text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

There are strong demands on capturing dynamic scenes of underwater environments,
\eg, measurement of seabeds, capturing dynamic shape deformations of swimming
fish or humans,
inspection of water-filled nuclear tanks by autonomous robots, etc.
Passive stereo is a common solution for capturing 3D shapes because
of its great advantage of simplicity; \ie, it only requires two cameras in
theory.
In addition, since the shapes are recovered only from a pair of stereo images, it can
capture moving or deforming objects.
One severe problem on passive stereo is instability, \ie, it fails to capture
objects with textureless surfaces or irregular reflection.
To overcome the problem, using a pattern projector to add an artificial texture
onto the objects has been proposed~\cite{konolige}. In the system, we also take the same approach to
achieve robust and dense reconstruction.

Considering underwater environments, there are additional problems for shape
reconstruction by stereo, such as
refraction and disturbances by fluctuation and bubbles.
Further, since original textures of objects are interfered by projected
    patterns if active illumination is projected, they should be removed for obtaining
    both 3D shapes and textures.
In this paper, we propose three approaches to solve aforementioned problems.
For the refraction issue,  a depth-dependent calibration where refractions are
approximated by lens distortion of a center projection model
 is proposed~\cite{Kawasaki:WACV17}.
In the paper, we analyze to find the acceptable depth range
    for the approximation and find the best depth for calibration.
For the problems of disturbances by obstacles, we propose Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)-based stereo
as a solution.
Since captured images of underwater scenes are affected by
mixtures of
light attenuation caused by strong absorption of light intensity in water
medium and strong
disturbances such as
bubbles, shadows of water surface or fluctuation,
it is impossible to decompose them analytically.
To handle such difficult problems, learning-based approaches, especially
CNN techniques, are proposed.

Our shape reconstruction consists of two techniques, such as
CNN-based object segmentation and
CNN-based stereo matching.
The CNN-based target object segmentation method efficiently segment a target object,
\eg, fish in our experiment, from background, which is not only useful for reducing calculation times,
but also effective to achieve robust reconstruction by
narrowing the search ranges of stereo disparities.
CNN-based stereo effectively works under common variations~\cite{mccnn}, however,
there are strong disturbances at underwater environment.
In case of such strong disturbances,
we propose a novel architecture of CNN, which uses multi-scale information of
captured images.
\iffalse
The CNN-based object segmentation is based on U-Net~\cite{ronneberger2015u}
and.
CNN-based stereo is based on \cite{mccnn}, however, the technique is originally
designed to be
robust against noise by multi-scale extension.
\fi

For the texture recovery, we also propose a CNN-based method for projected-pattern removal and
    bubble cancellation.
Main contributions of the proposed technique are as follows:
\begin{enumerate}
  \setlength{\parskip}{0cm}
  \setlength{\itemsep}{0cm}
\item A practical technique is proposed to achieve dense and robust shape reconstruction
      based on passive stereo using active pattern projection.
\item A valid depth range for depth-dependent approximation by radial distortion is analysed.
\item A target-region detection method by CNN for robust stereo matching is proposed.
\item A multi-scale CNN-based stereo technique specialized for underwater environment is proposed.
\item A multi-scale CNN-based bubble and projected pattern removal method specialized for
		  underwater environment is proposed.
\end{enumerate}
Experimental results are shown to prove the effectiveness of our method by
comparing the results with the previous method.
We also conduct demonstration to show the reconstructed sequence of a  swimming fish.

\section{Related works}
\label{sec:related}

To recover shape and texture of underwater environment, many researches have
been done.
Main issue for underwater environment is refraction and generally two types of solution are proposed;
one is geometric approach and the other is approximation-based approach.
Geometric approach is based on physical models such as refractive index, distance to refraction interface, and normal of the interface.
Agrawal \etal introduced polynomial formulation for the model~\cite{Agrawal:CVPR2012}.
Sedlazeck and Koch proposed structure from motion for underwater environment~\cite{jordt2013refractive}.
Kawahara \etal proposed pixel-wise varifocal camera model~\cite{kawahara:ICCV2013}.
In this model, appropriate focal lengths are assigned to each pixel.
Those techniques can calculate genuine light rays if parameters are correctly estimated and
interface is completely planar, however, they are usually impractical.
On the other hand, approximation approach converts captured images into central
projection images by lens distortion and focal length adjustment~\cite{ferreira2005stereo}.
They assumed focal point moved backward to adjust light paths as linear as possible, then remaining error was treated as lens distortion.
Kawasaki \etal. also proposed a simple method to approximate the refraction by radial
distortion~\cite{Kawasaki:WACV17}. Since the parameter cannot be fixed for all
the depth range, they proposed a depth dependent technique.
It works well in most cases, however in specific case it fails because refractive
distortion depends on depth and effective range of depth is not thoroughly
analyzed yet.

\ifx
There are two major problems in underwater capturing: refraction and attenuation.
For refraction problem, there are generally two types of solution;
one is geometric approach and the other is approximative approach.
Geometric approach considers physical models which represents light transmission.
Unknown parameters, such as refractive index, distance to refraction surface, and normal of the surface, can be retrieved by calibration, but in general the more unknown parameters exist, the more calculation cost increases.
Agrawal \etal. introduced a physical model under flat refraction constraint and proposed a calibration method, but it needs to solve 4th degree equation even in one refractive surface situation, and 12th degree equation in two refractive surface situation\cite{Agrawal:CVPR2012}.
Sedlazeck and Koch considered pixel-wise virtual camera and proposed efficient error functions to reconstruct underwater object with Structure-from-Motion, but still nonlinear optimization with many parameters is required\cite{jordt2013refractive}.
Kawahara et al. proposed a non-central projection model called Pixel-wise Varifocal Camera Model to represent efficient forward projection\cite{kawahara:ICCV2013}.
They also proposed a reconstruction method with the model, but reconstruction result was not precise enough because it used space carving method with small number of cameras\cite{Kawahara:CVA2014}.

On the other hand, approximative approach uses lens distortion and focal length adjustment as approximation to refractive distortion.
Ferreira et al. introduced them into passive stereo reconstruction\cite{ferreira}.
They assumed focal point moved backward to adjust light paths to be as linear as possible, then the remaining errors were treated as lens distortions.
Because calculation cost of such method is very small compared to geometric approach, we used it in this work.
\fi

\ifx
In terms of light attenuation and disturbance problem for water medium,
light transport analysis has been conducted~\cite{Kutulakos:PAMI16,mukaigawa2010analysis}.
Narasimhan \etal proposed a structured-light-based 3D scanning method for
strong scattering and absorption media based on light transport analysis~\cite{narasimhan2005structured}.
For weak scattering media, Bleier and N\"uchter used cross laser projector which only achieved sparse reconstruction~\cite{bleier}.
To increase density, Campos and Codina projected parallel lines with DOE to capture underwater objects with one-shot scan~\cite{massot2014underwater}.
Kawasaki \etal. proposed a grid pattern to capture more dense
shape with one-shot scan~\cite{Kawasaki:WACV17}.
One drawback of those one-shot scanning techniques is that
reconstruction tends to be unstable even if light attenuation and disturbances
are not so strong because sensitivity of pattern detection is high for
subtle change of projected pattern.
\fi

\ifx
However, attenuation problem still remains.
In the water, visible light attenuates rapidly as depth increases compared to in the air.
Then stereo matching becomes difficult because there is little contrast left.
To solve this problem, simply additional light source is effective.
In active stereo method, projected pattern works as additional light and it becomes easier to search correspondence, but lens distortion approximation of refracted pattern is difficult.
One solution to cope with this problem is to use pattern which are hardly affected by refraction, such as line laser or diffractive optical element(DOE).
Such patterns surely works in the water, but they often sacrifices one-shot or reconstruction density.
Bleier and N\"uchter used cross laser projector to avoid refraction effect, but the method is not one-shot~\cite{bleier}.
Campos and Codina projected line pattern with DOE to capture underwater object with one-shot active stereo~\cite{massot2014underwater}.
Kawasaki et al. also projected wave pattern with DOE to do the same thing, but both of the patterns was not dense enough to reconstruct dense mesh~\cite{Kawasaki:WACV17}.
\fi

\ifx
One simple solution is to apply passive stereo which is not much affected by those effects.
In the air, to increase the stability, Konolige investigated how to add active pattern to
the passive stereo system~\cite{konolige}.
Until now, there are no major passive stereo with active lighting system proposed for underwater environment yet.
\fi

\jptext{
CNNステレオが提案されている。例えば、Zbontarの手法はパッチの類似性を算出する[0]。
これは、テクスチャがないところで動くとされる。
パッチベースのCNNステレオは遅いので、その高速化手法が研究されている。
[2]は、最後のFC層を内積に置き換えることで、速度を早める方法を提案した。
[3]は、FC層と内積を組み合わせることで、精度を維持しながら、速度を早めることに成功している。
根本的な速度の改善のために、通称DispNetと呼ばれている、End-to-endでする手法も提案されている[1]。
しかし、精度は高くない。
そこで、我々はパッチベース手法を用いる。
パッチベースの手法はノイズには強いが構造が大きな障害物には弱いため、我々は、Multi-scaleに
してこの問題を解消した。Multi-scale cnnは他の分野では最近研究されるようになってきた。
でブラーでは[10]や、・・・・など。
我々も同様のアーキテクチャを採用する。
}

Another problem for underwater environment is disturbances by bubbles, water
fluctuation and other effects.
Recently, convolutional neural network (CNN) based stereo matching becomes
popular, which is robust to irregular distortion on image set.
\u{Z}bontar and LeCun proposed a CNN-based method to train network as a cost function of image patches~\cite{mccnn}.
Those techniques rather concentrate on textureless region recovery, but not
noise compensation, which is a main problem for underwater stereo.
Since patch based technique is known to be slow, Luo \etal proposed a speeding-up technique by substituting FCN to inner product at final
stage~\cite{Luo:CVPR2016}. Shaked and Wolf achieved high accuracy as well as fast
calculation time by combining both FCN to inner product~\cite{Shaked:CVPR2017}.
To fundamentally solve the calculation time, end-to-end approach called DispNet is proposed, but accuracy is not so high~\cite{Mayer:CVPR2016}.
Another aspect for underwater environment is that range of the scale of
obstacles is large.
Recently, to solve such scaling problem, multi-scale CNN
technique is proposed. Nah \etal proposed a
method for deblurring~\cite{Nah:CVPR2017}, Zhaowei \etal proposed a method for
dehaze~\cite{Cai2016AUM} and Li \etal proposed a method for object recognition~\cite{li2017reside},
Yadati \etal, Lu \etal, and Chen \etal~\cite{PramodYadati:ICMVA2017,HaihuaLu2018,JiahuiChen:ICIP2016} used multi-scale features for CNN-based stereo matching.
We also use multi-scale features for CNN-based stereo matching,
but novel network architecture to recognize multi-scale information is proposed.

