Bad news for New Zealand fans. According to Stuff.co.nz, Philip Anselmo & The Illegals's concerts in New Zealand have been canceled in the wake of last week's terror attacks at Christchurch mosques which left 50 dead.
Auckland's Galatos venue, where Anselmo was scheduled to play next week, also announced that the gig will no longer take place.


The police officers of University of Southern Maine Public Safety offer many different services to the campus community.
To use this service please contact Public Safety Communications at 207-780-5211. A uniformed police officer driving a marked vehicle will pick you up at your present location and bring you to a different on campus location such as your residence hall or to your vehicle. This service is available whenever an officer is not on another call. If the officer is on another call, the dispatcher will advise you were to wait in a secure location and how long the delay may be.
At the entry way to all campus buildings, in all elevators and placed in other areas throughout the campus are emergency call boxes. A call from these phones will go directly to Public Safety Communcations and the dispatcher will send assistance to your location.
All students and employees are encouraged to fill out a registration form for their musical insturments, electronic devices such as cell phones, laptops, media players, video game systems, etc and bicycles kept on campus.
Please turn the form into Public Safety Communications which will keep the forms on file and should the item be lost or stolen will be used to aid the police in getting the item returned.


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Youth Genesis Trust
The Youth Genesis Trust (Ltd) works with young people in the community, mainly those who engage in risk taking behavior in areas such as young offending, relationships, health, substance misuse, employment, training and education. Using youth work tools and principles within a Christian ethos; we work with young people to enable them to make a positive transition into adulthood through a diverse range of projects and activities.
Utilising a learning culture, Youth Genesis works towards sustainability and community cohesion through recruiting, training and supporting volunteers in the local context to deliver work with young people.
The Youth Genesis Trust provides activities, support and a safe place to hang out for young people across the Bay.
In Brixham activities including The Place Youth Drop-in, The Zone Youth Nights, Detached (Street Based) Youth Work and 1st Brixham Boys Brigade.
Paignton Ripples youth Club for 11 - 19 year olds - which amongst other activities like sport and games play, has a resident clown to teach circus skills!!
Torquay has a youth drop in where young people have a safe place to hang out and access information and support.
Street Based is a detatched youth work project which is in all 3 towns, it engages young people on their own terms to provide support, information and accessing services plus a listening ear and how to start their own projects in the community.
See website for all the information.
Jonathan Oliverio
Youth Work Co-ordinator
jon@brixhamurc.org
www.youthgenesis.org.uk/
4, New Road
TQ5 8NE
Local Offer Details Print
Please enter a mobile number to send details of Youth Genesis Trust to

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Detective Constable Adam Taylor, of Dorset Police's Child Abuse Investigation Team, said: "Sean Sage subjected his victim to the most horrific sexual abuse and his actions will have a lasting impact on her and her family who we continue to offer support to.
"No child should be attacked in this way and I hope the sentence handed out by the court will provide them and the wider public with some level of reassurance that no other children will be harmed by him.
Dorset Police: For non-urgent reports, or to make an enquiry, please go to www.dorset.police.uk and follow the 'Do it online' function. Here you can pass all the details of your concerns to us via the online enquiry form. You can also email 101@dorset.pnn.police.uk or call 101. If you believe a child is in immediate danger please dial 999.


Looking out over the Renosterhoek Valley from your garden table at Kardoesie you can still imagine that elephants used to roam freely through this district but not so when you enter the town of Clanwilliam.
Clanwilliam is located on the West Coast Way Wild Route and its People Rocking Nature Track. The town was first called Jan Disselsvalleij but later it was named after the Earl of Clanwilliam. It is one of the ten oldest towns in South Africa.
At the lovely Old Gaol Museum you can learn more about the history of Clanwilliam, the poet and gastronome C. Louis Leipoldt and the famous comedian Tolla van der Merwe. You can also see an old pot still, a manual telephone switchboard of yesteryear and smartly polished wagons.
Amble across the road to the Yellow Aloe Guest House and Coffee Shop where you will be absolutely astounded by the creative garden and its decor.
Whilst in Clanwilliam while away your time with drinking rooibos (or honey bush) tea and discovering an array of rooibos-inspired products; visiting and photographing the pretty churches, some with gravestones in the church yard; and popping in to Albrecht General Dealer where they used to sell marbles for a mere seven cents, but no longer, though you will still find old-style knitted tea cosies.
At Strassbergers you will fall in love with their leather shoes and boots with names like Crazy Horse, Gesie, Juliette, Drifter, Romeo or Niklaas. These will last you a lifetime. If you've always coveted a pair of red vellies you've come to the right place.
Outside of the town you can try your hand at rock climbing, hike in the Cederberg or do the self-guided Sevilla Rock Art Trail.
People from far and wide attend the annual Clanwilliam Wild Flower Show that is hosted in the Blomkerk (Flower Church – built in 1864) in late winter towards early spring.
Although Clanwilliam is where the Wild Flower Show is held, carpets of seasonal flowers can also be seen at Piketberg, Citrusdal, Wupperthal, Vanrhynsdorp, Nieuwoudtville and Garies.
Find Clanwilliam on the West Coast Way Wild Route.


A company is only as great as its people, and this month's Mattress Mastermind is one of American Bedding's best.
Delbert Taylor has been an essential part of the American Bedding family for 15+ years, and it's obvious from his words in the following paragraphs that he values the business as much as we value the part he plays in it.
What are your main responsibilities as Plant Manager at American Bedding?
production schedule to ensure we meet deadlines and ship dates for our customers' orders. To accomplish this, I manage our production staff and oversee raw materials inventory.
In a previous career, I ran my own small business, so I know what it takes to make a company work and how to wear a lot of hats.
How did you end up at American Bedding?
At the time, I went to church with Boyd and his family, and I coached their oldest daughter's basketball team. This is was what formed our relationship, which later led to me to work for American Bedding in 2003.
How have your roles at American Bedding progressed over the years?
worked to the point where I became the Plant Manager.
inventory and staffing needs all have their challenges, and sometimes it depends on the day.
daily grind, it is rewarding to see how much we can accomplish daily as a team and meeting every deadline we are given.
What life lessons have you learned during your time at American Bedding?
where I am at this company today compared to where I started is really overwhelming at times.
In your own words, what makes American Bedding special?
There are so many things I could point out! I work with some of the best people I know. I'm grateful for the way we have maintained a family atmosphere even during our company's exponential growth. I've also built friendships and relationships with people I would have otherwise never met if it were not for this company.
What is most important to you outside of work?
My faith and my family are integral parts of who I am, and they are why I do what I do every day.
Now that you know our people, get to know our products!
The best introduction we can give you to our products is through our catalog. Request one today by clicking on the banner below! And remember, our sales team is always eager to chat with you when you have questions. Contact us online or call us at (800) 203-2507. We hope to hear from you soon!


I'm having a time getting my pile of 98 Bronco parts into a running bike - I've rebuilt the lower end and gotten everything back together up to the top end. Now, unless something has gone horribly wrong, I'm finding the pushrods are about an inch too short for the rockers! I inherited this project with a carcass and miscellaneous parts from a 125 and I'm wondering if somehow the pushrods got mixed up.
Everything is mocked up, but seems to be seating fully, so I'm baffled as to why there's such a gap. Lifters and cam are in place, right tappets on the right sides, etc..
Does anyone know what the difference is in length between the 98 and 125 pushrods? These measure roughly 6" and 6 3/4".
Would like to confirm they're the wrong ones before I have some custom ones made- OEM are kinda hard to find.
Looks like the long ones are what you need. I would assemble it with the longer pushrods, then turn it over slowly and see if there is any interference/binding. It's really not rocket surgery! I had the dubious honor of assembling a '54 MV Agusta OHC single that was a pile of parts in a box without any info other than the owners manual, it was a bit of a puzzle but if you looked at it long enough it all made sense and it wound up a runner!
@Craig - thanks for that, I'm in the Pushrods Yahoo group, but just getting radio silence when I ask about pushrod lengths.
@dietz - Sorry, I may not have been clear: my 98 engine came in pieces with a single set of pushrods (intake and exhaust are slightly different lengths) - I'm finding that set of pushrods are too short (in either configuration) by an inch or so. My question is if anyone knows the difference in length between the 98 and 125 pushrods, with the hypothesis that I have the wrong ones and need to find some that are ____ length.
I've rebuilt quite a few top ends w/ pushrods and I'm boggled at the discrepancy. My next step would be to just order custom ones, but I thought surely someone would know.
Well some good news is that I figured out that the pushrods are for the 125 - the bad news is I'm building the 98, which has a different pushrod setup: balls on both ends of longer rods and the socket on rocker arm.
Don't suppose anyone has a spare set of 98 rods/rockers? eBay is slim on 98 stuff.


Judy Ward was first elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 2014, where she quickly solidified a reputation as a strong conservative voice for limited government that protects taxpayers and preserves the freedoms of citizens. Representative Ward has earned the support from the Pennsylvania Farm Bureau, the PA Pro-Life Federation, and the National Rifle Association because of her consistent advocacy on issues she and her constituents care about. In addition to her proven conservative record, Judy brings a diverse background in nursing, business, and community service to the Senate. Judy spent more than 20 years as a Registered Nurse while founding a business called All About Towne. After nursing, Ward worked with local non-profit, and business organizations. Throughout all of this, Judy remained an active community volunteer, giving her time to many community board and organizations.


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People in Lincolnshire urged to get vital flu and COVID-19 booster vaccines
People across the county are being urged to have their flu and COVID-19 booster vaccinations ahead of the first winter where COVID-19 and Flu circulate fully at the same time. Research shows those infected with both viruses are more than twice as likely to die as someone with COVID-19 alone.
Experts are predicting that there could be a significant flu surge this winter coinciding with continuing or rising COVID-19 cases. This is due to colder weather which favours transmission, darker nights which mean increased social contact indoors where it is less well ventilated, and expected lower immunity to flu due to lower levels in circulation last winter.
A recent survey conducted by Opinium seeking views from 3,000 participants found that nearly one third (32%) were unaware that flu and COVID-19 can circulate at the same time, over a quarter (26%) did not know that flu can be fatal and over half (55%) underestimated the number of people who die from flu in an average year in England (which is approximately 11,000).
The government has launched its Winter Vaccination campaign film highlighting how much people are underestimating the combined threat of flu and COVID-19. The Winter Vaccination campaign film can be viewed on YouTube.
In Lincolnshire there are various options available to people who want to get their COVID-19 booster and/or their flu vaccination, including the county's vaccination centres, GP practices and community pharmacies.
More than 40,000 COVID-19 booster vaccinations have been given in Lincolnshire so far. People who are eligible, including all health and care staff, care home residents, people at risk, carers and people over the age of 50, will be invited by their GP or by the NHS as six months elapses after their second vaccine. Everyone is encouraged to book their appointment as soon as they receive their invitation.
In Lincolnshire we are seeing a good demand for flu vaccinations and, whilst there has been some disruption to supply, overall we have good flu vaccine availability across the county.
This year, people who are eligible for the flu vaccination include those aged 50 plus, two and three-year olds, school children up to year 11, pregnant women, health and care staff, people who are at risk and households of immunosuppressed people. Anyone eligible can get their jab through their GP or by going to a community pharmacist.
To date, 82.7% of those aged 18 and over in Lincolnshire have had two doses of COVID-19 vaccine. If people have been putting off their first dose, they can make a booking at NHS: Book or manage your coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination or find a walk in site at NHS: Find a walk-in coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination site.


