text:
February 28, 2012 By John-Paul Fortney |
I can't think of a better place to get into a deep philosophical conversation with a total stranger than in a bar.
There's a bar/restaurant just a few blocks from my apartment in the 15eme, that I have been going to ever since I moved to Paris four years ago. It's the kind of place where I can walk in and shake hands or kiss all of the waiters and waitresses, as well as a couple of familiar customers who share the same enthusiasm about this locale's ambiance that I have. It's also the kind of place where I go for happy-hour, for one drink at 5:30 and end up staying there until 11 pm or later. They have amazing food which makes it all the more difficult to pull myself away when I start to become hungry.
A couple of weeks ago, my girlfriend and I had just returned from the US and decided to walk over and say hello to our friends. Within a couple of hours we were sitting at a table with two middle-aged men that we had just met after they heard that we liked good beer. One guy was a beer distributor and asked what beer we liked. We named one and when we came back two weeks later, we saw that the beer we named was now on tap, and according to the staff, thanks to our suggestion.
Back to that first evening, we decided to order food, and in the meanwhile, the other gentleman asked if I could review his song lyrics that were written in English, just to make sure that they were grammatically correct and did not sound ridiculous. We exchanged contact information, though I still haven't received those lyrics.
Patriotism or extreme right?
Somehow we got on to the subject of patriotism in France. Before I came to Paris, I had the impression that the French were very patriotic. My father told me that when he lived in France in the early 1960s, it didn't take much to stir up patriotic fervor amongst the French populace. One line of 'La Marseillaise' could be enough to instill pride in anyone with French blood. This was also during the presidency of Charles de Gaulle, perhaps the most popular public figure in France in the 20th century, so he might have helped this cause.
My girlfriend and I commented on how no one seemed very patriotic here anymore. The two gentlemen agreed and added an interesting viewpoint, summed up as follows: "If you act patriotic these days, then people will think you support the extreme right, and no one in Paris wants to be mistaken for that."
It's a valid argument, as many right-wing politicians essay to arouse patriotism amongst their political constituents, much more so than any other political group here. So perhaps it is a reason why many here in Paris are reluctant to be thought of as patriotic for fear of being associated with these groups, such as Front National. This could certainly be part of why patriotism has declined here, but there has to be more to it.
On the 14th of July we usually join the masses at the Champs de Mars to watch the fireworks by the Eiffel Tower and hang out with a few friends. In 2008, my girlfriend wore a French flag around her shoulders and put a couple of miniature French flags in her hair. She's proud to be French and she does not care if others are aware of it.
When I went to watch the festivities that year, I was surprised by how much my girlfriend stood out amongst more than 100,000 spectators. There were hardly any French colors or flags anywhere! As we walked into the crowd, a couple of adolescents taunted her. A few others whispered jokes about her. We enjoyed the evening anyway, but coming from a country where flags are displayed virtually everywhere, especially on our national holiday, I was surprised.
That it appears that not many young Parisians know the words to 'La Marseillaise' is perhaps another indicator that national pride is declining in this city. I feel that most non-French students who have studied the French language for more than a couple of years have had to learn the lyrics to the French national anthem, and every now and then a few remember the lyrics.
At times when I have hung out with both French friends and others from abroad, those French present were usually impressed that someone knew a few lines to their national anthem. I've heard quite a few of these French acquaintances say that they probably knew less of the words themselves than those from abroad who studied French. It didn't seem to be terribly embarrassing to them, rather they just thought it was funny that foreigners who have studied French probably knew their national anthem better than them.
Paris might not be the best place to judge patriotism in France, as seemingly most Parisians don't really care about anything anyway. I know that many Frenchmen are proud to call themselves French, though their displays of patriotic affection might have changed over the years. Perhaps their displays of patriotism are exuded in other ways, or maybe it comes in a self-satisfaction that while many want what they have, few can have the privilege to call themselves French.
If anyone has some opinion on this subject, I would love to hear it. Has French patriotism decreased in recent years? If so, why?
All Images © John Paul Fortney
An American in Paris,
cultural differences,
expat experience,
in-english,
John-Paul Fortney
Born in St. Louis, USA, I have been living in Paris since February 2008. Since November 2010, I have been running my own company called Culinary Tours of Paris, giving tours that combine good food, drink and historical anecdotes involving French cuisine and the neighborhoods of Paris! You can follow me on my blog 'Living Cheap in France' or here on My French Life™
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Janine Marsh
Hi, great article – I love the beer anecdote!I live in the North of France, my experience is that in Paris its not trendy to be patriotic maybe? Here in the North they are fiercely patriotic.One thing that really illustrates it for me is the fact that on 11/11 every year, every village in France will hold a ceremony to commemorate those who gave their lives for France. In our tiny village of 150 people, the Mayor, his deputy and staff (yes really – for this tiny village!) congregate on the steps of the Church and read the names of those from our village who died for France in WWI and WW2 – very moving and very patriotic.
Hi Janine,
Thanks for writing! In Paris it seems that many are jaded with most anything, so I imagine many if not most French people outside of the city are not ashamed with their displays of pride in their country. I can only imagine how moving it might be to witness this ceremony of which you speak. It still impresses me how the World Wars can still feel very recent in France even though, WWI in particular took place almost 100 years ago.
Thank you for sharing your story and thanks for reading!
Joël Pariente
I'm French, sorry for my poor english.
Most of the French are not patriotic. Hanging a french flag outside your house is really really uncommon (I have never seen one and I'm 19). The French (the youth especially) don't know their history and when they know something about it, that doesn't make them proud. Indeed, we love self-hating. We love saying how much France is really not cool. A lot of French (the youth, again) feel depressed and want to leave the country. I have read that we are the most pessimistic people in the world.
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text:
Orezone Closes US$3 Million Financing and Secures an Additional US$5 Million Standby Facility
Orezone Gold Corporation (ORE-TSX) the Company, is pleased to announce it has signed a royalty purchase agreement with Sandstorm Gold Ltd. (NYSE MKT: SAND, TSX: SSL) that provides up to US$8.0 million in financing to advance its Bomboré Project in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Sandstorm has purchased a 0.45% net smelter returns ("NSR") royalty on Bomboré (the "Upfront Royalty") for US$3.0 million. Orezone has the option to buy back 100% of the Upfront Royalty for a period of 36 months at a premium of 5% within six months or thereafter at 10% per annum (non-compounded).
Sandstorm has also committed to provide Orezone an additional US$5.0 million Standby Royalty facility for a period of two years. On similar terms, Orezone can draw down, US$1 million per 0.15% NSR. The Standby Royalty can also be repurchased at a premium of 10% per annum (non-compounded), if Orezone completes a gold stream financing and Sandstorm participates for no less than US$30 million. Sandstorm will hold a right of first refusal ("ROFR") on any future stream or royalty financings related to the Bomboré Project until 36 months following the achievement of commercial production at Bomboré.
"This financing provides the financial flexibility to complete the Bomboré Feasibility Study and apply for the mining permit in H1 2015," stated Ron Little, Chief Executive Officer for Orezone. "Both are significant milestones that will lay the foundation for a full project financing. The goal has always been to complete these objectives with minimal dilution to the Company's tight capital structure."
Orezone is a Canadian company with a gold discovery track record of +12 Moz and recent mine development experience in Burkina Faso, West Africa. The Company owns a 100% interest in Bomboré, the largest undeveloped oxide gold deposit in West Africa which is situated 85 km east of the capital city, adjacent to an international highway. The Company is continuing with various technical studies in order to be in a position to complete a full feasibility study and an application for a mining permit in H1 2015.
For further information please contact Orezone at +1 613-241-3699 or +1 888-673-0663
Ron Little, CEO of Orezone, is a Qualified Persons under National Instrument 43-101 and has reviewed the information in this release.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION: This news release contains certain "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws. Forward-looking statements and forward-looking information are frequently characterized by words such as "plan", "expect", "project", "intend", "believe", "anticipate", "estimate", "potential", "possible" and other similar words, or statements that certain events or conditions "may", "will", "could", or "should" occur. Forward-looking statements in this release include statements regarding, among others; completing various technical studies for Bomboré, completing the FS and applying for a mining permit in H1 2015, and obtaining a full project financing.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS are based on certain assumptions, the opinions and estimates of management at the date the statements are made, and are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. These factors include the inherent risks involved in the exploration and development of mineral properties, the uncertainties involved in interpreting drilling results and other geological and geotechnical data, fluctuating metal prices, the possibility of project cost overruns or unanticipated costs and expenses, the ability of contracted parties (including laboratories and drill companies to provide services as contracted); uncertainties relating to the availability and costs of financing needed in the future and other factors. The Company undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements if circumstances or management's estimates or opinions should change. The reader is cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Comparisons between any resource model and estimates with the subsequent drill results are preliminary in nature and should not be relied upon as potential qualified changes to any future resource updates or estimates.
Readers are advised that National Instrument 43‑101 of the Canadian Securities Administrators requires that each category of mineral reserves and mineral resources be reported separately. Readers should refer to the annual information form of Orezone for the year ended December 31, 2013 and other continuous disclosure documents filed by Orezone since January 1, 2014 available at www.sedar.com, for this detailed information, which is subject to the qualifications and notes set forth therein.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
White Huns
Europe 410BC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepthalites
Hephthalites are among the ancestors of modern-day Pashtuns. According to the academic Yu. V. Gankovsky,
"[The Pashtuns began as a] union of largely East-Iranian tribes which became the initial ethnic stratum of the Pashtun ethnogenesis, dates from the middle of the first millennium CE and is connected with the dissolution of the Epthalite (White Huns) confederacy. [...] Of the contribution of the Epthalites (White Huns) to the ethnogenesis of the Pashtuns we find evidence in the ethnonym of the largest of the Pashtun tribe unions, the Abdali (Durrani after 1747) associated with the ethnic name of the Epthalites — Abdal. The Siah-posh, the Kafirs (Nuristanis) of the Hindu Kush, called all Pashtuns by a general name of Abdal still at the beginning of the 19th century.[Gankovsky, Yu. V., et al. A History of Afghanistan, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1982, pg 382] "
Some Hephthalite tribes also participated in the formation of Johals, as well as Turkmens and Uzbeks.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepthalites#Descendants_of_the_Hephthalites
The Hephthalites were a Central Asian nomadic confederation of the AD 5th-6th centuries whose precise origins and composition remain obscure. According to Chinese chronicles, they were originally a tribe living to the north of the Great Wall and were known as Hoa or Hoa-tun.[1] Elsewhere they were called White Huns, known to the Greeks as Hephthalite and the Indians as the Sveta Huns/Turukshas.[2] It is likely that they communicated in an East Iranian language
Although the Hephtalite empire was known in China as Yanda (嚈噠), Chinese chroniclers recognized this designated the leaders of the empire. The same sources document that the main tribe called themselves Uar (滑).[5] The modern Chinese variation Yanda has been given various Latinised renderings such as "Yeda", although the more archaic Korean pronunciation "Yeoptal" 엽달 is more compatible with the Greek Hephthal and is certainly a more archaic form.
According to B.A. Litvinsky, the names of the Hephtalite rulers used in the Shahnameh are Iranian.[6] According to Xavier Tremblay, one of the Hephthalite rulers was named Khingila, which has the same root as the Sogdian word xnγr and the Wakhi word xiŋgār, meaning "sword". The name Mihirakula is thought to be derived from Mithra-kula which is Iranian for "Relier upon Mithra", and Toramāna is also considered to have an Iranian origin. Accordingly, in Sanskrit, "Mihirakula" would mean from the "Kul (family or race) of Mihir (Mithra or Sun)". Janos Harmatta gives the translation "Mithra's Begotten" and also supports the Iranian theory.[7]
There are several theories regarding the origins of the White Huns, with the "Turkic"[8][9] and "Indo-European"[10][11][12] theories being the most prominent.
For many years, scholars suggested that they were of Turkic stock,[9] and it seems likely that at least some groups amongst the Hephthalites were Turkic-speakers.[8] In 1959, Kazuo Enoki proposed that they were probably East Indo-Iranians as some sources indicated that they were originally from Tokharestan, which is known to have been inhabited by Indo-Iranian people in antiquity.[3] Richard Frye is cautiously accepting of Enoki's hypothesis, while at the same time stressing that the Hephthalites "were probably a mixed horde".[13] More recently Xavier Tremblay's detailed examination of surviving Hephthalite personal names has indicated that Enoki's hypothesis that they were East Iranian may well be correct, but the matter remains unresolved in academic circles.[4]
According to the Encyclopaedia Iranica and Encyclopaedia of Islam, the Hephthalites possibly originated in northeastern Iran and northwestern India.[14][15] They apparently had no direct connection with the European Huns, but may have been causally related with their movement. It is noteworthy that the tribes in question deliberately called themselves Huns in order to frighten their enemies.[16]
Some White Huns may have been a prominent tribe or clan of the Chionites. According to Richard Nelson Frye:
"Just as later nomadic empires were confederations of many peoples, we may tentatively propose that the ruling groups of these invaders were, or at least included, Turkic-speaking tribesmen from the east and north. Although most probably the bulk of the people in the confederation of Chionites and then Hephtalites spoke an Iranian language"..."this was the last time in the history of Central Asia that Iranian-speaking nomads played any role; hereafter all nomads would speak Turkic languages."
The 6th-century Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea (Book I. ch. 3), related them to the Huns in Europe:
The Ephthalitae Huns, who are called White Huns [...] The Ephthalitae are of the stock of the Huns in fact as well as in name, however they do not mingle with any of the Huns known to us, for they occupy a land neither adjoining nor even very near to them; but their territory lies immediately to the north of Persia [...] They are not nomads like the other Hunnic peoples, but for a long period have been established in a goodly land.[18]
Scholars believe that the name Hun is used to denote very different nomadic confederations. Ancient Chinese chroniclers, as well as Procopius, wrote various theories about the origins of the people:
They were descendants of the Yuezhi or Tocharian tribes who remained behind after the rest of the people fled the Xiongnu;
They were descendants of the Kangju;
They were a branch of the Tiele; or
They were a branch of the Uar.
They were first mentioned by the Chinese, who described them as living in Dzungaria around AD 125. Chinese chronicles state that they were originally a tribe of the Yuezhi, living to the north of the Great Wall, and subject to the Rouran (Jwen-Jwen), as were some Turkic peoples at the time. Their original name was Hoa or Hoa-tun; subsequently they named themselves Ye-tha-i-li-to (厌带夷栗陁, or more briefly Ye-tha 嚈噠),[19] after their royal family, which descended from one of the five Yuezhi families which also included the Kushan.
They displaced the Scythians and conquered Sogdiana and Khorasan before AD 425. After that, they crossed the Syr Darya (Jaxartes) River and invaded Persia. In Persia, they were initially held off by Bahram Gur but around AD 483–85, they succeeded in making Persia a tributary state. After a series of wars in the period AD 503-513, they were driven out of Persia and completely defeated in AD 557 by Khosru I. Their polity thereafter came under the Göktürks.
Hephthalite ruler. The Hephtalites also invaded the regions of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, continuing deep into Northern India and succeeded in extending their domain to include the Western India. They threatened the Gupta empire but were eventually driven out of India in 528 by a Hindu coalition.[1]
Procopius claims that the White Huns lived in a prosperous territory, and that they were the only Huns with fair complexions. According to him, they did not live as nomads, did acknowledge a single king, observed a well-regulated constitution, and behaved justly towards neighboring states. He also describes the burial of their nobles in tumuli, accompanied by their closest associates. This practice contrasts with evidence of cremation among the Chionites in Ammianus and with remains found by excavators of the European Huns and remains in some deposits ascribed to the Chionites in Central Asia. Scholars believe that the Hephthalites constituted a second "Hunnish" wave who entered Bactria early in the fifth century AD, and who seem to have driven the Kidarites into Gandhara.[15]
Newly-discovered ancient writings found in Afghanistan reveal that the Middle Iranian Bactrian language written in Greek script was not brought there by the Hephthalites, but was already present from Kushan times as the traditional language of administration in this region. There is also evidence of the use of a Turkic language under the White Huns. The Bactrian documents also attest several Turkic royal titles (such as Khagan), indicating an important influence of Turkic people on White Huns, although these could also be explained by later Turkic infiltration south of the Oxus.[15]
According to Simokattes, they were Chionites who united under the Hephthalites as the "(Wusun) vultures descended on the people" around AD 460.
Main article: Hunas In the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, the Hephtalites were not distinguished from their immediate Chionite predecessors and are known by the same name as Huna (Sanskrit: Sveta-Hūna, White Huns). The Huna had already established themselves in Afghanistan and the modern North-West Frontier Province of present day Pakistan by the first half of the fifth century, and the Gupta emperor Skandagupta had repelled a Hūna invasion in 455 before the Hephthalite clan came along.
The Hephthalites with their capital at Bamiyan continued the pressure on ancient India's northwest frontier and broke east by the end of the fifth century, hastening the disintegration of the Gupta Empire. They made their capital at the city of Sakala, modern Sialkot in Pakistan, under their Emperor Mihirakula.
After the sixth century, little is recorded in ancient India about the Hephthalites, and what happened to them is unclear. Some historians surmise that the remaining Hephthalites were assimilated into the population of northwest India and Pakistan.
" The last Hephthalite King Yudhishthira ruled until about 670 , when he was replacd by the Turk Shahi dynasty .[25] " Hephthalites are among the ancestors of modern-day Pashtuns. According to the academic Yu. V. Gankovsky,
" [The Pashtuns began as a] union of largely East-Iranian tribes which became the initial ethnic stratum of the Pashtun ethnogenesis, dates from the middle of the first millennium CE and is connected with the dissolution of the Epthalite (White Huns) confederacy. [...] Of the contribution of the Epthalites (White Huns) to the ethnogenesis of the Pashtuns we find evidence in the ethnonym of the largest of the Pashtun tribe unions, the Abdali (Durrani after 1747) associated with the ethnic name of the Epthalites — Abdal. The Siah-posh, the Kafirs (Nuristanis) of the Hindu Kush, called all Pashtuns by a general name of Abdal still at the beginning of the 19th century.[26] " Some Hephthalite tribes also participated in the formation of Johals, as well as Turkmens and Uzbeks.
The History of the White Huns
ARADI, Éva 2008 dec
Huns - Research - Articles Index
The subject of our research is a people of many names written in the specialized literature. These names are the following: Sweta Hunas or Khidaritas in Sanskrit, Ephtalites or Hephtalites in Greek and in the European languages, Haitals in Armenian and Heaitels in Arabic and Persian. The Byzantine Theophylactos Simocattes called them Abdeles, while according to the Chinese annals the name of this people is Ye-ta-li-to because their ruler was called Ye-tha (Hephtal). The earlier Indian sources called them Chionites.
But these several names mean only one people: the White Huns. In the specialized literature they are indicated as Hephtalites.
It was doubtful for a long time if they were the same people who originated from the neighbourhood of China called Hsiung-nus, separated many times and finally settled in the Oxus (Amu-darya) valley. At that time they were already called Western Hunas in Indian sources. From the northern Hsiung-nus originated the Asian Huns — or the Black Huns — who moved first to the Caucasus, later on to Europe and became a world power. They were the people of Balamber — Munduk — Rua — Atilla — or the ancestors of the Hungarians.
The several archeological findings excavated since the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, the Sanskrit literary and religious works from the early centuries A.D.1 and last but not least the accurate Chinese annals chronologically parallel with the Indian sources prove that the greater part of the White Huns consisted of the Western Hunas. The famous Chinese Buddhist monks: — one of them: Sung Yun who visited India at the time of the Hephtalite kingdom — and the other one: Hsuan Tsang who went there a few decades later, gave details about the White Huns in their accounts. But the Hephtalites had mixed with other nations before they arrived in India.
