text:
Log In | Join AACT | Renew Membership
AACT Home
Teacher Learning
Science Coaches
ChemMatters Archive
Sponsor a Member
Contribute to AACT
Work at AACT
Classroom Resources: Chemistry Basics
Subtopics Accuracy Chemical Change Chemical Properties Compounds Conductivity Conservation of Mass Conservation of Matter Culminating Project Density Distillation Elements Error Analysis Experimental Design Freezing Graphing History Identifying an Unknown Inferences Interdisciplinary Introduction Ions Lab Safety Matter Mixture Mixtures Observations Periodic Table Physical Change Physical Properties Polyatomic Ions Review Scientific Method Separating Mixtures Trends of the Periodic Table
Types Activity Animation Demonstration Lab Lesson Plan Project Simulation Video
Grade Level Grade Level Elementary School Middle School High School
Advanced Chemistry Advanced Chemistry AP/IB Chemistry
Sort by Newest Most Favorited
1 – 25 of 90 Classroom Resources
Elements, History, Periodic Table | High School
Activity: Periodic Table Trivia Crossword Puzzle
In this activity, students will be presented with trivia questions related to the periodic table of elements. Many of the questions can be answered by examining a periodic table, while others are related to specific elements and may require additional research. Students will complete a crossword puzzle as they answer each of the questions.
Interdisciplinary, History | High School, Middle School
Activity: Spellbound Episode 8 Helen Murray Free Video Questions
In this activity, students will answer questions while watching a video from the Spellbound series produced by ACS. Each episode focuses on a different notable scientist, recounting how their interest in science was sparked in their childhood and how they went on to make great contributions to the scientific community. This eighth episode focuses on the childhood of Helen Murray Free, a former ACS president and pioneering woman in chemistry who developed self-testing diagnostic strips for diabetes and other diseases.
Activity: Spellbound Episode 7 Peter Agre Video Questions
In this activity, students will answer questions while watching a video from the Spellbound series produced by ACS. Each episode focuses on a different notable scientist, recounting how their interest in science was sparked in their childhood and how they went on to make great contributions to the scientific community. This seventh episode focuses on the childhood of Peter Agre, who won the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and is noted for his work in the study of malaria, as well as scientific diplomacy and policy.
Interdisciplinary, History | Middle School, High School
Video: Spellbound Episode 8—The Winds of War: Helen Free, Ph.D.
Produced for the 2011 International Year of Chemistry, the video series Spellbound, tells the story of scientists whose childhood curiosity about everyday things helped them launch careers in the lab, win Nobel Prizes and make other achievements. Their early childhood experiences may encourage young people into careers in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. This episode features Helen Free, Ph.D.
Video: Spellbound Episode 7—Heroes Made the Difference: Peter Agre, M.D.
Produced for the 2011 International Year of Chemistry, the video series Spellbound, tells the story of scientists whose childhood curiosity about everyday things helped them launch careers in the lab, win Nobel Prizes and make other achievements. Their early childhood experiences may encourage young people into careers in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. This episode features Peter Agre, M.D.
Video: Spellbound Episode 6 —Mentors Made the Difference: Nancy Jackson, Ph.D.
Produced for the 2011 International Year of Chemistry, the video series Spellbound, tells the story of scientists whose childhood curiosity about everyday things helped them launch careers in the lab, win Nobel Prizes and make other achievements. Their early childhood experiences may encourage young people into careers in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. This episode features Nancy Jackson, Ph.D.
Video: Spellbound Episode 5— A Born Chemist: Isiah Warner, Ph.D.
Produced for the 2011 International Year of Chemistry, the video series Spellbound, tells the story of scientists whose childhood curiosity about everyday things helped them launch careers in the lab, win Nobel Prizes and make other achievements. Their early childhood experiences may encourage young people into careers in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. This episode features Isiah Warner, Ph.D.
Chemical Change, Interdisciplinary, History | Middle School, High School
Video: Spellbound Episode 3—A Yellow Sweater: Bassam Shakhashiri, Ph.D.
Produced for the 2011 International Year of Chemistry, the video series Spellbound, tells the story of scientists whose childhood curiosity about everyday things helped them launch careers in the lab, win Nobel Prizes and make other achievements. Their early childhood experiences may encourage young people into careers in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. This episode features Bassam Shakhashiri, Ph.D.
Video: Spellbound Episode 4—When Girls Didn't "Do" Science: Mamie Moy
Produced for the 2011 International Year of Chemistry, the video series Spellbound, tells the story of scientists whose childhood curiosity about everyday things helped them launch careers in the lab, win Nobel Prizes and make other achievements. Their early childhood experiences may encourage young people into careers in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. This episode features Mamie Moy.
Video: Spellbound Episode 2 —Finding Her Way: Kristala L. Jones Prather, Ph.D.
Produced for the 2011 International Year of Chemistry, the video series Spellbound, tells the story of scientists whose childhood curiosity about everyday things helped them launch careers in the lab, win Nobel Prizes and make other achievements. Their early childhood experiences may encourage young people into careers in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. This episode features Kristala L. Jones Prather, Ph.D.
Interdisciplinary, History, Chemical Change | Middle School, High School
Video: Spellbound Episode 1—A Sign on the Door: Ahmed Zewail, Ph.D.
Produced for the 2011 International Year of Chemistry, the video series Spellbound, tells the story of scientists whose childhood curiosity about everyday things helped them launch careers in the lab, win Nobel Prizes and make other achievements. Their early childhood experiences may encourage young people into careers in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. This episode features Ahmed Zewail, Ph.D.