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Women's Soccer Looks to Keep Pace in Ivy League Race, Visits Dartmouth Saturday
Harvard (7-7-1, 3-3 Ivy) 1 1 2
Dartmouth (6-7-2, 3-2-1 Ivy) 2 1 3
1st - 8:17 - Lozier, Chrissy (Dartmouth)
1st - 11:46 - Sheeleigh, Katherine (Harvard)
1st - 29:54 - Krnjaic, Melisa (Dartmouth)
2nd - 59:14 - Krnjaic, Melisa (Dartmouth)
2nd - 78:26 - Price, Aisha (Harvard)
G: 2 Players (#5, #9 - 1)
A: Alexandr Conigliaro - 2
Sh: Katherine Sheeleigh - 3
Sv: Alexandra Millet - 1
G: Krnjaic, Melisa - 2
A: Moschitto, Marina - 2
Sh: O'Dea, Aly - 3
Sv: Hogan, Colleen - 3
Senior defender Katherine Kuzma and the Crimson have won their last two games (Gil Talbot).
Live Video (with subscription)
Ivy League Standings
Vote Katherine Sheeleigh for Lowe's Senior CLASS Award
The Harvard women's soccer team has won its last two games, shutting out its opponents by a combined score of 5-0, and will travel to Dartmouth for a key Ivy League contest Saturday afternoon. Harvard sits tied for third with Princeton in the Ivy League with a 3-2-0 record with nine points, while the Big Green is 2-2-1 with five points, good for fifth in the conference.
Harvard stands 7-6-1 overall, while Dartmouth heads into the weekend at 5-7-2. Columbia (9-3-3) and Penn (7-6-1) are tied for first in the Ancient Eight with identical 3-1-1 records and 10 points with two games to go.
Follow From Home:
Live statistics will be available for Saturday's road game at Dartmouth. Live video will also be available with a subscription.
About Harvard:
Katherine Sheeleigh and Melanie Baskind, the reigning Ivy League Player of the Week, are tied for the Crimson lead with seven goals apiece. Sheeleigh also paces the team with six assists and 20 points, while Baskind is second with three helpers and 17 points.
In the Crimson's 1-0 victory in double overtime against Quinnipiac Monday, Alexandra Conigliaro, who ranks third on the team with four goals and 10 points, netted the game-winning goal in the 102nd minute. Alexandra Millet and Jessica Wright combined for the shutout in net, as the Crimson completed the non-conference portion of its schedule with a 4-4-1 record.
Wright, who made two stops against the Bobcats, owns a 5-2-0 record on the year with one shutout, a 1.60 goals-against average and a .756 save percentage. Millet stands at 2-4-1 with two clean sheets, a 1.46 goals-against mark and a .716 save percentage.
Harvard is outscoring teams, 24-22, and outshooting them, 234-196. The Crimson also has a sizable advantage in corner kicks, 102-65, and has scored 12 goals in its four conference games, while allowing only seven.
About Dartmouth:
The Big Green is 2-0-1 in its last three games and has won the last two against Vermont, 7-0, and Columbia, 2-1. Dartmouth is 2-3-1 at home this fall and is outscoring its opponents, 18-16, while trailing in corner kicks, 56-38.
With four goals and one assist, Peyton Tata leads the team with nine points, followed by Marina Moschitto (4-0-8) with eight points. Moschitto has netted two game-winning goals this fall, while Tata and Chrissy Lozier (2-2-6) have one each.
Colleen Hogan has started all 14 games for Dartmouth in net and stands at 5-7-2 with four shutouts. She also boasts a .738 save percentage and a 1.15 goals-against average.
All CLASS:
Katherine Sheeleigh has been named a finalist for the prestigious Lowe's Senior CLASS Award for displaying both on-field and off-field excellence. Fans can vote for Sheeleigh online here until Nov. 14. Fan votes will be combined with media and coaches votes to determine the winner. The winner will be announced at the Women's College Cup in December.
Moving On Up:
With her 20 points this fall, Sheeleigh has moved to sixth on Harvard's all-time scoring list with 74 points. She is also stands fifth program history with 29 goals. Melanie Baskind is 11th in school history with 50 points and needs one goal to tie Karen Gudeman '98 and Alicia Carillo '85 for 10th in career tallies (18).
A History Lesson:
Harvard leads the all-time series with Dartmouth 16-13-3, with the first game being held in 1978, a 3-2 victory for the Crimson. After losing seven straight to the Big Green from 2000-2006, Harvard is 2-0-1 in the last three games with its Ivy League rival to the north. Last season, the Crimson emerged with a 2-1 victory at Ohiri Field on Oct. 31. Katherine Sheeleigh netted both Harvard goals, while Lauren Mann '10 made four saves.
Around the Ivy League:
In other conference matchups Saturday, Princeton visits Cornell at 4 p.m., Penn hosts Brown at 7 p.m., and Yale hosts Columbia for another 7 p.m. start.
Harvard will close out the regular season by hosting Columbia at Ohiri Field Saturday, Nov. 6 at 11 a.m. The Crimson will also honor its six seniors (Kerry Kartsonis, Caroline Kutler, Katherine Kuzma, Katherine Sheeleigh, Katherine Thurber and Gina Wideroff) in a pre-game ceremony.


From: Island Park Dr to right onto Ithecaw Creek, left onto Lesesne, Left onto Brailsford and Right on to Chimney Back Street.
The Perfect Elevated home and located on an amazing Daniel Island. Simply breathtaking views of the Marsh that lead out to the Wando River! This architecturally distinctive, elevated, bright and open home offers incredible sunsets. Being filled with upgrades, character and charm. The Front Porch is great for Rocking Chairs and/or a swing. Granite Countertops, custom cabinets with a huge granite kitchen island make this home a chef's dream. The Kitchen and Family Room are open for fantastic entertainment for family and guests. A comfortable eat-in kitchen area offers plenty of space. The Screened Porch is a perfect place to watch the sunset over the marsh.
Click on this Link for More Information and Photos. Thank you for your interest!


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La història de l'astronomia relata l'evolució d'aquesta ciència, considerada la més antiga de les ciències naturals. L'astronomia existeix des de l'antiguitat, amb els seus orígens en les pràctiques religioses, mitològiques, i cosmològiques, calèndriques i astrològiques de la prehistòria: Alguns vestigis d'aquestes pràctiques encara es troben en l'astrologia, una disciplina llargament lligada a l'astronomia durant segles, que no es va separar i despendre d'aquesta fins fa pocs segles a Occident.

L'astronomia primitiva es va desenvolupar observant patrons regulars dels moviments d'objectes celestials visibles, especialment el Sol, la Lluna, les estrelles i els planetes que es veuen a ull nu. Un exemple d'aquesta astronomia primitiva podria incloure un estudi del canvi de posició del Sol a l'horitzó o l'aparença canviant de les estrelles durant el curs de l'any, que es podria fer servir per a establir un calendari agrícola o ritual. En algunes cultures, les dates astronòmiques es feien servir per a la pronosticació astrològica.

Prehistòria

Les cultures primitives identificaven els objectes celestials amb els déus i els éssers espirituals. Relacionaven aquests objectes (i els seus moviments) amb fenòmens com ara la pluja, la sequera, les estacions i les marees. Generalment, es creu que els primers astrònoms professionals eren sacerdots, i que el seu coneixement dels cels es veia com un fet diví, d'aquí la connexió antiga de l'astronomia al que ara s'anomena astrologia. Les antigues estructures amb possibles alineaments astronòmics (com el de Stonehenge), probablement, emplenaven les funcions tant astronòmiques com religioses.

Els calendaris del món, normalment, s'han ajustat al Sol i a la Lluna -mesurant el dia, el mes i l'any-, i eren importants per a les societats agrícoles, en les quals la collita a plantar depenia de l'estació de l'any correcta. El calendari modern més comú es basa en el calendari romà, que dividia l'any en dotze mesos de trenta i trenta-un dies cadascun, alternativament. Al 46 aC, Juli Cèsar va instigar la reforma del calendari i va adoptar un calendari basat en la llargada de l'any de 365 1/4 dies originalment, proposada per l'astrònom grec del , Cal·lip de Cízic.

La Bíblia conté un nombre d'estaments, poc sofisticats, sobre la posició de la Terra en l'univers i la naturalesa de les estrelles i els planetes (vegeu cosmologia bíblica).

Edat antiga
Els mesopotàmics van dividir l'esfera celeste en constel·lacions, i van anomenar constel·lacions zodiacals les 12 que marquen el moviment anual del Sol en el cel. Igualment va destacar l'astronomia egípcia. Els antics grecs van fer importants contribucions a l'astronomia, entre aquestes, la definició de magnitud. Varen influenciar a diversos astrònoms posteriors, com Claudi Ptolemeu, qui va esmentar 48 constel·lacions.

Antiga Grècia
La cosmologia fou un tema constant ja des dels inicis de la filosofia grega, i fou un tema cabdal al llarg de la història de l'antiga Grècia. Els presocràtics intentaren resoldre la qüestió d'un principi que donés raó dels canvis físics. Plató -en el seu Timeu- amplià les qüestions plantejades per aquests pensadors primitius i les sotmeté a revisió. Aristòtil -en la seva Física- sistematitzà les qüestions esmentades, sostingué la infinitud del món, i el dividí en dos nivells, qualitativament diferents: el món celeste -incausat, de naturalesa etèria, movent-se circularment-, i el món sublunar -amb quatre elements que es mouen centrífugament, i centrípetament-.

Univers
També els astrònoms es van ocupar de la cosmologia. En destaquen Èudox de Cnidos, Hiparc i Claudi Ptolemeu, que es decantaren pel geocentrisme. Els cosmòlegs grecs s'inclinaren -prescindint de diferències entre ells- per una limitació espacial de l'univers, temporalment etern, ordenat segons lleis constants amb repeticions cícliques.

La Terra
Anaximandre de Milet, filòsof i alquimista grec del , ja afirmava que la terra penjava sobre el no-res. I Eratòstenes, en el , va confirmar que la Terra no era plana, sinó corbada i va donar la primera mesura dels seu radi.

