A protest will take place in Islandmagee next weekend over the planned gas storage caverns under Larne Lough.
The organisers are asking particpants are asked to assemble at Browns Bay beach next Sunday afternoon (February 17), at 2.00 pm.
The gathering will then walk to the headland.
The Islandmagee storage facility will consist of eight underground caverns, capable of storing a total of 450 million cubic metres of gas in Permian salt beds.
The company says that this will be carried out by using a "well-proven technique that represents the most environmentally-friendly, safe and efficient method of storing large volumes of natural gas".
Islandmagee Energy has stated that the project has undergone "numerous intensive safety and environmental impact assessments" before planning permission for the deep underground gas storage system was approved in 2012.


2017 was a kind of Maria Turtschaninoff year for me. I read four of her novels plus the short story she wrote for the Aarhus 39 anthology, and I've got her other novels standing by to be read. Her writing is outstanding, and I'd been wanting to meet her, but it wasn't possible until at the Edinburgh International Book Festival in August.
Maria was waiting for me just outside the authors' yurt area, shortly after her event with Alwyn Hamilton, chaired by Daniel Hahn. I decided that it would probably be quieter 'inside' so we went back to find a free table near the yurt. The only background noise was from the buses round Charlotte Square.
'That, unfortunately, is true. We have seen more women in fantasy recently, but they are still very much alone. One lone, strong girl, surrounded by men. And she's always an anomaly, the one girl. So for me it was important building a community, and my point is not to support the myth that girls can't be friends. No one says that about males in books, apart from the lone traitor, the traitor with the knife. Other than that, they are friends, and no one says that's abnormal,' Maria laughs and sounds incredulous.
'That was sort of unexpected.' She laughs.
I leave that decision to Maria, before we escape from our sunny corner by the authors' yurt. It's been good to talk after all my thoughts about her books. And Maria's accent is so beautiful to listen to, and she doesn't sound a bit like Little My. (You never know what to expect.) And a Moomin patterned dress always looks good in the Scottish sunshine.


King Cole Tinsel Chunky is a fun, decorative eyelash yarn perfect for the party season! It is a standard chunky tension so will knit up to any chunky pattern. Perfect for garments as well as gifts and accessories for you an around your home.


Eva Lee will be hoping to break the United States' barren Olympic run when she competes in three events at the Beijing Games in August.
Lee is part of a five-strong American badminton squad for the Olympics and will be taking part in women's singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles.
The Americans have never won an Olympic medal since the sport was introduced to the Games in Barcelona in 1992. Although she knows she has a tough job making history, she is ready for the challenge.
One thing for sure, she will be physically fit for the tournament as she goes through a tough programme in the run-up to the Games.
"We do long-distance running, sprints, weight training - light weights and heavy weights," she told local media in Washington. "And then we also have to do agility, and then sometimes we do cross-training, like playing soccer with our teammates or basketball and all sorts of things."
Lee took up badminton when she was five years old because her parents wanted her to stay out of trouble. Well, the ploy worked because Lee became so good at the sport that she is now representing her country.
And the Olympics is one of the greatest stages on which to wear national colours. But the training and matches are hard on her, and she expects it to be even tougher when she competes in Beijing against the world's best players.
"There was once when I came off a mixed doubles match, and it lasted about an hour," she said. "And after I came off the match, both my legs just collapsed, I could not stand any more."
With three events, she will have to be at the top of her game in terms of endurance. Among the players she can expect to meet is world Xie Xingfang, of China, who defeated Lee at the recent Uber Cup in Indonesia as the Chinese swept the Americans 5-0.
The United States also lost to Hong Kong 3-0 but Lee is not letting those defeats get her down. She is hoping that playing at home will actually be a problem for the Chinese players rather than an advantage.
"Actually I do not think they will have any advantage," she said. "If anything, they will be at a disadvantage because the Chinese badminton fans have very high hopes for their players. And so I think there is a lot of pressure on their players."


A study of baptisms, or "diverse washings" of Heb. 9:10, beginning with Moses and Israel's Red Sea crossing. The main purpose of this study is to deal with the question of whether one must be baptized to be saved.


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Home Man United Paul Pogba's Weekly Wages in 2019 Revealed!
When Paul Pogba was bought by Manchester United for almost £90 million, a record transfer fee spent by an English club, much was expected of him. He became of the highest paid players at the club, earning £260,000 per week! The Red Devils were keen to resign their former academy player and were willing to offer him a massive wage increase to secure his signature.
He developed a significant reputation in Serie A, winning titles in four consecutive seasons for Juventus, Pogba was expected to do more than just play football well. It was suggested Man United was in need of a creative force to break the shackles of dull football of the post-Ferguson era.
Pogba with his eye for a pass, his ability to win a game single-handedly and his charismatic presence, was symbolic of United's supposed new era. To listen to comments and punditry on Pogba, one would be forgiven for thinking the Frenchman has failed. Given he is paid £260,000 per week, too much is expected from him. In addition, it can be argued Mourinho isn't playing him consistently in the right position.
Man United have tended to use two formations this season, the 4-3-3 and the 4-2-3-1. Pogba has played three roles within these positions: as a left-sided central midfielder in the 4-3-3 or a right-sided defensive midfielder in the 4-2-3-1. He has a different role in the two main positions, as a central midfielder or as a deeper lying, more defensive midfielder.
Playing deeper in the pivot with Nemanja Matic, Pogba has defensive responsibilities and is expected to create from farther back with long-range passing into the wide spaces, or directly to Romelu Lukaku. Lukaku can then burst forward onto the pass off the shoulder, or hold the ball up and lay off to an attacking midfielder pushing up from the hole or cutting inside.
Matic is far from a pure anchoring player and also gets forward albeit with less dynamism than Pogba, he also has a good range of passing and this leaves United with two deep playmakers both of whom are strong but not pure defensive midfielders. If Pogba pushes up to join the attack from the 4-2-3-1, Matic can be left isolated especially as United's fullbacks also push high and without Eric Bailly in central defence, United struggle to cover all the space vacated by Pogba surges.
The role Pogba occupies in the 4-3-3 affords him greater license to attack. This is for two reasons, firstly it still leaves a double pivot in midfield of Matic and one other, this is especially solid if the other player is Herrera. The second is that Pogba is pushing into space rather than seeking to move into an area already occupied by a number 10. United's 4-3-3 see's the wide men generally cutting inside as they can do so without congesting the space in front of the box and this is where Pogba is able to burst forward, deliver a pass or as against Manchester City, score goals with his late runs.
Intuitively then one would suppose that Pogba is best in this central but more forward role, covered by two other midfielders. Looking at Pogba statistics, it's clear that he has had a productive season when compared with previous seasons. His goals per game ratio has been stable since his first full season at Juventus but this season has seen him register more assists and manage more key passes per 90 minutes.
Defensively Pogba makes fewer tackles in the 4-3-3 which one would expect but his interceptions per 90 are not much different, suggesting that his defensive worth when pushing up from the 4-3-3 is actually higher than is generally appreciated. It's also worth noting that of the 22 League games Pogba has started, United's record is better with him in central midfield than it is in a deeper role.
The question is less about where Pogba is best and more about what he can do that others in the squad cannot. He is the sort of player that one can construct a team around and Jose Mourinho should consider this when working on his summer transfer list. Pogba should be free to grab games and run them, and Mourinho needs to work out how best to let him do this. If he doesn't then, he will be sold to help reduce the huge wage bill.


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The Argen Corporation was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1963, as a small family business with a focus on refining x-ray films and precious metals for jewelry. In 1983, Bertie and Jackie Woolf, along with their family, moved Argen to the United States where they opened their first office in New York City selling precious metal alloy to dental laboratories. Just two short years later, they moved Argen Headquarters to San Diego, California where they rented their first 8,000 square foot facility.
Over the next 10 years, Argen experienced tremendous growth and established a presence in Germany and China where they began to distribute dental alloys. In 1995, Argen became the largest manufacture of precious dental alloys in the United States and moved their San Diego headquarters to a larger, 40,000 square foot facility. In 2001 Argen expanded to include subsidiary offices in Canada, Europe, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom and by 2005, became the largest manufacturer of precious dental alloys in the world supplying their products to over 105 countries.
In 2002 Argen became the largest manufacture of precious dental alloys in the United States and by 2005, the largest in the world.
In 2006, Bertie and Jackie's son, Anton, assumed the role of Vice President of Argen, focusing on business development and acquisitions. Anton quickly recognized the direction the dental laboratory industry was heading and had a clear vision for Argen's future. In 2008, Anton became CEO and strengthened the core of the business while diversifying and expanding into new significant, strategic businesses. His vision regarding the rapid changes in digital dentistry led him to build Argen's state-of-the-art digital outsourcing center, to support and partner with dental laboratories nationwide.
By 2010, Anton had positioned the company to start fully integrating into digital and by 2011 Argen officially opened the digital outsourcing center – Argen Digital.
Today, Argen's 40,000 square foot facility houses alloy production, Argen Refining, Zirconia Manufacturing and Argen Digital. Today, Argen Digital has grown to over 100 printing and milling machines running 24 hours per day, 6 days per week serviced by over 150 people. Argen's innovative digital services provide the most complete digital solutions to dental laboratories of all sizes. Argen offers Selective Laser Melted (SLM) copings in high noble, noble and non-precious, Digital Precious Metals in 20 of Argen's Most Popular Alloys, Argen®Mill milled gold crowns, SLM Captek, ArgenIS Custom Abutments, ArgenZ Zirconia discs and milled units, Digital Models, ArgenPMMA Temps, ArgenWAX and Digital Scanners.
This rapid growth has fueled expansion and the purchase of a new 80,000 sq. foot building in San Diego, CA. Coupled with their existing 40,000 sq. foot facility, it is clear that Argen is dedicated to the future of digital dentistry and has positioned themselves for continued advancement and success.
For further assistance, call us at 800.255.5524 or email customercare@argen.com
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February is American Heart Month, and women especially should know that their heart attack symptoms can be very different than men's. CLICK HERE to read an article from Woman's Day about the six warning signs every woman should be aware of.
"Two-thirds of women will have less-typical, non-Hollywood heart attack symptoms," says C. Noel Bairey Merz, MD, director of the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center at the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute in Los Angeles.
If you experience any of the symptoms on this page and they're relatively mild, don't hesitate to call your doctor, as they could indicate a heart attack is imminent (about half are preceded by symptoms days beforehand). And if they are severe or worsen steadily, call 911. You may need help—fast.


