"Asher Brown Durand." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Biography in Context. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.
Avery, Kevin J. "Asher Brown Durand (1796–1886)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
This painting depicts a scene in which militiamen in Tarrytown, New York, detain Major John Andre during the American Revolution. Andre was "…a British spy hanged during the American Revolution for assisting Benedict Arnold's failed plot to surrender the fort at West Point, New York, to the British Army." He was eventually hanged, but accepted his death with dignity, and figures such as George Washington complimented him (calling him things such as "accomplished" and "gallant") while still arguing his death was fairly justified. (Birmingham Museum) Today, Benedict Arnold is famed for his betrayal to the United States, and is considered an enemy to the American Cause. Anybody who aided would surely be seen in the same way, and therefore this painting is a celebration of American victory. However, the fact that some level of respect was shown towards Andre is significant. Durand did not choose to paint a propaganda-like scene of a random Loyalist that was tarred and feathered; he depicted a worthy adversary, almost making this detainment more impressive. This could represent the growing Nationalism in the United States as well.
This engraving, while a copy, still represents the growth of nationalism in the United States. The original painting was commissioned in 1817, over forty years after the Declaration of Independence was signed. The patriotic motives in this piece are rather evident. The document is one of the most significant in American history- it is the means by which we became a nation. It is a significant moment of triumph for the colonists, and the anniversary of the signing is arguably the most patriotic day of the year.
This painting depicts the contrast between the nation known to the Native Americans and the nation that is beginning to develop during this time period. On the left, Native Americans are seen looking on to a scene from higher-elevated wooded area. On the right, it appears as though people are migrating (presumably West) and modern technology like the telegraph wires is seen. The title itself is one that exhibits American pride- "progress" has been the driving force behind changes in the American society. Settlers migrating represent the Manifest Destiny Americans were fulfilling. The beautiful landscape portrays God's beautiful land that citizens were now free to take advantage of. The Native Americans in this image are not threatening or angry, rather they are peacefully observing the events taking place, as though they are accepting of the new fate of the nation.


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1978-79: Economic and Foreign Policy Dilemmas
1979-80: Still Waiting for National Reconciliation
01 November 1984 No comments
Occasional Papers Series
THE POLITICS OF NATIONAL RECONCILIATION IN THE SUDAN:
THE NUMAYRI REGIME AND THE NATIONAL FRONT OPPOSITION
Center for Contemporary Arab Studies
Georgetown University Washington D.C. 20057
"I don't see much sense in that." said Rabbit.
"No," said Pooh humbly, "there isn't.
But there was going to be when I began it.
It's just that something happened to it on the way."
A.A. Milne. The House at Pooh Corner
The Historical and Political Background
Located astride a number of significant cultural and strategic boundaries, the Sudan occupies a key position between the Arab and African worlds. Its modem history can be traced to the Egyptian invasion in 1820, under the nominal sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire. The Turco- Egyptian occupation lasted for over sixty years and was ended in 1885 by an Islamic nationalist movement under the leadership of Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi. The Mahdist revolution succeeded in the reconstruction of a politically independent and unified Sudan; but the Mahdist state itself was short-lived. Al-Mahdi's successor, the khalifa 'Abdullahi, was defeated in 1898 by the combined forces of Britain and Egypt, and the Sudan came to be ruled under the so-called Anglo-Egyptian "condominium."
The political and administrative nature of this "dual rule" was to influence the evolution and orientation of the Sudanese nationalist movement. While the Mahdist followers, the Ansar, became identified with the idea of independent Sudan linked with Britain to undercut Egyptian influences, the rival religious sect the Khatimīa became associated with Egypt under the slogan of unity of the Nile Valley to counter British dominance in the country. The emergence of the major political parties followed the same sectarian lines: on the one hand, the Umma Party appeared as the political arm of the Ansār; and the other hand, the Khatimīa supported the Ashiqqa Party, later the National Unionist Party (NUP) and the pro-Egyptian People's Democratic Party (PDP), an offshoot of the NUP.
With the coming of self-rule in the early 1950s, the proposed anschluss with Egypt began to lose its attraction; it was, in fact, the NUP's first national government under Ismā'il al-Azhari which opted for the complete independence of the Sudan, officially proclaimed on January 1956. But because the nationalist movement and political parties were drawn along partisan and sectarian lines, the immediate post-independence period was marked by the intensification of old rivalries and intrigues and the creation of new political divisions.
In November 1958, the military stepped in under General Ibrāhīm 'Abbūd with the declared aim of finding effective solutions to the problems of nation-building and national integration. But the 'Abbūd junta only managed to exacerbate existing problems and corrosive domestic cleavages. The suppression of civil liberties in the north and the harsh and brutal policy to quell the rebellion in southern Sudan were hardly conducive to fostering any sense of social cohesion and national unity. The overthrow of the military government by a unique popular uprising in October 1964 seemed at first to herald a new era in the history of the Sudan but it, too, soon proved to be another false dawn. The traditional political parties, which resented the leftist composition and radical orientation of the transitional government, moved quickly to undermine its authority and by early 1965 made a successful bid to reassert their political ascendancy. The return of party politics, however, failed to resolve the "southern problem" and to find an acceptance formula for a permanent constitution.
By 1969 regional, sectarian, and ideological divisions were becoming sharper and wider while the continuing civil war in the south was driving the country to the verge of national disintegration. In May 1969, the military moved in again and took power, this time under young army officers headed by Colonel Ja'far Muhammad Numayri. According to one observer, "in contrast to the 'Abbūd regime, the seizure of power by President Numayri and his fellow free officers appeared to herald something new, and certainly Sudanese politics changed considerably in subsequent years, though not always in ways that could have been predicted at the outset."1 The new regime began by effectively excluding traditional forces of the old party system from any active political role. This led to a bloody confrontation with Mahdist followers in March 1970 in which the Ansār spiritual leader and patron of the Umma Party, Imam al-Hādi al-Mahdi, was killed.
During this period, the new regime was supported by some prominent leaders of the Sudan Communist Party (SCP) as well as by other leftists and Sudanese Arab nationalists. These groups 3 identified with the ideological commitment of the young army officers to a program of political and socio¬economic transformation that drew its inspiration from the Arab socialism of President Gamāl 'Abd al-Nāṣir of Egypt. But the SCP leadership was badly split over the issue. While a faction opted for collaboration with the new regime because of its radical and socialist orientation, the rest of the leadership under Secretary-General 'Abd al-Khāliq Maḥjūb refused cooperation with a regime whose military mentality and ideological and political stance they still considered suspect. For his part, Numayri became increasingly hostile toward the SCP and began a crackdown on its leadership.
The crunch came in July 1971 when a group of communist army officers made an unsuccessful bid to seize power. Numayri reacted by brutally crushing leftist opposition; the officers involved, together with the SCP leaders, including Mahjūb, were executed. After the abortive coup there was a steady shift in the regime's internal and external policy orientation-from the previous radical posture to a more conservative approach. Numayri moved quickly to consolidate his position by trying to "institutionalize" and legitimize his political system. In October 1971 he staged a plebiscite that elected him to the first presidency of the republic. Numayri established for himself an important southern power base when, in March 1971, he concluded with southern leaders the Addis Ababa agreement that ended the civil war in the south. In January 1973 the Sudan Socialist Union (SSU) was inaugurated as an umbrella organization to act as the political arm of the regime. A series of denationalization measures were initiated in 1973 to dismantle some of the economic institutions established during the early radical phase. The government launched a new policy of infitāḥ (economic 'open-door' policy) designed to attract Western and Arab investment to the country. In foreign policy, the regime made a complete reversal of the earlier pro-Soviet stand and committed itself to the Cairo-Riyadh axis and. by proxy, to Western strategies in the Arab world and Africa.
But the break with the leftists and the subsequent reappraisal of the regime's economic and foreign policies did not signal any immediate rapprochement with the leadership of the traditional and right-wing political parties. Indeed, the hostilities and the mutual feeling of animosity tended to intensify rather than to abate. The two main exiled opposition leaders were Ṣādiq al-Mahdi of the Umma Party (a nephew of the late Imam al-Hādi and a former prime minister) and Ḥusaīn Sharif al-Hindi of the NUP (a former minister of finance and veteran politician). In addition to these two was al-Mahdi's brother-in-law and former professor at Khartoum University, Hassan al-Turābi of the Islamic Charter Front (lCF)-a grouping of Muslim Brotherhood activists who advocated an Islamic constitution and were the ideological rivals of the SCP and leftist groups. During their years of political exile, these leaders formed an opposition National Front with the avowed aim of bringing down Numayri's regime. Libya and Ethiopia, which for different reasons sought the same goal, provided opposition forces with funds, sanctuary, and training bases near the Sudanese borders. The National Front was able to mount a number of coup attempts which came close to overthrowing Numayri in September 1975 and July 1976. As one writer put it in 1976, the Numayri regime "has already eclipsed all Sudanese records for governmental longevity on the one hand and for enduring -and surviving-a staggering number of coup attempts on the other, as paradoxical as this may seem."
It was against this background of recurrent crises and violent confrontations that the move was made to initiate the policy of "national reconciliation."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Spring Trophy is a Listed flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged three years or older.
It is run at Haydock Park over a distance of 6 furlongs and 212 yards (), and it is scheduled to take place each year in May.

Winners since 1988

See also
 Horse racing in Great Britain
 List of British flat horse races

Notes

References
 Paris-Turf:
, ,
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,

Open mile category horse races
Haydock Park Racecourse
Flat races in Great Britain

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Cwm Glo a Glyndyrys is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in Merthyr Tydfil, south Wales.

See also
List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Mid & South Glamorgan

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Merthyr Tydfil County Borough


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#VegasTech
Meet Startups
Las Vegas Startups
March 2016 CommunityCation Luncheon
March 17, 2016 By @JackieMJensen
This month's CommunityCation Luncheon hosted by The Innevation Center will feature Terry Jicinsky, Senior Vice President of Operations at Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.
The entire Southern Nevada economy is heavily dependent on the hotel, gaming, and convention industry, which employs more than one-quarter of the county's labor force. The viability of the economy in Clark County is dependent upon the volume of visitors to the region.
Jicinsky and his team at the LVCVA provide a vital service for the public by contributing to the growth of the economy in all of Southern Nevada. The LVCVA's marketing efforts cover all of the more than 162,000 hotel and motel rooms in Southern Nevada.
Jicinsky will share the long-term vision and plans for the Las Vegas Convention Center. He will also tell the audience how the expansion and renovation of the convention center will solidify Las Vegas' position as the number 1 trade show destination in North America.
"The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority focuses on attracting visitors to Las Vegas and promoting our city as the number one trade show destination in the world," said Nicole Hauser, Media & Event Manager at The Innevation Center. "With all of the amazing conventions and expos happening throughout the year, such as CES and Data Center World, the technology industry in Las Vegas has tons of opportunities to market themselves and stay in the know."
"Terry has some exciting updates to share and great knowledge about how the LVCVA is continuing to move Nevada forward," she continued. "With all of the recent improvements and expansion, the convention and visitors autority continues to put Las Vegas on the map."
The event will take place Friday, March 25, 2016 at The Innevation Center from 11:30am – 1:00pm. Register to attend here!
2 responses to "March 2016 CommunityCation Luncheon"
Brie Cante says:
I am currently in LA however, am interested in the Convention area of business. I was thinking to move my business there. I was wondering if there will be notes or someone that I can chat with about the details discussed in this meeting?
Nicole Hauser says:
Brie – Thank you for your interest in the CommunityCation luncheon! Please send an email over to [email protected] with your information and we can touch base regarding the presentation that will take place on Friday. Thanks so much!
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Techstars is a global network that's out to help entrepreneurs and startups succeed through events, accelerators, and other helpful programs, ... Continued
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About Us Newsroom News 2014 St. Joseph Health Employee Honored for Nursing Excellence
St. Joseph Health Employee Honored for Nursing Excellence
Eureka (July 9, 2014) – A longtime employee at St. Joseph Hospital has been recognized for his excellence in clinical nursing. Tim Talbert, currently the director of St. Joseph Hospital's Infusion Services and Cancer Care Program, was honored in June by the local nursing honor society, the Omicron Omega Chapter of Sigma Theta Tau International.
Talbert began his career at St. Joseph Hospital 33 years ago as an ED tech. Over the years he has held numerous roles, including ED nurse, charge nurse, ED manager, nursing supervisor, employee health nurse and an IV therapy nurse. Most recently Talbert developed and implemented St. Joseph Health – Humboldt County's Ambulatory Infusion Program and assumed management responsibility for the Cancer Care Program.
The award from Sigma Theta Tau recognizes Talbert for his depth and breadth of clinical expertise, creativity in approaches to quality care, and a significant contribution to the scope and practice of nursing that inspires others. Talbert was nominated for the award by three of the nurses in his departments at St. Joseph Hospital. He said the award, which is for clinical excellence, was particularly meaningful to him because he was nominated by his nursing colleagues. "While I have been in a management role for most of the last three decades, I always think of myself as a nurse first. I have always tried to keep a clinical component in my day-to-day work role," said Talbert.
David O'Brien, MD, President, St. Joseph Health-Humboldt County, said Talbert's award is a testament to his dedication to his work and his patients. "Tim's excellent clinical skills, leadership ability and compassion benefit our patients and our staff. St. Joseph Hospital is blessed to count him as one of our superb nurses," said Dr. O'Brien.
For more information on nursing services, visit stjosepheureka.org.
Photo 1: Tim Talbert, director of St. Joseph Hospital's Infusion Services and Cancer Care Program, has been recognized for his excellence in clinical nursing by the local chapter of Sigma Theta Tau, a nursing honor society.
Providence St. Joseph Health and Well Being Trust Support Life-Changing Mental Health Initiatives across California with $10 Million in Grants
July 26, 2017, Oakland, CA and Renton, WA — Providence St. Joseph ...
Eureka Surgeon Receives CMA's prestigious "country doctor" award
Eureka, CA (October 25 th, 2017) – Renowned breast cancer researcher ...
St. Joseph Hospital Family Medicine Residency Program Receives $2,500 from Hunter, Hunter, & Hunt, LLP
Eureka, CA (December 6, 2017) – Hunter, Hunter, & Hunt, LLP has ...
St. Joseph Health, Humboldt County Names New Chief Executive
Eureka, CA (December 21 st, 2017) – St. Joseph Health, Humboldt ...
Rock Steady Boxing for People with Parkinson's Comes to Humboldt County
Rock Steady Boxing for People with Parkinson's Comes to Humboldt ...


Before joining us at Brentwood Baptist, he taught Bible class at Lighthouse Christian School. Nathan currently lives in Nolensville and is married to Tara; they have a fun-loving 5-year-old son. He enjoys woodworking, golfing, and fishing in his spare time. He also would describe himself as a "thrill ride junkie" and really enjoys amusement parks.


As you can probably tell from a lot of my posts I really love seafood and today I wanted to make a squid dish. I named this dish "Fortune Squid Blossom" because a flower blossom is regarded as a lucky thing in Chinese culture. Flowers in full bloom symbolize affluence and nobility.
As my previous post talked about there are no strict rules for Chinese new year dishes as long as they are pretty, well presented, taste good but most importantly have a lucky meaning. If a dish has all of these, then you have a great dish for your Chinese new year dinner.
I used part of a body of a squid for making the squid flowers and used the rest of the squid for making the fillings in the middle. I used an egg white when I made the filling but I kept the egg yolk for the steamed egg base. One medium sized squid can make around two squid flowers. Blance the squid flower in boiling for around 5 seconds only and definitely don't over cook or the squid will turn really chewy.
It is important to not waste any food or ingredients. I always remember the first day I started leaning cooking at college and the teacher always taught us "Don't waste any food or ingredients!!!".
Here is my recipe for this Chinese New Year dish called "Fortune Squid Blossom". I hope you will enjoy it.
Cut the squid into a flower shape as the photos show. Blanch in boiling salted water for no more than 5 seconds. Soak in cold water afterwards to cool it down.
Process rest of the squid and prawn with all the seasonings.
Rub some potato starch on the squid flower and put some of the processed squid and prawns from step 2 in the middle.
Steamed it at full gas power for 8 minutes.
Mix all the steamed egg ingredients evenly and pour into a soup plate, steamed for 3~5 minutes.
Place the steamed squid flower on top of step 5. Boil 1 cup of stock with 1 teaspoon soy sauce and stir in 1 tablespoon potato starch and water to thick the sauce. Pour the sauce on top of squid flower and steamed egg. It's now ready to serve.
Eight Treasures Rice Pudding is a traditional Chinese new year pudding. Eight treasures topping is made up with eight different kind of dried fruits, raisin and sweets. You can choose any ingredients which are easy for you to buy. Of course, you don't have to use "eight" different toppings but the number of toppings you use is really down to personal preference.
The number eight is a magic number for Chinese people. In Chinese the number eight sounds like another Chinese word "發". 發 in Chinese means rich and I believe everybody likes being rich. So, eight is a lucky number. Also, this dessert is really colourful and pretty so Chinese people love to have this dessert in Chinese New Year.
China has so many different provinces and different provinces also have different traditions. Whether you go to Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore or even Malaysia, although we all celebrate Chinese New Year the customs are different. Sometimes it's really hard to say which Chinese dish is a typical Chinese New Year dish but I always say as long as the dish is petty, colourful and has a lucky or pretty name then it's a good Chinese New Year dish.
Here is recipe for this eight treasures rice pudding. I wish all of you have a great Chinese new year and I hope you will give my recipe a go and make eight treasures rice pudding for your friends and family. Trust me, they'll love it.
Soak round glutinous rice in cold water for 1 hour at least. Cook it in a rice cooker or steamer. Mix the cooked rice with sunflower oil and salt when it's still hot.
Brush some oil on a medium size bowl and cut the sugar glazed cherry in half. Place the dried fruits and sugar glazed cherries as shown in the photos.
Put half of the cooked glutinous rice in the bowl and press down a little bit then put 100g red bean paste in the middle.
Use a little bit of glutinous rice to cover the red bean paste and place the sugar lotus seeds and sugar glazed cherries around the bowl.
Put all of the glutinous rice in the bowl and press down. Steam for 30 minutes.
Use a small pot to boil all the ingredients for the sugar syrup. Stir in potato starch water to thicken the syrup.
Flip the rice pudding on a plate and brush sugar syrup on top. Ready to serve.
** In some traditional eight treasures rice pudding recipes, it says use "sweet-scented osmanthus sauce" but it's very difficult to get in UK so I use rose essence to replace it.
In Chinese language we call Chinese new year eve "除夕" (Chu xi). All of our families will gather together, wear new shoes and wear new clothes. We usually wear red and then we'll have a large new year dinner together. We call this new year dinner "年夜飯" (Nian ye fan).
Fish is one of the dishes that we must have for new year dinner. Fish in Chinese is called "yu" and it sounds similar to the word "餘" which means "more than enough, spare". We usually call the fish dish in New year supper "Nian nian you yu 年年有餘", The whole phrase means "every year have some good things happen and/or money left. Or every year have more than enough money or luck".
Different families have different traditions for this fish dish for New Year dinner. In my family, we can't finish this fish in one go. We must leave some fish on the plate, we can't eat all of it. This is because we believe leaving some fish will bring us luck and money, which also means more than enough money or luck. My grandfather told me, in his navy friend's home, they can't turn over the fish because the method for turning over fish looks like a ship or boat capsizing, which of course no-one and especially a navy officer doesn't want to see.
There is no strict rule of how to cook "Nian Nian you yu" (this dish) for Chinese New Year. You can use any kind of fish you want so long as it's a whole fish that includes it's head and tail. I know you're probably wondering why it has to be a whole fish but using a whole fish represents you doing everything from start to finish and not just doing something halfway.
For this dish I decided to cook Dou Ban Yu. Dou Ban Yu is a really tasty Sichuan style fish dish that can be as spicy as you like but has a really strong taste typical of Sichuan cooking. The most important thing is the red colour from the chilli bean paste (sauce). As mentioned before red is a very good colour for Chinese New Year.
The English translation for Dou Ban Yu is "Chili Bean Paste Fish" and here is my recipe for this dish. I hope you enjoyed reading about this dish and maybe you could give it a go this Chinese New Year.
Remove all the dirty bits of fish as procedures photo. This procedure ensures the fish tastes better and removes any unpleasant fishy taste.
Cut the fish as the photo shows and use your finger to rub some chilli bean paste into those cuts and inside the fish belly. Leave it aside for 15 minutes after you have done that.
Use your finger to rub some of chili bean paste inside of fish belly.
Heat a wok with 1 tablespoon of oil and panfry both sides of the fish. Leave each side to fry for 2~3 minutes at least, don't keep turning the fish or you will just make a mess of the fish. Place the fish on a plate after both sides are a golden brown colour.
Using the wok from step 3, stir-fry the chilli bean paste first for a couple minutes then add the mince to fry it for another 2 to 3 minutes.
Add rice wine, chilli, ginger, garlic and just half of a spring onion into the wok and stir-fry it until all the fragrance comes out from the wok.
Put the fish back in the wok and add the boiled water or stock to cook.
Add tofu and simmer it to reduce down the sauce.
Happy New Year everyone! Sixi scallops is my first post of 2011. I decided to make a quick, tasty and healthy dish for the first day of the year. Sixi in Chinese means "four happiness" or "four lucky, joy", which also means a lot of happiness. So, I wish this dish can bring you a lot of luck and joy in 2011.
Recently as well as working none stop in my normal job as usual I've been preparing speeches for a Chinese New Year festival in Glasgow which is coming up in February and March. I think this dish is one of the healthiest dishes within Chinese cuisine. A lot of authentic dishes are actually really healthy and absolutely nothing like dishes one buys in the UK. Authentic Chinese dishes contain less meat and a lot more vegetable or soy bean products which are really good for our health.
So, here is the recipe for this Sixi Scallops. I wish all of you have a happy and healthy year and remember to keep visiting my blog during 2011.
Marinade scallops with rice wine and a couple pinches salt and pepper powder.
Heat a wok with 1 tablespoon oil and stir-fry yellow and red pepper first for 2 minutes.
Add carrot and keep stir-frying for another minute or two.
Add mange tout, garlic ,chilli and ginger. Stir-fry everything for another 2 minutes.
Add scallop, stock and cover the lid and cook for 2 minutes.
Stir in potato starch and water and bring it to boil again. It's now ready to serve.
I've mentioned so many benefits of tofu in my previous blog post and here is another tofu recipe that I want to share with you today.
"Fish fragrant tofu" (魚香豆腐) is one of many famous dishes from Sichuan cuisine. It has "fish" in the name of it but without fish in this dish. It's called "fish fragrant" because the ingredients for this dish are usually used when cooking fish but people use it for cook tofu, eggplant and other dishes.
There is a story about this fish fragrant dish. A long time ago in Sichuan, there was a family who were really serious when It came to cooking fish. They will use ginger, spring onion, garlic, mince, chilli bean sauce and other ingredients to cook with fish. One day, the lady of this family didn't want to waste the ingredients so she used the ingredients to cook another dish. She was however realy nervous that it wouldn't taste nice and her husband wouldn't like it.
Her husband came home while she was thinking about what she should explain to her husband later about this dish. Her husband was so hungry from work he didn't wait for dinner to start and literally just took a few bites of this dish. He asked his wife: "Oh, this dish is the most tasty dish that I ever had in my life, how did you do it?" She told him how she cooked it and they gave the name of this dish "fish fragrant fry (魚香炒)". This is how "fish fragrant" this name came from.
People who are vegetarian can also cook this dish but just without using any mince. You can adjust the amount of chilli and chilli bean sauce if you prefer your food more or less spicy.
As people who follow my Facebook page will know, I recently bought a pink knife bag. I really like anything that's pink and when I saw this bag online I just had to buy it! Here are some of photos of my new pink knife bag.
Don't you think this is the cutest knife bag ever!
Marinade mince with sugar, soy sauce, salt and white pepper powder for 15 minutes.
Remove the packaging from the tofu and cut it into 1.5 cm thick pieces.
Heat a wok with 1 tablespoon of oil and stir fry the spring onion, garlic, ginger and chilli for 30 seconds.
Add mince into the wok and keep stir-frying it until the mince is cooked.
Add chilli bean sauce to stir-fry it for 30 seconds. Add rest of the seasonings into wok and bring it to boil.
Add tofu into wok and gently push them into seasonings and turn the gas power to the lowest and simmer it for 10 minutes.
Place the tofu onto a plate and pour some sauce on top. Sprinkle the rest of the chopped spring onion on top and it's ready to serve.
Stir-fry pickled bamboo shoot with chilli beef mince is one of my favourite dishes that my grandma cooks. Every time I go back to Taiwan I always ask grandma cook this dish for me which she does and I really love.
Grandma is a very traditional Chinese and Taiwanese mother and grandma. Kitchen is her stage and she is the queen of kitchen. She will kick you out if you try to cook in her kitchen and her happiness comes from her children or grand children's compliments about her food. So, I especially taught my husband to say: "I love you grandma, your food is delicious" when we went back to Taiwan.
She is original from Guangdong (Canton), China. So all the dishes she has cooked for her family are always influenced by Cantonese cuisine. She and my grandfather are two of the best chefs in my heart. She is also my role model for my old and retired life. She is always full of energy, enthusiasm and has a real passion for life. She's been through a lot of really bad moments in her life but she always stays such a strong, happy person and rarely complains about her life. She is also the busiest old retired lady I've ever met in my life. She learnt (patchy) English, how to swim, play the erhu fiddle, ballroom dance, join the chorus, become a member of women's Federation meeting and much much and more. She also has so many friends who always invite her shopping and have tea together. Even she is that busy she still manages to look after us. Whenever we come home she always prepares the tastiest dinner imaginable. I wish when I get old I can be just like her.
I was so excited to see they sell this pickled bamboo shoot in my local Chinese supermarket. I even called grandma on Skype to show her it. I know how to cook bamboo shoots just like grandma but I still ask for it when I go home and somehow it tastes so much better.
1. Soak the bamboo shoot in water for 15 minutes and drain it. Rinse it with water and leave it to dry.
2. Cut the bamboo shoot into the size as photo shows.
3. Marinade the beef mince with marinade.
4. Heat the wok with a little bit oil to fry the bamboo shoot first until the surface looks slightly golden brown. Place it on a plate and leave it aside.
5. Heat the wok with 1 tablespoon oil and stir fry the mince for 30 seconds and add chilli, keep stir fry until the mince is cooked.
6. Add bamboo shoot and stir fry for a couple minutes. Add seasonings and check the seasonings before plate it up.