Edat mitjana
A Europa, l'astronomia basada en l'observació, es va estancar durant l'edat mitjana, però va florir en l'Imperi persa i en el món de l'islam. A finals del , l'astrònom persa al-Farghaní va escriure àmpliament sobre el moviment dels cossos celestes. El seu treball va ser traduït al llatí al . Al final del , un gran observatori va ser construït prop de Teheran (Iran), per l'astrònom persa Al-Khujandi, qui va observar una sèrie de passos meridians del Sol, la qual cosa li va permetre calcular la inclinació de l'eclíptica. També a Pèrsia, Omar Khayyam va elaborar la reforma del calendari, que és més precís que el calendari julià, i s'acostava al calendari gregorià. Az-Zarqalí va compilar les Taules Astronòmiques de Toledo i va crear l'assafea. Abraham Zacuto va ser el responsable, al , de les adaptacions de les teories astronòmiques per a les necessitats pràctiques de la navegació en les exploracions portugueses.

La concepció aristotèlica es prolongà durant l'edat mitjana, si bé el cristianisme introduí importants innovacions en la cosmologia, amb idees com la divina providència, la creació o el miracle, entre d'altres. Guillem d'Ockham és considerat el pare de la moderna epistemologia, pioner del nominalisme, i de la moderna filosofia en general. Ockham és també un dels més grans lògics de tots els temps. Entronca la concepció antiga amb la moderna en encunyar els conceptes d'infinitud del món, i de la seva pluralitat. Enuncià el principi de la navalla d'Occam, base del mètode reduccionista: Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate; tal com ell ho escrigué en llatí. Aquesta idea, encara avui, és considerada vàlida. Fou acusat d'heretgia pel Papa Joan XXII, i restà quatre anys sota arrest domiciliari, mentre seguia ensenyant i escrivint.

Edat moderna
Durant el Renaixement, Nicolau Copèrnic va proposar el model heliocèntric del sistema solar, teoria que va ser divulgada i corregida més endavant per Galileo Galilei (Galileu) i Johannes Kepler. Galileu va afegir-hi la novetat de l'ús del telescopi per a millorar les seves observacions; Kepler va ser el primer que va descriure correctament els detalls del moviment dels planetes (Lleis de Kepler). Isaac Newton, amb la idea d'estendre als cossos celestes la gravetat terrestre (llei de la gravitació universal), va donar forma a la mecànica celeste, teoria que pretén explicar, definitivament, el moviment dels planetes. Newton també va desenvolupar el telescopi reflector.

La cosmologia moderna neix a partir dels treballs de Nicolau Copèrnic, astrònom polonès, que fou un dels primers científics que posà en qüestió el sistema geocèntric de Ptolemeu, l'observació de nombroses ocultacions, eclipsis de lluna, així com l'ocultació de l'estel Aldebarà el 9 de març del 1947 a Bolònia, i les exploracions al seu observatori de Frauenburg el dugueren a escriure Hypothesibus Motuum Coelistium a se Contitutis Commentariolus (conegut amb el títol de Commentariolus), curt tractat d'astronomia, que acabà vora el 1515, i que no fou publicat fins al . Fou, en aquesta obra, on anuncià els seus principis de l'astronomia heliocèntrica, que revolucionà la comunitat científica del seu temps. Escriví l'obra De Revolucionibus Orbium Coelestium, acabada vora el 1530. Aquesta obra magistral, de la qual va sorgir el pensament científic modern i la imatge de l'univers més acceptada fins al principi del , no fou publicada fins al 24 de maig del 1543, poc abans de la seva mort, per un impressor de Nuremberg.

El sistema de Copèrnic descansa sobre l'observació que la Terra volta al seu entorn, una volta cada dia, la qual cosa explica el moviment diürn de l'esfera celeste. Postula, igualment, que la Terra fa una volta al Sol (heliocentrisme) cada any. Afirma també que els altres planetes fan el mateix a l'entorn al Sol. Copèrnic avança, de la mateixa manera, que la Terra oscil·la sobre el seu eix, la qual cosa explicaria la precessió. La teoria de Copèrnic ataca la de Ptolemeu, i la cosmologia, la física, i fins i tot, la filosofia d'Aristòtil. Així mateix, les sagrades Escriptures ensenyaven la immobilitat de la Terra i el moviment del Sol. Copèrnic conserva, de tota manera, alguns elements de l'antic sistema. Teoria que serà aprofundida, més tard, per Isaac Newton, en els Principia Mathematica, obra publicada el 1687. Al principi, només s'acceptaren els aspectes matemàtics de l'astronomia de Copèrnic, destinats, tan sols, a facilitar el càlcul numèric de les posicions dels planetes. Només a partir del 1570, una nova generació d'astrònoms i pensadors, nascuts cap al 1540, deixà de considerar-la una disciplina calculista, a conseqüència de l'aparició d'una sèrie de novetats problemàtiques: la nova de Cassiopea (1572) descoberta per Tycho Brahe, el gran cometa del 1577, i després nous cometes, en 1580, 1582, i 1585; i del reconeixement de les relacions amb la física i la cosmologia. L'any 1588, poc després de la mort de Copèrnic, s'arriba a un cert compromís. L'astrònom Tycho Brahe proposa una teoria que manté la Terra immòbil, mentre els altres planetes volten al voltant del Sol, i aquest ho fa al voltant de la Terra.

A la meitat del , les teories de Nicolau Copèrnic estaven lluny de tenir una ràpida difusió. El primer filòsof que s'hi adherí fou Giordano Bruno, el qual va obtenir d'aquestes teories un conjunt de conseqüències que, des del punt de vista de la cosmologia del , són extremadament clarividents. Aquestes novetats es podien interpretar com una contradicció de les idees tradicionals que consideraven el cel com immutable, incorruptible, i superior a la regió terrestre. Tanmateix, l'astronomia de Copèrnic només fou admesa per molt pocs astrònoms, entre els quals, amb prudència, els alemanys Michael Maestlin (1550-1631), i Cristoph Rothmann. L'anglès Thomas Digges, és autor de l'obra A Perfit Description of the Caelestial Orbes, en què s'adheria amb entusiasme. S'hi han d'excloure Galileu (1564-1642) i Kepler (1571-1630), que eren molt més jóvens, i tampoc no s'ha d'afegir en aquesta llista Giordano Bruno, que no era estrictament un astrònom, sinó un filòsof, l'únic que acceptà les tesis copernicanes en la segona meitat del . En les seves obres, publicades entre els anys 1584 i 1591, s'hi mostrava entusiasmat.

Segons Aristòtil i Plató, l'univers era finit i esfèric. Tenia com a últim límit l'esfera del primum mobile, subjecte del motor diürn que es transmetia a l'interior de l'univers, i que li havia estat conferit per una intel·ligència transcendent i aliena (Déu o el primer motor immòbil). Tots els estels fixos eren en una esfera, i tots a la mateixa distància de la Terra, immòbil, i central; Ptolemeu els va catalogar, fins a un nombre de 1.022, i els va agrupar en 48 constel·lacions. Els planetes estaven dins esferes (o orbes) sòlides, i es movien estant-hi fixats. Copèrnic conservava la idea de les esferes sòlides dels planetes, però atribuïa a la Terra tots els moviments estel·lars, i immobilitzava els estels fixos, i el Sol es convertia en el nou centre immòbil. Deixava als filòsofs el problema de si la part superior de l'esfera estel·lar era finita o infinita.

Giordano Bruno mantenia unes idees més pròpies del  que de la seva època, car considerava el conjunt format pel Sol i els planetes com la unitat fonamental de l'univers, a més d'una sèrie d'idees filosòfiques i científiques que l'enfrontaren amb les autoritats eclesiàstiques de la seva època.

L'any 1581, Galileu entra a la universitat de Pisa per estudiar medicina, però acaba interessant-se per les matemàtiques. Demostra que Aristòtil estava equivocat en suposar que la rapidesa de caiguda dels cossos és proporcional al seu pes. Per demostrar-ho, mesura el temps de caiguda de pesos llençats des de la torre inclinada de Pisa; descobreix l'isocronisme del pèndol observant les oscil·lacions d'un candeler de la catedral. El 1592, Galileu esdevé professor de matemàtiques a la Universitat de Pàdua, on restà divuit anys. Construí un aparell de mesura, el sextant; treballà en una explicació de les marees basada en les teories copernicanes, i escrigué un tractat de mecànica que mostrava que les màquines no creen energia, sinó que la transformen. En 1604, a causa de l'aparició d'una nova, Galileu disputa amb els filòsofs que sostenien la tesi d'Aristòtil sobre la immutabilitat del cel.

Kepler postula, l'any 1609, la seva primera i segona llei. La primera diu: l'òrbita d'un planeta entorn d'un estel és una el·lipse, amb l'estel en un dels focus. La segona: una línia que va d'un planeta al seu estel, escombra àrees iguals, durant intervals iguals de temps. Poc temps després, enuncia la tercera llei (1618): el quadrat del període sideral, d'un planeta orbitant, és directament proporcional al cub del semieix major de la seva òrbita.

D'altra banda, Galileu, en 1609, ja té un nou telescopi holandès, al qual aplica els seus descobriments científics, i comença a construir els seus propis telescopis totalment diferents als dels Països Baixos. Al final del 1609, Galileu tenia un telescopi de vint augments, que li permetia estudiar els cràters de la Lluna i distingir els estels de la Via Làctia. Descobreix quatre satèl·lits de Júpiter. Publica els seus descobriments l'any 1610, cosa que provocà grans controvèrsies perquè els altres científics no disposaven de telescopis que poguessin confirmar les seves observacions.

El gran duc de Toscana el nomenà matemàtic de la cort de Florència, la qual cosa li va permetre dedicar tot el seu temps a la recerca. Galileu va continuar fent remarcables descobriments científics, observant les fases de Venus, que, amb els satèl·lits de Júpiter, el van convèncer que Copèrnic no estava equivocat. L'Església s'oposà vigorosament a la posició de Galileu, però aquest demanà la llibertat de recerca en la seva carta a la gran duquessa Cristina, el 1615. Contestant els seus arguments, el Sant Ofici de Roma va publicar un edicte contra Copèrnic en 1616. L'any 1623, el Papa Urbà VIII autoritzà Galileu a escriure un llibre comparant els sistemes de Ptolemeu i Copèrnic. No obstat això, Galileu va ser jutjat a Roma per la Inquisició a causa dels Diàlegs del 1632, perquè, el 1616, li havia estat prohibit defensar o ensenyar les teories de Copèrnic.

Sir Isaac Newton, en la seva obra Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), descrigué la gravitació universal i les tres lleis del moviment -lleis de la inèrcia-, base de la mecànica clàssica. Newton fou el primer que demostrà que les lleis naturals governaven els moviments de la Terra i del cel. Newton també creà un model matemàtic per a les lleis de Kepler del moviment dels planetes. Volia, també, ampliar les seves lleis argumentant que les òrbites -com les dels estels amb cua- no eren solament el·líptiques, sinó que també podien ser hiperbòliques i parabòliques. Newton també demostrà que la llum blanca estava composta d'una mescla dels altres colors. Són notables els seus arguments a favor que la llum està composta de partícules.