The early appearance of the Hephtalites
The Western Hunas appeared in Transoxiana — the grassland between the rivers Oxus (Amu-darya) and Jaxartes (Sir-darya) — in the end of the 3rd century A.D.2 At that time they did not mix with other tribes. But because they had a strong army and they were remarkably brave, they conquered more and more territories southwards of their dwellings. At the beginning of the 4th century A.D. they occupied Tokharistan and Bactria (now North Afghanistan). The Greek historian: Procopius distinguished them from Atilla's Huns who wandered towards the west and conquered a great part of Europe.3 According to him, their culture and appearance were better than those of the Northern Huns. Procopius wrote that the Hephtalites were taller, more beautiful and their skin was fairer than those of the Asian Huns. But we should mention that the colours written in the ancient sources did not mean the skin colour. The Northern Huns were the black ones because in their ancient history they had adopted the names of colours in agreement with the four cardinal points. It was customary among the Central Asian peoples. The "black" always means the more severe northern region, the "white" means the western, the "green" or "blue" means the southern, while the "red" means the eastern territories, so the descriptions of colour are not connected with the people's skin colour at all.
The majority of researchers state that the Chionites or in their other name: the Hionos joined the White Huns already in Transoxiana.4,5 They were related to the Western Hunas. Other scholars suppose that the White Huns are the descendants of the Kushans — or in their Persian name: the "shanan-shahis" (the king of the kings) living in Bactria and Gandhara (now North Pakistan) at that time.6,7
The Kushans were defeated by the Sassanians in 239 A.D. and became their vassals but yet they had
relative independence. The Hephtalites confirmed the later opinion, too, when mainly in the first period of their conquest they called themselves "shahan-shahis" on their coins. They used Greek script and the Bactrian dialect of the Persian language.
1 E.g. the Puranas and the Buddhist works
2 M.J. Firdausi (Ms. In edits de la Bib. Nat. Paris) VI. pp. 89, 97, 145
3 Procopius: "De bello Persico", I. p.3.
4 A. Cunningham: "Later Indo-Scythians", N. Ch. pp. 93, 166
5 R. Ghirshman: "Les Chionites-Hephtalites", pp. 69-74, 115
6 A. Christensen: "L'Iran sons les Sassanides", p. 282
7 A. Stein: "White Huns and Kindred Tribes in the History of India", IA 1905, pp.83-84
They wanted to prove by their coins that they were the successors of the Kushans and they rightly could claim the occupied territories.
As a matter of fact the abovementioned scholars are right. The main part of the White Huns consisted of the Western Hunas separated from the Hsiung-nus. But the Chionites and the Kushans of Bactria joined the newcomers: the strong people of Central Asia. They hoped that with the help of the Hephtalites they could reconquer their East-Iranian and North-North-western Indian territories. The Khidarites — who also joined the White Huns — belonged to the later Kushans, too. From the Sassanian rule a Ta Yüeh-chi (Great Yüeh-chi) prince: Khidara and his tribe became independent in the beginning of the 4th century A.D. and occupied the eastern part of Gandhara. This fact is proved by the Khidarita coins excavated there. But the pillar found in Allahabad, India proves this, too, as the following text is written on it: "near to the border of North India lives a prince called Devaputra Sahanushahi ("son of God — the king of the kings").8 As this title always belonged to the Kushan rulers originated from the Great Yüeh-chis, it means that Khidara was their successor and the Khidarites were his nation. By the archeologists the pillar was made around 340 A.D., so the Hephtalites and their "kindred tribes": the Kushans, the Chionites and the Khidarites arrived to the Indian border at that time.
The Hephtelites in Persia
After occupying Bactria, the strong White Hun army made its way towards Persia. The fact that a so called nomadic nation, like the Hephtalites and their predecessors: the Kushans wanted to conquer the settled, wealthy peoples of ancient culture was understandable from their point of view. The nomadic nations were stock-breeders and agricultural peoples in the Bronze Age according to the archeological findings. But because of the climatic change in Central Asia their cultivated fields became steppe or even uncultivable deserts. At that time they adopted the nomadic, pasturing way of life "with their intense adjustment to the enviromental possibilities."9 But these harsh circumstances made them strong and brave warriors. As they possesed only the products coming from the stock-breeding, and the exchange of these products did not cover their needs, sometime they had to plunder the richer settled countries surrounding Central Asia. For them the war was almost a profession of livelihood. In the beginning they got hold of their booty or ransom from China but the Chinese started to build their walls as a protection against them.
After that the nomads wandered towards the west; a part of them occupied the Transcaucasian territories while the others started to the south and the small oasis-states of Fergana, Sogdiana and later Bactria, Gandhara; finally the "fabulous India" became the target of their conquests. They were slowly assimilated to the people of the occupied lands, the greater part of the tribes even settled there because they did not want to go back to the steppe or desert of severe climate.
It is clear from the archeological findings of the Kushans and the Hephtalites that their kings supported nearly all the Asian religions and adopted the customs, languages and religions of the occupied countries. We can find the symbols of the Zoroastrian, Buddhist and Shaiva religions on their coins; moreover the Greek deities in the Bactrian findings, it was characteristic of the late Greco-Bactrian period. We can see the script and language of the conquered countries: on one side of the coin the king's name and title are written with Greek letters in Bactrian dialect of the Persian language, while on the reverse with Kharosthi script in Prakrit or with Brahmi script in Sanskrit. These facts prove their intense adaptability.
The wars fought with the Sassanians in Persia actually started because of the Sassanian king: Firoz. He denied the war booty or at least a part of it from the Huns though it was necessary for their living. The Hephtalites got into contact with Yazdigird, the Sassanian king in 457 A.D. winning many successful battles against him. After Yazdigird's death, his son: Firoz was the heir to the crown but his younger brother: Hormuzd deposed him. At that time Firoz asked the Hephatiles' help and together with them he defeated Hormuzd and his army. The king of the White Huns was called Khushnewaz and he already ruled Tokharistan, Badakshan and Bactria.10 Firoz — though the chiefs of his army warned him — did not pay the agreed war ransom and even started a war against the Hephtalites.11 He lost the war and a part of his army was destroyed. The White Huns occupied the important town: Gorgo at the Persian-Bactrian border. Firoz again attacked the Hephtalites taking his sons with him; he left back only his youngest son: Kubad. The Sassanians suffered a crushing defeat, Firoz and his sons died in the battle.
The Sassanian Empire became the vassal of the Hephtalites for a short time, they paid war ransom every year and they lost two important provinces: Merv and Herat. After the Persian victory, the White Huns prepared for a new conquest: towards India.
8 Sircar: "Selected Inscriptions" No.No.41 and 54.
9 Vásáry István: "A régi Belsõ-Ázsia története", Balassi Kiadó 2003. p.20. (The History of the Ancient Central Asia)
10 Mirkhond: "Rauzat-us-Safa" tr. by Rehatsek, p. 363
11 Procopius: "De Bello Persico", III. pp. 1-19.
But before writing about the wars in India, we should refer to the sources mentioning the White Huns. Besides the well-known European and West Asian sources: e.g. Procopius, Theophylactos Simocattes, Khoreni Moses, Jordanes, Ammianus Marcellinus, Cosmas Indicopleustes, first of all the always correct Chinese annals and the reports of two Buddhist monks: Sung Yun and Hsuan-tsang, the Arabian Al-Beruni and the Persian Firdause help us to understand that era. But because a significant part of the Hephtalite kingdom belonged to ancient India, the Indian literary works, the religious scripts and the archeological findings contributed to reveal their history. The research of the White Huns in Hungary was insufficient because it did not take into consideration the Indian sources.
The Hephtalites while still living in the Oxus valley in the 4th century, the Indian Puranas — written in Sanskrit — first of all the Vishnu Purana and the Aitareya Brahmana refer to them and call them "Hunas".12 In the beginning of the 5th century the famous poet-writer: Kalidasa writes about them in his Sanskrit epic: the Raghuvamsha (Raghu's nation):
"Tatra Hunavarodhanam bhartrishu vyaktavikman
Kapolapataladeshi babhuva Raghuceshtitam" (68)13
The abovementioned quotation means that the Huns live in the Oxus valley, they were created to practise power but the cheeks of their wives blush when they hear the victory of Raghu: the hero. The other important literary work is: Kalhana's Rajatarangini (The Chronicle of the Kings). The book of many volumes from the Kashmirian historian was first translated from Sanskrit into English by Aurel Stein in 1900 A.D.
The data in Kalhana's work always should be compared with other sources because the Kashmirian author dealt with the historical facts and dates freely. But the names of his books are real and if we compare his dates with the correct Chinese sources and the Sanskrit and Prakrit epitaphs, coins found at the archeological excavations, we can get the exact data.
Apart from the abovementioned sources there is the poem: Harshacarita (The deeds of Harsha), written by Bana, the court poet of King Harsha (606-640 A.D.). In this poem Bana mentioned that the father of the famous Indian king: Harsha defeated the Huns for good in the beginning of the 7th century.14 We should mention that it was not true because according to the Puranas the Huns ruled in India for 300 years, though after 565 A.D. only in Kashmir and in a part of Punjab, but still it was a large territory.
The other important and frequently quoted work is a Jaina religious book from Jaisalmer, Rajasthan It is the
Kuvalayamala.15 Moreover the epitaphs found on pillars, temple ruins and buildings of that period can help us to identify the names of the rulers, the date of their reign, their wars and victories or defeats. We shall refer to the sources in the proper places of this essay.
The Hephtalites in India
The noted Indian scholar: professor Modi remarked: "The Huns always headed for India; whether they were victorious or were defeated, — in the first case they felt their power and in the second case they wanted new grazing grounds and booty."16
Modi's statement is supported by the Indian sources; according to them the first Hun attack against India took place in 455 A.D. in the Punjab — now in the territory of Pakistan — but at that time the Indian king: Skandagupa defeated them.17
This fact was recorded on the pillar of victory set up in Bhitari:
"Skanda Gupta of great glory by his own power, the abode of kingly qualities who when his father had attained the position of being a friend of the gods (that means, he had died — E.A.) — whose fame, even with his enemies: in the counties of the Mlecchas (slaves, strangers — E.A.) ….. having their pride broken down to the root, announces: verily the victory has been achieved by him."18
12 Aitareya Brahmana, tr. by Haug, VIII. 14-29.
13 Kalidasa: "Raghuvamsha" ed. By Jivananda Vidyasagara, sarga 4-th, sl.68.
14 Bana: "Harsha Carita", tr. by Cowell, p.101.
15 Udyotana Suri: Kuvalayamala" JBORS, 1928, p.28.
16 J.J. Modi: "A hunokról, akik meghódították Indiát" (About the Huns who conquered India), Bp. 1926, Avesta Pbl. P. 42
17 R.S. Kushawa: "A Glimpse of Bharatiya History", Delhi, 2003, Ocean Books pbl. Pp. 52-56
18 Fleet: "Corpus inscriptionum Indicarum", Vol. III. London, 1888.
The word: Mlecchas or the strangers of under caste naturally meant the attacking Huns. So, at that time the Indian army was victorious. The same epitaph was written on a stone-pillar in Western India: in Junagadh. Junagadh is situated in Gujarat province near to Kathiawar; this place was Skandagupta's head quarter and he wanted to announce his victory there, too. The abovementioned Bhitari is in Punjab.
The latest researches and the excavations in north-western part of Pakistan — where some Hephtalite coins and epitaphs were found — prove that not Toramana (in his original Hun name: Turman) was the first major Hun ruler in India. On the coins the names: Tunjina or Tujina are written in Brahmi script and on the reverse of the coins his titles: tigin or tegin are given, too. It seems that the dual power was well-known by the White Huns as Tunjina was war lord and ruler while the seat of the kagan was near to Bokhara in the north; this fact we know from the Persian sources. The title "tegin" existed already at the time of the White Huns proved by their coins. It is not true that this title appeared only later with the Khazars and the Avars.
Otherwise the name Tunjina was mentioned in Kalhana's Rajatarangini as the first Hun ruler who entered India and invaded Kashmir. As we mentioned before, Kalhana's work should be treated cautiously because he has written it in the 12th century A.D. and though he referred to authentic historians, it is based on traditions and legends first of all. The names of the historical persons and the stories belonging to them are real but the chronology is uncertain. His data should be compared with other sources. But from these other sources the fact is proved that the father of Toramana and the founder of the conquering dynasty was Tunjina.19 He was ruling from 465 till 484 A.D., so the first Hun campaign in 455 A.D. was not commanded by him. This battle finished with Hun defeat. But in 475 A.D. Tunjina quickly and successfully entered India with his army and occupied the Punjab and even the northern part of the Ganges basin. In 484 A.D. his son: Toramana, the energetic and talented tegin — war lord — became the leader of the Hephtalites.
Toramana
First of all we should mention the Indian epigraphs proving Toramana's reign and his conquests. We know three such stone inscriptions:
1) The Eran statue inscription. Eran was in the northern part of the province: Madhya Pradesh, so almost in India'center. It seems that the Hephtalite ruler already conquered Northern and Western India. The statue most probably stood before a temple built for Vishnu and the following text is written in Brahmi script on its pedestal:
"In the first year of the rule of Maharajadhiraja (the king of kings): Shri Toramana who is governing the earth with great
fame and lustre."20
2) The inscription of the Kura main pillar. Kura is a town situated in Northern Punjab — today it belongs to Pakistan. The following text is written on the stone pillar in Brahmi script:
"This is engraved during the reign of Maharajadhiraja Shri Toramana, the great Saha Javlah."21
There is no date on the inscription but we are sure that it was made in the last quarter of the 5th century. The title: "king of the kings" — in Sanskrit: Maharajadhiraja — is engraved on both the stone epigraphs but on the Kura pillar the title: Saha can be seen, too, because it indicated that he and the Hephtalites are the rightful descendants of the Kushans as the Kushan kings had used this name. Though Toramana kept his own Hun identity to some extent, as the word "Javla" appears on the pillar inscription. The researchers give different interpretations of this word. On the one hand it means the birthplace of Toramana: the city being their head-quarter since the Persian and Gandharian wars, namely Kabul. They called this city on their own language Jaula, Javlah, Zabula or Zabola, these names can be found on their different coins. So the title Saha Javlah means: "the ruler from Kabul". But the words: "Javlah, Juvl" mean "falcon" in the old Turkish language;22 this could have been the sacred bird of the White Huns as the turul is that of the Hungarians. Otherwise if the words Javlah, Zabula, Zabola meant the name of the city, we should mention that these words are also of Turkish origin. In the eastern part of Iran — near to the Afghan border — there is a town called Zabola — and in Transylvania, too we know the place Zabola.
19 Kalhana: "Rajatarangini", tr. by A. Stein, Bk. III. vs 97-101.
20 D.C. Sircar: "Select Inscriptions", I. p.396, No. 55.
21 D.C. Sircar: ibid. I. p.398, No. 56.
22 Karabacek: "Epigraphia Indica" I. p. 239.
3) The Gwalior inscription. Toramana is mentioned on it, too, but the inscription was made during the reign of his son and successor: Mihirakula, most probably in 530 A.D. It was engraved on a temple post built for the worship of the Sun God and Shiva. Gwalior is a town in the center of India.
After mentioning the usual laudatory titles, the epigraph informs us about the exact date of its erection which was the 15th year of Mihirakula's reign. It means that Mihirakula ruled sice 515 A.D. and his father: Toramana between 484-515 A.D. The text of the inscription follows:
"Of him, the fame of whose family has rosen high, the son of Toramana, the Lord of the Earth, who is renowned under the
name Mihirakula who unbrokenly worships Pasupati".23
Pasupati is one of Shiva's different names. It appears from the epigraph that both Mihirakula and Toraman were the followers of Shiva.
Besides these three inscriptions numerous coins give evidence about the first really important Hun ruler who — according to the archeological findspots — occupied Bactria, Eastern Iran, Gandhara, Kashmir, Norhern and North-Western India , as far as the Ganges plain, Rajasthan on the West and Madhya Pradesh (Middle Province) in the center of India. It means that he ruled almost half part of India. During his long reign he won many successful conquering wars. The Toramana coins were current even in the 18th century in the Kashmirian bazars. On his coins the names "Sahi Zabula" or "Sahi Jauvla" are written and on the reverse side either Shiva and his carrying animal: the Nandi bull, or the symbol of the Sun God: the Sun-wheel are visible. Obviously the worship of the Sun God was their original nature-religion. But as one of the best Indian Hun researcher: Atreyi Biswas noted in her book: "It is a remarkable feature of the Central Asian invaders that wherever they went, they adopted the local customs, beliefs and traditions, even the languages and changed themselves according to their new environments. This strong quality of assimilation persisted when they entered India."24
Besides the stone inscriptions and coins, Buddhist religious books, the already mentioned Jaina Kuvalayamala and Kalhana's Rajatarangini inform us about the White Hun king. From these sources — though not always authentically — we may get some data about Toramana: the war lord and the man. He occupied almost half of India's territory in the first year of his reign: in 484 A.D., as the Gupta empire became waek by that time and the smaller Indian principalities were fighting with each other. We can conclude on the basis of the abovementioned works that "Toramana was a remarkable and talented personality whose achievements in India were no less great than those of Alexander. He was the first foreign ruler in India who built up a vast empire from Central Asia to Central India. He was a born fighter who with his well-organized army gave the Hunas a stable home for more than hundred years, a better one than their original home in Inner Mongolia.
After Atilla, he was the only general who re-organized the Hunas, under his inspiring leadership to a nation-reborn after many failures".25 He was not only a great conqueror but a good organizer and administrator, too. Indeed, he developed his own state organization: Kabul and Purushapura (near to Peshawar, today in Pakistan) became his headquarters in the North and the territory of Malwa ant its towns were his center in the South. Malwa had been also the main place of the Indo-Scythians and the Kushans. Malwa included the states of today's Rajasthan and western Madhya Pradesh. He appointed Indian princes to important posts ensuring their loyalty. He had patience with the three religions: the Buddhism, the Hinduism and the Jainism and even supported them. He did not change the administration, he did not trouble anybody needlessly, there was a relative consolidation in the country therefore the people accepted him.
After a long reign Toramana died in Benares in 515 A.D. Before his death he declared his son: Mihirakula his successor. But the crown prince did not inherit his father's patience and straightforwardness.
23 The translation from the original Sanskrit text made by Indian scholars in the 20th century and it became an authentic text; I could not change it.
24 Atreyi Biswas: "The Political History of the Hunas in India", Munshiram Manoharlal Pbl. 1971. p. 59.
25 Upendra Thakur: "The Hunas in India", Varanasi, 1967. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Office pp. 95, 107.
26 Aurel Stein: "Ázsia halott szívében" (In the dead heart of Asia), Bp. 1985, Helikon, p.368.
Mihirakula
He was a great conqueror but a short-tempered man with contradictory character; he ruled from 515 till 533 in the greater part of India, according to the sources, and after two fateful battles he ruled only in Kashmir for some time. His name appears on the epigraph found in Uruzgan, Afghanistan, as Mihiragula26. It must have been his original Hun name and its second part:
gula shows the magyar Gyula's name and royal profession, as he was a tegin and had the same duty than that of the later "gyulas": a ruling war lord.
The inscriptions about Mihirakula are the following:
1) The Gwalior inscription made in 530 A.D. We have mentioned it before, in connection with Toramana.
2) The Mandasor inscription,27 its date is most probably 533 A.D. It appears only three years after the abovementioned epigraph and it informs us — in contrast with the announcement of Mihirakula's victory in Gwalior — his defeat by Yasodharman, a tribal prince.
The text follows:
"To the glory of Yasodharman who occupied the Earth from the river Lauhitya (Brahmaputra) up to the western ocean and from the Himalaya up to the mount of Mahendra, forced the famous Huna king: Mihirakula to bend down his forehead by the strength of Yasodharman's arm. Mihirakula's head had never previously been brought into humility of obedience to any other save the God Sthanu."
Sthanu is Shiva's other name, it is proved from the abovementioned text, too, that Mihirakula was a great devotee of Lord Shiva.
But the inscription glorifying Yasodharman is exaggerating — as it was the custom of that time — because according to the Indian scholars, he was only a tribal prince in a part of today's Gujarat and most probably he could not rule a great territory of India, up to the river Brahmaputra. In the eastern part of the country the already re-established Gupta Empire existed.
As we have mentioned before, the Mihirakula coins were found first of all in Bactria, the territory of the present Afghanistan, but also in Kashmir and in India's different parts. On one of the coins found in Uruzgan, the next inscription appears, most probably on their own language:
"Boggo saho zovolovo Mihroziki", in translation: "To the glorious king, Mihirakula of Zabul".
On one side of his silver coins the king's half-length portrait can be seen with a writing in Persian language and on the reverse the Sun-disk and the Moon crescent, sometimes the fire-altar symbolizing the Mazda religion, on another occasion the bow and arrow or the symbol of Shiva: the trident appear.