\jptext{
また、CNNステレオは、学習データの入手が困難という問題もある。
[4]では、教師無しでEnd-to-Endネットワークを構築する。これは、ロス関数に
明示的な関数を用いないことで実現される(How?)。
[5]は、既存のステレオマッチングアルゴリズムを教師とする半教師あり学習である。
[6]は、様々な制約条件を用いたコスト関数を用いてMIL(Multi-Instance Learning)を行う。
我々と、精度と効率を考え、半教師あり学習となっている。
}

Collection of huge data for learning is another open problem for CNN-based stereo
techniques. For solution, Zhou \etal proposed a technique without using ground
truth depth data, but LR consistency as a loss function~\cite{Zhou:ICCV2017}. Tonioni \etal
proposed a unsupervised method by using existing stereo technique as an
instruction~\cite{Tonioni:ICCV2017}.
Tulyakov and Ivanov proposed a multi-instance learning (MIL) method by using
several constraints and cost functions~\cite{Tulyakov:ICCV2017}. We also take a
similar approach to \cite{Tulyakov:ICCV2017} and use several cost functions.

\ifx
Passive active stereo can solve such problems.
It projects a pattern, but the correspondence between feature points on pattern and captured images are neither used in calibration nor reconstruction.
Therefore, refraction on projected pattern can be remained, and ``rich" pattern can be used.
For example, Konolige investigated how passive active stereo works\cite{konolige}.
They tried several types of patterns and showed optimized pattern works better than not optimized ones.
For the above reasons, we took passive active stereo method.

In the field of stereo matching, Semi Global Block Matching(SGBM) is one of the most popular methods.
Hirschm\"uller proposed semi-global matching using mutual information\cite{SGBM}, but it was not robust enough against hard cases such as bubbles without post-processing like interpolation.
Recently, CNN-based stereo matching became popular.
\u{Z}bontar and LeCun proposed a CNN-based method to train network as a cost function of image patches\cite{mccnn}.
Although they did not mention robustness of CNN-based stereo against such disturbance, we consider it has ability to avoid it.
We show how effective CNN-based stereo is against disturbance, in our case, bubbles.
\fi

\jptext{
提案手法では、パターンを投影するため、これを除去したり、これを使ったセグメンテーションを行う。
セグメンテーションはSegNetやUnetがポピュラーであり、我々もこれを使う。
パターン除去には、GANによるインペインティングが有効と思われるが[11]、生成的アプローチは解像度が低いので今回は
使用しない。そこで、パターンをノイズと考え除去する。
CNNによるノイズの除去としては、Deepなアーキテクチャではなく訓練が簡単なResidualを用いることで、
訓練しやすいアーキテクチャである、ResBlockが提案された[8]。
このResBlockを用いて、反射除去のためにCEILNetというアーキテクチャも提案されている[9]。
さらに、WIN5RBネットワークを用いてEnd-to-Endでより効率よくノイズ除去する手法も提案されている[7]。
本研究ではこの[7]を用いてあぶく除去を行っているが、学習データの取得方法にオリジナリティがある。
}
CNNs are also popular in the field of image restoration and segmentation.
In underwater environment, there are several noises, such as bubbles or shadows
of water surfaces. In addition, projected pattern onto the target object is also
a severe noise.
To remove such a large noise,  inpainting method based on a GAN is
promising~\cite{Iizuka:SIGGRAPH16,ChenyuYou2018}. However, since resolution of generative approaches are
basically low, noise removal approach is better fit to our purpose. For efficient
noise removal, shallow CNN-based approach using residual is
proposed~\cite{He:CVPR2016}. The technique is also extended to remove
reflection~\cite{Fan:CVPR2017}. Liu and Fang propose an end-to-end architecture using the
WIN5RB network~\cite{Peng:arXiv2017} which outperform others. We also use this
technique, but data collection and multi-scale extension is novel.
Liao \etal~\cite{XuanLiao:VCIP2017} denoised depth images both using depth image and RGB image.
Zhang \etal~\cite{KaiZhang2017} denoised images with CNNs with different noise levels taken into account.
Choi \etal~\cite{SungjoonChoi2018} proposed denoising with multi-scales with light-weight computation.
Nakamura \etal~\cite{ToshikiNakamura:ICDAR2017} removed texts in natural scene images using multi-layers of convolutions and
deconvolutions.

Image segmentation is also important for our system, since usually only the regions of the target
object are enough for 3D shape reconstruction.
Badrinarayanan \etal. proposed a network architecture for semantic segmentation called SegNet~\cite{SegNet}.
Ronneberger \etal also proposed a network architecture called U-Net which is useful for biomedical image segmentation~\cite{ronneberger2015u}.
Since captured images do not look similar to scenery image, but rather close
to biomedical image, we use U-Net for our segmentation.

\section{System and algorithm overview}
\label{sec:overview}

\subsection{System Configuration}
\label{ssec:sysconf}
Our system consists of
stereo camera pair and one laser projector as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:sysconf}.
We prepare two systems for our experiments.
One is for evaluation purpose where two cameras and a projector are set outside a water tank.
The other is a practical system where devices are installed into a specially built waterproof
housing in order to make distance between interface glass and camera lens to be
relatively short. For the both systems, the optical axes of the cameras are set orthogonal to glass surface so
that error by refraction approximation is minimized.
The two cameras are synchronized by GPIO cable to capture dynamic scenes.
In terms of the pattern projector to add textures onto the objects,
no synchronization is required
since the pattern is static.
In our implementation, we use a laser projector where diffractive optic element
(DOE) is used to configure wave pattern proposed in \cite{Sagawa:3DIMPVT2012}
without losing light power.

\begin{figure}[t]

\begin{minipage}[b]{.49\linewidth}
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=3.5cm]{sysconf.pdf}}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.49\linewidth}
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4.3cm]{real_system-eps-converted-to.pdf}}
\end{minipage}

\caption{{\bf Left:} Minimum system configuration of the proposed algorithm. {\bf Right:} Our
    experimental system for evaluation where two cameras and a projector are set outside a water tank.}
\label{fig:sysconf}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=9.5cm]{algorithm3_cropped.pdf}}

\caption{Overview of the algorithm.}
\label{fig:overview}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{graph0.pdf}}
\caption{Depth-dependent error of approximation estimated by simulation.}
\label{fig:approx}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Algorithm}
\label{ssec:algo}
The algorithm of our underwater shape reconstruction will be explained by using Fig.~\ref{fig:overview}.
First, the camera pair is calibrated.
The refractions in the captured images are modeled and canceled by
center projection approximation in our technique using depth-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic
parameters which are acquired in advance.
In the measurement process, the targets are captured with stereo cameras.
Pattern illumination is projected onto the scene for adding features on it.
From captured images, target regions are detected by a CNN-based segmentation technique, where only fish regions are extracted.
Then, a stereo-matching method is applied to the target regions.
In our technique, a CNN-based stereo is applied to increase stability under the
condition of dimmed patterns, disturbances by bubbles, and flickering shadows.
Then, 3D points are reconstructed from the disparity maps estimated by the stereo algorithm.
Outliers are removed from the point cloud and
meshes are recovered by Poisson equation method~\cite{Kazhdan:EGSGP06}.
Since textures are degraded by bubbles and projected patterns, they are
efficiently recovered
by CNN-based bubble canceling and pattern removal techniques.
Using the recovered 3D shapes and textures,
we can render the dynamic and textured 3D scene.

\subsection{Depth-dependent calibration}
Because of refractions, captured images of underwater scene are severely distorted.
In this paper, we undistort captured images by a lens distortion model~\cite{Kawasaki:WACV17}.
The technique is only an approximation, because refraction effect is not strictly represented as the lens-distortion model,
but it can be used for stereo matching for limited working distances~\cite{Kawasaki:WACV17}.
For the actual process, a calibration tool, \ie, planar board with checker pattern,
is submerged to a water tank to retrieve intrinsic and extrinsic (camera-to-camera
transformation) parameters, and thus, it is preferable if the best depth for approximation is
known in advance.
In the paper, we simulate error using actual parameter of our system as shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:approx}, showing that a maximum error is below
0.8\% if depth range is less than 1m.
Thus, we set all the devices as close as possible to the water interface
so that the error becomes small enough to be ignored.

\section{CNN based stereo technique with pattern projection}
\label{sec:cnnstereo}

In the technique,
we first apply CNN-based target region extraction technique (\subsecref{segmentation}) to increase robustness as well as decrease calculation time
Then, multi-scale CNN stereo (\subsecref{mscs}) is applied to reconstruct 3D points.

\subsection{CNN-based target-region extraction}
\label{ssec:segmentation}
For many applications,
reconstruction targets are recognizable, such as swimming
fishes in the water.
In general, the wider the range of disparities considered in stereo-matching processes,
the more ambiguities exist, leading to wrong correspondences.
Thus, by extracting the target regions from the input images and
reducing possibilities of matching within the detected target regions,
3D reconstruction process becomes more robust.

To this purpose,
we implemented an U-Net~\cite{ronneberger2015u}, an FCN with multi-scale feature extraction,
and trained it.
We made training dataset from underwater image sequence contains live fish
(since one of our applications is live fish measurement)
where scenes are illumination by the pattern projector.
Since both the target and background regions are projected with the same pattern,
segmentation between those regions was difficult.
From image sequences, 100 images were sampled and the
target regions were masked with manual operations.
These training images were augmented by scalings, rotations, and translations.
As a result, we provide 980 pairs of source images and target-region masks for
training U-Net.
We used softmax entropy for loss function.
The trained U-Net was tested for large number of images,
 we obtained qualitatively successful results in most examples

 (Fig.~\ref{fig:seg}).

