text:
Harriet Sohmers Zwerling's 1950's Paris Love Affair with Susan Sontag
(A nude of Harriet Sohmers Zwerling, which is the cover of her book)
Harriet Sohmers Zwerling was born in New York City in 1928. At 17 she was a student at Washington Square College, NYU. After classes she started frequenting the San Remo Cafe on MacDougal Street, a hangout for writers, artists and bohemians, including the crime photographer Weegee, the author Anatole Broyard, and the poet Max Bodenheim.
Harriet transferred to avant-garde Black Mountain College where she had her first lesbian relationship with the painter Peggy Tolk-Watkins who convinced her to move out to San Francisco. Enrolling at Berkeley in 1949, she was working at the university bookstore when a beautiful olive-skinned girl walked in...16-year old Susan Sontag. Approaching young Susan with a copy of Djuna Barnes' "Nightwood", a lesbian classic, she asked, "Have you read this?" She had ,and Harriet became her first lover, an event chronicled in Susan's early diaries, "Reborn" published in 2008.
In 1950 Harriet moved to Paris where she had many lovers and adventures. She worked at the International Herald Tribune, published three stories in New Story magazine and translated the novel Les Infortunes de la Vertue by the Marquis de Sade for the famous Obelisk Press. In 1957 Susan Sontag was on a Fulbright in Oxford. By this time she had married her professor and had a son. Abandoning the Fulbright, she came to Paris and moved in with her ex-lover Harriet. Harriet was still reeling from the end of a passionate love affair with Maria Irene Fornes, a seductive Cuban-American and later a famous playwright.
The sexual affair that Harriet and Susan rekindled in Paris was ambiguous and tumultuous, and even occasionally violent. Susan returned to the States in August 1958. In 1959, Harriet went back to New York, initially living with Susan until Susan broke off the relationship because she had fallen in love with Fornes. It was Irene's betrayal that devastated Harriet and led her to give up homosexuality for good.
Harriet fled New York for Provincetown where she became involved with the poet Bill Ward, who was just launching his literary journal, The Provincetown Review. Harriet became an editor just in time for the controversial 1961 "tralala" issue, which contained a chapter from Hubert Selby Jr.'s novel, "Last Exit to Brooklyn." Ward was arrested on obscenity charges but they were overturned at trial with an all-star defense witness panel, including Norman Mailer.
During the early 60's Harriet worked as a nude model in New York and even as a "Beatnik for Rent". She met and got involved with a merchant seaman named Louis Zwerling, married him, and had her son, MiloZ, now a well-known musician.
For 28 years Harriet taught in a New York City public school in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. After she retired, she published "Notes of a Nude Model", (Spuyten Duyvil Press, 2003), autobiographical stories that chronicle her wild youth in New York City. This book put her back on the literary map. She has starred in the documentary "Still Doing It" in 2004, about older women and sex. In 2010, she appeared in the documentary, "Norman Mailer the American."
Here is part of an excerpt from Harriet Sohmers Zwerling's "Expatriate Diaries", originally published in the Brooklyn Rail, November 2006.
Brooklyn Rail
Memories of Sontag: From an Ex-Pat's Diary
by Harriet Sohmers Zwerling
Susan Sontag is coming to Paris next week—Will it be good to see her?
(Susan and I met in 1949 in Berkeley where she, a sixteen-year old prodigy, was auditing classes. I was in my junior year at the university, working at a bookstore to support myself and in love with Peggy Tolk-Watkins, my first lesbian lover, who owned a jazz bar in Sausalito called The Tin Angel. Susan and I connected and I initiated her into the world of women lovers, by which she was already fascinated. Before I left for Paris in 1950 she came to visit me in New York and we renewed our relationship. She went to the University of Chicago, married her professor and had a son, David. In 1957, she came to Oxford on a Fulbright fellowship and contacted me through the Herald Tribune where I worked. She relinquished her Fulbright and stayed with me in Paris for nearly a year.
Susan is here. What a beauty she is! But, sadly, I dislike so much about her—the way she sings, girlish and tuneless; the way she dances, phony-sexy and unrhythmic. I was annoyed with her (poor kid) for having an upset stomach at the Eiffel Tower and especially at the Cinematheque last night. Does she attract me at all? I really don't think so, but then, she says she loves me, and I certainly need to hear that!
Saw Han the other night with his German painter friend, Reinhard—a very attractive man.
Have had no word from Irene.[ed.'s note: Maria Irene Fornes, the playwright and later Sontag's lover.]
I may still love Romaine; think of her constantly.
Susan's vulnerability and insecurity annoy me. She seems so naive, so easily flattered. Is she too honest? No, no, I can't believe she really means what she says.
(Harriet, Pont Neuf, 1950)
Irene, Irene—my real and only love. Last night in bed with Susan I said, "Move up, move up, pupi," and shocked us both with my old pet name for her. And I wept but tried not to let S. see so she wouldn't comfort me, as she did, by throwing her big body over me protectively. How heavy, how brusque she is!
I haven't written about my visit to Dublin where my sister is living. I had sex there with an Irish actor named Charley Roberts, very male and charming, who kept his socks on in bed. (It's cold in Dublin). My sister's lover Paddy is an exciting man but so afraid of feeling; he won't be good for her in the end.
What shall I do about Susan? Just lie back and enjoy being loved? But my sick jealousy is already starting. Everyone wants her, men and women, and although I don't really care about her, my envy reflex is still there. We are moving to the Poitou, my old hotel. Probably a mistake.
I don't like her smell. Bobbie said, "That's more important than anything else."
Blessed solitude! Susan has gone back to England for a week. Yesterday I felt a bit lonely but today I am enjoying being by myself again. I am back here in Irene's room which is mine now. Moving into the Poitou with S. was painful. My pitiful brain rejoiced at the memories and balked at being there without Irene, with someone else. But here in this room I am happy, recalling our crazy afternoons of sex when we just at the last minute remembered to turn off a light or pull a curtain…
Here's a description of Charley Roberts whom I slept with in Dublin. Long greasy black hair, very Spanish, slicked back with occasional loose locks hanging down around his very white face. A big American Indian nose, small thin crooked spitty mouth, dark shifty wicked eyes. When dressed up, wears a rather grubby red wool vest, dandyish, and a dirty shirt with a removable celluloid collar…Never removes his socks; feet seriously stink! Best sex I've had in a long time—The stove is not working right—it's freezing!
I'm working hard on the translation, a way to gain my freedom, at least from the job. But how free can I be with this choice of burdens: loneliness or Susan! I am already dreading the thought of our travel plans, of being with her in cities where I don't know anyone. I don't think I have ever been in such an absurd situation. At least with Sven there was sometimes good sex and the security of being with a man in social situations. I've never before lived with someone I neither desired sexually nor felt strongly about. It's so decadent! I feel terrible about it all, brooding depression—
Just a few more days at the Herald Trib. Susan and I are living in a flat borrowed from Sam Wolfenstein. It's great to be in an apartment, but it also means that she never lets me out of her sight. What will happen when I am no longer working at night? Will she stop seeing other people and spend twenty-four hours a day with me? Our sexual relationship is really bad. When I do, infrequently, make love to her, I am either drunk and totally incompetent or technical, brutal, and cold. It's hideous of me but what can I do? I am simply not attracted to her. Even her tenderness repels me; her tentative touch, so unreal.
Today I had a date at the Flore with a Negro man who stood me up. Susan insisted on coming with me in the Metro; she's going to the Deux Magots. I guess it serves me right that he didn't show, but I had really been looking forward to getting fucked!
The bottom line is, I think, that I'm really fed up with women. Susan is more relaxed than she was but still so quick to take offense, so vulnerable. Those anxious eyes probing my slightest mood remind me annoyingly of my mother!
At the flea market today I was aware of how totally I dominate her. If I picked up some buttons, looked at a doll, pointed out a necklace; she immediately enthused. "Oh, I like that! Oh, they're the prettiest!" That over-eager desire to please is pathetic. I simply must do something about this relationship. It is hurtful to her and makes me feel guilty. Even as I write this, I worry that she might come in. What a coward I am! I should have simply sent her packing. Soon she will leave and then I'll suffer through my usual abandonment anxiety all over again.
April 3, Sevilla, Spain, Holy Week
We just got here after two days in Madrid. Now I sit on the bed in the typical dim Spanish electric light. Susan is under the covers with her eyes closed. Music comes up through the open patio doors from the fonda downstairs. We've just been to watch a Semana Santa procession. The crowds are noisy and detached, as if they were at a movie. But it is tremendously moving to me. To add to the pathos, a saeta (lament) rose up from a corner of the square. My eyes overflowed, watching the penitentes in their pointed hoods, their wind-stirred gowns, bare, bloody feet; some with chains clanking on their ankles; some carrying heavy wooden crosses or the gaudy candle-lit figures of saints in velvet and gold. Susan drives me mad with her long explanations of things one only needs the eyes and the sensitivity of someone like Irene to see. She discoursed on Bosch at the Prado and was just now explaining that women are the main support of the Church. She launches into these textbook dissertations, like footnotes, which I find unbearable.
(Susan Sontag in Sevilla)
Of course, being here, I can't get Irene out of my thoughts. That was inevitable, given this language, these streets and tapas bars, these beautiful small plump Spanish girls with their gorgeous round asses. I was wretched in Madrid, felt ill and off balance. It's better here. But God, when I remember the awful fights we used to have and realize how patient I am with S., who is a far greater nuisance! It's a measure of my weakness and dependency.
April 30, Paris
In the Jardins du Luxembourg on a bright warm day. The gardeners are spraying something onto the grass. The sun is so real; it is melting down all my terrors, longings, boredom.
Oh, I wish Susan would go away; she bores and depresses me. Strangely, Bobbie is becoming a good influence; she is so alive now, especially sexually; she inspires me.
Irene is living her new life in NY and forgetting me. I am forgetting her too. Not exactly forgetting, but the remembering is becoming a sort of option. I'm not forced to do it as I used to be.
(Harriet Sohmers and Irene Fornes in the 1950s)
It's her birthday and I haven't heard from her in weeks. In spite of what I wrote above, I can't really forget her and am terribly dragged with Susan. Yesterday, she said she was moving out. If only I had the strength and the money to let her go instead of weakly saying, "I'd rather you didn't," which she only too eagerly seized upon as an invitation to stay.
We're living in the Hotel Ste. Marie Gallia , a charming place. I love the dark wood floors and the patronne and the polite, gentle maids. Last night, because I had told her it was Irene's birthday, Susan came to me in the dark bed and we made sweet love. But I just don't love her.
June 7 Berlin
It is seven years since my first trip here and the city has changed enormously. This afternoon I lay in the sun by a stream in Tiergarten, now rich and fruitful, not like the wasteland it was in 1950. I've been really cold to S. for the past three days until sex this morning broke the deadlock. Why am I taking my frustrations out on her? Some of it is jealousy; she gets so much more attention than I do. Not her fault. But I pick on her annoying little mannerisms like, "As you know, VW's are very popular in the States,"
"As you know, of course, etc—" It's mean and petty of me to attack her awkward use of her hands when she speaks. I shouldn't be taking out my helpless furies on her!
June 23 Paris
Being on the whore street at night with Susan and Reinhard, alternating malaise and enjoyment. Mainly anxiety. Susan's terrible beauty eclipses me totally. How I wish she were not my only source of love—back here there's a letter from Barbara Bank (none from Irene). She says, "Irene has probably written you that I am coming to Europe, etc. Feel very warm and good towards you"—Sure, now that Irene has left me!
July 16 Athens