The literary sources about the Hephtalites are: the abovementioned Rajatarangini and Kuvalayamala and the memories of the famous Chinese monk: Huan-Tsang who went to India two generations later. His accounts based on legends and are exaggerating to some extent. Mihirakulas's contemporary, the Chinese pilgrim: Sung Yun gives information about the Hun king, and though he does not draw a positive picture of him, his accounts are free from prejudices. Sung Yun arrived to Kashmir in about 520 A.D. and brought a letter from his master, the Chinese emperor to the Hephtalite king. Aurel Stein's account about the story in the court of Kashmir follows: "The pious pilgrim mentions as the sign of the king's barbarous arrogance and self-conceit that he heard the Chinese emperor's letter of recommendation sitting, while the other princes received the message of the Son of Heaven, the great emperor Vui with full honours, standing."28 The Chinese author added to his accounts: "Kashmir stays under the power of a barbarous people."
We have to admit that the Rajatarangini is more just to Mihirakula in this case, because according to Kalhana, the king answered the offended pilgrim: "if the emperor would have come here personally I naturally received him standing but why should I pay respect for a piece of paper." This answer shows Mihirakula's sense of humour, too, but there is no doubt that he was an arrogant and cruel ruler according to all sources.
But he was an excellent military leader. He inherited from his father a vast country and he extended it with his campaigns to the South, as far as Indore — which is in the center of India, — but the whole subcontinent, even the southern provinces became his vassals. A Greek sailor-missionary called Cosmas Indicopleustes who travelled to India in 530 A.D. gave an account about this fact in his book: Christiana Topographia. He wrote the following: "India is ruled by the White Huns with the leadership of king Gollas who goes to war with 2000 elephants and with a large cavalry. The whole country is under his command and he takes ransom from far regions." According to Stein the name: Gollas contains the second part of Mihirakula's name /in the case of Greek authors we should leave the word-ending "s"/ and in this way we can get the word: gula.29
27 Sircar: "Select Inscriptions" no. 54. p. 393.
28 Aurel Stein: ibid. p. 371.
According to the Rajatarangini he persecuted the Buddhist monks but he was the follower of Hinduism, first of all the Shaiva line of it.30 He was a brave and strong warrior but fanatically kept his power. Though he built a temple called Mihireshwar in Kashmir, near Shrinagar for the worship of Shiva and the Sun God.
Otherwise he was a simple person, he lived in tent among his soldiers; he was constantly fighting to keep the occupied huge territories.
According to the Mandasor inscription, as we mentioned before, Mihirakula was defeated in 533 A.D. by Yasodharman, the tribal prince from Western India. At that time he wanted to ensure his power in the eastern part of his empire. But there, in the surroundings of Pataliputra /the present Patna, capital of Bihar state/ he and his army suffered a crushing defeat from Baladitya, the king of the eastern province. Baladitya, the vassal of Mihirakula did not want to pay the ransom to the Huns any longer. The Hun emperor became very angry and started with his army to punish the eastern king. But in the marshland near the Bengal Bay Mihirakula lost many soldiers while his enemy and his troop knew well their native terrain. Baladitya, as a devout Buddhist did not kill his enemy. The Hun emperor withdrew to Kashmir after the defeat because he came to know that his younger brother occupied Shakala, his northern capital. The prince of Kashmir gave him an asylum but Mihirakula overthrew the prince with intrigues and he sat on the throne. He could not enjoy his power for a long time, as he died of disease in 533 A.D.31 One of his successors was defeated in 558 A.D. by the Sassanian king: Kushrew Anushirwan and at the same time by the Turkish army in the North. The headquarters of the kagan — near Bokhara — surrendered in 565 A.D.
The opinions of the Indian scholars are divided about Mihirakula, the great conqueror but the enemy of Buddhism. U. Thakur writes the following about him: "while his father gave a new country to the Hunas and was accepted by the Indians, Mihirakula made the Huna name dreaded and hated in India. The result was that after a hundred years power the great Hephtalite empire ended and a talented people had to fly from India."32 At the same time the other Hun researcher, Mrs.Atreyi Biswas pointed out that the Buddhist accounts are always one-sided and exaggerated and the actions of Mihirakula were not so cruel as stated by the Rajatarangini and the two Chinese monks.33
The traditions and the often mentioned Rajatarangini are informing us that the rule of the Hephtalites did not end with Mihirakula's death, only this rule did not extend to the whole country, not even to the larger part of it. The books of the most reliable Indian historiography are the Puranas and according to them the Huns ruled 300 years altogether, first of all in Kashmir and in the greater part of the Punjab and they had eleven rulers including Tunjina, Toramana and Mihirakula.34 As the book Rajatarangini always should be compared with other sources, in this case, with the excavated coins and inscriptions, we may state the following with almost full certainty: after Mihirakula's death his youngest brother (half-brother): Pravarasena, after his son: Gokarna, the latter's son: Khinkhila and his son: Yudhishthira, finally his grandson: Lakhana ruled the northern part of India. They sat on the throne altogether till 670 A.D. — for 200 years instead of 300 years mentioned in the Puranas — as they had their first victory in 475 A.D. But the Puranas had the informations justified by the archeological findings that isolated "Huna Mandalas" — Hun centers — existed even in the 10th century both in Rajasthan and in the North. The account of Hsuan-Tsang also confirms the abovementioned statements of the Puranas.
When he travelled towards Nalanda in 633 A.D., he wrote about Kashmir and its people that "fierce and wild people live in this land, they are uncivilized and their language is different from the Indian languages, it sounds more roughly. They are borderland people with barbarous customs."35 His account is one-sided as he added: "the people are non-Buddhist".
Pravarasena
He was Toramana's youngest son who was a young child when his father died in 515 A.D. We should mention that the poligamy was customary at the rulers both in Central Asia and ancient India. For instance in the Hsiung-nu history we remember the case of Maotun shanyu who was the crown prince but his father wanted to get him killed because he wished to put his younger son on the throne. This fact was revenged by Maotun when he killed his father and stepbrother. But Rama, the hero of Ramayana also had to go into exile, because his father had promised his younger wife that her son would be the crown-prince. In case of Pravarasena the situation was different. His half-brother, the powerful Mihirakula would not let him near to the throne. According to the Rajatarangini, after Toramana's death Pravarasena was hidden by his mother and uncle in a potter's house, then later he went to a northern country and lived there as a pilgrim. We should mention that Pravarasena's name is entirely Indian, not similarly to the names of his father and grandfather. Pravarasena went back to Kashmir from the North after Mihirakula's death and ascended the Kashmirian throne. According to the Rajatarangini this fact happened in 533 A.D. but some Indian scholars dispute this date because after Mihirakula's death a prince from other dynasty ruled the country for some years. It seems that Pravarasena's ruling started in 537 A.D. He was about 25 years old at that time.
30 Rajatarangini, Bk. I. vs. 289-30
31 Si-yu-ki, tr. by S.Beal, pp. 168-172.
32 U. Thakur: "The Hunas in India", p.184.
33 Atreyi Biswas: "The Political History of the Hunas in India", Delhi, 1973. p. 109.
34 Matsya, Vayu, Brahmanda, Vishnu and Bhagvata Puranas, ed. by Jivananda Vidyasagara, IV. 24.
35 Si-yu-ki, tr. by S.Beal I. p. 164.
According to Kalhana he reigned for 60 years, which means till 597 A.D. This is justified by the inscriptions and the glorifying books of the court poets of the Indian kings having connected to Pravarasena — either as his allies or as his enemies.
He helped with his army Siladitya, the prince of Malwa in Saurashtra (in the present Gujarat) to save the latter's throne against Prabhakaravardhana, the king of Thanesar.36
It means that he was a powerful and influental ruler. Due to the Indian researchers, Pravarasena later lost an important
battle against Prabhakaravardhana still in the western part of India, this fact was mentioned by Bana, the court poet of king Harsha from Thanesar. Bana writes the following in his glorifying book "Harshacarita" (The actions of Harsha):
"Vardhana was a lion to the Huna deer,
the axe cutting the creeping-plant of Malwa's glory."37
The battle happened in 587 A.D. and Vardhana was Harsha's father. Malwa — the present Rajasthan — meant always the center of the Huns, before them, the center of the Kushans, it was the headquarters of both nations. The "Huna deer" term is interesting because the deer was most probably their sacred animal, the symbol of the Hephtalites, — besides the falcon: "Juvl" — as it was also a symbol of the Magyars (Hungarians). In the excavated Hun graves in Mongolia the pictures of deers are visible on the fairly unbroken carpets.
The abovementioned battle did not change the fact that according to the Rajatarangini and to the accounts of Hsuan-Tsang, the country of Pravarasena included Kashmir, the north-western part of the Punjab, the Swat-basin, the southern part of Bactria and Gandhara. It was a large territory.The places where their coins were found prove that the headquarters of the late Haphtalites were the same as those of their ancestors, that means: Bactria, Kabul and the valley of the river Kabul.
The Rajatarangini mentions that Pravarasena had a major town, called Paravarasenapura built near to the present Shrinagar, the capital of Kashmir. Here the Huns built a bridge, too.38
Pravarasena had his own coins and on these — as it was usual on the Hephtalite's coins — the word "Kidara" appeared next to the ruler's name. They wanted to show their ancient Kushan-Kidarita origin or relationship and the fact that they rule the occupied territories rightfully.39
According to Kalhana, Pravarasena, though he was the half-brother of Mihirakula, — contrary to his predecessor — was a kind and wise ruler, who was accepted by his subjets during his long reign.
Among the Hun rulers in Kashmir, mentioned in the Puranas, Pravarasena was followed by his son: Gokarna, who ruled for a short time. Some of his coins were found in North India.40 His son Khinkhila dedicated a temple for Shiva in Kashmir and ruled for 36 years, stated by the Rajatarangini. The statement was proved by the excavations done in Afghanistan in the second half of the last century, when the archeologists found a Ganesha statue in Gardez, in the Swat-basin, south to Kabul. On the foundation stone of the statue a few lines were engraved in North-Indian Brahmi script, most probably in the middle of the 7th century. The inscriptions were engraved for "Maharajadiraja Sahi Khingala", who was identified with the abovementioned Khinkhila by the scholars.41 So, it means, the Rajatarangini was right, only the date was not correct, Khinkhila ruled between 600-633 A.D., presumably, and his reign in Kashmir coincided with the Indian journey of Hsuan-Tsang who stopped in Kashmir and wrote that its ruler was not Buddhist and descended from a lower caste.42 This description from Hsuan-Tsang's point of view was fitting to Khinkhila, who, as a foreigner, was not considered by the Indians as a person belonging to higher castes. And indeed he was not a Buddhist but a Shaiva.
36 Rajatarangini, Bk. III. 330.
37 Bana: "Harshacarita", tr. by Cowell, p. 101.
38 Rajatarangini, ibid. p. 354.
39 Cunningham: "Mediaeval Indian coins", pl.III.3,4
40 Cunningham: ibid. fig.6.
41 Sircar: EI. 1963 p. 44.
42 Si-yu-ki- tr. by S.Beal, I. p.156.
When Hsuan-Tsang, after his long Indian stay, returned home stopped again in Kashmir and at that time Khinkhila's son: Judhishthira sat on the throne. The Chinese monk wrote about him highly. According to the Rajatarangini Judhishthira ruled for 24 years, from 633 till 557 A.D. Judhishthira's son: Lakhana, whose coins were also found, ruled for 13 years in Kashmir.43
The name and date of reign of the other Hun kings — mentioned in the Puranas — are not provable. At that time, from 670 A.D. another dynasy came to power in Kashmir
The successors of the Hephtalites in India
After glancing over the data of the reigning princes ruling in the northern part of India, let us see what happened to them in the western and central parts of the subcontinent. As it was mentioned, some Hun states were established in several places of Indian territory, after their defeat. They were the so called Huna Mandalas — Hun centers — still representing a considerable power. Previously Malwa was their main center, including the present states of Rajasthan, East Gujarat and the western part of Madhya Pradesh. Here the Huns remained for a long time. This fact is known from the "victory pillars" established by the Indian kings. According to these the Huns had to be defeated even in 900 A.D. This is proved by the Garuda pillar from 850 A.D. It states that that the Pala king ruled in the central part of India "defeated the Hunas, the Gurjars and the Dravidiens in the eastern and the western parts of the country," where they had some centers, too, besides of Malwa and Kashmir. This was the Uttarapatha province, north from Kanauj, so they still represented a considerable power.44
It is interesting, that the Dravidiens were fighting together with the Kushans and later on with the Hephtalites, as they have never forgotten — even today — the well-known fact that the Arians had defeated them several thousand years before. The existing Hun centers are proved by the Gaonri epitaph in 955 A.D. found in Vanika village near to Indore. Besides this it is well known that the Hun princesses were married some Rajasthani rulers and even other Indian princes, too, e.g. in 977 A.D. the Medapata ruler Allata married Hariyadevi, the daughter of a "Huna Mandala" king, proved by the Atpru Inscription. The princess established a town in Mewar — today the eastern part of Rajasthan — where several Hun villages are still existing in the following names: Hunavasa, Hunaganva Hunajunmu, Madarya, Kemri. Similarly written documents are showing that the Chalukiya ruler Hemachandra in 1009 had to fight with a Hun prince for a princess in a marriage-contest. The Hun prince was his rival. In 1072 the Khaira tablets prove that the Kalachuri clan's queen was a Hun ruler's daughter. In 1153 the Inscription of Ajmer proves that in Ajmer a Hun royal family was ruling.45 So it shows that the Huns were present in a huge part of India. This is due to the fact that "in the veins of three prominent ethnic groups: the Rajputs, the Gurjars and the Jats Hun blood are flowing in substential quantity."46
The Huns remained in India for several hundred years, settled down there and became Indians. Some leading tribes of Rajasthan originated from the ruling part of the Huns and even several other provinces were ruled by them. The Gurjars arrived with the Hephtalites in the fifth century, they were shepherds, but actually they supplied the foodstaff for the Hun army. In India they also became shepherds and the Ind society accepted them as Kshatriyas — the second caste — and in this way they are called "the royal shepherds". The Jat tribe originated by the interbreeding of the Hun soldiers and the local population and later on they made the famous, brave fighters: the Sikhs. How did the despised mlecchas (foreigners, under-caste) change to second caste citizens? The Brahmins played a very important role in the Indian society and by the end of the 7th century they realized that the brave Hun soldiers adopted the Indian customs and religion — first of all the Shaivism — and through the interbreeding with the wise Arians, they became useful for the Indian society. For this reason at the end of the 7th century in Mount Abu — at that time it was called Arbuda — the Rajput clan undertook themself for the so called "ordeal by fire"; the Brahmins were present on the test. Later they spread the news that a mythological bird raised up from the fire and this bird took the ancestor of the Rajputs to the plain, so they were purified from their foreign origin and they became second caste members of the society, in this way they could be elected as kings. This is naturally a nice story of the Brahmins but it shows that even they accepted them and legalized the one-time enemy's descendants.
It was a custom in India that the foreign conquerors after some time were assimilated into the Ind society but always to the caste according to their professions. For instance only one foreign tribe members became Brahmins: the so called magas came from Iran, or from other sources the magars who had arrived together with Mihirakula as the priests of the Sun God and the Sun worship.47
44 U. Thakur, ibid. p. 207.
45 Sircar: "Foreword in Thakur's: The Hunas in India", 1967, Varanasi, pp.4-5.
46 Romila Thapar: "A History of India", Vol. 1. England, 1974. p. 257.
47 Atreyi Biswas: ibid. pp. 156, 160.
After this the Rajputs were fighting bravely in the middle age against the Muslim conquerors who had never succeeded to occupy the whole Rajasthan, as from the fortified castles the mobile defender troops rode here and there and by the time the Muslims occupied one castle, they moved to another one.
Apart from the Rajput soldiers, the Rajput women were showing an example of ideal moral and heroism. If the Muslims occupied a fort finally — e.g. the fort of Chittor, the previous capital of Mewar, — the queen called Padmini had committed suicide on a large pyre with her court members before the enemy entered the fort. Even today Rajasthan state is the most interesting, most colourful part of India, culturally too, and it is curious that the people do not have any Arian features. Their clothes also preserve the tradition of the Central Asian pattern: the men wear tight trousers, white shirts with loose sleeves and dark coloured waistcoats — similarly to the Chango (today in Romania, an old Hungarian tribe) and the Szekler national dress. The only difference is that the Rajasthani men wear turbans but this fact is due to the hot climate. Their folk art and music expressivly show the Central Asian origin. On the wall near to the Maharana's palace gate in Udaipur — the present capital of Mewar — a huge painting is visible: a Rajput warrior on horseback, with the stirrup, which is a Hun invention. But the whole decoration in the palace: the peacock, the tree of life and the palmettas are familiar to us. When the Maharana (this title means that he is the spiritual leader of all Rajput maharajas — and it corresponds to the ancient name: maharajadiraja) succeeds to the throne, he makes a compact sealed with blood with his old ally, the headman of the Bhil tribe, then makes a deep bow towards East and rides on horseback through the eastern gate to their ancient, sacred temple: Eklingji where the priests consecrate him. Their ancient goddess is Mataji and their god is Suriya, the Sun God. So many relationships!
In a short study it is impossible to analyze all similarities; they are presented in details in my book published in 2005.
But now let us see what happened to those groups of the Hephtalites who did not want to assimilate into the Indian society or did not rule in Kashmir but went further north to Bactria and towards their old native land in the Oxus-valley. Their previous enemy: the Sassanians did not forget their defeat and after winning a battle against the Parthus army, the started a war against the Hephtalites in Bactria and in the Bokhara area. In 565 they defeated the Hephtalites. In the meantime the former vassals of the Hephtalites: the Turks became strong in the Oxus-valley and in Tokharistan, and they wanted to revenge upon their one-time masters. They won a battle against the Hephtalites and now they wanted to put the White Huns in a vassal status claiming ransom from them. The kagan, the armed forces and the leaders naturally were forced to fly. They were joined by a part of the Zhuan-Zhuan tribe; they also had to escape from the Turk army. Though they were the opponents of the Hsiung-nus in old time but in 565 A.D. the common fate forced them together. Among these tribes there were the so called Uar-Huns, or according to other sources: the Var-Huns who were called Avars later on. The Indian sources mention that in the Caucasus they were joined by some other Avar tribes settled down there earlier. Some Indian scholars state that these tribes must have been the descendants of Atilla.48
In any case, the Hephtalite army with the joined peoples marched towards Byzantium at a great speed pushed from the back by the Turks. In 568 A.D. the Byzantine sources write about them, mentioning the name of their commander, as Bayan kagan. The history of the Avars in the Charpatian-basin is well known. I dealt with the history of the White Huns first of all because they are our ancestors through the Avars. Really, we are the descendants of the Huns by two direct lines — this is my firm belief. http://hunsarecoming.110mb.com/histwhitehuns.html
48 Romila Thapar, ibid. p. 270.
1. Dr. G.V. Divekar: "An Ethimological Estimate of the Sakas", Bombay, 1980.
2. Bongard Levin: "From Scythia to India" (Szkítiától Indiáig), Gondolat, Budapest, 1981.
3. C.T. Metclfe: "The Rajput Tribes", Vol. I., II. London, 1822.
4. Romila Thapar: "A History of India" Vol. I. Harmondsworth, U.K. 1966.
5. Dr. Czeglédy Károly: "Heftaliták, hunok, avarok, onogurok", essay, Magyar Nyelv, No. 50. 1954, Budapest
6. Dr. S.S. Shashi: "The Shepherds of India", Sundeep Prakashan, Delhi, 1978.
7. Romesh Chunder Dutt: "A History of Civilization in Ancient India", Vol. II., Vishal Publishers, Delhi, 1972
8. Atreyi Biswas: "The Political History of the Hunas in India", Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, Delhi, 1973.
9. Upendra Thakur: "The Hunas in India", Varanasi, 1967, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office.
10. Aurel Stein: "Ázsia halott szívében" (In Asia's dead heart), Budapest, 1985, Helikon.
11. Aurel Stein: "White Huns and kindred tribes in the history of the north west frontier" IA XXXIV, 1905.
12. Cunningham, A.: "Ancient Geography of India", London, 1870.
13. Cunningham, A.: "Mediaeval Indian coins", London, 1894.
14. Fleet, J.F.: "Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum", London, 1888.
15. Fleet, J.F.: "Coins and history of Toramana", IA. 1889.
16. Bhandarkar, D.R.: "Foreign element in the Hindu populations", IA. Vol.40, 1911,
17. Ghirsman, R.: "Les Chionites-Hephtalites", Cairo, 1948.
18. Hoernle, R. "The Gurjara clans, some problems of ancient Indian History" No. III. JRAS, 1905.
19. Modi, J.J.: "Early history of the Hunas", JBBRAS, 1917.
20. Konow, Sten: "Note of Toramana", IHQ, 1936, XII.
21. McGovern, W.M.: "The Early Empire of Central Asia", Chapehill, 1939.
22. Puri, B.N.: "History of the Gurjara Pratiharas", Bombay, 1957.
23. Baden-Powell, B.H.: "Notes on the Rajput clans", JRAS, 1899.
24. Sircar, D.C.: "Epigraphia Indica", 1963, Calcutta.
25. Sircar, D.C.: "Select Inscriptions", 1942, Calcutta.
26. Kushawa, R.S.: "A Glimpse of Bharatiya History", 2003, Delhi.
27. Vásáry István: "A régi Bels? Ázsia története" (The History of Ancient Central Asia), Balassi, 2003, Budapest.
28. Mohl, M.J.: "Firdausi", 1878, Paris.
Original sources:
1. Sung-Yun: "Voyage de Song-yun dans l'Udyana et la Gandhara" par. E.Chavannes, BEFEO, vol. III. 1895.
2. Xuan Zang: "Si-yu-ki", tr. by S.Beal, 2 vols. London, 1884, reprint Delhi, 1964.
3. Vishnu Purana, ed. by Jivananda Vidyasagara, Calcutta, 1882.
4. Kalidasa: "Raghuvamsa", tr. by Nilmani Mukhopadyaya, Calcutta, 1880.
5. Kalhana: "Rajatarangini", tr. by M.A. Stein, 2 vols. London, 1900.
6. Udyotana Suri: "Kuvalayamala", tr. by A.N. Upadhya, Singhi Jain Series No. 45., Bombay, 1959.
7. Bana: "Harshacarita", tr. by C.B. Cowell and F.W. Thomas, London, 1897.
8. "Aitareya Brahmana", tr. by Haug, 2 vols. Bombay, 1863.
9. Procopius: "De Bello Persico", tr. by H.B.Dewing, New York,1914-40,7 vols
10. Kosmas Indikopleustes: "Christian Topography", tr. by J.W. Mc'Crindle, London, 1897.