In the evaluation process, we have found that the numbers of resolution levels of the U-Net architecture
is important.
By using only two or three levels of resolutions, we could not get sufficient results.
We finally reached the conclusion that the U-Net with five levels of
resolutions works effectively with our dataset by qualitative evaluation
increasing number of levels.
Regarding the number of training data pairs, 300 augmented image pairs from around 30 annotated data did not work sufficiently for a living fish, but
at least 100 pairs were required.

Using the obtained results, rectified images are masked so that only measurement target is on the images.
We also use this mask image to limit the output disparity of stereo matching,
which can drastically decrease calculation time as well as improve accuracy.

\begin{figure}[t]

\begin{minipage}[b]{0.24\linewidth}
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=2.0cm]{seg_in.jpg}}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.24\linewidth}
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=2.0cm]{seg_out.png}}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.24\linewidth}
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=2.0cm]{seg_in2.jpg}}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.24\linewidth}
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=2.0cm]{seg_out2.png}}
\end{minipage}

\caption{ An example of CNN segmentation. {\bf Left:} Successful example. {\bf Right:} Minor failure example. Patternless region was difficult to detect. }
\label{fig:seg}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\end{figure}

\subsection{CNN stereo matching by transfer learning}
\label{ssec:stereo}
In general, normal stereo-matching methods such as SGBM are not robust against
strong noises since they do not classify pixels into right intensity and wrong intensity~\cite{SGBM}.
Because CNN-based stereo proposed in \cite{mccnn} learns from real images, it is
possible to cope with the noises.
\ifx
Fig.~\ref{fig:CNNStereo} is a real example showing CNN-based stereo is robust
against bubbles than SGBM.
In the method,
CNNs were used for extracting feature vectors for calculating a similarity measure of
two image patches.
\fi
In the technique,
small image patches from
stereo image pairs are processed by CNNs and their feature vectors are calculated.
Similarity measures of the feature vectors are used to find the best-matching
disparities for every patches of the input images.

\ifx
In our implementation,
input images
are limited by the extracted target-regions which are already described.
We omit post-processing phase of Torch implementation
Disparity maps are also masked with the extracted target-regions, and clipped by pre-defined disparity ranges.
\fi

In the method, we propose
an effective training method for CNN-based stereo specialized for bubble-disturbed
images by applying a transfer-learning technique.
First, we made a training dataset disturbed by bubbles from Middlebury 2005 and 2006 dataset.
Middlebury dataset contains 1890 images in total, and we used 540 images of them.
To create images with bubbles,
we set a display monitor behind
a water tank and put a bubble generator inside a tank (Fig.~\ref{fig:dataset} (left)).
The Middlebury images were presented on the monitor and captured by the camera
in front of the water tank.
The captured images were warped both by the perspective projection
and the refraction by the air-water interfaces.
To compensate for this,
gray code was presented on the display screen and captured by the camera.
Then, lens distortion parameters are estimated, which approximate the refraction,
by using the gray code.
The captured images were undistorted by the lens distortion parameters
and rectified by homography transformation.
Examples of a source image and their bubble-disturbed images are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:dataset} (right).

Since Middlebury dataset is annotated with ground-truth disparities, we can get positive and negative pairs
of image patches
for stereo-matching training data.
The positive pairs of patches are sampled from stereo images with corresponding positions,
whereas the negative pairs are sampled randomly.
Using these matching pair datasets,  we additionally trained the CNN-based similarity measure pipeline with the captured dataset.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{minipage}[b]{.39\linewidth}
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=3.0cm]{IMG_0205.jpg}}
(a) Capturing scene
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.60\linewidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=2.0cm]{Iview0_gt.jpg}
  \includegraphics[width=2.0cm]{Iview0.jpg}
\\
{(b) Original Middlebury image and with bubbles}
\end{minipage}

\caption{Capturing images through bubbles to create real learning dataset.}
\label{fig:dataset}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Multi-scale CNN stereo}
\label{ssec:mscs}

CNN-based stereo techniques usually take fixed-size image patches because
a large number of patches with wide variation are trained.
However, it sometimes makes wrong correspondences unless wider regions are
considered; repetitive pattern of windows are well known example.
Similarly, we assume bubbles whose shapes and sizes vary by large scale, the ambiguity can increase and cause serious failures.
Therefore, we propose a novel network architecture for stereo matching called multi-scale CNN Stereo, which can cope with such ambiguities
(Fig.~\ref{fig:network}(Left)).

The network takes two image patches as input, and outputs similarity score between the patches.
One input patch is processed by two CNN-layer pipelines,
one is for low-resolution, wide-range process,
and the other is high-resolution, narrow-range process.
The input patch is scaled to half through MaxPooling operation for low-res process,
and the center sub-image of the input is considered for high-res process.

Each of the convolutional layers is composed of 3$\times$3 convolution,
batch normalization, and ReLU operation.
As a result, two processed patches (high and low-res) have the same sizes with half the original patches with 64 channels.
The high and low-res results are concatenated, and used as a feature vector to measure similarities.
The neural network parameters
are optimized to  minimize a hinge loss expressed as
\begin{equation}
	loss = max(0, s_- - s_+ + m),
	\label{eq:loss}
\end{equation}
\ie, high similarity score is marked to positive patch pair, while low
similarity score is marked to negative patch pair,
where $s_-$ is output score of negative patch pair, $s_+$ is that of positive
patch pair and
$m$ is margin which means positive score must exceed negative score at this value.
In our training, we used $m = 0.2$ as the margin.

Using both high and low-res information helps
recognizing wide area and narrow area similarities at the same time, and it leads to robustness against underwater disturbances.
The ability of Multi-scale CNN Stereo is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:CNNStereo}.
We trained the multi-scale CNN with training dataset created from modified (\ie, with bubble) Middlebury dataset
similarly with section \ref{ssec:stereo}
with data augmentation of random rotations, scalings, and brightness changes.
Note that input patches were explicitly extracted from the same epipolar lines of input images in training phase,
but whole image can be inputted in estimation phase.

\begin{figure*}[t]
	\begin{minipage}[b]{0.55\linewidth}
		\centering
		\setlength{\fboxsep}{0cm}\fbox{
			\includegraphics[width=9.8cm]{architecture_mlcnn_fcn_mod_cropped.pdf}
		}
	\end{minipage}
	\hfill
	\begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\linewidth}
		\centering
		\setlength{\fboxsep}{0cm}\fbox{
			\includegraphics[width=7cm]{architecture4_cropped.pdf}
		}
	\end{minipage}

	\caption{{\bf Left:} Network architecture of multi-scale CNN Stereo.
{\bf Right:} Network architecture of multi-scale CNN pattern removal.
Numbers of the data description (round-cornered rectangles) are data dimensions.  }
	\label{fig:network}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\end{figure*}

\section{Texture recovery from noise, bubble and projected pattern}
\label{sec:texture}

For real situations, the captured images are often severely degraded by underwater environments, such as bubble and other
noises, as well as projected pattern on the object surface.
In order to remove such undesirable effects, we propose a CNN-based texture
recovery technique.
In our technique, we focus on two major problems, such as bubbles and projected
patterns. Although those two phenomena are totally different and have different
optical attributes, it is common in the sense that appearances for both effects have a wide variation in scale.
Note that such wide variation depends on the distance between a target object, bubble and a projector.
Such a large variation of scale makes it difficult for removal by
simple noise removal method.

\iffalse
To remove bubbles from captured image, we used existing network architecture,
whereas to remove projected pattern, we design new multi-scale network
architecture, which is close to our multi-scale CNN for stereo matching.
One may consider why those two noise recovery methods are not merged into
single end-to-end architecture. The main reason is that
it is hard to prepare datasets for training.
Integration of two network is our important future work.

\subsection{CNN for noise and bubble removal}
\label{ssec:bubbleremoval}
We use WIN5RB denoising network proposed in \cite{Peng:arXiv2017} to remove bubbles from images.
This network is based on residual net containing convolution layer and batch normalization, and has extraordinary ability for image denoising.
We reused modified Middlebury dataset with bubbles for training.

\subsection{Multi-scale CNN for bubble and pattern removal}
\label{ssec:patternremoval}

Main difficulty of bubble and pattern removal is that a variation of scale of them is
large because it depends on the distance between a target object and a projector.
\fi

Since multi-scale CNN is suitable to learn such a variation, we also use a
multi-scale CNN for our bubble and pattern removal purpose.
The network for such obstacle removal is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:network}(Right).
In the figure, it is shown that an original image is converted to three
different resolutions and trained by independent CNN. Each output is up-sampled
and concatenated to higher resolution.
This network is advantageous because it can handle a large structure of
projected pattern, as well as it can be trained in a relatively short time.
We prepared two datasets to train the network for bubble removal and pattern removal.
For training bubble removal network, we also used Middlebury dataset containing bubbles mentioned in \subsecref{mscs}.
For training pattern removal network, we captured several real targets with/without pattern
projection to create training data. However, the number of data is not
sufficient to train the network, we synthesize training data by using CG.
We use Middlebury dataset and reconstruct 3D shape with texture map, and then,
use virtual pattern projector to add pattern onto the object surface.
Then, images were translated, rotated, and scaled randomly for data augmentation.
The pattern removal ability of this network is shown in the experiment.

\begin{comment}
\begin{figure}[t]

\begin{minipage}[b]{.48\linewidth}
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4.0cm]{images/experiment/jpg/IMG_0198.jpg}}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.48\linewidth}
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4.0cm]{images/experiment/jpg/IMG_0200.jpg}}
\end{minipage}

\caption{ Our experimental setup. {\bf Left:} Used water tank. {\bf Right:} Appearance from camera view. Projected WAVE pattern can be seen.}
\label{fig:setup}

\end{figure}
\end{comment}

\section{Experiments}
To evaluate proposed method, we conducted 4 experiments.
In \subsecref{eval}, we describe how our method is accurate and dense under depth-dependent calibration.
In \subsecref{robust}, it is examined that how our multi-scale CNN stereo is robust against underwater disturbances.
In \subsecref{texexp}, qualitative evaluation results of texture recovery are shown.
Finally in \subsecref{demo}, we captured and reconstructed real swimming fish to confirm the feasibility of our method.

