doing so could be even more dire.
Storms of My Grandchildren
Oct 7, 2016 | Carbon footprint, Climate Change, Education & Culture, Environment, Growth, MENA, Oil Production
The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity.
Whilst OPEC and non-OPEC oil producers plan an informal meeting in Istanbul on October 8 to 13th with the objective to discuss how to implement the production deal of reducing output to between 32.5 million and 33.0 million barrels per day, OPEC members reached in Algiers last month. Whilst this is going on, Global Warming and the Paris Agreement are sat on a back bench and seemingly looking unaware of the gathering forces of James Hansen's "Storms of My Grandchildren: The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity."
In the meantime, oil prices rose to some 7%, whilst details are still being worked out among producers. It was assumed that oil prices are one of the main drivers of the world economy and not the opposite, meaning the world economy's dynamism related demand for energy that drives the oil supply industry pricing structure. But sadly, these (prices) also have the potential to make or break a particular nation's economy, especially for those that are heavily dependent on hydrocarbon related export earnings. The current move by OPEC to cap oil production this high could benefit all oil-producing as well as consuming nations but not apparently the Earth's Climate. Apart from our attention from the more vital issue of securing a healthy and safe environment for the future, the bottom line would be that the more we dither in ending fossil oil consumption thus production in all nations. This will be the case if the impossibility of the instant replacement of fossil fuels, as put here by James Hansen, were confirmed.
This introduction is meant to bring in our proposed article of Common Dreams of October 6th, 2016 that is:
4 Reasons the Paris Agreement Won't Solve Climate Change . . .
written by James Hansen (Refer to his bio below)
The real takeaway about the Paris agreement: It's not enough. (Image: Global Justice Now)
Many hail the Paris agreement—set to cross the threshold this week to come into effect—as a panacea for global climate change. Yet tragically, this perspective neglects to take into account the scientific reality of our climate system, which tells a much different story.
Our latest research, Young People's Burden: Requirement of Negative CO2 Emissions, appeared Monday as a "Discussion" paper in Earth System Dynamics Discussion, and outlines how—if national governments neglect to take aggressive climate action today—today's young people will inherit a climate system so altered it will require prohibitively expensive—and possibly infeasible—extraction of CO2 from the atmosphere.
Global temperatures are already at the level of the Eemian period (130,000 to 115,000 years ago), when sea level was 6-9 meters higher than today. Considering the additional warming "in the pipeline," due to delayed response of the climate system and the impossibility of instant replacement of fossil fuels, additional temperature rise is inevitable.
Continued high fossil fuel emissions place a burden on young people to undertake "negative CO2 emissions," which would require massive technological CO extraction with minimal estimated costs of $104-$570 trillion this century, with large risks and uncertain feasibility.
Continued high fossil fuel emissions unarguably sentences young people to either a massive, possibly implausible cleanup or growing deleterious climate impacts or both, scenarios that should provide incentive and obligation for governments to alter energy policies without further delay.
The paper provides the underlying scientific backing for the Our Children's Trust lawsuit against the U.S. government, which argues that climate change jeopardizes the next generation's inalienable rights under the U.S. Constitution to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
The paper offers an opportunity to examine the current state of the planet with respect to climate change. Four key takeaways include:
The Paris Climate Accord is a precatory agreement, wishful thinking that mainly reaffirms, 23 years later, the 1992 Rio Framework Convention on Climate Change. The developing world need for abundant, affordable, reliable energy is largely ignored, even though it is a basic requirement to eliminate global poverty and war. Instead the developed world pretends to offer reparations, a vaporous $100B/year, while allowing climate impacts to grow.
As long as fossil fuels are allowed to be held up as the cheapest reliable energy, they will continue to be the world's largest energy source and the likelihood of disastrous consequences for young people will grow to near certainty.
Technically, it is still possible to solve the climate problem, but there are two essential requirements: (1) a simple across-the-board rising carbon fee collected from fossil fuel companies at the source, and (2) government support for RD&D (research, development and demonstration) of clean energy technologies, including advanced generation, safe nuclear power.
Courts are crucial to solution of the climate problem. The climate "problem" was and is an opportunity for transformation to a clean energy future. However, the heavy hand of the fossil fuel industry works mostly in legal ways such as the "I'm an Energy Voter" campaign in the U.S. Failure of executive and legislative branches to deal with climate change makes it essential for courts, less subject to pressure and bribery from special financial interests, to step in and protect young people, as they did minorities in the case of civil rights.
For a deeper dive, click here.
Dr. James Hansen is director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies and adjunct professor in the department of earth and environmental sciences at Columbia University. He was the first scientist to warn the US Congress of the dangers of climate change and writes here as a private citizen. Hansen is the author of "Storms of My Grandchildren: The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity."


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text:
What it means to be Scottish, by former Prime Minister Gordon Brown
GORDON Brown will address a conference this weekend on the Global Migrations of the Scottish People. Here, he shares what it means to him, to be Scottish.
Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown
I yield to no one in my pride in being Scottish. I was born in Scotland; brought up in Scotland; educated at a Scottish state primary school, the West School in Kirkcaldy; and at a state secondary school, Kirkcaldy High.
All my time at university was spent at Edinburgh University, where I did both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.
As children we were part of a generation that were firmly rooted in Scotland and, in fact, did not travel much: the first time I visited London was when I was 12; the first time I went abroad was when I was 16. Until then all my holidays were spent in Scotland, so I grew up aware of Scotland's cities, towns and countryside but knowing too little of the world outside other than through books.
And while I have lived in London as an MP, Chancellor and Prime Minister, I have always been happy to return to Scotland. London is where I worked: Fife is where I feel at home. It is here in Scotland that my children were born and that they are at school, have their home and have formed their friendships. I am, and always will be, a proud Scot - something which has not always been an electoral advantage to me in the rest of the United Kingdom!
This year we are faced with the biggest political choice of our lifetimes - a choice that is unparalleled in 300 years of modern British constitutional history and a choice that, because it is likely to be irreversible, is unprecedented in Scotland's own story.
And the answers we, the Scottish people, reach on Scotland's future are important beyond our borders: they will affect how Northern Ireland sees its future as a Unionist region; how Wales sees the next stage of its Assembly; and almost certainly how England sees its role in the world. Indeed Scotland's decision will have an impact on the North of England and how it sees its future relationship to the South, how this set of islands sees our future with the rest of Europe, and how round the world nations interact with each other in future.
Scotland's important place in the world is undeniable. We know that 15 million citizens abroad have Scots ancestry. We know that in the 1920s alone one tenth of the population; 400,000 of 4million, left for the USA and Canada in a single decade. At that time we accounted for nearly a third of British and Irish immigrants to the United States and to Canada and 20% to Australasia.
At one stage in our history of emigration, for every two babies born that survived infancy, one left Scotland. It is obvious that there is hardly a family not just in highland Scotland but also in lowland Scotland that was not affected by emigration and not a place in the world where Scots have not been.
A key question we must now pose is how do we see ourselves? And how do other people see us? As Scots we have managed to retain our Scottish identity wherever we are. There is hardly a part of the world where there is not a Scots community with everything from Burns Nights to highland games to be found. But I believe we are also masters of multiple identities. We can be comfortably Scots Americans, Scots Australians, Scots Canadians and Scots Irish, as well as at least for most of us, comfortably Scots and British as well.
This is especially true given almost 50 per cent of Scots now have family living in England.
And sharing and solidarity, based on our interdependence, will always be a far bigger idea than independence.
Whether through collaboration in research or simply working together for common purposes, co-operation between nations who retain a healthy sense of their own distinctiveness is how our future will be built.
• Gordon Brown will open the Global Migrations of the Scottish People conference on Friday 4 July. The conference will take place at the National Museum of Scotland, in Edinburgh from Friday 4 July - Sunday 6 July.
Scottish diaspora helped shape nations worldwide, says leading Scots historian
Expat Scots