Along the path of life, we all encounter troubles and trials. Many years ago, as I encountered trouble in my barn, an elderly cattle dealer advised me to be thankful when all of my problems occurred in the barn. But troubles do enter our homes as well. Financial struggles, marital strain, health concerns, rebellious teenagers and a host of other difficulties often seem to take up residence in our hearts and homes.
Ruth Graham is the daughter of the famous evangelist Billy Graham. She has written a book entitled, "In Every Pew Sits a Broken Heart". And she has most certainly known her own share of suffering. She has experienced divorce twice. One daughter developed an eating disorder. Her son entered a drug abuse rehabilitation program. Another daughter gave birth to two babies out of wedlock while still in her mid-teens. Being a member of the Graham household did nothing to lessen her struggles. In fact, her realization that she was tarnishing the Graham family name only added to her misery. After discovering in a greater way, the unconditional love of God for repentant sinners, she now seeks to help those who are struggling through the heartaches that this world can cause.
Are you facing discouragement this morning? Are there unusual circumstances in your life that have you feeling terrified or full of anxiety? Do you see no hope on the horizon? The Psalmist wishes to lift your gaze off of the problems you are facing and on to the God whose promises bring life. All of the Old Testament promises find their fulfillment in the Lord Jesus Christ! And the Lord Jesus Christ faced the greatest suffering so that you and I may experience the greatest joy, even in the midst of our trials.
Joni Eareckson Tada, who is very familiar with suffering, was recently re-diagnosed with cancer. Her response: "Jesus is ecstasy beyond compare and if new hardships draw us closer to Him, I'm more than content with it." May God enable us to trust Him and cling to His promises in the midst of every trial, and may He use even the trials in our lives to draw us closer to Him!


There are many factors responsible for however the posture of an individual is and posture is of immense importance in the body build and balance of an individual, most especially walking. One of the factors responsible for the poor posture that many people have is what they sit on or better put, the kind of chairs that they sit on.
Whats the benefit of ball chair?
If an individual spends most of his or her day sitting, normal chairs for example office chairs in many ways have negative effects on the posture especially if such person does not sit in the chair properly. If a person slouches constantly in his or her chair, there may be a gradual reduction in their core strength which of course is not a good thing. All hope is not lost, however, replacing the chair for an exercise chair ball could do the magic of helping such person.
Are you this kind of person? You are wondering if exercise chair balls have any kind of benefits that come with them if used in place of normal chairs? Of course, they do. On an exercise chair ball, most of the time you will spend sitting in it would be spent trying to maintain a balanced sitting posture so unconsciously and irrespective of what you are doing, your body automatically sits correctly. Whatever strain you may have been feeling in your back or core would be relieved this way. Other than this single benefit, we will be discussing other benefits that come with using exercise chair balls in this article.
Using an exercise ball chair definitely, helps you get rid of extra calories. There is no way you would sit on a ball chair and not move. Unconsciously, in the bid to maintain a balanced sitting posture, you tend to move your body from time to time and this body movement helps your burn more calories in your body. Of course, you know the importance of getting rid of calories in the body right?
Have you noticed that sitting in normal chairs gets you hunched and bent? But sitting in an exercise chair ball makes you focus on sitting upright and when you sit upright every time you sit will gradually get rid of any kind of pain you may be feeling in your back. Unconsciously you are exercising your back by sitting up straight and this is the kind of regular exercise that your back needs.
We have pointed out the negative effects of normal chairs on the body and your core strength and how switching to an exercise chair ball can correct those effects. The truth is, with normal chairs, every time you sit down, you have to rest your back against the back of the chair. But with an exercise chair ball, you have to engage your core there is nothing for you to rest your back on. You will be able to engage your cores and tone your abs which bring about an increase in your core strength.
Normal chairs have a way of preventing full circulation in the body. Even research has shown that people who are 45 years and older who sit for about 11 hours or more every day have a 40% chance of dying quicker than those who sit for four hours or less.
Sitting on an exercise chair ball, on the other hand, enables circulation in the body. Switching position every now and then combined with a couple of bouncing will surely get your blood pumping and be circulating more freely. What better way to ensure you live a longer life? Get an exercise chair ball today.
There are lots of proofs that attest to the fact that being physically active keeps the brain activity which brings about better performance. This is perhaps why when you are experiencing a block in solving a problem, it is usually helpful to walk around a little bit.
While your workstation may keep you stationary and being in the same place for several hours, it is even better if you have an exercise chair ball as this keeps you physically active throughout the day while you get things done. The little bit of bouncing that you may be permitted to do within your office premises might be all the jostle that your brain needs to stay awake and active.
In terms of cost, exercise chair balls are way cheaper than regular chairs and of course with the benefits attached to making use of exercise chair balls, saving some money and staying healthy while at it is surely something even you will love so why not make that choice today and continue to keep fit.
Apart from these benefits that come with sitting on an exercise chair ball, there are various exercises that you can engage in using the ball other than sitting so there you have it. Get yourself an exercise ball chair today and be glad you did.
and I am an extremely hard worker that pays attention the details. I think Every position I have my work ethic has helped me stand out my Passion.