Kant, fortament influït per la física newtoniana, assaja una cosmologia científica a l'obra Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels, tot i que després, en la seva etapa crítica, va menar la cosmologia cap a una sèrie d'apories insolubles (antinòmies cosmològiques).

Al final del , les idees més noves sobre la cosmologia es poden resumir en el pensament de Pierre-Simon Laplace. Laplace creia en el determinisme, segons el qual el món està governat per lleis matemàtiques immutables. Segons aquesta hipòtesi, si un ésser conegués la posició de totes les partícules de l'univers, i les forces que les mouen, podria conèixer tant el passat com el futur. L'any 1796, Laplace presentà la hipòtesi nebular en l'Exposition du Systeme du Monde, que plantejava un sistema solar originat per la contracció i refredament d'una gran nebulosa de gas incandescent, dissipada, que rotava de manera lenta.

Edat contemporània
Es va descobrir que les estrelles eren objectes molt llunyans. Amb l'adveniment de l'espectroscopi, es va demostrar que eren semblants al nostre Sol, però amb una àmplia gamma de temperatures, masses i grandàries. L'existència de la nostra galàxia, la Via Làctia, com a grup separat d'estrelles, no es va demostrar fins al , juntament amb l'existència de galàxies externes, i poc després, l'expansió de l'univers, observada en l'efecte del corriment al roig. L'astronomia moderna també ha descobert una varietat d'objectes exòtics com els quàsars, púlsars, radiogalàxies, forats negres, estrelles de neutrons, i ha utilitzat aquestes observacions per a desenvolupar teories físiques que descriuen aquests objectes. La cosmologia va fer grans avanços durant el , amb el model del Big Bang, fortament secundat per l'evidència proporcionada per l'astronomia i la física, com la radiació de fons de microones, la llei de Hubble i l'abundància cosmològica dels elements químics.

Per als antics, els grecs, o la cosmologia que presenten les Escriptures, el món es limita al sistema geocèntric. A poc a poc, els límits s'eixamplaren, després de Copèrnic, i la Terra ja no era considerada el centre de l'univers, però encara es limita gairebé al sistema solar, tot i que, excepcionalment, Giordano Bruno parlà d'un univers infinit. A principis del , es pensava que l'univers es limitava a la Via Làctia. Es creia que hi havia uns mil milions d'estels, i entre aquests estels, unes taques borroses que semblaven estels emergents o, tal vegada, moribunds. A les primeres dècades del , els treballs d'Edwin Hubble demostraren que moltes d'aquestes taques eren vertaderes galàxies. En efecte, l'abril del 1920, un viu debat enfrontà els nord-americans Harlow Shapley i Heber Doust Curtis. Hubble ho resolgué tres anys més tard, quan demostrà l'existència de galàxies exteriors a la Via Làctia.

La cosmologia contemporània es basa en tres pilars: la Teoria de la relativitat general, publicada l'any 1916; la llei de Hubble (1929), que relaciona la distància d'una galàxia amb el desplaçament cap al roig del seu espectre; i el model estàndard de la física de partícules formulat en la dècada del 1970. Es pot retrocedir més: en l'any 1900, un astrònom poc conegut, Cornelius Easton, suggerí que la nostra galàxia podia tenir braços espirals. Des de l'època de William Herschel (1738-1822), descobridor d'Urà, s'havien comptat nombroses nebuloses espirals, però la seva naturalesa era un misteri. Aquesta pregunta semblava la resposta a la pregunta formulada el 1865, quan William Huggins apuntà el seu espectroscopi cap a algunes de les nebuloses més brillants (cap no n'era espiral), i hi descobrí les línies d'emissió d'un gas calent. Així doncs, des del , es pensava que totes les nebuloses eren gasoses i pertanyien a la Via Làctia. La constatació de l'existència de galàxies independents està lligada a la mesura de les distàncies astronòmiques, en particular, les dimensions de la Via Làctia. Plantejà la hipòtesi que tots els estels tenien la mateixa lluminositat absoluta. D'aquesta manera, va obtenir un esquema de la Via Làctia en forma de galeta gruixada, amb el Sol molt a prop del centre. Segons Herschel, la galàxia tenia un radi d'uns 3.000 parsecs (9.800 anys llum). Malgrat que molts d'astrònoms es bolcaren en aquest problema, utilitzant millors mètodes d'observació, aquesta concepció es mantingué durant un segle i mig. No s'hi tenia en compte la pols interestel·lar, que altera la radiació dels astres llunyans. Aquesta pols es descobrí el 1930, però no s'incorporà al calibratge fins al 1952. El primer a allunyar-se del centre de la galàxia fou Harlow Shapley. S'enfrontà a un astrònom de més edat: Heber Doust Curtis. Ambdós presentaren prop d'una dotzena de fets: lluminositat de diferents tipus d'estels, ritmes d'explosions estel·lars, velocitat de desplaçament dels estels, etc. Cadascun encertava pel que fa a la meitat dels arguments, més o menys. El Sol està allunyat del centre de la galàxia, però només 8.500 parsecs; i la galàxia és molt més gran del que Shapley creia. No és més que una galàxia entre d'altres, tal com afirmava Curtis. Shapley havia estat induït a un error en aquest punt per les observacions del moviment de les nebuloses espirals: la seva velocitat era superior a la de la llum. Tot es devia a un error en les observacions d'Adriaan Van Maanen. Tanmateix, a la seva època, van ser un factor decisiu perquè les idees de Shapley s'imposessin ràpidament en els manuals que, a vegades, afegien una part de la descripció de Curtis.

En aquella època, van aparèixer els treballs d'Einstein (novembre de 1915), que renovarien les perspectives teòriques sobre la relativitat general, que descriu com la matèria, i la geometria de l'espaitemps, es relacionen per produir la gravetat. La complexitat de les equacions d'Einstein, segons les quals la gravetat està en funció de la constant de la gravitació universal, de l'energia, i de la pressió, explica que es necessités un temps per trobar-hi solucions que donessin possibles estructures de l'univers. Poc temps després, en 1917, el mateix Einstein descobrí una solució que corresponia a un univers estàtic. Willem De Sitter en trobà un altre, que no contenia matèria. En 1922, el rus Alexandre Friedmann n'elaborà dues: una per un univers finit i una per un d'infinit. Ambdues implicaven la dilatació o contracció de l'univers. L'any 1925, el jesuïta Georges Lemaître formulà, de manera independent, aquesta mateixa solució, amb una notació molt més senzilla. Poc temps després, el 1927, demostrà que l'univers estàtic d'Einstein era inestable. D'aquesta manera, l'univers ha d'estar buit o s'ha d'expandir, o entrar en contracció. Davant d'aquest fet, Einstein, partidari d'un univers estàtic i estable, afegí a les seves equacions un terme cosmològic. El 1923, Einstein reconeixia que el terme cosmològic era un fracàs, i escrivia a Hermann Weyl: Si el món no és quasiestàtic, fora el terme cosmològic!. L'any 1925, Hubble anuncià que havia descobert estels variables cefeides en algunes nebuloses espirals. L'estimació de les seves distàncies, les situava amplament a l'exterior de la Via Làctia. Hubble publicà aquests resultats força lentament. El 1928, Hubble succeí Vesto Melvin Slipher en la presidència de la Comissió de Nebuloses de la Unió Astronòmica Internacional, en la seva tercera Assemblea General, a Roma. Les discussions sobre l'univers de De Sitter que hi va haver van influir en la decisió de Hubble de començar un examen de la correlació entre la distància i el desplaçament cap al roig de les nebuloses -Hubble sempre s'estimà més parlar de nebuloses; galàxies era el terme de Shapley, que s'acabà imposant. Aquest examen requeria l'obtenció dels espectres de moltes galàxies. Però les galàxies són objectes de poca magnitud. Per aquest motiu, encara que l'espectroscòpia astronòmica fou un invent europeu, els trenta primers anys d'investigació es feren fonamentalment als Estats Units, on estaven els millors telescopis.

Slipher inicià unes investigacions el 1912, en el focus de la lent Clark de 60 centímetres de diàmetre de l'Observatori Lowell. Enregistrà durant catorze hores, en una placa fotogràfica, l'espectre de la nebulosa Andròmeda i pogué identificar-ne un desplaçament cap al roig de 1.800 km/s, i conclogué que la seva òptica de 60 centímetres seria incapaç d'observar velocitats superiors. Per la seva part, Milton Lasell Humanson, en els telescopis d'1,5 metres i 2,5 metres de diàmetre del Mont Wilson, recollí dades des del 1927, i també obtingué, quasi exclusivament, desplaçaments cap al roig. Molt ràpidament, doblà el rècord de Slipher, amb +3.779 km/s, obtinguts al principi del 1929, i +7.800 km/s, un poc més tard, el mateix any. Passà la frontera dels 15.000 km/s a la meitat dels anys 30, gràcies a un espectrògraf millorat en el focus dels 2,5 metres. A diferència de Hubble, Humanson va viure prou per a utilitzar de manera regular el telescopi de 5 metres al Mont Palomar. Es jubilà l'any 1957, amb un rècord personal de 60.000 km/s. Després dels primers resultats de Slipher en 1915, una dotzena d'astrònoms intentaren explicar els moviments observats per una combinació de moviments del Sol, de desplaçaments mitjans de les nebuloses i d'un efecte relacionat amb la distància. El 17 de gener del 1929, Hubble proposà en Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences un article titulat Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. No utilitzà els desplaçaments elevats descrits per Humanson en el mateix número dels Procedings. S'ha suggerit sovint que aquestes mides haurien guiat la seva mà a l'hora de traçar una recta que materialitzava aquesta constant. Aquesta recta tenia un pendent d'uns 500Km/s/Mpc, un valor que canvià poc durant els següents quinze anys. D'entrada, aquest valor H0 o constant de Hubble, suposava una edat de l'univers d'uns 2.000 milions d'anys. Però les mides de l'edat de les roques terrestres, iniciada a principis del , als anys 30, igualava, o fins i tot, superava els 2.000 milions d'anys. El mateix Hubble dubtà del seu descobriment; aquest dubte era compartit per la majoria de la comunitat científica i, el 1960, el model d'expansió relativista encara no s'havia imposat en la literatura.
Per als partidaris de l'expansió, una dificultat importat era reduir-hi la constant de Hubble. Les dificultats no venien de les mides del desplaçament, sinó de l'avaluació de les distàncies. Diversos errors explicaven això: en primer lloc, Shapley havia ignorat l'absorció de la radiació per la pols interestel·lar, que suposava una subestimació de factor 4. El segon error de Hubble venia de creure que l'estimació d'una desena de galàxies hi era suficient (desviació de Malmquist, i desviació Scott). El problema de l'estimació de les distàncies es va fer inajornable quan entrà en servei el telescopi de 5 metres de Mont Palomar. Segons l'escala de Hubble i de Shpaley, aquest aparell hauria d'haver permès veure nombroses variables RR Lirae a la gran galàxia d'Andròmeda. Però es limitava a mostrar la més brillant d'aquesta població. Per això, Walter Blade anuncià a l'Assemblea General de la Unió Astronòmica Internacional, a Roma, el 1952, que Andròmeda -i per tant, totes les galàxies- estaven el doble d'allunyades del que havia cregut Hubble. El valor de H0 es reduïa a 250 km/s/Mpc. Aquest valor fou disminuït a 180 km/s/Mpc, en 1956, per Nicholas Mayal i Allan Sandage, basant-se en els estudis d'Humason, els quals duien a la conclusió que les lluminositats de Hubble per als estels individuals i per les galàxies eren massa baixes. Segons Sandage, la constant de Hubble s'havia de reduir a 75 km/s/Mpc. A finals dels 50, un gran nombre d'astrònoms s'inclinaven per unes mides de les distàncies que conduïen a una reavaluació de la constant de Hubble. Hi va haver un breu període d'optimisme cap a l'any 1960, perquè tots els valors eren aproximadament coherents amb un valor de 100 km/s/Mpc, és a dir, una edat de l'univers de 10.000 milions d'anys. En l'actualitat, s'admet generalment un valor de H0 d'uns 73(± 10) km/s/Mpc.