Organized by the French Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Japan (CCI), the French Business Awards (FBA) honor excellence and promote success and innovation across all industries working with France and/or Japan. The awards also acknowledge the important social contributions made by organizations through their commitment to community, ethical behavior and environmental sustainability. This year, the event took place at the Grand Hyatt Hotel on the 28th January 2016.
Japan Experience were up against some equally dynamic companies such as Tickets Restaurant®, Thales and Axa, however it was Japan Experience's distinctive Travel Angel service that stood out from the crowd. The Travel Angels concept was formed by Claude Sauliere, allowing our customers to travel in Japan worry free.
the President of the French Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Japan.
Japan Experience has replaced the traditional mass tourism model of package holidays, by offering customers a unique and bespoke services and products so customers can design their own unique trip to Japan. Traditional tour operators who sell many destinations are unable to offer a one stop shop for all their travel needs, unlike Japan Experience a Japan specialist travel company dedicated exclusively to Japan.
From this observation the concept of our Travel Angels was born, an exclusive service to Japan Experience. The Travel Angels are personal guides and companions for customers. House rental customers meet the Travel Angels at the beginning of the stay, where they show them around the property, demonstrate all the facilities and equipment. Assisting customers with recommendation of local attractions, restaurants, local customs, introduce them to locals and encouraging travelers to think outside of the box to discover the real Japan. Our unique service has proved very successful in the market, with our Travel Angels welcoming 8,000 international travelers in 2015.
All of our Travel Angels must have all lived in the city where they are based for several years, have excellent historical, cultural knowledge and be fluent in Japanese, French and English. Added to this Travel Angels must be personable, friendly and flexible to meet the individual needs of each client. Once candidates are recruited, Japan Experience train them on customer service and hospitality. Travel Angels don't just help out house rental customers they also run a series of activities available for all; exploring a local market, cooking lessons, night walk of Gion are just some of the activities available.
To help prepare their trip, customers can contact their Travel Angels before their departure for advice. Customers are sent a manual including directions and information on the local neighborhood. The Travel Angels are also contactable by phone for the duration of the customers stay, acting as a 'guardian angel', insuring that travelers have a safe and worry free trip. Each of our house rentals has a Travel Angel allocated to it, so that customers know who will be hosting them during their stay when booking. We also have information on all our Travel Angels online, adding a personal and human touch to the service.
Just read the testimonials for our customer who rented our properties to see how the services of the Travel Angels is appreciated, thanked for their kindness, availability, knowledge of a city, neighbourhood and region. Discover the real Japan with our Travel Angels.
The French Business Awards 2016 laureates.
On the left, His Excellency Thierry Dana, Ambassador of France to Japan.
On the right Bernard Delmas, the President of the French Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Japan.


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Tomas Švedkauskas (Marijampole, 22 juni 1994) is een professionele voetballer uit Litouwen.

Clubcarrière
Švedkauskas maakte in 2012 de overstap van Sūduva Marijampolė naar AS Roma. Hij maakte echter nooit zijn officiële debuut in de hoofdmacht van de club. Roma leende hem tussen 2013 en 2017 uit aan Paganese, Pescara, SC Olhanense, Ascoli, Lupa Roma en FC Catanzaro. In 2017 vertrok hij definitief bij de Romeinse club. Na een korte passage bij de Roemeense tweedeklasser UT Arad kwam hij in februari 2018 terecht bij de Litouwse eersteklasser FK Riteriai.

In juli 2019 stapte hij over naar de Belgische tweedeklasser Lommel SK. Daar werd hij de vervanger van Gaëtan Coucke, die na zijn uitleenbeurt terugkeerde naar KRC Genk. In zijn eerste seizoen voor Lommel miste Švedkauskas ook geen enkele wedstrijd. Ook in het seizoen 2020/21 was hij aanvankelijk de onbetwistbare nummer één in doel, maar na een coronabesmetting slaagde hij er niet meer in om zijn vervanger Daniel Grimshaw uit doel te spelen. Op het einde van het seizoen werd de tweejarige optie in zijn contract niet gelicht, waardoor Švedkauskas transfervrij op zoek mocht naar een nieuwe club.

Clubstatistieken

Bijgewerkt op 28 juni 2021.

Interlandcarrière
Švedkauskas heeft vijf optredens gemaakt voor het nationale onder 21-team van Litouwen. Hij maakte op 8 juni 2018 zijn debuut voor de nationale ploeg van Litouwen in een vriendschappelijke wedstrijd tegen Iran (1-0-verlies). Švedkauskas speelde de hele wedstrijd. Pas ruim twee jaar later volgde zijn tweede interland.

Litouws voetballer

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Nava grahas are the nine planets used in Vedic Astrology. This tour visited the Nine Temples dedicated to the Planetary Gods; Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn Rahu and Ketu. These Temples are unique and we spend time at each temple and did puja to honour the energy of the planetary deities. The tour began in Pondichery and ended in Mahabalipuram. We stayed at Kumbakonam for 6 days and two days in Mayiladuthurai. One of these temple towns is also the home of Nadi Astrology. Nadi astrology is the palm leaf astrology that deals with past karma, present life and future direction. There were two courses taught by Komilla – Personal Panchanga at Pondicherry and Medical Astrology and Ayurveda in Mahabalipuram.


With the exception of the US market which remains difficult, especially for lower-end goods, expected shortages in a growing range of articles in the better-end area are expected to support higher prices for polished. Tighter rough supplies and the weakness of the US dollar, which has boosted jewellery sales in the Far East, are cited by traders as key drivers for further increases. The Hong Kong region is and will be a significant outlet for all sizes, all colours clarities VS1 and better. India and China are already making an impact on demand for better quality goods, traders say. Meanwhile, the PolishedPrices index ended the year firmer – defying a trend of the previous five years showing prices declined by an average of over 1% during the December month. Throughout 2007 prices were on average 1.3% above the level recorded in 2006. The performance of the benchmark ranges (1 carat, 0.5 carats, 0.3 carats) showed a clear split. All one carat and Fine and Commercial half carat diamonds reported gains in prices, while Mixed quality 0.5 carat stones and all 0.3 carat reported losses during 2007. Thus while diamantaires with an emphasis on the US market might be looking at a difficult year, prices for polished to the Far East are set to continue their upward trend.


We consider a solution of the optimal control problem for an adaptive multidirectional mirror antenna. With the Pontryagin maximum principle, we reduce the problem to solving a system of ordinary differential equations. The resulting system can be solved numerically using modern approaches such as the Runge–Kutta methods or hybrid evolutionary algorithms. Estimation of the state vector is performed by the maximum likelihood criterion with solving the generated Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov stochastic differential equation. In this case, the posterior probability density function is associated with the normalized value of the energy flux density in the aperture of antenna feeders. We determine the ability to suppress interference with an adaptive multidirectional mirror antenna and give an example of solving the control problem.
Russian Text © I.S. Polyanskii, N.S. Arkhipov, S.Yu. Misyurin, 2019, published in Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, 2019, No. 1, pp. 83–100.