Like to check if anyone encountered this weird issue when querying multiple devices after doing a search at Device Tracker for devices with common names (i.e. PC01, PC02, etc.).
When opening the results of multiple devices in quick succession, the Current Network Connections results is the same. Although the Details (IP Address, MAC Address, Hostname) is different.


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Reading: Intense challenges that India face with China, says Jaishankar
Intense challenges that India face with China, says Jaishankar
VIENNA: External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar on Sunday described the problem with China as an "intense challenge" and took a dig at Pakistan and said that the problem of cross-border terrorism from Islamabad is still continuing.
While interacting with the Indian diaspora in Vienna, Jaishankar said, "Now, I spoke to you about the changes in governance. Let me also say that there have been obvious in this period, very profound changes in our national security.
And a lot of that, of course, is centred around more intense challenges that we face on our northern border with China. I think most of you would be familiar with that."
"We continue to have, of course, the problem of cross-border terrorism with Pakistan," he added.
Indian and Chinese soldiers clashed along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the Tawang sector on December 9. This face-off led to minor injuries to a few personnel from both sides.
PLA troops tried to transgress the LAC in the Yangtse area of the Tawang Sector and unilaterally change the status quo. The Chinese attempt was contested by Indian troops firmly and resolutely, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh said in a statement in both houses of Parliament after the clash.
The Galwan incident was another episode which had strained India-China's relationship.
Talking about relations with Bangladesh, Jaishankar, in Vienna, said, "But if there is one border and one region which has dramatically improved in the last decade, it is actually eastern and northeastern India. And the reason for that is that we have actually vastly improved our relationship with Bangladesh.
We have settled our land boundary agreement with that country. And really, that is an example of successful diplomacy that has directly contributed."
Jaishankar is on his official visit to Austria, where he met Austria's Chancellor Karl Nehammer, and Bulgarian President Rumen Georgiev Radev.
Jaishankar tweeted, "A good meeting in Vienna with President Rumen Georgiev Radev of Bulgaria. Discussed strengthening of our cooperation in the context of Make in India, near-shoring and building resilient supply chains."
During his visit to Vienna, S Jaishankar also held a meeting with Austrian Foreign Minister Alexander Schallenberg. He tweeted, "Delighted to see my good friend Alexander Schallenberg in Vienna. My first diplomatic engagement was in 2023. Thank him for inviting us to join the traditional New Year's concert in Vienna."
In the press release, the Ministry of External Affairs noted, "This will be the first EAM-level visit from India to Austria in the last 27 years, and takes place against the backdrop of 75 years of diplomatic relations in 2023."
During his visit to Austria, EAM Jaishankar will hold a meeting with International Atomic Energy Agency Director-General Rafael Mariano Grossi.
He is also scheduled to discuss regional and global issues with the Foreign Ministers of Czech, Slovak, and Austria in the Slavkov format. He will also interact with the Indian community living in Austria. (ANI)
TAGGED: #China, #Defence minister, #External Affairs Minister, #intense, #Pakistan, #Rajnath Singh, #S Jaishankar, #terrorism, Austria, challenge, cross-border, Czech, DIG, Foreign Ministers, India-China, Islamabad, Line of actual control, Slavkov format, Slovak, Tawang sector, Vienna, Yangtse Area


The SFR Brigade Presents is a blog hop where sci-fi romance authors present snippets of their work. I want to share an excerpt from my novella Brand New World.
Brand New World is the first book in my Embarkment series, and they're a bit different from all my other books. They're written in first person, and they're more playful than my "serious" books.
He put me down on a couch in the middle of the room, and I experienced a brief but intense feeling of loss when he no longer held me. Odd. There might be a perfectly reasonable psychological explanation to it, but still… Odd.
I glanced around to distract myself. The room was nice, but impersonal. It reminded me of a hotel in the upper price range.
I probably should be, but eating was the last thing on my mind. I shook my head and fingered the sofa. The fabric under my fingers was almost familiar, but not quite. Everything was like that; just a little off, enough to be disturbing. Just like him.
Adam looked human and felt human to touch. He was solid and warm, but didn't really have a smell.
When Alexandra wakes up in an unknown environment, populated by a cat-like woman with a tail and a hologram of a rockstar, she knows she has to be hallucinating. Maybe she hit her head, or finally suffered that nervous breakdown. It doesn't get any better from finding out she died and was taken into the future by the elusive Adam, whom she can't remember, or from people telling her she's on a spaceship.
Always an interesting story you're telling! She's a lot calmer than I would be LOL. Terrific excerpt!
I'm certainly looking forward to finding out more about Adam!