Georges Gamow, un físic nuclear format a Rússia, però que feu carrera als Estats Units, és considerat, en general, com el primer investigador que reflexionà seriosament sobre el problema dels orígens de l'univers. L'any 1935, es concentrà en les reaccions nuclears susceptibles d'haver-se produït quan tota la matèria estava tan calenta, i era tan densa, com en el nucli dels estels actuals, com a mínim. Continuà les seves investigacions després de la Segona Guerra Mundial, en col·laboració amb Ralph Alpher i Robert Hermann. Tots tres s'adonaren que si l'univers era inicialment un fluid constituït per protons, hauria acabat en forma d'hidrogen i heli, en una proporció d'aproximadament un àtom d'heli per cada quatre d'hidrogen. Estudiaren a continuació l'entorn tèrmic d'aquest procés de nucleosíntesi primordial, i deduïren que, després de milers de milions d'anys, l'univers havia de tenir una temperatura d'uns 5 kèlvins. El mateix Gamow no es va prendre molt seriosament els seus descobriments. Pel que fa a una firma de ràdio d'una temperatura de 5 kèlvins, l'any 1949, o pot ser en 1950, va dir a un dels seus estudiants que no coneixia cap problema interessant en espectroscòpia mil·limètrica. No obstant això, els sensors que s'havien desenvolupat durant la Segona Guerra Mundial (entre d'altres, per Robert Dicke) permeteren detectar la radiació de fons en aquella època. Mentre un equip de tres astrònoms britànics havia decidit que l'expansió còsmica no significava necessàriament un univers diferent en el passat: és la idea denominada univers estacionari, avançada el 1948, per Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, i Fred Hoyle. Un univers estacionari ha estat sempre en expansió, i ho estarà sempre. Això suprimeix tota possibilitat de contradicció entre l'invers de la constant de Hubble, és a dir, l'edat de l'univers i l'edat de les estrelles més velles. Però, ni la seva densitat ni la seva temperatura disminueixen, perquè constantment apareix nova matèria, exactament en la proporció perquè tot es mantingui igual. Naturalment, això contradiu el primer principi de la termodinàmica, però a un nivell tal, que no es pot detectar al laboratori: és de l'ordre d'un àtom d'hidrogen per segle en un volum equivalent a la torre Eiffel. Les proposicions del model estacionari van tenir una fecunditat extraordinària: molts d'astrònoms es van veure obligats a refutar-lo i desenvoluparen diferents tipus d'observacions. L'expressió Big Bang fou inventada per Hoyle com un insult deliberat per ridiculitzar els partidaris de l'univers evolutiu. Entre el 1955 i el 1967, la majoria de la comunitat científica rebutjà el model estacionari. Hi ha tres motius principals: en primer lloc, encara que el darrer a adquirir força de convicció, l'observació i recompte de les radiofonts i, més tard, dels quàsars. Segons aquesta observació, o bé en el passat existien més radiofonts, o bé vivim dins una espècie de pertorbació local, o bé enmig d'una població específica. Les mides del desplaçament cap al roig acabaren en la hipòtesi denominada local. A partir del 1967, es podia dir amb seguretat que l'univers havia canviat amb el pas del temps. Una de les contribucions més precoç i duradora fou la de Martin Rees, qui convencé al seu director de tesi, Dennis Sciama, l'únic defensor de la construcció contínua que canvià d'opinió. La segona fou la identificació de l'heli com una relíquia de l'univers primitiu. L'anàlisi espectral dels estels i de les galàxies confirmà que quasi la totalitat del que podem observar està compost d'un 75% d'hidrogen, i un 25% d'heli en proporció de masses. La proporció en nombre d'àtoms és d'un 90%, i d'un 10% respectivament. L'heli és també un producte de les reaccions nuclears internes dels estels. Però, per a produir la quantitat que observem, en l'interval de temps atribuït a la creació de matèria dins un univers estacionari, es necessitarien unes galàxies deu vegades més brillants de com ho són en realitat. En tercer lloc, Arno Penzias, i Robert Wilson mesuraren, l'any 1965, una radiació de fons, d'origen desconegut. Quan publicaren el seu descobriment, estaven segurs d'haver vist alguna cosa distinta d'una bossa local de radiació: la radiació presenta fonamentalment la mateixa intensitat i el mateix espectre en totes direccions.

Cap al 1965, amb un o dos anys de diferència, gairebé tota la comunitat científica s'havia adherit a un model d'univers descrit per una de les solucions de les equacions de la teoria de la relativitat general, i que hauria passat per un estat calent i dens, el Big Bang, fa de 10.000 a 20.000 milions d'anys.

Vegeu també
 Equatori
 Astronomia àrab
 Mitologia grega
 Timeu (diàleg)
 Història del telescopi

Referències

Bibliografia
 Aaboe, Asger. Episodes from the Early History of Astronomy. Springer-Verlag 2001
 Aveni, Anthony F. Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico. University of Texas Press 1980
 Dreyer, J. L. E. History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 2nd edition. Dover Publications 1953 (revised reprint of History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler, 1906)
 Eastwood, Bruce. The Revival of Planetary Astronomy in Carolingian and Post-Carolingian Europe, Variorum Collected Studies Series CS 279 Ashgate 2002
 .
 Antoine Gautier, L'âge d'or de l'astronomie ottomane, in L'Astronomie, (Monthly magazine created by Camille Flammarion in 1882), December 2005, volume 119.
 Hodson, F. R. (ed.). The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World: A Joint Symposium of the Royal Society and the British Academy. Oxford University Press, 1974
 Hoskin, Michael. The History of Astronomy: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
 McCluskey, Stephen C. Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe. Cambridge University Press 1998
 Pannekoek, Anton. A History of Astronomy. Dover Publications 1989
 Pedersen, Olaf. Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction, revised edition. Cambridge University Press 1993
 .
 .
 Stephenson, Bruce. Kepler's Physical Astronomy, Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, 13. New York: Springer, 1987
 Walker, Christopher (ed.). Astronomy before the telescope. British Museum Press 1996