\subsection{Validation of shape reconstruction by depth-dependent calibration}
\label{ssec:eval}
For the experiments, we used Point Grey Grasshopper3 cameras and Canon LV-HD420 lamp projector.
To reproduce underwater environments, we used a water tank with a size of  90$\times$45$\times$45cm.
Target objects were a calibration board, a vinyl model of fish, and a silicon model of
a human head as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:mesh_reconst}.
They are captured in the air and reconstructed with a structured-light technique to acquire the ground-truth.
The cameras and the projector were calibrated at a distance of 60cm
by our depth-dependent calibration technique and
captured images were converted to center projection image.
Each target object is placed at different
distances, ranging from 40 to 80cm by 10cm intervals
and captured with/without pattern projection, \ie,
in total 180 images were captured.
Then, all the objects were reconstructed by the proposed method
and the numbers of the reconstructed points
 and measured ICP residual errors from the ground-truth were calculated.
The results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:eval_result}.
It is proved that all shapes are successfully recovered with our depth-dependent calibration technique.
Further, it can be confirmed that, in most cases, a larger number of points were reconstructed with pattern projection than
without projection.
\ifx
Particularly, textureless objects cannot be reconstructed at all with passive
stereo, whereas projected pattern made it possible to reconstruct almost entire
shape.
\fi
The accuracies were also better than without
pattern projection in most cases.

\begin{figure}[t]

  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{mesh_verysmall.jpg}}
  \caption{Upper row shows target objects and bottom row shows reconstruction results. Left to right:
    a calibration board, a vinyl fish and a mannequin head.}
  \label{fig:mesh_reconst}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure*}[t]
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=17cm]{demo_small.jpg}}
\caption{Live fish experiment. {\bf Top:} Captured images. {\bf Middle:} Segmentation results. {\bf Bottom:} Reconstruction results.}
\label{fig:demo}

\end{figure*}
\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=8.7cm]{graph5.pdf}}

\caption{ Graph of accuracy and density experiment. Horizontal axis represents number of reconstructed points, vertical axis represents RMSE from the GT shape, and lower right point is better result.
Our pattern projection based passive stereo method drastically
 improves the RMSE as well as point density.}
  \label{fig:eval_result}
\vspace{-0.3cm}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Evaluation of various CNN stereo techniques}
\label{ssec:robust}
Next, we tested CNN-based stereo for underwater scene with bubbles.
For evaluation purpose,
we prepared four implementations,
such as CNN-based stereo of \cite{mccnn},
multi-scale CNN stereo with linear combination (ms-cnn-lin),
multi-scale CNN stereo with FCN (ms-cnn-fcn),
and transfer learned ms-cnn-lin with bubble erased images (ms-cnn-lin(trans)).
The target objects were placed at a distance of 50, 60, 70cm and the depth-dependent calibration
was applied as same as the previous experiment.
We intentionally made bubbles to interfere image capturing process.
We reproduced four bubble environments, \ie, far little bubble, far much bubble, near little bubble, and near much bubble.
In addition, no bubble scenes as reference were prepared.
We captured three pairs of images for each target with five environments.
In total, 90 images were captured.
Then, we removed bubbles on the images with multi-scale bubble removal architecture, and reconstructed all the scenes and targets.
We calculated average RMSE from the GT shape of each target.
The results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:rmse}.
From the graph, we can confirm that the accuracy of proposed CNN architecture is better than previous method,
supporting the effectiveness of our method.
Fig.~\ref{fig:CNNStereo} shows examples of the reconstructed
disparity maps (masked with segmentation results)
 for each technique confirming that shapes are recovered by
our technique even if captured images are severely degraded by bubbles.

\begin{figure}[t]

  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=8.7cm]{RMSE.pdf}}

\caption{Comparison on proposed method and previous method. Our methods
    (ms-cnn-fcn) performed best in most cases.
(erased) means result from bubble removed images. }
\label{fig:rmse}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[h]

  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=17cm]{disparity.pdf}}

\caption{ Difference of disparity maps between stereo methods in bubble scene.
Bubble is so severe and almost any method can produce quite poor results, whereas our method
produced much better results.}
\label{fig:CNNStereo}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Experiments of texture acquisition}
\label{ssec:texexp}
We also tested the bubble-removal and the pattern-removal techniques.
The results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:texexp}.
It is shown that bubbles in the source images were successfully removed as shown
in the top row of the figure.
In the bottom row, we can also confirm that projected patterns are robustly
removed by multi-scale CNN technique.
\begin{figure*}[t]

  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=17cm]{texture_cropped.pdf}}

\caption{ Result of texture acquisition experiment. Left pane is results of bubble removal and Right pane is results of pattern removal. {\bf Left:} Input images. {\bf Middle-left:} Close-up view of input. {\bf Middle-right:} Output images. {\bf Right:} Close-up view of output. (a, b): Middlebury dataset. (c): Fish model. (d, e): Pattern removal dataset we created. (f): Live fish.}
\label{fig:texexp}

\end{figure*}

\subsection{Demonstration with a live fish}
\label{ssec:demo}
Finally, we captured a live swimming fish (filefish) at an aquarium.
We used a special experimental system with an aluminum housing.
Cameras are same as the above experiment, but a projector is substituted by
laser pattern projector.
We captured and reconstructed 360 frames.
Five frames from the results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:demo} for example.
As shown in the figure, we can confirm that the target object is mostly
successfully segmented by our CNN-based
object segmentation method.
In addition, dense shapes of the swimming fish are successfully reconstructed, which proves
the effectiveness and practicality of our method.
Texture are also partially recovered with our method.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}

The paper presents a practical underwater dense shape
reconstruction technique as well as texture refinement method using stereo cameras with a static-pattern projector.
Since underwater environments have severe conditions, such as refraction, light
attenuation and disturbances by bubbles, we propose a CNN-based solutions, such
as a target-object
segmentation, robust stereo matching with a multi-scale CNN and
CNN based texture-recovery method.
By comparing 3D shape reconstruction with various methods, since other methods
are severely affected by bubbles and other degradation of underwater environment,
our method achieved best among them.
Further, bubbles and projected patterns on the objects are successfully removed
by our method.
We also conducted experiments to show that our approximation of refraction by
radial distortion is feasible.
Our future plan is to apply the technique to a swimming human for sports analysis.

\section*{Acknowledgment}
This work was part supported by grant JSPS/KAKENHI 16H02849, 16KK0151, 18H04119,
18K19824 in Japan, and MSRA CORE14.

\vfill
\pagebreak
\newpage
\clearpage

{\small
\bibliographystyle{ieee}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Nature plants
Sacred Ancient Maya Cacao Groves Rediscovered After Centuries Of Searching
Feb 1 2022, 12:27 UTC
The sinkholes contain altars and ramps for ceremonial processions. Image Credit: TigerStocks/Shutterstock.com
Locations of ancient sacred cacao-growing groves have been discovered over a thousand years after their peak, researchers say.
Cacao beans, from which we make chocolate, were so central to postclassic Maya culture that growing them appears to have been surrounded by religious rituals and tightly controlled to restrict supply. The ancient Maya didn't just eat the product of cacao beans, they used them as currency and considered them a gift from the gods.
Cacao flourishes in the wet climate of the Guatemalan highlands that made up the Maya people's southern territory. The lowlands of the northern Yucatan Peninsula are generally too dry to support the precious plant, yet the great Maya cities of the area do not seem to have gone without.
Researchers set out to explain this paradox in collaboration with Mexican and US archaeologists. In the Journal of Archaeological Science Reports, the team announce the secret to the sacred groves lies in the peninsula's geology.
A cacao pod from the Dzadz Ion sinkhole in Coda proves the suitability of the microclimate. Image Credit: Richard Terry
Yucatan is formed from porous limestone leading to karst sinkholes, whose steep walls and sunken location offer shade and abundant water, producing microclimates well-suited to cacao.
The authors took samples from 11 sinkholes – three of which still contain cacao trees, and one whose trees were cut down 60 years ago.
They developed new hot water extraction techniques to identify cacao's distinctive theobromine and caffeine molecules in the soil. Nine of the sinkholes tested positive, providing evidence cacao once grew in these sinkholes – although alone this would not prove their sacred status.
However, the team found evidence the holes had been modified not just to facilitate agriculture, but for the conduct of ceremonies. Some have remnants of ramps for processions leading down from the edges. Others contain altars or stone carvings and grinding stones, along with jade and ceramic objects thought to have been offerings to the gods.
The ancient Maya went to the immense efforts to build a ramp into this sinkhole so they could not only grow cacao for chocolate in the humid microclimate, but also hold religious ceremonies. Image Credit: Richard Terry
"We looked for theobromine for several years and found cacao in some places we didn't expect," study author and recently retired Bringham Young University Professor Richard Terry said in a statement.
"We were also amazed to see the ceremonial artifacts. My students rappelled into one of these sinkholes and said, 'Wow! There is a structure in here!' It was a staircase that filled one-third of the sinkhole with stone."
Possibly the most conclusive proof of the sinkholes' purpose, and the reverence with which cacao was held, is the presence of ceramic cacao pods.
Ixcacao was the Maya goddess of cacao. This is a reconstruction of a figurine of her, and the offerings that may have been made. Image Credit: Sculptor Patricia Martin of Muna, Yucatan
The groves' importance is emphasised by their locations close to the 115 kilometer (70 mile) highway that represented the most important Maya trade route. One city, Chichen Itzna, is suspected of having been located for its proximity to several sinkholes, which would have supplied the essentials of life: water, chocolate, avocados, and bananas.
How long the sinkholes were used in this way remains uncertain, but it seems they were sacred to the Maya by the 9th Century in our calendar if not before.
"The sinkholes were a place where the money could be grown and controlled," Terry said. "This new understanding creates a rich historical narrative of a highly charged Maya landscape with economic, political and spiritual value."
plants,
cacao,
ancient ancestors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How do I delete a message in ActiveMQ using ZFW2? I am using ZendQueue component https://github.com/zendframework/ZendQueue.
After I read my messages, I try to delete them.
I am using the Queue object and the Activemq adapter.
I am connecting ok, as I am able to get the data I publish.  The code is below:
$message_iterator = $queue->receive(50,50);
foreach($message_iterator as $MessageObject){
     do_somthing($MessageObject->body);
     $queue->getAdapter()->deleteMessage($MessageObject);
}

$queue is \ZendQueue\Queue
$MessageObject is \ZendQueue\Message
adapter is ZendQueue\Adapter\Activemq

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The only artist from the Caribbean to have achieved legendary status in the 20th century is undoubtedly Bob Marley.
His music is reggae but it rocks too with hard-edged guitar lines and rebellious lyrics. And that's exactly how Trenchtown Experience play it.
Drawn from the cream of London's reggae session players the band plays it for real and features the exact line up Marley used in the late 70's with the I-Threes female backing trio. They are the only Marley tribute in the country to play it so very faithfully, and so very well.