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Nikolai Aleksandrovich Lokhvitsky (; 7 October 1868 – 5 November 1933) was a general in the Russian Expeditionary Force in France.

Family background
He came from an aristocratic family near Saint Petersburg. He was the son of a barrister, Alexander V. Lokhvitsky (1830–1884). The poet, Mirra Lokhvitskaya, was his sister whose brief career ended in 1907.Teffi, another sister was also a writer who despite initially supporting the Bolshevik seizure of power, left for exile in Paris where she became a prominent writer in the white émigré community in France.

Army career
He joined the 4th Moscow Cadet Corps on 9 January 1887.

Lokhvitsky  took command of the First brigade of the REF leaving Moscow on 2 February 1916. They travelled by train across Siberia to the port of Dal'ny. Here they sailed on four ships  via the Suez Canal to Marseilles, arriving in April 1916. They were billeted at the training camp at Mailly-le-Camp, Champaigne. When they were joined by the 3rd brigade in September 1916, they were merged into a Division at Mourmelon-le-Grand also in Champaigne.

Russian Civil War
In 1919, he joined the forces of Admiral Kolchak in Siberia. From April to June 1919 he commanded the 3rd Ural Corps and the 1st Army and finally, after the reorganization, the 2nd Army. He was replaced in August 1919 by General Wojciechowski. He participated in the Great Siberian Ice March and was sent ahead by Kolchak to Irkutsk to prepare for the transfer of the staff to this city and to negotiate with Ataman Semenov.

From April to August 1920 he commanded the Far East Army, from August to December he was Chief of the General Staff. In October 1920 he rejected the overall command of Semenov and recognized General Baron Wrangel as the commander-in-chief of the Russian armed forces.

Life in exile
He returned to Paris in 1923. From 19267 he was the chairman of the Legitimist Monarchist Society, and worked with Grand Duke  Vladimirovich.

He died in Paris and was buried in the Russian cemetery at Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois.

References

1867 births
1933 deaths
Imperial Russian Army generals
Russian military personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Military personnel from Saint Petersburg
White movement generals

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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» topic: Business
Waterworks Food + Drink Closes for Foreseeable Future
by Sally Pollak on November 17, 2020 at 2:44PM
"People have children, people are single parents," Abdoo said. "Let's be real here.
Burlington's Mawuhi African Market to Vacate Old North End Space
by Sally Pollak on November 4, 2020 at 8:24PM
and show kindness, it's overwhelming." She wants the transition to a new location to be a "peaceful" one.
Healthy Living Market & Café Opens in Williston
by Sally Pollak on October 29, 2020 at 7:00AM
, and we're happy and proud to be able to serve so many people so well," she added. "It's the hardest success I've ever had," Lesser-Goldsmith continued.
Vermont Maple Business on Market Due to Canadian Border Closure
by Melissa Pasanen on July 17, 2020 at 11:34AM
Iconic Sonny's Blue Benn Diner for Sale
by Melissa Pasanen on July 16, 2020 at 12:01PM
In that story, Lisa LaFlamme, the only child of Sonny and Marylou Monroe, recalled her parents buying the diner on Christmas Eve 1973. LaFlamme believed her family was the diner's third owner. Though they renamed it Sonny's Blue Benn Diner, everyone kept calling it Blue Benn.
State Allocates Millions for Hunger Relief Program Operated by Restaurants
by Sally Pollak on July 13, 2020 at 5:53PM
Since the start of the pandemic, food insecurity in Vermont has increased by 46 percent, according to Nicole Whalen, communications director of the Vermont Foodbank. "I am thrilled that the state is making an investment in helping people who are in need of food access it," Whalen said.
Magic Hat Cofounder Alan Newman Buys ArtsRiot
by Dan Bolles on July 1, 2020 at 3:46PM
Coincidentally, the ArtsRiot sale comes on the same day that Zero Gravity Craft Brewery takes over the lease at the former Magic Hat Brewery on Bartlett Bay Road in South Burlington. In June, FIFCO USA, which has owned Magic Hat since 2012, announced it was moving all Magic Hat production to its Genesee facility in Rochester, N.Y.
Vermont Retailers Incentivize Customers to Mask Up
by Melissa Pasanen on June 2, 2020 at 2:26PM
is useful," he said. "It's easier if we're all on the same page."
Short Order for Restaurants: Two Months Closed, Two Days to Open
by Sally Pollak on May 23, 2020 at 2:17PM
Burlington's Stone Soup is closed for the time being and has no plan for takeout service. To open with a few sidewalk tables doesn't make business sense, co-owner Tim Elliott said. Beyond that, he's not interested in compromising the very attributes that have drawn people to Stone Soup for more than 20 years.
Vermont Dairy Farmers Give Away 4,000 Gallons of Milk
by Sally Pollak on May 8, 2020 at 6:13PM
Vermont Dairy Cares was a collaboration of Pleasant Valley Farms, the Vermont chapter of Dairy Farmers of America, the Vermont Dairy Producers Alliance, and Bourdeau Brothers in Middlebury, where 1,500 gallons of milk were distributed Friday. In total, 4,000 gallons of milk were donated to community members, according to organizers.


text:
Home/Tech & Gaming/Sound + Image
Sound + Image June - July 2018
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I have always listened to music, or have preferred to listen to music, at or near reference level, which is, by most people's standards, quite loud. But this was the level at which music was played in our sitting room growing up — my mother would sit reading, sometimes with her fingers in her ears, while my father listened to new albums or the studio recordings he had made of bands, big bands and radio orchestras. So for me, this is the level at which music comes alive. Vibration is vibration, after all, and while musical information can get to your ears via headphones, there's nothing like the physical vibration of skin, body, eyes (they do say eyes can register high audio frequencies) from a big system on song. That's not…
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Having been first introduced in 1988, Sennheiser's HD 25 headphones have achieved impressive 30-year longevity in an increasingly busy headphone market. Initially conceived for professional broadcasters, the HD25 has since become championed by DJs for their combination of sound and durability, and the fact that the rotatable capsules are perfect for one-ear monitoring. The latest variation is a strictly limited edition branded to German DJ Robin Schulz. "I had seen that almost all of the major DJs were working with them," he recalls. "I knew that I had to have them. I was beyond happy the first time I had my own pair of HD 25s on my head." The limited edition HD 25 is available through Sennheiser Australia for $229.95. Visit: en-au.sennheiser.com…
b&w trade-in deal
Bowers & Wilkins in Australia is offering a minimum trade-in for a "limited period" allowing you to get a trade-in for your current speaker system when you trade up to the high performance 600 Series, the all-new 700 Series or the flagship 800 Diamond Series. You can even trade in on Mini Theatre 5.1 packages and selected personal audio. What can you trade? Any brand of working stereo speakers or powered subwoofer can be traded against B&W's home speakers, and any pair of headpohones, working or not, can be traded against the P9 Signature or PX headphones. How much do you get? That will depend on what you're buying! You can see all the numbers at www.bw-rewards.com.au…
pro-ject buys musical fidelity
Austrian manufacturer Pro-Ject Audio Systems has purchased British electronics manufacturer Musical Fidelity from its founder, Antony Michaelson. Michaelson, aged 67, will continue with the company on a consultancy basis. The purchase was announced at the High End Show in Munich by Heinz Lichtenegger of Pro-Ject Audio Systems and Antony Michaelson. The sale is effective immediately, with Musical Fidelity's London office already closed, and all operations transferred to Pro-Ject's head office in Austria. Contrary to reports, Pro-Ject has not also purchased Music Hall — Heinz's simultaneous announcement about becoming Music Hall's export manager for Europe was widely confused as a second buy-out. Not so.…
shure carts gone
Shure, once the world's most famous cartridge manufacturer, has announced that it is, in its words, "discontinuing production of Shure phono products." This didn't come as a huge surprise to most in the industry, as the company ceased production of its most famous (and most expensive) cartridges several decades ago, and in recent times has manufactured only six, all sold for less than US$100 and four of which were specifically for DJ use. Only one cartridge was available for audiophiles, the M97xE. Shure will continue its line of microphones, headphones, wireless products and personal monitor systems, but any old-timers who remember their Shure V15 (any variant) with fondness are permitted to shed a tear in memory of it.…
September - October 2021
July - August 2021
May - June 2021


Our very first project was designing a property presentation for Chatham Maritime (which is still an ongoing development). We quickly moved on to complete conference production and staging in the UK and Europe, working with many famous blue-chip companies.
Television commissions followed for the BBC & C4, alongside interactive projects on CD-ROM, remember those? Well before smartphones arrived we were designing touch screen programs for exhibition stands and kiosks. TurnRound's first website went live in 1996, and we've been developing sites ever since.
Bring on the technology… it's simply about well-designed communications!
Here's to the half century!