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Saturday, March 7th. 10am-12:30pm (or any time you are able to come.) Trash pickup day for the Adopt A Highway Program - Franklin Road just south of Battery Lane. We will likely meet and park at one of the churches on Franklin Road - should know which one as we get closer. There are currently 4 people signed up, and we need 6 more! Do it for the Donut Den donuts. Do it to be green. Do it to get out and enjoy some sunshine after this rough winter. Do it to support a good cause. No matter what your reason, just do it! RSVP at mike@postandcompany.com
Townhome development on tap for The Nations
Adam Sichko
Senior Reporter- Nashville Business Journal
Email | @NSHBIZSichko | LinkedIn
Once this ice melts and the ground thaws, local developers will begin building 98 town homes in The Nations, a fast-changing neighborhood in West Nashville.
On Wednesday, an entity led by HND Realty paid $1.49 million for 2.9 acres along California Avenue and 57th Avenue North. Presently, it's part of the site where Nashville Lumber Co. operates.
Wednesday's purchase means HND has pieced together about 6 acres for a project named West Mill. It is designed to be a mini-community with 98 town homes and a swimming pool.
"It wasn't that long ago that I had a conversation with someone who said the west part of town was going to take off. I said, 'The Nations?' " said Kristin Hostettler, with HND Realty.
"This has all happened kind of overnight; that's how it feels," Hostettler said. "I think we just got lucky with a giant piece of land that will actually get to be its own townhouse development. I suspect you'll be seeing a lot more homes like these."
The first townhomes should be open in early fall, Hostettler said.
HND is developing two types of residences: two-bedroom townhomes, each about 1,150 square feet, and three-bedroom townhomes, each about 1,425 square feet.
Hostettler said she expects to list the two-bedroom residences for less than $200,000. The three-bedroom townhomes likely will be priced closer to $210,000, she said.
Excited to have been interviewed in an article for today's Nashville Ledger about the thriving Nashville real estate market.
Ready to spend: With recession over, Middle Tennessee consumers are opening their wallets
By Hollie Deese
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Elizabeth Moss is in the middle of a total kitchen renovation at the Hendersonville home she bought on August 4, 2013.
It's been a long time coming, and has included some anxious moments and worrisome decisions.
And, as with all big ticket purchases car, boat, RV, vacation, remodeling or even a washer and dryer, depending on your budget for most of us, it takes financial planning, saving, comparison shopping and finally the nerve to take the plunge.
Moss's story of big-ticket expenditure began in 2013, a few days after she moved into her new house. She woke up to standing water after a heavy rainfall and soon discovered the home had severe structural damage.
Now, in 2015, she's going full speed ahead with the renovations.
"We are back to all fixed, and I got some money back on my income taxes," she says. "I decided since that was a $75,000 loss to repair all of the downstairs, I wanted to put all the money I got back from the IRS back into the house to at least try to recoup some of that loss."
As president and founder of Whole Care Connection, an in-home and senior care business, Moss's company actually grew during the recession, fueled by necessity as seniors were unable to sell their homes. Instead of being able to go to a continuous-care community, they looked to bring help in.
"In 2010 we grew 48 percent, and in 2011 we grew 36-38 percent," Moss says.
So while other people were cutting their spending and tightening their budgets, Moss kept spending.
"I made a conscious decision I wasn't going to participate in all of the negative [reports] about the economy, so I started getting pedicures and doing things I had never done so I could help support the economy," she says. "I decided I wasn't going to pull back."
And while Moss might be a bit nervous about spending so much money all at once, it is certainly not enough to keep her from moving forward.
"With the renovation, I am confident," she says. "I have the income, just not the cash saved up. I feel like I am going to buckle down and get it paid off, and still have a savings."
More, not reckless spending
Moss is not the only one who's OK with spending money on big-ticket purchases these days.
Gallup's U.S. Economic Confidence Index last month was positive for first time since before the Great Recession began in December 2007. And while spending typically drops significantly after the holidays, consumer confidence seems to be persisting, thanks in part to lower gas prices.
Lisa Ford with Style Exchange has been designing homes in the area for the past decade. She says she never went through a slow time, but can now see an uptick in spending.
People are going for big-ticket splurges, she says, but thinking much more carefully about it first.
Elizabeth Moss of Hendersonville is in the process of having her kitchen renovated. Many Middle Tennessee homeowners have moved past "needs" to "wants" in their remodeling projects.
-- Michelle Morrow | The Ledger
"There are still jobs, and there are new jobs, but they have changed dramatically," she says.
Ford says for a long time the price of particular items seemed to be no object, as long as it was exactly what the homeowner wanted.
"It was nothing for people to spend $100,000 in a kitchen, and for a lot of the new communities that is still nothing," Ford explains. "But for the vast majority, and especially for the people who can actually afford it, they have changed.
"Instead of spending $100,000 dollars, they want to spend $40,000-$50,000, which is still a significant amount of money."
"But by the time you look at things like appliances, materials, new flooring, countertops, plumbing fixtures, all of those things add up really quickly," she continues.
"The change is that more people want to get value. And even if they spend more than they had anticipated, they want to at least feel like they haven't overspent, and that is a big change. For a while it was like people didn't care."
Ford says her client base has changed, too. They have more varied wants and budgets, and they look at home renovations now as a necessity, not as a luxury, like it was when she was growing up.
"It is not a necessity, but from their perspective it is," Ford says of renovations. "I have heard people say they can't live without this or that. And in a part of their mind, they really can't.
"I am always so happy that people are driven and feel that way about it, but on the same token, I am used to what I grew up with and what I do for myself."
Ford lives in a 1920s-era home and takes on projects when she can afford them.
Status symbol splurges
When it comes to spending big bucks, there's more to life than a new home or SUVs. There's also status and entertainment.
GeorgeAnn Dingus, the sponsorship and business development director of the Iroquois Steeplechase, which runs its 74th race in May, came on board with the popular horseracing event five years ago.
She immediately began to look at opportunities to supplement seating to the exclusive box seats, for which there is a 10-year wait list with nearly 500 fans longing for the chance to enjoy the race in style.
"The tradition and history of Steeplechase has always been a popular event here, but when I came in, I realized there were certain areas that could definitely have some growth opportunities the way that Nashville is growing," Dingus says.
The Iroquois Steeplechase is one of many area charity events benefitting from the economic upturn. The newly added Skybox Suites go for $25,000 and can accommodate 50.
-- Submitted
"The 20 to 40 age group for instance, a lot of them had aged out of the tailgating but were not quite ready for the box seats, and there weren't a lot of choices in between."
The Steeplechase added private spaces with Tents in the Turn, an exclusive area located rail-side in the infield portion of the Meadows. New last year, each tent includes an extended patio area, white picket fence, tables, linens and chairs and access to separate bathroom facilities.
Guests can choose to have their party catered or bring a picnic of their own. Each space accommodates 30 to 140 guests, ranging in price from $4,000 to $12,000.
Also new last year were the Skybox Suites, which offer a panoramic view of the track from a private, elevated luxury suite and covered deck. Each suite has air conditioning, hardwood floors, granite counter tops, wet bars, a private bathroom, TVs and an incredible view. Starting at $25,000, they can each accommodate up to 50 people.
"It is very comparable to Millionaire's Row up at the Kentucky Derby," Dingus says. "The event has grown. I don't think we could have done it four years ago.
"Nashville itself is phenomenal in that we have continued to thrive. We have added the Iroquois shops with high-end retailers. Our goal is to make the race day experience better each year. We are a one of a kind event in this area and it still benefits the children's hospital."
Since being designated in 1981 as the official charity of the Iroquois Steeplechase, the Monroe Carrell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt has received nearly $10 million from the event proceeds.
Giving back, giving more
Middle Tennesseans aren't just contributing to charities by going to amazing events. According to a recent survey by Lifeway, 74 percent of Protestant churches reported offerings are at or above 2013's totals.
"That is a new dynamic because people tend to cut across the board when times are tough," says Dana Moore, a principal with HMS Investments in Nashville. "The churches and charities in particular have really struggled coming out of the recession with donor fatigue, trying to get people to come back and donate. This is a good sign people are doing well."
Moore also counts cranes as a measure of how well we are doing right now they are almost too many to keep straight and notes many of her business-owning clients are reporting employee 401K contributions are up.
"I have even seen smaller companies who may have matched [funds] in the past that stopped their matching [now] have started to resume their matching," she says.
"A company will cut its employee match before it will cut an employee. So that is an easy cost savings and a healthy sign that the economy is improving. Companies are making enough now that they feel they can make that contribution."
Inventory low in hot market
Mike Post has been selling real estate in Nashville for nine years, starting his own firm, Post & Co., about a year and a-half ago. To say it has been a tumultuous time is a bit of an understatement.
"It has been a strange nine years in a good way," Post says. "When I got into this business, for the first year it was gangbusters, and everything was flying off the market, with multiple offers.
"And then, of course, the Great Recession,'' he notes. "Things slowed down, and it took forever for things to sell after price reductions and foreclosures. And then, very cautiously, the market took a while to take back off, but it is like everyone realized it all at once.
"I think if you talk to most real estate brokers, it is great to be busy, but it is crazy."
Post says in the hot, pre-recession market there were still only a few sought-after areas to buy, but that has all changed too.
"Right now, we have in so many different little pockets of Nashville, inventory shortages where you have far more buyers than sellers," Post says. "We are back to multiple offers, and things selling over list price. It can be disheartening for buyers who just want to buy a house, but have to make offers on five different things before something sticks. That's a hard process."
Post says 2013 was the year people really breathed deeply about the local market. Business was good and people were building again.
"Last year it doubled from that," he adds. "And it is not reckless spending. In 2006 you could go in and get what we call a liar's loan with a social security number and basic verification of stuff. Now people are spending again, buying big beautiful things, but it is not quite as reckless."
Confidence in spending is what Post attributes to a big part of the uptick, but there is more to it than that.
"It is not just low interest rates, it is not just that the New York Times likes to write about us, it is all of this stuff at once," Post says. "And it is a good problem to have. A lot of other places wish they had it."
Of course, people who were burned in the not-so-distant-past housing crash are still a little hesitant to buy.
"People are really antsy to start spending, but I still think there is a little bit of hesitation," says CPA Jennifer Lineberger.
"I think people who got caught in this economic downturn are a little gun shy. At a certain income level you are kind of recession proof, but that doesn't apply to the vast majority people. But it does to some, and a sizable group of people in Nashville. And then there are some people who are going to spend whether they have it or don't have it."
Rates low, easier to get
Loans are easier to come by, which might account for some of the increased home sales activity.
"We are seeing a loosening of credit guidelines," says Tim Davis, a mortgage lender who spent recent years consulting others on how to change their approach after the crash.
"Guidelines got really, really tight right after the crisis because the financial markets were a complete wreck. Today, you see it is much easier to get a mortgage in terms of credit standards."
And, it is much easier for Middle Tennessee's many artists and entrepreneurs to secure lending these days as well, something Davis says is very much needed here.
"At one point, there were just a handful of people to choose from and that blocked a lot of people out of the market, but we have seen a resurgence of creative and additional lending products which has been nice to see," he says.
"Confidence is coming back for sure, and if people are more confident, they will take some more risks, and I see that as a huge opportunity," Davis adds.
The other reason sales are so brisk is that current rates are in the three percent range, and people are nervous they are going to miss their chance to buy before they increase.
"If interest rates go up, which a lot of people expect some time later this year, then what you will see are people being able to afford a less-expensive house," Post says.
Home Movie
With each new Post & Company listing, sellers share specifics that highlight the home's charm and uniqueness. And we then create a customized "Home Movie" to showcase the home's story. THOSE details are often what prospective buyers want to know the most. The listing featured below sold in one day. Here is one example of a Post & Co. "Home Movie".
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MelDqUY3FkU
Zillow's 'Zestimates' and their inaccuracies.
Inaccurate Zillow 'Zestimates' a source of conflict over home prices
Zillow CEO Spencer Rascoff, shown in his downtown Seattle office, says Zestimates are "a good starting point" but that nationwide Zestimates have a "median error rate" of about 8%.
By Kenneth R. Harney
Home shoppers, sellers and buyers routinely quote Zestimates to realty agents as gauges of market value
Zillow CEO Spencer Rascoff says that nationwide Zestimates have a "median error rate" of about 8%
When "CBS This Morning" co-host Norah O'Donnell asked the chief executive of Zillow recently about the accuracy of the website's automated property value estimates - known as Zestimates - she touched on one of the most sensitive perception gaps in American real estate.
Zillow is the most popular online real estate information site, with 73 million unique visitors in December. Along with active listings of properties for sale, it also provides information on houses that are not on the market. You can enter the address or general location in a database of millions of homes and probably pull up key information - square footage, lot size, number of bedrooms and baths, photos, taxes - plus a Zestimate.
Shoppers, sellers and buyers routinely quote Zestimates to realty agents - and to one another - as gauges of market value. If a house for sale has a Zestimate of $350,000, a buyer might challenge the sellers' list price of $425,000. Or a seller might demand to know from potential listing brokers why they say a property should sell for just $595,000 when Zillow has it at $685,000.
Disparities like these are daily occurrences and, in the words of one realty agent who posted on the industry blog ActiveRain, they are "the bane of my existence." Consumers often take Zestimates "as gospel," said Tim Freund, an agent with Dilbeck Real Estate in Westlake Village. If either the buyer or the seller won't budge off Zillow's estimated value, he told me, "that will kill a deal."
Back to the question posed by O'Donnell: Are Zestimates accurate? And if they're off the mark, how far off? Zillow CEO Spencer Rascoff answered that they're "a good starting point" but that nationwide Zestimates have a "median error rate" of about 8%.
Whoa. That sounds high. On a $500,000 house, that would be a $40,000 disparity - a lot of money on the table - and could create problems. But here's something Rascoff was not asked about: Localized median error rates on Zestimates sometimes far exceed the national median, which raises the odds that sellers and buyers will have conflicts over pricing. Though it's not prominently featured on the website, at the bottom of Zillow's home page in small type is the word "Zestimates." This section provides helpful background information along with valuation error rates by state and county - some of which are stunners.
For example, in New York County - Manhattan - the median valuation error rate is 19.9%. In Brooklyn, it's 12.9%. In Somerset County, Md., the rate is an astounding 42%. In some rural counties in California, error rates range as high as 26%. In San Francisco it's 11.6%. With a median home value of $1,000,800 in San Francisco, according to Zillow estimates as of December, a median error rate at this level translates into a price disparity of $116,093.
Some real estate agents have done their own studies of accuracy levels of Zillow in their local markets.
Last July, Robert Earl, an agent with Choice Homes Team in the Charlottesville, Va., area, examined selling prices and Zestimates of all 21 homes sold that month in the nearby community of Lake Monticello. On 17 sales Zillow overestimated values, including two houses that sold for 61% below the Zestimate.
In Carlsbad, Calif., Jeff Dowler, an agent with Solutions Real Estate, did a similar analysis on sales in two ZIP Codes. He found that Zestimates came in below the selling price 70% of the time, with disparities ranging as high as $70,000. In 25% of the sales, Zestimates were higher than the contract price. In 95% of the cases, he said, "Zestimates were wrong. That does not inspire a lot of confidence, at least not for me." In a second ZIP Code, Dowler found that 100% of Zestimates were inaccurate and that disparities were as large as $190,000.
So what do you do now that you've got the scoop on Zestimate accuracy? Most important, take Rascoff's advice: Look at them as no more than starting points in pricing discussions with the real authorities on local real estate values - experienced agents and appraisers. Zestimates are hardly gospel - often far from it.
kenharney@earthlink.net
Distributed by Washington Post Writers Group.
Nashville's strongest January sales since 2007.
JANUARY HOME SALES BEST IN EIGHT YEARS
NASHVILLE, Tenn. (Feb. 9, 2015) There were 1,976 home closings reported for the month of January, according to figures provided by the Greater Nashville Association of REALTORS®. This figure is up 11.1 percent from the 1,779 closings reported for the same period last year.
"This was the strongest January our market has experienced since 2007," said GNAR President Cindy Stanton. "While our market began making positive strides in 2013, last year was monumental in establishing a stronger foundation for our market.
"While we are certainly moving in the right direction, challenges still remain. The biggest being the low level of inventory. This is particularly true of the first-time buyer and affordable markets. However, moving into the spring selling season we expect to see more available properties appearing on the market."
A comparison of sales by category for January is:
Farm/Land/Lots
There were 2,204 sales pending at the end of the month, compared with 1,979 pending sales at this time last year. The average number of days on the market for a single-family home was 77 days.
The median residential price for a single-family home during January was $215,000 and for a condominium it was $172,250. This compares with last year's median residential and condominium prices of $195,000 and $165,000, respectively.
Inventory at the end of January was 12,663, compared with 13,962 in January 2014. The current inventory of properties by category, compared to last year, is:
"It is not too soon to begin the process of readying and placing your home on the market," added Stanton. "Despite the mix of wintry weather, our area is seeing terrific activity. Getting a jump-start on the spring selling season is a definite bonus for any property owner who has made the decision to sell. Your Realtor will be able to quickly assess the best opportunity for your property."
The Greater Nashville Association of REALTORS® is one of Middle Tennessee's largest professional trade associations and serves as the primary voice for Nashville-area property owners. REALTOR® is a registered trademark that may be used only by real estate professionals who are members of the National Association of REALTORS® and subscribe to its strict code of ethics.
4540 Trousdale Dr. | Nashville, TN 37204
www.gnar.org
Exciting news! Post & Company has partnered with the Tennessee Department of Transportation and the Adopt-A-Highway Program and will now be maintaining the two mile stretch on Franklin Road from Battery Lane going south towards Hogan Road. We also will be maintaining Hillsboro Road from Timberwood and going south to Murray Lane. Our first day of trash pickup for Franklin Road is tentatively scheduled for March 7th (Hillsboro Road will likely be on April 18th but more on that... later). The pickups will always happen on a Saturday and will take place approximately every other month. It should only take about 3 hours, and I would love to have as many volunteers as possible. The program will provide the supplies (reflective vests, garbage bags, gloves, etc). And Post & Co will provide coffee and juice and donuts and plenty of water. All we need are 10 volunteers to help us pick up litter. We will start at 9:30am and should be done no later than 12:30pm. This a GREAT chance to get involved and help keep our community looking beautiful! Please sign up for the March 7th pickup by emailing me at mike@postandcompany.com - thank you!
Posted on 02/06/2015 9:37 AM by Tiffany
NEW POST & CO LISTING COMING SOON: One BR Werthan Loft in Historic Germantown - $205K
1 Bed , 1 Bath
1350 Rosa L Parks Blvd #322, Nashville, TN
* 687 square feet, 1 bedroom, 1 bath
* Sought-after Werthan Lofts listing coming soon
* 17-foot ceilings and exposed brick
* Oversized windows, granite, stainless steel appliances
* Two saltwater pools, bocce ball court, fitness center
* Gated community in the heart of historic Germantown
* Seller will provide stainless fridge with acceptable offer
* Please contact Mike Post with Post & Company Real Estate for showing instructions.
Offered by Post & C... ompany Real Estate
Mike Post, Broker
http://www.postandcompany.com
The Promise of the $20,000 home
The Promise of the $20,000 House
In Alabama, the Rural Studio design workshop has spent years refining prototypes for a cheap, well-made small house. Soon, they'll start selling the plans.
MacArthur's house, one of the three models in the Rural Studio's 20K product line (Danny Wicke)
Since 1993, architecture students at Alabama's Auburn University have designed and built striking, low-cost buildings through the renowned Rural Studio program. To participate, the students move off campus and across the state to rural western Alabama, where they work with clients in one of the nation's poorest regions. The program has resulted in dozens of structures that improve the lives of individuals and whole communities: an animal shelter, park facilities, a Boys and Girls Club, and a series of houses targeted to cost about $20,000.
And with 16 iterations of the 20K house now built, the studio is getting ready to bring some of the plans to market.
Joanne's house (Danny Wicke)
"It's a resource that could be used and replicated in rural communities, that could be affordable housing or supportive housing," says Katrina Van Valkenburgh, a managing director at CSH, a nonprofit focused on supportive housing. Her husband's work as an architect has resulted in the Chicago-based couple visiting the Rural Studio at least once a year for project reviews.
In 2005, students built the studio's first 20K house, designed with the goal that the cost for materials and labor would total no more than $20,000. (The cost of land is not factored into the budget.) This became an annual exercise.
"Each year, the studio would look at a previous version and figure out ways to improve upon it or challenge it," says Natalie Butts, the studio's manager of communications and the 20K program. They honed designs for sustainability, replicability, and cost. "It became a new mission for the studio to develop this project into a product that others can have access to," Butts says.
Rural Studio was then ready to move forward with three budget-friendly, one-bedroom house plans: Dave's, MacArthur's, and Joanne's. (Each home is named after the first client for whom it was built.) The studio shared the plans with Landon Bone Baker Architects in Chicago, who vetted them and ensured they conformed to building codes and standards.
Dave's house (Danny Wicke)
The next step is for partners to field-test the designs. Rural Studio has talked to a variety of groups in the South about building them, including nonprofit housing corporations, parks and recreation departments, and an artist community. "We're interested in seeing how different groups respond to the plans based on their needs, their funding, their siting," Butts says. Three prototypes in the new product line will break ground shortly.
Rural Studio hopes to start selling the plans soon, although Butts can't say exactly when. The price hasn't been finalized, but the aim is to keep them highly affordable. Earlier 20K houses give us an idea what to expect: They'll be small (under 1,000 square feet) and reminiscent of traditional Southern shotgun houses, with gabled metal roofs and generous porches.
"Whether you're building it in Alabama or you're building it in Illinois, it'd still have the basic standards you'd be looking for."
"Some of the features of [the 20K house] … are particular to where it's been developed," Van Valkenburgh says. "Thinking about air movement and really warm summers, all of those kinds of pieces that come into play." She thinks the plans should prove adaptable to other regions, though. "Whether you're building it in Alabama or you're building it in Illinois, it'd still have the basic standards you'd be looking for ... and that makes a tremendous difference."
The 20K target is based on the smallest loan amount that a person living on Social Security could afford through the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Section 502 rural housing loan program. It translates to a payment of about $100 a month. The $20,000 breaks down roughly as $12,000 for materials and $8,000 for labor and contractor profit. Rural Studio has asked Regions Bank to create a mortgage for the homes.
The homes have involved more than 180,000 research hours-input that wouldn't be financially viable outside of an academic setting.
Because they're replicable, the new home plans could add an important new avenue for affordable housing in rural and even, one day, suburban and urban areas where land is not too expensive. Whereas trailers depreciate in value, these houses will better suited to becoming assets for low-income owners. And their benefits extend to the community, Van Valkenburgh says, by creating local construction jobs. "Trailers don't have that same piece. It doesn't impact the money where you live in the way that building does," she says.
"We could probably make houses that cost less money, honestly," says Rural Studio's associate director, Rusty Smith, who notes that the homes have involved more than 180,000 research hours-input that wouldn't be financially viable outside of an academic setting. "But the affordability of it is just one component which we don't compromise on. The dignity and nobility that we expect for a house is uncompromised as well."
42 Townhomes Planned in Bellevue
Getahn Ward, gward@tennessean.com 11:59 a.m. CST February 3, 2015
A rendering of the townhomes planned for a site at 7301 Highway 70 S. in Bellevue.
A Nashville-based development entity has bought 3.06 acres on Highway 70 South in Bellevue for $1 million with plans to build 42 townhomes.
Construction should start within a month on the $8 million project, said Victor Bishara, spokesman for the buying entity, 7301 Highway 70 LLC.
The former church property is a mile from the Bellevue Center Mall site, which separate developers plan to redevelop into a mixed-use project.
Bishara said the starter townhomes will include 1,400 square foot, two-bedroom units for around $199,000 and 1,700 square foot, three-bedroom units for around $225,000. "There's a demand for townhomes in Bellevue in the $200,000 price range," he said. "There's hardly anything available."
The property is already zoned for 60 units, Bishara said. The seller was 7301 Highway 70 South LLC, whose president is William R. Hostettler.
In a separate transaction, an entity in which Hostettler is a member has sold 91 rental townhomes at Lincoya Bay Townhomes near J. Percy Priest Lake in Donelson for $13.16 million. The buyer is an affiliate of Maleno Development, an Erie, Penn.,-based family-owned real estate firm.
The deal is the first in Nashville for Maleno, which owns and manages apartment buildings but also builds homes and manages other properties. "We're continuing the operations as is," said James Washburn, the firm'scomptroller, about its plans for the 91 townhomes on Lincoya Creek Drive.
That deal didn't include the nine owned units at Lincoya Bay Townhomes.
Reach Getahn Ward at 615-726-5968 and on Twitter @getahn.