People in South America are reporting their iOS native mail client not load the responsive view. Has anyone else seen this? Is there a difference in either reported device size or character sets or something? Totally vexed and at a loss!


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Overview: Water pollution is the contamination of drinking water, ground water, or any other source of water on the planet. Contamination may result from a number of sources, such as chemicals or medications that are improperly disposed of, acid rain, industrial waste, or bacteria.
Water covers about 70% of the earth and is one of the planet's most vital natural resources. All life depends on this compound of hydrogen and oxygen.
Water is important for health, sanitation/hygiene, agriculture, electricity production, industry and commerce, and recreation.
Nearly all of earth's water is located in saltwater oceans and seas. Freshwater (lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams) makes up the remaining three percent of all of earth's water, though much of it is frozen or located underground. This leaves only 0.01% of the planet's freshwater accessible for drinking, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United States Geological Survey.
Water pollution is classified into two types: point source and nonpoint source (NPS). Point source water pollution is discharged directly into a body of water, such as an ocean, river, or stream. For example, emissions from factories, waste treatment plants, and other facilities may pollute water supplies.
NPS water pollution reaches water sources indirectly. This may occur via rainfall or melted snow moving over and through the ground that carries natural and human-made pollutants, such as salt, sediment, fertilizer, bacteria, toxic chemicals, and more. Runoff eventually deposits these substances into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and ground water. This type of pollution is much more difficult to control, and it accounts for most of the contamination in streams and lakes.
Treatment of watersheds is integral to clean water. Watersheds include all land masses and wetlands because all of these areas drain moisture and water in some amount into tiny underwater streams, marshes, aquifers, rivers, lakes or oceans. In this way, any pollutant or contaminant (even one that does not directly touch a water body) is recognized to impact the safety and quality of water on Earth.
Wetlands (marshes, swamps, and bogs) are areas that are saturated with water. Wetland health is an important part of water quality because wetlands directly connect ground to major water bodies such as rivers, oceans, and lakes. Wetlands are located on every continent, except for Antarctica.
Water pollution may also be classified as industrial (such as chemical waste that is dumped into a stream), municipal (which includes waste water from homes and commercial properties), or agricultural (such as pesticides and fertilizers that seep into ground water). Substances that cause water pollution are also classified into the following categories: organic, inorganic, radioactive, and acid/base. Organic sources of water pollution contain carbon. Examples include detergents, waste from food processing, some cosmetic and personal care products, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are chemicals found in many household items, including paints, disinfectants, and aerosol sprays. Inorganic sources have mineral foundations and include ammonia, chemical industrial waste, and fertilizers that contain nitrates and phosphates. Radioactive substances from nuclear plants and other industrial, scientific, or medical facilities may also contaminate water. Acid generally enters water through industrial waste, such as from mining and through the production of chemicals and batteries.
Most water pollution is caused by sewage, fertilizers, silt, pathogens, and radioactive materials, such as nuclear waste, and heat.
Heat may cause water pollution when warm or hot discharge from a factory enters a water body and then threatens the organisms that live there.
Oil spills also contribute to water pollution. The term oil spill often refers to the accidental release of petroleum from an oil tanker into an ocean or other marine habitat. These spills may take years to clean up and impact sea birds, mammals, vegetation, and other marine life. One of the largest and most notable oil spills in the United States occurred in 1989 when the Exxon Valdez dumped nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil in Prince William Sound off the Alaskan coast. In 1990, the Clean Water Act was amended to include the Oil Pollution Act. This legislation gives the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the right to enforce and oversee the clean up of spills from oil and other hazardous substances on U.S. shores and other navigable waters.
Ocean dumping refers to intentionally putting waste into ocean water while offshore. There are international laws prohibiting ocean dumping, one under the United Nations, and another under an agreement made at the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, and referred to as MARPOL (for marine pollution) 73/78.
Water crisis is a controversial term used by some to describe the quantity and quality of water resources on Earth available to meet the increasing demand placed on them. The United Nations declares this to be a very real situation, citing examples of sewage-contaminated river water that is used for bathing and drinking in Africa, poisoned well water in China, and the lack of access in Africa, among many others. Several World Health Organization (WHO) reports have also noted serious problems regarding access to clean, uncontaminated water in a number of parts of the world. The World Water Council points out that although the world's sources of renewable water have expanded, this growth is not keeping up with the growth of the world population, and the expansion of cities and industry.
Water systems in the United States : In the United States, water is classified as either public or private.
Public water systems: Public water systems in the United States are regulated by the EPA. The EPA sorts public water systems into two categories, community and non-community. Community systems provide water to a group of 25 or more residential people all year. Non-community water systems provide water to two subgroups: transient (meaning there is a changing population, as with gas stations, campgrounds, and motels) and non-transient (such as schools, factories, hospitals, and businesses).
There are roughly 155,693 public water systems in the United States. Just more than 30% are community systems and about 67% are non-community systems.
Nearly 10% of community water systems in the United States provide water to more than 80% of U.S. residents via large municipal water systems.
Most community water systems are supplied by ground water via aquifers that feed into wells, but more people get water through community water systems that use surface water, such as water from a reservoir or lake.
Private water systems: The EPA classifies private water as either non public or private. Non-public water systems include bottled waters and water from sources like ponds or streams that are not designated for drinking. Private water systems refer to residential wells for single home residences and for wells and other systems that serve 25 or fewer people for at least 60 days out of the year. The EPA does not regulate privately owned water systems such as private wells. It is the well owners' responsibility to make sure their water is safe to drink. In most cases, this means individual home owners need to check with their local or state governments for guidelines on what to test for and how frequently these tests should be performed.
Water systems worldwide: The United Nations (UN) reports that in 2006, 1.1 billion people around the world had no access to an improved source of water that would provide safe water, such as a household water system, a public standpipe (a freestanding outdoor pipe with a tap attached, used where there is no indoor water), collected rainwater, or a protected dug well or spring.
Slightly more than half of developing nations had access to improved sanitation facilities in 2006, according to the UN. Such facilities might be a simple latrine or a connection to a public sewer or septic system. Nearly 25% of people in developing nations lack any type of sanitation, such as a latrine (usually a free-standing structure allowing for hygienic disposal of human waste), and another 15% use facilities that do not prevent contact between humans and waste.
The combination of unsafe drinking water, lack of water for hygiene, and lack of access to sanitation contributes to about 90% of deaths from diarrheal diseases, mostly in developing countries. A report from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) states that this translates to the death of more than 5,000 children each day because of diarrheal diseases. (These are caused by viruses, bacteria, and other infectious organisms that pass from one person's stool to another person's mouth.)
The UN has marked March 22nd as the annual World Water Day to bring attention to the need for awareness of adequate supplies of clean water around the world for drinking, sanitation, and hygiene.
Until the 1960s, tap water was generally considered safe for consumption in the United States. After the 1960s, concerns of contamination in municipal pipes and storage facilities began to rise, partly because water testing and analysis became more sophisticated. Other events, like the publicity of Love Canal (a Niagara Falls, New York neighborhood where toxic waste was found to have been dumped and undisclosed to the public in the 1970s) also raised alarm. This combination led to the proliferation of bottled water and home filtration systems
Acid rain: Acid rain comes from both natural sources (such as volcano emissions) and man-made sources (such as emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from the combustion of fossil fuels). According the EPA, about two-thirds of all sulfur dioxide and one-quarter of all nitrogen oxides result from the production of electric power made by burning fossil fuels such as coal. When the gases emitted from this product are released into the atmosphere, they react with water, oxygen, and other substances to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid that are blown by the wind, sometimes for hundreds of miles. These wind-blown chemicals may then fall to earth in rain, mist, fog, snow, dust, or smoke, causing damage to the environment, monuments and gravestones, as well as harming humans when they breathe in the associated particulate matter. Damage to structures and monuments occurs as a result of chemical reactions between stone, iron, and other substances when the sulfuric acid in the rain contacts them. In the environment, acid rain alters the pH (acidity) and aluminum levels in lakes and streams, which is harmful to organisms and animals that live there. Chemical changes in the soil and air, also caused by sulfuric acid in acid rain, are harmful to trees and other plants, as well as microorganisms living in soil.
Eutrophication: This term refers to the process in which a body of water develops excess organic nutrients that encourage algae growth. These algae blooms in turn remove oxygen from the water and threaten other species in this habitat. As a result of this process, ponds or lakes gradually shrink as they fill with organic matter and sediment. Eutrophication sometimes happens naturally, but it may also be caused by urban storm water runoff, fertilizer runoff, and other pollutants.
Clean Water Act: The groundwork for this act was set in 1948 with the passing of the Federal Pollution Water Control Act. The goal of this Act was to improve water quality and to set national policy on how the government would prevent and handle water pollution. The fast growth of U.S. cities and industry in the early half of the 20th Century led to a widespread pollution of American water supplies and the environment. This situation, and a warning from the Surgeon General saying that water supplies were seriously threatened, led to the enactment of this legislation. In 1972, this Act was expanded to include standards for national water quality, designed to improve water quality and prevent contamination by pollution. In 1977, further amendments were added, and the law became commonly referred to as the Clean Water Act (CWA).
At this point, Congress approved more than 70 changes to the law. Most of these updates strengthened the EPA's ability to control and clean up water pollution, particularly in regard to industrial toxic substances, cleaning up wetlands, and protecting shorelines. The CWA allows the U.S. Government to regulate the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waters, as well as to regulate quality and safety standards for surface waters. (With a permit, certain pollutants may be discharged, provided they meet regulations for quantity and concentration.) It also regulates pollution control standards. The CWA was last amended with the Water Quality Act of 1987. With these amendments, the government began to regulate storm water discharge from industrial and municipal sources and requires regular testing and analysis of waste water.
Effluent water: Effluent water is water that is returned to the environment after industrial use. Effluent water is sometimes used to maintain golf courses and for irrigation.
Drinking water: Drinking water is regulated and protected in the United States under the EPA's Office for Ground water & Drinking Water, which works with the states, EPA regional programs, and other programs. The Office for Ground Water & Drinking Water upholds the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Passed in 1974 and amended in 1986 and 1996, the SDWA is the federal legislation that maintains the safety of U.S. drinking water supply. The supply also covers sources of drinking water, such as rivers, reservoirs, lakes, springs, and ground water wells.
Tap water: Tap water is also called municipal water or drinking water. The EPA reports that 90% of U.S. water systems are in compliance with their standards for tap water quality. If tap water comes from a water supplier (not a private well), the supplier must provide annual reports on water quality.
Ground water: Ground water flows under the earth's surface, traveling through sand, gravel, and rock cracks in aquifers, which are formations that supply water to streams, rivers, and lakes. Nearly 50% of U.S. citizens get their drinking water from wells. Ground water supports 90% of public drinking water in the United States and around the world and also supports agriculture.
The Ground Water Rule, enacted in 2006, strengthened regulations regarding microbial pathogens (particularly from fecal contamination) in public water systems fed by ground water with more stringent standards. The Centers for Disease Control Division of Parasitic Diseases Healthy Drinking Program aims to cut down the spread of drinking water-associated illness by supporting research, giving advice on prevention of such illness, tracking these illnesses, and responding to outbreaks of illness related to drinking water.
The National Ground Water Association (NGWA) has designated March 8-14 as National Ground Water Awareness Week, which they sponsor. The goals of this campaign are to heighten awareness of the value of ground water in the United States, emphasize the importance of ground water as a valuable resource, and prompt citizens to perform yearly water testing and well maintenance to keep them safe from waterborne illness.
Bottled water: Although tap water is regulated by the EPA, bottled water falls under the jurisdiction of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Water is regulated just like food under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). This Act holds manufacturers responsible for producing safe and truthfully labeled bottled water. There are several types of bottled water, including artesian, mineral, purified, sparkling bottled, and spring, which differ in origin. Opponents of bottled water claim that the quality of bottled water is often no better than unfiltered tap water. Opponents also state that the industry has created an excess of plastic bottles in its wake, and that the environmental cost to transport water is excessive.
Types of water use: Manufacturing and other industries rely on water to produce goods or to run equipment needed to produce goods. Water is necessary for a number of processes, including: fabricating, processing, washing, diluting, cooling, and transporting products, says the U.S. Geological Survey. The largest quantities of water go to production of food, paper, and chemicals.