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Cheech And Chong Reunite, At Long Last Cheech and Chong, the famous stoner comedy duo, have reunited for their first tour in more than 25 years. Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong released their first comedy albums in the 1970s, with routines about hippies, sex and most notably, their love of marijuana. Marin and Chong talk with NPR's Neal Conan about their "Get It Legal" tour, their friendship and what brought them back together after so many years.
Cheech And Chong Reunite, At Long Last
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January 28, 20101:00 PM ET
NEAL CONAN, host:
This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm Neal Conan, in Washington.
Cheech and Chong are to comedy what the Grateful Dead are to rock or Gilbert Shelton to comics. Starting in the early '70s, Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong performed classic, counterculture routines about hippies, sex and, most notably, their love of marijuana. They went onto pioneer the stoner movie with "Up In Smoke." The act broke up in the 1980s, but reformed a couple of years ago. These days, Cheech and Chong are back on tour, still laughing, but also teaming up with other advocates for the legalization of marijuana. Today, Cheech and Chong and the "Get It Legal" tour.
Later in the hour: Bernard Cornwell, the author of the Richard Sharpe and Saxon tales novels joins us. But first, if you have questions for Cheech and Chong -we know many of you are fans, but actual questions please - give us a call: 800-989-8255. Email us: talk@npr.org. You can also join the conversation on our Web site. That's at npr.org. Click on TALK OF THE NATION. Richard Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong join us from our studios at NPR West in California. Nice to have you on TALK OF THE NATION today.
Mr. CHEECH MARIN (Comedian and Actor): Well, it's nice to be had.
Mr. TOMMY CHONG (Comedian and Actor): Really nice to be here.
(Soundbite of laughter)
CONAN: Well, I wanted to ask you about that little sound you just made, Tommy.
Mr. CHONG: Ah.
CONAN: Was your act from the very beginning based on pot and counterculture?
Mr. CHONG: No. Actually, we started in a strip bar, so - a strip club, so we did all the titties and buttocks jokes.
Mr. MARIN: It was mostly sex.
Mr. CHONG: A lot of sex jokes.
CONAN: So, really, inheritors of the burlesque tradition.
Mr. MARIN: Yep.
Mr. CHONG: Yes.
Mr. MARIN: That's how we kind of yourselves, as hippie burlesque.
Mr. CHONG: Yeah. And then we started doing - when we started doing concerts, especially in Southern California, we had to accommodate our audiences, which were very much involved in the magic weed.
Mr. MARIN: And Chicanos, and then sometimes those are overlapped.
Mr. CHONG: Yeah.
CONAN: And sometimes those overlapped, as astonishing as that may be. In the meantime, it's interesting, you started out in clubs, but really made you reputation, as you say, playing concert halls along with bands. Of course, you played some music yourselves, too.
Mr. CHONG: Well, thanks to Lou Adler, we got a recording contract in 1971, did a hit single called "Dave's Not Here," and it put us on the map. And then we started touring behind that, and we hadn't stopped since.
Mr. MARIN: Well, we were both always musicians most of our lives.
CONAN: And that kind of experience, though, is very different from the career arc you see of most comedians who followed in your wake.
Mr. CHONG: Well, we're like the magic herb, you know. We're just getting better every year.
Mr. MARIN: Yeah, really better.
CONAN: Really...
Mr. CHONG: And more popular.
CONAN: And more popular, well except for that, well, 25-year-or-so hiatus between the times...
Mr. MARIN: Well, sometimes you need the fields to lie fallow in order to gain nutrients.
CONAN: I wonder - you guys obviously worked together for a long time, then you worked separately for a long time. Is it easier to work together, or is it more easier to work by yourself?
Mr. CHONG: Well, it's much easier together.
Mr. MARIN: Yeah. When we came back last year to start doing this, we didn't really even rehearse. We just kind of talked over what we were going to do and then went on stage and did it. It was like we've been apart 25 seconds, not 25 years.
Mr. CHONG: We rehearsed one time. I mean, years ago, when we first started our career. And that was - that came up with a record called "Dave's Not Here". That was a rehearsal. And that was really the only rehearsal we ever...
Mr. MARIN: Yeah.
Mr. CHONG: ...we've ever done. We talk about it, but then we end up, you know, we save it for the camera.
CONAN: But is this just the benefit of having worked together all those years, or certainly when you started out, did you have written routines?
Mr. CHONG: No.
Mr. MARIN: No. It's - we've always been improvisational from the start, you know.
Mr. CHONG: When you're a couple of hippies working in a strip club, you've got to think on your feet, bro.
Mr. MARIN: And if you own the club, you can do anything you want.
CONAN: Well, you never quite got to that point, did you?
Mr. MARIN: Oh, yeah.
Mr. CHONG: Oh, yeah.
Mr. MARIN: Yeah. Tommy's family owned the club.
CONAN: Oh, I see. So that meant there was a certain tolerance for the nights things didn't go quite so well.
Mr. CHONG: That's right, that's right. And - you know, so we've always been sort of ready to move with the audience, whatever the audience is in.
Mr. CHONG: We've always - you know, our first aim was to...
Mr. MARIN: Entertain.
Mr. CHONG: Help me, help me.
Mr. MARIN: Entertain the audience.
Mr. CHONG: Help me. Entertaining the audience, yeah. That's it.
Mr. MARIN: Those wonderful drunk hockey players.
CONAN: And I - as you - I wonder, going back to the early days when you were starting to work together, people forget how subversive your humor really was. And I wonder whether you saw yourselves as creating some space for other people who were around at the same time. The Smothers Brothers were a little more straight-laced, but subversive in their own way.
Mr. MARIN: I thought we were kind of just continuing the tradition, not only of that kind of material, but also the comedy duet - duo tradition that has kind of laid fallow since our demise.
Mr. CHONG: And plus, we started - and when we came down to L.A. in 1970, there were no comedy clubs, and there was really nowhere to work. There was folk clubs...
Mr. MARIN: Yeah, the folk clubs.
Mr. CHONG: ...and black clubs, black R&B clubs, and that's the clubs that we started in.
Mr. MARIN: The big difference is the black clubs paid America money, white clubs didn't.
CONAN: You didn't get paid when you worked in the white clubs.
Mr. CHONG: No, no. That was...
Mr. MARIN: We worked a lot of black clubs.
Mr. CHONG: Yeah, it was the freebie, you know, yeah.
CONAN: All right.
Mr. CHONG: You know, you can do a free set.
Mr. MARIN: A hoop night.
Mr. CHONG: Yeah, a hoop night.
CONAN: That's right. You know, a free mic night, that sort of thing.
CONAN: You were getting to showcase yourself.
Mr. MARIN: Yeah, there you go.
Mr. CHONG: Showcased. That's what we were.
CONAN: We are talking with Cheech and Chong today, 800-989-8255. Email us: talk@npr.org. They're currently touring on the "Get It Legal" tour. And let's begin with a call from Evie(ph), Evie calling from Grand Junction in Colorado. Hello, Evie, are you there?
CONAN: I think Evie's had...
Mr. CHONG: That's a stoner.
Mr. MARIN: Evie-leavie.
CONAN: Let's see if...
Mr. CHONG: Hasn't figured out that they're on the air. Oh, man. That sounds like me.
Mr. MARIN: Wow.
CONAN: Let's get to - this is Stewart, Stewart with us from Covington in Kentucky.
STEWART (Caller): Yes. My question is regarding your guys' kind of approach to the filmmaking when you first started out, whether you were taking it really seriously and were trying to be hands-on with everything, or whether you were kind of just along for the ride and were writing the scripts. And I'd just kind of like to know more about that.
Mr. MARIN: Oh, no. We were very hands on in every aspect of it, you know, but it was just - we had - we came at it with an improvisational attitude. So it may have seemed casual, but it was anything but.
Mr. CHONG: Well, we used the Robert Altman approach. In fact, we used his people...
Mr. MARIN: That's correct.
Mr. CHONG: ...when we did our first, "Up In Smoke," we used all of Robert Altman's approach. And he - you know, he's the one that did "M*A*S*H," and he had that let-everybody-talk-at-the-same-time approach.
Mr. CHONG: And we like that approach.
CONAN: And hope to get a microphone there.
Mr. CHONG: Yeah, exactly.
CONAN: How did that movie come about? How did it happen that somebody was willing to invest a whole lot of money...
CONAN: ...in the concept of a stoner movie?
Mr. MARIN: Well, there was a scam.
Mr. CHONG: The whole lot of money was - we did for less than a million. We - I think the budget was less than...
Mr. MARIN: Eight hundred.
Mr. CHONG: ...nine hundred.
Mr. MARIN: Eight hundred thousand.
Mr. CHONG: It was eight hundred thousand.
CONAN: Well, a dollar was a dollar back in those days.
Mr. CHONG: At the end of the day - well, this was when they were doing "Heaven's Gate"...
Mr. CHONG: ...which was costing 40 million, and we ended up being number one box office for the whole year, I think.
Mr. MARIN: What happened is that we had this long album career, that all our albums went to number one, and we had this big, successful concert tour. And at the height of it, we said, we've got to get into movies. So we took the time off and start writing and writing and writing "Up In Smoke."
Mr. CHONG: And this is when we turned down - NBC offered us a big money for it.
Mr. MARIN: They offered us "The Jay Leno Show."
CONAN: Mm-hmm.
Mr. CHONG: No, they offered us a show called "Chico & the Man"...
CONAN: Wow.
Mr. CHONG: ...which then ended up "Chico & the Man."
CONAN: Well, that turned out to be Freddie Prinze, right?
Mr. MARIN: Yeah. Well, Jimmy Komack followed us around for three months, our live show and - making notes. And he actually used our act to do "Chico & the Man," but we turned it down because we knew that we would - our act would play much better on the big screen.
CONAN: And followed that up with, well, "Still Smokin'" and other films. And you guys were at the top, so why did you break up?
Mr. MARIN: We got bored.
Mr. CHONG: Couldn't stand each other.
Mr. CHONG: We got rich. You know what happened? We got rich. We started staying in separate trailers.
Mr. MARIN: And then we'd start - you know, because that's how we would rehearse. We'd get together before an act and say, hey, what's up, man? Let's do this and let's do that. And when we got separated, then we started having people talk for us. You know, he'd have his manager. I had my manager, and...
CONAN: Oh, your people would talk to his people?
Mr.�CHONG: That's right, that's right.
Mr.�MARIN: It only worked if we roomed together. It was about the attraction.
Mr.�CHONG: We also kind of ran the string out. You know, everybody's got a string, and we ran it out, like everybody, you know, Arnold, everybody.
Mr.�MARIN: Every comic that you look out there, whether it be Robin Williams or Jim Carrey or Steve Carell or Cheech or Chong, basically when they're the most successful have like six movies, and then the public gets tired of them because there's a new generation that needs their own heroes.
Mr.�CHONG: Plus, you're competing against your best movie. Everybody keeps, you know, comparing your latest stuff where, oh, it wasn't as good as "Up in Smoke," you know, that kind of thing.
CONAN: Right. The first - the second "Harold and Kumar" nowhere near as good as the first one.
Mr.�CHONG: That's the way it.
Mr.�MARIN: You're one of those kind of guys.
Mr.�CHONG: And so what we did, instead of, you know, beating a dead horse, we just split, and Cheech went on, you know, and he did his career, and I went on, and I learned how to do stand-up on my own, and then I incorporated my wife Shelby into the act. And so now, we're back together, and there are three of us, you know, well, actually four counting Cheech's son Joey. And so we've got a little - Cheech and Chong and the Family Stone.
Mr.�MARIN: Yeah.
CONAN: Let's get Chris(ph) on the line, Chris calling us from Baton Rouge.
CHRIS (Caller): Oh, am I on?
CONAN: Yeah, you are.
Mr.�CHONG: You are.
CHRIS: Okay.
Mr.�CHONG: We don't know what you're on, but you're on.
CHRIS: I just want to say I'm a great fan. I thought your albums were awesome, even better than your movies.
Mr.�CHONG: Oh, thank you.
CHRIS: But my question is: Other than the marijuana jokes, which are obviously - you know, kind of transcend time, what's your strategy for comedy to reach a generation that you really haven't grown up in and is completely different than the '70s and '80s?
Mr.�CHONG: Just do what we do, and you know, let them discover us. You know, we - they have to come to us. We've always been really good at entertaining young kids. For some reason, you know, eight-year-olds get our album and just love it. They didn't understand, they never understood...
CONAN: Thanks to the sophistication of your humor.
Mr.�CHONG: Yeah, they never understood the doper parts, but they sure understood the poop jokes, you know. So we have a lot of those.
Mr.�MARIN: And they like funny voices.
CHRIS: Sister Mary Elephant jokes or something like that.
Mr.�CHONG: Yeah, yeah.
CONAN: And gosh, those will never go anywhere in American entertainment.
Mr.�CHONG: Carol Burnett stole our bit.
Mr.�MARIN: Yeah, she used to do Sister Mary Elephant.
Mr.�CHONG: Yeah, shut up...
CONAN: Chris, have you managed to catch the new act yet?
CHRIS: No, I saw you all when you were on - I think it was Jimmy Fallon.
Mr.�CHONG: Yeah.
CHRIS: Yeah, I saw you guys there, and you did "The Mexican-American Song," which was absolutely fabulous, and I mean, I'm pushing 35, and I would definitely go and see you all if you came into Baton Rouge.
Mr.�MARIN: We're coming to somewhere around there, I think maybe even Baton Rouge.
Mr.�CHONG: We're coming to a city near you.
Mr.�MARIN: Just hold on. We'll be everywhere.
CONAN: Stay tuned, Chris.
CHRIS: Thank you guys, I appreciate it.
CONAN: Bye-bye. We're talking today with Cheech and Chong, and we'll have more about their career in stand-up comedy and the "Get It Legal" tour in just a moment. More of your calls as well, 800-989-8255. Email us: talk@npr.org. I'm Neal Conan. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.
(Soundbite of music)
CONAN: This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm Neal Conan in Washington. Our guests today, Cheech and Chong. Many of us might have their albums still tucked into our bookshelves, comedy bits and some hilarious songs, "Basketball Jones" and "Born in East L.A." to name just two.
Richard Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong are back together again and on tour, in the middle of the "Get It Legal" tour, as a matter of fact. We'll talk more about that in just a moment.
If you'd like to talk with Cheech and Chong about their career, their comedy or their new tour, 800-989-8255. Email us, talk@npr.org. You can also join the conversation on our Web site. Thats at npr.org. Click on TALK OF THE NATION.
And the "Get It Legal" tour, is the point of this to legalize marijuana for any purposes or medical marijuana?
Mr.�CHONG: No, just legalize it so I can get off my felony convictions, basically.
Mr.�CHONG: Basically that's what we're trying to do.
Mr.�MARIN: I would like to...
CONAN: Looking for a presidential pardon there.
Mr.�CHONG: Yes, yes.
Mr.�MARIN: We would like to legalize it for any purpose eventually. It's quasi-legal now. It's kind of like immigration. Mexicans are quasi-legal.
Mr.�CHONG: The way the drug laws are now, it depends on who's in power. You know, the Republicans get in, they take it to the letter, you know. They put -you know, like Reagan did, you know, taking people's yacht because they found a joint on it, you know. And then Bush, you know, was very famous for busting me for a bong, you know, so...
CONAN: Paraphernalia I think was the word they used.
Mr.�CHONG: Yeah, paraphernalia. Yeah, but we - you know, we've got to stop this mess. You know, you figure it out. It's been proven to help people with M.S., with cancer, with glaucoma, with bulimia. I mean, the list goes on and on and on, and why can't people - you know, and the other side says, well, you know, what if little kids get it? You know, it's ridiculous.
CONAN: Well, what if little kids get it? And it's also been proven to mess up some people's lives. Addicts have a hard time with it.
Mr.�MARIN: So does beer, but that's legal. We should have a referendum: beer or weed?
Mr.�CHONG: But even, like, when I was in prison, the only - people with OxyContin, you know, which is legal, addiction...
CONAN: Except you can only get it with a prescription, theoretically.
Mr.�MARIN: Theoretically.
Mr.�CHONG: They had a hard time kicking that drug, you know. The only people that never had any problem were potheads, you know, because we can - like me. I smoked pot all my life for 50 years, and then I had to go to jail, and I had to quit, and I quit with no problems, and the only problem I had, I developed a prostrate problem, which I've cured now by smoking pot.
So you know, it should be - it has to be legal. I mean, it was legal in China for 5,000 years, used as medicine. It's been used as medicine in Mexico forever, South America forever. And we have to get on that, you know?
CONAN: Nevertheless, some people do have problems. Obviously, some people have problems with alcohol too. As you point out, it's legal. Why create the possibility of more problems, which is what (unintelligible)...
Mr.�MARIN: People want socially accepted intoxicants since the Bible. You know, it doesn't really matter. They're going to do it anyways because it's part of the human process.