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Japan based leading IT provider NEC restructured its European business of IT solutions, network solutions and electronic devices.
Lenz & Staehelin advised NEC in this transaction. The team consisted of Lukas Morscher and Philipp Jermann.


text:
The Producers
July 20, 2015 N-PMichael Portantiere
Original Broadway Cast, 2001 (Sony) (5 / 5) Here is Mel Brooks' full-blown musical version of his semi-musical 1968 movie about a has-been Broadway producer's backfired scheme to bilk his show's investors by staging a colossal flop. This recording has all the excitement of the Broadway smash hit, and the star power of Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick comes through in one of the brashest cast albums ever made. The Producers epitomizes Borscht Belt humor; Brooks' clever songs are charming and hilariously offensive at the same time. While many of the numbers are obvious pastiches of Tin Pan Alley standards, they're sturdy enough to progress the uproarious plot rapidly and effectively. The show opened to extravagant critical and audience acclaim, and it garnered a record 12 Tony Awards. The performances of Lane as the frantic producer Max Bialystock and Broderick as Leo Bloom, the panicky accountant who becomes Max's co-producer, display a comic brilliance unheard on cast albums since the days of Zero Mostel and Carol Channing. Also brilliant is Gary Beach as Roger De Bris, the effete, delusional director who ultimately portrays a Judy Garland-like Hitler in the show's outrageous centerpiece production number, "Springtime for Hitler" — one of this recording's major highlights. Roger Bart as De Bris' "common-law assistant," Carmen Ghia, shines no less brightly. Other highlights are Cady Huffman as Ulla belting out "When You've Got It, Flaunt It" and Brad Oscar as Franz Liebkind selling "Haben Sie Gehört das Deutsche Band?" Nathan Lane's marathon "Betrayed" is a tour de force, and the finale, "Prisoners of Love (Leo & Max)," is spine-tingling in classic Broadway style. — Gerard Alessandrini
Film Soundtrack, 2005 (Sony) (3 / 5) Although the movie version of this hysterical Broadway smash was generally regarded as an inferior stage-to-screen adaptation, the soundtrack album is highly enjoyable overall. The film may have lacked a cinematic flair in being overly faithful to the stage version, but the score was given a full-blown movie musical treatment, to wondrous effect. The orchestrations by Doug Besterman and Larry Blank are a joy to listen to, as are the expanded choruses, and the zippy musical direction of Patrick S. Brady adds just the right amount of over-the-top frenzy. Almost all of the songs from the show score are retained, as well as the brilliant performances of Nathan Lane and Mathew Broderick. Vocally, these two sound even better here than on the original Broadway cast album. A new performance, by John Barrowman as the lead tenor in "Springtime For Hitler," is at once vocally thrilling and appropriately campy. On the minus side, a major let-down is the absence of Brad Oscar singing "Haben Sie Gehört Das Deutsches Band?"' The rendition heard here, by the better-known Will Ferrell, lacks enough energy to be funny. And while Uma Thurman may have looked good in the movie as Ulla, her solo "When You've Got It, Flaunt It" also misses the punch of the original stage performance by Cady Huffman. But if you skip these tracks, this is a fine and very listenable recording of one of the funniest musicals ever created. — G.A.
← The Prince and the Pauper	Promenade →