Claiming cost of replacing domestic goods is changing from April 2016. The former wear and tear allowance is now replaced with relief for replacement of domestic goods, the new allowance however isn't as generous as the 10% wear and tear allowance where landlords could claim 10% of the net rent received as expenses even if the expenditure was not incurred, though the downside to the wear and tear allowance was when the actual cost of replacing items was more than the 10% allowance full relief was not obtained.
· The replacement item should be substantially the same as the old one (like-for-like) and amount of the deduction is the cost of replacement item, plus cost of disposing the older item, less any amount recovered from disposing the older item.
· The older item in no longer available.
· The item is to be used solely by the lessee.
· The expenditure is capital in nature and capital allowances are not available in respect of the expenditure.
· Rent a room relief was not claimed.
TT Intelligence can help you with complying with the new rules and all the tax and accountancy work related to your property business please contact us or get in touch today by calling 0203 039 3993.


The second book, following last year's "My Brilliant Friend," featuring the two friends Lila and Elena. The two protagonists are now in their twenties. Marriage appears to have imprisoned Lila. Meanwhile, Elena continues her journey of self-discovery. The two young women share a complex and evolving bond that brings them close at times, and drives them apart at others. Each vacillates between hurtful disregard and profound love for the other. With this complicated and meticulously portrayed friendship at the center of their emotional lives, the two girls mature into women, paying the cruel price that this passage exacts.


text:
Eulogy for Murray Floyd Tuley, January 18, 1906 Also known as: Address of Miss Jane Addams, January 18, 1906
ADDRESS OF MISS JANE ADDAMS.
Perhaps what we need above all things in this huge incoherent town of ours, always on the verge of lawlessness, is men who will rigidly enforce the existing laws, while, at the same time, they will frankly admit the inadequacy of these laws, and work without stint for progressive regulations better fitted to the newer issues among which our lot is cast. We need to learn that we cannot enforce the laws of a community, nor even elevate its ethical standards, save by a quickening of its moral sensibilities and by increasing its sensitiveness to wrong, and that unless the growing conscience is successfully embodied in legal enactments, men lose the habit of turning to the law for guidance and redress. As the generations before us tore justice from the skies and set it in the midst of laws and tribunals which men made for themselves, so generations to come, beginning even with our own, are making the first tentative effort to establish justice in men's social and industrial relations, to set up a court anew in the moral consciousness of their contemporaries.
Perhaps no man upon the Cook County Bench was so ready to turn his serious and disciplined mind to finding out how the legal machinery might more closely fit existing conditions, and the much needed reforms be embodied in laws and ordinances, than Judge Tuley, whom we have come here today to honor. I recall, in illustration of this, an instance which took place fifteen years ago. I had newly come to Chicago, fresh from the country, and had little idea of the social and industrial conditions in which I found myself, on Halsted street, when a dozen girls came from a neighboring factory with a grievance in regard to their wages. The affair could hardly have been called a labor difficulty, the girls had never heard of a trades union, and were totally unaccustomed to acting together. It was more in the nature of a scrap between themselves and their foreman. In the effort toward adjustment, arbitration was suggested and the one name in the world outside with which the girls were familiar was Judge Tuley's. When the difficulty was placed before him he suggested that the matter be tried in his chambers, under the Tuley law, which was then new and which required that both litigants agree to accept the decision of the judge without appeal to a higher court, and then to appear before him without attorneys. I have never forgotten the care and consideration, the courtesy and deference with which Judge Tuley gave himself to this trivial matter, for the wages concerned for all the girls counted but a few cents a week. His painstaking and just decision pleased both sides, a thing unique in my experience in labor adjudication, and there remains vividly in my memory a conversation I held with him after the litigants were gone. He spoke of his belief in the capacity of the common law to meet all legitimate labor difficulties which may arise; of its remarkable adaptability to changing conditions under the decision of wise and progressive judges, but that in order to adjust it to our industrial affairs it must be interpreted, not so much in relation to precedents established under an industrial order which belongs to the past, but in reference to that newer sense of justice which this generation is seeking to embody in industrial relations. He foresaw something of the stress and storm of the industrial conflicts which have occurred in Chicago since then, and he expressed the hope that the Bench of Cook County might rise to the opportunity in this new and difficult situation of dealing with labor difficulties in a judicial spirit. What a difference it would have made in the history of Chicago during the last fifteen years if more men had been possessed of this temper and wisdom!
It is said that no man on the Cook County Bench had so few of his decisions reversed by the superior courts. May not this illustrate the fact that no man can interpret the laws we have, unless at the same time he sees the inadequacy of those laws and the need of progressive legislation? We count it high praise of most men to say that they held fast to the ideals of their youth, meaning that they did not become sordid and spotted by the world. Yet this would have been meager praise for Judge Tuley, for he advanced his ideals with the growing demands of his time and was ever in the vanguard of the community's progress. He had one of those rare minds, capable of vigorous growth and of effective use to the very end.
Perhaps no one was more jealous of the prerogative and dignities of the bench than this venerable judge, this Nestor of the Bar, and yet he was willing to sacrifice, on occasion, his possible duty as a judge in order to exercise his citizen. He was willing to publicly discuss matters which might otherwise have been brought before him to adjudicate, because he so clearly saw that trained public opinion is quite as necessary to social progress, as are judicial decisions. It is easy for all of us to shirk the discussion of current issues under the plea of remaining impartial; it is a temptation to remain a silent coward and to think oneself a tolerant spectator. And yet, in spite of Judge Tuley's open-minded policy, it is said by the legal profession of Chicago that, of all the judges of this community, he held the reputation of being the most non-partisan and impartial. May not this perhaps illustrate that most mysterious of all hard sayings, that he alone saves his life who is ready to lose it, and that he alone can be impartial who has the courage of his convictions.
Judge Tuley had learned much of life and, above all, had come not to be afraid of the desires and demands of the people. He knew that every reform, however drastic, when put into operation is bound to disappoint the flaming hopes of its advocates, and that it will also invariably fail to overturn the existing order of society, as the opponents and conservatives eternally predict. He knew that there is a self-regulating element in society itself, a common sense in the mass of men which may be forever trusted, that history can point to no community which has rushed into excesses upon the acquisition of new found power, save those communities which have been unduly repressed, and which have received their new liberties without a previous period of discussion and adjustment, of slow trial and gradual preparation. Therefore, he was all for free discussion, for "new experiments in living," for enlarging the functions of municipal government and for extending the franchise. Many of us recall that some years ago, when it was considered most [page 2] important that women should use their vote for the trustee of the State University, in order to demonstrate their desire for fuller suffrage, that Judge Tuley accompanied his invalid wife to the polling booth and fairly carried her into it from the carriage that he might make with her this demonstration in favor of woman suffrage, which he had advocated all his life.
In this generation of ours, when the belief in immortality seems to have become so elusive, when it is discussed pro and con in fashionable books of essays, and in the most respectable and conservative of magazines, nothing serves so well to reestablish it for us as the life and death of a righteous man, he who has fulfilled the measure of his years upon earth, and during all those years has become identified with the powers which stand for integrity, with the causes which make for progress, who has given of his strength to establish justice between man and man, and has ever plead the cause of the people. If we are bereft of all other sanction for our belief, in a moment such as this we would, perforce, be driven back to the old statement of Plato that, though all else may be transitory in human affairs, the excellent must become the permanent.
Mentioned in (1)
Plato (ca. 424-348 BC)
Tuley, Murray F. (1827-1905)
Katherine E. Tuley to Jane Addams, January 7, 1906
Addams praises Judge Tuley for his dedication to the law and evenhanded decisions.
"Address of Miss Jane Addams," in "Memorial Service for Murray Floyd Tuley," Unity 56 (January 18, 1906): 366-67.
Addams, Jane, views on justice
J-U - Unity
EulogiesLaw
Addams, Jane, "Eulogy for Murray Floyd Tuley, January 18, 1906," Jane Addams Digital Edition, accessed January 30, 2023, http://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/items/show/4208.


Buckinghamshire New University will be dimming its lights and turning off music in its cafes and library to be more autism-friendly this week.
The High Wycombe University will be making its cafes and library 'autism-friendly' for one hour every day, between 2-3pm, until Friday for the National Autistic Society's Autism Hour, part of the Too Much Information campaign.
More than 1 in 100 of the population have been diagnosed with autism.
Maureen O'Brien, Disability Service Manager at Bucks (pictured right), said: "I noticed that some of our students on the autistic spectrum were using our study lounge to have their lunch instead of the main cafes in the University.
"I have a 25-year-old son on the autistic spectrum so I have had many years of experience of the effects of sensory pain, it's not fun and often unbearable.
This is the first time that Bucks has taken part, but it is now looking into ways venues on the campus can adapt long-term, like soundproof canvases.
Georgia Nosal, Bucks Students' Union Vice President Education and Welfare (pictured above left), said: "It's really important that all of our venues are inclusive.
"Students should feel safe and comfortable in all areas of the university so we are really happy to be taking part. Not only is this a good way to make our venues more accessible, but it's also a great way to raise awareness among students of the struggles those on the autistic spectrum face day-to-day.
Maureen O'Brien says everyone can help. "The aim is to help create an autistic-friendly environment through the promotion of areas of visual and auditory tranquillity."
The National Autistic Society is the UK's leading charity for autistic people and their families. Its goal is to help transform lives, change attitudes and create a society that works for autistic people.


An earlier version of this paper was published in Leland Ryken, ed., The Christian Imagination: The Practice of Faith in Literature and Writing, Rev. Ed. (Colorado Springs: Shaw Books, 2002).
Schaap, James C. (2002) "When a Spider is Only a Spider," Pro Rege: Vol. 30: No. 4, 23 - 32.