Mr.�CHONG: And it's also a medical thing, like preventive medicine, for instance, you know, like basketball players that, you know, got a high adrenaline rush, you know, after their game. They'll smoke up, and they'll come down. Policemen, you know, instead of becoming an alcoholic, they become potheads, and they calm themselves down. Airline pilots, it's been known that airline pilots, the guy on Air Canada - I think it was Air Canada, Canadian Airlines - he got caught smoking a joint. He had the best on-time record of the whole airlines, and yet they fired him because, you know, they caught him smoking a joint.
CONAN: Well, partly because what he was doing was illegal, and...
Mr.�CHONG: Yeah. But being black was illegal too, you know. Like, there was a time when, you know, a black man couldn't sit on a bus, you know, so it's the same law.
CONAN: All right. Let's see if we can get some callers in on the conversation, 800-989-8255. Email talk@npr.org. Tyler's(ph) calling from Hayfork in California.
TYLER (Caller): Hi, Cheech and Chong, how are you doing today?
Mr.�CHONG: Hi.
TYLER: So I'm a medical marijuana patient in California, and I wanted to ask your opinion on the legalization attempt here, which is Assembly Bill 390, whether you think it's a comprehensive bill and if it'll actually work.
Mr.�MARIN: I hope it will. You know, it's coming before Congress, the state Congress, and hopefully we'll get enough supporters to put it on the bill and put it to a vote.
I think that if any of these measures are put to a vote, the polls indicate that the majority do favor legalization.
Mr.�CHONG: I like - they also put a moratorium, you know, the Los Angeles City Council came up with a plan to allow 70 dispensaries to operate in Los Angeles.
CONAN: That down from 1,000 that are operating now.
Mr.�CHONG: That's a great, great, great step ahead, you know, because it's like playing chess, you know. We've got the opposition check-mated now. We can operate 70 dispensaries.
CONAN: Wait a minute. You went from 1,000 legal dispensaries to 70. This is a step forward for your cause?
Mr.�MARIN: Well, we own half of them.
Mr.�CHONG: No, listen, put it this way. We went from going to jail for, you know, a patient going to jail for smoking it to being able to go to one of the 70 dispensaries and get it legally. That's a big step forward.
Mr.�MARIN: Our last three, at least three, presidents have admitted smoking marijuana, and our governor, current governor, smoked with Tommy Chong.
Mr.�CHONG: And the first one used to grow it.
TYLER: I'm sorry to interrupt.
CONAN: That's okay.
TYLER: Do you think that the passing of Assembly Bill 390 would somehow mess with the medical marijuana patients, and don't you think it would kind of cancel it out?
Mr.�MARIN: No, I dont think so. I think it widens the area. It's more or less of a wedge that's being inserted in the politic body, and actually, it'll open the door for more. And we're almost getting to be at a tipping point for the number of states that have legalized it. We're at 14 right now, with New Jersey passing legalization of medical marijuana. So it'll just be a matter of time.
CONAN: Maryland might be next. Here's an email that we have from James(ph) in Sevastopol, California, and he says: Cheech Marin has amassed a wonderful collection of Chicano art. He owns several pieces by one of my favorite Chicano artists, George Yepes, and I hope I'm pronouncing that correctly.
Mr.�MARIN: Yepes.
CONAN: I'd like to ask him how he got started collecting and what he looks for in these purchases.
Mr.�MARIN: You know, I started - I was a fan of art ever since I was a little kid. Like, 11, 12, I started studying art, and when I discovered the Chicano painters, I recognized that they were really great painters, and I started collecting their work.
What I look for when I see a piece of art for the first time is some kind of emotional, intellectual experience, that's a combination of both of those things and is informed by my knowledge and something new that I see the artist doing.
CONAN: Let's see if we can get Russell(ph) on the line, and Russell's calling from Wolfam(ph) in Massachusetts.
RUSSELL (Caller): Hey, is Dave there?
Mr.�MARIN: He's under the table.
Mr.�CHONG: Dave's not here, man.
CONAN: You might have to explain that to some of our callers.
RUSSELL: Hey, just quick question. When are you guys coming to Boston, Massachusetts?
Mr.�MARIN: We were there last year.
RUSSELL: Oh, I missed you.
Mr.�CHONG: We'll be there sometime.
Mr.�MARIN: Yeah. Right after the Celtics win another NBA pennant, so maybe not.
RUSSELL: I don't know if I'll still be alive.
Mr.�CHONG: No, we'll be there.
Mr.�MARIN: We'll be there.
Mr.�CHONG: We'll be there somewhere.
RUSSELL: All right, guys, you're great. I love you.
CONAN: Thanks for the call, Russell. This email from Manuel(ph) in San Antonio: "The Corsican Brothers" movie is one of my favorite Cheech and Chong films. What was the genesis of that movie's script? Are there scripts, movies that you turned down that you regret not taking?
Mr.�CHONG: Yeah, me. You know, "The Corsican Brothers" was our first and last non-smoking, non-dope movie, and it's a favorite of a lot of people. We had a lot of fun doing it.
Mr.�MARIN: It's - who was the original author of that, "The Corsican Brothers"?
Mr.�CHONG: Dumas or something?
Mr.�MARIN: No, Victor Hugo, I believe.
CONAN: Could have been.
Mr.�MARIN: Yeah, wrote the original, and it's been made and remade and made again under many guises over the years. We were just the latest of it.
Mr.�CHONG: And halfway through the movie, the movie company started sending me hash pipes, saying can you put some dope in there?
Mr.�CHONG: But we made a deal, you know, that we weren't - we were going to do a movie without dope.
CONAN: It is Alexander Dumas.
Mr.�CHONG: I said it. I won. Uuuuggh. So movies we regretted: I wanted to do "The Cisco Kid," but Cheech had split by then, so we didn't do it.
CONAN: This from Joyce(ph) in Davis, California. My father has made me and my siblings huge fans of yours. Thanks for all your work. What are your favorite stoner movies, besides yours, of all time?
Mr.�MARIN: I like "Napoleon Dynamite," although it's not, you know, strictly speaking a doper movie. I don't think it has to have dope in it to be a doper movie.
Mr.�CHONG: No, it doesn't.
Mr.�MARIN: I think it has to be the doper attitude, you know, the kind of half a beat late.
Mr.�CHONG: I'll tell one you want to get high and watch is "Lolita." Oh, that was a funny - Peter Sellers is incredible in it. A lot of good humor in that one. But, see, that's the magic of pot, man. You can make any movie your favorite movie if you've got your favorite bud.
CONAN: Let's go to Ramon, Ramon with us from Columbus.
RAMON (Caller): Hi, guys.
Mr.�MARIN: Hey.
RAMON: First of all, I just wanted to say I'm a huge fan, and I love your guys' movies and CDs and stuff, but I was just wondering: If you guys weren't successful with your comedy and movie careers, what would you see yourself doing today?
Mr. MARIN: I'd be a congressman.
Mr. CHONG: I'd be a roofer.
Mr. MARIN: So, it's from the top to the bottom.
Mr. CHONG: That was the only job I could get with my education.
Mr. CHONG: I'm going to be a roofer. Yeah. Yeah, we are - we're hiring. Come on up here.
Mr. MARIN: Yeah. And as a congressman, I could just say anything. It doesn't have to be rooted in truth or, you know, reality or any of those things.
RON: I'd vote for you.
CONAN: I'm sorry, Ron, what did you say?
Mr. CHONG: You could be a newscaster.
CONAN: All right. Thanks very much.
Mr. MARIN: Thank you.
CONAN: Thanks very much for the phone call. The comedy business has changed tremendously since you guys were last out in the 1980s. What kinds of clubs are you playing now?
Mr. MARIN: I would - most - all playing concerts, concerts and...
Mr. CHONG: Indian casinos.
Mr. MARIN: ...Indian casinos
CONAN: So these are much bigger rooms than some place like the improv.
Mr. MARIN: Yeah. No, we haven't played those for 40 years.
Mr. CHONG: Forever. What we do when we first got back, we played the Comedy Club in...
Mr. MARIN: Or the Comedy Store in La Jolla.
Mr. CHONG: ...La Jolla, yeah.
Mr. MARIN: Just to try out the material.
CONAN: Well that's an opportunity to - excuse the expression - showcase and see if your act is working.
Mr. CHONG: Well, that's what we did.
CONAN: Was there any doubt that you could - that it would still - the chemistry will still be there.
Mr. CHONG: Not by us, by the Live Nation, the people the - that were paying the big bucks. They were a little nervous, you know?
Mr. MARIN: Everybody else was nervous but us.
Mr. MARIN: We were totally calm. You know, (unintelligible)...
Mr. CHONG: And even though, Cheech and I weren't - still weren't speaking that much.
Mr. CHONG: They were a little worried. But as soon as we got on stage, man, all that other stuff just went away and everything just flowed real nice.
Mr. MARIN: It is as amazing. To do a comedy team, it requires so much extracurricular stuff, so much compromise, so much intuitiveness to know what the other guy is doing. That's why it's so hard to do it. And you don't see any comedy teams right now. It has to be a natural chemistry and we're lucky enough to have that.
Mr. CHONG: There is a one forming. Bill O'Reilly and Glenn Beck.
Mr. CHONG: They're forming. They're going to go on tour.
CONAN: When you say comprise, what do you mean by compromise? What do you have to get...
Mr. MARIN: Well, you know, any great team are usually diametrically opposed in who they are and what they think. You look at Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, or any of those kind of teams. They represent both ends of the spectrum, and where they meet and where they conflict in the middle, that springs out of that is their art.
CONAN: Well, normally, you see in comedy teams, at least, the famous once that we're familiar with, Laurel and Hardy, or even Burns and Allen, one's the straight man and once the buffoon.
Mr. MARIN: Yeah. We were both straight men.
Mr. CHONG: And both buffoons, yeah.
Mr. MARIN: Oh, yeah, and buffoons too.
CONAN: We're talking to Cheech and Chong. They're on the "Get It Legal" tour. They're at NPR West in Culver City, California. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. And let's get Barry on the line. Barry is calling us from Cleveland Park in Kansas.
BARRY (Caller): Hi, guys. How are you?
Mr. MARIN: Good. How are you?
Mr. CHONG: Good.
BARRY: Good. And I admired you work over the years so much, I even named my dog after your "Big Bamboo" album.
Mr. MARIN: Really?
BARRY: Am I...
Mr. CHONG: Do you call him joint.
BARRY: From the album. Whose idea was it to put that extra paper in there?
Mr. MARIN: That was a guy named Craig Brawn, who was - after he designed it, he brought it to Lou Adler. And it seemed like a natural fit.
Mr. CHONG: Oh, it was great.
Mr. CHONG: I get letters from the Big Bamboo cigarette paper company.
Mr. MARIN: The (unintelligible). I get papers.
CONAN: Really?
Mr. MARIN: Yeah, yeah. I don't box them.
Mr. CHONG: I don't use papers.
Mr. MARIN: Yeah, I get into paper more badly.
CONAN: Why?
Mr. CHONG: I use pipes.
CONAN: Barry, thanks very much for the call. Appreciate it.
BARRY: All right, same to you.
CONAN: What do you guys see as the future now? You were 25 years apart. What about a year or so back together now - are you going to keep working together or go back on individual projects?
Mr. CHONG: We're going to probably end up in the SAG old age home.
Mr. CHONG: That's the future I see.
CONAN: The Screen Actor's Guild, yeah.
Mr. MARIN: Medical marijuana concession for old age homes.
CONAN: Now, you might do pretty well there.
Mr. CHONG: No, we got a movie. We're working on a movie. We're working on an animated - we animated our...
Mr. MARIN: Early bits...
Mr. CHONG: ...record bits, yeah. And we're...
Mr. MARIN: We have a concert movie over the last tour coming out on April 20th, 4/20.
Mr. CHONG: 4/20, yeah. And we've got alimony payments...
Mr. CHONG: We've got a...
Mr. MARIN: Grandkids to raise.
Mr. CHONG: Kids to raise.
CONAN: Do you...
Mr. CHONG: I got a son that won't leave home, so...
CONAN: That's a problem nobody else has.
CONAN: Do you see the same kind of subversiveness that you came up with in comedy today?
Mr. CHONG: Yeah. Oh yeah. Yeah, yeah.
Mr. MARIN: Like who? Not at all.
Mr. CHONG: Practically, all the comedians, you know- you know, you see it in the movies. You see mainstream like a - what was that Meryl Streep movie with Alec Baldwin?
Mr. MARIN: Oh, "It's Complicated."
Mr. CHONG: "Complicated."
Mr. MARIN: Or weeds or...
Mr. CHONG: The best scene in the whole movie was them getting high.
Mr. MARIN: Dont give it away.
Mr. CHONG: Too bad.
Mr. MARIN: You can't give that away.
Mr. CHONG: Unless comedians now, yeah, I watch a lot of comedians. Wanda Sykes, probably one of the best. She's genius. She's there. You know, she - it's an ongoing thing, you know?
CONAN: Comedy Central seems to have changed the business a lot, though.
Mr. MARIN: Yeah, very much.
Mr. CHONG: That's where you go look at your news.
Mr. CHONG: Because "The Daily Show," you can't watch anybody else and "The Daily Show" is more ahead of everybody else, you know.
Mr. MARIN: And all I care is that there's an outpost for a lot comedy - of different kinds of comedy.
CONAN: But in the old days, it was the act acme to get on well, the Carson's show, "The Tonight Show," that sort of stuff is - is that sort of stuff still that important? Well, we are...
Mr. MARIN: No, because he was only a guy. You know, he was the only guy out there. And we were never on the Carson show.
Mr. CHONG: Yeah. They didn't want us on.
CONAN: In fact...
Mr. CHONG: We were actually...
CONAN: If you had done a drunk act, you would have made it though.
Mr. MARIN: We represented actually the first of the generation that had an alternate source, alternate medium, alternate...
Mr. CHONG: We represented all the producers on "The Tonight's Show." They're all stoners.
Mr. CHONG: So they didn't want us blowing their act. George Lopez really is the only show now that has us on. We were on just the other night and we did great. So, at least we got our own talk show hero, you know, George Lopez.
Mr. CHONG: And it's a great show, man.
Mr. MARIN: Yeah. We were never on TV. We never, you know, like they couldnt believe that we turned down a TV show, because in those days, AM radio and TV were lame. You know, if you wanted to have any kind of street cred, you didnt do those things.
CONAN: Well, they have plenty of street cred then and now. They're on the "Get It Legal" tour. Cheech Marin, Tommy Chong, thanks very much for being with us today.
Mr. MARIN: My pleasure.
Mr. CHONG: Well, thanks for having us, man.
CONAN: They joined us from our bureau at Culver City, California, NPR West. By the way, we will be doing some more programming on marijuana legislation with different points of view, so stay tuned to TALK OF THE NATION for that.
Coming up, we're going to be talking with one of the great historical fiction writers going today. Bernard Cornwell will join us. His latest is another episode in "The Saxon Tales." Stay with us for that. I'm Neal Conan. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.
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Reservations for the Galaxy Fold, Samsung's first foldable phone, are now full, according to Samsung's registration site. If you did register beginning April 12, you'll receive instructions for how to start the private preorder process on Monday, April 15, and it's possible that there will be more stock in select stores by April 26, the phone's official sale date.
Samsung screenshot by Jennifer Bisset/CNET
We're not shocked this happened. Samsung warned buyers that supplies would be limited. It's likely, though, that not everyone who reserved a phone will actually buy one. A reservation doesn't oblige you to make a purchase. The Fold officially goes on sale April 26 at select stores -- scroll down for more details.
The Galaxy Fold is a hybrid phone/tablet device that has two screens, a smaller display on the front that looks like a typical smartphone, and another screen on the inside of the phone that's folded in half and opens up to a 7.3-inch display. It's a crazy idea that's going to see competition from device makers like Huawei and Motorola.
Don't fret. This won't be your last chance to buy.
Screenshot by Jessica Dolcourt/CNET
How can you buy the Galaxy Fold?
Starting April 12, interested buyers could place a reservation for the Galaxy Fold to receive more information from Samsung about the "private preorder" on Monday, April 15.
While the reservation system is currently full, you can still visit the Galaxy Fold website and put in your name. Click the term "providing your email" to get future notification when stock opens up. (In Australia, click "pre-register now" on this page. The UK site does not yet have a Fold page.)
If you successfully registered, you should have received an email with more information, like your place in line.
The registration page.
The Fold will be on display and available to buy in the US starting April 26 in select AT&T, T-Mobile, Best Buy and Samsung Experience Stores.
Will there be any bundled deals?
T-Mobile announced that it will give Galaxy Fold buyers a pair of wireless Galaxy Buds earbuds and a carbon fiber case for free.
Sales begin online April 25 at 9 p.m. PT and in select T-Mobile stores April 26. There's only one color, Space Silver. T-Mobile suggests you check store availability before you hop in the car.
Now playing: Watch this: Watch Samsung's Galaxy Fold stress test
How much does the Galaxy Fold cost again?
It's not cheap. The Galaxy Fold will cost $1,980 for 512GB of storage and 12GB of RAM. There will be an LTE model and a 5G variant, with the latter presumably costing more than the base model. UK and Australian prices were not announced, but the US price converts to about £1,500 or AU$2,800.
What about colors?
Globally, the Galaxy Fold will come in Cosmo Black, Space Silver, Astro Blue and Martian Green. And depending on the color you purchase, you can customize the color of the hinge. Some carriers and stores may limit their color options.
Originally published Feb. 20 and regularly updated.
Samsung Event Foldable Phones Tablets 5G AT&T Huawei Samsung T-Mobile
Discuss: Galaxy Fold presale live: How you can buy Samsung's first foldable phone