FERRIS, Texas - Amarillo Dragway edged home track Xtreme Raceway Park's Team 1 for the top spot in the International Hot Rod Association (IHRA) Division 4 (Renegades) Summit Team Finals over the weekend.
The final margin was Amarillo with a 54-51 win over Xtreme with Pine Valley Raceway's Team 1 and Little River Dragway tied for third with 46 points. Other tracks who participated were: Penwell Knights Dragway, Alamo City Dragway, Mo-Kan Dragway and Edinburg Motorsports Park.
Leading up to the main event, racers participated in Gambler's races and "best of" awards.
Top - Daryl Hamlin Jr. (Pine Valley 2) made a 4.617-second run against a 4.61 dial-in paired with a -.001 reaction time to defeat Bryson Parks (Xtreme) who finished in 10.344 on a 5.49 dial-in after a -.003 reaction time.
Mod - Jake Howard (Amarillo) posted a 6.630 on a 6.64 dial-in with a .032 reaction time to best Duane Garner (Little River) who ran 6.793 on a 6.82 dial-in with a -.005 reaction time.
Junior - Jaycee Lowery (Pine Valley 1) had a quick reaction time of .005 and followed with a 7.936-second run on a 7.93 dial-in. Andrew Goss (Mo-Kan Dragway) was runner up after red-lighting and the going 13.633 on a 7.97 dial-in.
Top - Jake Hughes (Pine Valley 2) 6.378 on a 6.37 dial-in, .023 reaction time defeated Kris Coppedge (Penwell Knights) 4.941 on a 4.93 dial-in, .038 reaction time.
Mod - Ronny Speer (Pine Valley 1) 5.784 on a 5.78 dial-in, .036 reaction time defeated Daryl Hamlin Jr. (Pine Valley 2) 6.517 on a 6.52 dial-in, .045 reaction time.
Junior - Keith Hillin (Little River) 7.882 on a 7.90 dial-in, .084 reaction time defeated Dalton Lummus (Pine Valley 1) 8.434 on a 7.94 dial-in, -.024 reaction time.
Top - Don Baker (Xtreme) 4.736 on a 4.72 dial-in, .005 reaction time defeated Tanner Thorp (Penwell Knights) 4.683 on a 4.69 dial-in, .023 reaction time.
Mod - Troy Morgan (Amarillo) 6.161 on a 6.16 dial-in, .002 reaction time defeated Jake Howard (Amarillo) 6.602 on a 6.59 dial-in, .016 reaction time.
Junior - Andrew Goss (Mo-Kan Dragway) 8.657 on an 8.04 dial-in, -.006 reaction time defeated Hayden Trumble (Pine Valley 1) 7.877 on a 7.93 dial-in, -.007 reaction time.