Fat on the rib cage is in direct proximity to the stomach. Any time you have fat in your stomach area, you are subjected to an increased risk of strokes and heart disease. The best way to rid yourself of rib cage fat is to focus on overall weight loss through aerobic exercise and strength training, while targeting your obliques and serratus anterior muscles with specific exercises. These muscles are found on your sides and by working them, you will give your rib cage area a leaner appearance.
Restrict your caloric intake by 500 calories a day to lose one pound a week. You can create that deficit with diet changes or physical activity or, better yet, both. Find your starting intake by tracking your calories for a full day. Use an online resource like the American Cancer Society's calorie counter if you need help.
Eat foods that have a low energy density like fruits, vegetables, whole grains and leafy greens. Steer clear of foods that are high in saturated fat, sodium and sugar like cupcakes, cookies, crackers, wings and deep fried onion rings.
Sip on water throughout the day and with your meals to hydrate your body and fill yourself up. Avoid beverages that are high in calories like soda, sweet tea, slushies, milkshakes and beer.
Perform cardiovascular exercise of your choosing to melt that fat on your rib cage. Do any type of cardio as long as it gets your heart rate up and causes you to breathe heavy. Kickboxing, step aerobics, jumping rope, running and elliptical training are examples. Aim for 45 to 60 minutes and work out on three alternating days a week.
Stand in between the weight stacks on a cable machine to do single handle push-downs. Have the handles attached to high settings and grasp one in each hand with your feet about shoulder-width apart. Your body should be in a "T" shape at this point. Push the handles straight down to your sides, raise them back up until your arms parallel the floor and repeat 10 to 12 times.
Kneel on the floor to do ab wheel roll outs. Grab the sides of the wheel on the handle and place it on the floor right in front of you. Roll the wheel forward as you extend your arms and lower your chest toward the floor. Stop when your upper body is close to parallel to the floor and roll yourself back to the upright position. Repeat for 12 to 15 repetitions.
Execute a set of bicycle crunches from a face-up position on the floor. Place your hands on the sides of your head, lift your legs and bend your knees to get your shins level to the floor. Move your right elbow and left knee toward each other as you extend your right leg. Reverse the motion quickly to target your other side and repeat for 15 to 20 repetitions.
Grab a medicine ball to do long arm oblique twists. Stand with your feet about shoulder-width apart and hold the ball straight in front of your chest. Twist your torso to your right as you move the ball to your right side. Reverse the motion and move the ball to your left side. Continue back and forth until you've done 15 to 20 reps total.
Perform four or five sets of your weight training exercises and do them three days a week on non-cardio days.
Can You Get a Six Pack with 500 Sit-Ups a Day?


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Text: Baptised at age two weeks.
Note: POWELL, Reece, bach., Margam, GLA. 1832, March 6. At Newcastle. Frances Jane Jones. A. 128/20 6.
Text: Rees 35, Farmer, Frances 30, William 4, Elizabeth 5, Ellen 3 and Amelia 6 weeks, living at Haregrove, Tythegston.
The newspaper extract and advertisement below provide an impression of the institution in which Rees spent his final days.
Text: "On the 7th. inst., at Bristol, after a long illness, Mr.Rees Powell, formerly of Llangenydd Court, near Bridgend, aged 69."
2nd May 1872. Administration of the effects of Rees Powell late of Longwood Asylum in the Parish of Long Ashton in the County of Somerset gentleman who died 7th April 1872 at Longwood in the said Parish was granted at Bristol to Frances Jane Powell of Swansea in the County of Glamorgan Widow the Relict.
Note: Given the wording of the cause of death, it seems probable that Rees suffered from Parkinson's Disease. Several other POWELL descendant's had this disease, which is hereditary. What we now know as Parkinson's Disease was referred to as 'Paralysis' in the late nineteenth century.
Citation details: Photo of memorial inscription to Rees Powell on grave of his widow Frances Jane at Dan-y-Graig, Swansea.
Text: Here are the inscriptions from Arnos Vale.
Note Farmed in St.Nicholas (Llantrisant) then Haregrove, Tythegston (there in 1845), then Llangewydd Court, Laleston; Innkeeper in Clifton, Bristol, in 1861 - no sign of him or family in 1871.
Wife a widow by 1881.
Marriage POWELL, Reece, bach., Margam, GLA. 1832, March 6. At Newcastle. Frances Jane Jones. A. 128/20 6.
Death Given the wording of the cause of death, it seems probable that Rees suffered from Parkinson's Disease. Several other POWELL descendant's had this disease, which is hereditary. What we now know as Parkinson's Disease was referred to as 'Paralysis' in the late nineteenth century.
The section is Work in Progress. Angela Benger will provide.


This graph shows the quasi-anechoic (employing close-miking of all woofers) frequency response of the V52 L/R (purple trace), V5520 center channel (green trace), V-Surround-II surround (red trace), and FL-10 subwoofer (blue trace). All passive loudspeakers were measured with grilles at a distance of 1 meter with a 2.83-volt input and scaled for display purposes.
The V52's listening-window response (a five-point average of axial and +/–15-degree horizontal and vertical responses) measures +1.10/–2.96 decibels from 200 hertz to 10 kilohertz. The –3-dB point is at 79 Hz, and the –6-dB point is at 70 Hz. Impedance reaches a minimum of 5.96 ohms at 247 Hz and a phase angle of +50.90 degrees at 1.1 kHz.
The V5520's listening-window response measures +1.11/–1.73 dB from 200 Hz to 10 kHz. An average of axial and +/–15-degree horizontal responses measures +1.29/ –2.59 dB from 200 Hz to 10 kHz. The –3-dB point is at 62 Hz, and the –6-dB point is at 58 Hz. Impedance reaches a minimum of 6.11 ohms at 247 Hz and a phase angle of +47.32 degrees at 1.1 kHz.
The V-Surround-II's threeface averaged response in Dipole mode measures +1.01/–5.61 dB from 200 Hz to 10 kHz. The –3-dB point is at 117 Hz, and the –6-dB point is at 97 Hz. Impedance reaches a minimum of 5.95 ohms at 263 Hz and a phase angle of +48.72 degrees at 1.0 kHz.


'Natasha, how do you manage all the work and child? You are awesome.', her coworker praised.
'You are too generous. I have a great team which makes the work easy for me.', said Natasha.
'Today's client would be a new feather in your career. The proposal is infallible and we will win the tender for sure.', her boss spoke as they entered the conference room.
The daily verbal abuse had made Natasha immune, it did not affect her any more.
'Useless woman! Married for four years and still cannot bear an heir for my son.', her mother-in-law continued her rant.
Nine months later she was thrown out of her husband's home as gave birth to a girl again.
After all the long years, she would finally get what she deserves.
I'm participating in the Write Tribe Festival of Words – June 2018. The prompt for the day is the quote mentioned in the beginning of the post.


In a sudden turn of events, Food and Drug Commissioner, Scott Gottlieb who used his position to tackle difficult health issues resigned on Tuesday, which will be effective in a month's time, according to a report by The Washington Post.
As per the report, Gottlieb who has been commuting to Washington from his home in Connecticut said that he wanted to spend more time with his family.
"It was a very hard decision. This is the best job I will ever have. I'm leaving because I need to spend time with my family. I get home late Friday, work on weekends and come back to Washington on Sunday. I did the job 100 percent," Gottlieb said in an interview.
The resignation was neither sought by the White House, nor it was expected and it came as a surprise to many as he had recently hired senior staff and has been actively looking into new initiatives.
The resignation took some of the senior FDA officials by surprise and his signature issue–Youth vaping –is being reviewed by the White House Office of Management and Budget. The plan which was prepared and introduced by Scott Gottlieb last fall aims to sharply restrict the sale of flavored e-cigarettes in an attempt to curb a surge in underage vaping.
Gottlieb was chosen by the Trump administration to work in the current role some two years ago, though he had worked as FDA's Deputy Commissioner for Medical and Scientific Affairs from 2005 to 2007.


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USDA NIFA Invests $40M to Improve Dietary Health and Reduce Food Insecurity
KANSAS CITY, Mo., June 1, 2022 – The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) today announced the availability of nearly $40 million to support the Gus Schumacher Nutrition Incentive Program (GusNIP) Produce Prescription Program. The funding is part of the USDA American Rescue Plan Act.
By bringing together stakeholders from various parts of the food and healthcare systems, GusNIP projects foster understanding to improve the health and nutrition status of participating households, facilitate growth in underrepresented areas and communities, as well as collect and aggregate data to identify best practices on a broad scale.
GusNIP Produce Prescription projects provide financial and non-financial incentives to income-eligible individuals and families to procure fresh fruits and vegetables intended to improve dietary health through increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, reduce individual and household food insecurity, and reduce associated health care costs.
"Produce Prescriptions projects are already making an invaluable impact throughout the nation, providing access to fresh fruits and vegetables to people who may not otherwise be able to afford them," said Acting NIFA Director Dr. Dionne Toombs. "This funding will allow NIFA to support even more Produce Prescription projects that will both improve dietary health and reduce food insecurity for those in need."
A portion of the money ($17.5 million) will be used to fund GusNIP Produce Prescription applications from fiscal year 2021. Those applications were highly ranked but could not be funded in FY21 due to budget constraints. These funds will also provide an opportunity for active GusNIP Produce Prescription awardees (from FY19, 20 and 21) who are not already implementing GusNIP COVID Relief and Response awards to apply for project enhancement funding. The funds will expand project reach and extend the period of performance for another three years.
NIFA will notify eligible organizations and provide additional details and a copy of the application package. The remaining $22.5 million will be used to fund FY2022 projects. The Request for Applications is open until June 30, 2022.
USDA also announced today a framework shoring up the food supply chain and transforming the nation's food system to be fairer, more competitive and more resilient.
NIFA invests in and advances agricultural research, education and Extension across the nation to make transformative discoveries that solve societal challenges. NIFA supports initiatives that ensure the long-term viability of agriculture and applies an integrated approach to ensure that groundbreaking discoveries in agriculture-related sciences and technologies reach the people who can put them into practice. In FY 2021, NIFA's total investment was $1.96 billion.
Visit us on Twitter: @USDA_NIFA; and LinkedIn: USDA-NIFA.