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Home » Gaming » News » Petroglyph Explains Why Conan Unconquered's Co-Op Mode Will Have You Hooked
Petroglyph Explains Why Conan Unconquered's Co-Op Mode Will Have You Hooked
May 21, 2019 MaddOx 0 Gaming, News,
With only a few more days to go until launch, Petroglyph and Funcom have now released a new video, featuring interviews with the Command & Conquer-veterans at Petroglyph and a further glimpse into the co-op aspect of Conan Unconquered.
While most comparable RTS games are purely single-player or 1v1, the development team behind Conan Unconquered were faced with a new challenge; namely, producing a game that works equally well in co-op mode.
Executive Producer Ted Morris who, in addition to working on Command & Conquer, can boast of having been the Development Director on the critically acclaimed RTS Star Wars: Empire at War, explains:
We're trying to make it as cooperative an experience as possible.
In co-op mode each player will have their own hero and army, but they will share resources and most of the buildings. Senior Game Designer Patrick Pannullo said:
Where the challenge comes in, is in trying to coordinate the fight with more challenging mobs.
Pannullo added that it is not simply going to be about double the number of enemies. Instead, the increased difficulty will mainly be about what kind of mobs you face and where the attacks will come from.
The upcoming game will also feature a previously unannounced mechanism called challenge mode, which allows you to create and share a link with the exact same map, settings, and unlockable feats as in the game you just had. This allows you to challenge your friends to beat your own score in a much more comparable way than it would have been with randomized battle. Each link will also come with its own leaderboard.
The new feature should be particularly welcome news for streamers, who can challenge their own fan base to beat their score on the exact same map as they played on stream.
Appearing in today's video are:
Michael Legg, Co-founder and Senior Programmer
Patrick Pannullo, Senior Game Designer
Jeff Troutman, Art Director
Ted Morris, Executive Producer
Conan Unconquered is a fast-paced strategy game where players face wave after wave of enemies in ever-increasing numbers and difficulty. To withstand the savage hordes, players must build an unconquerable stronghold and erect walls and other defensive measures to avoid utter destruction. While the game can be played entirely in single-player, two players can also play together online to build a shared stronghold while fending off the enemy hordes which allows for a unique, cooperative-multiplayer experience.
Want more news on Petroglyph and Funcom's Conan Unconquered? Click HERE, or for more gaming news in general, click HERE.
Tags: co-op, Conan Unconquered, Funcom, Jeff Troutman, Michael Legg, Patrick Pannullo., Petroglyph, Ted Morris
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Moons of Madness Console Launch; 24/03/20
The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One release of Moons of Madness, originally scheduled for January 21st, has been postponed till March 24th. The delay will give...
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Moreover, when God gives someone wealth and possessions, and the ability to enjoy them, to accept their lot and be happy in their toil—this is a gift of God. … Wealth and honor come from you; you are the ruler of all things. In your hands are strength and power to exalt and give strength to all. Now, our God, we give you thanks, and praise your glorious name. … My soul glorifies the Lord. … For the Mighty One has done great things for me—holy is his name. … He has lifted up the humble. … He has helped his servant.
Unless the Lord builds the house, the builders labor in vain. Unless the Lord watches over the city, the guards stand watch in vain. … Remember the Lord your God, for it is he who gives you the ability to produce wealth. … Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. … It was not by their sword that they won the land, nor did their arm bring them victory; it was your right hand, your arm, and the light of your face, for you loved them. … Humility is the fear of the Lord; its wages are riches and honor and life.
This is what the Lord says: "Let not the wise boast of their wisdom or the strong boast of their strength or the rich boast of their riches, but let the one who boasts boast about this: that they have the understanding to know me, that I am the Lord." … May I never boast except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ.
This entry was posted in 1 Chronicles, 1 Timothy, Deuteronomy, Ecclesiastes, Galatians, Jeremiah, Luke, Proverbs, Psalms. Bookmark the permalink.


