A correction was published in November 2017 for this title. Click here to view the correction.
This Committee Opinion was developed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Obstetric Practice in collaboration with committee members Yasser Y. El-Sayed, MD, Ann E.B. Borders, MD, MSc, MPH, and the Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine's liaison member Cynthia Gyamfi-Bannerman, MD, MSc.
INTERIM UPDATE: This Committee Opinion is updated as highlighted to reflect a limited focused change to clarify that, among specific populations, antenatal corticosteroids should be administered when a woman is at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days.
ABSTRACT: Corticosteroid administration before anticipated preterm birth is one of the most important antenatal therapies available to improve newborn outcomes. A single course of corticosteroids is recommended for pregnant women between 24 0/7 weeks and 33 6/7 weeks of gestation who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days, including for those with ruptured membranes and multiple gestations. It also may be considered for pregnant women starting at 23 0/7 weeks of gestation who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days, based on a family's decision regarding resuscitation, irrespective of membrane rupture status and regardless of fetal number. Administration of betamethasone may be considered in pregnant women between 34 0/7 weeks and 36 6/7 weeks of gestation who are at risk of preterm birth within 7 days, and who have not received a previous course of antenatal corticosteroids. A single repeat course of antenatal corticosteroids should be considered in women who are less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days, and whose prior course of antenatal corticosteroids was administered more than 14 days previously. Rescue course corticosteroids could be provided as early as 7 days from the prior dose, if indicated by the clinical scenario. Continued surveillance of long-term outcomes after in utero corticosteroid exposure should be supported. Quality improvement strategies to optimize appropriate and timely antenatal corticosteroid administration are encouraged.
A single course of corticosteroids is recommended for pregnant women between 24 0/7 weeks and 33 6/7 weeks of gestation who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days, including for those with ruptured membranes and multiple gestations. It also may be considered for pregnant women starting at 23 0/7 weeks of gestation who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days, based on a family's decision regarding resuscitation, irrespective of membrane rupture status and regardless of fetal number.
Regularly scheduled repeat courses or serial courses (more than two) are not currently recommended.
A single repeat course of antenatal corticosteroids should be considered in women who are less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days, and whose prior course of antenatal corticosteroids was administered more than 14 days previously. Rescue course corticosteroids could be provided as early as 7 days from the prior dose, if indicated by the clinical scenario.
Whether to administer a repeat or rescue course of corticosteroids with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) is controversial, and there is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation for or against.
This Committee Opinion was developed to help guide the timing and frequency of corticosteroid administration under various clinical contexts before preterm birth. Corticosteroid administration before anticipated preterm birth is one of the most important antenatal therapies available to improve newborn outcomes (1–5). The administration of antenatal corticosteroids to the woman who is at risk of imminent preterm birth is strongly associated with decreased neonatal morbidity and mortality (6–10). Neonates whose mothers received antenatal corticosteroids have significantly lower severity, frequency, or both, of respiratory distress syndrome (relative risk [RR], 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59–0.73), intracranial hemorrhage (RR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.43–0.69), necrotizing enterocolitis (RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.29–0.74), and death (RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.58–0.81), compared with neonates whose mothers did not receive antenatal corticosteroids (11, 12).
A single course of corticosteroids is recommended for pregnant women between 24 0/7 weeks and 33 6/7 weeks of gestation, and may be considered for pregnant women starting at 23 0/7 weeks of gestation, who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days (1, 11, 13). A Cochrane meta-analysis reinforces the beneficial effect of this therapy regardless of membrane status and concludes that a single course of antenatal corticosteroids should be considered routine for all preterm deliveries (11, 12).
Betamethasone and dexamethasone are the most widely studied corticosteroids, and they generally have been preferred for antenatal treatment to accelerate fetal organ maturation. Both cross the placenta in their active form and have nearly identical biologic activity. Both lack mineralocorticoid activity and have relatively weak immunosuppressive activity with short-term use. Although betamethasone and dexamethasone differ only by a single methyl group, betamethasone has a longer half-life because of its decreased clearance and larger volume of distribution (14). The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child and Human Development (NICHD) 2000 Consensus Panel reviewed all available reports on the safety and efficacy of betamethasone and dexamethasone. It did not find significant scientific evidence to support a recommendation that betamethasone should be used preferentially instead of dexamethasone. Of the 10 trials included in a Cochrane review on this issue, there were no differences in perinatal death or alterations in biophysical activity, but there was a decreased incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage with dexamethasone treatment (15). Alternatively, an observational study reported less-frequent adverse neurological outcome at 18–22 months after betamethasone exposure (16). These inconsistent and limited data are not considered sufficient to recommend one corticosteroid regimen over the other.
Treatment should consist of either two 12-mg doses of betamethasone given intramuscularly 24 hours apart or four 6-mg doses of dexamethasone administered intramuscularly every 12 hours (11). Because treatment with corticosteroids for less than 24 hours is still associated with significant reduction in neonatal morbidity and mortality, a first dose of antenatal corticosteroids should be administered even if the ability to give the second dose is unlikely, based on the clinical scenario (11, 13). However, no additional benefit has been demonstrated for courses of antenatal corticosteroids with dosage intervals shorter than those outlined previously, often referred to as "accelerated dosing," even when delivery appears imminent (11). The benefit of corticosteroid administration is greatest at 2–7 days after the initial dose. Therefore, corticosteroids should not be administered unless there is substantial clinical concern for imminent preterm birth.
Specific data on the use of corticosteroids in the periviable period are supported by a combination of laboratory data on the response of lung tissue and clinical observational studies (1, 2, 17, 18). Data from an NICHD Neonatal Research Network observational cohort revealed a reduction in death and neurodevelopmental impairment at 18–22 months for infants who had been exposed to antenatal corticosteroids and born at 23 0/7 weeks through 23 6/7 weeks of gestation (83.4% versus 90.5%), 24 0/7 weeks through 24 6/7 weeks of gestation (68.4% versus 80.3%), and 25 0/7 weeks through 25 6/7 weeks of gestation (52.7% versus 67.9%) (1, 2). At 22 0/7 weeks through 22 6/7 weeks of gestation, no significant difference in these outcomes was noted (90.2% versus 93.1%) (2). In this study, antenatal corticosteroid exposure also decreased incidence of death, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants born between 23 0/7 weeks and 25 6/7 weeks of gestation (1). A single course of corticosteroids is recommended for pregnant women between 24 0/7 weeks and 33 6/7 weeks of gestation, and may be considered for pregnant women starting at 23 0/7 weeks of gestation who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days (1, 11, 13). Administration of corticosteroids for pregnant women during the periviable period who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days is linked to a family's decision regarding resuscitation and should be considered in that context (1).