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You are at:Home»Conversations»Mark Pellington on living in quarantine
Mark Pellington on living in quarantine
By Bijan Tehrani on	 05/07/2020 Conversations, Videos
Living in quarantine has changed the way filmmakers are working and communicating with others. Mark Pellington is one of the pioneers of music videos with a long list of credits in both feature films and music videos. Mark, a legendary of his field, is a humble and wonderful artist and a great human being. In the following video Marks Pellington tells us about living and working in quarantine.
Mark Pellington was born in 1962. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1984, which he attended on an athletic scholarship, playing attack on the lacrosse team. He worked at MTV from 1984–1990, winning awards as a promo producer and creating the landmark TV documentary series Buzz (1990).
He became a freelance director in 1990, directing music videos for U2, Crystal Waters, De la Soul and Pearl Jam. His video for Pearl Jam's "Jeremy" won four MTV awards in 1993, including Best Director and Video of the Year, and his video for Whale's song "Hobo Humpin' Slobo Babe" won the inaugural MTV Europe Music Award for Best Video in 1994.
Pellington then began directing feature films, including Going All the Way (1997), starring Ben Affleck and Rachel Weisz, Arlington Road (1999), starring Tim Robbins and Jeff Bridges, as well as The Mothman Prophecies (2002), starring Richard Gere dealing with mysterious deaths[2] foretold by a strange red-eyed flying creature, Mothman.
Pellington has also worked with such musical artists as Alice In Chains, Demi Lovato, Imagine Dragons, Foo Fighters, Nine Inch Nails, Cage the Elephant, Linkin Park, Echosmith, The Fray, Dave Matthews, Michael Jackson, Public Enemy, Moby, Flaming Lips, Damian Marley, Chelsea Wolfe and Bruce Springsteen. He also made cameo appearances in The Mothman Prophecies, Almost Famous, and Jerry Maguire. He directed the landmark mini-series The United States of Poetry for PBS in 1995, which won the INPUT (International Public Television) Award, and created the look of pilots for hit network TV shows including Blindspot, Red Widow and Cold Case, as well as numerous commercials and personal documentaries, art projects and personal short films.
Feature film-wise, he also co-directed U2 3D(2005),
Henry Poole Is Here (2008),
I Melt with You(2011)
The Last Word (2017), Shirley MacLaine and Amanda Seyfried,
Nostalgia(2018) Jon Hamm, Ellen Burstyn, Catherine Keener and Bruce Dern
Survive (2020) with Sophie Turner .
Mark Pellington
Bijan Tehrani
Bijan Tehrani a film director, film critic and writer, works as editor in chief of Cinema Without Borders while teaching Language of Film and Film History at workshops nationwide. Bijan has won several awards in international film festivals and book fairs for his short films and children's books.


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Classic Coen Brothers film-inspired Netflix show Fargo has been in talks recently with the show watchers as the speculations of Fargo season 5 might get renewed. The show watchers have raised queries about whether the show makers will bring the fifth season to the 'true' crime-solving series since it has been over a year, and they loved the story as it progressed.
The fourth season of the crime anthology was released back in 2020. In an interview, Noah Hawley has already expressed his idea to add a fifth season to the Fargo series.
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Fargo season 5 Release Date
As of yet, there has been no official release date of Fargo season 5 by the makers. The show was initially made and aired on April 15, 2014, by the makers.
There are already four seasons of this series, and fans had to wait patiently for the whole three years for the fourth season to drop. After it was finally released in November 2020, the clock of waiting has been reset until the makers release Fargo season 5. Although the creator also hinted that the fourth season might be the last, he assures to be optimistic, if not sure.
Fargo season 5 Cast
Fargo season 5 might have the cast per the past four seasons. The series has a vast no. of actors who are a part of this show. The most popular characters of the Fargo series are namely Lorne Malvo, Mike Milligan, Lester Nygaard, Peggy Blumquist, Gus Grimly, V. M. Varga, Lou Solverson, Ed Blumquist, Hanzee Dent, Dodd Gerhardt, Gloria Burgle, Allison Tolman, and many more fictional characters.
The actors who have played these characters are very famed and as follows, Billy Bob Thornton (Lorne), Martin Freeman(Lester), Colin Hanks (Gus), Martin Freeman (Lester), Russell Harvard(Mr. Wench), Patrik Wilson (Lou), Carrie Coon (Gloria) and many more. The list goes on very long and is exceptionally vast due to the show's series structure and many different directors and producers.
The directors of the Fargo seies are Michael Uppendahl,Noah Hawl,Keith Gordon ,Dearbhla Walsh ,Dana Gonzales ,Randall Einhor ,Adam Bernstein ,Colin Buckse .Matt Shakman, Scott Winant, Adam Arki, Jeffrey Reiner, Mike Barker, Sylvain White, and John Cameron. They have put in their work to make the series what it is today and have managed to impact the watchers' minds.
Fargo season 5 Plot
The synopsis to the Fargo season 5 is unpredictable as there has been no information released or announced regarding this. The plot of Fargo is very diplomatic and intriguing. The creator, Hawley, has mentioned that there surely will be a season five but just not yet.
The series revived will be the Alien with Ridley Scott and is also an adaptation of the renowned Kurt Vonnegut Jr.'s Cat's Cradle, keeping things pretty tight for Hawley. Hawley's adaptation has converted the drollery of the Coen brothers film into a mood much more noirish and grotesque, and the fans are living for it and dying for more.
As far as we know, the setting will be 'modern,' as Hawley has said. The past and basic storyline follow many chronicles of deception, vile crimes, intrigue, and murder in and around frozen Minnesota. But one thing or the other leads all of these tales mysteriously back to Fargo, North Dakota, and then the story's action spurs into action.
In season one, we have two small-town police officers who join forces to reveal the secrets of an insurance salesman, being influenced by a manipulative master criminal in the town.
While in season two, the story is set in 1979, following a Minnesota police officer who looks into a case that involves a small-town beautician, one of the local crime families, and the town's mob. Season three shows a cool-headed police chief finds herself amidst disgusting sibling rivalry that gives birth to crime, deceitfulness, death, and competitive bridge.
The last season which was released, season four, had the story wrapped around an uncomfortable truce between Cannon's organization and their rival Italian gang, which brokered by the exchange of each family's youngest son. All seasons have very impactful acting and storylines, and now we can only wish for the ultimate Fargo season 5 to be released as soon as possible.
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It's almost becoming routine, if not boring. Nearly every day there is news of companies realizing the follies of outsourcing and deciding to "reshore" or "onsource." Not a bad thing and we enjoy reporting on it, but we must also keep the proper perspective.
The latest comes from an article in Manufacturing News titled Multinational CEOs Say Outsourcing Has Gone Too Far.
Like chasing mercury – what a great visual, and very true. Glad to see these guys starting to realize the folly of their ways. So they are realizing the problems, but who's at fault?
Companies can locate factories with the most advanced production technologies anywhere in the world. The significant factors that influence where those investments are made have been influenced by a nation's economic policies. In the United States, those policies have been focused on the financial sector and services at the exclusion of manufacturing.
"There is a completely different and more basic understanding now that says innovation is tightly tied to your ability to manufacture. Creating, researching, developing new products and making them is fundamental to the stability of an economy."
That's partially true. The U.S. does have some of the highest corporate tax rates and is one of the only countries that tries to go after foreign-created income, largest regulatory burdens, and especially in California some bizarre work rules.
But at the same time there are companies, in every industry, that do compete globally from the U.S.. Right now and for the past several years. It takes a lot of hard work and an ability to look beyond the blinders of traditional accounting, but by focusing on reducing complexity and adding value, and realizing that there's a valuable brain attached to the supposedly costly pair of hands, companies can succeed now.
Economic policies make the job far harder, but not impossible. Those companies that want to return to the U.S. can become globally competitive now, if they really want to.
Good post Kevin. This post of yours has given me an idea.
How much time do you and Bill spend writing and maintaining this blog? Let me take a wild guess and say you both spend about 1 hour per day. What could you two do with one extra hour per day? How much more money could you guys make if you had 1 extra hour per day? As a consultant you could both easily make $100 per hour.
Why not outsource the blog to me. I'll write up a post for you every day. You pay me $20 per post. And I'll post and respond to comments from others. Each comment I approve and comment on will cost you $10. Then you and Bill can spend your time making more money. I think this arrangement will increase your income, provide a job for me and help the overall unemployment rate in this country. Everybody wins.
And how will it help the overall unemployment rate you ask? I'll be outsourcing the writing of these posts to unemployed Lean practitioners at $10 per article. And I'll outsource the posting and responding to comments to unemployed Six-Sigma black belts for $5 per comment.