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Las Tesis sobre filosofía de la historia, obra también conocida como Sobre el concepto de historia (por su traducción de la versión original en alemán Über den Begriff der Geschichte), es un ensayo escrito por Walter Benjamin entre 1939 y 1940 en París, unos meses antes de que se suicidase en Portbou, mientras huía de la persecución de la Gestapo.

Fue publicado por primera vez en 1942 por el Instituto de Investigación Social, al que se adscribe la denominada Escuela de Frankfurt, y constituye uno de los trabajos más conocidos del autor alemán de origen judío. Está considerado una obra de referencia filosófica y política. También es uno de los textos de Benjamin que más controversia ha generado.

Resumen
Las Tesis abordan el concepto de historia en relación con el progreso, en un enfoque que combina las múltiples referencias de Walter Benjamin. Más concretamente, está el enfoque marxista, al que el texto se refiere frecuentemente. Por un lado, hace referencia al "historiador materialista" y, por otro, al mesianismo y a la teología (especialmente a la teología judía). La redención (tikkun, en la teología judía) es utilizada con regularidad como un lugar de encuentro entre el pasado y el presente.

A lo largo del ensayo, Benjamin hace uso de analogías poéticas y científicas para exponer su crítica al historicismo. Para él, el historiador es un "profeta que mira hacia atrás" y la historia debe ser contada desde el la perspectiva de los vencidos, no de los vencedores.

Dos de las tesis más destacadas de la obra son la Tesis I, analogía basada en El Turco; y la Tesis IX, inspirada en el Angelus Novus de Paul Klee sobre el que Benjamin basa su conocida teoría "El ángel de la historia".

Walter Benjamin escribió las Tesis entre diciembre de 1939 y principios de 1940. La invasión alemana de Europa se ha intensificado. El pacto germano-soviético, firmado en 1939, puso fin temporalmente a los movimientos de protesta y desorientó a gran parte de la izquierda y a los movimientos antifascistas. Walter Benjamin, como muchos intelectuales judíos alemanes y austríacos apátridas, ya no estaba a salvo en Francia. Benjamin se suicidó en Portbou (Girona), una vez cruzada la frontera española.

La crítica a la idea de progreso tendrá una gran influencia posterior, sobre todo en la Escuela de Frankfurt, fundamental para la comprensión de estos del fascismo como una consecuencia directa de la modernidad. El texto se hace más incisivo y necesario por el contexto, aunque su alcance es universal.

Gershom Scholem, quien es mencionado en las Tesis, propuso que la negación de Benjamin del materialismo histórico marxista viene del pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop de 1939. En este acuerdo, la Unión Soviética, de bases marxista-leninistas, llegó a un pacto de no agresión con la Alemania antisemita. A raíz de este acontecimiento, Benjamin abogaría por una vuelta a la teología y a la metafísica.

Estructura y contenido
El texto está compuesto por 20 breves párrafos numerados: 18 tesis y 2 apéndices. El propio Benjamin era traductor, pero solo tuvo tiempo de traducir, del alemán al francés, 13 de las tesis antes de su muerte. Todas las Tesis se articularán a partir de la oposición entre "materialismo histórico" e "historicismo".

La Tesis I se basa en El Turco, la historia de la máquina de ajedrez del  inventada por Johann Nepomuk Maelzel, y que Edgar Allan Poe utilizó en uno de sus cuentos. Benjamin hace una analogía entre el autómata de ajedrez y el materialismo histórico, proponiendo que, a pesar de que Karl Marx intenta mantener la objetivididad científica positivista, el materialismo histórico consiste en realidad en un engaño religioso.

La Tesis II parte de la reflexión de Rudolf Hermann Lotze acerca de la falta de envidia del presente respecto del pasado que caracteriza al ser humano. Benjamin teoriza que la envidia se encuentra más bien en todas las posibilidades no realizadas en el pasado, en los hombres con los que habríamos podido hablar pero jamás hablamos y en las mujeres a las que podríamos haber conocido pero jamás lo hicimos. De ahí deduce que a toda representación de la felicidad le es inherente la representación de la redención, y a cada generación le corresponde una cierta tarea de redimir a las anteriores, tarea de la que, para Benjamin, se habrá de encargar el materialismo histórico.

En la Tesis III, Walter Benjamin reivindica la importancia de los sucesos aparentemente menores de la historia, y argumenta que solo una humanidad redimida podrá valerse de esos instantes, pues esta dispondrá de cada uno de los momentos de la historia sin importar su grandeza o su irrelevancia.

La Tesis IV viene introducida por una cita de Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: «Buscad primero comida y vestimenta, que el reino de Dios se os dará luego por sí mismo».
Benjamin argumenta que el historiador marxista ha de ser consciente de que no hay ninguna elevación o redención posible en la lucha de clases sin la conquista de las cosas ásperas y materiales; sin embargo, el marxista no ha de perder de vista dicho horizonte espiritual, que se mantiene vivo en forma de la confianza y el coraje que los dominados presentan pese a todas las derrotas que puedan sufrir. Benjamin utiliza la metáfora de las flores volviendo hacia el Sol su corola para referirse a dicho coraje y denuedo que persiste en los dominados que miran hacia «el sol que se levanta en el cielo de la historia».

La Tesis V trata lo pasado como una «imagen que relampaguea», como un momento fugaz que el historiador del materialismo histórico ha de recuperar y salvar del olvido, pues es probable que esa verdad que no se le puede escapar al marxista esté abriéndose al vacío en el mismo momento en que es rescatada.

En la Tesis VI, Benjamin expone las dos formas posibles de recuperación de un evento histórico. En primer lugar, la Konstruktion, el que según Benjamin debería ser el método del materialismo histórico. La construcción implica una interacción entre el contexto presente y el tiempo en que el acontecimiento histórico es recuperado. La narración de un acontecimiento histórico es como una cita del pasado, siempre cambiando de sentido. La Re-konstruktion es el método del historicismo al que se opone Benjamin. El objetivo de este procedimiento es entender un acontecimiento histórico como una fotografía fijada en el pasado histórico, dispuesta en el pasado para que el historiador la recoja.

En la Tesis VII, Benjamin critica la noción historicista que realiza una reconstrucción histórica apoyándose en la visión de los vencedores. El marxista, argumenta Walter Benjamin, ha de ser consciente de que en la raíz de toda victoria histórica hay una relación de explotación de la que participan «no solo los grandes genios (...), sino (...) la servidumbre anónima de sus contemporáneos». A la visión sesgada del historicismo, que resulta útil a las clases dominantes de cada momento, Benjamin contrapone la mirada distanciada del materialista histórico, que habrá de tener presente que todo documento de cultura es a la vez un documento de barbarie, y habrá de tener como cometido «pasarle a la historia el cepillo a contrapelo».

En la Tesis VIII, Benjamin ataca la visión progresista de la historia que lleva a algunos a horrorizarse de que un fenómeno como el fascismo tenga cabida en el presuntamente avanzado y desarrollado siglo XX. Benjamin sugiere que el historiador que considera el progreso como una norma histórica es en realidad un aliado del fascismo, pues su noción progresista lo lleva a legitimar su existencia como un estadio más del progreso histórico. Para Benjamin, el historiador marxista ha de atacar de raíz esta visión progresista, comprendiendo que el fascismo no se ha de ver ni como un estadio más ni como una «excepción» a la norma del progreso, sino como parte de una regla a la que han estado sometidos siempre los oprimidos.

La Tesis IX hace referencia explícita a la pintura Angelus Novus (1920) de Paul Klee, que perteneció a Walter Benjamin (y Gershom Scholem la heredó posteriormente). En este párrafo se desarrolla una de las claves para entender la crítica del filósofo al historicismo, basada en una negación del pasado como continuum de progreso. El "ángel de la historia", inspirado en el Angelus Novus de Klee, está de espaldas al futuro. Benjamin invierte así el materialismo histórico de Marx, centrado en presagiar un futuro revolucionario, para afirmar que la verdadera tarea del materialismo histórico debe ser la de "salvar el pasado". La Tesis IX completa: Hay un cuadro de Klee que se titula Angelus Novus. En él se representa a un ángel que parece como si estuviese a punto de alejarse de algo en lo que fija su mirada. Los ojos como platos, la boca, muy abierta, las alas, totalmente extendidas. Este debe de ser el aspecto del ángel de la historia. Ha vuelto el rostro hacia el pasado. Allí donde nosotros vemos un encadenamiento de hechos, él ve una única catástrofe que acumula incesantemente una ruina tras otra, arrojándolas a sus pies. Bien quisiera él detenerse, despertar a los muertos y recomponer tanta destrucción. Pero, desde el Paraíso, sopla una tempestad que se ha enredado en sus alas y que es tan fuerte que el ángel ya no puede cerrarlas. Esta tempestad lo empuja hacia el futuro, al que él da la espalda, mientras que los montones de ruinas van creciendo ante él hasta llegar al cielo. Esta tempestad es lo que nosotros llamamos 'progreso'.

La Tesis X se refiere a la clase política de la Alemania de Weimar, en concreto a la socialdemócrata, a la que Walter Benjamin tacha de cómplice con el fascismo. Para ello alude a tres razones: la fe incondicional de los políticos en el progreso, su confianza en las masas, y su inserción dentro del aparato burocrático de la política institucional, que la lleva a aceptar todo resultado democrático como legítimo. De nuevo, Benjamin argumenta que la propia noción de progreso histórico inevitable que caracteriza a la socialdemocracia complica una reconstrucción de la historia desde dicha perspectiva que no justifique o legitime el fascismo.