The use of antenatal corticosteroid administration after preterm PROM has been evaluated in a number of clinical trials and has been shown to reduce neonatal mortality, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis (6, 12, 19, 20). Current data suggest that antenatal corticosteroids are not associated with increased risks of maternal or neonatal infection regardless of gestational age. A single course of corticosteroids is recommended for pregnant women with ruptured membranes between 24 0/7 weeks and 33 6/7 weeks of gestation. It also may be considered for pregnant women starting at 23 0/7 weeks of gestation (as discussed in the In the Setting of Periviability section) who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days, irrespective of membrane rupture status (1, 11, 13). Whether to administer a repeat or rescue course of corticosteroids with preterm PROM is controversial, and there is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation for or against (see Single Rescue Course).
A Cochrane review concluded that although antenatal corticosteroids are beneficial in singleton gestations, further research is required to demonstrate an improvement in outcomes for multifetal gestations (21, 12). More recently, a well-designed retrospective cohort study concluded that administration of a complete course of antenatal corticosteroids 1–7 days before birth in twin pregnancies is associated with a clinically significant decrease in neonatal mortality, short-term respiratory morbidity, and severe neurological injury that is similar in magnitude to that observed among singletons (22). Based on the improved outcomes reported in singleton gestations and limited but more recent data on multifetal gestations, unless a contraindication exists, one course of antenatal corticosteroids should be administered to all patients who are between 24 0/7 weeks and 33 6/7 weeks of gestation and at risk of delivery within 7 days, irrespective of fetal number (21, 23). In the absence of data, it is reasonable to extend this so that antenatal corticosteroids may be administered for pregnant women starting at 23 0/7 weeks (as discussed in the periviability section), regardless of fetal number.
Recent data also suggest that betamethasone can be beneficial in pregnant women at high risk of late preterm birth, between 34 0/7 weeks and 36 6/7 weeks of gestation who have not received a prior course of antenatal corticosteroids. The Maternal Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids trial (24) was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the use of antenatal betamethasone for pregnant women at high risk of delivery in the late preterm period. Women were identified to be at high risk if they presented in preterm labor, had preterm PROM, or if they had a planned delivery in the late preterm period, with the indication at the discretion of the obstetrician–gynecologist or other health care provider. Tocolysis was not employed as a part of this trial, and delivery was not delayed for obstetric or medical indications. The study found that the administration of betamethasone led to a significant decrease in the primary outcome, which was the need for respiratory support. A larger decrease was demonstrated for severe respiratory complications, from 12.1% in the placebo group to 8.1% in the betamethasone group (RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.53–0.84; P<.001). There were also significant decreases in the rates of transient tachypnea of the newborn; bronchopulmonary dysplasia; a composite of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), transient tachypnea of the newborn and RDS; and the need for postnatal surfactant. Infants exposed to betamethasone were less likely to require immediate postnatal resuscitation. There was no increase in proven neonatal sepsis, chorioamnionitis, or endometritis with late preterm betamethasone. Hypoglycemia was more common in the infants exposed to betamethasone 24.0% versus 14.9% (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.38–1.88); however, there were no reported adverse events related to hypoglycemia, which was not associated with an increased length of hospital stay. The rates of hypoglycemia found in the trial are similar to what is reported in the general population of late preterm infants (25). Although not studied in this trial, long-term adverse outcomes of prolonged and persistent neonatal hypoglycemia have been described (26, 27). In order to reduce this risk and achieve the benefits of betamethasone therapy for fetal maturity in late preterm pregnancies, the American Academy of Pediatrics' guidelines should be followed when employing this therapy (27). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the monitoring of neonatal blood sugars for late preterm infants because late preterm birth is a known risk factor for hypoglycemia. A single course of betamethasone is recommended for pregnant women between 34 0/7 weeks and 36 6/7 weeks of gestation at risk of preterm birth within 7 days, and who have not received a previous course of antenatal corticosteroids (24, 28).
There are important considerations specific to the administration of late preterm corticosteroids that should be noted and are derived from the methodology used by the trial. Late preterm administration of antenatal corticosteroids is not indicated in women diagnosed with clinical chorioamnionitis (intrauterine infection) (28). Furthermore, tocolysis should not be used in an attempt to delay delivery in order to administer antenatal corticosteroids in the late preterm period, nor should an indicated late preterm delivery (such as for preeclampsia with severe features) be postponed for corticosteroid administration (28).
Groups not studied by the Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids trial include women with multiple gestations, women with pregestational diabetes, women who previously had received a course of corticosteroids, and women who gave birth by cesarean at term. Whether or not late preterm corticosteroids provide benefit in these populations is unknown.
Because of concerns for maternal and fetal harm, and the balance of risk and benefits, planned multiple courses are not recommended. In a randomized trial of single versus serial courses of antenatal corticosteroids, a reduction in birth weight and an increase in the number of infants who were small for gestational age were found, especially after four courses of corticosteroids (29). Although not consistent, six studies found decreased birth weight and head circumference with repeat courses (29–35) and three studies did not (36–38). The NICHD 2000 Consensus Panel concluded that studies regarding the possible benefits and risks of repeat courses of antenatal corticosteroids are limited because of their study design and "methodologic inconsistencies." The NICHD 2000 Consensus Panel noted that, although there is a suggestion of possible benefit from repeated courses (especially in the reduction and severity of respiratory distress), there also are animal and human data that suggest deleterious effects on the fetus regarding cerebral myelination, lung growth, and function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Follow-up of children at 2 years of age who were exposed to repeat courses of antenatal corticosteroids showed no significant difference in physical or neurocognitive measures in two studies (39, 40), and the same outcome was found in younger children in a third study (41). Although not statistically significant, the relative risk of cerebral palsy in infants exposed to serial courses of antenatal corticosteroids (RR, 5.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.7–46.7; P=.12) in one study is of concern and warrants further study (39). Maternal effects include increased risk of infection and suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (31, 42). Regularly scheduled repeat courses or serial courses (more than two) are not currently recommended (11).