Some latest examples from the Etsy store, and a shot of work in progress of a tribute to Virginia Woolf. For lots of new designs for cards, personalised or blank for mounting and framing, and for some larger prints of my work, use the link Etsy Shopfront . You will also find my unique handmade books there which make wonderful gifts.
Did I tell you how much I love working to commission? Here is the review from my customer who wanted me to produce a book with his own poem in to propose with. How lovely is that?
"I approached Anne with a strong concept, vague description and tight timescale for creating a poem book with which to propose to my girlfriend. I had written a poem linked to her engagement ring and our relationship but wanted images to correspond to each verse and a stylised finish to bring it all together. I had seen examples of her work online and asked her to draw together the different aspects that appealed to me.
Anne worked collaboratively with me to create and refine a number of drafts before we went to print, ensuring that I was 100% happy with the final product. Her responsiveness, professionalism and personal touch made all the difference in creating a keepsake that my fiancée is thrilled with.
On top of all that, I found her prices to be very reasonable for the level of effort involved.
Who is tree lover amongst you? this is my latest hand made book with wood cover, listed on etsy , I really love my trees!! It includes quotatitons from Keats, Herman Hesse and Kahlil Gibran, sketches from Degas sketch book, and digital paintings from my original photography.
https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/172731622/artists-hand-made-coptic-stitch-book?ref=shop_home_active We will be hitting Christmas soon , so I thought I would show you the cards you can buy from Etsy or Society 6 that I have designed. Such fun!!
The latest project is finished! It is a modern take on the ancient idea behind the Books of Hours, only none of the inspiration in mine is of a religious nature, it is a book of inspiring and beautiful illustration and words to keep close to your heart, or to gift to someone close to your heart.
This artist's handmade book attempts to celebrate and explore the achievement of science and the exploration of men throughout history It is a journey of discovery through scientific explanation and the metaphysics explored in the humanities. It references in particular Johannes Kepler, the founder of modern physics and the man who gave us the first three principles on which Newton and Einstein and countless others have continued to discover how the universe works. Currently the Kepler mission is searching for exoplanets within a narrow focus of the universe. These are planets which may fit the criteria for life. Johannes Kepler dreamed of a man on the moon looking back onto Earth. Imagine how he would applaud the continuing curiosity and intrepid exploration of mankind.The book includes the wisdom of Carl Sagan, Walt Whitman, Kepler, and Emerson, with various illustration from our history. It is called ' Concordance' to reference the harmonies Kepler perceived in the geometric principles , and the understanding of artists, scientists and philosophers that human kind benefits from discovering harmonies between science and nature, between disparate cultures, and between the body and the mind.
I have been busy adding some new products to my Etsy shop, some paper pictures in paper frames, and some cards. Now I am desperately trying to design some new cards. Nice to have a purpose. Here are piccys of the new products.
How's this for an idea for a romantic gift? If you or your partner like mooching round galleries, give him/her my hand made booklet with a ticket you have booked for an exhibition!! Add a show and a meal if you really want to impress! But just the book would be fine too. Shows you know what they like!
A fellow team members blog , and one that is beautifully written with interesting write ups on team members shops.
For anyone who wants to taste the medieval ages, dip into my reproductions of 11th century herbarium. Fascinating! My latest addition/edition! Great quotations from Tolstoy and Shakespeare. You don' t have to know them to love them. Just great words from the greats.
Etsy is a site of curiosities that you can buy!! But Etsy is more than that . It creates an opportunity for making friends with like minded people, and it spurs a maker on to keep making. Well, how did I get started? It has been quite an organic journey for me, I have always loved history and art, philosophy and nature. I have always created since being young, drawings, paintings, poems. Then I created two wonderful boys, got divorced , remarried, three more stepsons and suddenly time didn't allow for my crafts. I did do things, but they were boy based, like Warhammer painting and making scenery for them. Then they grew up , I became more housebound because of suffering from fibromyalgia, and I needed a purpose. Crafting gave meaning back to me. I love making my books, thinking about the themes, researching them, drawing on photography, or art works from collections, considering words that work with them. All those processes drive me to keep curious and interested in reading more, observing more, feeling alive to new things. I like the handcraft of putting the books together.
When I first joined Etsy, I didn't know anything. I listed and hoped. Nothing happened.
Then I went to a local meeting of Etsy crafters and was inspired and encouraged to look at my listings, learn about tags, learn about taking good photos, learned about teams.
I had a mentor who has held my hand, she has been wonderful. She looked at my listings and advised me, and encouraged me to join her team.
Teams are great. I love reading what everyone else is up to. and the support is amazing.
One piece of advice I would give, is buy something. See how it is sent, and think like a customer.
I bought my first purchase, a card, and it came in a beautiful envelope, promptly, with a message. I looked at how I would deliver to my first customer.
Oh and be patient. It is overwhelming to begin with, but it;s like driving, once you know the mechanics, the driving starts to feel easier.
Hand made illustrated book with digital illustration s based on 16th century drawings.
New items added!! Cartography from ancient manuscripts, and some others.
Newly created Etsy page. Find some of my latest activities here! You can even make a purchase if you want to!
Beautiful work, you are very gifted!
thank you so muchDina – Your photography is stunning. Enjoying your blog!


The Center for Teaching and Learning administers the Excellence in Teaching Award, sponsored by the Graduate School. This award recognizes teaching assistants who contribute to teaching at UGA beyond their own assigned classroom responsibilities. For previous winners and further information about teaching assistant recognition at UGA, please visit the CTL Teaching Assistant Recognition page.
Nominations for the 2018-2019 Excellence in Teaching Award will open in December. Departments may nominate one eligible TA or LA who has received or is being concurrently nominated for the OTA. Only candidates who have demonstrated superior teaching skills and who have contributed to teaching beyond their own classroom responsibilities should be nominated.
Departments may nominate only one student for the Excellence in Teaching Award.
The student must have previously received or currently be nominated for the Outstanding TA Award.
The student must have met all TA Policy requirements for training and language screening and demonstrated superior teaching skills while serving as an instructor of the classroom or laboratory.
Examples: developed/presented a SoTL project, acted as a lead TA, mentor, preceptor, or by creating teaching materials for other TAs to use.
The student must have had significant teaching responsibilities for at least two terms at UGA. One of these terms must have occurred during the last sixteen months prior to deadline.
The nomination must be submitted by the announced deadline using the appropriate nomination forms.
This nomination form requires endorsement by the department's Graduate Coordinator.
Previous recipients of the award are not eligible.
Student must be currently registered full time at the time of nomination and time of award.
I. The Graduate Coordinator must nominate the graduate student using the Qualtrics Application.
The Qualtrics Application includes nominee information, confirmation of eligibility, and acknowledgment of the nomination by the Graduate Coordinator.
The Qualtrics Application must be submitted by the Graduate Coordinator. Nominees are responsible for completing and submitting all other nomination materials.
1. A cover page with name, department/program, degree, and contact information.
2. Table of contents with page numbers for each item of application.
3. A letter of nomination from a faculty member in the nominee's department, familiar with the nominee's teaching, that describes the contributions the nominee made to the department, University, or the discipline in terms of teaching beyond classroom/laboratory duties.
The ETA statement is a one-page statement by the nominee describing how they meet the award criteria.
It should document how the nominee has contributed to teaching at UGA beyond their own assigned classroom responsibilities.
The cover page, table of contents, nomination letter, and nominee's ETA statement do not count in the twelve page limit for the teaching portfolio.
The Teaching Portfolios should be no longer than twelve pages.
The portfolio should be professionally presented (sample teaching portfolios).
Please read directions carefully: The Qualtrics Application should be completed by the Office of the Graduate Coordinator. All fields must be filled out in order for the candidate to be considered. It is the responsibility of the nominee to submit ALL other material to the CTL via the gradteach@uga.edu prior to the deadline.
The deadline for the 2018-2019 Excellence in Teaching Award is January 25, 2019 at 5:00 pm.
Please contact Dr. Zoe Morris, Assistant Director of Teaching Assistant Development and Recognition, at zoe.morris@uga.edu with any questions you may have.


My daughter turns 16 in three months. She will have her learners permit at that time. OMG. I am way too young to have a daughter who is about to start driving people! I mean come on now! How and when did this happen???
With that said, my daughter informs me that I need to pony up 1/2 for her car when she gets her actual license next summer. Not in those terms of course, but, you get the drift… Well, ummm, yeah. I'm a single mom who makes next to squat for what is supposed to be a well paid position. Internal transfers. I don't recommend them!
So, what's a ma supposed to do? Well, this mom is working on different ways to pull in a few extra bucks here and there. One of them is, I'm cutting out my morning routine of buying Belvita Biscuits from our little store area at my job. I also decided to stop buying lunch out one day a week and buying a drink from same store area three – four times a week. This adds up people!
Belvita Biscuits – $1.50 per day. $7.50 per week. $15 every two weeks. $390 per year. WHAT???
Drink – $1.90 per day. $5.70 per week. $11.40 every two weeks. $296.40 per year. Ummmm.
Lunch – $11 per week. $22 every two weeks. $572. per year. Kill me now..
That right there is $1258.40 into savings for the year! Are you kidding me? This is actually the first time that I've calculated that out and I'm slightly sick right now. I'll have to come back later.
Ok, four hours later and I'm finally back.
Now, don't get me wrong. I'm not opposed to buying lunch out every once in awhile. And I will still buy myself a drink. Otherwise, as much as I love my daughter? What the heck am I working for? Yes. Momma needs money for herself too! So, I may only buy lunch out once or twice a month. Maybe something that is not as expensive? I know $11 doesn't seem like a lot, but, ummm, yeah… As for my drinks, I do not count them if they are part of my grocery shopping :).
I am going back to listing items on eBay to sell and may start getting more of an inventory going as well. Gotta do what ya gotta do!
As I was saying, I've been looking at a few options. I plan on doing the $5 challenge as well. Every time I come across a $5 bill in my change, it will get put away. That will add up y'all! I'm not sure the car dealership will be happy getting a lot of fives.
Every paycheck, I also get a roll or two of dimes. Sometimes, when I get change I'll ask for a roll of dimes in place of a $5. I'm doing that one savings of filling up a two liter bottle. By the time you're done, you should have $500 – $700 saved. Any time I get coin change, I'll ask for dimes instead of quarters. Although, I do have another jar that I've been putting quarters in too.
So, I am obviously open minded in which ways I save my money. What other ways would you suggest saving money? What's worked for you?
I usually use a passbook account which is less accessible so I can't withdraw a lot. I then shift the accumulated funds to a time deposit or investments.
Since I like to travel so much, what I do is put away about 30-40% of my earrings every time I get paid. I cut back on eating/going out and save that money for when I'm traveling. Sure you have to sacrifice some luxuries but it's worth it in the end.
Cutting down on eating out is one of the best ways to save money. You don't realize how fast that adds up.
Kids are expensive but they sure are worth it. Aside from these awesome things that you're already doing, I guess the typical things to do is to use coupons and watch out for deals when you're shopping. All in all, I think you have everything thought out!
It's crazy how much you can spend each week without even noticing. I think saving a little at a time is always a good idea.
My husband wants a new stereo. I want a new refrigerator. These are going to be our next big purchases. I am going to implement these ideas to get to our goals.
It's funny you say that. I actually do that for my vacation fund :). But, I'm thinking my vacation is going to be a staycation next year because of all the expenses coming up!
I need to start looking at better ways to save too. My son spends way too much on school lunch and snacks. Love the idea of the coin collection.
You are a good mom! My kids need to get a job and buy their own car when they get their license! Eating out is a big expense. We used to order pizza every Friday, now I pick up a ready-to-bake pizza at Food Lion or Aldi and save over $25. That's $1,300 a year!
These are great ways to save money. I have a friend who saves all his dimes he gets when he receives change back from any purchase he makes. Recycling can be a great way to save money too. Thanks for sharing the ideas.
Clever tip to get rolls of change to add to savings. No one wants to spend those!
saving money can be so hard! these tips are really great. i really like to save all of my spare change too when trying to save.
These are all great ideas to save money. I need to implement these ideas! Thanks for sharing!
I have 1 Kid and she holds the key to my wallet… she isn't even 4 yet. I just spent $8 on a drink and sandwich. I may need to write down how much I've spent to kick myself into reality. Great post.
Your daughter is very lucky! My girls will have to get a job and pay for their own car (just like I did when I turned 16). We used to get delivery pizza every Friday night. Now I pick up a ready-to-bake pizza at Food Lion or Aldi and we save about $20 a week. That is a savings of over a $1,000 a year!


text:
package pro.schmid.android.androidonfire.callbacks;

import pro.schmid.android.androidonfire.FirebaseEngine;

/**
 * Called when the {@link FirebaseEngine} has been called
 */
public interface FirebaseLoaded {
	public void firebaseLoaded();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub