text:
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace XenAPI
{
    /// <summary>
    /// A PCI device
    /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
    /// </summary>
    public partial class PCI : XenObject<PCI>
    {
        #region Constructors

        public PCI()
        {
        }

        public PCI(string uuid,
            string class_name,
            string vendor_name,
            string device_name,
            XenRef<Host> host,
            string pci_id,
            List<XenRef<PCI>> dependencies,
            Dictionary<string, string> other_config,
            string subsystem_vendor_name,
            string subsystem_device_name,
            string driver_name)
        {
            this.uuid = uuid;
            this.class_name = class_name;
            this.vendor_name = vendor_name;
            this.device_name = device_name;
            this.host = host;
            this.pci_id = pci_id;
            this.dependencies = dependencies;
            this.other_config = other_config;
            this.subsystem_vendor_name = subsystem_vendor_name;
            this.subsystem_device_name = subsystem_device_name;
            this.driver_name = driver_name;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new PCI from a Hashtable.
        /// Note that the fields not contained in the Hashtable
        /// will be created with their default values.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="table"></param>
        public PCI(Hashtable table)
            : this()
        {
            UpdateFrom(table);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new PCI from a Proxy_PCI.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="proxy"></param>
        public PCI(Proxy_PCI proxy)
        {
            UpdateFrom(proxy);
        }

        #endregion

        /// <summary>
        /// Updates each field of this instance with the value of
        /// the corresponding field of a given PCI.
        /// </summary>
        public override void UpdateFrom(PCI record)
        {
            uuid = record.uuid;
            class_name = record.class_name;
            vendor_name = record.vendor_name;
            device_name = record.device_name;
            host = record.host;
            pci_id = record.pci_id;
            dependencies = record.dependencies;
            other_config = record.other_config;
            subsystem_vendor_name = record.subsystem_vendor_name;
            subsystem_device_name = record.subsystem_device_name;
            driver_name = record.driver_name;
        }

        internal void UpdateFrom(Proxy_PCI proxy)
        {
            uuid = proxy.uuid == null ? null : proxy.uuid;
            class_name = proxy.class_name == null ? null : proxy.class_name;
            vendor_name = proxy.vendor_name == null ? null : proxy.vendor_name;
            device_name = proxy.device_name == null ? null : proxy.device_name;
            host = proxy.host == null ? null : XenRef<Host>.Create(proxy.host);
            pci_id = proxy.pci_id == null ? null : proxy.pci_id;
            dependencies = proxy.dependencies == null ? null : XenRef<PCI>.Create(proxy.dependencies);
            other_config = proxy.other_config == null ? null : Maps.convert_from_proxy_string_string(proxy.other_config);
            subsystem_vendor_name = proxy.subsystem_vendor_name == null ? null : proxy.subsystem_vendor_name;
            subsystem_device_name = proxy.subsystem_device_name == null ? null : proxy.subsystem_device_name;
            driver_name = proxy.driver_name == null ? null : proxy.driver_name;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Given a Hashtable with field-value pairs, it updates the fields of this PCI
        /// with the values listed in the Hashtable. Note that only the fields contained
        /// in the Hashtable will be updated and the rest will remain the same.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="table"></param>
        public void UpdateFrom(Hashtable table)
        {
            if (table.ContainsKey("uuid"))
                uuid = Marshalling.ParseString(table, "uuid");
            if (table.ContainsKey("class_name"))
                class_name = Marshalling.ParseString(table, "class_name");
            if (table.ContainsKey("vendor_name"))
                vendor_name = Marshalling.ParseString(table, "vendor_name");
            if (table.ContainsKey("device_name"))
                device_name = Marshalling.ParseString(table, "device_name");
            if (table.ContainsKey("host"))
                host = Marshalling.ParseRef<Host>(table, "host");
            if (table.ContainsKey("pci_id"))
                pci_id = Marshalling.ParseString(table, "pci_id");
            if (table.ContainsKey("dependencies"))
                dependencies = Marshalling.ParseSetRef<PCI>(table, "dependencies");
            if (table.ContainsKey("other_config"))
                other_config = Maps.convert_from_proxy_string_string(Marshalling.ParseHashTable(table, "other_config"));
            if (table.ContainsKey("subsystem_vendor_name"))
                subsystem_vendor_name = Marshalling.ParseString(table, "subsystem_vendor_name");
            if (table.ContainsKey("subsystem_device_name"))
                subsystem_device_name = Marshalling.ParseString(table, "subsystem_device_name");
            if (table.ContainsKey("driver_name"))
                driver_name = Marshalling.ParseString(table, "driver_name");
        }

        public Proxy_PCI ToProxy()
        {
            Proxy_PCI result_ = new Proxy_PCI();
            result_.uuid = uuid ?? "";
            result_.class_name = class_name ?? "";
            result_.vendor_name = vendor_name ?? "";
            result_.device_name = device_name ?? "";
            result_.host = host ?? "";
            result_.pci_id = pci_id ?? "";
            result_.dependencies = dependencies == null ? new string[] {} : Helper.RefListToStringArray(dependencies);
            result_.other_config = Maps.convert_to_proxy_string_string(other_config);
            result_.subsystem_vendor_name = subsystem_vendor_name ?? "";
            result_.subsystem_device_name = subsystem_device_name ?? "";
            result_.driver_name = driver_name ?? "";
            return result_;
        }

        public bool DeepEquals(PCI other)
        {
            if (ReferenceEquals(null, other))
                return false;
            if (ReferenceEquals(this, other))
                return true;

            return Helper.AreEqual2(this._uuid, other._uuid) &&
                Helper.AreEqual2(this._class_name, other._class_name) &&
                Helper.AreEqual2(this._vendor_name, other._vendor_name) &&
                Helper.AreEqual2(this._device_name, other._device_name) &&
                Helper.AreEqual2(this._host, other._host) &&
                Helper.AreEqual2(this._pci_id, other._pci_id) &&
                Helper.AreEqual2(this._dependencies, other._dependencies) &&
                Helper.AreEqual2(this._other_config, other._other_config) &&
                Helper.AreEqual2(this._subsystem_vendor_name, other._subsystem_vendor_name) &&
                Helper.AreEqual2(this._subsystem_device_name, other._subsystem_device_name) &&
                Helper.AreEqual2(this._driver_name, other._driver_name);
        }

        public override string SaveChanges(Session session, string opaqueRef, PCI server)
        {
            if (opaqueRef == null)
            {
                System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(false, "Cannot create instances of this type on the server");
                return "";
            }
            else
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual2(_other_config, server._other_config))
                {
                    PCI.set_other_config(session, opaqueRef, _other_config);
                }