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Lewis Hamilton Valtteri Bottas
Mercedes AMG F1 are the reigning constructors' champions. They have dominated Formula 1 in recent times winning both the driver's and constructors champions every year since 2014.
The team has a strong history in the sport and are the fourth most successful constructor of all time with five titles in each category. Their star driver Lewis Hamilton has won four of his five championships with the Silver Arrows.
Team Name Mercedes AMG F1
Base Brackley, Great-Britain
Team Leader Toto Wolff
Technical Leader James Allison
Engine Mercedes
The German team made their Formula 1 debut in 1954 but soon left the sport in a response to the 1955 Le Mans disaster. They returned again in 1994 as an engine supplier before fully re-joining the sport in 2010 after taking over the BrawnGP F1 team.
Who is driving for Mercedes in F1?
Lewis Hamilton and Valtteri Bottas are the teams current drivers and Toto Wolff is in charge of the team. Many praise the way the team is managed with the drivers being told that they are allowed to race each other meaning that team orders are rarely used.
Mercedes returned to Formula 1 in 2010 when they bought a minority stake in the Brawn GP team. Ross Brawn stayed as team principal and hired Nico Rosberg and Michael Schumacher for the start of the season. Schumacher had been retired for three years and was making a comeback to the sport and Rosberg was signed from Williams.
Mercedes spent the next few years around the midfield, building a team that would be competitive in the years to come. In 2012 it was announced that Lewis Hamilton would be joining the team from McLaren for the start of the 2013 season to race alongside Rosberg. Many criticised his move to the team but it turned out to be one of the best transfers the sport has seen.
Road to World Championships
In 2014 Mercedes started to perform and win races and went on to win the constructors championship that year, their first Formula One world championship. They were world champions. New driver Hamilton won the drivers championship to silence those who questioned his decision to leave the success of McLaren. Mercedes had dominated throughout the year and second placed Red Bull were 296 points behind the Silver Arrows showing how much faster than everyone else they were.
Hamilton won the championship again in 2015 with Mercedes looking untouchable for the whole season and in 2016 it was Nico Rosberg's turn to win the title from which he retired at the top of the sport.
For the 2017 season Mercedes hired the Finn Valtteri Bottas from Williams and the team continued their success and domination by Hamilton claiming another championship win for the team.
In 2018 the team won their fifth consecutive constructors championship and established themselves as one of the most successful teams in Formula 1.
Why is Mercedes so dominant in F1?
Mercedes have been the team most successful during the new hybrid era of Formula 1 as they have managed to understand the rules and regulations and push their car to levels which other teams cannot. Having attracted the sponsors and top drivers it seems that Mercedes' future in the sport is also set to be one of success. The team's success has led to other teams buying parts and Mercedes are the current suppliers of engines to both Williams and Racing Point
Mercedes has been the team to beat in recent time and it looks like they could remain at the top for a while as they continue to develop and out smart their rival teams.
Mercedes AMG F1 team News
Mercedes announce 2020 car launch date!
Mercedes are set to unveil their challenger for the 2020 Formula 1 season on February 14 in a brief teaser video, making them the fifth team...
Lewis Hamilton at an "advanced stage" of signing two-year Mercedes extension
Lewis Hamilton is reportedly in an "advanced stage" of signing a new two-year contract extension with Mercedes according to Gazzetta...
Lewis Hamilton: I'm going to be "on another level than ever before!"
Lewis Hamilton has said that he will be "on another level" for 2020 as he prepares for a Formula 1 season that could see him surpass...
Lewis Hamilton nominated for Laureus World Sports Award alongside Mercedes
Lewis Hamilton and Mercedes Formula 1 team have been nominated for the Laureus World Sports Awards after another successful year that saw the...
Bottas eyes Mercedes contract extension but admits he must "be open-minded"
Valtteri Bottas is hoping for another contract extension at Mercedes but says he must remain "open-minded" about the future in case his German...
Russell on Hamilton "One of the most hardworking F1 drivers I've ever come across"
George Russell has been involved with the Mercedes set-up for a long period of time and has, therefore, had plenty of opportunities to get to...
WATCH: Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg all battles and crashes!
Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg had a strange relationship during their time together in F1, starting their careers as mates but ending their...
Bottas expecting plenty of driver speculation come the summer
Valtteri Bottas is set for another year at Formula 1's top table with Mercedes but he's still expecting lots of speculation come the summer....
Valtteri Bottas has already won a trophy in 2020
Valtteri Bottas has already won an award in 2020. The F1 driver has been named as 'driver of the year 2019' at the Finnish National Automobile...
Gerhard Berger dares to compare Hamilton with Senna: "Hamilton becoming best ever"
Lewis Hamilton is now just one title behind Michael Schumacher's elusive tally of seven F1 world championsips. Without a doubt, the Brit is one...
Bottas sends a warning: "I have found a new strength and energy"
Valtteri Bottas will once again line-up next to Lewis Hamilton at Mercedes. The Finnish driver stormed out of the blocks at last season's Australian...
Chandhok doesn't expect Hamilton to move to Ferrari following Leclerc deal
Lewis Hamilton has been linked with a switch to Ferrari for months but following Charles Leclerc signing a new contract, Karun Chandhok can't...
Bottas focusing on consistency and adaptability
Valtteri Bottas is targeting more improvements in the 2020 season as he looks to mount a serious challenge for the F1 World Championship. The...
Toto Wolff says his first job at Mercedes was to ask for more money!
When Toto Wolff first arrived at the Mercedes team, he knew the team needed to significantly increase the budget if they were going to win the...
Bottas: Wolff's "super competitive" nature helped Mercedes to where it is now
Valtteri Bottas has said that the "super competitive" nature of Toto Wolff has been a big contribution to Mercedes' success...
Bottas: "Would be silly to learn from your team-mate, especially Hamilton"
Valtteri Bottas might not be picking up F1 titles but the Mercedes driver is certainly learning from the best there is on the grid. Out of any...
David Coulthard encourages Lewis Hamilton to stay with Mercedes!
David Coulthard says that Lewis Hamilton does not need to go to Ferrari to finish his career, suggesting the relationship he has with Mercedes...


text:
About Legal Aid
About CEJ
Legal Aid Success Stories – Housing
Legal Aid Success Stories – Income Maintenance
Legal Aid Success Stories – Safety
Donate – Lara Skidmore Fund
Pledge Pay
Oregon Access to Justice Coalition
Oregon has a long history of partnering on issues relating to access to justice. We can call this the Oregon Access to Justice Coalition. Legal aid programs in Oregon grew out of proposals by the Oregon State Bar ("OSB") and the Multnomah Bar Association ("MBA") in 1936. Since 1971, when Oregon conducted its first legal needs study at the request of the Governor and the OSB, Oregon's leaders have been invested in providing civil legal services to low-income Oregonians throughout our geographically diverse state and clearly see the importance of a coordinated approach to legal services delivery. Throughout the years, there have been numerous of Task Forces, planning groups and Study Groups with key players, including the Chief Justice, the OSB, the Oregon Law Foundation ("OLF"), members of the Oregon legislature, the corporate community, private bar leaders, and other political leaders in the state, that have tackled issues ranging from the development of standards and guidelines for Oregon's legal aid programs, delivery systems for legal aid, strategic planning for legal aid, and working collaboratively for increasing funding for legal aid and looking for new sources of funding. Because collaboration has been key since the early efforts in Oregon, the entities that focus on civil legal services avoid duplication of efforts because the entities are interrelated and integrated. Some examples of board membership of various organizations are noted below.
Oregon's Model for Addressing Civil Legal Aid
Oregon's approach to addressing access to justice has evolved over time, beginning with our early leadership on these issues. In the early 1990s, Oregon leaders suggested that other states adopt Oregon's model and adopt structures like the Campaign for Equal Justice. On several occasions, leaders from elsewhere have come to Oregon to suggest that Oregon adopt a Commission model advanced by the American Bar Association, but the consensus in Oregon has been that Oregon's current model works best for Oregon. Our systems are closely integrated and our communications are strong and work efficiently. When a Task Force or strategic planning group is called for, our leaders are eager to participate. We have found that this type of structure, with limited duration Task Forces and focused tasks, has made effective use of the time commitment our leaders have available. We have resisted creating another structure that might require additional staffing and funding to operate.
Our leaders such as the Chief Justice, the Attorney General, bar groups, the Governor's Office, and key legislators have been very willing participants in supporting civil legal aid and have been outspoken advocates for legal aid. Other standing groups, such as the OSB Legal Services Program, CEJ, OLF, and legal aid boards work collaboratively and on an ongoing basis on issues related to integrated legal services delivery, funding for legal aid programs, and distribution of resources. The OSB, CEJ, OLF and legal aid programs work closely together on legislative proposals regarding funding, and these efforts involve the Attorney General and our Chief Justice. Oregon boasts about 290 volunteers, including those leaders listed above, who help raise money in the CEJ's annual fund drive, assist with education and outreach efforts about access to justice, or assist with legislative efforts.
Our existing structures are integrated: The OSB appoints some of the members of legal aids' boards. Legal aid recommends board members for the Oregon Law Foundation ("OLF") board. Oregon's legal aid programs have some positions on the OSB Legal Services Program Committee. The Presidents of the OSB and OLF hold seats on the Campaign for Equal Justice (CEJ) board of directors; key staff members act as liaisons. The Oregon Courts also have a liaison to the CEJ board.
In 2002, LSC's Equal Justice Magazine had this to say about Oregon's access to justice model:
"There's a noble experiment brewing in the Beaver State, with leaders from diverse background and political persuasions putting aside their differences to support the proposition that no one in Oregon be denied basic access to civil justice. Democrats and Republicans, members of Congress and state legislators, legal services advocates, corporate counsels, Bar leaders, private practitioners, and a robust Campaign for Equal Justice have all joined the fight."
Mauricio Vivero, then LSC Vice President of Governmental Relations and Public Affairs, stated,
"Ever since the 1996 funding cuts, we have been telling state leaders that the best thing they can do is help themselves. Our message has been: 'We know you need more help from Washington, but until that help comes, maximize every dollar and organize at the grassroots to increase local support'. And no state has done more than Oregon to rally its stakeholders to implement just that type of statewide response."
Most recently, Oregon's legal aid programs, with participation from the CEJ, OSB and OLF have completed a comprehensive strategic plan focusing on service delivery and distribution of resources. The plan was adopted in December 2013. In January 2014, Oregon will launch the Task Force on Legal Aid Funding that will take a comprehensive look at funding for legal aid, and will work to set both short-term and long term goals. The following individuals or groups will participate in the Task Force: the Chief Justice, the Attorney General, Senate President, the office of the Governor, key legislators, key Oregon foundations, the OLF, OSB, CEJ and leaders from the Oregon corporate community.
Oregon's Accomplishments and Early Leadership
Oregon is proud to have been on the access to justice forefront in the following ways:
The second state in the nation to adopt court filing fee funding for legal aid (and the first to propose it) (1976-1977)
First in the nation to host statewide open houses for legal aid programs. Those open houses have recently given way to community gatherings around the state on access to justice, and also continuing legal education seminars on access to justice
One of the first statewide combined fundraising campaigns for legal aid programs (1991) (through the Campaign for Equal Justice)
One of the first to adopt a statewide access to justice conference (which has since been replaced by other community events)
In response to the 1996 federal funding cuts and restrictions, the Oregon Supreme Court Chief Justice and OSB President appointed the Civil Legal Services Task Force in 1996, which addressed client need/priorities/delivery systems; the structure and organization of legal aid; funding; and how to address the ethical implications of LSC restrictions. The Task Force issued a comprehensive report. The Consortium of Legal Services was formed.
One of the first to adopt state Standards and Guidelines for statewide legal aid programs that incorporate ABA Standards on civil legal services delivery and one of the first to create a mechanism for administering state funds for civil legal aid in accordance with these Standards and Guidelines (1998)
One of the first in the nation to conduct comprehensive statewide legal needs assessments (1971; 2000)
Receives bi-partisan support for legal aid funding, with Oregon's congressional delegation unanimously supporting legal aid
In 2003, The American Judicature Society presented the Herbert Harley Award to Oregon's US Senators Gordon Smith and Ron Wyden in recognition of services promoting the effective administration of justice.
Received one of the first awards from the American Bar Association for Grass Roots Lobbying for federal funding and one of the first to form a coalition between the OSB and CEJ to travel to Washington, D.C. to lobby for increased federal funding (2006)
Formation of the "Lindauer Group," a series of informal gatherings with leaders from legal aid, the Bar, the Courts, the Governor and political and other leaders to find new sources of funding for legal aid. (2002-2007) Meetings resulted in several new sources of funding for legal aid, including increased filing fees and general fund money. This group was honored by the Oregon State Bar.
The first, or one of the first, to direct state pro hac vice fees to legal aid (2002)
The first, or one of the first, to direct abandoned property from IOLTA accounts to legal aid (2009)
Has its Bar leadership (House of Delegates) pass an annual Resolution calling for the Bar to work for increased funding for legal aid and to encourage bar members to make financial contributions to legal aid (1996-2013)
One of the first states to require mandatory continuing legal education credits on access to justice
In addition, Oregon has received state general fund money for legal aid, has an annual fund drive that raises about $1.2 million from the private bar, and has an endowment program. We are likely one of the first to study a Centralized Legal Notice system to supplement legal aid funding. We are currently launching a comprehensive Task Force on Legal Aid Funding. Our annual fund drive has participation from the legal community around the state, including participation by 85% of appellate judges and 84% of members of large law firms. The Campaign has participation from the corporate community and the annual awards luncheon is sponsored each year by Nike and Adidas.
Task Force on Legal Aid Funding
620 SW Fifth Ave, Suite 1225
office@cej-oregon.org
What is Legal Aid?
Legal Aid Success Stories
Justice Facts
What is CEJ?
Board, Staff, Advisory Committee
Justice and Equity Cups
Firm Support
Bar Organization Involvement
Continuing Legal Education Seminars
Donate or Pledge to CEJ
The Endowment Fund
Young Lawyers
Tweets by cejoregon
Member Organization
© 2018 CEJ Oregon. All Rights Reserved.


Everything you need to start blogging with your students.
This course will teach you how to use blogs as a full year writing curriculum. Start by setting up a class blog and individual student blogs. Then teach students the art of blogging with digital literacy and creation. Move on to incorporating reading assignments and transferring short blog post writing skills into full essays. Everything you need to complete a full school year of blog writing.
Carly Black is a veteran middle school ELA teacher and mom of two.
Here to help you engage your students with the art of blogging.
User Profile: This is important for students' internet safety!
Teach Central Idea through SEO Keywords: Coming Soon!
Everything you need to start your total package writing program.
Learn how blogging can help your students master real world writing. Teach them to tap into their voice and write for a global audience. This course will give you everything you need to set up a successful blogging curriculum in your classroom.


text:
import os
import sys

import django
import argparse

def runtests(options):
    os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = options.settings

    django.setup()

    parent = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
    sys.path.insert(0, parent)

    from django.test.runner import DiscoverRunner
    runner_class = DiscoverRunner
    test_args = ["dach.tests"]

    failures = runner_class(verbosity=options.verbosity,
                            interactive=options.interactive,
                            failfast=options.failfast).run_tests(test_args)
    sys.exit(failures)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Run Dach tests')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-v', '--verbosity', default=1, type=int, choices=[0, 1, 2, 3],
        help='Verbosity level',
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        '--noinput', action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
        help='Not prompt for input',
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        '--failfast', action='store_true', dest='failfast', default=False,
        help='Stop tests after first fail',
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        '--settings',
        help='Python path to settings module',
        default='dach.tests.settings.rdbms'
    )

    options = parser.parse_args()
    runtests(options)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Hotels ploughed nearly £10m into Bury St Edmunds last year to meet the growing demand of the town's booming tourist trade.
Tourism brings in £49m for the local economy with more than 800,000 trips recorded each year.
From historic locations to state of the art new builds, hotel companies have been keen to capitalise on the increased demand for accommodation in the town.
At the Angel Hotel, in Angel Hill, a £750,000 refurbishment is under way to celebrate its Georgian roots.
Nearby, the Best Western Priory Hotel, in Mildenhall Road, has completed a £750,000 redevelopment which extended its bar and restaurant, the first phase of a major redevelopment.
Surya Hotels have invested around £250,000 in the Symonds Road's Dragonfly Hotel - which they acquired two years ago.
All 71 bedrooms have been redesigned and new conservatory restaurant, Barley and Graze, is offering all day dining from breakfast through to dinner.
Bury St Edmunds' first Travelodge, which opened last month, represents an investment of £8 million for third party investors and boasts a drive-through Starbucks bar café just off the A14.
Finally the All Saints Hotel Spa and Golf Resort has submitted plans for 70 holiday lodges.
Sue Warren, of Bury St Edmunds and Beyond – the town's tourism brand, explained how the investment is so important for local people.
She said: "The investment that we have seen into accommodation provision for visitors in the Bury St Edmunds area is a fantastic vote of confidence for the continuing growth of the visitor economy in the town which brings £49.9million into our local economy and supports over 1,000 jobs.


text:
https://twitter.com/EU_UNGeneva
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCelSkuDPZld03bvUlmwzRHw
https://www.flickr.com/photos/132033091@N03/albums
https://www.facebook.com/EUinGeneva
EU Delegation to the UN in Geneva - Press releases
Delegation of the European Union to the
UN and other international organisations in Geneva
EEAS homepage > UN Geneva > Media Advisory: High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini visits Horn of Africa
Media Advisory: High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini visits Horn of Africa
Invitations for the press
High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini is travelling today on an official visit to countries in the Horn of Africa region from 20 to 22 May.
Federica Mogherini began her visit today in Mogadishu, Somalia where she met Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khayre. She also visited EUTM Somalia troops and EUCAP Somalia personnel.
Continuing her visit in the Horn of Africa, Federica Mogherini will visit Kenya, where she is due to meet President Kenyatta and Members of Government. In Kenya, she will also launch a cross border programme, meet with UN representatives in the country, with youth and civil society organisations as well as inaugurate the new EU Delegation offices in Nairobi.
She will conclude her visit by travelling to Djibouti. In Djibouti, she will meet President Ismail Omar Guelleh, Foreign and International Cooperation Minister Mahmoud Ali Yousouf, as well as Executive Secretary of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Mahboub Maalim. She will also visit the EU's ATALANTA maritime security mission and a EU funded project of desalinisation.
Press points during the mission and photos will be made available on EbS.
The EU in the Horn of Africa
The EU is working actively to strengthen its partnership with the region which shares many common interests with the European Union, from tackling climate change to boosting investment, to better managing migration and creating opportunities for youth.
The EU is a key partner for the region in many areas, in particular security with the three Common Security and Defence Policy missions: EUNAVFOR Atalanta a maritime mission which fights piracy off the Somali coast, EUTM Somalia and EUCAP Somalia. The EU is also a key supporter of Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the regional body in the Horn of Africa.
EU relations with Somalia
EU relations with Djibouti
EU relations with Kenya
Daniel PUGLISI
Press Officer for Africa / Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management
EU NAVFOR Somalia
EEAS Press Team
Contact the Press Team of the European External Action Service
Venezuela: Senior Officials of the International Contact Group met today in Brussels
Colombia and the EU hold a new edition of their High Level Political Dialogue
Declaration by the High Representative, Federica Mogherini, on behalf of the EU on the occasion of the Day of International Criminal Justice, 17 July 2019
Somalia National Examinations register record enrolment in 2019A record 79,000 pupils across Somalia enrolled to take primary and secondary school-leaving examinations, thanks to joint efforts between the federal and states Ministries of Education, its partners, the communities and donors in ensuring that Somali young people enrol and remain in school until
European Union Delegation to Somalia PublicationThis annual booklet explains the key activities and achievements of the European Union Delegation to the Federal Republic of Somalia.
Khatro's story: How financial literacy and access to finance changed her life "My name is Khatro. I am the mother of 11 children. I live in Kismayo, Jubaland State of Somalia. 3 years ago I was in a very dire situation and I could hardly feed my family. We were dependant of the support our community could provide. Fortunately an initiative started to support the most
Stakeholders meet to jointly review education sector progress in Somalia Mogadishu, Monday, 8th July 2019 – Today, education stakeholders gather in Mogadishu to discuss the progress in the education sector as well as challenges and plans from improving access to quality education and training for Somali children and youth. The two-day workshop brings together federal
Rue du Grand-Pré 64,
CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
Telephone: +41.(0)22.919.74.00
Fax: +41.(0)22.734.22.36
delegation-geneva-un@eeas.europa.eu


There will be a lot of times of your career in Forex which will get you the idea of thinking about money. It is natural for many traders, especially novice ones in the business. You can notice this kind of perspective about the currency trading business in some pro traders. But it is not right for proper performance in the business. There will have to be good planning for the executions of the trades. Then the traders will also have to think properly about the right management of the trades themselves. Using everything right there will be a good placement of a position size in the markets. Even that will have to be consistent with a fixed target all the time. All of that will let the traders make a proper income. In this article, we are going to talk about the right management of trades without being tensed about the capital. In fact, you will have to learn about keeping that kind of tensions and headaches behind of all the execution plans.
To learn about getting out of the concept of the money headaches, the traders will need some proper information. For that, we will need to concentrate on the proper planning of the trades. The traders will have to make the right profit targets to use it for a position sizing. It is a very exciting factor in the trading process. But there will be problems with this system when you will not have the right setups with money. You see, the tensions of money making make the traders desperate for incomes and profits. Therefore, the marginal targets for the profits will not be right from the trader's sides. The poor risk management also emphasizes the process of trading. There will not be any proper cautions taken for the trades. It is not good to deal with the markets.
Those who are relatively new to the Singaporean trading community might not understand the importance of money management policy. If you simply risk 2% of your account balance options trading with Saxo will become a very profitable business. Always remember, you are here to make money. So never trade the market with high-risk exposure as it can ruin your investment within a fraction of a second. Try to save your investment by sticking to the basic rules of money management.
When the traders miss the chance of making their trades secure, mistakes will come into play. The system of trading will be disturbed with micromanagement and overtrading like mistakes. To give some idea, the micromanaging problem in the Forex trading business makes traders a lot more intolerable. Because they will get business from the tensions of making money. It may seem right for the proper market analysis and placing the position sizes in the markets. But in actuality, the trading process never gets the right kind of environment for the management of trades. Then there is overtrading which can be considered as a curse for the traders. It may seem legit to make frequent trades. None of them can be properly planned or designed for the markets. Therefore, you can lose a lot of money from the business.
We have talked too much negative about the poor money management due to tensions of winning. But there are some good ways to make some good income from the Forex business. The traders will only have to do the right thing by getting into the pips. The timeframe will help them with the right position sizing. Even the proper market analysis can be possible for the traders with some good volatilities in the long term signals.


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Percy Roderick Coleman (26 January 1897–20 April 1965) was a New Zealand mechanic, motor-cycle racer, businessman and aviator. He was born in Ngaere, Taranaki, New Zealand on 26 January 1897.

References

1897 births
1965 deaths
20th-century New Zealand businesspeople
New Zealand aviators

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Dans un métal, un plasmon est une oscillation de plasma quantifiée, ou un quantum d'oscillation de plasma.

Le plasmon est une quasiparticule résultant de la quantification de fréquence plasma, tout comme le photon et le phonon sont des quantifications de vibrations respectivement lumineuses et mécaniques.

Ainsi, les plasmons sont des oscillations collectives d'un gaz d'électrons, par exemple à des fréquences optiques.

Le couplage d'un plasmon et d'un photon crée une autre quasiparticule dite plasma polariton.

Depuis que les plasmons sont définis comme la quantification des oscillations de plasma classique, la plupart de leurs propriétés peuvent être calculées directement à partir des équations de Maxwell.

Éléments de théorie
Les oscillations de plasma d'un métal peuvent être comprises dans le cadre d'une théorie classique.

Si on suppose que les ions sont fixes, et que les électrons peuvent se déplacer en bloc, et que  est la position du centre de masse des électrons par rapport au centre de masse des ions, lorsque , il existe un excès de charge positive d'un côté du système (supposé de dimension finie dans la direction parallèle à x) et un excès de charge négative du côté opposé. Ces excès de charges constituent une force de rappel qui tend à ramener  à zéro.

Cependant, s'il n'y a pas de dissipation, l'énergie mécanique totale étant conservée, le centre de masse des électrons va effectuer des oscillations à une pulsation appelée « pulsation plasma » .

Dans le cas où on suppose que le métal est limité le long de la direction , et infini dans les directions perpendiculaires, on peut calculer la pulsation plasma en utilisant le théorème de Gauss pour calculer le champ électrique créé par les excès de charge.

On trouve que les excès de charges créent un champ électrique :
, où  est la densité d'électrons,

ce qui conduit à une pulsation plasma :
.

Pour tenir compte du caractère quantique de la dynamique des électrons, on utilise l'approximation de la phase aléatoire et la théorie de la réponse linéaire pour calculer la constante diélectrique .

Les oscillations de plasma sont obtenues lorsque le calcul quantique redonne la fréquence classique pour les oscillations de plasma. Il montre aussi qu'il existe des oscillations de plasma pour un vecteur d'onde , avec :

où  est la vitesse de Fermi des électrons. Le facteur  vient de l'approximation de la phase aléatoire. Les approximations plus précises donnent des corrections au facteur devant .

Les oscillations de plasma se comportent comme des particules quantifiées appelées plasmons.

Comme les énergies de ces particules sont de l'ordre de  à  eV dans les métaux, il n'existe pas de plasmons dans un métal à l'équilibre. Il est cependant possible d'exciter les modes de plasmons en utilisant des électrons ou des rayons X pour bombarder un film métallique suffisamment fin. Les électrons ou les photons X peuvent céder de l'énergie aux plasmons ce qui permet leur détection.

Jusqu'ici, nous n'avons parlé que du cas tridimensionnel. Il est cependant possible de réaliser des gaz d'électrons bidimensionnels (par exemple avec des interfaces  ou dans des puits quantiques AlAs/GaAs) ou unidimensionnels (fils quantiques). Dans le cas bidimensionnel, la dispersion des plasmons est de la forme  et dans le cas unidimensionnel de la forme .

Utilisation
Sur des principes anciens de résonance plasmonique de surface, mais avec des techniques disponibles depuis les années 1980, des capteurs et biosenseurs utilisent le phénomène de résonance plasmon de surface dans le domaine de la détection chimique et biologique. Le principe utilisé est que dans de bonnes conditions, la réflectivité d'un film mince de métal est très sensible aux variations optiques du milieu d'un de ses côtés. Ceci est dû au fait que les plasmons de surface sont des sondes sensibles aux conditions-limites. Cet effet peut être utilisé de plusieurs façons dont pour la détection de gaz ou de films minces. On peut aussi par exemple détecter presque en temps réel, la présence d'objets biologiques ( cytochrome) ou de bactéries pathogènes vivantes, étudier les propriétés physiques et biologiques de membranes protéiques, détecter des pesticides.

Recherche
La localisation et l'intensité des pics d'absorption et d'émission des plasmons sont affectées par l'adsorption moléculaire. Ce fait peut être mis à profit dans les capteurs moléculaires. Par exemple un prototype opérationnel de détection de la caséine dans le lait existe, basé sur la détection des changements dans l'absorption d'une couche d'or.

Les plasmons de surface de nanoparticules métalliques peuvent être utilisés pour détecter différents types de molécules (protéines, etc.). La recherche fondamentale s'intéresse aussi et par exemple à l'interaction des plasmons avec les nanostructures complexes.

Les plasmons permettent de transmettre des informations sur les puces d'ordinateur, avec des fréquences potentiellement beaucoup plus élevées (environ 100 THz). Pour l'électronique à base de plasmons, on cherche à améliorer l'analogue d'un transistor dit plasmonster déjà inventé.

En mars 2010, S. Assefa et son équipe, chez IBM ont signalé la création de nouveaux photodétecteurs ultra-rapide et sans bruit (Nanophotonic avalanche photodetectors) ouvrant la voie à une informatique nanophotonique en exaflop .  «Nous travaillons actuellement sur l'intégration de l'ensemble de nos dispositifs sur un microprocesseur aux côtés de transistors » ."

Des photodétecteurs de très petite taille (nanométriques) pourrait être le dernier élément de la « boîte à outils nanophotoniques » pour produire des puces et ordinateurs à très hautes performances.

Les plasmons de surface étant sensibles aux propriétés des matériaux sur lesquels ils se propagent, on les a utilisé pour mesurer l'épaisseur de films monocouches sur colloïde.

L'auto-assemblage programmable d'acides nucléiques permet de fabriquer avec précision des objets personnalisés nanométriques et les plasmons ont permis (en laboratoire) d'améliorer la construction de nanostructures métalliques par lithographie à haute résolution ou nano-lithographie ou lithographie assistée par ADN dite DALI). La microscopie peut aussi profiter de leur longueur d'onde extrêmement faible. Ainsi la production de nanostructures métalliques présentant une réponse plasmonique chirale et des nanoantennes en forme de nœud papillon a permis une spectroscopie Raman améliorée en surface. Le DALI pourrait peut-être un jour permettre la production à grande échelle de nanostructures métalliques aux caractéristiques plasmoniques programmées.

Enfin, les plasmons de surface ont la capacité unique de confiner la lumière dans de très petites dimensions. Ceci pourraient inspirer de nouvelles applications.

En 2009, des chercheurs coréens ont dopé l'efficacité de diodes luminescentes organiques en utilisant ces plasmons.

Un projet européen de 3 ans dit "PRIMA" (Plasmon Resonance for IMproving the Absorption of solar cells) a permis à des chercheurs dirigés par l'IMEC d'améliorer l'efficacité des cellules solaires et à en diminuer les coûts en leur incorporant des nanostructures métalliques utilisant des effets plasmoniques. Ceci concerne divers types de cellules solaires : silicium cristallin (c-Si), haute performance III-V, organiques, cellules à pigment photosensible.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Quasi-particule
 Liste de particules
 Plasmon de surface
 État plasma
 Onde de plasma

Liens externes

Bibliographie
 Justus C. Ndukaife, Vladimir M. Shalaev & Alexandra Boltasseva (2016) Plasmonics—turning loss into gain ;  Science  22 Jan 2016 : Vol.351, n°6271, pp. 334-335 ; DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9864  résumé

Références

 J. M. Ziman, Principles of the theory of Solids (Cambridge University Press)
 Akira Ishihara, Electron Liquids (Springer-Verlag)
 H. J. Schulz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1864 (1993)

Quasi-particule
Plasma


text:
Police raises are a necessity for the city
The City of West Haven has numerous pressing issues, but one, I believe, is in dire need of help and has catastrophic repercussions if not dealt with immediately.
Our Police Department has been losing good officers at an alarming rate. They are underpaid between $10,000 and $20,000 annually. The city pays $100,000 to train an officer, and in two years many leave for neighboring towns for better salaries and retirement benefits.
This past weekend saw bedlam at our beaches. City Council Chairman Massaro stated that we got hit with early warm weather that caught the police force off guard. In speaking with police, I have learned that we do not have the staff to patrol the beaches now or when summer hits. More officers are leaving imminently, with more to follow as the police contract expires July 1.
Last March, the City Council voted to give a $10,000 raise to each officer. West Haven has since been assigned Tier IV designation by the MARB, meaning the state has taken over the city's finances, due to the city's inability to have the most basic controls on finances. Our police tell me that the $10,000 raise for our officers is off the table. West Haven Police moral is understandably at an all-time low.
Public safety should be the number-one priority of the City of West Haven, and the MARB. I understand that MARB wants to see a five-year budget showing the city can maintain the pay increase for our officers, and I commend them for that. My concern is that time is running out on the current police contract, and if the immediate need for raises is not met, the ramifications of a mass exodus from an already understaffed force will be disastrous to the city.
If this situation is not resolved before their contract expires in five weeks, the city will not be able to man their police cars, crime will continue to soar, and I fear that the city may never recover.
Andy Weinstein
Lake Phipps problems unanswered
This letter is in regards to the ongoing issues that myself and several other neighbors at Lake Ave have been having as a result of Coe River drainage. Besides the city coming in and reinforcing the banks, the City of West Haven received a state grant to do work across Main Street due to the erosion. They came in and reinforced everyone's bank they knew that the land was being affected. But with this reinforcement, it created additional issues of land erosion, foundation cracks, and flooding that has resulted in damage that we have had to pay for along with thousands of dollars of damage after Tropical Storm Elsa made her way on July 9, 2021. My neighbor had 5 feet of water in her basement due to the lack of reinforcement in front of her home from the creek. The city stated that they sent her and the neighbor alongside of her a letter asking if they can work on the creek in front of their homes but nothing to prove these letters were sent as neither neighbor received letters.
In addition, there are several trees on the side of the creek that are blocking the water flow along with trash that keeps flowing in from Cove River into our back yards. We have had several meetings at City Hall with Public Works Commissioner, Tom McCarthy, Wetlands Commissioner, William Kane, Engineer, Abdul Quadir, and a hired attorney from the city. Councilman, Victor Borras, and Legislator, Dorinda Borer, also attended the meetings and did a walk through of the damage that the lake has done to our land and homes. We have made countless emails and phone calls to Tom McCarthy but he is refusing to follow through on the promises that he made during the Sept 24 meeting that we all participated in at City Hall of West Haven. The city added boulders, in 2017, to the side of the wall in aid of the flooding but this only made things worse. Since then, boulders have fallen to the bottom of the creek and the erosion has worsened with every rain/ tropical storm. We pay heavy taxes for the land that we have and ask that the City of West Haven correct the issue that they caused as a result of the work they did in 2017. Now, they are refusing, stating that the lake is partially each homeowner's property as they do not want to pay to fix the issue they created. This is neglect on their part as they manipulated the area which only added more damage.
Due to the force of the water after a major storm, it pulls the dirt from underneath and therefore it has caused the posts of my deck to become slanted. This is now deemed dangerous to utilize and I will have to pay out of pocket to repair the posts. The city is not taking any ownership of this.
There is also the issue of the invasive Japanese Knotweed that has overgrown to over 6 feet tall and not only is it slowing down the water during a storm, causing a flood, but it is also blocking a driver's view from turning onto Main St, from Lake Ave. This is dangerous and can cause accidents. Maintenance should be done regularly for safety reasons.
We have recordings and notes of the meetings that indicate all of these promises that the Public Works Commissioner has made and have reminded him of these via email but he does not respond. We are asking that they take care of this matter immediately or we will be forced to take legal action.
Naza Bungu
Lake Ave resident
david carr says
storms are going to get worse as vapor pressure deficit allows more water to exist higher in the atmosphere and produce more velocity as you all know what to Colonial Blvd and Lake Street Beach. The only way to kill knotweed is by covering it with black plastic or using chemicals


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The Trier Cathedral Treasury is a museum of Christian art and medieval art in Trier, Germany. The museum is owned by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier and is located inside the Cathedral of Trier. It contains some of the church's most valuable relics, reliquaries, liturgical vessels, ivories, manuscripts and other artistic objects. The history of the Trier church treasure goes back at least 800 years. In spite of heavy losses during the period of the Coalition Wars, it is one of the richest cathedral treasuries in Germany. With the cathedral it forms part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History

Early sources indicate that the cathedral's relics were kept in a separate room north of the east choir around 1200. Considering that the church is one of the oldest in Germany, it may be assumed that the treasure is even older. Tradition has it that Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, who resided in Trier in the early 4th century, gave the church some of its most valuable relics. In the late 10th century, under archbishop Egbert, Trier became a centre of the Ottonian Renaissance. Egbert's famous workshops produced metalwork and illuminated manuscripts, of which the cathedral acquired several.

The treasure was moved to a larger room in 1480 in the so-called Badische Bau, part of the cloisters, where the treasury and the cathedral's archives are still housed. An increase in pilgrims led to the main relics and reliquaries being shown from 1512 until 1655 on a purpose-built platform in front of the western apse to the gathered pilgrims on the Domfreihof square. Inventories dating from 1238, 1429 and 1776 provide detailed information on the history of the treasure, which for centuries remained largely intact, in spite of fires, sieges and pillaging. For the safety of the relics, several times (particularly during war), the main relics were transferred to Ehrenbreitstein, which had a safe haven maintained by the bishops of Trier.

The outbreak of the First Coalition War led in 1794 to the incorporation of Trier and most of the German Rhineland into the French First Republic. During this period a large portion of the treasure was lost, principally due to the heavy war taxes imposed on the cathedral chapter, which resulted in the melting down of gold and silver objects in order to pay the taxes. In 1792 alone, 399 kg of precious metal was handed in at the Trier Electoral mint. Only twelve objects made of precious metal survived. One of the many treasures that went missing was the so-called "monile of Saint Helena", a golden hanger with a relic of the True Cross, listed in the 1238 inventory. The 10th-century "staff of Saint Peter", a masterpiece from the Egbert workshops, survived but ended up in the treasury of Limburg Cathedral.

During the 19th and 20th century the treasure was partly restored through donations, loans, acquisitions from art dealers and commissions. The Byzantine Adventus Ivory that had been part of the cathedral treasure until 1792 was bought back in 1845. In 1851, a 12th-century crosier was discovered in the grave of archbishop Heinrich II of Finstingen. Also in the 19th century, the periodical showing of the relics, especially the Holy Tunic, was resumed. In 1844 it was estimated that 600,000 pilgrims participated in the pilgrimage; in 1891 perhaps more than a million.

At the end of the Second World War the main treasures from Trier, along with those from Aachen and Essen, were hidden in a deserted mine tunnel near Siegen. Here they were discovered by American troops in April 1945 and returned to Trier within a month. Other, less valuable objects ended up in the Marburg Central Collecting Point in Marburg, from where they were returned through the work of Walker Hancock (a member of the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program).

Collections

The Trier Cathedral treasure consists mainly of reliquaries, liturgical vessels, religious statues and reliefs, ivories and illuminated manuscripts. The objects date from the 3rd through the 20th century.

Relics and reliquaries
Four of the cathedral's main relics are not kept in the Treasury but elsewhere in the church. These are the Holy Tunic (in a separate chapel behind the main altar), the head reliquary of Saint Helena (in the east crypt), the reliquary shrine of Saint Maternus (in the central crypt) and the reliquary shrine of Saint Blaise and other saints (in the west crypt).

The following are kept in the Treasury:
 the Egbert shrine, also referred to as the portable altar of Saint Andrew (German: Andreas-Tragaltar), a small reliquary chest from the late-10th-century Egbert workshops, with ivory plaques, enamels and precious stones, and a gold-plated foot on top (the first known 'speaking reliquary', in the shape of a body-part); containing relics of the apostle Andrew (the sole of his sandal), Saint Peter (some beard hair and part of his chain) and other relics mentioned below;
 the Holy Nail, said to be a nail of the True Cross, found by Saint Helena and given to the church in Trier, according to tradition; contained in a precious reliquary, also from the Egbert workshops; previously held in the Egbert shrine;
 the cup of Saint Helena, made of amethyst, dating from the 3rd/4th century, with 14th-century silver furnishing from Bohemia; also formerly held in the Egbert shrine;
 the silver arm reliquary of Saint Anne, dating from the 15th century, partly renewed in the 19th century.

Liturgical objects
During its long history the cathedral collected numerous liturgical vessels, candlesticks, processional crosses and other objects used in mass or for administering the Holy Sacraments. Despite the losses in the late 18th and early 19th century, the following remain:
 a portable altar said to have belonged to Saint Willibrord; the Latin inscription in the 8th-century porphyry altar stone confirms this; it also informs that the altar contained relics of the True Cross and of Jesus' sudarium (it now contains relics of the Virgin Mary's dress); the ivories and silver reliefs were added later; until 1794 it was part of the treasury of the Liebfrauenkirche (Trier, 8th-14th c.);
 a portable altar with relics (Trier?, 12th c.);
 the funeral chalice, paten and bishop's ring of Poppo von Babenberg, archbishop of Trier from 1016–47;
 the bronze thurible of Gozbert (Trier?, ca. 1100);
 a richly decorated silver thurible (Trier?, 12th c.);
 a coconut cup, probably used as a reliquary; originally from St. Gangolf's church (Trier?, ca. 1550-1600);
 various Romanesque Revival or Gothic Revival liturgical objects, several by the Aachen goldsmiths Reinhold Vasters, Martin Vogeno and August Witte, others by the Trier workshop of Brems-Varain.

Enamelling
The collection includes many enamels, including:
 the triptych of Saint Andrew (German: Andreas-Tragaltar), with a 16th-century silver-gilded statue of Saint Andrew in the central panel; the champlevé enamels on the side panels are possibly the work of Godefroid de Claire (Mosan, ca. 1160-70);
 a reliquary casket in champlevé with copper reliefs of saints (Limoges, late 12th c.);
 a processional cross in champlevé with a copper relief of Jesus (Limoges, late 12th c.);
 the crosier of Arnold II von Isenburg, archbishop of Trier from 1242-59 (Limoges, mid 13th c.);
 the crosier of Heinrich II von Finstingen, archbishop of Trier from 1260-86 (Limoges, mid 13th c.).

Painting and sculpture
The cathedral in Trier owns many paintings, statues and reliefs, most of which can be found in the church, where they have a religious function. A few, mainly ivory carvings, are kept in the treasury:
 the Byzantine Adventus Ivory, a Byzantine ivory relief of a procession with relics (Constantinople, 6th c.?);
 an ivory relief with the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple and the Baptism of Jesus, part of a book cover of the Simeon Codex, formerly in St. Simeon's (Trier, ca. 1100);
 an ivory relief with the Annunciation, part of a book cover (Saxony, early 12th c.);
 a silver Madonna with Child in a halo of rays (Franz Thaddäeus Lang, Augsburg, 1725–30).

Books and manuscripts
Only a few specimens from the collection of historical books and medieval manuscripts are on display in the treasury:
 Trier Evangeliary, Ms. 61 (Trier or Echternach, ca. 700-750);
 Simeon Codex or Codex Simeonis, Greek lectionary with ivory cover from St. Simeon's in Trier (10th/11th c.);
 Helmarshausen Evangeliarium, written in Helmarshausen Abbey by Theophilus Presbyter (Helmarshausen, ca. 1100);
 Pericope Book of Kuno II von Falkenstein, archbishop of Trier from 1362-88 (Trier, ca. 1380).

See also
 Cathedral of Trier
 Holy Tunic
 Trier Adventus Ivory
 Aachen Cathedral Treasury
 Essen Cathedral Treasury

References

Museums in Trier
Religious museums in Germany
World Heritage Sites in Germany
Church treasuries