text:
MESHUGGAH - They Move Below (Official Visualizer)
The video was produced with the assistance of an AI programmed to manipulate images based on the artist's interpretation of themes in the music and title.
"The Move Below" is taken from the album "Immutable" (April 1, 2022)
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HANSARD 1803–2005 → 1970s → 1979 → March 1979 → 29 March 1979 → Commons Sitting → HOME DEPARTMENT
Metropolitan Police Computer
HC Deb 29 March 1979 vol 965 cc607-10 607
§ 5. Mr. Christopher Price
asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department whether there is an entry on the Metropolitan Police computer on the hon. Member for Lewisham, West; and if so, what it contains.
§ 9. Mr. Mikardo
asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department whether there is an entry on the Metropolitan Police computer on the hon. Member for Bethnal Green and Bow; and, if so. what it contains.
§ 10. Mr. Arthur Latham
asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department whether there is an entry on the Metropolitan Police computer on the hon. Member for City of Paddington; and, if so, what it contains.
§ 19. Mr. Andrew F. Bennett
asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department whether there is an entry on the Metropolitan Police computer on the hon. Member for Stockport, North; and if so, what it contains.
§ Mr. Merlyn Rees
I refer my hon. Friends to the reply that I gave to questions by my hon. Friends the Members for Birmingham, Selly Oak (Mr. Litterick) and Newham, North-West (Mr. Lewis) on 27 March.
§ Mr. Price
Is my right hon. Friend aware that that non-answer means that he is not saying anything about anything. Will be confirm that this computer has the capacity for 40 million entries and has, so far, cost the taxpayer over £10 million? Is he also aware that in a recent court case it came to light that an individual, with no criminal record, 608 was on this computer simply because he was opposed to blood sports? Is my right hon. Friend aware that the Green Paper which he is to issue on Friday about open Government really will not mean much until he starts answering questions of this kind and giving people the right of access to their own records?
§ Mr. Rees
The report of the committee on data protection makes it abundantly clear that those people whose names appear on computers in this way should not have the right to know what is recorded about them. If they did the purpose of such information would be stultified and the fight against crime could become even more difficult. I can assure my hon. Friends that the political beliefs of individuals are of no interest or concern to the police. What the police are concerned with is the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order. Unless an hon. Member, or anybody else, is involved in fraud or crime they do not have any worry whatsoever.
§ Mr. Mikardo
We all want the police to have the best possible records about criminals and criminality, but is it not true, contrary to what my right hon. Friend has just said, that the specification for the purchase of the police computer mentions that in addition to crime and criminals, quite outside criminality. 1,150,000 Britons are indexed according to what are called their "areas of interest". There are 27 such areas of interest. Will my right hon. Friend put into the Library a list of those 27 areas? Is not this move to computerisation taking a long step, which will lead this hitherto free country, in the direction of the "Gulag Archipelago"?
I have looked very carefully at this subject over a long period. Information is collected by the police on a wide variety of matters. When it is put on computers there is no change in essence. Nevertheless, there are problems about which we should be concerned. The Metropolitan Police computer deals with central drugs intelligence and it is proving its worth. There is an illegal immigration section with names, a fraud department and a serious crimes department. There is also a section for the special branch. I feel strongly about it, and say firmly that nobody, whatever his 609 political views, needs to worry about this. He should be worried if he comes into the other categories.
§ Mr. Latham
Does my right hon. Friend realise that it would have been very simple and reassuring for him to have said to those of us who tabled this question that there was nothing on those records about my hon. Frends who have raised the question? The fact that he has not done so, despite what he says, is worrying to us and to many other people. My right hon. Friend says that unless one is involved in something fraudulent or criminal one need not worry. However, if there are records for other reasons will be remember his one-time Liberal image—now very much tarnished—and consider whether those of us whose names might be included could be told what the other reasons are?
I do not think that my hon. Friend is making the point in the original question. In my view, a Member of Parliament is no different from any other citizen. The Lindop report says that the checking of computers should not take place in the context of revealing the names on the computers. This is a difficult subject. When I consider the problems of fraud and terrorism with which the police are faced. I support that view. I resent being described as anti-liberal because I support that proposition. I am against people who are involved in crime. I believe it to be important that the police have proper facilities to deal with crime.
§ Mr. Bennett
Will the Home Secretary tell us what provision is made for ensuring that the computer records are accurate, in order to protect the individual from inaccurate information being put on computer and also to assist the police with accurate information?
I visited Scotland Yard the other day and I spoke about that aspect of accuracy which is more important in a computer system than with information kept on cards. It is most important that information should be looked at carefully. It is a long job but one of the advantages of the computer system is that information is secure from the eyes of other people. I checked on that very carefully. The point that my hon. Friend makes is an important one and should matter to everybody.
§ Mr. Alan Clark
All the same, when he looks at the identities of the various hon. Members who tabled this somewhat paranoiac question, is not the Home Secretary tempted to ask himself "If not, why not?"
The short answer to that is that "Those who live in glass houses, should not throw stones."
Back to Police (Recruitment)
Forward to Fines and Custodial Sentences


text:
Lancashire Cricket Club partners with global electronics brand Samsung
on 14th June 2019
Lancashire Cricket Club is delighted to announce a new partnership with Samsung, as Official Display and Presentation Partner.
The partnership provides the Club with a new, integrated video display system at the award-winning Emirates Old Trafford, with Lancashire Cricket Club pioneering the digital experience for fans and setting the benchmark for other UK cricket stadia.
As part of the partnership, Samsung has provided two 60 metre square screens and two 56 metre mid-tier LED ribbons, across two of the main stands, enhancing the match day experience for fans. These have been installed ahead of the Club's high profile matches this summer, which includes six ICC Cricket World Cup fixtures that start with Sunday's highly anticipated clash against India and Pakistan, which is set to attract a TV audience of 1 billion, as well as the 4th Specsavers Ashes Test and the Vitality Blast.
The partnership enables the delivery of the Club's vision to enhance the overall match-day experience for fans, providing improved presentation of scoring, graphics, animations, video and crowd interaction to create an electric atmosphere. The new infrastructure will also set the foundations to allow the in-bowl experience to combine with the wider digital and device experience for members and fans.
Working alongside the partnership is the launch of stadium wide Wi-Fi, which will provide wireless connectivity across the award-winning venue, delivering real-time and reliable access to applications and services on mobile devices to the 23,500 capacity crowds.
Daniel Gidney, Chief Executive at Lancashire Cricket Club, said: "We're delighted to partner with Samsung, and it's fantastic to have another high-profile brand on board.
"The Club will be the first cricket ground in the UK to have the mid-tier LED boards, which will enable us to offer better communications with our fans and provide a much more sophisticated match day experience.
"Over the past few years, we've really been able to grow our family of partners and we're looking forward to working with Samsung to lead innovation, drive the game forward and create an enhanced member and fan experience."
Commenting on the partnership, Damon Crowhurst, Head of Display at Samsung UK said: "We're delighted to partner with Lancashire Cricket Club to revolutionise the match day experience. The LED screens we have installed will create a more welcoming and engaging connected customer experience at this historic venue and deliver eye-catching, large-scale viewing experiences for fans."
Samsung's technology being installed at Emirates Old Trafford builds on the installations already in place at other sporting organisations and venues, including the likes of American sports franchises Baltimore Ravens, Atlanta Hawks and DC United.
The partnership comes following a record commercial revenue year for Lancashire Cricket Club, following the recent announcements with Visit Manchester as the Club's Official Destination Partner and C&C Insurance Brokers as an Official Partner.
Samsung now joins Lancashire Cricket Club's family of partners including global brands such as Emirates, Hilton, Heineken, Thomas Cook Sport, UA92 and Kukri.


text:
Q: Karma + Jasmine results in repeat warning WARN: 'Env: not supported, default to development' I am running tests with Karma and jasmine on node to test angularjs controllers.
My console gets spammed full of the following message
WARN: 'Env:  not supported, default to development'

I cannot seem to track this down, or find this error listed in any docs.
This seems to be coming from phantomjs.launcher, increasing log levels got this
DEBUG [phantomjs.launcher]: Env:  not supported, default to development

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