In the white room on Evripidou Street, late afternoon. I lie naked on the white bed. Out the window is the ruined roofscape, crumbling buildings with their innards exposed, a swatch of wallpaper, a corner of vanished floor. The trolley car goes roaring by. Much talking and shouting in the street. The heat gets me very sexed-up but there's nothing to do about it. At least, when she's not here I can enjoy my fantasies.
I am being awful to Susan as always. This morning, when she asked why I was "angry," I said, "I just can't stand seeing you twenty-four hours a day!" and she answered mildly, "It won't be much longer," which is true and made me feel even meaner. Now she's gone up to the Parthenon and I'm enjoying the cooling of the day. I like the food here—rice pudding for breakfast, fish and salad for lunch in the workmen's tavernas. Yesterday I had a plate with one stuffed zucchini, one stuffed pepper and one stuffed eggplant. Lovely subtle differences between them.
Just a thought; could I live here? I like the men.
July 25 Hydra
Another island in my life. I sit at the cafe on the windswept quay in bright sunshine.…Susan has gone to Athens to see about money. Our landlord just rushed out screaming for two hundred drachmas. What a fright! He probably saw Susan leaving and thought we were trying to pull a fast one. Or did he really need the money, as he shouted?
I stretched dinner out as long as I could. Now I'm at the cafe sitting not too close to the foreign in-crowd… I don't intend to be depressed. In fact, I feel better than I usually do when S. is here. She has a way of making me feel isolated, alone with her. God knows, though, this group is repulsive.
Susan is leaving soon. I suppose I will miss her, probably more than I did Irene, since we were already estranged before she left. Susan truly surrounds me with affection. Too bad I can't enjoy it and am always rejecting and criticizing. I should be grateful for these nine months with her. Maybe I will be some time. I often feel a certain tenderness towards her, like today, when she left. She really is such a child, and though she can be annoying, her warmth is a child's, her sulking and suffering too.
August 12 Athens
It's our last night here. Evripidou Street is quiet, except for the occasional rumble of a late tram…Barbara Bank is here and gave me a tiny bouquet of wonderful white perfumed jasmine. She insists on talking about Irene, causing me much anguish. Susan takes it well, after her first neurotic protest. Barbara kissed me, stroking my face, promising to write me in Paris. "Judas kiss", said Susan, correctly.
August 26 Paris
Susan left three days ago and, wonder of wonders, I am suddenly surrounded by men. Surprise! There is sex on every corner—the Negro on Saturday, the painter on Sunday, and this big handsome perverse man named Henri whose looks kill me! He is like a dark version of the actor Peter van Eyk, complete with scar on his lip.
Poor darling Susan; how little I miss you!
Harriet Sohmers Zwerling is the author of Notes of a Nude Model.
Posted by Dylan Foley at 6:30 AM No comments:
Labels: Harriet Sohmers Zwerling, Notes of a Nude Model, Paris 1950s, Susan Sontag
The Villager Profile of the Poet Edward Field, February 2006
(This interview was done during the time "The Last Bohemians" photo exhibit was up at the Westbeth Gallery. Edward and I produced the exhibit. Edward was interviewed by Jerry Tallmer, one of the legendary founders of the Village Voice.)
Volume 75, Number 40 | February 22 -28 2006
The Last Bohemian
By Jerry Tallmer
My subject, Dear Muse, is Fidel Castro
Rebelissimo and darling of the Spanish-American lower classes
A general who adopted for his uniform
The work clothes of the buck private and the beard of the saints
A man fit for ruling a great nation
But who only has an island.
Irene, the beautiful Cuban, has his picture over her bed
Between Rudolph Valentino and the Blessed Virgin –
He stands large and flabby between the perfect body and the purest soul
Doves on his shoulders, on his open hands
And one dove for crown standing on his head –
He is not afraid of birdshit, his face is radiant.
— from "Stand up, Friend, with Me," poems by Edward Field, Grove Press, 1963
Irene, the beautiful Cuban, in the second stanza above — that would be Maria Irene Fornes, even then, in the early '60s, an oncoming and most irreverent playwright. Today an internationally celebrated playwright, director, and teacher of drama, but when Edward Field first knew her, or first heard of her, she was merely one member of a ménage à trois, the other two legs of which, if one may put it that way, were Susan Sontag the brainy writer and Harriet Sohmers the stunning 6-foot Art Students League model.
Edward Field first heard of her — Irene — through his friend Alfred Chester, the mad, stone-bald, ludicrously bewigged 1950s-'60s storyteller, essayist, and near genius who is one of the central figures of Field's unputdownable new book, "The Man Who Would Marry Susan Sontag." Alfred Chester was in fact the man — he died, of drugs, drink, and/or suicide in Jerusalem in 1971 — a homosexual, who wanted to marry Susan Sontag. As a career step.
Indeed, to read "The Man Who Would Marry Susan Sontag," which is subtitled "And Other Intimate Portraits of the Bohemian Era" (University of Wisconsin Press, 2005), is to begin to believe that the whole world, if not homosexual, then is bisexual. Edward Field himself has been gay approximately since the cradle, and for the best part of his 81 youthful years, proud of it.
Chester had ended up in Jerusalem after being coldly rebuffed in Morocco by his comrade-in-arts and sometime hero, composer/novelist ("The Sheltering Sky") Paul Bowles; it may even have been Bowles who, in the end, got Alfred Chester expelled from Morocco.
Paul Bowles is in any event another central character in the Field memoir, along with the rather more interesting and to some minds (mine) more talented Jane (Mrs.) Bowles, the playwright ("In the Summer House") who, calling herself "Crippie, the kike dyke" and signing her letters "The Spider's Wife" — her husband having cannibalized her writing energy to fuel his own — could show Alfred Chester cards and spades in damaged dementia.
"The Man Who Would Marry Susan Sontag" is a rich compilation of these and dozens of other to-the-life sketches or full portraits of people like Sontag herself, Alan Ginsberg, Truman Capote, Jean Garrigue (everyone's fascination), poet Arthur Gregor, poet May Swenson (whom Field deeply admired and learned from), poet Frank O'Hara (whom Field deeply admired and, for all O'Hara's goyischer detachment, had a love affair with for a time).
From the book, in a chapter evoking Greenwich Village in the era of Pollock, Kline, De Kooning, the Living Theater, the Cherry Lane, the San Remo, the Cedar Bar:
The fifties were an age when, if you were "sensitive," you had to be "neurotic," which meant you had problems of "guilt" and "anxiety" and "adjustment," which always had "sexual problems" at the root. Sex, itself, was usually looked on as a sickness in those moralistic years. In fact, almost everyone I knew in New York was in therapy of one kind or another and many gays beside me were driven to try to go straight. Frank was tolerant of all that, but he himself would have none of it.
Salted in with all this are hundreds of tiny, invaluable nuggets — casual asides — along the lines of: "[Among] the aging Masters [of poetry], each with the distinctive voice and unassailable technique, if nothing new to say — it was only Robert Frost who spoke out against Senator Joseph McCarthy and the witch hunt."
"Irene Fornes," said Edward Field the other morning, as he surveyed four walls of photographs of still living "old Bohemians" in or out of his book. "Alfred Chester knew Harriet Sohmers and Irene and Susan. They [the ladies] switched off in every possible combination. After Susan kicked Harriet out, she installed Irene as her lover. Harriet then went straight and stayed straight to the end of her life."
The present writer said he'd interviewed Susan Sontag once or twice, and found her to be friendly but cool.
"She could turn it on and off," said Field. "A lot of successful people give you one minute of intense attention, so you get a glow."
What was undeniable — and Field forcefully agreed — was that Susan Sontag had been one of this city's great beauties. Had he liked her? "No, never. But I do a tribute to her in the book because of how she spoke out for what she believed."
Then, laughing, he bespoke a folk tale of musical beds — one bed actually — involving not Irene and Susan and Harriet but Irene and a certain outspoken novelist and the novelist's then wife, who came home, took in the scene, said: "Move over," and expanded the duet into a trio. There have, in fact, always been as many men who were wild about Irene Fornes as women, if not more so.
Well, Irene and all the other people on those walls — Judith Malina, Barbara Garson, Rosetta Reitz, George Bartenieff, etc., etc. — are still living except one, Tobias Schneebaum, the slim, willowy gay-caballero painter and author who walked alone into the Amazon jungles of Peru one fine day, only to discover purity and joy in the arms of naked "savages" of the male gender who would rather screw him than put him in a pot and cook him.
The photographs — by Michael Sofronski, with accompanying texts by Dylan Foley — are in an adjunct room of the street-level Westbeth art gallery, 55 Bethune Street. They've been held over through the end of this month. Toby Schneebaum, who died last September, lived upstairs.
Edward Field has lived upstairs at Westbeth since 1972. He and Neil Derrick, his companion, mate, other half since 1959 — "with a two-year hiatus when we broke up, and then we straightened out our heads" — are a familiar sight in Greenwich Village, walking together, Neil's hand on Edward's shoulder. Derrick has been blind since a brain-tumor operation also in 1972.
What is not in the book, except in the briefest of references, is the combat experience of Second Lieutenant Edward Field as navigator on an Eighth Air Force B-17 during World War II. He long ago wrote a long poem about it — you can find it in his "Variety Photoplays," Grove Press, 1967 — and now, sitting there at Westbeth, he dispassionately recounted the basic details:
"We were returning from a bombing run over Berlin in the winter of 1945. It was my fifth mission. We'd got shot up, lost two engines, the gas tank was shot out, we were limping back to England over the North Sea on one and a half engines. Then the last engine gave out, and we hit the water ["… just like hitting a brick wall," the poem says — "Who would ever think water could be so hard?"]
"I was in the water about half an hour. There was no room on the rubber raft. Then one of the enlisted men, a gunner, got off the raft to let me on. First he took his clothes off — a mistake. The water was freezing. I'd tried to go swimming in the North Sea in summer, and the water was too cold then. The gunner died. [From the poem: "It was like those who survived the death camps by letting others go into the ovens in their place."]
"In all we lost two men. Another gunner — the tail gunner — was gay. He and I discovered it after the crash when we were on rest cure in Liverpool, but we didn't come on to each other. I gradually learned what the system was in the military. The chaplain's assistant was always gay, and Special Services — the ones who put on the camp shows — were gay. When I finally got to Paris, it was full of gay soldiers."
Edward Field, born June 7, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Yiddish-speaking immigrants from Lithuania (his father) and Poland (mother), went into the service at 18 "to get away from NYU."
He had always known what he was — Jewish and homosexual — even before the word "gay" came into general usage.
"But I didn't know of the whole gay world — the world of restaurants and bars and cruising and the underground — the world that was all around me. I thought you had to be an underground criminal to be gay.
So Greenwich Village, when I reached it, was a tremendous revelation. You know, in that recent documentary film about Greenwich Village, where Norman Mailer says that as a teenager he used to come to the Village to get laid? That was the only true thing in that whole movie."
Edward Field had grown up in Lynbrook, on the south shore of Long Island. "The German-American Bund was big in that town. They used to meet in the schools. Nassau County would have voted in Hitler. We were practically the only Democrats around."
He was never religious. "All that phony-baloney." But he was nevertheless a Jew, and he soon found out that "the poetry world was very hostile to Jews back then — was full of Anglo-Saxon contempt for Jews." As for the rest of it: "When I tried to get a job before the war, I couldn't get seen. Auschwitz and Israel changed everything."
But did not change anything to do with homosexuality — i.e., with Edward Field's fundamental subject matter. "Although nowadays I write about everything. It's like journalism. I've just done a new poem, 'Better Keep Your Parachute Harness On, George.' "
Few if any Old Bohemians, gay, straight, or on the bias, would quarrel with that proposition.
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Dylan Foley
(The photo above is very old.) I presently carry out author interviews for the website LitHub.com, but before that I worked as a book columnist for the Newark Star-Ledger from January 2002 to June 2012. I have written for the New York Observer, the New York Post, the Denver Post and other newspapers.


During Elul, we prepare for the awesome days with a practice that is called cheshbon ha nefesh, accounting of the soul, a spiritual accounting. It's a time to tell ourselves the truth about ourselves. But how do we actually do that?
A practical way to get to know ourselves better was suggested by Rabbi Alan Lew z'l : Focus on one thing. Choose one simple and fundamental aspect of your life and commit to being totally conscious and honest about it. Rabbi Lew taught that everything we do is an expression of the entire truth of our lives.The way we eat, interact with others, and spend money teaches us about who we are.The truth of our lives is reflected in everything we do and if we focus on even one small part of our lives, it brings us the entire truth of it.We can choose one thing and live that one small aspect in truth and then watch in amazement as the larger truth of our life begins to emerge.


text:
Best Leonard Cohen albums: Culture Whisper's top five
By CW Contributor on 25/9/2014
Leonard Cohen is 82, but he's not letting that get in the way of the release of a new album. Flora Hughes-Onslow picks her top five from his back catalogue
1. Songs of Leonard Cohen (1967)
The debut album from the then little-known Canadian singer-songwriter was a striking early showcase of his abundant poetic and musical talents. A collection of semi-autobiographical melodic gems, the album features a numb er of tracks still revered as his finest to this day; from 'So Long, Marianne' (written about Marianne Ihlen who, in Cohen's own words, was the most beautiful woman he ever met) and the poignant 'Stranger Song' (a Youtube video of Cohen singing it on the Julie Felix Show in 1967 shows him shedding a solitary tear at the finale), to the romantic and sublime 'Suzanne'. (Cohen once described it as 'journalism', as the song was written about an eponymous friend who really did serve him tea and oranges. He wrote the line 'I touched your perfect body with my mind' because she was married to a friend of his). Littered with philosophical and characteristically poetic lyrics, Cohen's first album is nothing short of a masterpiece.
2. Songs of Love & Hate (1970)
Though Cohen's ability to articulate depression and melancholy have earned him the fairly damning reputation of 'poet laureate of pessimism', or creator of 'music to slit your wrists to', both those labels are pretty unfair seeing as his work is far from whiney. In this album the depth and meaning of his music is particularly noteworthy, somehow comforting while also illuminating of the power of the human mind. Plus the sincerity of his lyricism – and perhaps of pushing his admittedly limited vocal range – is rather moving.
3. New Skin for the Old Ceremony (1974)
Containing the classic but infamous "Chelsea Hotel #2" (recently covered well by pop-noir star Lana Del Rey), this album is a manifestation of Cohen's musically experimentational side, intertwining his talent as a wordsmith with unusual instrumental set-ups, including banjos and violas. The aforementioned ballad refered to his brief dalliance with singer Janis Joplin, and rather graphically too – prompting Cohen to later comment apologetically for this 'indiscretion'. But over-share aside, this song and the album as a whole provides a shining example of Cohen's adaptability, as well as not taking himself too seriously; 'You told me again you preferred handsome men, but for me you would make an exception'.
4. I'm Your Man (1988)
In 1988, Cohen released I'm Your Man at the ripe old age of 54, dramatically reinventing himself as a sort of electro pop boulevardier. Using a variety of synthesisers, drums, and bass, this bold departure, verging dangerously close to sacrilege for some fans, was a surprise musical sensation. Backing singers in tow, Cohen impressed the critics with his increasingly trademark wit, rich and deep voice, and intellectual lyrics exploring everything from love and freedom to death and morality. Turning the concept of burning out on its head, this album really marked the beginning of an ever more prolific period of musical production for the now legendary musician.
5. Old Ideas (2012)
As the title would suggest, this album – written at 77 years of age – sees Cohen continue to explore themes of philosophy and meaning, but increasingly introspectively and with an added focus on the aging process. Apparently reinvigorated by a prior world tour, Cohen proved with this album that he was still more than capable of writing profound lyrics now with added wisdom and a touch of light-hearted humour, and remarkably still remained at the top of his game.
And finally...
You Want it Darker, 2016
Showing no signs of stepping down from his poet's pedestal, Cohen's latest album reflects on the end of his life, coming to terms with the end, but also deals with larger global issues, such as the failures of religion. It retains all of the power of his earlier work, not only lyrically but also in that irresistibly low, rich and gravelly voice.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Often reviled (certainly by Dante) was Marcus Junius Brutus Minor, known to most as "Brutus" or more simply "Et tu Brute?" So why dedicate a holiday to this most heinous of individuals? This slayer of Kings and betrayer of friends? Why, my good people, because Brutus Day reminds us that even in this modern age, betrayal, subterfuge, and (metaphorical at least) back-stabbing is still alive and well.
Let's start by talking a little about the man, and how he became the world's most famous betrayer second only to that slayer of messiahs. It is first important to understand that his history is plagued from intrigue straight from his birth. You see, though Caesar was only 15 at the time, there were rumors that it was Caesar who fathered Brutus, rather than Marcus Junius Brutus Major. This rumor was in part fueled by the questionable circumstances of his father's death while participating in the Lepidian revolution. Quintus Servilius Caepio, his uncle, took over the responsibilities of raising him in 59 BC.
So how did he come into Caesar's confidence and become so close a friend that his betrayal shocked his dear friend to the core? The explanation comes best, perhaps, at an examination of our own lives and experiences. Sometimes we know that those we call our friends are not, perhaps, the best of people. While we may adore them as our friend, their choices and actions as pertains to others we may not approve of. This is where Brutus found himself, a dear friend he could not counsel away from madness had to be put down for the good of the nation he ruled. It is this conundrum that casts questions on whether Brutus was hero, villain, martyr, or betrayer. Perhaps each in equal measure.
Celebrating Brutus Day… Is such a day worthy of celebration? It only stands to cast yet more light on the dark seedy underbelly of the political arena. But perhaps it also prompts us to ruminate on the great game they play, the pull and tug of politics, the conflicts of loyalties and priorities, and the need to give and take on issues that may at turns enrage and exalt their constituents. Sometimes the road to the ends they promise isn't a straight one, but twists and curves along a moral road.


text:
Slovak Government Scholarships
by Charles Wundengba May 6, 2022 May 6, 2022
The Slovak Government Scholarships for 2022 – 2023 are currently open for applications. The Slovak Government Scholarship which is fully funded is available to students who intend to pursue bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degrees in Slovakia.
The Ministry of Education, Research, Science, and Sport is responsible for financing this scholarship. Applicants should note that, they must complete a one-year Slovak language primary course before before finally beginning their studies. Notwithstanding, students will receive a monthly stipend and housing from the Slovak government even during the language study.
Bachelor's / Master's
Students must have completed high school or an undergraduate studies (in the case of a master's degree applicant)
Students must have finished their previous schooling within the last three years to be eligible for this program.
Candidates must have a strong academic record.
At the time of application, they must not be older than 26 years old.
A bachelor's degree with honors in the upper second class or a comparable master's degree is required.
At the time of application, you must not be older than 35 years old.
Candidates must be employed by the government.
Those who have completed their last degree, on the other hand, must serve in the public sector for two years in a row.
Bachelor's and Master's Students
Shortlisted applicants will receive a monthly stipend of 280 euros.
Selected candidates will also have a one-time stipend of 35 euros as commencement allowance for studies in Slovak.
After a successful completion of the study, the scholarship body will give a one-time stipend of 100 euros to students
Monthly stipend of 80 euros for the public university.
For the start of the language course, the candidate will receive a one-time stipend of 35 euros.
Accommodation, meal, and thesis expenses may also be covered by the host organization.
A Monthly stipend of 240 euros for the public university
High school/Diploma/degree certificate and transcript of the highest level of education
Birth certificate in either Slovak, Czech, French, Spanish or English language.
Two recommendation letters from your teachers
If the student has not yet completed their studies, they might submit their previous year's transcript of records.
A Motivational letter
An updated CV/resume.
Scanned copies of passport.
A photo in a size of 3.5 cm * 4 cm
How To Apply For Slovak Government Scholarships For 2022 – 2023
Closing Date: 30th May, 2022
Hon Alex Blankson Donates Office Equipment To the Akrofuom Education Directorate
You Will Not Even Come To Repeal E-levy – Methodist Bishop Lashes At Mahama


Imagine a world without Agatha Christie. Miss Lemon simply can't do it. It seems as though she, and the inimitable characters of her creation -- Hercule Poirot, Miss Marple, Mr. Satterthwaite, Mr. Parker Pyne, indeed, Miss Lemon -- have been around as long as movable type.
And yet, as difficult as it is to believe, 2011 marks a mere 91 years since the publication of her first novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles (1920) and the debut of that famously fussy Belgian detective. The success of Agatha Christie's first novel launched a career among mystery novelists that, in terms of recognition, endurance and influence, has yet to be rivaled.
Yet Agatha Christie's style is not everyone's cup of tea. Condemned by more than one critic as 'elitist,' 'escapist,' and 'wooden,' Agatha Christie's works continue to sell -- by Miss Lemon's reckoning, more than two billion of her books have been sold so far, and the tills continue to ring apace.
Escapist? Perhaps. Characters that lack nuance? One could make a case. However, there's no denying that Dame Agatha could craft a mystery cleverly enough to keep even the sharpest of armchair sleuths second-guessing the murderer's identity.
And yet, Agatha Christie never played fast and loose with the clues. Adequate evidence is always there for the reader to solve the crime -- as long as he or she is astute enough to detect it.
In Agatha Christie's Secret Notebooks, John Curran points out that one possible clue to Agatha Christie's enormous success as a mystery writer is her mastery of the double-blind -- or that fine authorial touch that makes the most obvious suspect the least likely to have committed the crime. In lesser hands, mystery novels that depend on this technique tend to fall flat.
In compiling the published Secret Notebooks, Mr. Curran had the enviable task of going through more than 70 of Agatha Christie's manuscript notebooks, tracing the threads of plot outlines, character sketches and random thoughts that, strung together, provide clues to the creative ingenuity that stood behind so many of her excellent crime stories.
Miss Lemon can't wait to get her hands on a copy.
As all serious admirers of Agatha Christie know, 15 September is the anniversary of her birth in 1890. This post is part of the Agatha Christie Reading Challenge that today celebrates her 121st birthday. Please join in the felicitations.
And that's the beauty of her work, I think ... complexity couched in simplicity. Agatha lulls her readers into a false sense of security, and then bang! They're handed another surprise ending.
The more of her books I read the more convinced I am that she was a genius. Her books appear simple but they're so well plotted that you don't notice the depth at first. I'll be reading John Curran's book for sure.
I was going to say just what Margaret did. I think she was a genius. I think she offers a great deal of depth to her characters. Human beings are complex, and she writes of the complexities in such an interesting way. I've found myself referring to her in regular conversation ever since I've been reading Agatha more seriously. I'll say, well there was a character who said or did much the same thing. :<) Sometimes because an author is prolific and popular the critics begin to criticize them. I put Agatha in the same category as my most favorite of all time, P.G. Wodehouse. That's the highest praise this reader can offer.
Absolutely. You are both right on the mark! As anyone who ever attempts it will discover, writing a plausible, readable, well-paced mystery novel is no mean feat.
A terrific post, Miss Lemon.
Agatha Christie has always been under-appreciated and her writing under-valued by critics. But, luckily for the rest of us, we know better.
I wonder if she knew how much she was appreciated by her fans and how many people she made happy just by the reading of her books.
Happy Birthday today, Dame Agatha!


text:
Q: how to share array type definition without common header file? Situation
I'm using min GW compiler:
>bin\cpp --version
cpp.exe (GCC) 6.1.0
Copyright (C) 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

I have two header files main.h and submodule.h. For various reasons I cannot simply include one of this headers into the other.

[update]

I think you need to explain the various reasons why you cannot simply include one of this headers into the other because that's the obvious answer... – Andrew

*

*I cannot import main.h into  submodule.h because in that case a change in main.h would trigger a recompilation of the submodule althoug nothing changed here. Compile time is a major concern for my client.

*I cannot include submodule.h into main.h because submodule.h defines lots of stuff but only a few definitions are public. My client wants to reduce visibility of identifiers as much as possible.

*My client uses the content of main.h to verify compatibility of different versions of the target software. Existence and size of the mentioned array is one of the compatibility criteria. Therefore the definition of the array must stay in main.h

*There are some versions of the target software that do not have the submodule at all. Therefore the files building this submodule may or may not be present. There is a lot of overhead (for my client) to deal with that situation which has to be done by someone else, not me. So my client also wants to limit the number of "flickery" files.

I also have lots of other *.h files that include main.h but not submodule.h, and they should not to hide some things in the sub module.
The submodule.h defines lots of stuff implemented in submodule.c.
Among that is an array type definition and a global variable of that type:
typedef const char INDEX_TABLE_t[42];
const INDEX_TABLE_t INDEX_TABLE;

The submodule.c implements this array:
const INDEX_TABLE_t INDEX_TABLE {/* 42 random char values */};

The variable INDEX_TABLE ist used in that other *.h files:
char SOME_OTHER_INDEX[23] = {/* 23 random char values */};

#define SELECTOR_VALUE 5
#define a_fix_name INDEX_TABLE[SOME_OTHER_INDEX[SELECTOR_VALUE]]

these *.h files include main.h but not submodule.h.
Therefore I used to add the (exact same) type definition of INDEX_TABLE_t and INDEX_TABLE_t to main.h which compiles fine.
Problem
My client uses a code alaysis tool (QA-C) that complains about the doubled definition of the type INDEX_TABLE_t.
[C] More than one declaration of 'INDEX_TABLE_t' (with no linkage).

The client instructed me to change the code so that this error will no longer issued by the code analysis tool.
I usually solve this by adding the extern keyword to all but one occurrence.
But in this case the compiler throws an exception:
error: conflicting specifiers in declaration of 'INDEX_TABLE_t'

But the declaratios are equal (they are rendered based on a model).
Questions
Do I have any chance to make both happy, the compiler and the code analyser?
Is createing another header file to be included in in main.h or all the other *.h files my only option?

A:
I have two header files main.h and submodule.h. For various reasons I cannot simply include one of this headers into the other.

Then do yourself a favor and fix that, even if you don't actually #include "submodule.h" inside main.h.  Your claim that you cannot do so has very bad smell.

The submodule.c implements this array:
const INDEX_TABLE_t INDEX_TABLE {/* 42 random char values */};

You appear to have omitted an = before the initializer.  Also, with INDEX_TABLE_t being an array type with const elements, I don't think the extra const there has any additional effect.

My client uses a code alaysis tool (QA-C) that complains about the
  doubled definition of the type INDEX_TABLE_t.
[C] More than one declaration of 'INDEX_TABLE_t' (with no linkage).

I suppose the tool is concerned by exactly the fact that the declaration is repeated in separate files, instead of being centralized in a single header.  This is a valid concern, not so much for the program now, but for ongoing maintenance and development.  You have set a trap for a future maintainer (maybe future you) wherein they might change only one of the type definitions, or change the two in incompatible ways, thus introducing a subtle but impactful bug.

The client instructed me to change the code so that this error will no
  longer issued by the code analysis tool.
I usually solve this by adding the extern keyword to all but one
  occurrence. But in this case the compiler throws an exception:
error: conflicting specifiers in declaration of 'INDEX_TABLE_t'

But the declaratios are equal (they are rendered based on a model).

INDEX_TABLE_t designates a type, not an object or function.  It cannot have external linkage (per extern) because it automatically and necessarily has no linkage.

Do I have any chance to make both happy, the compiler and the code
  analyser?

Yes.

Is createing another header file to be included in in main.h or all
  the other *.h files my only option?

Not exactly, but you do need to put the type definition in a single header, and have all your sources get it from there, directly or indirectly.  One alternative to your idea would be to #include that header directly into your .c files, which probably would require careful management of the order of your #include statements.
But overall, it sounds like your header collection could benefit from some refactoring.  As a general rule, each header should (and should be able to) include all the headers needed to provide declarations for identifiers used but not declared within, and no other headers.  This is facilitated in part by using include guards in every header.  There may be other aspects to making that work if you did not design for it from the beginning, but it certainly can be done.

In response to the edited question
That some builds of the software do not include submodule but (presumably) do use main.h is a strong indication that main.h is the wrong place for a typedef for the type of an object of which only submodule provides an instance.  It should go in a header associated with submodule or more broadly with the collection of different sources that all use this attribute of submodule.
Perhaps that header could be submodule.h itself.  Perhaps it should be a separate header, say submodule_general.h, which might even be a better place for some of the other stuff now in submodule.h, too.  Perhaps there's stuff in submodule.h that doesn't need to be there, and removing it -- possibly in conjunction with converting some objects and functions from external to internal -- would make it more palatable to include submodule.h in more places.
However you split declarations among headers to avoid duplication and serve whatever other objectives you may have, you always have the alternatives of including headers into the sources that need them either directly, or indirectly via other headers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


whales & dolphins, seabirds, other marine life, snorkelling & photography.
17 passenger comfortable liveaboard vessel, all cabins with private facilities and air-conditioning.
The Solomon Islands. A rugged, jungle-clad island chain in the south Pacific. Remembered for fierce WW2 battles, but largely overlooked in the decades since. This forgotten archipelago is home to a splendid diversity of island peoples, many still leading a traditional village life. The islands are also home to a rich diversity of wildlife, while the seas support kaleidoscopic coral reefs and an astonishing array of cetaceans.
Join renowned marine-life expert Dr. Charles 'Chas' Anderson, on an exploratory wildlife cruise through the Solomon Islands. Starting from the capital, Honiara, we sail amongst the islands, in search of whales and dolphins. All the expected tropical species are present (with dolphins being especially abundant) and with just a little luck we hope to see a good selection of them. A particular target will be Omura's Whale, unknown to science before 2004, when it was first described from the Solomons. This is a recent 'split' from Bryde's Whale.
For birders, these waters are also home to some of the least known of all seabirds, including Heinroth's Shearwater and Collared Petrel among others. And the islands themselves host a wealth of regional specialties and island endemics.
The first sailing in 2017 was judged a complete success, with 15 different species of whales and dolphins seen, comprising over 2000 animals! The list includes the first ever live sighting of Deraniyagala's Beaked Whale at sea! A nice selection of birds and fantastic underwater encounters make this a very special trip indeed. The colour report with species lists can be found on the tab above.
As with our other liveaboard trips, in the Solomons we will anchor each night in a sheltered location, allowing plenty of time to visit the islands and local villages and for snorkeling on the stupendous coral reefs.
These trips are based on the sturdy, spacious and comfortable liveaboard MV Bilikiki. She has an experienced captain and full-time chef. The twin/double cabins are all ensuite and air-conditioned. Group size 17 maximum.
We expect to have full details of these exciting new cruises in June 2014 but you may advance register now!
Day 1: Embark vessel at Honiara in the afternoon. Depart and cruise through Iron Bottom Sound.
Days 2 – 5: We will be heading west, past the Russell Islands, out onto the Solomon Sea and towards the New Georgia Islands and Marovo Lagoon. We shall snorkel as well as whale, dolphin and seabird watch. We plan a number of shore landings too.
Days 6 -10: We will then head back towards Guadalcanal but via a different route, with a possible stop at Mborukua Island on the way.More snorkeling, whale, dolphin and seabird watching as we go.
Day 11: Disembark Honiara after breakfast.
NB:Please see the trip report tab for more information!
Cost: £4599 per person, sharing a twin cabin with private facilities and a/c.
Price includes: Transfers to vessel from Honiara airport or 'approved' hotels and v.v, cruise including all meals, tea and coffee on board, use of snorkeling gear and services of naturalist guide.
Price excludes: Flights UK – Honiara (available from c£1349), vessel fuel surcharges if levied, travel insurance, other drinks, gratuities and other items of a personal nature. We can also arrange pre and post cruise hotels in Honiara.


text:
Försvarsbeslutet 2000 (proposition 1999/2000:30) är den största omorganisationen av Försvarsmakten i Sverige sedan försvarsbeslutet 1925. Beslutet var en fortsättning på steget som började tas vid försvarsbeslutet 1996, det vill säga från invasionsförsvar till insatsförsvar. Försvarsbeslutet innebar nedläggning av ett stort antal förband och staber.

Bakgrund

Armén
Inför försvarsbeslutet 2000 föreslog regeringen i sin propositionen för riksdagen, att den taktiska nivån borde reduceras genom att fördelnings- och försvarsområdesstaber samt marinkommandon och flygkommandon skulle avvecklas. Detta för att utforma ett armétaktiskt, marintaktiskt respektive flygtaktiskt kommando vilka skulle samlokaliseras med operationsledningen. Förslaget innebar att samtliga försvarsområdesstaber skulle avvecklas, vilket inkluderade Värmlands försvarsområde.

Inför försvarsbeslutet 2000 föreslog regeringen i propositionen att avveckla fem infanteribrigader, IB 1, IB 2, IB 12, IB 16 och NB 13. Detta då regeringen ansåg att bibehålla dem skulle kräva omfattande investeringar för att kunna utgöra enheter för mekaniserad utbildning. Vidare ansågs att deras övnings- och skjutfält i vissa fall var begränsande.

Inför försvarsbeslutet 2000 ansåg regeringen att endast fyra artilleribataljoner behövdes i den framtida insatsorganisationen. Vad som stod helt klart inför försvarsbeslutet var att Wendes artilleriregemente (A 3) och Gotlands artilleriregemente (A 7) skulle avvecklas. Vilket regemente som skulle behållas i den framtida insatsorganisationen stod mellan Norrlands artilleriregemente (A 8) och Bergslagens artilleriregemente (A 9). Det som talade för att behålla A 8, var direkta närheten till övnings- och skjutfält, samt en möjlig garnisonssamordning och samverkan med främst Norrbottens regemente och Norrbottensbrigaden (MekB 19). Det som talade för en avveckling var stora avstånd och begränsade möjligheter att samöva med huvuddelen av markstridskrafterna och skolor för officersutbildning.

Det som talade för att behålla A 9 i Kristinehamn var närheten till Älvdalens skjutfält samt möjligheten till samövning med ett stort antal förband i södra och mellersta Sverige. Men även att Kristinehamn redan utgjorde ett kompetenscentrum för artillerifunktionen genom Artilleriets stridsskola (ArtSS) som redan var lokaliserad till Kristinehamn. Regeringen valde därmed att föreslå en avveckling av Norrlands artilleriregemente (A 8). Men i samma förslag ansåg regeringen att det var viktigt artilleriförbanden även ges vinterförmåga. Därmed skulle en artilleribataljon behållas i Boden, och inordnas under Norrbottens regemente (I 19).

Som enda kvarvarande aktiva regemente inom artilleriet antog Bergslagens artilleriregemente den 1 juli 2000 namnet efter det ursprungliga Artilleriregementet. Stommen inom det nya regementet utgjordes av Bergslagens artilleriregemente och Artilleriets stridsskola (ArtSS). Vid den här tiden utbildades varje år en full artilleribataljon med Haubits 77B. Tre bataljoner utbildades i Kristinehamn, Bergslagens, Svea och Wendes artilleribataljon.

Den 30 juni avvecklades även Norrlands artilleriregemente (A 8) som ett självständigt förband. Från den 1 juli 2000 inordnades artilleribataljonen som en utbildningsbataljon i Norrbottens regemente (I 19). Den nya bataljonen antog namnet Norrlands artilleribataljon (Artbat/I 19). Bataljonen bestod av en bataljonsstab, ett artillerikompani och ett stabskompani. Verksamheten vid artilleribataljonen skulle enligt försvarsbeslutet i möjligaste mån vara en spegelbild av Artilleriregementet (A 9) fast i mindre skala. Den nya artilleribataljonen kom att bestå av tolv fordonsdragna Haubits 77B. Bandkanon 1 antogs aldrig i den nya insatsorganisationen, utan började fasas ut och var helt avvecklad 2003.

Inför försvarsbeslutet 2000 var regeringens utgångspunkt att det endast behövdes två enheter för att tillgodose Försvarsmaktens framtida behov av skilda slag av jägarförband. En enhet för avseende utbildning av Norrlandsjägare, och den andra avseende utbildning av underrättelse- och säkerhetsförband. När det gällde vilket förband som skulle kvarstå för utbildning av Norrlandsjägare föll valet på Norrlands dragonregemente, där valet stått mellan Norrlands dragonregemente (K 4) och Lapplands jägarregemente (I 22). I valet av vilket förband som skulle kvarstå för utbildning av underrättelse- och säkerhetsförband, var regeringens kravbild att förbandet skulle ha goda utbildningsförutsättningar och infrastruktur, för bland annat träning i fallskärmshoppning och närhet till transportflyg. I det valet stod mellan Livgardets dragoner (K 1) och Livregementets husarer (K 3). Gällande Livgardets dragoner ansåg dock regeringen att förbandet saknade förutsättningar för den samordning och koncentrering som ansågs nödvändig för en huvudenhet för jägarutbildning. Därmed föreslog regeringen i sin proposition att Livregementets husarer (K 3) och Norrlands dragonregemente (K 4) skulle kvarstå i grundorganisationen, medan Livgardets dragoner (K 1) och Lapplands jägarregemente (I 22) skulle avvecklas.

Inför försvarsbeslutet 2000 stod det klart att en av de två trängkårerna, Göta trängkår (T 2) och Norrlands trängkår (T 3), skulle avvecklas. Regeringen ansåg att trängkåren i Skövde hade bäst förutsättningar till att utvecklas till en försvarsmaktsgemensam huvudenhet för underhållstjänst. Detta dels på grund av att regeringen även föreslog en avveckling av Västernorrlands regemente (I 21) samt Ångermanlandsbrigaden (NB 21) vilket då skulle lämna Norrlands trängkår ensamt inom Sollefteå garnison. Till Göta trängkårs fördel ansåg regeringen närheten inom garnisonen till mekaniserade förband, militärområdesverkstaden, mekanikerskola samt närhet till Försvarsmedicincentrum samt ett flertal större sjukhus. Dock ansåg regeringen att det borde finnas underhållsutbildning med vinterutbildning i norra Sverige vilken då skulle förläggas till Östersunds garnison och samlokaliserades med Arméns tekniska skola (ATS) och Motorskolan (MS). Genom den förändringen som riksdagen beslutade om kom Norrlands trängkår (T 3) att avvecklas den 30 juni 2000 som självständigt förband. För istället att från den 1 juli 2000 uppgå som en utbildningsbataljon under namnet Norrlands trängbataljon (Trängbat/I 5) i Jämtlands fältjägarregemente (I 5). Samtidigt återfick Göta trängkår regementsstatus och erhölls från den 1 juli 2000 namnet Göta trängregemente (T 2).

Flygvapnet
I ÖB:s "försvarsmaktsplan 1998" föreslogs F 16 bli den tredje JAS-flottiljen, efter att F 7 och F 10 omskolats till JAS 39. Försvarsmaktsplan 1998 följdes upp den 19 maj 1999 med ett nytt förslag från ÖB om hur Försvarsmaktens skulle verka efter den l juli 2000, där ÖB bland annat föreslog en avveckling av Skånska flygflottiljen. En förutsättning för att avveckla flygflottiljen var samtidigt att Flygskolan behövde omlokaliseras. En grundförutsättning för Flygskolans nya lokalisering var att det skulle finnas ett bansystem med korsande banor. Vid sidan om F 10, var det endast F 7 i Såtenäs och F 16 i Uppsala, som hade den typen av bansystem. Med hänvisning till detta förslag så sköts omskolningen till JAS 39 på framtiden. I oktober 1999 offentliggjordes regeringens proposition inför försvarsbeslutet 2000. Där regeringen bland annat föreslog att de två Viggendivisionerna vid F 16 skulle upplösas och avvecklas senast den 31 december 2004. Vidare skulle Flygvapnets Uppsalaskolor (F 20) från den 1 januari 2003 inlemmas i flottiljens organisation. F 16 skulle därmed omorganiseras till en skol- och specialflottilj. Den nya organisationen byggde på att F 16 skulle överta Flygskolan, som vid den tidpunkten fanns vid Skånska flygflottiljen. I december 1999 uppdrog ÖB åt F 16 att påbörja en omställning till denna omorganisation. I januari 2000 började dock en utdragen och lång politisk diskussion om flygflottiljens vara eller icke vara. I mars 2000 föreslog försvarsutskottet att Viggendivisionerna istället skulle upplösas och avvecklas senast den 31 december 2003. Både i mars och december 2000 lider regeringen nederlag, då de inte får majoritet för sin proposition, vilken föreslog att Flygskolan skulle lokaliseras med start 1 januari 2002 till Uppsala. I mars 2001 föreslog ÖB för försvarsutskottet att F 16 skulle tilldelas en JAS-division och en sammanhållen flygskola. Istället skulle Jämtlands flygflottilj (F 4) och Skånska flygflottiljen (F 10) avvecklas den 31 december 2002. Den 4 maj 2001 offentliggjorde försvarsutskottet sin linje att behålla F 4 och avveckla F 16, vilket även riksdagen beslutade om den 16 maj 2001. Frågan om Flygskolans lokalisering kvarstod dock. Den 20 december 2001 kom dock en lösning på den framtida lokaliseringen, då riksdagen beslutade om att förlägga Flygskolan till Malmens flygplats i Linköping. Där Flygskolan skulle verka som ett detachement till Blekinge flygflottilj (F 17). På grund av den långdragna processen kom Flygskolan förläggas till Uppsala första halvåret 2003, det på grund av att flygverksamheten vid Skånska flygflottiljen (F 10) skulle upphöra senast den 31 december 2002.

Marinen

Flottan
Inför regeringens förslag till statsbudget för 1998, föreslogs ett antal förändringar för marinen. Vilket bland annat innebar att sex robotbåtar senast 2001 skulle utgå ur organisationen. En organisation som skulle bestå av två ytstridsflottiljer med sex kustkorvetter, sex robotbåtar och 12 patrullbåtar, tre minkrigsavdelningar med bl.a. sju minjaktsfartyg typ Landsort och två minfartyg, samt en ubåtsavdelning med nio ubåtar, varav två i materielberedskap. Med omorganisationen antog Tredje ytattackflottiljen den 1 januari 1998 namnet Tredje ytstridsflottiljen. Genom försvarsbeslutet 2000 organiserades den svenska flottan där de olika flottiljerna var indelade efter uppgifterna ytstrid, ubåtstjänst och minkrig.

Inför försvarsbeslutet 2000 var ubåtsvapnet under reducering, där det fastställda antalet ubåtar från 1996 skulle komma att nås 2001. Regeringens förslag till riksdagen innebar dock att antalet ubåtar över tiden skulle reduceras till fem ubåtar, varav två av Västergötlandsklass och tre av Gotlandsklass. Vilket enligt regeringen skulle tillsammans två ytstridsflottiljer med sammanlagt tolv ytstridsfartyg skapa förmåga till uthållig marin närvaro i omgivande farvatten i samband med kriser och konflikter.

Kustartilleriet
Inför försvarsbeslutet 2000 föreslog regeringen att den framtida grundorganisationen skulle innehålla två kustartilleriförband. Där ett av de två kustartilleriförbanden skulle utgöra en huvudenhet, där regeringen ansåg att Vaxholms kustartilleriregemente och Första kustartilleribrigaden (KA 1) skulle utgöra huvudenheten. Det med anledning till att förbandet hade en mycket god närheten till Stockholms skärgård, med övnings- och skjutfält med dimensionerande terrängtyper. Inget av de andra regementena ansågs sakna terrängförhållanden och infrastruktur för att utgöra en huvudenhet. Vilket regemente som skulle kvarstå vid sidan om KA 1, stod mellan Karlskrona kustartilleriregemente och Andra kustartilleribrigaden (KA 2), Gotlands kustartilleriregemente (KA 3) och Älvsborgs kustartilleriregemente (KA 4). KA 3 föll dock snabbt bort i processen, då verksamheten ansågs begränsad och att enheten saknade tillräckliga och lämpliga övningsområden. Angående KA 4 så ansågs även det ha begränsade övningsförutsättningar. KA 2 ansågs ha de bästa förutsättningar för att verka som en andra enheten vid sidan av KA 1. Dock ansåg regeringen att det var av stor betydelse Göteborg som Sveriges andra stad även hade en militär närvaro. Vidare ansåg regeringen med att behålla KA 4 skulle ge flottan möjlighet till fortsatt verksamhet för sjöstridsförbanden i Göteborg. Därav förslog regeringen att KA 1 och KA 4 skulle behållas i den nya grundorganisationen.

Genom försvarsbeslutet 2000 beslutades samtidigt att kustartilleriet skulle avvecklas i dess dåvarande form. De kvarvarande förbanden skulle få en annan inriktning än hittills. Därav ansåg regeringen att förbanden skulle benämnas amfibieregemente, och att vapenslaget kustartilleriet ändras till amfibiekåren. Därav kom Vaxholms kustartilleriregemente och Första kustartilleribrigaden (KA 1) att upplösas som kustartilleriförband den 30 juni 2000. Den 1 juli 2000 bildades i dess ställe amfibieförbandet Vaxholms amfibieregemente (Amf 1). Från den 1 november 2000 övergick verksamheten till en avvecklingsorganisation, fram till att avvecklingen skulle vara slutförd senast den 31 december 2001. Avvecklingsorganisationen upplöstes i sin tur den 30 juni 2001, då avvecklingen av förbandet ansågs slutförd.

Inför avvecklingen av regementet den 31 oktober 2000 var Karlskrona kustartilleriregemente det mest kompletta kustartilleriregementet, det enda som inte utbildades var attackdykare. I och med att Karlskrona kustartilleriregemente avvecklades försvann det rörliga artilleriet samt tung kustrobot. Karlskrona och Kungsholmen fick utbildningsansvaret för marinens bassäkerhetspluton. Denna kom att från och med 2007 att omlokaliseras till Göteborgs garnison som ett detachement till Första amfibieregementet (Amf 1).

Avvecklade staber/förband/skolor

Försvarsmaktsgemensamma enheter
Militärområden

Milo N - Norra militärområdet, Boden.
Milo M - Mellersta militärområdet, Strängnäs.
Milo S - Södra militärområdet, Kristianstad
MKG -Gotlands militärkommando, Visby

Fördelningar

4. förd - Östra arméfördelningen, Strängnäs.
6. förd - Norra arméfördelningen, Boden.
13. förd - Södra arméfördelningen, Kristianstad

Försvarsgrensstaber

AC - Armécentrum, Enköping
FC - Flygvapencentrum, Uppsala
MC - Marincentrum, Haninge/Berga

Armén
Infanteriregementen

I 1 - Svea Livgarde, Upplands-Bro.  (Omorganiseras till Livgardet)
I 2 - Värmlands regemente, Kristinehamn.
I 3 - Livregementets grenadjärer, Örebro.
I 12 - Smålands regemente, Eksjö.
I 13 - Dalregementet, Falun.
I 16 - Hallands regemente, Halmstad.
I 20 - Västerbottens regemente, Umeå.
I 21 - Västernorrlands regemente, Sollefteå.
I 22 - Lapplands jägarregemente, Kiruna.

Infanteribrigader / Norrlandsbrigader

IB 1 - Livgardesbrigaden, Upplands-Bro.
IB 2 - Värmlandsbrigaden, Kristinehamn.
NB 5 - Fältjägarbrigaden, Östersund. (Omorganiseras till I 5 Fältjägarregementet)
IB 12 - Smålandsbrigaden, Eksjö.
NB 13 - Dalabrigaden, Falun.
IB 16 - Hallandsbrigaden, Halmstad.
NB 21 - Ångermanlandsbrigaden, Sollefteå.

Kavalleriet
K 1 - Livgardets dragoner, Stockholm. (Uppgår i LG - Livgardet)

Pansartrupperna
P 2 - Skånska dragonregementet, Hässleholm.

Mekaniserade brigader

MekB 7 - Södra skånska brigaden, Revingehed.
MekB 8 - Skånska dragonbrigaden, Hässleholm.
MekB 9 - Skaraborgsbrigaden, Skövde.
MekB 10 - Södermanlandsbrigaden, Strängnäs.
MekB 18 - Gotlandsbrigaden, Visby.
MekB 19 - Norrbottensbrigaden, Boden.

Artilleriet

ArtSS - Artilleriets stridsskola, Kristinehamn. (Uppgår som enhet inom Artilleriregementet)
A 3 - Wendes artilleriregemente, Hässleholm.
A 7 - Gotlands artilleriregemente, Visby.
A 8 - Norrlands artilleriregemente, Boden. (Uppgår som bataljon inom I 19)
A 9 - Bergslagens artilleriregemente, Kristinehamn. (Omorganiseras till Artilleriregementet)

Luftvärnet

LvSS - Luftvärnets stridsskola, Norrtälje. (Omlokaliseras till Halmstad och uppgår som enhet inom Luftvärnsregementet)
Lv 2 - Gotlands luftvärnskår, Visby.
Lv 3 - Roslagens luftvärnskår, Norrtälje.
Lv 6 - Göta luftvärnskår, Halmstad. (Omorganiseras till Luftvärnsregementet)
Lv 7 Norrlands luftvärnskår, Luleå. (Uppgår som bataljon inom I 19 i Boden)

Ingenjörstrupperna
Ing 3 - Bodens ingenjörkår, Boden. (Uppgår som bataljon inom I 19)

Signaltrupperna
S 3 - Norrlands signalkår, Boden. (Uppgår som bataljon inom I 19)

Trängtrupperna
T 2 - Göta trängkår, Skövde. (Omorganiseras till Göta Trängregemente)
T 3 - Norrlands trängkår, Boden. (uppgår som bataljon inom I 5)

Flygvapnet

FKN - Norra flygkommandot, Luleå
FKM - Mellersta flygkommandot, Upplands-Bro
FKS - Södra flygkommandot, Ängelholm
F 10  - Skånska flygflottiljen (Avvecklas senast 2002)
F 16 - Upplands flygflottilj (Avvecklas senast 2004)
1. hkpbat - Norrlands helikopterbataljon, Boden (Omorganiseras till skvadron)
3. hkpbat - Göta helikopterbataljon, Säve (Omorganiseras till skvadron)

Marinen

MKN - Norrlandskustens marinkommando, Härnösand
MKO - Ostkustens marinkommando, Haninge/Muskö
MKS - Sydkustens marinkommando, Karlskrona
MKV - Västkustens marinkommando, Göteborg
KA 1 - Vaxholms kustartilleriregemente (Omorganiseras till Amf 1)
KA 2 - Karlskrona kustartilleriregemente
KA 3 - Gotlands kustartilleriregemente
KA 4 - Älvsborgs kustartilleriregemente (Omorganiseras till Amf 4)

Försvarsområden

Fo 14 Hässleholm
Fo 15 Karlskrona
Fo 17 Eksjö
Fo 23 Sollefteå
Fo 31 Halmstad
Fo 32 Göteborg
Fo 43 Strängnäs
Fo 44 Kungsängen
Fo 47 Enköping
Fo 51 Örebro
Fo 52 Kristinehamn
Fo 53 Falun
Fo 61 Umeå
Fo 63 Boden
Fo 66 Kiruna (GJ 66)
Fo 67 Kalix (GJ 67)

Upprättade staber/förband/skolor

Försvarsmakten

ATK - Arméns taktiska kommando, Uppsala
FTK - Flygtaktiska kommandot, Uppsala
MTK - Marintaktiska kommandot, Uppsala
OPIL - Operativa insatsledningen, Uppsala
1. mekdiv - 1. mekaniserade divisionen, Stockholm

Armén
Artilleriet
 A 9 - Artilleriregementet, Kristinehamn.

Infanteri/Kavalleri

 LG - Livgardet, Kungsängen/Upplands-Bro.
 I 19 - Norrbottens regemente, Boden
 P 4 - Skaraborgs regemente, Skövde
 P 7 - Södra skånska regementet, Revingehed/Lund

Luftvärnet
 Lv 6 - Luftvärnsregementet, Halmstad.

Marinen
Flottan

MarinB O - Ostkustens marinbas, Muskö
MarinB S - Sydkustens marinbas, Karlskrona
2.ysflj - Andra ytstridsflottiljen, Berga

Amfibiekåren

Amf 1 - Vaxholms amfibieregemente, Vaxholm.
Amf 4 - Älvsborgs amfibieregemente, Göteborg.
AmfSS - Amfibiestridsskolan, Vaxholm

Militärdistrikt
Inför försvarsbeslutet var det fastställt att militärområdena och försvarsområdena skulle ersättas av militärdistrikt. De nya militärdistrikten motsvarade geografiskt sett de gamla militärområdena. Den stora skillnaden var att militärdistrikten var den lägsta nivån där chefen var territoriellt ansvarig. Inom militärdistrikten organiserades militärdistriktsgrupper, i regel en för varje län. Inför beslutet hade olika utredningar föreslagit namn och organisation för militärdistriktsgrupperna. De centrala museala organisationerna förordade att militärdistriktsgrupperna skulle benämnas regemente. Det vill säga att gruppen skulle överta, som exempel, namnet Värmlands regemente. Det med hänvisning till att ett regemente inte enbart vart ett krigsförband, utan snarare en yttäckande organisation som historiskt var knuten till våra landskap. Regeringen förordade dock inte regementsbegreppet, då man ansåg att det inte gick att tillämpa med de internationella nedrustningsavtal som Sverige ratificerat. Det med hänvisning till att regeringen ansåg att det skulle väcka förvåning, om främmande makt kom och inspekterade ett militärdistrikt, som består av tio regementen, men bara finner ett hundratal officerare, ett antal tusen hemvärnsmän och praktiskt taget ingen kvalificerad stridsutrustning. Därmed kom militärdistriktsgrupperna benämnas som grupper, som exempel Värmlandsgruppen, vilket då samtidigt anspelade och gav en god koppling till regementets historiska rekryteringsområde.

  MD N - Norra militärdistriktet, Boden.
 MD M - Mellersta militärdistriktet, Strängnäs.
 MD S - Södra militärdistriktet, Göteborg.
 MD G - Gotlands militärdistrikt, Visby.

Militärdistriktsgrupper

 Blekingegruppen, Karlskrona.
 BohusDalgruppen, Uddevalla.
 Dalregementsgruppen, Falun.
 Gotlandsgruppen, Visby
 Gävleborgsgruppen, Gävle.
 Göteborgsgruppen, Göteborg.
 Hallandsgruppen, Halmstad.
 Härnösandsgruppen, Härnösand.
 Jämtlandsgruppen, Östersund.
 Kalmargruppen, Kalmar.
 Kronobergsgruppen, Växjö.
 Lapplandsjägargruppen, Kiruna.
 Livgardesgruppen, Stockholm.
 Livgrenadjärgruppen, Linköping.
 Livregementets grenadjärgrupp, Örebro.
 Norra Smålandsgruppen, Eksjö.
 Norrbottensgruppen, Boden.
 Norrbottens gränsjägargrupp, Kalix.
 Skaraborgsgruppen, Skövde.
 Skånska dragongruppen, Hässleholm.
 Södermanlandsgruppen, Strängnäs.
 Södertörnsgruppen, Muskö.
 Södra skånska gruppen, Revingehed.
 Upplandsgruppen, Enköping.
 Värmlandsgruppen, Kristinehamn.
 Västerbottensgruppen, Umeå.
 Västernorrlandsgruppen, Sollefteå.
 Västmanlandsgruppen, Västerås.
 Älvsborgsgruppen, Borås.

Sammanfattning
Den framtida insatsorganisationen som beslutades genom försvarsbeslutet skulle fram till 2004 innehålla följande viktigare krigsförband:
 Ett högkvarter, en operativ insatsledning och fyra militärdistriktsstaber.
 En armédivisionsstab med tillhörande förband, bland dem en NBC-insatsstyrka och två jägarbataljoner.
 Sex armébrigadledningar, sexton mekaniserade bataljoner, fyra luftvärnsbataljoner, fyra haubitsbataljoner, fyra pionjärbataljoner, fyra underhållsbataljoner, sex stadsskyttebataljoner och en luftburenbataljon.
 två ytstridsflottiljer med sammanlagt tolv ytstridsfartyg,
 En ubåtsflottilj med fem ubåtar,
 En minkrigsflottilj,
 En amfibiebrigadledning och tre amfibiebataljoner,
 Åtta JAS 39-Gripendivisioner,
 Två helikopterbataljoner, varav en med markoperativ inriktning och en med sjöoperativ inriktning och
 Nationella skyddsstyrkor, inkluderande bland annat tolv markstridsbataljoner och hemvärn.

Vidare läsning

Referenser

Noter

Tryckta källor

Externa länkar

2000 i Sverige
2000
Politikåret 2000
Regeringen Persson

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Die Liste der Fellows der Association for Computing Machinery umfasst Mitglieder der Association for Computing Machinery mit Fellow-Status, was einer besonderen Ehrung der Gesellschaft entspricht.

Fellows
 1994: James M. Adams, Frances E. Allen, Franz Leopold Alt, William F. Atchison, Richard H. Austing, Ken Batcher, Gordon Bell, Michael W. Blasgen, Daniel G. Bobrow, David Boggs, Lorraine Borman, Charles L. Bradshaw, Dan Bricklin, Frederick P. Brooks Jr., Douglas K. Brotz, Richard R. Burton, Richard G. Canning, Walter M. Carlson, Vinton G. Cerf, Donald D. Chamberlin, Edgar F. Codd, Edward G. Coffman, Fernando J. Corbató, Harvey Cragon, Thomas A. D'Auria, Thomas A. DeFanti, Peter J. Denning, Jack Dennis, L. Peter Deutsch, Edsger W. Dijkstra, Stephen Dunwell, J. Presper Eckert, Peter Elias, Gerald L. Engel, John H. Esbin, Bob O. Evans, Tse-Yun Feng, Aaron Finerman, Robert Floyd, Michael J. Flynn, Bob Frankston, Frank L. Friedman, Bernard Galler, C. William Gear, Adele Goldberg, Calvin Gotlieb, Susan L. Graham, Jim Gray, Cordell Green, David Gries, Carl Hammer, Richard Hamming, David Harel, Fred H. Harris, Juris Hartmanis, Danny Hillis, John E. Hopcroft, Tom Hull, J. N. Patterson Hume, Harry Huskey, William Kahan, Ronald M. Kaplan, Richard M. Karp, Donald E. Knuth, David Kuck, Thomas E. Kurtz, Raymond Kurzweil, Butler Lampson, Stephen S. Lavenberg, Joshua Lederberg, John A. Lee, Manny Lehman, Bruce G. Lindsay, Joyce Currie Little, Chung Laung Liu, M. Stuart Lynn, Herbert Maisel, Zohar Manna, John McCarthy, Edward J. McCluskey, Daniel D. McCracken, Paul R. McJones, Robin Milner, Jack Minker, Roger Needham, Peter G. Neumann, Monty Newborn, John Ousterhout, Susan Owicki, David Parnas, David A. Patterson, William B. Poucher, Anthony Ralston, Ronald L. Rivest, Azriel Rosenfeld, Jeff Rulifson, Jean E. Sammet, Dana Scott, Daniel Siewiorek, Herbert A. Simon, Barbara B. Simons, Martha E. Sloan, Donald R. Slutz, Burton J. Smith, Richard E. Stearns, Thomas B. Steel, Guy L. Steele, Harold S. Stone, Michael Stonebraker, William Strecker, Bjarne Stroustrup, Patrick Suppes, Gerald Jay Sussman, Ivan Sutherland, Edward A. Taft, Robert Tarjan, Robert W. Taylor, Charles P. Thacker, Irving L. Traiger, Joseph F. Traub, Allen B. Tucker, Andries van Dam, Willis H. Ware, Stuart Wecker, Ben Wegbreit, Eric A. Weiss, David Wheeler, Maurice V. Wilkes, Shmuel Winograd, Niklaus Wirth, Seymour J. Wolfson, William Wulf, Lotfi Zadeh
 1995: Paul W. Abrahams, Robert L. Ashenhurst, Alan H. Barr, Lawrence Bernstein, Grady Booch, David H. Brandin, Richard P. Brent, Loren Carpenter, Edwin Catmull, Robert Lee Constable, Dorothy E. Denning, David DeWitt, Larry E. Druffel, Erwin Engeler, Stuart Feldman, Henry Fuchs, Zvi Galil, Michael Garey, Myron Ginsberg, John B. Goodenough, Donald P. Greenberg, Herb Grosch, Bertram Herzog, Harold J. Highland, Lance Hoffman, Oscar H. Ibarra, David S. Johnson, Cliff B. Jones, Kenneth W. Kennedy, Won Kim, S. Rao Kosaraju, Richard E. Ladner, S. Lakshmivarahan, Edward D. Lazowska, Nancy Leveson, Jay Misra, Jürg Nievergelt, Anthony Oettinger, Franco P. Preparata, Roy Rada, Daniel J. Rosenkrantz, Gerard Salton, Fred B. Schneider, Larry Snyder, Norihisa Suzuki, Jeffrey Ullman, Chris Wallace, Peter Wegner, John R. White, J. Turner Whitted, Gio Wiederhold, Chak-Kuen Wong, Andrew Yao, Paul R. Young
 1996: William Richards Adrion, Alfred V. Aho, Narendra Ahuja, Kurt Akeley, Ruzena Bajcsy, Gregor von Bochmann, Anita Borg, B. Chandrasekaran, Bernard Chazelle, Narsingh Deo, George G. Dodd, José Luis Encarnação, Jeanne Ferrante, Michael J. Fischer, Dennis J. Frailey, Robert M. Graham, Michael A. Harrison, Philip Heidelberger, Mary Jane Irwin, Jeffrey M. Jaffe, Raj Jain, Anita K. Jones, Randy Katz, Maria Klawe, Lawrence Landweber, Mike Lesk, Hank Levy, Barbara Liskov, Richard R. Muntz, Richard E. Nance, Takao Nishizeki, Bryan T. Preas, T. R. N. Rao, Edward Reingold, John R. Rice, Arnold L. Rosenberg, Sartaj Sahni, Hanan Samet, John E. Savage, Ravi Sethi, Mary M. Shaw, Abraham Silberschatz, John A. Stankovic, Larry Stockmeyer, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Mary K. Vernon, Uzi Vishkin, Jeffrey Vitter, Tony Wasserman, Mark N. Wegman, Fred W. Weingarten, Ian H. Witten, Marshall C. Yovits
 1997: Ian F. Akyildiz, Jean-Loup Baer, Victor Basili, Roger R. Bate, Barry W. Boehm, Imrich Chlamtac, J. Daniel Couger, W. Bruce Croft, Gordon B. Davis, David P. Dobkin, Herbert Freeman, Hector Garcia-Molina, Irene Greif, Yuri Gurevich, John L. Hennessy, Zvi Kedem, Richard A. Kemmerer, Harold W. Lawson (Bud Lawson), Der-Tsai Lee, Richard J. Lipton, Nancy Lynch, Daniel A. Menasce, Raymond E. Miller, Ronald H. Perrott, Nick Pippenger, Vaughan Pratt, John Reif, Ray Reiter, Paul Schneck, Robert Sedgewick, Kenneth Clem Sevcik, Micha Sharir, Alan C. Shaw, Ben Shneiderman, Kenneth Steiglitz, Don Towsley, Elaine Weyuker, Peter Widmayer, Robert Wilensky, Philip S. Yu, Paolo Zanella
 1998: Dharma Agrawal, Gregory R. Andrews, Andrew Appel, Hal Berghel, James C. Browne, Robert S. Cartwright, Peter Chen, Edmund M. Clarke, Lori A. Clarke, Richard J. Cole, Clarence Ellis, Richard P. Gabriel, Gopal Krishna Gupta, Jim Horning, Neil D. Jones, Aravind Joshi, Abraham Kandel, Stephen T. Kent, Simon S. Lam, Kai Li, David Maier, David Notkin, Susan Nycum, Leon J. Osterweil, P. Venkat Rangan, John T. Richards, Lawrence A. Rowe, Barbara G. Ryder, Alan Selman, Carlo H. Séquin, Howard Jay Siegel, Gene Spafford, Éva Tardos, Richard N. Taylor, Albert J. Turner, Emo Welzl, Jeannette Wing, Mihalis Yannakakis, Stuart H. Zweben
 1999: Marc Auslander, Ken Birman, Ronald J. Brachman, Bob Braden, Robert L. Cook, Joseph S. DeBlasi, James Demmel, Richard Fateman, James D. Foley, John D. Gannon, Charles Geschke, Carlo Ghezzi, Robert L. Glass, Ronald Graham, Leonidas J. Guibas, Toshihide Ibaraki, Takeo Kanade, Philip M. Lewis, David B. MacQueen, C. Dianne Martin, Larry Masinter, Kurt Mehlhorn, David L. Mills, Dhiraj K. Pradhan, Ahmed Sameh, Pamela Samuelson, Marc Snir, Richard T. Snodgrass, Mary Lou Soffa, Chung-Jen Tan, Koji Torii, David Waltz, John Warnock, Akinori Yonezawa
 2000: Prithviraj Banerjee, Francine Berman, Laxmi N. Bhuyan, Alan W. Biermann, Shahid Hussain Bokhari, Randy Bryant, Peter Buneman, Stuart K. Card, Michael J. Carey, Douglas Comer, Karen Duncan, Deborah Estrin, Ronald Fagin, Peter A. Freeman, Kent Fuchs, Donald Haderle, Michael T. Heath, Leonard Kleinrock, Henry F. Korth, Axel van Lamsweerde, Raymond A. Lorie, Donald W. Loveland, Albert R. Meyer, James H. Morris, Larry L. Peterson, Moshe Y. Vardi, David S. Warren, Reinhard Wilhelm, Robin J. R. Williams, Willy Zwaenepoel
 2001: Jacob Abraham, Robert M. Aiken, Tetsuo Asano, Phil Bernstein, Joel S. Birnbaum, Alan H. Borning, Yuri Breitbart, Jin-Yi Cai, David D. Clark, Susan B. Davidson, Johan de Kleer, Jack Dongarra, David J. Farber, Joan Feigenbaum, Domenico Ferrari, Sally Floyd, Erol Gelenbe, John P. Hayes, Sundaraja Sitharama Iyengar, Ravishankar K. Iyer, Joseph F. JaJa, Robert E. Kahn, Sung-Mo Kang, Richard B. Kieburtz, Robert Kowalski, Jeffrey Kramer, James F. Kurose, Ruby B. Lee, Witold Litwin, Giovanni De Micheli, Barton P. Miller, Jeffrey C. Mogul, Donald A. Norman, Cherri M. Pancake, Christos Papadimitriou, Donn B. Parker, Janak H. Patel, Yale N. Patt, Ira Pohl, J. Mark Pullen, Prabhakar Raghavan, Raghu Ramakrishnan, Ramamritham Krithivasan, John C. Reynolds, George G. Robertson, Nick Roussopoulos, Krishan Sabnani, Ravi Sandhu, Hans-Jörg Schek, Richard D. Schlichting, Kang G. Shin, David Shmoys, Alan Jay Smith, Ralf Steinmetz, Jonathan S. Turner, Marilyn Wolf, Ouri Wolfson, Pamela Zave
 2002: Pankaj K. Agarwal, Vishwani Agrawal, Özalp Babaoğlu, Jon Crowcroft, David Culler, William J. Dally, Thomas G. Dietterich, Susan J. Eggers, Harold N. Gabow, Ambuj Goyal, Adolfo Guzmán-Arenas, Joseph Halpern, Wen-mei Hwu, Neil Immerman, Sidney Karin, Wendy Kellogg, David B. Lomet, Gary L. Miller, C. Mohan, Jeffrey Naughton, Bantwal R. Rau, David Salesin, Mahadev Satyanarayanan, Mateo Valero, George Varghese, John Wilkes
 2003: Rakesh Agrawal, Mostafa Ammar, Victor Bahl, Bonnie Berger, Elisa Bertino, John M. Carroll, Richard DeMillo, Barbara Grosz, Brent Hailpern, Jiawei Han, Mary Jean Harrold, Peter E. Hart, Mark Horowitz, Paul Hudak, H. V. Jagadish, Anil K. Jain, Ramesh Jain, Niraj K. Jha, Dexter Kozen, Lin Yi-bing, Kathleen McKeown, Thomas P. Moran, Eugene Myers, Craig Partridge, Daniel A. Reed, Stuart J. Russell, William H. Sanders, Scott Shenker, Gurindar S. Sohi, C. J. van Rijsbergen
 2004: Bella Bose, Janis A. Bubenko Jr., Luca Cardelli, Andrew A. Chien, George E. Collins, Joel Emer, Allan Gottlieb, Vicki L. Hanson, Mark D. Hill, Yannis E. Ioannidis, Frans Kaashoek, Per-Åke Larson, Peter Lee, Paul Mockapetris, Simon Peyton Jones, Richard Schantz, Michael D. Schroeder, Stamatis Vassiliadis, Benjamin W. Wah, David S. Wise
 2005: Thomas E. Anderson, Dines Bjørner, Stephen R. Bourne, Rodney Brooks, Surajit Chaudhuri, Keith D. Cooper, David L. Dill, Christophe Diot, Michel Dubois, Michael J. Franklin, Ophir Frieder, Robert Harper, Maurice Herlihy, Phokion G. Kolaitis, Vipin Kumar, T. V. Lakshman, Brad A. Myers, David M. Nicol, Krishna Palem, Thomas W. Reps, Lui Sha, Mikkel Thorup, Eli Upfal, Umesh Vazirani, Vijay Vazirani, Roy Want, Gerhard Weikum, Uri C. Weiser, Daniel S. Weld, Michael Wellman, Jennifer Widom, Walter Willinger, David A. Wood, Hui Zhang
 2006: Eric Allender, Arvind Mithal, Mikhail Atallah, Ming-Syan Chen, Susan Dumais, Usama Fayyad, Matthias Felleisen, Ken Forbus, Phillip B. Gibbons, Lee Giles, Albert G. Greenberg, Bill Gropp, Roch Guerin, John Guttag, Laura M. Haas, Alon Yitzchak Halevy, Anthony C. Hearn, Thomas Henzinger, Norman P. Jouppi, John E. Laird, James R. Larus, Charles E. Leiserson, Ming Li, Nick McKeown, J. Strother Moore, Alan F. Newell, Peter Norvig, Dianne P. O'Leary, Dan R. Olsen Jr., Kunle Olukotun, M. Tamer Özsu, Vern Paxson, Michael L. Scott, Harry Shum, Alfred Spector, Victor Vianu, Marianne Winslett, Alexander L. Wolf, Bryant W. York, Stanley Zdonik, Lixia Zhang
 2007: Anant Agarwal, Rajeev Alur, Utpal Banerjee, Catriel Beeri, Avrim Blum, Eric Brewer, Andrei Broder, Michael F. Cohen, Larry Constantine, Danny Dolev, Rod Downey, Edward A. Feigenbaum, Edward W. Felten, Lance Fortnow, Guang Gao, Georg Gottlob, Richard Hull, Daniel P. Huttenlocher, Tao Jiang, John Klensin, Monica S. Lam, Marc Levoy, Bhubaneswar Mishra, J. Eliot B. Moss, Rajeev Motwani, Martin Odersky, Gary M. Olson, David Padua, Randy Pausch, Amir Pnueli, Viktor K. Prasanna, Aristides Requicha, Eric S. Roberts, Demetri Terzopoulos, Donald E. Thomas, Philip Wadler, Mitchell Wand, Zhang Hongjiang
 2008: Martín Abadi, Gregory D. Abowd, Alexander S. Aiken, Sanjeev Arora, Hari Balakrishnan, William A. S. Buxton, Kenneth L. Clarkson, Jason Cong, Perry Cook, Stephen A. Cook, Jack W. Davidson, Umeshwar Dayal, Xiaotie Deng, J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, Michel Goemans, Patrick Hanrahan, Charles H. House, Watts S. Humphrey, Alan C. Kay, Joseph A. Konstan, Roy Levin, P. Geoffrey Lowney, Jitendra Malik, Kathryn S. McKinley, Bertrand Meyer, John C. Mitchell, Joel Moses, J. Ian Munro, Judith S. Olson, Lawrence C. Paulson, Hamid Pirahesh, Brian Randell, Michael K. Reiter, Jennifer Rexford, Jonathan S. Rose, Mendel Rosenblum, Rob A. Rutenbar, Tuomas W. Sandholm, Vivek Sarkar, Mark S. Squillante, Per Stenström, Madhu Sudan, Richard Szeliski, Douglas B. Terry
 2009: Hagit Attiya, David F. Bacon, Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Chandrajit L. Bajaj, Vijay P. Bhatkar, José A. Blakeley, Gaetano Borriello, Alok Choudhary, Nell B. Dale, Bruce S. Davie, Jeffrey Dean, Thomas Dean, Bruce Randall Donald, Thomas D. Erickson, Gerhard Fischer, Ian T. Foster, Andrew V. Goldberg, Michael T. Goodrich, Venu Govindaraju, Rajiv Gupta, Joseph M. Hellerstein, Laurie Hendren, Urs Hölzle, Farnam Jahanian, Erich Kaltofen, David R. Karger, Arie E. Kaufman, Hans-Peter Kriegel, Maurizio Lenzerini, John C.S. Lui, Dinesh Manocha, Margaret Martonosi, Yossi Matias, Renée J. Miller, John T. Riedl, Martin C. Rinard, Patricia Selinger, R. K. Shyamasundar, Shang-Hua Teng, Chandramohan A. Thekkath, Robbert van Renesse, Baba C. Vemuri, Paulo Veríssimo, Martin Vetterli, Kyu-Young Whang, Yorick Alexander Wilks, Terry Winograd
 2010: David Abramson, Sarita Adve, Lorenzo Alvisi, Luiz André Barroso, Doug Burger, Jennifer Chayes, Peter M. Chen, Anne Condon, Mark Crovella, Ron K. Cytron, Michael Dahlin, Amr El Abbadi, Carla S. Ellis, Christos Faloutsos, Kathleen Fisher, James R. Goodman, Wendy Hall, Jean-Pierre Hubaux, Michael I. Jordan, Lydia E. Kavraki, Sara Kiesler, Philip N. Klein, Donald Kossmann, John Launchbury, Richard Francis Lyon, Raymond J. Mooney, S. Muthukrishnan, Fernando Pereira, Pavel Pevzner, Dieter Rombach, David S. Rosenblum, Stefan Savage, Robert B. Schnabel, Daniel A. Spielman, Subhash Suri, Frank Wm. Tompa, Josep Torrellas, Stephen Trimberger, David M. Ungar, Andreas Zeller, Shumin Zhai
 2011: Serge Abiteboul, Divyakant Agrawal, Ronald Baecker, Thomas J. Ball, Guy Blelloch, Carl Ebeling, David Eppstein, Geoffrey Charles Fox, George W. Furnas, David K. Gifford, Ramesh Govindan, Baining Guo, David Heckerman, Gerard Holzmann, Hugues Hoppe, Christian S. Jensen, Howard J. Karloff, Stephen W. Keckler, Peter B. Key, Scott Kirkpatrick, Robert E. Kraut, Susan Landau, Ming C. Lin, Peter S. Magnusson, Dahlia Malkhi, Keith Marzullo, Satoshi Matsuoka, Max Nelson, Joseph S. B. Mitchell, Shubu Mukherjee, Beng Chin Ooi, Zehra Meral Ozsoyoglu, János Pach, Linda Petzold, Martha E. Pollack, Dan Roth, John W Sanguinetti, Margo Seltzer, Amit Singhal, Diane L. Souvaine, Divesh Srivastava, Dan Suciu, Dean M. Tullsen, Amin Vahdat, David Wetherall, Frank Kenneth Zadeck
 2012: Gustavo Alonso, Lars Arge, Pierre Baldi, Hans-J. Boehm, Craig Boutilier, Tracy Camp, Rick Cattell, Larry Davis, Ahmed K. Elmagarmid, Wenfei Fan, Lixin Gao, Simson Garfinkel, Garth A. Gibson, Saul Greenberg, Markus Gross, David Grove, Jonathan Grudin, Rachid Guerraoui, Manish Gupta, John Hershberger, Andrew B. Kahng, Anna R. Karlin, Srinivasan Keshav, Gregor Kiczales, Masaru Kitsuregawa, Leonid Libkin, Tova Milo, Klara Nahrstedt, Joseph O'Rourke, Benjamin C. Pierce, Keshav K. Pingali, Andrew M. Pitts, Rajeev Rastogi, Raj Reddy, Keith W. Ross, Karem A. Sakallah, Robert S. Schreiber, Scott Stevens, Bart Selman, Ron Shamir, Yoav Shoham, Joseph Sifakis, Alistair Sinclair, Clifford Stein, Ion Stoica, Roberto Tamassia, Walter F. Tichy, Patrick Valduriez, Leslie Valiant, Kathy Yelick, Ramin Zabih, Xiaodong Zhang
 2013: Mark S. Ackerman, Charu C. Aggarwal, James H. Anderson, Mihir Bellare, Christine L. Borgman, Stefano Ceri, Krishnendu Chakrabarty, Ramalingam Chellappa, Ingemar J. Cox, Carlos J. P. de Lucena, Rina Dechter, Chip Elliott, David Forsyth, Wen Gao, David Garlan, James Gosling, Peter J. Haas, Marti A. Hearst, Matthias Jarke, Sampath Kannan, David J. Kasik, Dina Katabi, Henry A. Kautz, Jon Kleinberg, Panganamala Ramana Kumar, Douglas S. Lea, Yoelle Maarek, Christopher D. Manning, Madhav Marathe, John Mellor-Crummey, Greg Morrisett, Andrew C. Myers, Dana S. Nau, Satish Rao, Stephen Robertson, Timothy Roscoe, Timoleon K. Sellis, Dennis Shasha, Nir N. Shavit, Kyuseok Shim, Padhraic Smyth, Milind Tambe, Val Tannen, David P. Williamson, Limsoon Wong, Moti Yung, Ellen W. Zegura, Zhengyou Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhou, David Zuckerman
 2014: Samson Abramsky, Vikram Adve, Foto N. Afrati, Charles W. Bachman, Allan Borodin, Alan Bundy, Lorrie Faith Cranor, Timothy A. Davis, Srini Devadas, Inderjit S. Dhillon, Nikil D. Dutt, Faith Ellen, Michael D. Ernst, Adam Finkelstein, Juliana Freire, Johannes Gehrke, Eric Grimson, Mark Guzdial, Gernot Heiser, Eric Horvitz, Thorsten Joachims, Michael Kearns, Valerie King, Sarit Kraus, Leslie Lamport, Sharad Malik, Yishay Mansour, Subhasish Mitra, Michael Mitzenmacher, Robert Tappan Morris, Vijaykrishnan Narayanan, Shamkant B. Navathe, Jignesh M. Patel, Ranganathan Parthasarathy, Omer Reingold, Tom Rodden, Ronitt Rubinfeld, Daniela Rus, Alberto Luigi Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Henning Schulzrinne, Stuart M. Shieber, Ramakrishnan Srikant, Aravind Srinivasan, S. Sudarshan, Paul Syverson, Gene Tsudik, Steve Whittaker
 2015: Anastasia Ailamaki, Nancy M. Amato, David M. Blei, Naehyuck Chang, Hsinchun Chen, Mary Czerwinski, Giuseppe De Giacomo, Paul Dourish, Cynthia Dwork, Kevin Fall, Babak Falsafi, Michael Franz, Orna Grumberg, Ramanathan V. Guha, Jayant R. Haritsa, Julia Hirschberg, Piotr Indyk, Tei-Wei Kuo, Xavier Leroy, Chih-Jen Lin, Bing Liu, Yunhao Liu, Michael Luby, Michael R. Lyu, Ueli Maurer, Patrick Drew McDaniel, Victor S. Miller, Elizabeth Mynatt, Judea Pearl, Jian Pei, Frank Pfenning, Dragomir R. Radev, Sriram Rajamani, Pablo Rodriguez, Mooly Sagiv, Peter Schroeder, Assaf Schuster, Kevin Skadron, Wang-Chiew Tan, Santosh Vempala, Tandy Warnow, Michael Wooldridge
 2016: Noga Alon, Paul Barford, Luca Benini, Ricardo Bianchini, Stephen Blackburn, Dan Boneh, Carla Brodley, Justine Cassell, Erik Demaine, Allison Druin, Fredo Durand, Nick Feamster, Jason Flinn, William Freeman, Yolanda Gil, Robert Grossman, Rajesh Gupta, James Hendler, Monika Henzinger, Anthony Hey, Xuedong Huang, Daniel Jackson, Robert J. K. Jacob, Somesh Jha, Ravi Kannan, Anne-Marie Kermarrec, Martin Kersten, Christoforos Kozyrakis, Marta Kwiatkowska, James Landay, K. Rustan Leino, Joseph Bryan Lyles, Todd C. Mowry, Trevor Mudge, Sharon Lynn Oviatt, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, Shwetak N. Patel, David Peleg, Radia Perlman, Adrian Perrig, Ganesan Ramalingam, Louiqa Raschid, Holly E. Rushmeier, Michael E. Saks, Sachin S. Sapatnekar, Abigail Sellen, Sudipta Sengupta, Andre Seznec, Valerie E. Taylor, Carlo Tomasi, Paul Van Oorschot, Manuela Veloso, Zhi-Hua Zhou
 2017: Lars Birkedal, Margaret Burnett, Shih Fu Chang, Edith Cohen, Dorin Comaniciu, Susan Dray, Edward Fox, Richard M. Fujimoto, Shafi Goldwasser, Carla Gomes, Martin Grohe, Aarti Gupta, Venkatesan Guruswami, Dan Gusfield, Gregory Hager, Steven Michael Hand, Mor Harchol-Balter, Laxmikant Kale, Michael Kass, Angelos Dennis Keromytis, Carl Kesselman, Edward Knightly, Craig Knoblock, Insup Lee, Wenke Lee, Li Erran Li, Gabriel H. Loh, Tomas Lozano-Perez, Clifford A. Lynch, Yi Ma, Andrew K. Mccallum, Silvio Micali, Andreas Moshovos, Gail C. Murphy, Onur Mutlu, Nuria Oliver, Balaji Prabhakar, Tal Rabin, K. K. Ramakrishnan, Ravi Ramamoorthi, Yvonne Rogers, Yong Rui, Bernhard Schölkopf, Steve Seitz, Michael F. Sipser, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Mani B. Srivastava, Alexander Vardy, Geoffrey M. Voelker, Martin Wong, Qiang Yang, Chengxiang Zhai, Aidong Zhang
 2018: Gul Agha, Krste Asanovic, N. Asokan, Paul Barham, Peter L. Bartlett, David Basin, Elizabeth M. Belding, Rastislav Bodik, Katy Borner, Amy S. Bruckman, Jan Camenisch, Adnan Darwiche, Andre M. Dehon, Premkumar T. Devanbu, Tamal Dey, Sandhya Dwarkadas, Steven Feiner, Tim Finin, Thomas Funkhouser, Minos Garofalakis, Mario Gerla, Juan E. Gilbert, Mohammad T. Hajiaghayi, Dan Halperin, Johan Håstad, Tian He, Wendi Beth Heinzelman, Aaron Hertzmann, Jessica K. Hodgins, John Hughes, Charles Lee Isbell, Kimberly Keeton, Sanjeev Khanna, Lillian Lee, Tom Leighton, Fei-Fei Li, Michael Littman, Huan Liu, Jiebo Luo, Bruce M. Maggs, Bangalore S. Manjunath, Vishal Misra, Frank Mueller, David Parkes, Gurudatta Parulkar, Toniann Pitassi, Lili Qiu, Matthew Roughan, Amit Sahai, Alex Snoeren, Gerald Tesauro, Bhavani Thuraisingham, Salil Vadhan, Ellen M. Voorhees, Avi Wigderson, Alec Wolman
 2019: Scott J. Aaronson, Tarek F. Abdelzaher, Saman Amarasinghe, Kavita Bala, Magdalena Balazinska, Paul Beame, Emery D. Berger, Ronald F. Boisvert, Christian Cachin, Brad Calder, Diego Calvanese, Srdjan Capkun, Claire Cardie, Timothy M. Chan, Kanianthra Mani Chandy, Xilin Chen, Elizabeth F. Churchill, Philip R. Cohen, Vincent Conitzer, Noshir Contractor, Matthew B. Dwyer, Elena Ferrari, Michael J. Freedman, Deborah Frincke, Lise Getoor, Maria L. Gini, Subbarao Kambhampati, Tamara G. Kolda, Xiang-Yang Li, Songwu Lu, Wendy Elizabeth Mackay, Diana Marculescu, Sheila McIlraith, Rada Mihalcea, Robin R. Murphy, Marc Najork, Jason Nieh, Hanspeter Pfister, Timothy M. Pinkston, Mihai Pop, Andreas Reuter, Jeffrey S. Rosenschein, Srinivasan Seshan, Prashant J. Shenoy, Peter W. Shor, Mona Singh, Ramesh K. Sitaraman, Dawn Song, Salvatore J. Stolfo, Dacheng Tao, Moshe Tennenholtz, Giovanni Vigna, Nisheeth K. Vishnoi, Darrell Whitley, Yuan Xie, Moustafa Amin Youssef, Carlo A. Zaniolo, Lidong Zhou
 2020: Daniel J. Abadi, James Allan, Srinivas Aluru, Andrea Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau, Suman Banerjee, Manuel Blum, Lionel Briand, David Brooks, Ran Canetti, John Canny, Anantha Chandrakasan, Yao-Wen Chang, Moses Charikar, Yiran Chen, Graham R. Cormode, Patrick Cousot, Mathieu Desbrun, Whitfield Diffie, Bonnie J. Dorr, Nicholas Duffield, Alan Edelman, Thomas Eiter, Cormac Flanagan, Jodi Forlizzi, Dieter Fox, Sanjay Ghemawat, Antonio Gonzalez, Andrew D. Gordon, Steven Gribble, Susanne E. Hambrusch, Martin Hellman, Nicholas Higham, C. Antony R. Hoare, Holger H. Hoos, Ihab F. Ilyas, Lizy Kurian John, Joost-Pieter Katoen, Nam Sung Kim, Sven Koenig, David Kotz, Arvind Krishnamurthy, Ravi Kumar, Brian Levine, Kevin Leyton-Brown, Xuelong LI, Steven H. Low, Chenyang Lu, Samuel Madden, Scott Mahlke, David Maltz, Volker Markl, Maja Mataric, Filippo Menczer, Jose Meseguer, Meredith Ringel Morris, Nachiappan Nagappan, Radhika Nagpal, Moni Naor, Chandra Narayanaswami, Sam H. Noh, Prakash Panangaden, Sethuraman Panchanathan, Manish Parashar, Keshab K. Parhi, Haesun Park, Gordon Plotkin, Michael O. Rabin, Kui Ren, Paul Resnick, Mary Beth Rosson, Steven Salzberg, Sanjit Arunkumar Seshia, Adi Shamir, Heng Tao Shen, Amit Sheth, Adam Smith, Olga Sorkine-Hornung, Rick Stevens, Peter Stone, Yufei Tao, Leandros Tassiulas, Kenneth Lane Thompson, Andrew Tomkins, Olga Troyanskaya, Matthew A. Turk, Wil Van Der Aalst, Toby Walsh, Wei Wang, Laurie Ann Williams, Cathy Wu, Shuicheng Yan, Wang Yi, Kun Zhou, Michael J Zyda

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Fellows der Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows der Association for Computing Machinery
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