History | High School, Middle School
Activity: Spellbound Episode 6 Nancy Jackson Video Questions
In this activity, students will answer questions while watching a video from the Spellbound series produced by ACS. Each episode focuses on a different notable scientist, recounting how their interest in science was sparked in their childhood and how they went on to make great contributions to the scientific community. This sixth episode focuses on the childhood of Nancy Jackson, who was the 2011 president of ACS. She worked for the U.S. Department of State to create the Chemical Security Engagement Program and has been involved in research, scientific policy, and mentoring and advocacy for underrepresented minorities and women in science.
History | Middle School, High School
Activity: Spellbound Episode 5 Isiah Warner Video Questions
In this activity, students will answer questions while watching a video from the Spellbound series produced by ACS. Each episode focuses on a different notable scientist, recounting how their interest in science was sparked in their childhood and how they went on to make great contributions to the scientific community. This fifth episode focuses on the childhood of Isiah Warner, who is an African American chemistry professor and researcher at LSU. He has won awards for his decades-long teaching career and for the programs he founded to encourage and mentor African American students pursuing advanced chemistry degrees.
Activity: Spellbound Episode 4 Mamie Moy Video Questions
In this activity, students will answer questions while watching a video from the Spellbound series produced by ACS. Each episode focuses on a different notable scientist, recounting how their interest in science was sparked in their childhood and how they went on to make great contributions to the scientific community. This fourth episode focuses on the childhood of Mamie Moy, who was one of few women in her time to study chemistry and get a master's degree. She has been a devoted professor for decades, is involved in outreach, supports K-12 science educators, and mentors young women pursuing science careers.
Chemical Change, History | Middle School, High School
Activity: Spellbound Episode 3 Bassam Shakhashiri Video Questions
In this activity, students will answer questions while watching a video from the Spellbound series produced by ACS. Each episode focuses on a different notable scientist, recounting how their interest in science was sparked in their childhood and how they went on to make great contributions to the scientific community. This third episode focuses on the childhood of Bassam Shakhashiri, whose early interest in colors led him to study chemistry and become a passionate chemistry educator and ambassador.
Activity: Spellbound Episode 2 Kristala L. Jones Prather Video Questions
In this activity, students will answer questions while watching a video from the Spellbound series produced by ACS. Each episode focuses on a different notable scientist, recounting how their interest in science was sparked in their childhood and how they went on to make great contributions to the scientific community. This second episode focuses on the childhood of Kristala L. Jones Prather, who went on to become a chemical engineer and award-winning professor.
Activity: Spellbound Episode 1 Ahmed Zewail Video Questions
In this activity, students will answer questions while watching a video from the Spellbound series produced by ACS. Each episode focuses on a different notable scientist, recounting how their interest in science was sparked in their childhood and how they went on to make great contributions to the scientific community. This first episode focuses on the childhood of Ahmed Zewail, who went on to become the 1999 Chemistry Nobel Laureate.
History, Acid Base Reactions, Acid & Base Theories, Strong vs Weak, pH | Middle School, High School
Activity: What are Acids & Bases? Video Questions
In this lesson, students will watch a video and answer questions about acids and bases. They will learn about characteristics of acids and bases, the pH scale, and the role of acids in biochemistry.
Physical Properties, Introduction, History, Periodic Table, Valence Electrons, Chemical Properties, Electrons | Middle School, High School
Activity: How the Periodic Table Organizes the Elements Video Questions
In this lesson, students will watch a video and answer questions about the organization of the periodic table. They will learn about how the elements on the periodic table are organized and what their location on the table can tell us about them.
Introduction, Elements, History, Review, Atoms, Isotopes, Alpha/Beta/Gamma Decay, Subatomic Particles, Radioactive Isotopes, Electrons | Middle School, High School
Activity: What are Isotopes? Video Questions
In this lesson, students will watch a video and answer questions about isotopes. They will learn about the discovery of isotopes, the difference between chemical and nuclear reactions, different kinds of radioactive decay, and some uses of radioactive isotopes.
Project: Famous Women Chemists: Snapchat Storyboard
In this lesson, students will research female chemists and create a 6-panel 'Snapchat' storyboard to present the information learned.
History, Periodic Table, Mole Concept | High School
Activity: The Mole Crossword Puzzle
In this activity, students will be challenged with clues that are related to the concept of the mole in order to complete a crossword puzzle.
Renewable Energy, Introduction, Interdisciplinary, History, Polymers, Heat, Molecular Structure | Middle School, High School
Video: Frontiers of Chemistry
This video explores new scientific developments that were made possible by the application of fundamental chemistry concepts. Students will learn about exciting advances in science and technology focused on three main topics: Solar Cells, 3D Printing and Micro Machines.
History, Model of the Atom, Atomic Theory, Subatomic Particles | High School
Demonstration: The Hoopla about Atoms
In this demonstration, students use a hula hoop that has a ball in the center (hung from a string) to simulate Rutherford's gold foil experiment.
Interdisciplinary, History, Review | Middle School, High School
Project: Create a Chemistry App
In this project, students will use Google accounts to create chemistry-themed apps, with no programming required. They will create a Google Drive spreadsheet containing scientific information, and link it to a free account on Glideapps.com. They will personalize the app on the Glideapps website. The resulting app will be available to view on devices that have the correct link.