Water is important in agriculture. More than half of the water that humans take from the earth's fresh water supply is used to water crops. The United States used about 137,000 million gallons of water per day for irrigation (crop watering) in 2000. Nearly 90% of all of this water was used by western states. Together, California, Idaho, Colorado, and Nebraska used half of all water used for irrigation. Though the source of water for irrigation was once primarily surface water, use of ground water has risen dramatically. Water is also critical for raising livestock. One cow drinks 30-45 gallons a day. In 2000, 137,000 million gallons of water were given to livestock daily, with Texas and California using the most.
Water is also used for swimming and soaking in pools, spas, and water parks, as well as at beaches, on lakes, rivers, and oceans. These are all sites where recreational water illnesses (RWI) may be spread by ingesting, breathing, or coming into contact with contaminated water. Symptoms of RWIs may include gastrointestinal, skin, ear, respiratory, eye, neurologic, and wound infections. Diarrhea, which is the most common RWI according to the CDC, is often caused by Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Shigella, norovirus and E. coli O157:H7.
Types of water pollution :
General: Water pollution may be classified as either point-source or nonpoint-source water pollution (NPS).
Point-source water pollution: This type of water pollution involves contaminants that are discharged directly into a body of water, such as an ocean, lake, river, or stream. For example, emissions from factories, waste treatment plants, and other facilities may lead to water pollution.
Nonpoint-source water pollution: Nonpoint-source water pollution arrives indirectly to a water source, via the atmosphere (such as gas emissions from cars) or through ground water and soil (such as fertilizer or pesticides from a farm that run off into a stream or river). This type of pollution is much more difficult to control, and it accounts for most of the contamination in streams and lakes.
Contamination from air pollutants: Toxic air pollutants may affect the quality of soil and water, and therefore, nearby plants, fish, and other wildlife. When humans ingest contaminated food or water, they are susceptible to health risks.
Industrial contamination: The Clean Water Act is said to prevent the more than 700 million tons of pollutants from being released into water in the United States. Yet, according to the United Nations' World Water Development Report, tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge, and other industrial wastes get into fresh water each year. In developing countries, nearly three-quarters of all industrial wastes are discharged directly into streams and rivers.
Green house gases. Greenhouse gases increase the effect of the earth's atmospheric, heat-trapping layer. The gases, which occur both naturally and from man-made sources (such as fossil fuels), prevent sunlight from bouncing back from earth into the atmosphere. As a result, more heat is kept close to the earth, which in turn raises the temperature on earth. Researchers have shown that a long-term effect of this increase in earth's overall temperature may change weather patterns, raise sea levels, and cause more severe weather. The consequences may put fresh water supplies at risk. Researchers suspect that as sea levels rise, aquifers could become contaminated with salt water not just on the shoreline, but some distance inland, too. Droughts may also cause a drop in water supply from lakes and other water sources.
Chemical poisoning: Chemicals that most often cause pollution in water supplies include: asbestos, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, lead, nitrogen oxides, halogenated hydrocarbons, and pesticides. Toxic chemicals can be found everywhere, even in drinking water.
Sometimes chemical pollutants enter the water as a result of illegal dumping. This type of dumping may be large-scale and include industrial waste or may be to scale on an individual level.
About 3,000 of the natural and synthetic chemicals in the world are known to cause significant health problems, such as cancer and birth defects. Poisoning due to daily exposure to chemicals is difficult to diagnose, and the extent of damage is more difficult to assess.
Aluminum poisoning: Aluminum may be toxic to the brain and nervous systems in large quantities. It is estimated that an average person takes in between three and 10 milligrams of aluminum per day, from a number of sources. Aluminum is found naturally in the air, water, and soil. It is also used to make cooking pots and pans, utensils, and foil. Other items, such as over-the-counter pain killers, anti-inflammatories, and douche preparations, may also contain aluminum. Aluminum, an additive in most baking powders, is used in food processing, and is present in antiperspirants, toothpaste, dental amalgams, bleached flour, grated cheese, table salt, and beer (especially when the beer is in aluminum cans). The government reports that most fresh water sources, such as lakes and streams, typically have less than 0.1 milligram per liter (mg/L) of aluminum and that little aluminum is ingested via drinking water. Reports from some cities show aluminum concentrations of up to 1 milligram per liter (mg/L) of drinking water, most likely because water may be treated with aluminum salts as part of the process to make it drinking water. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that drinking water contain 0.05 to 0.2mg/L. The biggest concerns of health experts center on exposure from multiple threats, which may increase an individual's aluminum intake much more dramatically than a single source.
Lead poisoning: Lead is a highly toxic substance. Lead exposure may produce a wide range of adverse health effects on the heart, kidneys, reproductive system, and circulatory system. Exposure in utero or during early childhood may cause slow growth, developmental delays, kidney damage, nervous system damage, seizures, and unconsciousness.
Lead may leach into drinking water from certain types of plumbing materials (lead pipes, copper pipes with lead solder, and brass faucets). While water is usually not the primary source of exposure to lead for children with elevated blood lead levels, formula-fed infants are at an increased risk of lead poisoning if their formula is made with lead-contaminated water.
Healthcare professionals recommend testing water for lead at a local health department if the water comes from a well or if the building has lead pipes, faucets or fitting made of brass (which contains lead), or copper pipes that have been soldered in a building that is either five or more years old or has soft water. Private wells should be checked to make sure the equipment is working properly once each year, ideally in the spring, according to The U.S. Centers for Disease Control. In addition, drinking water from private wells should be tested at least once per year for safety.
Mercury poisoning: Mercury exposure may lead to excessive mercury levels in the body that may permanently damage or fatally injure the brain and kidneys. Mercury may also cause allergic reactions if it is absorbed through the skin. Adverse effects vary depending on how much entered the body, how it entered, length of exposure, and how the individual's body responds.
People are at risk when they consume mercury-contaminated fish and when they are exposed to spilled mercury. Fish absorb methylmercury from water as it passes over their gills and as they feed on aquatic organisms. Larger predator fish, such as swordfish and tuna, are exposed to higher levels of methylmercury from their prey. Methylmercury binds tightly to the proteins in fish tissue, including muscle. Cooking does not significantly reduce the methylmercury content of the fish.
The FDA suggests that fishermen and women check with state or local governments for advisories about water bodies or fish species. These advisories provide up-to-date public health information on local areas and warn of areas or species where mercury (or other contamination) is of concern.
Mercury pollution is released into the air from the burning of fossil fuels. Mercury vapor is easily transported in the atmosphere, deposited on land and water, and then, in part, released again into the atmosphere. Trace amounts are dispersed in bodies of water, where bacteria may cause chemical changes that transform mercury to methylmercury, a more toxic form.
Radon poisoning: Radon is a naturally occurring, odorless, and colorless gas produced by the breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, and water. Radon exposure generally occurs in the home or workplace. Radon sometimes enters a home through well water. It may also seep in through cracks in floors and walls and gaps around pipes and other fittings.
Waterborne outbreaks. A waterborne outbreak occurs when pathogens, chemicals, or toxins enter water. An outbreak is defined by the presence of two or more infections that come from the same source and are traced to the same water exposure. Outbreaks can be spread by inhaling, ingesting, or coming into contact with contaminated water. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the largest outbreak of this nature in the United States took place in 1993 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The presence of the protozoan Cryptosporidium in drinking water caused 403,000 people to get sick and led to 104 deaths.
Waterborne diseases are caused by the spread of pathogens through contaminated water. Examples include amebiasis, buruli ulcer, campylobacter, cholera, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, guinea-worm disease, escherichia coli, fascioliasis, giardiasis, hepatitis, leptospirosis, norovirus, rotavirus, salmonella, schistosomiasis, shigellosis, and typhoid fever.
Lack of clean water for sanitation and hygiene may also lead to diseases such as lice, lymphatic filariasis, ringworm, scabies, soil transmitted helminthiasis, and trachoma, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Many neglected tropical diseases (NTD) are also linked to poor or unsafe drinking water and a lack of proper sanitation and hygiene. The term NTD refers to a group of tropical diseases that are widespread among poor populations in Africa, Central and South America, and Asia, and include Buruli ulcer, dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever, guinea-worm disease, fascioliasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and trachoma.
Personal choices: Modern society is normally described as a consumer society, which is based on the goal of constantly increasing the production and consumption of consumer goods. This lifestyle directly contributes to water pollution. Packaging for goods and foods that contain dye, for example, are eventually deposited in landfills and make their way into ground water. Chemical-based cleaners with toxic chemicals that are washed down household drains are another example. Relying on cars adds to emissions of acid and hydrocarbon, which end up in water supplies.
Recycling, limiting purchases of such goods, substituting less harmful products for potentially dangerous ones (such as replacing cleaners containing harmful chemicals with those that have only natural ingredients), and relying more on walking and cycling and less on automobiles for transportation are all options to help reduce water pollution.
Techniques for treating waste water :
Household sewage: Household sewage is treated by sewage plants in urban areas and by private septic tanks in areas where there are no municipal facilities.
Sewage treatment plants: Municipal treatment plants are typically run by local government. These plants manage pollutants, such as suspended solids, fecal coliform bacteria, pH, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and in some cases, may also treat pathogens and nutrients, as well.
Septic tanks: These devices treat waste water from homes and small businesses and then release it into the soil.
Industrial waste water: Waste water that contains large amounts of conventional pollutants (such as oil), toxic pollutants (such as heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), or pollutants such as ammonia are required to operate treatment systems designed to handle these substances. In some cases, a pre-treatment system takes out toxic matter and forwards the partially-treated waste water to a municipal system. When waste water is produced in large quantities, manufacturers tend to have systems that can complete treatment. A number of strategies can be used to remove pollutants from industrial waste water. Skimming and solvents are used to remove oil from sea water after a spill, for example. Large industries, such as refineries, use special separating devices to remove oil or gas. Activated sludge and filtering systems are used to remove biodegradable elements that come from plants or animals. A trickling filter, for example, runs waste water through a layer of peat moss or gravel plus a layer of microbial slime with oxidizing agents to clean it.
Agricultural waste water: Treating agricultural waste water involves a wide range of techniques and technologies designed to deal with the particular products being produced. These range from runoff from fertilizer and pesticides, waste water and waste milk from dairies, and waste from animals and slaughterhouses, for example. Animal waste may be simply covered or contained to prevent runoff. Sometimes special lagoons are built to contain waste so it runs off or seeps out gradually, or mixed with straw and made into compost. Waste from dairy milking facilities may be sent to sewage plants and mixed with human waste, or spread over land and used as fertilizer. Water from cleaning vegetables, which may contain traces of pesticides, as well as chlorine from the washing process, is usually filtered and recycled into soil.
The development of sustainable farming practices, designed to have less impact on the earth and environment, should help minimize water pollution from agricultural sources. There is controversy over which practices qualify as truly sustainable, but many recognize organic farming, crop rotation, and urban farming practices, such as vertical farming, as sustainable practices.
Researchers are studying new techniques to help minimize water pollution in the agricultural industry. For instance, they are investigating the effectiveness of carefully placed vegetated buffer strips and straw mulch to lower the impact of harmful microorganisms from animal waste and storm water runoff.
Storm water: Development and urbanization inevitably leads to the production of urban runoff. When storm water picks up contaminants such as gasoline, oil, garbage, fertilizer, substances like nickel, copper, and lead found in paving, etc., it is called urban runoff. Some of this water is prevented from sinking into the ground by impervious surfaces such as asphalt, cement, and concrete, as well as by building roofs and other man-made structures. However, some of the urban runoff enters drains and water sources and may end up in ground water.
Storm water is managed in terms of quantity and quality, sometimes both at the same time. Prevention of water pollution from storm water includes using low-impact development practices, building "green" roofs, and installing mitigation systems, such as constructed wetlands, retention basins, and infiltration basins, and using biofilters.
Waterborne pathogens: Bacteria levels are monitored at all state beaches and some local beaches to help ensure safe swimming. Advisories are posted on the EPA Web site. The CDC offers guidelines on how to control germs and pathogens in pools and spas with chlorine disinfection. Chlorine can kill bacteria such as E. coli, viruses such as hepatitis A, and parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. The spread of feces or germs that may cause infections may also pose a health threat in public swimming facilities. Lack of disinfection in pools and spas may cause outbreaks of skin infections, such as Pseudomonas dermatitis or hot-tub rash, caused by uncontrolled bacteria. Ozone is also used in place of chlorine to control and kill bacteria and microorganisms in public water used for drinking.
THEORY/EVIDENCE
General: Water may be contaminated with a number of agents. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the number of outbreaks of waterborne disease has recently increased in the United States. In addition, natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods, which can also threaten clean water, are on the rise. Water may also be accidentally or purposely contaminated by humans who add pathogens, chemicals, or toxic substances.
Toxic pollutants, such as mercury or chemicals in pesticides, for example, may contaminate fish and other organisms living in water. In addition, pollutants that get into soil may contaminate fruits and vegetables. Animals that eat such contaminated vegetables may produce eggs or milk that also contain toxins.
Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, used epidemiologic studies and other data to estimate the number of acute gastrointestinal illness that may be attributed to public drinking water in the United States. They believe there are between 4.26 and 11.69 million cases per year, but acknowledge that new data will help them set a more accurate figure.
Waterborne diseases: Waterborne diseases are caused by the spread of pathogens through contaminated water and include amebiasis, buruli ulcer, campylobacter, cholera, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, guinea-worm disease, escherichia coli, fascioliasis, giardiasis, hepatitis, leptospirosis, norovirus, rotavirus, salmonella, schistosomiasis, shigellosis, and typhoid fever. Most waterborne diseases cause diarrheal illness, which the CDC reports are responsible for 1.5 million deaths around the world each year. This results from a lack of safe water and proper sanitation and hygiene. Other waterborne diseases may result in malnutrition, skin infections, and organ damage.
Data collected in the United States from 2005 to 2006 suggest that Legionella pathogens have been the most common cause of outbreaks among those recently reported by the Water Borne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System. The data also show that many waterborne disease outbreaks are found in ground water, as opposed to surface water. It is suspected that this is because private water systems do not have to be disinfected, but those that serve the public do. The report also indicates that most of the cases where drinking water has been contaminated do not involve public water systems.
Data collected in the United States by the CDC from 2005 to 2006 suggest a significant increase in reports of waterborne disease outbreaks connected with recreational use and aquatic facilities. Most of the incidents happened during the summer and involved gastrointestinal illness, often due to issues with water quality, poor facility design, and maintenance.
One of the biggest waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States occurred in 1993 in Wisconsin. More 400,000 people became ill with diarrhea, as a result of the parasite Cryptosporidium, which was found in Milwaukee's municipal drinking water supply. According to a report in the New England Journal of Medicine, crypotspordium oocysts (thick-walled structures) went through the city's filtration system at a water treatment plant, and were not identified via water-quality testing.
The National Water Quality Inventory (2000) states that agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution (runoff from rain or snowmelt that carries pollutants) from industrial and sewage treatment plants has the most impact on water quality in rivers and lakes. It is also the number-two contributor to wetland damage and is a significant cause of contamination to surveyed estuaries and ground water.
Environmental medicine: Practitioners of environmental medicine aim to minimize or eliminate a patient's exposure to specific environmental stressors, such as contaminated ground water, exposure to radon gas, or mercury poisoning through fish and seafood. The goal is to create an environment of clean air, water, and food. For instance, a patient may be instructed to put tap water through a water filter before drinking it.
HEALTH IMPACT/SAFETY
General: Water pollution has varied and far-reaching effects. Impact may include, but is not limited to, contamination of drinking water; spread of waterborne disease to animals and humans; poisoning of animals, humans, and vegetation; and disruption of aquatic ecosystems.
The water supply in the United States is considered to be one of the safest in the world, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Public water in the United States is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Private water companies are monitored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Many medical experts suggest that climate change may contribute to the rise in deadly diseases and serious environmental consequences, including water pollution. For example, a rise in sea levels may lead to the contamination of water supplies. In addition, more frequent and more severe weather may lead to droughts and floods, which in turn may lead to water contamination and cause an increase in water borne disease outbreaks.
Air pollutants: Toxic air pollutants may also affect the quality of water, and therefore, soil, nearby plants, fish, and other wildlife. Ingesting foods and beverages that have been contaminated with polluted water may have ill effects on humans and other animals.
Airborne pollution may lead to acid rain. This may damage waterways, plants, structures and vehicles, and also increase the acidity in soil.
Research also suggests that the chemical compounds released in cigarette smoke include toxic metals such as arsenic and mercury, carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) such as pesticides and benzene, and poisons such as carbon monoxide (CO) and ammonia. These compounds may contaminate bodies of water and the plants and animals within them.
Lack of sanitation: The combination of unsafe drinking water, lack of water for hygiene, and lack of access to sanitation contributes to about 90% of deaths from diarrheal diseases, mostly in developing countries. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) reports that this translates to more than 5,000 diarrhea-related deaths in children each day.
Half of the world's population does not have access to clean water, making it a common cause of conflict. Wars in underdeveloped nations are often over control of resources, including water.
Regions with unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation and hygiene have high rates of tropical disease. The CDC reports that millions of people are infected with neglected tropical diseases (NTD), such as Guinea Worm Disease (GWD), Buruli ulcer, trachoma, and schistosomiasis.
GWD is a parasitic infection that is spread through contaminated drinking water. In 2007, more than 9,500 cases were reported, mostly in the African countries of Sudan and Ghana.
Trachoma, the number-one cause of preventable blindness across the globe, may occur without proper hygiene and sanitation. Nearly 41 million people have trachoma, and roughly another 10 million are either blind or visually impaired because of trachoma.
Lack of proper sanitation increases the risk of soil-transmitted helminths (parasites such as flatworms and roundworms), which infect more than one billion people around the world.
Worldwide, diarrhea-related illnesses caused by food and water poisoning are among the leading causes of death. Travelers to developing countries often encounter food poisoning in the form of traveler's diarrhea. Traveler's diarrhea typically develops after ingesting food or water that is contaminated with infectious agents from feces, including various bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The most common cause of traveler's diarrhea is enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) bacteria.
Industrial waste: Perhaps the most famous U.S. case of industrial contamination of public drinking water took place in the 1950s and 1960s in Hinkley, California. Activist Erin Brockovich was a key player in making a case against Pacific Gas and Electric Company of California, which allegedly was responsible for allowing waste water that contained hexavalent chromium, a carcinogen, to leach into ground water near one of its plants. The contamination was thought to have spread over an area roughly two by one miles in area. The lawsuit was settled for more than $300 million in 1996.
Consumption-based lifestyles: One issue with consumer-based societies, such as the United States, is waste management. When a manufacturer increases the volume of output and reduces the cost of production by dumping polluted water or chemicals into the environment, there is a high probability of negative effects on the health of surrounding populations and wildlife. The environmental impacts of waste disposal include spreading landfills, water pollution, air pollution, and energy consumption.
Water is almost always required by manufacturers, so the growth of consumer products industry often leads to depleted water supplies, which may negatively affect food production and sanitation.
The EPA considers that many textile manufacturing facilities generate hazardous waste; this industry may also contribute to water pollution. With the rise in production in the fashion industry, demand for man-made fibers, especially polyester, has nearly doubled in the last 15 years. Manufacturing synthetic fabrics releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and acid gases such as hydrogen chloride, all of which may cause or aggravate respiratory disease. Solvents and other by-products of polyester production are often dumped into waste water.
Agriculture: The quantities of manure and methane produced by industrial farming may become toxic. Animal waste that is not properly contained and disposed of may seep into ground water or run off into bodies of water.
Similarly, pesticides used on crops and antibiotics used on animals may also seep into ground water or run off into various bodies of water, including streams, lakes, bays, and wetlands. Researchers are also concerned about the effects of pesticide-contaminated water on human health, as it has been associated with low-birth-weight infants, an increased risk of breast cancer, and reduced sperm counts.
Slaughterhouse waste may also contaminate water sources.
FUTURE RESEARCH OR APPLICATIONS
Treatment of water: Treating water varies by source.
Agriculture: Researchers are studying new techniques to help minimize water pollution in the agricultural industry. For instance, they are investigating the effectiveness of using carefully placed vegetated buffer strips and straw mulch to lower the impact of harmful microorganisms from animal waste and storm water runoff.
Storm water: Development and urbanization inevitably leads to the production of urban runoff. When storm water picks up contaminants such as gasoline, oil, garbage, fertilizer, substances like nickel, copper, and lead found in paving, etc., it is called urban runoff. Some of this water is prevented from sinking into the ground by impervious surfaces such as asphalt, cement, and concrete, as well as by building roofs and other man-made structures. However, some urban runoff enters drains and water sources and may end up in ground water.
Coastal health threats: A 2009 study explains that although innovative techniques are helping researchers better understand pathogens in coastal areas, other advances are necessary. The author calls for a need for improved techniques that will help identify potentially harmful microbes in environmental samples. In addition, there is a need for more research to improve the understanding of water-transmitted diseases and the microbes that cause it. Researchers aim to establish a system that can set off early warnings when the health of an ecosystem is at risk.
Drinking water: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is focusing research on the following issues in regard to the portable water industry: corrosion control, formation and removal of by-products of ozonation microbials and disinfection by-products (DBPs) and chlorination DBPs, and the removal of pathogenic protozoa, (such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia).
Concerns about safe drinking water have led to new products to address the problem. A California company, for example, developed a way for consumers to get drinking water from the air in their home. Their water cooler-sized appliance runs on electricity, and condenses moisture in the air, filters it, and stores it in hot and cold dispensers. They claim this filtered water is 99.99% free of all chemicals, solids and contaminants.
This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
American Academy of Environmental Medicine. www.aaem.com. Accessed March 3, 2009.
Bratieres K, Fletcher TD, Deletic A, et al. Nutrient and sediment removal by stormwater biofilters: a large-scale design optimisation study. Water Res. 2008 Aug;42(14):3930-40. Epub 2008 Jun 24. View abstract
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. www.cfsan.fda.gov . Accessed March 2, 2009.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). www.cdc.gov. Accessed March 2, 2009.
Colford JM Jr, Roy S, Beach MJ, et al. A review of household drinking water intervention trials and an approach to the estimation of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis in the United States. J Water Health 2006;4 Suppl 2:71-88. View abstract
Messner M, Shaw S, Regli S, et al. An approach for developing a national estimate of waterborne disease due to drinking water and a national estimate model application. J Water Health 2006;4 Suppl 2:201-40. View abstract
Miller WA, Lewis DJ, Pereira MD, et al. Farm factors associated with reducing Cryptosporidium loading in storm runoff from dairies. J Environ Qual. 2008 Aug 8;37(5):1875-82. Print 2008 Sep-Oct. View abstract
Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. www.naturalstandard.com. Copyright © 2009. Accessed March 2, 2009.
Reynolds KA, Mena KD, Gerba CP. Risk of waterborne illness via drinking water in the United States. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2008;192:117-58. View abstract
Stewart JR, Gast RJ, Fujioka RS, et al. The coastal environment and human health: microbial indicators, pathogens, sentinels and reservoirs. Environ Health. 2008 Nov 7;7 Suppl 2:S3. View abstract
United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2008. www.un.org. Accessed March 4, 2009.
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Progress for Children: A Report Card on Water and Sanitation. Number 5, September 2006. www.unicef.org. Accessed March 4, 2009
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov. Accessed March 2, 2009.
Yoder J, Roberts V, Craun GF, et al. Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking-United States, 2005-2006. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008 Sep. 12;57(9):39-62. Erratum in MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008 Oct 10;57(40):1105. View abstract
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (www.naturalstandard.com)
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Jamaica is known for its gorgeous beaches, turquoise seas, tropical terrain and rich island culture and now, visitors to the paradise island will have a new way to explore 'real Jamaica' thanks to Island Routes Caribbean Adventures' brand new Mini-Routes Driving Tour. This unique tour, which launches in March 2017 will allow visitors to drive themselves around the paradise island in custom-branded MINI Cooper cars.
Sightseers will be able to discover Jamaica´s breathtaking beauty, delicious local cuisine and rich history like never before, choosing from a range of stylish MINI Coopers including convertibles for sun worshippers, two-door models for loved-up couples and even four-door cars for families. Escorted by an expert island guide, the fun-filled tours will take travellers from Montego Bay to Ocho Rios and from Montego Bay to Negril, stopping at picturesque fishing villages, hidden waterfalls, pristine beaches, irresistible jerk stands and coconut vendors along the way. This immersive tour, which is the first of its kind in Jamaica, will cater to both seasoned visitors as well as first time explorers, thanks to Island Routes' plans to develop a whole series of Revolving Routes, which will offer a whole range of new paths to explore to ensure that visitors never get tired of exploring island life.
The adventure doesn't end there for the island excursion company as Island Routes has also launched two new luxury catamarans that will take visitors cruising across the clear blue waters of the Caribbean complete with soothing reggae rhythms, thirst-quenching cocktails, spectacular panoramas, and a snorkelling adventure out at sea.
Vacationers can also ensure their holiday begins and ends in style thanks to the company's new fleet of BMW 5 Series cars which offer private airport transfers and come complete with a private chauffeur, complimentary Wi-Fi and a selection of refreshing beverages.


10 January 2013: Jack Singh-Brar and Rochelle Morris of England are among five winners from the 2012 Faldo Series Europe Grand Final who will travel to Mission Hills Golf Club in China to challenge for the Asia title on March 13-15.
17-year-old Morris, who won the girls' title in Northern Ireland and was rewarded with her first professional Tour start as an amateur in October, will also compete in the seventh Faldo Series Asia Grand Final, to be hosted by the six-time Major Champion over 54 holes on the Faldo Course at Mission Hills.
Robert Busher and Sophie Keech are two more English players who will be making their debut at Mission Hills in Shenzhen, located close to Hong Kong and the official Home of the Faldo Series since its launch in Asia in 2006.
Completing the line up of European winners heading to the World Amateur Golf Ranking event in China is Scotland's Ewan Scott. The 17-year-old has battled with Faldo Series Asia players before, finishing runner-up to Masamichi Ito of Japan in the 2010 Europe final.
The 2012/2013 Faldo Series Asia schedule features a record 18 tournaments in 15 countries, including four in mainland China and others in The Philippines, Chinese Taipei, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Singapore, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Nepal, Malaysia, Japan, Pakistan, Indonesia and Thailand.
The seventh Faldo Series Asia Grand Final is supported by major partners ISPS, Mission Hills and The R&A. It is endorsed by the Asian Tour, the Asia Pacific Golf Federation and the Guangdong Golf Association.
For more information click here. You can also follow the Faldo Series on Facebook at www.facebook.com/faldoseries and on Twitter at www.twitter.com/faldoseries.


These maps show changing "net fiscal health" for jurisdictions across Michigan aggregated at the county level, from 2009-2014. The six maps contrast those counties (in shades of red) where more jurisdictions are suffering fiscal decline than are experiencing improved fiscal health, compared with those counties (in shades of green) where more jurisdictions are experiencing improved fiscal health than decline. Counties shaded grey experienced no net fiscal change.
Note: The jurisdictions responding within each county vary from wave to wave, which may result in larger longitudinal swings in counties that have only a few jurisdictions ("small N") overall.


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Oh My Girl releases new concept image following confirmation of debut date
With exactly one week left before Oh My Girl (OMG)'s release of their first album, WM Entertainment has started unveiling concept images for the highly anticipated debut into the music industry.
As B1A4's sister group, Oh My Girl has been receiving much attention with their high volume of teaser releases through the group's Instagram account ahead of their debut. With their debut date confirmed, the eight members of the new girl group will be finally revealing their fresh faces on the television screens.
The first concept image for members Mimi, Binnie, YooA, and SeungHee was unveiled in the wee hours of April 13th through the official Facebook and Instagram accounts. The four girls were styled in a common theme of blue-and-white themed outfits and their denim dresses enhanced their innocent looks as they gave direct eye contact into the camera.
The remaining four members, Jiho, ARin, JinE, and Hyojung, are expected to be included in the next concept photo.
The members are all relatively young, with the oldest born in 1994 and the youngest in 1999, bringing the average age to 20 years old.
Oh My Girl's first mini-album is scheduled for a release on April 20th.
#OHMYGIRL #OMG #오마이걸#Mimi #Binnie #YooA #SeungHee
Posted by 오마이걸 OH MY GIRL on Sunday, April 12, 2015