Although the initial data (43) suggested the benefit of corticosteroids may decrease after 7 days, the duration of corticosteroid benefit remains controversial (44). A multicenter randomized trial of a single rescue course was performed in 437 patients without preterm PROM who had completed a single course of antenatal corticosteroids before 30 0/7 weeks of gestation and at least 14 days before inclusion, and were judged to have a recurring threat of preterm birth within 7 days before 33 0/7 weeks of gestation (45). The investigators found a significant reduction in respiratory distress syndrome, the need for surfactant, and composite morbidity for those giving birth before 34 0/7 weeks of gestation and for the overall cohort. No increase in newborn complications or intrauterine growth restriction was identified, although the power to evaluate these individual outcomes was low. There was no difference in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and long-term outcome developmental data are not available for these patients. The 2015 Crowther Cochrane meta-analysis (10 trials, 4,733 women and 5,700 infants) included trials with a repeat course of corticosteroids as early as 7 days from initial course. The results of the meta-analysis showed reduction in RDS and there was noted an associated small reduction in size at birth, but no significant adverse outcomes. Therefore, a single repeat course of antenatal corticosteroids should be considered in women who are less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days, and whose prior course of antenatal corticosteroids was administered more than 14 days previously (45). Rescue course corticosteroids could be provided as early as 7 days from the prior dose, if indicated by the clinical scenario, given the Cochrane meta-analysis results (11, 46). Whether to administer a rescue course of corticosteroids with PROM is controversial, and there is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation for or against (6, 47).
The concern that corticosteroids may have the potential to adversely affect neurodevelopmental outcomes is largely based on animal data and from studies of multiple course corticosteroids (39). The MFMU study of repeat course corticosteroids suggested that four or more courses may be associated with the development of cerebral palsy (39). However, numerous studies have shown no evidence of long-term harm (and in fact showed improved survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes with long-term pulmonary and other benefits), particularly as it relates to a single course of corticosteroids administered at less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation (48, 12). A follow-up to a trial of antenatal corticosteroids at term (greater than 37 0/7 weeks of gestation) showed a difference in subjective teacher evaluation of a child's quartile of ability, with more children assessed at less than 25% for performance (17.7% versus 8.5%, P=.03) among those randomized to the corticosteroids but, at the same time, showed no difference in objective neurocognitive outcomes after assessing five neurocognitive dimensions (49). This single signal does not lead us to caution against corticosteroid use, particularly as it refers to term exposure, but continued surveillance of long-term outcomes should be supported. The only data available about long-term neurocognitive outcomes after late preterm administration of antenatal corticosteroids versus placebo come from the initial corticosteroids study (43), where patients at risk of preterm delivery were randomized from 24 0/7 weeks to 35 6/7 weeks of gestation. The 30-year neurodevelopmental follow-up of this cohort were exposed to corticosteroids from 30.9–34.6 weeks of gestation and delivered at a median of 35 weeks of gestation (range 33.4–38.0 weeks of gestation). A total of 34% (n=66) of the cohort delivered at term (50). Cognitive functioning as measured by the Weschler scales, working memory and attention, and other neurocognitive assessments were not different between exposure groups. The MFMU Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids study has not yet obtained long-term outcome data but doing so would add significantly to limited available literature. A final additional consideration regarding corticosteroid risks is that in the context of maternal critical care, antenatal corticosteroids are not contraindicated, even in the setting of sepsis (1, 51).
Perinatal Quality Collaboratives, such as the Ohio Perinatal Quality Collaborative, California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, and the March of Dimes Big 5 State Perinatal Collaborative have worked to improve use of antenatal corticosteroids through a focus on the identification of missed opportunities and use of quality improvement strategies to optimize appropriate and timely antenatal corticosteroid administration. Implementation of preterm labor assessment toolkits, standardized order sets for women at risk of early delivery, timely availability of medication in settings where pregnant women are cared for, maternal transfer protocols that indicate corticosteroids should be given before transport, and appropriate documentation of first course and rescue course antenatal corticosteroids in inpatient and outpatient health records, have been among the proposed strategies to improve appropriate and timely antenatal corticosteroid use. One study reported qualitative focus group data describing conditions that enable delivery of antenatal corticosteroids with high reliability at hospitals that participated in the Ohio Perinatal Quality Collaborative antenatal corticosteroid project (52). Six major themes supporting reliable implementation of antenatal corticosteroids were described, including 1) presence of a high reliability culture, 2) processes that emphasize high reliability, 3) timely and efficient administration process, 4) involvement of multiple disciplines, 5) evidence of benefit supports antenatal corticosteroid use, and 6) benefit is recognized at all levels of the care team. Participating obstetrician–gynecologists or other health care providers and staff described that these key processes and supports were needed to ensure appropriate and timely delivery of antenatal corticosteroids with high reliability (52).
The March of Dimes Big 5 State Perinatal Collaborative (California, Florida, Illinois, New York, Texas) has developed tools to improve timely administration of antenatal corticosteroids. A collaborative of 54 hospitals from across the Big 5 States has been convened to pilot the new resources to standardize the identification of eligible patients and to improve the appropriate timing of corticosteroid therapy. The Ohio Perinatal Quality Collaborative reported that antenatal corticosteroid rates increase and are maintained at high levels when hospitals are aware that antenatal corticosteroid use is monitored, and missed opportunities are identified and reviewed. The collaborative worked with Ohio vital records to add antenatal corticosteroid administration to the Ohio birth certificate registry. Monitoring hospital rates provided incentive for hospitals to improve appropriate administration and documentation. The California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative's Antenatal Steroids Initiative included 1998 baseline data collection, dissemination of recommended interventions using member-developed educational materials, and presentations to obstetrician–gynecologists and other health care providers in participating hospitals. The antenatal corticosteroid administration rate increased from 76% of 1,524 infants at baseline to 86% of 1,475 infants postinitiative (P<.001), and 23 of 25 participating hospitals exceeded the baseline lower-quartile cutoff point of 69% (53). This work by state and regional collaboratives demonstrates that quality improvement strategies to optimize appropriate and timely antenatal corticosteroid administration are effective and should be encouraged. Therefore, the administration of antenatal corticosteroids should be monitored and missed opportunities reviewed.
Overuse of antenatal corticosteroids was recently addressed at the Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine conference in 2016. The Workshop on Quality Measures for High Risk Pregnancies discussed antenatal corticosteroids, among other measures. The optimal therapeutic window for delivery after corticosteroid administration is 2–7 days, yet one study suggests only 20–40% of women assessed at their institution for preterm labor delivered in that window (54). In the Ohio Perinatal Quality Collaborative, 45% of women delivered in a 2–14 day window after receiving corticosteroids (55). In view of this, it is critical to have ongoing development of strategies that encourage timely corticosteroid administration to women at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days and avoid overuse of corticosteroids for low risk women. Collecting measures that track antenatal corticosteroids use for infants born before 34 weeks of gestation and timing of corticosteroids in relation to delivery will support quality improvement efforts to optimize appropriate and timely antenatal corticosteroid administration.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has identified additional resources on topics related to this document that may be helpful for ob-gyns, other health care providers, and patients. You may view these resources at www.acog.org/More-Info/AntenatalCorticosteroids.