Grade Level: ✖ High School
Subtopic Accuracy Chemical Change Chemical Properties Compounds Conductivity Conservation of Mass Conservation of Matter Culminating Project Density Distillation Elements Error Analysis Experimental Design Freezing Graphing History Identifying an Unknown Inferences Interdisciplinary Introduction Ions Lab Safety Matter Mixture Mixtures Observations Periodic Table Physical Change Physical Properties Polyatomic Ions Review Scientific Method Separating Mixtures Trends of the Periodic Table
Type Activity Animation Demonstration Lab Lesson Plan Project Simulation Video
Advanced Chemistry
AP/IB Chemistry (6)
ChemClub
Log In » Join » Renew Membership »
Join us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter Pinterest LinkedIn YouTube
Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society


text:
Turning Base Metals into Gold
October 24, 2022 kate.konen
Professor Levi Thompson
In his lecture, Thompson described research in metal carbides and nitrides for catalytic and energy storage applications. Thompson's group has worked to understand the interactions of hydrogen with these materials and their catalytic properties. They found evidence that subsurface hydrogen influences surface catalytic reactions for some metal nitrides. Because they can be produced with high surface areas, carbides and nitrides hold potential for use as support materials. A better understanding of the interactions could enable the rational design of carbide and nitride-supported metal catalysts.
Thompson is dean of the College of Engineering and Elizabeth Inez Kelley Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Delaware where he leads a college of nearly 200 faculty, 3,600 students and 120 staff with a number of major research centers.
With more than 150 publications and more than 10 patents, his research in nanostructured materials has applications in catalysis and energy storage. Thompson is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, a Fellow of the AIChE and recipient of awards including the NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award, McBride Distinguished Lectureship, Union Carbide Innovation Recognition Award, and Michiganian of the Year Award for his research, entrepreneurship, and teaching. He co-founded T/J Technologies, a developer of nanomaterials for advanced batteries that was acquired by A123 Systems, and Inmatech, a developer of low cost, high energy density supercapacitors for automotive and military applications.
David and Sara Ensor
The Ensor Lecture was established in 2016 to encourage communication and collaboration on emerging ideas in areas related to chemical engineering, bioengineering, aerosol technology and nanotechnology. David Ensor ('63, chemical engineering) and his wife, Sara, established the lectureship as a reflection of their deep interest in higher education and their strongly held belief in the empowerment that education provides for one's life.
« It's WSUFacultyFriday, today with Xianglong Wang!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Confirmation that the certifying party understands and accepts the above disclaimer.
A Public Company
The Group History
General Cable History
Group's Helpline
HV & Submarine Power Transmission
Installation Capabilities & Submarine Solutions
Multimedia & Enterprise Networks
Submarine Telecom (NSW)
Other Industries & OEMs
Why Prysmian
prysmian to develop turn key export and inter array cable connections for the first 66 kv offshore floating wind farm
Prysmian to develop turn-key export & inter-array cable connections for the first 66 kV offshore floating wind farm
Categories: Financial Press Release Corporate
EPR technology proves to be the key enabler for dynamic applications. Prysmian will provide guaranteed performance thanks to an end-to-end monitoring system
Milan, Italy - 03/19/2019 - 2:30 PM
Prysmian Group, world leader in the energy and telecom cable systems industry, has been awarded a contract worth approximately €30 million by PGL (Provence Grand Large), a floating offshore wind farm project located in South France, which is part of EDF Renewables, for the development of a turn-key submarine cable system.
The system to be supplied includes 3 km of submarine dynamic inter-array cables and 19 km of export cables for a total of 22 km, in addition to the land cables for a route of 9 km. All submarine cables will be produced in Prysmian Group's centres of excellence in Drammen (Norway) and Vilanova (Spain), while the land cables will be manufactured in the Gron plant (France).
"This award confirms once again our technological leadership in the development of innovative offshore wind farms, as well as our excellent project management capabilities, which enable us to offer customised, high-performance solutions to our customers. This project is a further proof of Prysmian's expertise in providing comprehensive packages of cable system services covering the entire project lifecycle," said Hakan Ozmen, ESVP Projects at Prysmian Group.
"It is the first turn-key project for a floating wind farm ever developed by the Group, where we employ our innovative dynamic 66 kV submarine cables with EPR insulation. This project is also the first pre-commercial floating offshore wind farm ever developed in France," said Alessandro Panico, Sales Team Manager - Offshore Wind, Prysmian Group. "The EPR technology is a key enabling factor for the development of dynamic cable solutions thanks to its unique mechanical and electrical properties," concluded Panico.
The PGL project comprises also of a full combined PRY-CAM permanent monitoring system, developed in close collaboration with the customer. All inter-array connections will be permanently monitored using PRY-CAM innovative solutions for Partial Discharge (PD) measurement, Distributed Temperature (DTS) and Acoustic Sensing (DAS) to measure all key operating parameters of the whole cable system.
"This is the first example in the world of a full combined permanent monitoring system for an offshore windfarm," stated Roberto Candela, CEO of Prysmian Electronics. "We have worked in close collaboration with the customer to design a tailor-made monitoring solution that will allow to constantly monitor and guarantee the rating of the transmission system," he added.
Commissioning is scheduled in 2021, conditional upon the signing of the contract, which is expected in summer 2019. Once completed, the floating offshore wind farm will provide 24 MW of clean, safe and reliable energy to more than 40,000 households in France fostering the growing industry of renewable energy sources.
Download PDF file_download Download Picture file_download
Lorenzo Caruso
Corporate and Business Communications Director
phone+39 02 6449.1
Maria Cristina Bifulco
Investor Relations director
Our Newsletter contact us
Site map Legal Notes Privacy Policy Cookie Policy
This website uses analytics cookies to improve your experience. Find out more and set your cookie preferences here. By continuing to use our site or clicking "Allow" you consent to use our cookies.


text:
THE DOCTRINE OF THE WAGES-FUND.
§ 1. At the beginning of last century, great as was the poverty of the English people, the peoples of the Continent were poorer still. In most of them population was sparse, and therefore food was cheap; but for all that they were underfed, and could not provide themselves with the sinews of war. France, after her first victories, helped herself along by the forced contributions of others. But the countries of Central Europe could not support their own armies without England's aid. Even America, with all her energy and national resources, was not rich; she could not have subsidized Continental armies. The economists looked for the explanation; and they found it chiefly in England's accumulated capital, which, though small when judged by our present standard, was very much greater than that of any other country. Other nations were envious of England, and wanted to follow in her steps; but they were unable to do so, partly indeed for other reasons, but chiefly because they had not capital enough. Their annual income was required for immediate consumption. There was not in them a large class of people who had a good store of wealth set by, which they did not need to consume at once, and which they could devote to making machines and other things that would aid labour, and would enable it to produce a larger store of things for future consumption. A special tone was given to their arguments by the scarcity of capital everywhere, even in England; by the growing dependence of labour on the aid of machinery; and lastly, by the folly of some followers of Rousseau, who were telling the working classes that they would be better off without any capital at all.
In consequence, the economists gave extreme prominence to the statements; first, that labour requires the support of capital,
i.e. of good clothes, etc., that have been already produced; and secondly, that labour requires the aid of capital in the form of factories, stores of raw material, etc. Of course the workman might have supplied his own capital, but in fact he seldom had more than a little store of clothes and furniture, and perhaps a few simple tools of his own—he was dependent for everything else on the savings of others. The labourer received clothes ready to wear, bread ready to eat, or the money with which he could purchase them. The capitalist received a spinning of wool into yarn, a weaving of yarn into cloth, or a ploughing of land, and only in a few cases commodities ready for use, coats ready to be worn, or bread ready to be eaten. There are, no doubt, important exceptions, but the ordinary bargain between employers and employed is that the latter receives things ready for immediate use and the former receives help towards making things that will be of use hereafter. These facts the economists expressed by saying that all labour requires the support of capital, whether owned by the labourer or by someone else; and that when anyone works for hire, his wages are, as a rule, advanced to him out of his employer's capital—advanced, that is, without waiting till the things which he is engaged in making are ready for use. These simple statements have been a good deal criticized, but they have never been denied by anyone who has taken them in the sense in which they were meant.
The older economists, however, went on to say that the amount of wages was limited by the amount of capital, and this statement cannot be defended; at best it is but a slovenly way of talking. It has suggested to some people the notion that the total amount of wages that could be paid in a country in the course of, say a year, was a fixed sum. If by the threat of a strike, or in any other way, one body of workmen got an increase of wages, they would be told that in consequence other bodies of workmen must lose an amount exactly equal in the aggregate to what they had gained. Those who have said this have perhaps thought of agricultural produce, which has but one harvest in the year. If all the wheat raised at one harvest is sure to be eaten before the next, and if none can be imported, then it is true that if anyone's share of the wheat is increased, there will be just so much less for others to have. But this does not justify the statement that the amount of wages payable in a country is fixed by the capital in it, a doctrine which has been called "the vulgar form of the Wages-fund theory
§ 2. It has already been noticed (Book I. ch. IV. § 7) that Mill in his later years under the combined influence of Comte, of the Socialists, and of the general tendencies of public sentiment, set himself to bring into prominence the human, as opposed to the mechanical, element in economics. He desired to call attention to the influences which are exerted on human conduct by custom and usage, by the ever-shifting arrangements of society, and by the constant changes in human nature; the pliability of which he agreed with Comte in thinking that the earlier economists had underrated. It was this desire which gave the chief impulse to his economic work in the latter half of his life, as distinguished from that in which he wrote his
Essays on Unsettled Questions; and which induced him to separate distribution from exchange, and to argue that the laws of distribution are dependent on "particular human institutions," and liable to be perpetually modified as man's habits of feeling, and thought, and action pass from one phase to another. He thus contrasted the laws of distribution with those of production, which he regarded as resting on the immutable basis of physical nature; and again with the laws of exchange, to which he attributed something very much like the universality of mathematics. It is true that he sometimes spoke as though economic science consisted chiefly of discussions of the production and distribution of wealth, and thus seemed to imply that he regarded the theory of exchange as a part of the theory of distribution. But yet he kept the two separate from one another; he treated of distribution in his second and fourth Books, and gave his third Book to the "Machinery of Exchange" (compare his
Principles of Political Economy, Book II. ch. I. § 1, and ch. XVI. § 6).
In doing this he allowed his zeal for giving a more human tone to economics to get the better of his judgment, and to hurry him on to work with an incomplete analysis. For, by putting his main theory of wages before his account of supply and demand, he cut himself off from all chance of treating that theory in a satisfactory way; and in fact he was led on to say (
Principles, Book II. ch. XI. § 1), that "Wages depend mainly upon…the proportion between population and capital"; or rather, as he explains later on, between "the number of the labouring class…who work for hire," and "the aggregate of what may be called the Wages-fund which consists of that part of circulating capital…which is expended in the direct hire of labour."
The fact is that the theories of Distribution and Exchange are so intimately connected as to be little more than two sides of the same problem; that in each of them there is an element of "mechanical" precision and universality, and that in each of them there is an element, dependent on "particular human institutions," which has varied, and which probably will vary, from place to place and from age to age. And if Mill had recognized this great truth, he would not have been drawn on to appear to substitute, as he did in his second Book, the statement of the problem of wages for its solution: but would have combined the description and analysis in his second Book, with the short but profound study of the causes that govern the distribution of the national dividend, given in his fourth Book; and the progress of economics would have been much hastened.
As it was, when his friend Thornton, following in the wake of Longe, Cliffe Leslie, Jevons and others, convinced him that the phrases in his second Book were untenable, he yielded too much; and overstated the extent of his own past error and of the concessions which he was bound to make to his assailants. He said (
Dissertations, Vol. IV. p. 46): "There is no law of nature making it inherently impossible for wages to rise to the point of absorbing not only the funds which he (the employer) had intended to devote to carrying on his business, but the whole of what he allows for his private expenses beyond the necessaries of life. The real limit to the rise is the practical consideration how much would ruin him, or drive him to abandon the business, not the inexorable limits of the Wages-fund." He did not make it clear whether this statement refers to immediate or ultimate effects, to short periods or long: but in either case it appears untenable.
As regards long periods the limit is put too high: for wages could not rise permanently so as to absorb nearly as large a share of the national dividend as is here indicated. And for short periods, it is not put high enough: for a well-organized strike at a critical juncture may force from the employer for a short time more than the whole value of his output, after paying for raw material during that time; and thus make his gross profits for the time a negative quantity. And indeed the theory of wages whether in its older or newer form has no direct bearing on the issue of any particular struggle in the labour market: that depends on the relative strength of the competing parties. But it has much bearing on the general policy of the relation of capital to labour; for it indicates what policies do, and what do not, carry in themselves the seeds of their own ultimate defeat; what policies can be maintained, aided by suitable organizations; and what policies will ultimately render either side weak, however well organized.
After a while Cairnes, in his
Leading Principles, endeavoured to resuscitate the Wages-fund theory by expounding it in a form, which he thought would evade the attacks that had been made on it. But, though in the greater part of his exposition, he succeeded in avoiding the old pitfalls, he did so only by explaining away so much which is characteristic of the doctrine, that there is very little left in it to justify its title. He states however (p. 203) that "the rate of wages, other things being equal, varies inversely with the supply of labour." His argument is valid in regard to the immediate result of a
sudden great increase in the supply of labour. But in the ordinary course of the growth of population there results simultaneously, not only some increase in the supply of capital, but also greater subdivision of labour, and more efficiency. His use of the term "varies inversely" is misleading. He should have said "varies for the time at least in the opposite direction." He goes on to derive an "unexpected consequence," that an increase in the supply of labour, when it is of a kind to be used in conjunction with fixed capital and raw material, would cause the Wages-fund to undergo "diminution as the number who are to share it is increased." But that result would follow only if the aggregate of wages were not influenced by the aggregate of production; and in fact this last cause is the most powerful of all those which influence wages.
§ 3. It may be noticed that the extreme forms of the Wages-fund theory represent wages as governed entirely by demand; though the demand is represented crudely as dependent on the stock of capital. But some popular expositors of economics appear to have held at the same time both this doctrine and the iron law of wages, which represents wages as governed rigidly by the cost of rearing human beings. They might of course have softened each of them and then worked the two into a more or less harmonious whole; as Cairnes did later. But it does not appear that they did so.
The proposition that
Industry is limited by capital, was often interpreted so as to make it practically convertible with the Wages-fund theory. It can be explained so as to be true: but a similar explanation would make the statement that "capital is limited by industry" equally true. It was however used by Mill chiefly in connection with the argument that the aggregate employment of labour cannot generally be increased by preventing people, by protective duties or in other ways, from satisfying their wants in that manner which they would prefer. The effects of protective duties are very complex and cannot be discussed here; but Mill is clearly right in saying that in general the capital, that is applied to support and aid labour in any new industry created by such duties, "must have been withdrawn or withheld from some other, in which it gave, or would have given, employment to probably about the same quantity of labour which it employs in its new occupation." Or, to put the argument in a more modern form, such legislation does not
primâ facie increase either the national dividend or the share of that dividend which goes to labour. For it does not increase the supply of capital; nor does it, in any other way, cause the marginal efficiency of labour to rise relatively to that of capital. The rate that has to be paid for the use of capital is therefore not lowered; the national dividend is not increased (in fact it is almost sure to be diminished); and as neither labour nor capital gets any new advantage over the other in bargaining for the distribution of the dividend, neither can benefit by such legislation.
This doctrine may be inverted; so as to assert that the labour required to give effect to capital in a new industry created by protective duties must have been withdrawn or withheld from some other, in which it gave, or would have given, effect to probably about the same quantity of capital as in its new occupation. But this statement though equally true would not appeal with equal force to the minds of ordinary people. For as the buyer of goods is commonly regarded as conferring a special benefit on the seller, though in fact the services which buyers and sellers render to one another are in the long run co-ordinate; so the employer is commonly regarded as conferring a special benefit on the worker, whose labour he buys, though in the long run the services which the employers and employees render to one another are co-ordinate. The causes and consequences of this pair of facts will occupy us much at later stages of our inquiry.
Some German economists have argued that the resources with which the employer pays wages come from consumers. But this appears to involve a misapprehension. It might be true of an individual employer if the consumer paid him in advance for what he produced: but in fact the rule goes the other way; the consumer's payments are more often in arrear, and merely give deferred command over ready commodities in return for ready commodities. It may be admitted that if the producer could not sell his goods he might not be able for the time to hire labour; but that would only mean that the organization of production was partially out of gear: a machine may stop if one of its connecting rods gets out of order, but that does not mean that the driving force of the machine is to be found in the rod.
Nor again is the amount which the employer pays as wages at any time governed by the price which consumers
do pay him for his wares; though it generally is largely influenced by his expectations of the price they
will pay him. It is indeed true that in the long run and under normal conditions, the prices which consumers do pay him and those which they will pay him are practically the same. But when we pass from the particular payments of an individual employer to the normal payments of employers generally—and it is really only with these latter that we are now concerned—consumers cease to form a separate class, for every one is a consumer. The national dividend goes exclusively to consumers in the broad sense in which wool or a printing press is said to go into consumption when it is transferred from the warehouse or engineering works in which it has rested, to a woollen manufacturer or a printer, and these consumers are also the producers, that is, the owners of the agents of production, labour, capital and land. Children and others who are supported by them, and the Government which levies taxes on them
*94, do but expend part of their incomes for them. To say therefore that the resources of employers generally are ultimately drawn from those of consumers generally, is undoubtedly true. But it is only another way of saying that all resources have been parts of the national dividend, which have been directed into forms suitable for deferred, instead of immediate use; and if any of them are now applied to any other purpose than immediate consumption, it is in the expectation that their place will be taken (with increment or profit) by the incoming flow of the national dividend
The first Fundamental Proposition of Mill's is closely connected with his fourth, viz. that
Demand for commodities is not demand for labour: and this again expresses his meaning badly. It is true that those who purchase any particular commodities do not generally supply the capital that is required to aid and support the labour which produces those commodities: they merely divert capital and employment from other trades to that for the products of which they make increased demand. But Mill, not contented with proving this, seems to imply that, to spend money on the direct hire of labour is more beneficial to the labourer than to spend it on buying commodities. Now there is a sense in which this contains a little truth. For the price of the commodities includes profits of manufacturer and middleman; and if the purchaser acts as employer, he slightly diminishes the demand for the services of the employing class, and increases the demand for labour as he might have done by buying, say, hand-made lace instead of machine-made lace. But this argument assumes that the wages of labour will be paid, as in practice they commonly are, while the work is proceeding; and that the price of the commodities will be paid, as in practice it commonly is, after the commodities are made: and it will be found that in every case which Mill has chosen to illustrate the doctrine, his arguments imply, though he does not seem to be aware of it, that the consumer when passing from purchasing commodities to hiring labour, postpones the date of his own consumption of the fruits of labour. And the same postponement would have resulted in the same benefit to labour if the purchaser had made no change in the mode of his expenditure
§ 4. Throughout the whole discussion of the national dividend the relations in which the kitchen apparatus of a hotel and those of a private house stand to the employment of cooks have been implicitly treated as on a like footing. That is to say the capital has been regarded broadly: it has not been limited to mere "trade capital." But a little more may be said on this subject.
It is indeed often thought that, though those workers who have little or no accumulated wealth of their own, have much to gain by an increase of the capital in that narrower sense of the term in which it is nearly convertible with trade capital that supports and aids them in their work; yet they have little to gain from an increase of other forms of wealth not in their own hands. No doubt there are a few kinds of wealth the existence of which scarcely affects the working classes; while they are directly affected by almost every increase of (trade) capital. For the greater part of it passes through their hands as implements or materials of their work; while a considerable part is directly used or even consumed by them
*97. It seems therefore that the working classes must necessarily gain when other forms of wealth become trade capital and
vice versâ. But it is not so. If private people generally gave up keeping carriages and yachts, and hired them out from capitalist undertakers, there would result a smaller demand for hired labour. For part of what would have been paid as wages would go as profits to a middleman
It may be objected that if other forms of wealth take the place of trade capital on a large scale, there may be a scarcity of the things needed to aid labour in its work and even of those needed to support it. This may be a real danger in some Oriental countries. But in the western world, and especially in England, the total stock of capital is equal in value to the aggregate of the commodities consumed by the working classes during many years: and a very small increase in the demand for those forms of capital, that minister directly to labour's needs, relatively to other forms, would quickly bring forward an increased supply of them, either imported from some other part of the world, or specially produced to meet the new demand. There is therefore no necessity to trouble ourselves much on this score. If the marginal efficiency of labour is kept high, its net product will be high; and so will therefore its earnings: and the constantly flowing stream of the national dividend will divide itself up in corresponding proportions, giving always an adequate supply of commodities for immediate consumption by the workers, and assigning to the production of those commodities an adequate stock of implements. When the general conditions of demand and supply have decided what part of the national dividend the other classes of society are free to spend as they will; and when the inclinations of those classes have decided the mode in which they will distribute their expenditure between present and deferred gratifications, etc., it matters not to the working classes whether orchids come from the private conservatories, or from the glass houses which belong to professional florists, and which are therefore trade capital.
See above, p. 544.
These three paragraphs are reproduced from a paper written for the
Cooperative Annual, and reprinted in the
Report of the Industrial Remuneration Conference, 1885, which contained the outlines of the central argument of the first two chapters of Book VI.
Unless indeed we reckon the security and other benefits which Government provides as separate items of the national income.
Considerable light has been thrown on the subject of the Wages-fund by Walker's writings, and the controversies connected with them. The instances which he has collected of employees rendering their services in advance of payment bear effectively on some turns of the controversy, but not on its main issue. Cannan's
Production and Distribution, 1776-1848, contains much acute, if sometimes too severe, criticism of the earlier wage theories. A more conservative attitude is taken in Taussig's weighty
Capital and Wages; to which the English reader may be specially referred for a fuller account and criticism of the German doctrines mentioned in the text.
See the Appendix to Book IV. of Newcomb's
Political Economy.
At all events according to most definitions. There are some indeed who confine capital to "intermediate goods," and must therefore exclude hotels, and lodging-houses, and workmen's cottages, at all events as soon as they are used. But grave objections to the adoption of this definition have already been indicated in Appendix E, 4.
See above, p. 785. Again, an increased use of brass furniture that needs much cleaning, and generally of modes of living that require the assistance of many indoor and outdoor servants, operates on the demand for labour in the same way as the use of hand-made goods in place of goods made by expensive machinery and other fixed capital. It may be true that the employment of a great number of domestic servants is an ignoble and wasteful use of a large income: but there is no other equally selfish method of spending it which tends so directly to increase the share of the national dividend which goes to the working classes.


Combine a small amount of salt, sugar, and pepper, and rim the the edge of a collins glass with the mixture.
Muddle the strawberries in the bottom of the glass, then add ice.
Combine remaining ingredients in a cocktail shaker with ice. Shake. Strain into the glass.


text:
Good Reads Organismal to Molecular Biology Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
The Beautiful Cure The New Science of Human Health
By: Daniel M Davis(Author)
260 pages, no illustrations
Publisher: Vintage
ISBN: 9781784702212 Paperback Feb 2019 Out of stock: Usually dispatched within 6 days
Selected version: £9.99
The immune system holds the key to human health. In The Beautiful Cure, leading immunologist Daniel M. Davis describes how the scientific quest to understand how the immune system works – and how it is affected by stress, sleep, age, and our state of mind – is now unlocking a revolutionary new approach to medicine and well-being.
The body's ability to fight disease and heal itself is one of the great mysteries and marvels of nature. But in recent years, painstaking research has resulted in major advances in our grasp of this breathtakingly beautiful inner world: a vast and intricate network of specialist cells, regulatory proteins, and dedicated genes that are continually protecting our bodies. Far more powerful than any medicine ever invented, the immune system plays a crucial role in our daily lives. We have found ways to harness these natural defenses to create breakthrough drugs and so-called immunotherapies that help us fight cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and many age-related diseases, and we are starting to understand whether activities such as mindfulness might play a role in enhancing our physical resilience.
Written by a researcher at the forefront of this adventure, The Beautiful Cure tells a dramatic story of scientific detective work and discovery, of puzzles solved and mysteries that linger, of lives sacrificed and saved. With expertise and eloquence, Davis introduces us to this revelatory new understanding of the human body and what it takes to be healthy.
A note to professional scientists
Part One: The Scientific Revolution in Immunity
1 Dirty Little Secrets
2 The Alarm Cell
3 Restraint and Control
4 A Multibillion-Dollar Blockbuster
Part Two: The Galaxy Within
5 Fever, Stress and the Power of the Mind
6 Time and Space
7 The Guardian Cells
8 Future Medicines
Daniel M. Davis is Professor of Immunology at the University of Manchester. His research, using super-resolution microscopy to study immune cell biology, was listed in Discover magazine as one of the top 100 breakthroughs of the year. His first book, The Compatibility Gene, was longlisted for the 2014 Royal Society Winton Science Book Prize, shortlisted for the Society of Biology Book Prize and described by Bill Bryson in the Guardian's Books of the Year as 'elegantly written and unexpectedly gripping'. His second book, The Beautiful Cure, has been described by Stephen Fry as 'One of those books that makes you look at everything human in a new, challenging and thrilling way'. Davis is a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Science and the author of over 120 academic papers, collectively cited over 10,000 times, including articles in Nature, Science and Scientific American.
"Thrilling [...] An eye-opening tour de force of scientific writing that reads like the best kind of adventure story"
– Stephen Fry
"Thoroughly absorbing [...] Davis is a wonderful storyteller"
– Bill Bryson
"The Beautiful Cure [...] focuses on the science of immunology itself, taking us through the evolution of the discipline and the stories behind key advances in the field [...] Davis conveys a visceral appreciation for how messy, and how human, medical science can be."
– David A. Shaywitz, Wall Street Journal
"Davis leaves readers with a reminder that, for all the scientific innovations described here, the human immune system remains 'far more powerful than any medicine we have devised,' and that sleep, healthy eating, mindfulness, and other complementary practices all appear to help. A modern equivalent of Paul de Kruif's 1926 classic, Microbe Hunters, Davis's work is concise and illuminating."
– Publishers Weekly
"Davis endeavors to tell the story of human immunology in eight chapters, spanning foundational concepts, pivotal discoveries by brilliant scientists and their collaborators, the personal drama that has accompanied Nobel prizes and other recognition awarded in this highly competitive field, and anecdotes about how individual choices can affect one's immune function and overall health [...] A heroic effort [...] The relatively brief overview reveals intriguing connections in immunology's history, helps tie together stove-piped areas of inquiry, and offers fresh perspective on future research strategies."
– Audrey R. Glynn, Science
"Refreshingly sober [...] Intelligent and insightful."
– Jerome Groopma, New York Review of Books
"Davis came to immunology from physics and, like visions of outer space, his picture of the human immune system – the little we actually know of it – is dizzying, intriguing, and strange [...] Emphasizing that 'no scientist is an island,' Davis follows the strings of achievements and failures (always at least as valuable as the successes) that have led to radical reinterpretations of how the immune system works. His explanations are rich in technical detail, but always clear: as he recreates the revelatory moments in the labs, he puts the reader right there at the microscope, on the edge of discovery. I was surprised how quickly I became (temporarily) fluent in the language of dendritic cells, receptors, cytokines, and so on. Davis also clearly defines more familiar terms such as interferons and interleukins, explains cortisol's effects and how it's related to cortisone, and flags the truly revolutionary insights in this history of sometimes baffling eureka moments."
– Laurie G., Politics and Prose, "Staff Picks"
"Davis deftly sketches the history of immune science and the surprising discoveries made by scientists who were initially ridiculed by their peers – the man who first named interferon, an antiviral agent in the blood, was met with disbelief by colleagues who jokingly called it 'misinterpreton.' Today, scientists are successfully tinkering with our natural immune response in the molecular equivalent of taking the brakes off, so that our hunter-killer cells launch war against tumors."
– Telegraph, "Best Books of 2018"
"Five stars. We all think we know, at a rough level, how the immune system works. Cells in the blood identify foreign invaders and go into battle with them. Inflammation and perhaps a fever develop, and eventually the body destroys the illegal immigrants. From then on their card is marked: the system remembers the microscopic terrorists, and if they ever reappear they are ganged up on and eliminated immediately. That's immunity. In recent decades, though, the scientific picture has become hugely more complicated, as the immunologist Davis relates in this elegantly concise book."
– Steven Poole, Telegraph
"A terrific book by a consummate storyteller and scientific expert considers the past and future of the body's ability to fight disease and heal itself [...] We should all pay more attention to understanding the barricades that evolution has provided us with, that we have learned to train, because this war is endless. The Beautiful Cure is a worthy guide."
– Adam Rutherford, Guardian
"An inspirational book that not only reveals the secret joys of scientific discovery but is jam-packed full of revelations for non-scientists"
– Jon Dennis, Mail on Sunday
"Davis's wonderful book The Beautiful Cure recounts how research into the immune system in recent decades has resulted in what amounts to a health revolution. Immunotherapy drugs are now worth billions of dollars, and cancers and autoimmune diseases that were once considered untreatable can now be fought and, in a few cases, even cured. There is little doubt that there will be further progress in the years to come. Davis recounts in exceptionally clear and sympathetic prose how all this came about."
– Henry Marsh, New Statesman
"Forget AI, robotics, the internet of things. This is where the future feels strange and exciting: in ourselves, in the 'inner universe' of our messy, complex immune system, and in the radically new therapies that are using it to conquer disease. Davis is passionate about the possibilities of his field [...] He describes how these cells perform with the fervor of an enraptured dance critic [...] Davis is right to call the immune system an inner universe. It is just as consciousness-raising and awe-inspiring as the outer universe of black holes and supernovas, yet far less widely known or understood. This eye-opening if demanding book starts to put that right."
– James McConnachie, Sunday Times
"Highly readable, beautifully researched, backed up with notes, references and interviews by Davis himself, whose status as an immunology professor confers added credibility. He believes that we now know enough about the major components and interactions of the immune system to begin manipulating them to cure diseases such as cancer. We stand, he predicts, on the threshold of a medical revolution"
– New Scientist
"The Beautiful Cure is about the history and future of immunology. It is a sweeping tour d'horizon that never shies from complexity but manages, impressively for a science book by a scientist, to remain lucid and entertaining enough to take the reader with it. Much as Siddhartha Mukherjee did in his book The Gene, Davis expertly weaves together human stories and scientific endeavour to give a sense of the grand global collaboration that is still under way to understand 'the complexity, delicacy, and elegance of our immune system.' [...] If anything can be taken from this book it is that life and its mechanisms are too complex for neat stories, however satisfying those stories may be."
– Tom Whipple, The Times
"New ways to treat cancer, diabetes, arthritis and other age-related diseases [...] Davis is a sure and engaging guide to these developments [...] In each case, Davis shows how these scientific thinkers overturned the previous dogma and progressively deepened the story of immunology. His message is that although knowledge of the immune system has come on in leaps and bounds in the past hundred years, immunology still lacks a unifying theory. 'We must not expect everything the immune system does to fit any one over-arching principle,' he concludes. 'The system discriminates between self and non-self, and it detects germs, and it responds to danger, and it does all these things concurrently – and messily.'"
– Mark Honigsbaum, Observer
"An inspirational book that not only reveals the 'secret joys' of scientific discovery but is jam-packed full of revelations for non-scientists."
"A layman's introduction to the current state of the science of immunology. It is not an easy read, not because Davis is wilfully obscure but because his subject matter is extremely complex. Explanations should be as clear as possible, but not clearer than possible."
– Anthony Daniels, Literary Review
"Detailed and fascinating."
– Emma Stoye, Chemistry World
"The human body is the most complicated assemblage of chemicals in the known universe. It's a huge scientific challenge to understand how we metabolize, how we acquire immunity, and how drugs work. Daniel Davis is a distinguished expert in this field – and he's a fine writer too. He portrays vividly how great discoveries emerge – via prolonged effort, via cooperation and competition, and sometime sheer luck. This gripping book gives an authentic flavor of how science is actually done – and why it's important for humanity's future."
– Martin Rees
"This book is an insight into new, remarkable, and almost unnoticed advances in immunology and shows how medicine is moving on from the world of the gene to the world of the antibody."
– Steve Jones
"Gives extraordinary new details of an ancient remedy that is already more marvelous, powerful, and flexible than any medicine to come out of a lab."
– Roger Highfield
"Davis is a leading immunologist himself and writes gracefully about a subject he knows well, brings alive not only the science, but the scientists themselves, many of whom he knows personally. The Beautiful Cure will give you a new appreciation for the marvels of our biology."
Bestsellers in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Avian Reproduction
Animal Chemistry
Remnants of Ancient Life
The Science of Compost
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Greenhouse Planet
Insect Diapause
Essential Cell Biology
Life's Ratchet
Browse titles in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Other titles from Vintage
Entangled Life
The Garden Jungle
Silent Earth
A Most Remarkable Creature
A Buzz in the Meadow
The Snow Leopard
Crow Country
A Single Swallow
Bee Quest
The Treeline
A Sting in the Tale
Birders
Browse titles from Vintage