                return null;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get a record containing the current state of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static PCI get_record(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_record(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return new PCI(session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_record(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get a reference to the PCI instance with the specified UUID.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_uuid">UUID of object to return</param>
        public static XenRef<PCI> get_by_uuid(Session session, string _uuid)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_by_uuid(session.opaque_ref, _uuid);
            else
                return XenRef<PCI>.Create(session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_by_uuid(session.opaque_ref, _uuid ?? "").parse());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the uuid field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static string get_uuid(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_uuid(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_uuid(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the class_name field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static string get_class_name(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_class_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_class_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the vendor_name field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static string get_vendor_name(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_vendor_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_vendor_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the device_name field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static string get_device_name(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_device_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_device_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the host field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static XenRef<Host> get_host(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_host(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return XenRef<Host>.Create(session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_host(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the pci_id field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static string get_pci_id(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_pci_id(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_pci_id(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the dependencies field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static List<XenRef<PCI>> get_dependencies(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_dependencies(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return XenRef<PCI>.Create(session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_dependencies(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the other_config field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static Dictionary<string, string> get_other_config(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_other_config(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return Maps.convert_from_proxy_string_string(session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_other_config(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the subsystem_vendor_name field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.2 SP1 Hotfix 11.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static string get_subsystem_vendor_name(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_subsystem_vendor_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_subsystem_vendor_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the subsystem_device_name field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.2 SP1 Hotfix 11.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static string get_subsystem_device_name(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_subsystem_device_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_subsystem_device_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the driver_name field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 7.5.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        public static string get_driver_name(Session session, string _pci)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_driver_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci);
            else
                return session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_driver_name(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "").parse();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Set the other_config field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        /// <param name="_other_config">New value to set</param>
        public static void set_other_config(Session session, string _pci, Dictionary<string, string> _other_config)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                session.JsonRpcClient.pci_set_other_config(session.opaque_ref, _pci, _other_config);
            else
                session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_set_other_config(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "", Maps.convert_to_proxy_string_string(_other_config)).parse();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Add the given key-value pair to the other_config field of the given PCI.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        /// <param name="_key">Key to add</param>
        /// <param name="_value">Value to add</param>
        public static void add_to_other_config(Session session, string _pci, string _key, string _value)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                session.JsonRpcClient.pci_add_to_other_config(session.opaque_ref, _pci, _key, _value);
            else
                session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_add_to_other_config(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "", _key ?? "", _value ?? "").parse();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Remove the given key and its corresponding value from the other_config field of the given PCI.  If the key is not in that Map, then do nothing.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        /// <param name="_pci">The opaque_ref of the given pci</param>
        /// <param name="_key">Key to remove</param>
        public static void remove_from_other_config(Session session, string _pci, string _key)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                session.JsonRpcClient.pci_remove_from_other_config(session.opaque_ref, _pci, _key);
            else
                session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_remove_from_other_config(session.opaque_ref, _pci ?? "", _key ?? "").parse();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return a list of all the PCIs known to the system.
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        public static List<XenRef<PCI>> get_all(Session session)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_all(session.opaque_ref);
            else
                return XenRef<PCI>.Create(session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_all(session.opaque_ref).parse());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get all the PCI Records at once, in a single XML RPC call
        /// First published in XenServer 6.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="session">The session</param>
        public static Dictionary<XenRef<PCI>, PCI> get_all_records(Session session)
        {
            if (session.JsonRpcClient != null)
                return session.JsonRpcClient.pci_get_all_records(session.opaque_ref);
            else
                return XenRef<PCI>.Create<Proxy_PCI>(session.XmlRpcProxy.pci_get_all_records(session.opaque_ref).parse());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Unique identifier/object reference
        /// </summary>
        public virtual string uuid
        {
            get { return _uuid; }
            set
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual(value, _uuid))
                {
                    _uuid = value;
                    NotifyPropertyChanged("uuid");
                }
            }
        }
        private string _uuid = "";

        /// <summary>
        /// PCI class name
        /// </summary>
        public virtual string class_name
        {
            get { return _class_name; }
            set
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual(value, _class_name))
                {
                    _class_name = value;
                    NotifyPropertyChanged("class_name");
                }
            }
        }
        private string _class_name = "";

        /// <summary>
        /// Vendor name
        /// </summary>
        public virtual string vendor_name
        {
            get { return _vendor_name; }
            set
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual(value, _vendor_name))
                {
                    _vendor_name = value;
                    NotifyPropertyChanged("vendor_name");
                }
            }
        }
        private string _vendor_name = "";

        /// <summary>
        /// Device name
        /// </summary>
        public virtual string device_name
        {
            get { return _device_name; }
            set
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual(value, _device_name))
                {
                    _device_name = value;
                    NotifyPropertyChanged("device_name");
                }
            }
        }
        private string _device_name = "";

        /// <summary>
        /// Physical machine that owns the PCI device
        /// </summary>
        [JsonConverter(typeof(XenRefConverter<Host>))]
        public virtual XenRef<Host> host
        {
            get { return _host; }
            set
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual(value, _host))
                {
                    _host = value;
                    NotifyPropertyChanged("host");
                }
            }
        }
        private XenRef<Host> _host = new XenRef<Host>("OpaqueRef:NULL");

        /// <summary>
        /// PCI ID of the physical device
        /// </summary>
        public virtual string pci_id
        {
            get { return _pci_id; }
            set
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual(value, _pci_id))
                {
                    _pci_id = value;
                    NotifyPropertyChanged("pci_id");
                }
            }
        }
        private string _pci_id = "";

        /// <summary>
        /// List of dependent PCI devices
        /// </summary>
        [JsonConverter(typeof(XenRefListConverter<PCI>))]
        public virtual List<XenRef<PCI>> dependencies
        {
            get { return _dependencies; }
            set
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual(value, _dependencies))
                {
                    _dependencies = value;
                    NotifyPropertyChanged("dependencies");
                }
            }
        }
        private List<XenRef<PCI>> _dependencies = new List<XenRef<PCI>>() {};

        /// <summary>
        /// Additional configuration
        /// </summary>
        [JsonConverter(typeof(StringStringMapConverter))]
        public virtual Dictionary<string, string> other_config
        {
            get { return _other_config; }
            set
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual(value, _other_config))
                {
                    _other_config = value;
                    NotifyPropertyChanged("other_config");
                }
            }
        }
        private Dictionary<string, string> _other_config = new Dictionary<string, string>() {};

        /// <summary>
        /// Subsystem vendor name
        /// First published in XenServer 6.2 SP1 Hotfix 11.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual string subsystem_vendor_name
        {
            get { return _subsystem_vendor_name; }
            set
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual(value, _subsystem_vendor_name))
                {
                    _subsystem_vendor_name = value;
                    NotifyPropertyChanged("subsystem_vendor_name");
                }
            }
        }
        private string _subsystem_vendor_name = "";

        /// <summary>
        /// Subsystem device name
        /// First published in XenServer 6.2 SP1 Hotfix 11.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual string subsystem_device_name
        {
            get { return _subsystem_device_name; }
            set
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual(value, _subsystem_device_name))
                {
                    _subsystem_device_name = value;
                    NotifyPropertyChanged("subsystem_device_name");
                }
            }
        }
        private string _subsystem_device_name = "";

        /// <summary>
        /// Driver name
        /// First published in XenServer 7.5.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual string driver_name
        {
            get { return _driver_name; }
            set
            {
                if (!Helper.AreEqual(value, _driver_name))
                {
                    _driver_name = value;
                    NotifyPropertyChanged("driver_name");
                }
            }
        }
        private string _driver_name = "";
    }
}


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text:
Elizabeth Tchou (born September 25, 1966 in Medford, New Jersey) is a former field hockey defender from the United States and is currently working for the USA Field Hockey Association as Manager of Youth Development. Tchou was a member of the US women's team that finished fifth at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.

Tchou was raised in Medford Lakes, New Jersey and attended Shawnee High School.

Tchou graduated from the University of Iowa, where she played for the Hawkeyes. A four-time all-Big Ten midfielder, she earned All-America status in 1987 and was a part of the NCAA All-Tournament Team that same year. Tchou was a part of three Big Ten championships and three NCAA Final Four teams, including the 1986 national championship squad.