The paddy fields field may be prepared and ploughed for normal paddy cultivation.
A trench of 50-60 cm deep and 50-60 cm wide is made at the lower side of each paddy field. The length of the trench would be as per the length of the field.
Paddy varieties recommended for different altitudes may be grown for such co-culture.
Common carp fingerlings with an average weight of 15-20 gms at a stocking density of 6,000 numbers/ha can be released in the paddy fields after 15 days of transplantation of the paddy seedlings.
Cowdung may be applied at the rate of 3 tonnes/ha/month after releasing the fingerlings in the paddy fields.
Artificial feeding with a mixture of rice bran and mustard oil cake (1:1) is made twice daily at the rate of 4 percent of the total body weight of the fishes. The fishes are harvested from the paddy fields along with the harvesting of paddy.


text:
package org.apache.drill.exec.ops;

import java.util.Iterator;

import org.apache.drill.exec.memory.BufferAllocator;
import org.apache.drill.exec.proto.UserBitShared;
import org.apache.drill.exec.proto.UserBitShared.MetricValue;
import org.apache.drill.exec.proto.UserBitShared.OperatorProfile;
import org.apache.drill.exec.proto.UserBitShared.OperatorProfile.Builder;
import org.apache.drill.exec.proto.UserBitShared.StreamProfile;

import com.carrotsearch.hppc.IntDoubleHashMap;
import com.carrotsearch.hppc.IntLongHashMap;
import com.carrotsearch.hppc.cursors.IntDoubleCursor;
import com.carrotsearch.hppc.cursors.IntLongCursor;
import com.carrotsearch.hppc.procedures.IntDoubleProcedure;
import com.carrotsearch.hppc.procedures.IntLongProcedure;
import org.apache.drill.shaded.guava.com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;

public class OperatorStats {
  protected final int operatorId;
  protected final int operatorType;
  private final BufferAllocator allocator;

  private IntLongHashMap longMetrics = new IntLongHashMap();
  private IntDoubleHashMap doubleMetrics = new IntDoubleHashMap();

  public long[] recordsReceivedByInput;
  public long[] batchesReceivedByInput;
  private long[] schemaCountByInput;

  private boolean inProcessing = false;
  private boolean inSetup = false;
  private boolean inWait = false;

  protected long processingNanos;
  protected long setupNanos;
  protected long waitNanos;

  private long processingMark;
  private long setupMark;
  private long waitMark;

  private int inputCount;

  public OperatorStats(OpProfileDef def, BufferAllocator allocator){
    this(def.getOperatorId(), def.getOperatorType(), def.getIncomingCount(), allocator);
  }

  /**
   * Copy constructor to be able to create a copy of existing stats object shell and use it independently
   * this is useful if stats have to be updated in different threads, since it is not really
   * possible to update such stats as waitNanos, setupNanos and processingNanos across threads
   * @param original - OperatorStats object to create a copy from
   * @param isClean - flag to indicate whether to start with clean state indicators or inherit those from original object
   */

  public OperatorStats(OperatorStats original, boolean isClean) {
    this(original.operatorId, original.operatorType, original.inputCount, original.allocator);

    if ( !isClean ) {
      inProcessing = original.inProcessing;
      inSetup = original.inSetup;
      inWait = original.inWait;

      processingMark = original.processingMark;
      setupMark = original.setupMark;
      waitMark = original.waitMark;
    }
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  public OperatorStats(int operatorId, int operatorType, int inputCount, BufferAllocator allocator) {
    super();
    this.allocator = allocator;
    this.operatorId = operatorId;
    this.operatorType = operatorType;
    this.inputCount = inputCount;
    this.recordsReceivedByInput = new long[inputCount];
    this.batchesReceivedByInput = new long[inputCount];
    this.schemaCountByInput = new long[inputCount];
  }

  private String assertionError(String msg){
    return String.format("Failure while %s for operator id %d. Currently have states of processing:%s, setup:%s, waiting:%s.", msg, operatorId, inProcessing, inSetup, inWait);
  }

  /**
   * OperatorStats merger - to merge stats from other OperatorStats
   * this is needed in case some processing is multithreaded that needs to have
   * separate OperatorStats to deal with
   * WARN - this will only work for metrics that can be added
   * @param from - OperatorStats from where to merge to "this"
   * @return OperatorStats - for convenience so one can merge multiple stats in one go
   */

  public OperatorStats mergeMetrics(OperatorStats from) {
    final IntLongHashMap fromMetrics = from.longMetrics;

    final Iterator<IntLongCursor> iter = fromMetrics.iterator();
    while (iter.hasNext()) {
      final IntLongCursor next = iter.next();
      longMetrics.putOrAdd(next.key, next.value, next.value);
    }

    final IntDoubleHashMap fromDMetrics = from.doubleMetrics;
    final Iterator<IntDoubleCursor> iterD = fromDMetrics.iterator();

    while (iterD.hasNext()) {
      final IntDoubleCursor next = iterD.next();
      doubleMetrics.putOrAdd(next.key, next.value, next.value);
    }
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Clear stats
   */
  public synchronized void clear() {
    processingNanos = 0l;
    setupNanos = 0l;
    waitNanos = 0l;
    longMetrics.clear();
    doubleMetrics.clear();
  }

  public synchronized void startSetup() {
    assert !inSetup  : assertionError("starting setup");
    stopProcessing();
    inSetup = true;
    setupMark = System.nanoTime();
  }

  public synchronized void stopSetup() {
    assert inSetup :  assertionError("stopping setup");
    startProcessing();
    setupNanos += System.nanoTime() - setupMark;
    inSetup = false;
  }

  public synchronized void startProcessing() {
    assert !inProcessing : assertionError("starting processing");
    processingMark = System.nanoTime();
    inProcessing = true;
  }

  public synchronized void stopProcessing() {
    assert inProcessing : assertionError("stopping processing");
    processingNanos += System.nanoTime() - processingMark;
    inProcessing = false;
  }

  public synchronized void startWait() {
    assert !inWait : assertionError("starting waiting");
    stopProcessing();
    inWait = true;
    waitMark = System.nanoTime();
  }

  public synchronized void stopWait() {
    assert inWait : assertionError("stopping waiting");
    startProcessing();
    waitNanos += System.nanoTime() - waitMark;
    inWait = false;
  }

  public synchronized void batchReceived(int inputIndex, long records, boolean newSchema) {
    recordsReceivedByInput[inputIndex] += records;
    batchesReceivedByInput[inputIndex]++;
    if(newSchema){
      schemaCountByInput[inputIndex]++;
    }
  }

  public String getId() {
    StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
    return s.append(this.operatorId)
        .append(":")
        .append("[")
        .append(UserBitShared.CoreOperatorType.valueOf(operatorType))
        .append("]")
        .toString();
  }

  public OperatorProfile getProfile() {
    final OperatorProfile.Builder b = OperatorProfile //
        .newBuilder() //
        .setOperatorType(operatorType) //
        .setOperatorId(operatorId) //
        .setSetupNanos(setupNanos) //
        .setProcessNanos(processingNanos)
        .setWaitNanos(waitNanos);

    if (allocator != null) {
      b.setPeakLocalMemoryAllocated(allocator.getPeakMemoryAllocation());
    }

    addAllMetrics(b);
    return b.build();
  }

  public void addAllMetrics(OperatorProfile.Builder builder) {
    addStreamProfile(builder);
    addLongMetrics(builder);
    addDoubleMetrics(builder);
  }

  public void addStreamProfile(OperatorProfile.Builder builder) {
    for(int i = 0; i < recordsReceivedByInput.length; i++){
      builder.addInputProfile(StreamProfile.newBuilder().setBatches(batchesReceivedByInput[i]).setRecords(recordsReceivedByInput[i]).setSchemas(this.schemaCountByInput[i]));
    }
  }

  private class LongProc implements IntLongProcedure {

    private final OperatorProfile.Builder builder;

    public LongProc(Builder builder) {
      super();
      this.builder = builder;
    }

    @Override
    public void apply(int key, long value) {
      builder.addMetric(MetricValue.newBuilder().setMetricId(key).setLongValue(value));
    }
  }

  public void addLongMetrics(OperatorProfile.Builder builder) {
    if (longMetrics.size() > 0) {
      longMetrics.forEach(new LongProc(builder));
    }
  }

  private class DoubleProc implements IntDoubleProcedure {
    private final OperatorProfile.Builder builder;

    public DoubleProc(Builder builder) {
      super();
      this.builder = builder;
    }

    @Override
    public void apply(int key, double value) {
      builder.addMetric(MetricValue.newBuilder().setMetricId(key).setDoubleValue(value));
    }
  }

  public void addDoubleMetrics(OperatorProfile.Builder builder) {
    if (doubleMetrics.size() > 0) {
      doubleMetrics.forEach(new DoubleProc(builder));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Set a stat to the specified long value. Creates the stat
   * if the stat does not yet exist.
   *
   * @param metric the metric to update
   * @param value the value to set
   */

  public void addLongStat(MetricDef metric, long value){
    longMetrics.putOrAdd(metric.metricId(), value, value);
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  public long getLongStat(MetricDef metric) {
    return longMetrics.get(metric.metricId());
  }

  /**
   * Add a double value to the existing value. Creates the stat
   * (with an initial value of zero) if the stat does not yet
   * exist.
   *
   * @param metric the metric to update
   * @param value the value to add to the existing value
   */

  public void addDoubleStat(MetricDef metric, double value){
    doubleMetrics.putOrAdd(metric.metricId(), value, value);
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  public double getDoubleStat(MetricDef metric) {
    return doubleMetrics.get(metric.metricId());
  }

  /**
   * Add a long value to the existing value. Creates the stat
   * (with an initial value of zero) if the stat does not yet
   * exist.
   *
   * @param metric the metric to update
   * @param value the value to add to the existing value
   */

  public void setLongStat(MetricDef metric, long value){
    longMetrics.put(metric.metricId(), value);
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  /**
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  /**
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   */
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    this.waitNanos += waitNanosOffset;
  }

  public long getProcessingNanos() {
    return processingNanos;
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Il raggio idrodinamico di una macromolecola o di un colloide ha due significati.  Qualche testo utilizza tale espressione come sinonimo di raggio di Stokes.

Altri libri lo definiscono come un raggio idrodinamico teorico .  Considerano le macromolecole o i collodi come un insieme di subparticelle.  Questo è utilizzato comunemente per i polimeri; le particelle sarebbero quindi unità del polimero.   è definita per:

dove  è la distanza tra le subparticelle  e , e dove i bracci angolari  rappresentano una media di insieme.
 I raggi idrodinamici teorici  sono stati stimati originariamente da John Gamble Kirkwood di un raggio di Stoke di un polimero.

Il raggio idrodinamico teorico  si pone nello studio delle proprietà dinamiche di polimeri che si muovono in un solvente.  È spesso grandezza simile al raggio di girazione.

Note

Riferimenti
Grosberg AY and Khokhlov AR. (1994) Statistical Physics of Macromolecules (translated by Atanov YA), AIP Press. ISBN 1-56396-071-0

Chimica dei polimeri e delle macromolecole

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Nokia X6 could be about to launch outside of China
The latest leaks point to Russia and Taiwan
The Nokia X6 arrived in the China in the middle of May, and since then that's the only country where you can buy the mid-range handset. However, a global launch for the phone may be getting closer.
That's because model numbers that appear to relate to the Nokia X6 have been spotted by NokiaPowerUser on Bluetooth certification sites in both Russia and Taiwan - suggesting the notch-toting device will finally make its way out of China.
Read more: Nokia 3.2
This news puts Russia and Taiwan as the next in line to receive the Nokia X6, but the hope is it'll reach more countries as well in the coming months.
Not the first we've heard
A potential global launch for the Nokia X6 has already been teased, with HMD Global's CPO, Juho Sarvikas, tweeting back in May asking if people wanted to see the phone come to more countries.
While it wasn't clear at the time how serious Sarvikas was being, our conversations with HMD since have seen the company not rule out a wider release for the handset.
Coupled with this latest leak, we're feeling more confident that the Nokia X6 will indeed see a release in more countries, but whether it reaches the likes of the US and UK remains to be seen.
The Nokia X6 packs a 5.8-inch full HD, 19:9 display complete with notch, Snapdragon 636 chipset, 6GB of RAM, 64GB of storage, Android 8.1, 16MP + 5MP dual rear cameras, 16MP front camera and a 3,060mAh battery.
Fed up of the notch? Check out the Vivo Nex
Via Android Authority

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Cooney: Brown's biggest challenge is Embiid-Okafor pairing
THREE QUESTIONS are commonly asked about the 76ers, almost on a daily basis. One concerns the recovery of top overall pick Ben Simmons. The 6-10 do-everything forward/guard had surgery Oct. 4 to put a screw in his right foot after suffering a Jones fracture to the fifth metatarsal on the last day of training camp at Stockton Unive
by By Bob Cooney, Daily News Columnist | Columnist
THREE QUESTIONS are commonly asked about the 76ers, almost on a daily basis.
One concerns the recovery of top overall pick Ben Simmons. The 6-10 do-everything forward/guard had surgery Oct. 4 to put a screw in his right foot after suffering a Jones fracture to the fifth metatarsal on the last day of training camp at Stockton University. The recovery period for such an injury and surgery was put to me by two surgeons as 10 to 12 weeks. It is then when Simmons can start doing basketball activities, most likely at a slow pace, which is the norm for the Sixers and their sports science team. Twelve weeks would take it to Dec. 27. Factor in at least a few weeks of getting in basketball shape and that would go to mid-January. That is providing all the healing goes well in the eyes of the organization's medical staff.
The team has given no detailed updates lately, just relaying, when asked, that Simmons is at the practice facility almost daily, following his recovery protocol. It's a wait-and-see situation.
Nerlens Noel also hasn't been on the floor with the team since he started to feel pain in the preseason. At first, the 6-11 center was saddled with a strained groin, but then came soreness in his surgically repaired left knee. He had a procedure done for an inflamed plica on Oct. 25. He did his recovery in Alabama and returned to the area last week. He has been seen lately shooting at the training facility when the team finishes practice. His return, according to coach Brett Brown, is still a couple of weeks away.
The third, and main, question posed to Brown concerns playing Joel Embiid and Jahlil Okafor, specifically about when the two will get on the floor together for significant minutes.
The answer, quite simply, is not soon. Or for the amount of time that you, and I, would like to see.
Many factors have played into this decision this season, as Okafor had been on a minutes restriction while he worked his way back from surgery to repair a torn meniscus in his right knee on March 22. His time restriction was recently lifted, so he is good to go. Embiid is still on a recovery schedule that not only includes a 24-minute restriction - which Brown said will go until at least Christmas - but also is randomly held out of games altogether, again, as part of his recovery process. The 7-2, 276-pounder missed his sixth game of the season Monday in Toronto, but has been excellent during his time on the floor, averaging 18.2 points, 7.8 rebounds and 2.4 blocks, during his 22.8 minutes a game.
But Embiid's time on the court has minimally coincided with Okafor's - only a few minutes so far. Some of that is because Brown had to watch how he filled their allotted minutes. Now, though, it's because he hasn't yet figured out how they'll fit defensively.
With the league full of stretch power forwards, Brown's worries go directly to the defensive end, where Embiid is the better rim protector, but also the better than Okafor at getting out on shooting power forwards. So the coach will carefully pick his spots when/if he plays the two together.
"I stand by what goes on when people ask," Brown said. "It's the most asked question I get. I will say that I, too, want to do this. But look at (Sunday against Cleveland). It's a terrible, terrible matchup (with Kevin Love at the 'four'). As soon as I can, I will."
What also might be holding Brown back from experimenting with those two on the floor is the production he might be able to extract from them in combination. Sunday against the defending champs, Embiid and Okafor split the 48 minutes and combined for 36 points and 18 rebounds. That's pretty good production out of your center spot.
"I can't wait until the two of us can play together," Okafor said. "I know Joe can't wait, either. Once we are both fully healthy and not on any restrictions, I'm looking forward, and I know the fans are, also, to seeing what Joe and I can do on the floor together."
"Accumulatively, if you can get this out of your 'five' spot every night, that's dominating," Brown said. "If that's what your 'five' spot produces, that's a dominating effort. To the point about seeing what we have and trying to uncover, what do we really have, I very much look forward to playing those two together, but it is very, very reliant on the other team giving you something where you're not going to be punished. Although the league has turned into a perimeter game, it just might be interesting to see what two potentially dominant low-post scorers could do together."
After that, Brown thinks the roster has become more "positionally balanced," his and general manager Bryan Colangelo's goal since the end of last season.
"When you can look at a world with Joel Embiid and Jahlil, every so often they can play together, but the other team has to comply, it has to be a big ballgame," Brown said. "If you view the world with those two guys, you say that's your 'five' spot. Then you go (Dario) Saric and (Ersan) Ilyasova and that's your 'four' spot. And then you can go (Robert) Covington and (Hollis) Thompson, that's your 'three,' and then (Gerald) Henderson and (Nik) Stauskas is your 'two,' and Jerryd (Bayless), Sergio (Rodriguez) and T.J. (McConnell) and that's your point guards. So that is positionally balanced.
"You're looking at another world when Nerlens comes back into it, and what do you do with Richaun (Holmes), because Richaun deserves to play. It's as positionally balanced a team as we've had since I've been here."
@BobCooney76
Blog: philly.com/Sixersblog
By Bob Cooney, Daily News Columnist


text:
How Scotch Tape Was Invented
Sarah Stone - TodayIFoundOut.com
Despite the name, Scotch tape wasn't invented by the Scottish. It was invented by a college dropout named Richard Drew from Minnesota who worked for a small sandpaper company founded in 1902 called Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing, later known as 3M. The name "Scotch" itself has an origin story almost as interesting as the invention of Scotch tape.
Born Richard Gurley Drew in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1899, Drew spent a year at the University of Minnesota in the Mechanical Engineering program before dropping out. He paid for that time at school and his correspondence school course in machine design by playing banjo, and he included all of that information in his application to the open position of lab technician with 3M. He got the job and was set on the path to make history.
In the 1920s, a two-tone paint job was popular for cars and a headache for automotive painters. The two-tone look was created by painting the car one color, applying a barrier of some sort to the painted portion, and then painting the next section. In order to get around the difficulties of this type of paint job, painters and mechanics tested out different ways to achieve the look. Unfortunately, their attempts tended to be less than successful. Some automotive shops would glue newspapers over the already painted sections while others used tape to prevent paint transfer. However those techniques often left a sticky residue on the paint that was difficult to remove. Sometimes, it would even mean the painters had to do the entire paint job over again.
One of Drew's responsibilities at 3M was to deliver samples of sandpaper to local automotive shops for testing, where he often overheard workers who were painting complain about the problems with tape used for these paint jobs. The twenty-three year old then lab assistant got the idea to create a new tape that would create a seal so that the paint wouldn't get through and yet also come off clean without leaving any sticky residue that ruined the paint finish. Drew used the adhesive that 3M utilized in the construction of its sandpaper as a starting point. From there, it took him two years of experimentation with different types of adhesives that he applied to a crepe paper backing to come up with the right combination. Thus, what would be called "Scotch" Masking Tape was born in 1925.
The success of the Scotch Brand Masking Tape allowed Drew to move up the ranks at 3M. In 1929, his position as technical director at the fabrication laboratory allowed him to pursue another idea. Cellophane had recently been invented by DuPont and was being used by grocers and bakers as a neat way to package their groceries. However, there wasn't a good way to seal the cellophane with tape because the colored backing ruined the clear look. So Drew and his team of inventors worked to create a tape that used this clear cellophane as a backing.
Unfortunately, the machinery that 3M used in order to apply the adhesive to the cellophane backing tore the material, and the glue that worked for the masking tape appeared amber on the clear cellophane. The team ultimately invented new clear adhesive and modified machinery to handle the cellophane. The new tape was called Scotch Brand Cellulose Tape, but it appeared that it might have missed its opportunity with grocers and bakers despite ringing endorsements from several test clients. You see, DuPont had introduced into the market a cellophane that could be sealed with heat. Nonetheless, despite missing their original target market and being released during the Great Depression, the Scotch Brand Cellulose Tape thrived with various home uses.
So this all brings us back to how the term "Scotch" came to be associated with 3M's Masking and Cellulose tapes. When Drew and 3M began allowing car painters to test the new Scotch Brand Masking Tape, one painter supposedly complained about the lack of adhesive on the tape. One version of the story claims that the painter asked "Why so Scotch with the adhesive?" Another version states that the painter said "Take this back to your Scotch bosses and tell them to put more adhesive on it."
Whatever the case, in the 1920s, the term "Scotch" was a racial slang term that meant something or someone that was cheap or stingy. Based on the feedback, Drew applied more adhesive to the tape and ultimately branded the tape with the pejorative "stingy" name of "Scotch."
What the Company Name "3M" Stands For
The Invention Nobody Wanted That Became One of the Top Selling Office Products of All Time
A Brief History of the Ballpoint Pen and Whether NASA Really Spent Millions Developing a Pressurized Version Instead of Just Using Pencils
Super Glue was Invented by Accident, Twice
Who Invented Duct Tape
Sarah Stone writes for the mildly popular interesting fact website TodayIFoundOut.com. To subscribe to Today I Found Out's "Daily Knowledge" newsletter, click here or like them on Facebook here. You can also check 'em out on YouTube here.
This post has been republished with permission from TodayIFoundOut.com. Image by Daniel under Creative Commons license.
AnyColourExceptForGrey
I like reading these kind of articles on Gizmodo, so keep it up. :)
I want more origin stories about commonly used household goods.


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Don't let the media or the negative talk of others keep you from being on purpose in life.
I'm surviving the so-called tough economy as a freelance writer first and foremost by approaching my job with a positive attitude and broadening my horizons.
Despite the scare tactics of the media, I'm keeping my head above water by finding new ideas to write about. Let me illustrate how.
Years ago, I was listening to one of motivational speaker Anthony Robbins' cassette tapes fromPersonal Power II: The Driving Force!. He said something that I've never forgotten and think about a lot: "Condition your mind to attract money."
This is one of the greatest quotes I've ever heard, especially for surviving the current economic situation.
It doesn't matter what I'm doing, whether it's freelance writing or running six or more miles a day, I see money in those opportunities.
When I run, I often find aluminum cans which I can cash in later for money, and I find spare change and even paper bills on the ground. Yes, not only do I stay fit running, but in essence, I get paid to run! Every little bit helps, for theThe Good Book says that if we are faithful over little things, we'll be made ruler over many things (Matthew 25:23 personalized).
It's all about attitude no matter your financial situation. Whether you are single or married, have kids or no kids, there are always people with your same challenges who'd rather sit on a bar stool and complain about how bad things are.
As a writer, I've receive emails from editors telling me they are laying off staff and not accepting freelance submissions because of the economy. But guess what? Many online and print publications are still accepting and paying for freelance work, if you, the writer, will take the time to look for these markets and subscribe to free market newsletters like this one, WritersWeekly.com and FundsforWriters.com.
At the beginning of this year, I was a bit down listening to all the "loser-talk" about how bad it was going to be for the common man surviving the tough economy, but I dug in my heels and realized that I needed to think of more things I could write about, things that I have an interest in but still required me to get out of my "box".
For example, I've been striving to find more local events to write about as another way of making more money as a freelance writer.
Even though I've covered many places as a travel writer via press trips, I've heard the same talk from people who arrange these events about cutbacks in their budgets, etc. But I keep on approaching these folks for potential trip opportunities because press trips are still announced at such websites like Media Kitty and the International Travel Writers Alliance. And I simply "cold call" via email the Convention and Visitors Bureaus of cities and regions that I have an interest in visiting.
My travel-writing clips have helped me to write about the subject of travel in other ways. What am I talking about: Reviews of travel products and services for the consumer. When I see a gadget or service that piques my interest, I contact that business and show them my travel clips, which often results in the opportunity to review their product/service for free. You see, as writers, we need to use our gift to be able to find cash-generating opportunities from the events and things found in everyday life.
I also don't let the talking heads on television shows keep me from trying to find more publications who'll buy my travel articles and other works that I've written which I have the rights to re-sell. These income sources exist, but again, it takes the initiative on your part to find them rather than giving in to self-pity.
I've also learned from experience over the years that when we are fulfilling our life's purpose and heart's convictions, the right people and opportunities show up when they need to. Follow your heart - see the income potential in doing what interests you, and stay the course. Good things happen to those who persist!
You get nothing whining and crying over surviving the tough economy as a freelance writer, so use your energy in more proactive ways. This may sound like an overused platitude, but it's true: "When the going gets tough, the tough get going!"
About the Author: Roy A. Barnes is a past contributor to Writer2Writer and other writing-themed publications like The Willamette Writer, The Busy Freelancer, FellowScript, Writers Weekly, Writing for DOLLARS, and The Christian Communicator. He lives in southeastern Wyoming, USA.


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