La Tesis XI es la más extensa; en ella, Benjamin profundiza en su crítica a la socialdemocracia, que ha aportado una falsa conciencia de la realidad a los obreros convenciéndolos de que nadaban con la corriente del progreso histórico, puesto en última instancia al servicio de la tecnocracia fascista. En esta Tesis, Benjamin realiza una crítica de la confianza en las mejoras de las condiciones trabajo que ha caracterizado a la socialdemocracia alemana desde la Crítica del Programa de Gotha, visión difundida por Joseph Dietzgen y que, para Benjamin, ha llevado a una ilusoria concepción del trabajo como fuente de riqueza —visión cercana a la ética protestante del trabajo— y al olvido de que las clases proletarias no disponen en realidad de su fuerza de trabajo.

La Tesis XII viene introducida por una cita de Nietzsche: «Necesitamos de la historia, pero la necesitamos de otra manera a como la necesita el holgazán mimado en los jardines del saber». Benjamin considera que los espartaquistas han rescatado del olvido de la socialdemocracia la noción marxista (compartida también por Blanqui) de revolución como redención de las clases venideras pasadas, en vez de «como liberación de las generaciones venideras».

La Tesis XIII está precedida de una cita del socialdemócrata Joseph Dietzgen, que considera que el pueblo es cada vez más sabio y la revolución está cada día más cerca. Benjamin piensa, frente a esto, que la crítica marxista habrá de ir destinada no solo a esta concepción lineal de un progreso supuestamente incesante, sino a la representación del tiempo como homogéneo y vacío, marco en el cual, para Benjamin, se encuadra necesariamente la representación del progreso del ser humano en la historia.

En la Tesis XIV Benjamin expande lo expuesto en la Tesis XIII, argumentando que a la representación de la historia como un tiempo homogéneo y vacío Robespierre contrapuso una visión de la Revolución como una Roma que retorna. Benjamin se percata de que, paradójicamente, la moda capitalista realiza una tarea parecida a la del revolucionario mesiánico que él reivindica, pues la moda «husmea lo actual dondequiera que lo actual se mueve en la jungla de otrora». Sin embargo, piensa Walter Benjamin, dicho gesto no es más que un «salto de tigre al pasado» dentro del terreno de la clase dominante. Frente a ello, Benjamin reivindica el salto dialéctico, en un sentido marxista y revolucionario.

En la Tesis XV, Benjamin se ocupa de la revisión del tiempo que, históricamente, han tendido a realizar las revoluciones. Recuerda que la Revolución Francesa introdujo un nuevo calendario, cuyo primer día tiene por función la aceleración histórica del tiempo. Cuenta la anécdota de cómo en la Revolución de Julio se disparó contra los relojes en varios sitios de París, de forma simultánea pero independiente.

La Tesis XVI consiste en una crítica de la visión mecanicista del progreso que caracteriza al historicismo. Benjamin considera que esta ideología historicista plantea una imagen estática del pasado, mientras que el materialismo histórico ha de buscar una experiencia única con este sabiéndose dueño de sus fuerzas.

En la Tesis XVII, Walter Benjamin contrapone dos formas de hacer historiografía: la de la historia universal del historicismo, que se limita a acumular acontecimientos dentro de un tiempo vacío, sin ningún fundamento teórico, y la del materialismo histórico, que es constructiva en tanto que se acerca al momento mónada de la historia en el que reconoce una posibilidad mesiánica y redentora, una «coyuntura revolucionaria en la lucha en favor del pasado oprimido».

La Tesis XVIII entra en diálogo con la biología moderna, que ha establecido la irrelevancia relativa del tiempo de existencia del Homo sapiens dentro de la historia de la vida orgánica sobre la Tierra. Benjamin comprende que su noción mesiánica es coherente con esta visión, pues el tiempo «como modelo del mesiánico resume en una abreviatura enorme la historia de toda la humanidad».

En el Apéndice A, Walter Benjamin aborda las limitaciones de la historiografía historicista al comprender el pasado como una sucesión de causas y efectos entre momentos históricos. Benjamin entiende que, al reducir cada momento histórico a mera causa de un momento histórico siguiente, la visión historicista se muestra incapaz de dar cuenta de la importancia real de cada fenómeno. La mesiánica, por el contrario, «dejará de desgranar la sucesión de datos como un rosario entre sus dedos», pues será capaz de distinguir en los milenios de historia humana la acción de los mesiánicos.

En el Apéndice B, Benjamin realiza una reivindicación de la noción de historia del Judaísmo. Esta religión experimenta el pasado como una conmemoración, y prohíbe la adivinación del futuro sin por ello verlo como un tiempo vacío, ya que comprende que en cualquier instante de ese tiempo futuro puede entrar el Mesías.

Recepción
En primer lugar, en cuanto a la recepción de la obra del filósofo alemán, hay que tener en cuenta que una parte importante, y a veces problemática, de la historia de la recepción póstuma de Benjamin es también la historia de la edición de sus libros. No solamente en alemán, sino en otras lenguas de referencia, como el inglés y el español, o el francés y el italiano. Por regla general, hasta 1955 la obra de Benjamin solo estaba al alcance de los que lo conocieron y conservaban alguna de sus publicaciones, o andaba perdida en librerías de lance, bibliotecas o archivos.

El propio Benjamin envía el manuscrito de las Tesis sobre el concepto de historia a Hannah Arendt antes de que ella dejara Francia y poco antes de que él se suicidara cuando huyendo de la persecución por la Gestapo. Arendt lo hace llegar a Theodor Adorno, miembro del Instituto de Investigación Social al que se adscribe la Escuela de Frankfurt. Uno de los principales dirigentes de esta institución es Max Horkheimer, quien decide en 1942, en Los Ángeles, publicar una obra titulada Walter Benjamin zum Gedächtnis (En memoria de Walter Benjamin). Aquí se publican las Tesis por primera vez.

En 1947 se publicó una traducción francesa de Pierre Missacen en la revista Les Temps Modernes. Y una traducción inglesa de Harry Zohn fue incluida en Iluminaciones, una colección de ensayos de Benjamin editada por Arendt en inglés, en EE. UU. en 1968.

Al tratarse de un texto fragmentario, corto e inconcluso, como muchas otras obras de Benjamin, las Tesis suelen estar incluidas en antologías. Las tesis están en relación con dos ensayos sobre Charles Baudelaire y con el Libro de los pasajes, proyecto inconcluso y el más ambicioso de todos los abordados por el filósofo. Este gran proyecto, titulado en alemán Das Passagen-Werk y en inglés The Arcades Project, consiste en una enorme colección de escritos sobre la ciudad de París a lo largo del siglo XIX.

En castellano hay varias antologías que incluyen las Tesis. Entre ellas, además de las obras completas publicadas en varios volúmenes, está Iluminaciones, una traducción al castellano de la mencionada obra editada en su primera edición por Hannah Arendt.

Véase también

 Walter Benjamin
 Libro de los pasajes
 Escuela de Frankfurt

Referencias

Bibliografía
Bibliografía fundamental

 Jordi Ibáñez Fanés, (ed.). Walter Benjamin. Iluminaciones, Madrid: Taurus, 2018 (ISBN: 978-84-306-1938-2)
Michael Löwy. Walter Benjamin. Aviso de incendio, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2004.
Scholem, Gershom, 1897-1982. (2007). Walter Benjamin historia de una amistad (1. ed edición). Debolsillo. ISBN 978-84-8346-317-8. OCLC 199209542.
David S. Ferris, (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Walter Benjamin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
Matthew Charles y Peter Osborne. 'Walter Benjamin', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/benjamin/
 [Biografía de Walter Benjamin] Howard Eiland & Michael W. Jennings. Walter Benjamin: A Critical Life (Cambridge MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2016)

Bibliografía ampliada

'The Programme of the Coming Philosophy' (1918), in Selected Writings, Vol. 1, 1912–1926, (Cambridge MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1996) pp. 100–110
 Convolute 'N' in The Arcades Project (Cambridge MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1999)
 A. Benjamin & P. Osborne (eds)Walter Benjamin's Philosophy: Destruction and Experience (London and New York: Routledge, 1994/Manchester: Clinamen, 2000)
 A. Benjamin, (ed). Walter Benjamin and History (London and New York: Continuum, 2005)
 Susan Buck-Morss. The Dialectics of Seeing (Cambridge, MA. & London: MIT Press, 1989)
 John McCole. Walter Benjamin and the Antinomies of Tradition (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993)
 Peter Osborne (ed). Walter Benjamin: Critical Evaluations in Cultural Theory, 3 Vols: 1. Philosophy; 2. Modernity; 3. Appropriations (London and New York: Routledge, 2005)
 Max Pensky. Melancholy Dialectics: Walter Benjamin and the Play of Mourning (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993)
 Gary Smith (ed). On Walter Benjamin: Critical Essays and Reflections (Cambridge MA and London: MIT Press, 1988)
 Michael P. Steinberg (ed). Walter Benjamin and the Demands of History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996)

Obras filosóficas
Ensayos de 1942
Obras del siglo XX
Ensayos de Walter Benjamin
Literatura marxista


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O Campeonato Mineiro de Futebol é a primeira divisão (conhecida como Módulo I) da competição de futebol organizada pela Federação Mineira de Futebol e disputada pelos clubes do estado de Minas Gerais, no sudeste brasileiro.

História

O Campeonato é organizado pela Federação Mineira de Futebol. Das 108 edições já disputadas, o Atlético é o maior vencedor com 47 conquistas oficiais.

Antes de 1958, o torneio era conhecido como Campeonato da Cidade e era disputado somente por clubes de municípios próximos a Belo Horizonte, como Nova Lima, Sete Lagoas, Barão de Cocais, Conselheiro Lafaiete e Sabará. Havia dois torneios interclubes em Minas Gerais. Um deles - o "Campeonato da Cidade" - era disputado somente por clubes próximos a Belo Horizonte. O outro, por clubes da região de Juiz de Fora. O primeiro começou a ser disputado em 1915 e a FMF homologa seus campeões como campeões mineiros; o último teve início em 1918.

Excepcionalmente em 1933 houve a união das duas ligas para a criação do primeiro "Campeonato Mineiro" com a presença de clubes do interior. A disputa acabou sendo deficitária pelo amadorismo da época e pela dificuldade de traslado por conta das precárias estradas do estado e em 1934 houve a cisão novamente.

Só em 1958 Minas Gerais passou a ter definitivamente um torneio com o nome 'Campeonato Mineiro', reunindo clubes de todas as regiões do estado. Essa fórmula atendia aos anseios da CBD e indicava os representantes mineiros na Taça Brasil, que começou a ser disputada em 1959.

Muitos talentos do futebol mundial foram vistos pela primeira vez no Campeonato Mineiro. Jogadores como Tostão, Dirceu Lopes, Toninho Cerezo, Dadá Maravilha, Éder, Ronaldo Fenômeno, Reinaldo e Gilberto Silva fizeram suas estreias como profissionais neste torneio. O Campeonato Mineiro geralmente proporciona grandes partidas, principalmente aquelas protagonizadas pela rivalidade dos maiores clubes da capital, Cruzeiro, Atlético e América.

Atualmente o Campeonato Mineiro é composto por duas divisões. A Primeira Divisão é composta por dois "módulos". O Módulo I é o primeiro nível, e o Módulo II o segundo nível. O torneio conhecido como Segunda Divisão funciona como o terceiro nível do futebol mineiro.

Em 1924 a Liga Mineira iniciou uma fase de crise técnica e financeira e alguns clubes se licenciaram do campeonato nesse ano, caso do Atlético. Em 1925 apenas duas rodadas foram disputadas e o campeão ficou indefinido até que, somente em 2012, a FMF homologou oficialmente o título de 1925 para o América. Em 1926 o Palestra Itália se desfiliou da Liga Mineira após não aceitar uma punição técnica por causa de sua excursão ao interior paulista não autorizada pela Liga, desta forma, o clube organizou uma nova Liga (AMET - Associação Mineira de Esportes Terrestres) e um campeonato paralelo com outros clubes de Belo Horizonte. O Palestra Itália sagrou-se o campeão, porém este título ainda não foi oficializado pela FMF porque não era uma Liga associada à CBD e até hoje o clube ainda não conseguiu organizar, por falta de informações e mídia daquela época, um dossiê com a tabela e resultado de todas as partidas para pleitear esta oficialização. Em 1927 a AMET foi extinta e apenas o Palestra Itália e o Syrio Horizontino foram reintegrados à LMDT, enquanto os demais clubes formaram a 2ª divisão. Em 1932 o campeonato se dividiu novamente em duas Ligas e foi criada a AMEG - Associação Mineira de Esportes Gerais, com o América, Palestra Itália e Villa Nova do seu lado enquanto o Atlético permaneceu na LMDT - Liga Mineira de desportes Terrestres. Ambas as ligas eram oficiais e reconhecidas pela CBD, portanto houve dois campeões. Em 1933, com inicio do profissionalismo, a AMEG foi extinta e os clubes se reuniram novamente na Liga Mineira para um único campeonato.

Em 2012 a FMF lançou o troféu "100º Campeão Mineiro" em sua 98ª edição, considerando apenas os anos de 1932 e 1956 com dois campeões.

Em 2014, comemorando a 100ª edição do Campeonato, a FMF lançou um selo comemorativo que os clubes usaram em suas mangas do uniforme durante a disputa.

Fase Amadora e Fase Pré Profissional (Campeonato Citadino de Belo Horizonte)

Clube com mais títulos

Campeonato Mineiro de Futebol

Títulos

Por equipe
Clubes já extintos estão marcados em itálico. Em negrito, os clubes presentes no Módulo I em 2022.

Por cidade

Campeões da Recopa Mineira

Campeões consecutivos

Decacampeonatos
 América: 1 vez (1916-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25)

Hexacampeonatos
 Atlético: 1 vez (1978-79-80-81-82-83)

Pentacampeonatos
 Atlético: 1 vez (1952-53-54-55-56)
 Cruzeiro: 1 vez (1965-66-67-68-69)

Tetracampeonatos
 Cruzeiro: 1 vez (1972-73-74-75)
 Villa Nova: 1 vez (1932-33-34-35)

Tricampeonatos
 Cruzeiro: 4 vezes (1928-29-30), (1943-44-45), (1959-60-61), (1996-97-98)
 Atlético: 1 vez (2020-21-22)

Bicampeonatos
 Atlético: 11 vezes (1926-27), (1931-32), (1938-39), (1941-42), (1946-47), (1949-50), (1962-63), (1985-86), (1988-89), (1999-00), (2012-13)
 Cruzeiro: 3 vezes (2003-04), (2008-09), (2018-19)

Artilheiros

Maiores goleadas

14 gols
 17/06/1928 Palestra Itália 14 x 0 Alves Nogueira
 29/07/1928 América-MG 14 x 0 Palmeiras-BH

13 gols
 11/08/1929	Atlético Mineiro	 13x0	Calafate
 27/04/1930	América-MG	 13x0	Palmeiras-BH

12 gols
 11/11/1928	Villa Nova	 12x0	Palmeiras-BH
 05/05/1929	Palestra Itália	 12x0	Alves Nogueira
 13/07/1930	Palestra Itália	 12x0	Palmeiras-BH

11 gols
 03/06/1928	Palestra Itália	 11x0	Calafate
 11/08/1929	Palestra Itália	 11x0	Alves Nogueira
 22/09/1929	Atlético Mineiro	 11x0	Santa Cruz-BH
 20/04/1930	Palestra Itália	 11x0	Palmeiras-BH
 08/07/1930	Atlético Mineiro	 11x0	Calafate
 31/05/1931	Villa Nova	 11x0	Calafate
 19/08/1934	Villa Nova	 11x0	América-MG
 09/10/1980	Cruzeiro	 11x0	Flamengo-Varginha
 05/08/1928	Atlético Mineiro	 11x1	Palmeiras-BH
 12/08/1928	Palestra Itália	 11x1	Guarany-BH
 23/12/1928	Palestra Itália	 11x1	Palmeiras-BH
 21/04/1929	América-MG	 11x1	Alves Nogueira
 28/04/1929	América-MG	 11x1	Guarany-BH
 17/11/1929	América-MG	 11x1	Santa Cruz-BH
 09/08/1931	América-MG	 11x1	Guarany-BH
 31/05/1936	Villa Nova	 11x1	Retiro
 26/06/1954	Cruzeiro	 11x1	Metalusina
 19/04/1931	Palestra Itália	 11x3	Guarany-BH

10 gols
 27/05/1928	Atlético Mineiro	 10x0	Syrio Horizontino
 30/08/1931	Atlético Mineiro	 10x0	Sete de Setembro
 05/08/1951	Atlético Mineiro	 10x0	Sete de Setembro
 04/05/1968	Cruzeiro	 10x0	Independente-Uberaba
 21/04/1918	Villa Nova	 10x1	Yale
 11/08/1929	América-MG	 10x1	Palmeiras-BH
 01/06/1930	Sete de Setembro 10x1	Palmeiras-BH
 18/10/1936	Villa Nova	 10x1	Retiro
 22/05/1927	América-MG	 10x2	Sete de Setembro
 19/05/1929	Atlético Mineiro	 10x2	Alves Nogueira
 18/08/1929	Palestra Itália	 10x2	Santa Cruz-BH
 10/11/1929	Atlético Mineiro	 10x2	Palmeiras-BH
 10/05/1941	Atlético Mineiro	 10x2	Aeroporto

9 gols

 24/07/1921 América  9x0 Guarany-BH
 16/12/1928	América  9x0 Palmeiras-BH
 21/04/1929	Atlético Mineiro  9x0 Guarany-BH
 25/08/1929	América  9x0 Sete de Setembro
 27/04/1930	Atlético Mineiro  9x0 Guarany-BH
 05/11/1933	Villa Nova  9x0 Sport JF
 06/11/1966	Cruzeiro  9x0 Nacional-Uberaba
 05/06/1927	Palestra Itália   9x1 Sete de Setembro
 08/07/1928	Palestra Itália  9x1 Sete de Setembro
 08/07/1928	Villa Nova  9x1 Palmeiras-BH
 20/07/1930	Atlético Mineiro  9x1 Sete de Setembro
 09/08/1936	Atlético Mineiro  9x1 Retiro
 27/12/1936	Atlético Mineiro  9x1 Retiro
 13/07/1941	Siderúrgica  9x1 Aeroporto
 02/08/1958	Atlético Mineiro  9x1 Bela Vista
 23/12/1928	América  9x2    Alves Nogueira
 27/11/1927	Atlético Mineiro 9x2  Palestra Itália
 31/05/1958	Democrata-SL   9x2 Guarani-Divinópolis
 13/05/1941	Palestra Itália   9x3 Aeroporto
 07/12/1958	Siderúrgica  9x4 Bela Vista

Sistema de Disputa
Atualmente o Campeonato Mineiro é disputado em cinco fases: Fase Classificatória, Semifinal, Final, Troféu Inconfidência e Repescagem.

A Fase Classificatória é disputada com as equipes divididas em três grupos de quatro equipes cada. São cabeças de chave dos grupos o Atlético, o América e o Cruzeiro, cada um colocado em um pote do sorteio. Os demais participantes de cada grupo são sorteados.

Cada equipe disputa oito jogos na fase classificatória, enfrentando as equipes dos outros grupos, ou seja, não há duelos entre equipes do mesmo grupo. Ao final dos oito jogos, os primeiros colocados de cada grupo e o melhor segundo colocado entre os grupos avançam para as semi-finais do torneio.

Tanto as Semi-finais quanto a final do campeonato são disputadas em jogos de ida e volta, e, havendo empate no saldo das duas partidas, a equipe com melhor classificação na fase classificatória avança, no caso da semifinal, ou é campeã, no caso da final.

As equipes que ficarem entre o 5º e o 8º lugar geral na fase classificatória, desconsiderando os grupos, disputarão a Taça Inconfidência.

As equipes que ficarem entre o 10º e o 12º lugar geral na fase classificatória, desconsiderando os grupos, disputarão o triangular de Repescagem, sendo o vencedor deste triangular mantido no Módulo I do Campeonato e os dois piores rebaixados ao Módulo II.

Casos específicos
Em 1926 o Atlético Mineiro venceu o campeonato da LMDT e o Palestra Itália (Cruzeiro) venceu o campeonato da AMET. Em agosto de 1926 o Palestra se desligou da LMDT devido a uma punição feita pela entidade devido a um simples amistoso disputado contra o Caçapavense, e formou, com outros clubes suspensos, a Associação Mineira de Esportes Terrestres (AMET). Um campeonato próprio, com oito clubes foi organizado a partir de setembro. A escassez de jornais do período tornou praticamente impossível o levantamento de resultados. Apenas a LMDT era filiada à CBD e por isso o Clube Atlético Mineiro é reconhecido pela Federação Mineira de Futebol como o único Campeão Mineiro oficial de 1926. O título do Palestra de 1926 pela Associação Mineira de Esportes Terrestres (AMET) não é reconhecido pela Federação Mineira.

Em 1932 duas ligas paralelas também organizaram seus campeonatos, a LMDT e a AMEG, desta vez as duas ligas eram filiadas à CBD e a FMF reconhece dois campeões nesta temporada.

Em 2002 as equipes que participaram da Copa Sul-Minas (Cruzeiro, Atlético, América e Mamoré) não disputaram o Campeonato Mineiro, vencido pela Caldense. Com o título estadual a Caldense disputou o Supercampeonato Mineiro, juntamente com as quatro equipes que participaram da Copa Sul-Minas. O Cruzeiro venceu o Supercampeonato Mineiro ao derrotar a Caldense, na partida decisiva. O Cruzeiro conquistou o título do inédito campeonato, mas este não é reconhecido pela Federação Mineira de Futebol, já que a FMF apenas apoiou a organização do evento e não foi um torneio oficial da entidade.

Ligações externas
 Homologação Oficial do título de 1925 pela FMF
 Campeões Oficiais da FMF
 Briga caseira é novo desafio do Governo do Estado
 Almanaque do Futebol Mineiro - 2012