References

External links

 USA Field Hockey

1966 births
Living people
American female field hockey players
Duke Blue Devils field hockey coaches
Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Iowa Hawkeyes field hockey players
North Carolina Tar Heels field hockey coaches
Olympic field hockey players of the United States
People from Medford, New Jersey
People from Medford Lakes, New Jersey
Rutgers Scarlet Knights field hockey coaches
Shawnee High School (New Jersey) alumni
Sportspeople from Burlington County, New Jersey
Temple Owls field hockey coaches
Virginia Cavaliers field hockey coaches

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text: Q: Tengo una lista la cual quiero que se ponga del tamaña de la ventana estoy programando en C# WPF osea quiero poner que esa datagrip se ponga del tamaño de la ventana cuando se mueve la ventana  y se ponga en pantalla completa.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In the scene where Rowdy (Michael Rooker) tells Frankie Chips (Burt Young) that he did not want to return to Detroit. This was in reference to his character, who plays for the New York Rangers hockey team, which isn't mentioned in any specific way in the film. The Detroit Red Wings is the other team he mentions in a non-specific way in that monologue.


When you reflect on it, being a mum is an amazing experience; you're facilitating your child's development from a tiny new-born, to a toddler, a school-aged child and then into an independent young person. And, of course, how you 'mother' changes along the way, but it takes a lot of time and energy.
Much of a mum's time is spent doing the practical things: getting up for a feed in the middle of the night, making sure your child is eating properly, changing nappies, reading with them or helping with homework, looking after scratches and bumps, being a taxi service to dancing classes or footy practice and much, much more. Some of these jobs are fun and others less so, but we just have to do them. And at the end of each day we're often exhausted and just want to fall into bed.
However, it's important to take care of yourself too, because if you get run down you can't be as good a mum as you could be. Making time for coffee with a friend, going to the gym to keep fit or learning yoga can help provide balance in your life. But for some of us it's hard to do even that much for ourselves.
But there's something else you should take time for: to grow and flourish as a person, just like those you are looking after. The adults around you, your partner, family and friends, are still immersed in work and the adult environment, and are developing skills, both professionally and personally.
You might feel that you don't have time or money, but taking time to grow doesn't have to take long or be expensive, it just needs some creative thinking and planning. For example, you could join a book group where you need to read a book every month and then get together with a group of others who might challenge your thinking. You could go for a free guided bushwalk where you learn about your local environment, or to the opening of an art exhibition.
Checkout your local community centre or TAFE. Many offer childcare and run classes ranging from jewellery-making to computer skills and everything in between. The ring you make in class may be awful or it might just be amazing, and in the meantime, you've learned new skills, chatted with people you might otherwise never have met, and had time just for you.
If you live in an isolated area or just can't get out of the house, an option is to join an online community in an area that you're interested in, like making children's clothes, growing organic veggies, environmental issues, or caring for children with disabilities. You might go on to do a course, and there are plenty available online. Down the track this could lead to a new career.
Taking time to grow means you're continuing your personal and professional development and reminds you, that you have a role in the world beyond your family. This in turn, makes you a better and more positive mum. It's a win-win situation.


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La V-League 2014-2015 si è svolta dal 18 ottobre 2014 al 31 marzo 2015: al torneo hanno partecipato 6 squadre di club sudcoreane e la vittoria finale è andata per la seconda volta alle IBK Altos.

Regolamento
La competizione prevede che le sei squadre partecipanti prendano parte a una regular season composta da sei round, per un totale di trenta incontri ciascuna:
la prima classificata accede direttamente alla finale dei play-off scudetto, giocata al meglio delle cinque gare;
la seconda e la terza classificata accedono alla semifinale dei play-off scudetto, giocandosi l'accesso in finale al meglio delle tre gare.

Squadre partecipanti

Campionato

Regular season

Risultati

Classifica

Play-off scudetto

Semifinale

Finale

Premi individuali

Classifica finale

Collegamenti esterni

Pallavolo nel 2014
Pallavolo nel 2015
V-League (femminile)


I order from this place often because they have a bean curd sub-menu with vegetarian versions of popular Chinese dishes. I like the General Tso's tofu. Their veg egg foo yung is also good. And you can order online through BeyondMenu which is convenient. My only gripe was a recent order that took WAYYYY too long and the staff just kept saying "It's on the way" rather than apologize or offer a refund. That really put a dent in my appreciation for this place. I don't order from them as often now.
Had Chinese delivery ... sweet and sour chicken had raw dough, crab Rangoon's weee underdone, also with a bunch of crunchy stuff but not visible crab ... egg rolls were underwhelming. It's one and dine for me.
Super fast service, hot, tasty food. Two dishes and two servings of soup for under $20. I would happily order from here again.
I love their food. I call in the order and 15 minutes later it is hot and ready to go. Could go for delivery but pick-up is easier for me since they are just up the street. They offer a large variety of food to choose from and the portions are generous. I highly recommend. This is carry-out, not a sit down. However, they do have one table and a few chairs I guess if you would like to eat there but they don't serve you. They have many regulars that patronage them. Every time I go there is a regular who walks in and says nothing, the girl just says there you go and they are on their way.
I have been eating at the China King since it opened. The prices are very reasonable and the portions are large, were else can you fed three people for under $20 and have leftovers. I really like the Generals Chicken and steamed dumplings. The wonton soup is always good and you can't go wrong with the vegetable lomein. Carryout or delivery only, there is only a single table in the entrance or waiting area. The waiting area could use a like" sprucing up" it a like cluttered and worn.
Been to China King? Share your experiences!


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Q: How view recent changes to local repo in Git? I'm working off of a big repo with lots of files. I've made minor changes in a lot of them (and haven't committed anything) and would like to be able to cycle through the history of changes to see exactly what was changed; similar to what happens if you use the git stash -p command. Is this possible?
Pretty much: I changed a lot of little things in different files and then something broke and I'm trying to figure which was the change that threw it all off.

A: Assumptions:

*

*you haven't committed anything

*you don't want to use a GUI

Options:

*

*git status tells you what you've changed (obviously)

*git diff (which tells you what would be staged if you did a git add

*git diff [branchname/commit] (which tells you the difference between the working tree and the branchname/commit - so git diff HEAD or git diff master are useful)

*Add --patch if you want a patch file

*Add --stat if you want stats.

A: You could use Tortoise Git software which will provide you with a GUI to view all the changes in every file.
Then go to your repository, right click(assuming you are using windows) and hover on TortoiseGit option and then choose Check for modification tab as show in picture below

This will open up a new dialog box for you to check which file was modified, with all details.

This dialog will show you every file that has changed in any way in your working tree, as well as any unversioned files you may have.
The dialog uses color coding to highlight the status.
Blue
Locally modified items.
Purple
Added items. Items which have been added with history have a + sign in the Text status column, and a tooltip shows where the item was copied from.
Dark red
Deleted or missing items.
Green
Items modified locally and in the repository. The changes will be merged on update. These may produce conflicts on update.
Bright red
Items modified locally and deleted in repository, or modified in repository and deleted locally. These will produce conflicts on update.
Black
Unchanged and un-versioned items.
From the context menu of the dialog you can show a diff of the changes. Check the local changes you made using Context Menu → Compare with Base. Check the changes in the repository made by others using Context Menu → Show Differences as Unified Diff.
You can also revert changes in individual files. If you have deleted a file accidentally, it will show up as Missing and you can use Revert to recover it.
Unversioned and ignored files can be sent to the recycle bin from here using Context Menu → Delete. If you want to delete files permanently (bypassing the recycle bin) hold the Shift key while clicking on Delete.
If you want to examine a file in detail, you can drag it from here into another application such as a text editor or IDE.
The columns are customizable. If you right click on any column header you will see a context menu allowing you to select which columns are displayed. You can also change column width by using the drag handle which appears when you move the mouse over a column boundary. These customizations are preserved, so you will see the same headings next time.
At the bottom of the dialog you can see a summary of the range of repository revisions in use in your working tree. These are the commit revisions, not the update revisions; they represent the range of revisions where these files were last committed, not the revisions to which they have been updated. Note that the revision range shown applies only to the items displayed, not to the entire working tree. If you want to see that information for the whole working tree you must check the Show unmodified files checkbox.


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Prosecutors Accuse C-Murder Of Trying To Harm Witnesses In Murder Trial
Lance Fiasco May 2, 2002 • 12:00 am
If C-Murder had any hope of ever posting bond in his second-degree murder trial, it's gone now, as a Gretna, Louisiana, judge revoked his $2 million bond on Monday because of witness safety concerns.
Prosecutors accused the rapper, whose real name is Corey Miller, of having smuggled into the Jefferson Parish Correctional Center a cell phone, which may have been used to call friends and have them "harm or influence" witnesses. "We don't really know what the purpose of [the phone] was," said Conn Reagan, the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, district attorney's office's chief of trials, "but the state's position is that the phone was being used to influence witnesses, and since he had the wherewithal to get it smuggled into jail, he might pose a threat if he were released on bond."
Two deputies linked to the smuggled phone were fired, according to the sheriff's office public information officer. "Two officers were terminated on the charges of malfeasance in office and introducing contraband in a correctional facility," Col. John Fortunato said. "The investigation is ongoing."
C-Murder's co-counsel Ronald Rakosky dismissed claims that the phone would have been used for anything sinister, saying that the defense's real concern is that the district attorney's office hadn't complied with the discovery process by providing them with the identities of witnesses who might exonerate the rapper, who is accused of shooting and killing 16-year-old Steve Thomas at the Platinum Club on January 12. The district attorney's office told Judge Martha Sassone at the 24th Judicial District Court on Monday that the identities of witnesses were withheld initially to protect their safety, but Rakosky countered that the defense is entitled to information that could clear his client's name, and that concern over witness safety should not override C-Murder's right to due process.
"The prosecution wants to talk about contraband in jails, but they're unwilling to talk about and provide information that would be evidence of the offense for which [C-Murder] is charged," Rakosky said. "It's a silly notion that these witnesses would be in danger. How would they be in danger? He loves them and embraces them. But they've refused to provide their names. Doesn't simple fairness demand that they do? There were dozens who were present and did not identify [C-Murder]. It was days [after the shooting] before his name came up. His name isn't on the 911 calls. No one wants to provide us with the basics to prepare for a defense, to look for other witnesses."
The district attorney's office has since agreed to comply with the court's extended deadline to provide witness information by the next scheduled hearing date on May 22.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How to Change the Automatic Calculation and Multi-Threading Features in Excel 2013 Lori Kaufman @howtogeek Updated July 11, 2017, 10:27pm EDT By default, Excel recalculates all the formulas in your worksheet automatically when you open your worksheet or change any entries, formulas, or names on which your formulas depend.... How to Keep Leading Zeroes in Excel 2010 June 23, 2012 By Matt Microsoft Excel 2010 does its' best to format the data you enter into your worksheets so that it is in the format that it thinks you wants.
0 Excel function that works out the average by first excluding all zeros and then excluding the minimum and maximum value Format cell to three place decimal, unless more digits required? how to get more followers on tumblr cheat Well, to really get on top of what causes this malfunction, and others like it in Excel, you might want to take a course covering Excel from beginner to advanced level. This should help you get a grasp on all of its features and teach you to overcome its idiosyncrasies.
every time save for the Excel file, the excel will keep creating .TMP file , its using a lot of our file server space. How to stop Excel file crateting extra TMP files. This thread is locked. how to get pregnant at the age of 40 Hi, It may sound odd, but some account numbers actually start with the number "0" (i.e. 012343567. However, Excel will not allow this; Excel removes the zero. How do I format the cell to accept the However, Excel will not allow this; Excel removes the zero.
0 Excel function that works out the average by first excluding all zeros and then excluding the minimum and maximum value Format cell to three place decimal, unless more digits required?
27/04/2012 · Use a number format to hide zero values in selected cells Follow this procedure to hide zero values in selected cells. If the value in one of these cells changes to a nonzero value, the format of the value will be similar to the general number format.
9/02/2011 · Hello Arun, to me this seems can be done if you would output to a previously formatted template. So you save aside a copy of the template and export the data into the other copy.
In Excel 2002, select Custom, choose the Does not equal option from the first drop-down, and then enter 0. Click OK to filter the column, which will filter the entire row.


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James Bromwell
Rep. James Bromwell
Former Representative for Iowa's 2nd District
Bromwell was the representative for Iowa's 2nd congressional district and was a Republican. He served from 1961 to 1964.
Contact Rep. James Bromwell
I live in Iowa's 2nd congressional district.
I want to urge Bromwell to take an action on a bill.
Visit Rep. James Bromwell's website »
Look for a contact form on Rep. James Bromwell's website to express your opinion.
Visit Bromwell's Website »
Head over to Rep. James Bromwell's website. If you are having a problem with a government agency, look for a contact link for casework to submit a request for help. Otherwise, look for a phone number on that website to call his office if you have a question.
Not all Members of Congress will accept messages from non-constituents. You can try your luck by visiting Bromwell's website. Otherwise, try contacting your own representative:
You are currently on the website GovTrack.us, which has no affiliation with Bromwell and is not a government website. Choose from the options above to find the right way to contact Bromwell.
From Jan 1961 to Oct 1964, Bromwell missed 12 of 471 roll call votes, which is 2.5%. This is on par with the median of 2.3% among the lifetime records of representatives serving in Oct 1964. The chart below reports missed votes over time.
1961 Jan-Apr 22 1 4.5% 84th
1961 May-Aug 65 1 1.5% 41st
1961 Sep-Sep 29 1 3.4% 53rd
1962 Apr-Jun 32 0 0.0% 0th
1962 Oct-Oct 22 3 13.6% 90th
1963 Jan-Mar 9 0 0.0% 0th
1963 Apr-Jun 31 1 3.2% 57th
1963 Jul-Sep 28 0 0.0% 0th
1963 Oct-Dec 50 3 6.0% 58th
1964 Jan-Mar 26 1 3.8% 62nd
1964 Oct-Oct 4 0 0.0% 0th
James Bromwell is pronounced:


text:
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Acclimation and thermal tolerance in Antarctic marine ectotherms
Lloyd S. Peck, Simon A. Morley, Joëlle Richard, Melody S. Clark
Journal of Experimental Biology 2014 217: 16-22; doi: 10.1242/jeb.089946
Lloyd S. Peck
1British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
For correspondence: l.peck@bas.ac.uk
Simon A. Morley
Joëlle Richard
2European Institute of Marine Studies, Marine Environmental Sciences Laboratory LEMAR UMR6539, Rue Dumont D'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
Melody S. Clark
Antarctic marine species have evolved in one of the coldest and most temperature-stable marine environments on Earth. They have long been classified as being stenothermal, or having a poor capacity to resist warming. Here we show that their ability to acclimate their physiology to elevated temperatures is poor compared with species from temperate latitudes, and similar to those from the tropics. Those species that have been demonstrated to acclimate take a very long time to do so, with Antarctic fish requiring up to 21–36 days to acclimate, which is 2–4 times as long as temperate species, and invertebrates requiring between 2 and 5 months to complete whole-animal acclimation. Investigations of upper thermal tolerance (CTmax) in Antarctic marine species have shown that as the rate of warming is reduced in experiments, CTmax declines markedly, ranging from 8 to 17.5°C across 13 species at a rate of warming of 1°C day−1, and from 1 to 6°C at a rate of 1°C month−1. This effect of the rate of warming on CTmax also appears to be present at all latitudes. A macrophysiological analysis of long-term CTmax across latitudes for marine benthic groups showed that both Antarctic and tropical species were less resistant to elevated temperatures in experiments and thus had lower warming allowances (measured as the difference between long-term CTmax and experienced environmental temperature), or warming resistance, than temperate species. This makes them more at risk from warming than species from intermediate latitudes. This suggests that the variability of environmental temperature may be a major factor in dictating an organism's responses to environmental change.
The Antarctic marine environment is both one of the most stable and one of the most variable on Earth. Temperatures at the highest latitude sites, such as McMurdo Sound in the Ross Sea, range annually by less than 1.5°C above a minimum of −1.9°C, the freezing point of seawater (Hunt et al., 2003). Even the most variable sites, in the maritime Antarctic, have a range across the year of only 3–4°C, and this is between 5 and 10 times lower than the most variable marine sites at lower latitudes (Clarke and Gaston, 2006). In contrast to this, seasonality of light and, as a consequence, sea-ice cover and phytoplankton bloom intensity are amongst the greatest on Earth, with phytoplankton biomass often varying by over 4 orders of magnitude seasonally to summer peaks in excess of 25 mg chlorophyll m−3 in near-shore sites (Clarke et al., 2008). Conditions similar to this have existed in sites around Antarctica for at least 15 and possibly 25 million years (Clarke and Johnston, 1996). Research over the past four decades has shown that these conditions have resulted in a fauna that is stenothermal and has a poor capacity to resist elevated temperatures (Somero and DeVries, 1967; Peck, 2002). Such characteristics are of particular concern, given the climate change effects and rates of warming seen in the polar regions (Turner et al., 2009). In Antarctica, the region around the Antarctic Peninsula is one of the fastest warming on Earth, with air temperatures having risen by 3°C and sea surface temperatures to the west of the peninsula having risen by 1°C over the last 50 years (Meredith and King, 2005).
Organisms can respond to environmental insult in a wide range of ways, from biochemical buffering, through physiological mechanisms and genetic adaptation to behavioural and ecological modification. The importance of the entrained mechanism depends on both the extent and time scale of the applied stress (Peck, 2011). The most relevant of these in terms of responses to climate change scale events has been argued to be phenotypic plasticity, primarily from the acclimation of physiological processes to altered conditions, and genetic adaptation that can be achieved by both mutation and/or the transfer of genes within and between populations (Somero, 2010). The balance of the importance of phenotypic plasticity and adaptation is markedly affected by life history characteristics such as generation time that affect the time required for genetic modification to become effective (Peck, 2011). Thus, in groups characterised by very rapid generation times such as viruses, microbes and microinvertebrates, the need for phenotypic plasticity to resist warming is small as genetic modification is rapid. However, in species with long generation times, including many marine ectotherms in polar regions, phenotypic plasticity or efficient homeostatic mechanisms are essential. Thus, groups with generation times measured in decades will require on average hundreds of years for adaptation to be effective and survival will be dictated by the possession of sufficient phenotypic plasticity, predominantly acclimation, to resist for the necessary time (Peck, 2011). This review addresses the current state of knowledge on the acclimation ability and temperature tolerance of the Antarctic marine fauna, concentrating on fish and macroinvertebrates. It begins with a review of acclimation in marine ectotherms, which is followed by sections on acclimation in Antarctic fish and invertebrates. The last half of the review deals with upper lethal temperature limits (CTmax), how they are assessed and the best methods for identifying long-term CTmax. The final section deals with how long-term CTmax varies across latitudes and shows that polar and tropical marine species both have lower warming allowances over experienced environmental temperatures than taxa from temperate latitudes where annual temperature variation is higher.
Acclimation in marine ectotherms
Acclimation is the change from one stable physiological state to another stable physiological state in experiments when conditions are altered (Prosser, 1973; Schmidt-Nielsen, 1990). It is sometimes confused with acclimatisation, which is the modulation of physiological processes between long-term stable states in response to changes in environmental variables in the field (Wilson and Franklin, 2002). Acclimation has been known and evaluated in temperate species for over half a century (e.g. Brett, 1956). Over this time it has been investigated in the marine environment using a very wide range of approaches including long-term survival (e.g. Peck et al., 2009a), behavioural or muscle performance metrics (e.g. Morley et al., 2011), the stabilisation of metabolic rate (Bullock, 1955; Peck et al., 2002; Robinson and Davison, 2008), the ability to perform normal functions such as the complete processing of a meal (Peck et al., 2008), by the use of a wide range of biochemical markers including heat-shock proteins (e.g. Dahlhoff, 2004; Morley et al., 2009; Dimitriadis et al., 2012), by the use of cellular or metabolomic indicators (Chrousos, 1998; Lowe and Davison, 2005; Hudson et al., 2008) and increasingly by the modulation of gene expression (Nymark et al., 2009; Ravaux et al., 2012; Heinrich et al., 2012).
Whereas cellular and tissue components can acclimate at different rates, complete acclimation at the whole-animal level to altered temperature usually involves a change in acute thermal tolerance (upper and lower critical and lethal temperatures, CTmin, CTmax, UTL and LTL). This has been recognised for over 70 years (Fry et al., 1942; Pörtner et al., 2007; Peck et al., 2010) and is a commonly used metric to evaluate whole-animal acclimation. Acclimation studies focusing on cellular or physiological functions provide valuable information on thermal compensation of these functions and form a very good basis for much comparative physiology aimed at understanding thermal biology. They also allow acute responses to be separated from the acclimated state and the time scale of changes in rate functions to be evaluated (e.g. Schulte et al., 2011). In this area the use of thermal performance curves has become widespread and has provided insight into rates of compensation of functions to altered temperature (e.g. Dell et al., 2011; Huey and Kingsolver, 2011).
Acclimation in Antarctic fish
Acclimation has been demonstrated in a number of studies on Antarctic fish, and several have examined acclimation using a variety of different performance indicators. One of the first studies of the effects of altered temperature on a physiological function showed that burst swimming performance was not altered by 4 weeks exposure to either −1 or 4°C in Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Wilson et al., 2001). Seebacher and colleagues (Seebacher et al., 2005) then showed there was significant plasticity in cardiovascular response and metabolic control that allowed P. borchgrevinki to maintain locomotory performance after 4–5 weeks of acclimation at 4°C. Further work on this species showed that acclimation to 4°C produced a cardiac output at rest that was stable when tested at temperatures between −1 and 8°C (Franklin et al., 2007). The maximum factorial of cardiac output stayed at −1°C, but was lower after acclimation.
Robinson and Davison (Robinson and Davison, 2008) showed that oxygen consumption (ṀO2) acclimated to 4°C in P. borchgrevinki after 1 month such that resting ṀO2 was the same as that at −1°C and recovery from exhaustive exercise was the same in warm- or cold-acclimated fish. More recently, metabolic rate stabilisation, mitochondrial function and acid–base regulation have all been used to measure acclimation state in the fish Notothenia rosii, where partial acclimation of metabolic rate was observed after 29–36 days at 7°C (Strobel et al., 2012).
At the whole-animal level, Bilyk and DeVries (Bilyk and DeVries, 2011) used the change in CTmax to demonstrate that a range of fish from both the high Antarctic at McMurdo Sound and the maritime Antarctic on the Antarctic Peninsula were capable of acclimating to 4°C (Fig. 1). CTmax was higher in the species from the Antarctic Peninsula than in those from McMurdo Sound before and after acclimation, but acclimation to 4°C had a larger effect on CTmax in fish from the high Antarctic site than in species from the Antarctic Peninsula (Bilyk and DeVries, 2011) (Fig. 1). These results may initially seem surprising as the temperature regime differences are small. At McMurdo Sound the range is −1.9 to −0.5°C whereas the specimens in the study on the Antarctic Peninsula were from near Anvers Island where the temperature range is −1.9 to around +1°C (Clarke et al., 2008). However, environmental temperatures at the time when measurements were made were similar at the two sites (roughly −1.0 to −1.9°C) as the investigation on the Peninsula was carried out in winter (July/August). Thus, a difference of around 1.5°C in summer temperature accounted for the differences seen in CTmax and acclimation effect.
Further to this, Bilyk and DeVries (Bilyk and DeVries, 2011) showed that the time needed for complete acclimation of CTmax was between 5 and 20 days (Fig. 2). This is much longer than that required for temperate species. Several early studies in the 1940s to 1980s showed that acclimation of CTmax in temperate and tropical fish usually takes 2–5 days (reviewed in Schmidt-Nielsen, 1990). More recently Healy and Schulte (Healy and Schulte, 2012) showed the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus requires 3–6 days for acclimation of CTmax to a temperature change of 10°C, and this was the same for populations from both northern and southern ends of the distribution range. Acclimation to altered temperature thus appears to take 2–4 times longer in Antarctic fish compared with acclimation in species from temperate latitudes.
CTmax of fish from McMurdo Sound in the high Antarctic and the Antarctic Peninsula. Species were: Pagothenia borchgrevinki, Trematomus pennellii, Trematomus hansoni, Trematomus bernacchii, Lycodichthys dearborni, Pachycara brachycephalum, Lepidonotothen nudifrons, Lepidonotothen squamifrons, Gobionotothen gibberifrons, Notothenia rossii and Notothenia coriiceps. Black bars indicate environmental CTmax (from recently collected specimens) and grey bars are for animals acclimated to 4°C. Data are shown as means ± s.d. (s.d. is not shown for N. rossii as only two specimens were available). Student–Newman–Keuls tests were used to identify significant differences, which are indicated by different lowercase letters. McMurdo Sound and Antarctic Peninsula CTmax values were tested independently and overlapping letters between these do not have any meaning. Figure reproduced from Bilyk and DeVries (Bilyk and DeVries, 2011) with permission.
Change in CTmax during acclimation of three species of fish from McMurdo Sound while held at 4°C. Points indicate mean ± s.d. CTmax. The light grey line on each plot shows the expected CTmax from the non-linear regression analysis. Reproduced from Bilyk and DeVries (Bilyk and DeVries, 2011) with permission.
Acclimation in Antarctic invertebrates
Studies of acclimation in Antarctic marine invertebrates have shown possibly even more surprising results. Peck and colleagues (Peck et al., 2010) held six species for 2 months at 3.1°C, which is 2.0°C above average summer maximum temperatures, and only one species, the gastropod Marseniopsis mollis, showed any change in CTmax compared with controls at 0°C (Fig. 3). Furthermore, the brittle star Ophionotus victoriae has been shown to be incapable of acclimating to 2°C, as it could not survive more than a few weeks at this temperature (Peck et al., 2009b). Morley and colleagues (Morley et al., 2011) showed the limpet Nacella concinna from the Antarctic Peninsula acclimated its CTmax to higher values after being held at 2.9°C for 9 months, when there was no evidence of whole-animal acclimation after 2 months. To test this further, we held N. concinna for 5 months at 0 and 3°C (Fig. 4). These trials were conducted in the Antarctic winter and CTmax was evaluated at the start of the experiment when the field temperature the animals had experienced was −1.0°C. After 5 months both the 0°C controls and 3°C maintained animals had a higher CTmax than animals evaluated at the start of the experiment, and the 3°C group had a higher CTmax than the 0°C controls (Fig. 4). Thus, whole-animal acclimation in N. concinna appears to require more than 2 and less than 5 months to complete.
Experiments have also been conducted on acclimation in the Antarctic urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, at Rothera Station, Adelaide Island, Antarctic Peninsula, where CTmax declined slightly compared with controls after specimens were held for 3 months at 2°C, indicating no whole-animal acclimation (Fig. 5A); however, in a second experiment, CTmax was higher in specimens held for 6 months at 3°C than in controls at 0°C (Fig. 5B). The first of these trials on urchins was conducted in summer, whereas the second was in winter. Interestingly, the acclimated CTmax at 3°C in the winter experiment (Fig. 5B) was very similar to all three CTmax values (start, 3 months 0°C control and 2°C experimental) from the summer trial (Fig. 5A). This possibly suggests that the value found in summer and the 3°C-acclimated group in winter is the limit for acclimating CTmax in this species at this site. The site where this study was made is in a region where sea temperatures have increased by 1°C over the last 50 years (Meredith and King, 2005). Consequently, these acclimation data may be significant in terms of the capacity to respond to further environmental warming. However, the overall picture for Antarctic marine invertebrates is one where it appears that they have a very poor capacity to acclimate CTmax, and in the species where acclimation has been demonstrated they require inordinately long times, from 2 to 5 months to do so, much longer than is required in Antarctic fish. However, it should be noted that successful acclimation has only been observed in a very limited number of Antarctic marine invertebrates. This, together with the data for the brittle star Ophionotus victoriae showing it does not survive long term at 2°C (Peck et al., 2009b), which is less than 2°C above the average annual temperature at that site, suggests that some species will not be able to acclimate to even small rises in sea water temperature.
CTmax for six species of Antarctic marine invertebrates. Species were: Yoldia eightsi, Heterocucumis steineni, Liothyrella uva, Sterechinus neumayeri, Paraceradocus gibber and Marseniopsis mollis. Each point represents the temperature at which an individual became unresponsive to external stimuli. For each species, data are shown for two groups where N was between 13 and 27. The control group had been held in ambient temperatures (−1.2 to +1.3°C) for 60 days, whereas the experimental (acclimated) group had been held at 3°C for 60 days. Differences between the 3°C-acclimated group and the control group were not significant for Y. eightsi (t=1.44, 39 d.f., P=0.16), H. steineni (t=0.48, 38 d.f., P=0.64), L. uva (t=−0.11, 29 d.f., P=0.92), S. neumayeri (t=−0.01, 46 d.f., P=0.99) and P. gibber (t=−0.24, 21 d.f., P=0.81). They were, however, significant for M. mollis (t=10.9, 40 d.f., P<0.001). Figure from Peck et al. (Peck et al., 2010).
CTmax and estimations of long-term thermal tolerance
Acclimation experiments generally require animals to be held long term in experimental facilities. This can be problematical for non-model species, where often little, if anything, is known about their husbandry, and living in confined environments may produce tank effects. Hence, alternative methods need to be explored to evaluate the resilience of these species to long-term temperature increases. Several studies have investigated the relationship between species or population thermal tolerance (CTmax) and geographic range, and most have found the two to be correlated (e.g. Kimura, 2004; Angilletta, 2009; Jones et al., 2009). This is probably because physiological tolerance, when assessed using metrics such as activity, decline with temperature above and below an optimum in a similar fashion to CTmax (e.g. Ansell et al., 1981; Peck et al., 2004), and there is a hierarchy of temperature tolerance with physiological scale where whole-animal CTmax is lower than limits for tissues and then cellular level processes, and the different levels appear to be linked in a cascade (Pörtner et al., 2007). Thus, for populations living at sites where temperatures are either above or below optimum, the capacity to perform the required normal functions and activities declines.
The first investigation of CTmax in Antarctic marine ectotherms showed that fish had a poor capacity to resist warming and could not survive long term at temperatures higher than around 5–6°C (Somero and DeVries, 1967). Since this pioneering work, Antarctic fish and marine ectotherms have been recognised as being stenothermal, and significantly less tolerant of warming than lower latitude species (Clarke, 1991; Peck, 2002; Pörtner et al., 2007; Somero, 2010). More recent studies, however, seemed to show more equivocal results. Urban and Silva (Urban and Silva, 1998) found temperature tolerance limits (CTmax) for N. concinna and the clam Laternula elliptica above 15°C, and Abele and colleagues (Abele et al., 2001) measured the effects of oxidative stress in the bivalve Yoldia eightsi at temperatures up to 11°C, whereas Peck and colleagues (Peck et al., 2004) showed that both N. concinna and L. elliptica were incapable of completing essential activities (righting in limpets and burying in clams) at temperatures above 5°C. Furthermore Peck (Peck, 1989) showed that the brachiopod Liothyrella uva seemed capable of surviving extended periods at 3.0°C, but not 4.5°C, whereas the limpet N. concinna survived slow warming over 150 days to 7.5°C but not a subsequent rise to 9.0°C.
CTmax values for the limpet Nacella concinna. Each point represents the temperature at which an individual became unresponsive to external stimuli following warming at 1°C day−1. Data are for animals recently collected from an ambient temperature of −1.0°C (filled circles), and for specimens held for 5 months at 0°C (open circles) or at 3°C (filled triangles). All three groups passed homogeneity of variance (Levene's test=0.65, P=0.53) and normality (Bartlett's test=0.93, P=0.63) tests but were significantly different (ANOVA, F21,2=61.9, P<0.001); the 0°C control values were higher than the start values, as were the 3°C group values, and the 3°C group values were higher than the 0°C control values (in all cases Tukey, P<0.05).
Much of the confusion in this field was resolved when Peck and colleagues (Peck et al., 2009a) showed that CTmax varied with the rate of experimental warming in 14 species of Antarctic marine invertebrates from six phyla, and this appears to be a general phenomenon. CTmax declined at slower rates of warming (Fig. 6). Across all species studied, CTmax ranged from 8 to 17.5°C at a warming rate of 1°C day−1. However, this declined to 3.5–12°C at a rate of 1°C week−1 and to 1.0–6.0°C at 1°C month−1. Earlier studies that had found unexpectedly high CTmax values for stenothermal Antarctic ectotherms had employed the faster rates of warming. Performing non-linear exponential regression analyses [CTmax=a−b exp(−cR), where R is the rate of change and a, b and c are constants (Richard et al., 2012)] on these data allowed extrapolation of long-term thermal limits in excess of a year to be predicted at 3.3°C, which is around 3°C above average summer maxima at this site. Hence, these analyses enabled predictions to be made of the plasticity required in species' ability to acclimate to higher temperatures and in a much wider range of species than was possible with long-term experimental acclimation experiments.
CTmax values for the urchin S. neumayeri. Each point represents the temperature at which an individual became unresponsive to external stimuli following warming at 1°C day−1. (A) Data for animals at the start of the trial and groups held at either 0 or 2°C for 3 months; (B) specimens at the start of the trial or held for 6 months at 0 or 3°C. In A there were no significant differences between the start group and the group held at 0°C for 3 months, but the group held at 2°C for 3 months had a lower CTmax than either of the other two groups (ANOVA F67,2=7.11, P=0.002; Tukey: start vs 0°C control, P>0.05; start vs 2°C group P<0.05; 0°C control vs 2°C group P<0.05). In B, data failed normal distribution and homogeneity tests (Levene's test=25.0, P<0.001; Bartlett's test=9.61, P=0.008). However, a non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test shows 0°C controls were not significantly different from the start group (H=20.27, 2 d.f., P<0.001), but the 3°C group values were significantly higher than those of the 0°C controls (Mann–Whitney, W=56.0, P=0.0002).
Warming allowances and estimations of thermal resilience
The capacity to acclimate to altered conditions (physiological plasticity) is currently of great interest (e.g. Angilletta, 2009; Somero, 2010). However, acclimation capacity varies with several factors such as physiological condition and season (e.g. Wilson and Elkain, 1991; Cuculescu et al., 1998; Rajagopal et al., 2005; Healy and Schulte, 2012). Furthermore, experiments evaluating the capacity to acclimate rarely measure the highest temperature that organisms are capable of achieving through acclimation. Because of these factors, experiments demonstrating acclimation to a given temperature may be poor estimates of the highest temperatures for long-term survival in a population or species, and the method of identifying long-term CTmax from experiments at different rates of warming is likely to be better in this respect.
Richard and colleagues (Richard et al., 2012) used the same approach as Peck and colleagues (Peck et al., 2009a) to evaluate CTmax at different rates of warming in marine invertebrates across four temperate and one Antarctic locality. They used a non-linear model: CTmax=a−b × exp(−cR) (where CTmax is the temperature at which 50% mortality occurred, R is the rate of temperature change expressed in day per °C and a, b and c are constants). This allowed the estimation of a long-term CTmax that incorporated the data from faster rates of warming in the calculation. This is a better estimate of long-term survival than point estimates of acclimation capacity as it allows factors such as physiological condition or seasonal influences to be averaged out and reduces their bias on the estimate. It also provides an estimate of maximum long-term CTmax that is rarely obtained from acclimation studies.
CTmax values (upper temperature limit) for 14 species of Antarctic marine invertebrates at three different rates of warming. Figure adapted from Peck et al. (Peck et al., 2009a).
Richard and colleagues compared their estimates of long-term CTmax with experienced maximum habitat temperature to calculate the 'warming allowance'. This is calculated as the difference between maximum experienced temperature and maximum long-term CTmax and is the buffer that the species or population has in its physiological capacity over current environmental temperatures. It is similar to the warming tolerance of Deutsch and colleagues (Deutsch et al., 2008), but uses an estimate of long-term CTmax calculated using data collected for many rates of warming. This warming allowance varied from just over 3°C for Antarctic species to over 9°C for a cool temperate environment. Interestingly, it was 8.7°C for a warm temperate site on the coast of Peru, but fell to 2.9°C during an El Nino event where average sea temperatures dramatically increased in an unpredictable fashion and significant mortalities in several species occurred.
Nguyen and colleagues (Nguyen et al., 2011) evaluated CTmax across a range of different warming rates in tropical marine and intertidal species. For the 13 fully marine species studied, the average long-term CTmax was around 35°C, and for the most sensitive species, the sea urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus, this was between 29.4 and 32.4°C. The maximum habitat temperature experienced by these species during the 3 months of their study was 31°C. The maximum weekly sea temperature recorded for Singapore between 1981 and 2010 was slightly above 31°C (Guest et al., 2012), and although temperature variation at this site is small, the absolute maximum experienced over this time was likely to have been between 31 and 32°C. The warming allowance for marine species around Singapore is thus 3–4°C and for the most sensitive species 0–1.4°C. When warming allowance values are compared for marine sites from the tropics to the poles, an interesting pattern is obtained where both the tropics and polar sites have low values of around 3–4°C and the temperate sites between have higher values between 6.2 and 9.7°C (Fig. 7). Interestingly the site in Peru is strongly affected by the El Nino oscillation, and the warming allowance here is usually 8.7°C, but during the El Nino this falls to 2.9°C, a value similar to those reported for Antarctica and Singapore (Fig. 7). This low value for Peru during the El Nino coincides with a period when there are significant mortalities in marine species in this region. It is similar to the values for Antarctic and tropical species (Fig. 7) and although it occurs for different reasons it reinforces the concept that a warming allowance of around 3°C indicates species are living close to their physiological limits.
Warming allowance for aggregates of species at seven sites. Warming allowance is the difference between long-term CTmax and currently experienced maximum environmental temperature (°C). The sites range from Antarctica to Singapore (Tropical) with those in between following previous use (Richard et al., 2012): CT, cold temperate environment (West coast of Scotland); NHWST, northern hemisphere warm shallow temperate (depths less than 5 m); NHWT, northern hemisphere warm temperate (depths deeper than 5 m; South of France and west coast of the USA); Peru; and SHWT, southern hemisphere warm temperate (all depths deeper than 5 m). The line between the two points on the tropical data indicate a range of values, whilst the open circle in the Peru data indicates the warming allowance in an El nino year.
The approach taken in the studies of Peck et al. (Peck et al., 2009a), Richard et al. (Richard et al., 2012) and Nguyen et al. (Nguyen et al., 2011) is to assess multiple species at a given site and to produce measures of CTmax at an assemblage or community level. Previously, it has been argued that to assess resistance to environmental warming requires tightly phylogenetically controlled studies using within-genus comparisons (e.g. Somero, 2010; Somero, 2012). However, comparisons across latitudes from the tropics to high polar sites are difficult in this respect because of the lack of genera that span this range, and the macrophysiology assemblage level approach has significant merit in this respect.
The current paradigm is that tropical species are more at risk from warming than those from higher latitudes. This was demonstrated for congeneric porcelain crabs (genus Petrolisthes) along the Pacific coast of the USA (Stillman and Somero, 2000; Stillman, 2003). Furthermore, in intertidal habitats, species inhabiting warmer, generally higher intertidal sites appear to have less resistance to warming (see Helmuth, 2009), and comparisons of subtidal and intertidal congenerics have shown that the intertidal species are less resistant than subtidal ones (e.g. Dong and Somero, 2009). In terrestrial studies, species from lower, warmer latitudes also appear less resistant to warming than those from higher, cooler latitudes (Deutsch et al., 2008; Tewksbury et al., 2008). In contrast, the data from Fig. 7 presented here indicate that both tropical and Antarctic marine species are less resistant than those from intermediate latitudes. This would support the thesis that species from less variable temperature environments have less phenotypic plasticity to respond to warming, the environmental variability hypothesis where high environmental variation selects for flexibility in life history characteristics (e.g. Stearns, 1992). An environmental variability analysis would also fit the responses seen in terrestrial species, as higher latitude terrestrial environments tend to be more temperature variable than those from lower latitudes, a point also noted by Tewksbury and colleagues (Tewksbury et al., 2008), and also raised in the context of marine species by Somero (Somero, 2010). It does seem contrary to results for subtidal versus intertidal and some purely intertidal studies and this may be because the species studied there have a marine evolutionary history. In this respect it would be important to investigate terrestrial species that have invaded the intertidal zone, such as the intertidal spiders of the family Desidae.
In the studies reviewed here, individuals had little opportunity to employ behavioural regulation during trials. Thus, what is measured is the accumulation of thermal stress as a function of time by temperature. Individuals in wild conditions may have the opportunity to move away from thermally stressful situations, although this is a less likely option in areas like the Southern Ocean where temperatures vary little over large distances. Furthermore, migration is likely to move them to sub-optimal conditions in terms of other factors such as predation or competition (Angilletta, 2009), which would reduce survival in the long term. The capacity for adaptation by modification of the genome at the population level has also not been addressed, and this is likely to be more important for species with short generation times, especially those with multiple generations per year (Peck, 2011). Antarctic species with long generation times and slow growth and development times (see Peck, 2002; Peck et al., 2006) are likely to be restricted in this respect. However, the analyses of phenotypic plasticity to resist warming reviewed here would suggest that Antarctic marine species are impaired compared with lower latitude assemblages, and that the areas most vulnerable to warming in marine benthic groups are tropical and Antarctic.
We thank Craig Franklin and an anonymous referee who made comments that significantly improved the manuscript. We also thank the support team at Rothera Research Station, especially those involved in diving, for assistance with collection and maintenance of specimens used in experiments reported here.
All authors contributed to the conception, design, execution and interpretation of the findings. L.S.P., S.A.M. and M.S.C. contributed to data in Figs 4 and 6; S.A.M. contributed to data in Fig. 5; L.S.P. and J.R. contributed to data in Fig. 7.
L.S.P., S.A.M. and M.S.C. were funded by core support from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) to the British Antarctic Survey. J.R. and L.S.P. were funded by NERC grant NE/G018.
© 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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CTmax
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Sunday Fun Day Giveaway Winner & Alaska!
OK, here's the spot where I humbly congratulate the winner cause I never ever win these things... whoop whoop!!!
Thanks, and will do a post on what i do with my ill gotten goods!
And can not wait to see what you come up with on the salmon... how cool it is to be you!
The alaskan alps are surely inviting!


This week's English for football is 'park the bus'. Many people say that this phrase was first used by Jose Mourinho when he was Chelsea's manager in his first season. He was describing a negative Tottenham team who played very defensively in a meeting between the two London clubs some years ago. To park the bus, means to play very defensively, to get a lot of players behind the ball, to offer no attacking play. Imagine a bus parked in front of the goal. It is almost impossible to score, so people use 'to park the bus' to mean one team was very negative, boring and defensive. This week's Champions League semi-finals were not very exciting and Barcelona have accused Chelsea of playing very negatively, of 'parking the bus' in front of goal. To park the bus.
Example: Sunderland were accused of parking the bus and making no attempt to win the game.
If you have any ideas on some football phrases for our site, let us know by emailing us at admin@languagecaster.com. Check out our glossary of footballing phrases here.


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Jacobson optimistic Xiberras can build top Supercars team
New Academy stars pitched into Blancpain series
> News > International
Wednesday 11th March, 2015 - 12:53pm
GT Academy winners Frenchman Gaetan Paletou and Mexico's Ricardo Sanchez will drive a PRO-AM entry in the Blancpain Endurance Series
Frenchman Gaetan Paletou and Mexico's Ricardo Sanchez will become the latest virtual-to-reality exponents to make the big time under Nissan's GT Academy.
The Nissan PlayStation GT Academy winners will make their debut in a GT-R NISMO GT3 in the Blancpain Endurance Series.
After winning the GT Academy competitions last year the pair were thrust into Nissan's driver development squad at the Dubai 24 Hour in January where they were second in class and fifth overall.
NISMO athletes are now spread through some of the key categories globally which including the FIA World Endurance Championship, Japanese Super GT, Japanese F3, European Le Mans Series, ADAC GT Masters and the US-based Pirelli World Challenge.
In the Blancpain Series Paletou and Sanchez will run in a PRO-AM entry under the Nissan GT Academy Team RJN while the squad will field a primary GT-R for Alex Buncombe, Katsumasa Chiyo and Wolfgang Reip.
Florian Strauss, who together with Chiyo and Reip won last month's Bathurst 12 Hour, will join Paletou and Sanchez for the first race at Monza.
"I feel ready for Monza but I still find it hard to believe that I am going to be racing there," Paletou said.
"This time last year I had no idea of what was ahead of me and now I have landed my dream job.
"I know that Monza is a good track for the GT-R as we have such a strong engine so we are in a good position to get a good result."
"I still find it hard to believe what is happening in my life," said Sanchez.
"Every time I think about it I smile as this has always been my dream.
Darren Cox, the global boss of Brand, Marketing & Sales, NISMO, said the GT Academy program is triggering a depth of driving talent.
"We are now in the strong position of having our own production line of talent," Cox said.
"GT Academy winners only become NISMO Athletes if they have the talent and the determination to go all the way.
"There are no free rides here."


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