text:
Keep Puntledge at Puntledge
There are better options. Ask our trustees to consider them. They vote on March 15.
What's Proposed
Better Options
Letters from Organizations
Our Trustees are in a bind. School Boards all over BC are chronically underfunded and under huge stress to submit a balanced budget. Smaller districts like ours have less flexibility, viagra here and any cuts made must safeguard the best education outcomes for our children.
When private sector companies are forced to downsize, tablets their core service areas are the last to be cut. In our case, dosage a 'core service' is anything which directly affects student learning. When cuts are made, they must be shared effectively around the district, and all discretionary expenses examined. Our children must not lose services to protect a top-heavy organization.
Given the City's projected revitalization of the downtown core, closing downtown schools makes little sense. It is imperative to insulate the students, keep West Courtenay schools open and working, and not throw our essential resources away. No single neighbourhood should be made responsible for the shortfall.
The most viable option: put a full stop to spending until all budget options are evaluated, and a new Treasurer and Administrator are fully integrated. We need to stabilize our community and avoid rushing into poor decisions out of a sense of panic. In light of this, we present a list of ways to reduce the shortfall not yet discussed.
With care, we can find ways to manage our resources and build new revenue partnerships. To be fair, all of the options on the following list must be considered. Parents, residents, elected officials all have a stake in these decisions being made in the public trust. We must look to administrative and discretionary expenses to balance the 2016/17 budget.
SD71 is facing difficult choices. Like school boards all over BC, SD71 is chronically underfunded and under stress to submit a balanced budget. There are limited options available and we want to work with SD71 to find the best solutions possible. We all agree that any required cuts must allow SD71 to continue providing the best education programming possible now and into the future. No single neighbourhood should be made responsible for the shortfall.
Mistakes are expensive. It will be expensive to close Ecole Puntledge and move to a converted Lake Trail facility. Lake Trail will also lose many of its best resources if it is converted to an elementary school. We respectfully ask that alternatives be considered. Similar budget savings can be achieved without rushing steps that may be difficult and expensive to undo. We ask that SD71 keep Puntledge at Puntledge and take the 2016-2017 school year to consider possible alternative uses of Lake Trail (alternative programming, alternative calendars). Taking time to consider options is the most prudent way forward. We can save money now and explore opportunities to keep our best resources working.
The city is working to revitalize Courtenay's downtown core. Ecole Puntledge and Lake Trail are essential elements of a successful revitalization. We are also reaching the end of declining SD71 enrolment. Ecole Puntledge and Lake Trail will be needed. However, it is not solely on SD71 to maintain these resources. Schools belong to the community. And with ownership comes responsibilities. We, the community must support and contribute to our schools in this era of underfunded public education. We ask for time to help and contribute. Together we can find ways to manage our resources and build new financially beneficial partnerships. Together we can make all our schools our best schools.
Putting your thoughts in writing is the best way to let your voice be heard. Diverse comments from parents, patient teachers, stomach
business owners and concerned residents will show our Trustees there is broad support for Keeping Puntledge at Puntledge. Remember, doctor
this decision rests on a vote where we need 4 of 7 trustees convinced.
First, we offer you a template letter you can use as a base. These download LINKS are for an editable Word or RTF document. Edit, print, and send to the addresses on the CONTACT page.
At the bottom of this page is an ARCHIVE of many other example letters.
TEMPLATE LETTER [RTF]
TEMPLATE LETTER [WORD]
TEMPLATE LETTER:
TO: School District 71 School Board Trustees
Tom Weber, Board Chair, Area B Lazo North
Janice Caton, Vice Chair, City of Courtenay
Cliff Boldt, City of Courtenay
Vickey Brown, Village of Cumberland
Peter Coleman, Town of Comox
Ian Hargreaves, Area C Puntledge / Black Creek
Sheila McDonnell, Area A Baynes Sound, Hornby and Denman
cc: Tom Demeo, Acting Superintendent
Re: Proposed closure of Ecole Puntledge Park
Dear Trustees,
On March 15th, please vote no to a closure of Ecole Puntledge Park Elementary. Moving Puntledge to Lake Trail would be an effective closure of both schools and a major loss of resources for SD71. Please keep Puntledge at Puntledge and use the 2016-2017 school year to explore alternative uses of Lake Trail.
Puntledge has successfully started generations of children on a positive educational path. Please protect this unmatched opportunity for our future generations.
Lake Trail is well situated and equipped to work as a centrally-located hub for alternative K-12 education. There is demand in the Comox Valley for alternative arts, technology, nature, and trades based programming. The Lake Trail facility could remain as is – no expensive renos required – and serve as a small, community-based, alternative school.
It is important that we keep our best resources working now and into the future. Please avoid expensive mistakes and take time to consider options open to SD71.
Please vote no to a closure of Puntledge on March 15th.
To get you inspired, here are some of the hundreds of letters written so far.
The following are samples from
the over 700 signers to our PETITION site
(to see all the comments, endocrinologist
click this link).
Because this was my elementary school, I love this place. This is the place that sparked my love of learning and one day I hoped to teach here, and have my children be taught here. Please don't close this school. Please.
Reagan Stone, Winnipeg
Puntledge has become a heart-based community school through years of dedication, hard work and innovative action. It's in an ideal setting for an Elementary School (unlike the Lake Trail site). It is time to invest in the schools that are successful and are serving a community well.
Jennifer Hansen, Courtenay
This was my elementary school. I met so many life long friends there, had amazing teachers (retired by now I'm sure) and amazing experiences. It would be such a loss for the community.
Amanda McCauley, Salmon Arm
This is the absolutely best school ever! It makes no sense. In such a beautiful environment. My kids played for hours in the trees. What a wondrous community this school is. Keep Puntledge where it is.
Catherine Hill, Denman Island
My family loves this school and the unique, inclusive community that it nurtures. That factor is evident even years since we were elementary schoolers.
Shanyn Simcoe, Courtenay
When my wife and I were expecting our daughter, we made the decision to move to Courtenay specifically so our kids could attend this school. I first saw Puntledge while visiting my in-laws, and it was so different from my own primary school experience growing up in Toronto. The vision of having my children experience a french language education nestled amongst all the best that BC's natural environment has to offer, immediately convinced me this was the right thing to do for our family. Let's keep Puntledge right where it is.
Mark Tinmouth, Courtenay
We need all the schools we can get. I am forever hopeful that the powers that be will support decreasing class size to create more classes, hire more teachers and give every child a better education. There is no shortage of students or teachers in the Valley to fill all the classrooms – just a shortage of funding and political will.
Caila Holbrook, Courtenay
I attended this school as a child. When my husband and I decided to settle back in the valley and start our family we chose a locate near this school so our girls could attend Puntledge!
Tomiko Collins, Courtenay
My Grandchildren have all attended that school, they love it there!! A beautiful setting, quaint, close to walk too… a safe familiar environment, why change it? If it's not broken, just leave it alone!!
Pamela Davis, Lake Country
We need our schools, we love our teachers. We need to be investing in the futures of our children, and the men and women expanding their minds and inspiring them to succeed, not cutting costs, closing doors, and over-inflating classes at other locations.
Jerri Parish, Courtenay
I am a parent at Puntledge and do not support the school being closed at all! Our children need a middle school. I don't support my children going to high school in grade 8!!!
Rachel Fitzgerald, Courtenay
I hate all these school closures and changes. My daughter is 13 and in grade 8 in Vanier! It's ridiculous!
Cheryl Eigler, Courtenay
Keep Puntledge Park where it is. It's a school and location with immense history, pride and heartfelt emotions. The river right beside is extremely accessible for the little ones at the school and it teaches the children so much about protecting our environment. We love our school. Please leave it there.
Jennifer Hubert, Courtenay
My children go to this school and they love it there. My son is in grade 3 and has ADHD with some other behavioural problems, and the staff there have worked so hard for my son to feel comfortable and to trust the staff. This school means everything to our family and we would be crushed to see it gone.
Daniela Macham, Courtenay
I went to this elementary school and moved back to my hometown this spring to build a life here of my own, and can envision my children attending this school in the future.
Renate Chambers, Cumberland
I started with Ms. Eagan in 1986 and "graduated" from Mr. Funk's Grade 6 Class in 1993. I still remember each of my classrooms. I played on the old wooden jungle gym and spent countless hours on the metal monkey bars. I fondly remember running through the woods at lunch and recess, before and after school. I skipped rope in the inner courtyard and read books in the library. We played soccer and kickball in the field, struggled through recorder lessons in the music room. We took over the enclosed parking lot for bike safety lessons. I watched the salmon in Morrison Creek then learned all about their life cycles in Ian Hargreaves' Grade 4 Class. I quickly had the freedom and thrill of getting to school on my own. Sometimes I walked, sometimes I biked. A lot of other kids did the same as many of us lived close and could travel quiet roads from door to door. I loved my school.
I went on to attend other schools all around the world, I was lucky, many were excellent. When I became pregnant with my daughter I made plans to return the Comox Valley, specifically to the Puntledge Park area. I wanted my children to have the same wonderful introduction to education that I had. We moved from Vancouver and purchased a home at Arden and Embleton. I looked forward to walking her to school. Just as I did, she would be able to walk the stone's throw to grandma's house after school. We attend strong start. We play at the playground. With kindergarten still two years away, my daughter already thinks of Puntledge as "her school."
Katherine Tinmouth
I'm signing because I have 3 kids, two who attend this school. We live in the community and love the school. It is surrounded by forest and located at the end of a dead end street. It feels safe and friendly. The highlight of each day is playing games in the grade three forest, or building a fort in the other forest. We stay and play in the schoolyard almost everyday after school because it is such a nice place to play. The kids go to the stream and look at the salmon and learn their life cycle during science class. There is a sense of peace and safety on the property that no money could buy. I urge the board to explore options that could allow our children stay on the property.
Solene Chang, Courtenay
Puntledge was my elementary school and I believe that its location is the best for connecting children with nature and their community. To have experienced the changing seasons, the salmon runs and wildlife encounters in a safe and nuturing environment was a very important part of my learning as a child. Puntledge gave me the right start in education, and even after living in many countries all over the world, the woods around Puntledge are the place where I feel most at home. I hope that many more children can get that opportunity.
Jacinda Flynn, Larmor-Plage, France
Connecting kids with nature: Puntledge is in a unique setting to provide this, with a productive salmon stream, forest and wetlands on the property. This is AT NO COST to SD71. Too much screen time? These kids LOVE being outdoors! If the SD hopes to cash in on real estate they will be shocked at how little developable land there is because of the streams and wetlands.
Jim Palmer, Courtenay
I have worked here and know how great it is for the staff and students to be so close to nature (forest, salmon runs), have a courtyard in the middle of the school for recesses and for getting fresh air, have accessibility for everyone (including those in wheelchairs or an alternative bathroom). It's location and physical space contribute to the learning environment for all!!
Stella Chow, Surrey
I spent eight years at Puntledge Park, from kindergarten to grade seven, this is an amazing school and it needs to stay where it is. There is no way of describing the joy as a child of going to a school surrounded by forest and river. It's so beautiful there and I hope to see children having the chance to experience it the way I did for years to come
Kaila McCarthy, Courtenay
I am against very young children being put into a large school with double the population. I am very concerned that their indviduality will be swallowed up by the masses. Puntledge is a fantastic school, with great teachers and where all students are seriously considered. It's the perfect size now. I went to Lake Trail in grade eight and was intimidated by its size. We need to stop putting our children and teachers last. I say no way to this merging! Invest in the schools that are successful and thriving in our communities.
Angela K. Glynn, Courtenay, Canada
I attended a massive elementary school and so many of my memories are of feeling unsafe and small in such a large place. At Puntledge my kindergartener says hi to kids in all grades after only a few months of school. She is excited to see and interact with peers and her teachers. She is clearly a vital part of a thriving and healthy community. I feel a part of a beautiful community of parents as well. We enjoy staying after school as often as possible because we both get to enjoy the gorgeous grounds and the fabulous friends who also want to hang around the school. A desire to hang around school even when you aren't required to be there is not something I experienced in my huge urban elementary school.
Diana Fearn, Courtenay
I am a grade 6 teacher in the Comox Valley. I know from research, and first-hand experience that shutting down small schools and combining them into larger schools is detrimental to student learning. I have not taught at Puntledge, but I am confident that the students and staff at Puntledge are a tight-knit community. Breaking up this school community for the sake of saving money will be damaging to the students.
Daniel Bouwers, Courtenay
The rationale for considering the closure of EPP is flawed. It is built on a shaky economic foundation and completely ignores social issues.
Dusty Silvester, Courtenay
Such a beautiful location for those formidable years. Part of our history and culture. Plus, it keeps the forest intact. Nurture the place, nurture the children.
Nancy Morrison, Courtenay
We need our schools, we love our teachers. We need to be investing in the futures of our children, expanding their minds and inspiring them to succeed – not cutting costs, closing doors, and over-inflating classes at other locations.
Puntledge is a rare and beautiful place for an elementary school. Kids, including mine, get to learn science and to appreciate nature in the forest and streams, the community of parents is close, and the staff are a great team. The school is the hub of the neighbourhood and many families, including mine, moved here to be part of that community.
Alex Dunae, Courtenay
There could not be a better location for an elementary school. So many natural learning opportunities in a supportive, friendly neighbourhood. The heart of this school is in its location. Please find a way to make it work for Puntledge to stay put and other options be explored.
Lisa Christensen, Courtenay
We need to raise global citizens who know and love the environment, who understand the value of a calm place to think and learn. I would choose to learn in a forest by a creek over an intersection of two roads any day.
George Slomp, Courtenay
My son and his family have moved in with me specifically so that my grandson could attend Ecole Puntledge Park. Not only because of the support he would receive as a child with disabilities, but because it is within walking distance – they have no transportation. It is imperative to his well-being that he is able to stay in this school in this locale.
Candace Regehr, Courtenay
My son has autism, and attends Puntledge. We moved to the neighbourhood specifically so that my son could attend this school – we had heard the best things for children with special needs. My husband went to this school as a child. It is within walking distance of our home. If the school moves, we will be sending our son to a private school.
Tabitha Shaw, Courtenay
I can still remember the school song, even all the way back from '94.
We sang it every day:
We're a school for everyone, whoever you are.
You may walk or bus or maybe travel by car.
When you want to parley in English or Francais.
Puntledge is special in every way.
Join together, lift your voices in song.
Get that feeling for the place you belong.
We're building together. Now and forever.
Puntledge Park for me.
And it was all true. It was magical getting to grow up there and learn with everyone like that. It celebrated differences so much that we never even noticed that we were different. I can't believe they are thinking of closing it. It's a pillar of the community.
Teagan Stone, Winnipeg
(to see all the comments, medical click this link).
Because this was my elementary school, link
I love this place. This is the place that sparked my love of learning and one day I hoped to teach here, visit this site
and have my children be taught here. Please don't close this school. Please.
(to see all the comments, hair
Because this was my elementary school, anorexia
I love this place. This is the place that sparked my love of learning and one day I hoped to teach here, and have my children be taught here. Please don't close this school. Please.
the over 700 signers on our PETITION website.
(to see all the comments, sale
Because this was my elementary school, drug
I am against very young children being put into a large school with double the population. I am very concerned that their individuality will be swallowed up by the masses. Puntledge is a fantastic school, with great teachers and where all students are seriously considered. It's the perfect size now. I went to Lake Trail in grade eight and was intimidated by its size. We need to stop putting our children and teachers last. I say no way to this merging! Invest in the schools that are successful and thriving in our communities.
Angela K. Glynn, Courtenay
(to see all the comments, illness click this link).
Letter from the Comox Valley Social Planning Society
January 15, mind
At the last regular monthly meeting of the Comox Valley Social Planning Society it was regularly moved, seconded and CARRIED that the Society write a letter to the School Board requesting that the Board postpone the decision to move Puntledge Park students into Lake Trail School. And, that it take another careful look at the negative impact this disruption will have on students throughout the School District, including the impact on Programs & physical space in Lake Trail School.
The students at these two schools have a unique setting for learning when so many schools in Canada are trying to address the "nature deficit" of children in these electronic times.
We heard from parents and a longtime community school administrator the importance of stability for these students. The City is working on a plan to revitalize the downtown core. What impact will the closing of the elementary school have on this revitalization? What will be the impact on Programs at Lake Trail?
The CVSPS respectfully requests that you delay this decision until next year.
EM (Bunny) Shannon, President, CVSPS
Letter from Lush Valley Food Action Society
Dear Superintendent Tom Demeo and Board of Trustees,
As a local non-profit focused on food security in the Comox Valley, we are writing to express our concern regarding the proposal to close the home economics kitchen at Lake Trail School to renovate as classrooms for incoming students from Puntledge Elementary.
LUSH Valley supports food-related projects that educate and empower people in the Comox Valley. Due to the rise of diet-related illnesses among children and youth, we have developed programs focused on improving eating behaviours among this important demographic. The primary goal of our youth-focused programming is to expand their relationship with healthy food and connect them with food systems in their community. We are currently planning on expanding these programs even further for 2016.
The kitchen at Lake Trail serves as an excellent teaching space for our Young Cooks Afterschool Program and as a preparation area for our Hot Meal Lunch Program where students have access to a weekly nutritious, locally sourced hot lunch. Both programs have been an incredible success with over 300 meals served in the Fall of 2015. At the end of each hands-on, experiential lesson we sit down and share a nutritious meal together. For many youth at Lake Trail, this is the only nutritious meal they get in the day. The meals are often served to those who come from economically disadvantaged families who may not otherwise have the means to provide regular nutritious meals at home, especially in light of rapidly rising food prices.
Our programs at Lake Trail not only foster practical food and cooking skills, but youth also build self-efficacy and self-esteem, while improving their social determinants of health. These programs in the kitchen provide an opportunity for social connectedness among peers and to develop relationships with positive role models in the community.
Lake Trail is recognized as being a community school and Lush Valley firmly believes that food is at the very center of community. Losing this kitchen space and subsequent programming for the Lake Trail community would be a huge loss for parents, teachers, citizens and our children. Not only do youth benefit from this space, but the community as a larger whole through public dinners and events.
In our experience with local kitchens, the facility at Lake Trail is a top notch learning and community space where people can learn about the power of good food. Keeping the kitchen fully operational ensures we can continue to provide access to healthy meals and hands-on learning through programming and community events.
Lush Valley believes no matter what happens with the movement of students, that the retention of the home economics kitchen is absolutely imperative for the future of food security in the Comox Valley. We strongly urge you to reconsider the closing of this incredible space.
The Board and Members of Lush Valley Food Action Society
Letter from Comox Valley Community Arts Council
In a motion carried unanimously at our meeting Jan. 12, 2016, the board of the Comox Valley Community Arts Council (CVCAC) requested this letter be written to you. The CVCAC exists to animate all the arts in the Comox Valley by acting as a resource for the arts community, informing the public about the arts, and celebrating the Comox Valley as an arts producing centre.
As the Board of Education is facing provincial funding challenges and had indicated it is looking for a solution to alleviate a projected deficit, we hope you will consider options to preserve Lake Trail School as a valuable capital resource both to the community and the schools system in the Comox Valley.
Lake Trail is ideally located to act as an alternative community arts school. The facility, with its numerous amenities, could provide School District 71 with an excellent opportunity to offer dynamic alternative programs, such as Navigate Academy, in an accessible location where students can excel both artistically and academically. A centrally located public arts school could have great draw for families looking for alternative programming options. The current Navigate location, 10 kilometres from Courtenay city centre and 15 km from Comox town centre, is likely now under-subscribed by potential participants, due to its distant location.
In addition, the Comox Valley currently suffers from a shortage of facilities to facilitate community arts programming and presentation. The metalwork shop, woodwork shop, computer rooms, home economics room, and science rooms could be utilized for arts programming and presentation through community partnerships. With careful consideration and planning, some of these rooms could help address the facilities gap that exists within the arts community in the Comox Valley, while providing an additional revenue stream for the School Board.
Our organization is very interested in exploring possibilities for arts activities within the Lake Trail facilities, such as arts workshops, programming, meetings, presentations, and perhaps even gallery space. And our Board is open to working with the school district to help implement partnerships within the arts. Other local arts organizations might well also be interested. We have had already had positive feedback to this idea from Elevate Arts festival and Just in Time Choirs.
While the District funding situation is a challenge, it is also an opportunity for innovation and leadership in the community in coming to a solution. We encourage the Board of Education trustees to consider consultation with the arts community around the potential use of vacant space and amenities at Lake Trail, rather than retrofitting for another purpose and losing these valuable resources.
We look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.
Bobby Herron
On behalf of the CVCAC Board of Directors,
Dallas Stevenson
Comox Valley Community Arts Council
Transcript: The Vote on Puntledge Closure April 15, 2016
Jack Stevens – A Community School Campus For Puntledge and Lake Trail March 13, 2016
Protected: Dear Tom: A Note about Optics and Opportunity March 12, 2016
Statements by Jack Stevens at March 8th 'Town Hall' March 12, 2016
SHOW UP on MARCH 15th for D-DAY!! March 12, 2016
What the Trustees Promised – 2014 Election review March 11, 2016
LETTER: What We Learned at Puntledge's Town Hall March 10, 2016
Record, Mar 9 – An Open Letter to Our School Trustees March 9, 2016
Record, Mar. 9: Emotions run high at Puntledge forum March 9, 2016
Saving Puntledge: Will You Speak? March 6, 2016
Puntledge is great for special needs kids! March 6, 2016
ATTITUDE – How to Save Your School March 2, 2016
WE COULD BE HEROES March 1, 2016
Follow the money: Treasurer Sheldon Lee's Numbers March 1, 2016
CDTA suggests budget cuts – Record, Feb. 22nd February 23, 2016
Sat. 27 Feb – "SAVE OUR SCHOOLS" CHALK-IN Event February 21, 2016
LINKS ROUNDUP – FOUR DAY WEEK February 16, 2016
Echo: Four-Day Week, Feb 12 2016 February 13, 2016
New Budget letter, by Jack Stevens Feb. 5th February 13, 2016
Echo article by Mary Lee, January 22 February 2, 2016


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Winter Sports 11:16, 27-Jan-2019
Figure skater Fernandez retires after winning 7th European Championships
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Spanish skating star Javier Fernandez crowned a remarkable career on Saturday as he claimed a seventh consecutive European title after winning the men's free skating.
The 27-year-old received 179.75 points for his routine to "Man of La Mancha" by Mitch Leigh and collected 271.59 points overall.
With that win, the 2018 Olympic bronze medalist and two-time world champion, who announced his decision to retire after the European championships in Minsk, equaled the record of Russia's skating icon Evgeni Plushenko.
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"It was really difficult to compete after such a long break since the Olympics," Fernandez told the packed 15,000-seat Minsk arena.
He added "It was quite complicated. And knowing that it is my final career competition, it was really hard to win here."
Fernandez had barely competed or trained since winning bronze at last year's Olympics, as he prepares to retire from competitive skating to focus on commercial ice shows.
His outstanding record has been unmatched since the 1930s in Spain's history, as he was the country's first male skater to debut in Olympics in 54 years back in 2010.
Meanwhile, Russia's Alexander Samarin, who was second after the short programme, kept his position finishing just 1.75 points behind the Spaniard with a solid presentation of his free routine to "The Greatest Showman" soundtrack.
Matteo Rizzo of Italy was third on 247.08 points.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Ex-Senator Alvarez succumbs after battle with Covid-19
By durianburgdavao on April 21, 2020 • ( Leave a comment )
Former Senator Heherson "Sonny" Alvarez passed away Monday, three weeks after contracting the dreaded coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19).
The death of Alvarez, who was 80 years old, was confirmed by son, Hexilon, and former Senator Joey Lina.
Alvarez served in the Senate from 1987 to 1998 and was chair of the Senate Committee on Environment for 10 years.
He later served as 4th district representative of Isabela from 1998 to 2001.
Alvarez also served as secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) during the administration of former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.
Senate President Vicente Sotto III said it "grieves" him to learn of the news of Alvarez's death.
"He was a fighter! It was an honor for me to have served with him in the 9th Congress. Marami din akong natutunan sa kanya (I also learned a lot from him)," he said in a statement.
In a separate statement, Senate Majority Leader Juan Miguel Zubiri said he was "deeply saddened" by the death of one of the "Original Environmentalist" advocates of the Philippine Senate.
He noted that Alvarez was the author of many of the country's environmental laws as well as one of our most ardent fighters against climate change.
Among the landmark measures championed by Alvarez in Congress included, among others, the Clean Air Act (RA 8479) and the Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003).
Zubiri added that Alvarez was also known as a "Human Rights advocate," who has often stood on the Senate floor "defending our basic human rights embodied in our Constitution".
"The Senate has lost another pillar of its rich history, and the saddest part is that we will not be able to properly honor him befitting an 'Honorable Statesman' due to the Covid-19 protocols which prevents us from doing so," he said.
"But on our reopening on May 4 we will sponsor and adopt a Senate Resolution to honor such a statesman. Let us not forget such a great environmentalist and Climate Change advocate for all of time," Zubiri said. (PNA)
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Airplane Models Aircraft Models > Korean War > F-86 Sabre / USAF
F-86 Sabre / USAF
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<< Previous in Korean War
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The F-86, the USAF's first swept-wing jet fighter, made its initial flight on October 1, 1947. The first production model flew on May 20, 1948, and on September 15, 1948, an F-86A set a new world speed record of 670.9 mph. Originally designed as a high-altitude day-fighter, it was subsequently redesigned into an all-weather interceptor (F-86D) and a fighter-bomber (F-86H).
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More than 5,500 Sabre day-fighters were built in the U.S. and Canada. The airplane was also used by the air forces of 20 other nations, including West Germany, Japan, Spain, Britain, and Australia.
United States Air Force - Plaque
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text:
\section{Introduction}\label{s:intro}
Communication protocols based on quantum signals have attracted increasing
interest in the recent years, since they offer the possibility of enhancing
either the communication capacity or the security by exploiting the very
quantum nature of the information carriers.  Information may be indeed
conveyed from a sender to a receiver through quantum channels. In order to
achieve this goal a transmitter prepares a quantum state drawn from a
collection of known states and sends it through a given quantum channel.
The receiver retrieves the information by measuring the channel in order to
discriminate among the set of possible preparations and, in turn, to
determine the transmitted signal.  The encoding states are generally not
orthogonal and also when orthogonal signals are transmitted, they usually
lose orthogonality because of noisy propagation along the communication
channel.  Therefore, in general, no measurement allows the receiver to
distinguish perfectly between the signals \cite{Helart, Hel} and the need
of optimizing the detection strategy unavoidably arises.
\par
A different approach, which will be used in this paper, is to encode
information in the degrees of freedom of a correlated state shared by the
two parties. In this framework, the two parties jointly (and independently)
measure the state and extract the transmitted symbol according to a
previously agreed inference rule.  This kind of schemes, which may be
symmetric or asymmetric depending on the nature of the channels, may serve
either to send a message or to share a cryptographic key.  In particular,
entanglement-based protocols with nonlocal correlations between spatially
separated locations have been proved very effective to provide a pair of
legitimate users with methods to share a secure cryptographic key via
quantum key distribution (QKD).  Besides, the nonclassicality of entangled
states can be used to improve the monitoring of a state against disturbance
and/or decoherence, which, in turn, made entanglement useful to detect
unwanted measurement attempts, {\em i.e} increasing the security of
communication.  Indeed, several quantum-based  cryptographic protocols
\cite{gisin} have been suggested and implemented either for qubits or
continuous variable (CV) systems.
\par
Communication protocols and QKD schemes have been firstly developed for
single qubit \cite{bb84} or entangled qubit pairs \cite{e91}, and
practically implemented using faint laser pulses or photon pairs from
spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) in a pumped nonlinear crystal
\cite{mw}.  Recently, much attention has been devoted to investigating the
use of CV systems in quantum information processing.
In fact, continuous-spectrum quantum variables may be easily manipulated in
order to perform various quantum information processes. This is  the case
of multiphoton Gaussian state of light, {\em e.g.} squeezed-coherent beams
and twin-beams, by means of linear optical circuits, photodetection and
homodyne detection.  In addition, non Gaussian CV states of two modes may
be generated  either by conditional measurements \cite{ng1,ng2} or concurrent
nonlinearities. In turn, CV multiphoton states \cite{cv}, may be used to
increase the effectiveness and reliability of quantum communications and
QKD. Several CV QKD protocols have already been developed on the basis of
quadrature modulations coding of single squeezed \cite{hillery}, coherent
\cite {grosshans2002} and entangled beam pairs
\cite{pereira,ralph,reid,silberhorn}.  Protocols using the sub-shot-noise
fluctuations of photon-number difference of two correlated beams
\cite{funk}, the sub-shot-noise modulations \cite{twb} and the
sub-shot-noise fluctuations of the photon numbers in each of the correlated
modes \cite{tmc2} have been proposed.  Although for CV protocols
unconditional security proofs have not been obtained yet \cite{gott}, they are of
interest and deserve investigations mostly due to the potential gain in
communication effectiveness.
\par
In this paper we address binary and quaternary communication channels
based on photon-number continuous-variable multiphoton entangled states
(PNES), in particular we consider two-mode coherently-correlated (TMC)
or twin-beam  (TWB) states. The communication protocol is based on
photon number correlations and realized upon choosing a shared (set of)
threshold(s) to convert the outcome of a joint photon number measurement
into a symbol from a discrete alphabet.
\par
Notice that, in principle, entanglement itself is not needed to
establish this class of communication channels, which are based on
photon-number correlations owned also by separable mixed states.  On the
other hand, purity of the support state is relevant to increase security
of the channel. In fact, if the information is encoded in classically
correlated (mixed) states an intruder can easily measure the number of
photons in either of the modes and then recreate the mixed state mode by
activating the corresponding number of single-photon or photon-pair
sources (the latter case with the degenerate SPDC process is already
quite realistic).  Thus the information encoded in the photon number of
a mixed state mode can be effectively intercepted. On the other hand,
this attack is not effective in case of PNES-based channels, since the
destruction of the mutual second order coherence of a PNES state can be
revealed by a joint measurement on the two modes, which can be
accomplished if the receiver, instead or besides extracting the bit
value, randomly sends his mode or part of it back to the sender to let
her check the presence of an eavesdropper, analogously to "two-way"
quantum cryptography based on individually coherent entangled beams
\cite{twoway}.   For the PNES-based protocols although no strict proofs
of security can be offered, TMC-based protocols may be proved secure
against realistic intercept-resend eavesdropping. The security mostly
relies on the fact that the generation of traveling Fock states of
radiation, despite several theoretical proposals based on tailored
nonlinear interactions \cite{non}, conditional measurements \cite{con},
or state engineering \cite{eng,fockfil}, is still extremely challenging
from the experimental point of view.  Overall, it is the joint
requirement of correlation and purity that leads to individuate PNES as
a suitable choice for building effective and, to some extent, secure
communication channels.
\par
The main goal of the paper is twofold. On the one hand we consider
communication channels based on realistic class of PNES and analyze the
effects of losses on the performances of the protocol. On the other
hand, we optimize the performances of our protocol and compare the
results of PNES-based schemes to that obtained using a realistic kind of
classically correlated (mixed, separable) states as a support. The
evolution of TMC and TWB in lossy channels, as well as that of
classically correlated states, is analyzed to calculate the joint photon
number distribution and evaluate the survival of correlations.  Using
this results we determine the optimized bit discrimination thresholds
and the corresponding channel capacity (maximized mutual information)
for binary and quaternary alphabets. The effects of losses on security
of the protocols against intercept-resend attacks are briefly discussed.
\par
The paper is structured as follows: in Section \ref{s:pnes} we
describe the communication protocol and introduce the correlated
states, either PNES or classically correlated, that will be
considered as a support. In Section \ref{s:loss} we analyze the
propagation of the above states in a lossy channel, and evaluate
the joint photon number distribution and the correlations. In
Section \ref{s:IM} we optimize the bit discrimination threshold
for binary and quaternary alphabets and evaluate the
corresponding channel capacity.  Finally, in Section \ref{s:outro}
we briefly discuss security and close the paper with
some concluding remarks.
\section{Communication channels based on photon-number correlations}
\label{s:pnes}
Quantum optical communication channels can be established using
multiphoton entangled states of two field-mode, which provide the
necessary correlations between  the two parties. In this work we
investigate the information capacity of quantum channels built using
as a support a specific class of bipartite entangled states, which
we refer to as photon-number entangled states (PNES). In the Fock
number basis, PNES may be written as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:twin}
\left| \Psi \right\rangle\rangle =
\sum\limits_n {c_n \left| {n,n} \right\rangle\rangle } ,
\end{equation}
where $\left| {n,n} \right\rangle\rangle = \left| n \right\rangle_1
\otimes \left| n  \right\rangle _2$ and $\sum_ |c_n |^2 =1$.
As we will see an effective channel may be established exploiting the
strong correlation between the photon number distributions of the
two modes. Indeed, PNES show perfect (total) correlations in the photon
number, {\em i.e.} the correlation index
\begin{align}\label{gamma}
\gamma = \frac{\langle n_1 n_2\rangle - \langle n_1 \rangle
\langle n_2 \rangle}{\sqrt{\sigma_1^2 \sigma_2^2}}\:,
\end{align}
with $n_j = a^\dag_j a_j$, $j=1,2$ and $\sigma_j^2=\Delta n_j^2$, is equal
to one for any PNES. On the other hand, the degree of entanglement
strongly depends on the profile $c_n$.
PNES may be generated by means of parametric optical oscillator (OPO)
exploiting seeded PDC process in a nonlinear crystal placed in and optical
cavity \cite{walls}. Several implementations have already been reported, with
the generation of PNES with photon number statistics varying from
super-Poissonian to sub-Poissonian after post-selection \cite{twin1, twin2, twin3}.
Meanwhile, several quantum communication schemes and QKD protocols were
proposed using PNES, with information encoded in the beam intensity
\cite{twb, tmc} or intensity difference \cite{funk,zhang}.
\par
The bits coding/decoding for a PNES-based communication protocol is rather
natural: in the binary case each of the legitimate users measure the incoming
photon number in a predetermined time slot and compare the obtained value to
a given bit threshold. If the detected value is above the threshold the
corresponding bit value is assigned to one,  zero otherwise
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:protocol}
B_2 = \left\{
\begin{array}{*{20}c}
n \le T \to 0 \hfill \\
n > T   \to 1 \hfill \\
\end{array}
\right.\:.
\end{equation}
The scheme may be also extended to a $M$-letter protocol by introducing different
thresholds
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:protocolK}
B_M = \left\{
\begin{array}{ccc}
n \le T_1 & & \to 0 \hfill \\
T_1 < n \le T_2 & &   \to 1 \hfill \\
T_2 < n \le T_3 & &   \to 2 \hfill \\
... & & ...\hfill \\
n > T_{M-1} & & \to M
\end{array}
\right.\:.
\end{equation}
The effectiveness of these generalizations depends of course on the beam
intensity and on the resolution thresholds of the detectors.
PNES-based protocols of this kind have been suggested
\cite{tmc2} and analyzed in the ideal case using two-mode
coherently correlated (TMC) states  using, in the the binary case, a threshold value
equal to the integer part of the average photon number.
In the Fock basis TMC states \cite{agarwal1,agarwal2} are written as follows
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:TMC}
\left| \lambda \right\rangle\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt {I_0 \left( {2\left| \lambda
\right|} \right)} }\sum\limits_n {\frac{\lambda ^n}{n!}\left| {n,n}
\right\rangle\rangle }
\end{equation}
where $\lambda \in {\mathbb C}$ and $I_0(x)$ denotes a modified Bessel'
function of the first kind. Without loss of generality we will consider
$\lambda$ as real throughout the paper.
The average photon number of the state
$|\lambda\rangle\rangle$ is given by
$$N_\lambda=
\frac{2 \lambda I_1 (2\lambda)}{I_0(2\lambda)}\:.
$$
TMC are eigenstates of the product of the annihilation operators of the
two radiation modes $a_1 a_2 |\lambda\rangle\rangle = \lambda
|\lambda\rangle\rangle$ and for this reason they are also referred to as
pair-coherent states. The two partial traces
\begin{align}
\rho_1 & \equiv \hbox{Tr}_2 [|\lambda\rangle\rangle\langle\langle \lambda |] =
\rho_2 \equiv \hbox{Tr}_1 [|\lambda\rangle\rangle\langle\langle \lambda |]
\nonumber \\ &= \frac{1}{I_0 (2 \lambda )} \sum\limits_n \: \frac{\lambda ^{2n}}{n!^2}\:
|n\rangle\langle n | \label{TMCpt}\;,
\end{align}
show sub-Poissonian photon statistics. In fact, the Mandel parameter
$Q = \sigma^2/ \left\langle n \right\rangle - 1$
is given by
\begin{align}
Q_\lambda = \lambda \frac{I_0^2(2\lambda)-I_1^2(2\lambda)}{I_0(2\lambda)I_1(2\lambda)} -1
\end{align}
and it is negative for any value of $\lambda$.
\par
A communication channel based on TMC relies on the strong photon number
correlations, which allow to decode a random bit sequence by carrying
out independent and simultaneous intensity measurements at two remote
locations.  On  the other hand, the security of the scheme is based on
checking the beam statistics coming from the measurement results against
the (sub-Poissonian) expected one. It was shown that any realistic
eavesdropping attempts introduce perturbations that are significant
enough to be detected, thus making eavesdropping ineffective
\cite{tmc2}. In addition, the extension to $M=2^d$-letter  alphabets was
shown to be effective, {\em i.e} increase the information capacity to
$d$ bits per measurements, also making the protocol more secure against
intercept-resend attacks \cite{tmc}.
\par
Another relevant class of PNES is given by the so-called twin-beam state (TWB)
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:twb}
| x \rangle\rangle = \sqrt {\left( {1 - x^2} \right)} \sum\limits_n
{x^n\left| {n,n} \right\rangle\rangle }.
\end{equation}
where $x\in{\mathbb C}$ and $0\leq |x|\leq 1$, which are entangled
two-mode Gaussian states of the field and represents the crucial
ingredient for CV teleportation and dense coding.  Without loss of
generality we assume $x$ as real, the average photon number of TWB is
thus given by
$$ N_x= \frac{2 x^2}{1-x^2}\:.$$
The two partial traces of $|x\rangle\rangle$ are equal to thermal states
$\nu_{\frac N2} = (1+N/2)^{-1} [N/(2+N)]^{a^\dag a}$ with $N/2$ average
photon number each. The Mandel parameter is positive and equal to
$Q=N/2$ for both the modes.  As we will see, also TWB may employed to
built a CV communication protocol analogue to that described above. The
channel capacity is generally larger than for TMC, though the
super-Poissonian statistics of the partial traces make the security
issue  more relevant.
\par
In Fig. \ref{TMCvsTWB} we show the typical photon number distribution
$|c_n|^2$ of TMC' and TWB' partial traces. We also report the degree of
entanglement of the  two states, evaluated as the Von-Neumann entropy
$S[\varrho]=-\hbox{Tr}[\varrho\log\varrho]$ of the partial traces, {\em
i.e.} $\epsilon= S[\varrho_1] =S[\varrho_2]$, as a function of the
average photon number. Notice that TWBs show larger entanglement; indeed
they are maximally entangled states for a CV two-mode system at fixed
energy \cite{visent}.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{profiles.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{entropies.eps}
\end{tabular}
\caption{(Color online) Left: comparison between the mode photon number
profiles $P_n \equiv |c_n|^2$ of TMC (dark grey) and TWB (light grey) with state average
photon number $N=20$; Right:
entanglement (VN entropy of the partial traces) of TMC (lower, dotted line)
and TWB (upper, solid line) states as a function of the state average photon number $N$.
\label{TMCvsTWB}}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Classically correlated states}
As already mentioned in the introduction, the communication protocols expressed
by Eqs. (\ref{eq:protocol}) and (\ref{eq:protocolK}) may
be, in principle, implemented also without entanglement, {\em e.g.} using
mixed separable states of the form
$$R = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} P_{nm} \left|{n \times n }\right|
\otimes \left|{m \times m }\right|\:,$$
with any non factorized profile $P_{nm}\neq p_n p_m$, as for example
$P_{nm}= \delta_{nm}|c_n|^2$, $c_n$ being the amplitude of a PNES.  This
kind of classically correlated separable mixed states may have the
necessary correlations to establish the channel but, on the other hand,
have serious disadvantages compared to PNES in terms of security of the
quantum channel.  Thus in the following we will consider classically
correlated states to assess the improvement of the channel capacity
using PNES, however keeping in mind that any kind of classically
correlated mixed state does not provide reliable security of the
transmitted information.
\par
As a paradigm of classically correlated state we consider the state
obtained at the output of a balanced beam splitter fed by a thermal
state (and with the second port unexcited). This is a feasible class
of states, which we refer to as two-mode thermal (TTH) states, that
have been proved very effective to implement the so-called ghost
imaging by classical means. In turn, this opened a debate about the
usefulness of entanglement in protocols based on photon correlations
\cite{gh1,gh2}.  As we will see, although  TTH perform well in ghost
imaging, PNES-based communication protocols achieve a larger channel
capacity.
\par
The density matrix of TTH is given by
\begin{align}
R_H = U_{\frac{\pi}{4}} \nu_N \otimes |0\rangle\langle 0| U_{\frac{\pi}{4}}^\dag
\label{TTH}\;,
\end{align}
where $U_{\frac{\pi}{4}}=\exp\{\pi/4 (a^\dag b + b^\dag a)\}$
is the evolution operator of the balanced beam splitter and $\nu_N$
is a thermal state with $N$ average photons.
$R_H$ is a mixed separable Gaussian state with correlation index
given by $\gamma=N/(N+2)$. For large $N$ the correlation index
approaches one, in agreement with the strong correlations observed
in ghost imaging experiments.
The partial traces of $R_H$ are both thermal states with $N/2$ average
photons and Mandel parameter $Q=N/2$, whereas the the two-mode photon
distribution is given by
\cite{JointDiff}
\begin{align}
P_H(p,q) = \frac{1}{1+N}
\left(\begin{array}{c} p+q \\ p\end{array} \right)
\left[\frac{N}{2(1+N)}\right]^{p+q} \:.
\end{align}
\section{Correlated states in a lossy channel}\label{s:loss}
In order to assess the performances of our protocol in realistic
conditions we investigate the propagation of the support states
in lossy optical media, as the evolution in a fiber. We model the
loss mechanism by the standard quantum optical Master equation, {\em i.e.}
as the interaction with a bath of oscillators. We also assume that the
noisy environment is acting independently on the two modes. At zero
temperature the evolution of a two-mode state described by the density
matrix $R$ is given by
\begin{equation}\label{ME}
\dot {R} = \left ( L[a_1] + L[a_2] \right) \: R
\:,
\end{equation}
where dots denote time derivative and the Lindblad superoperator
$L[a]$ acts as follows
\begin{equation}
L[a]\varrho= \frac{\Gamma }{2}(2a\rho a^ + - a^ + a\rho - \rho a^ + a)
\:.
\end{equation}
Assuming that $R_0$ denotes the
initial density matrix, the evolved state, {\em i.e.} the solution
of the Master equation (\ref{ME}), is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:reta}
R_\eta = \sum\limits_{n,k = 0}^\infty
A_n^{(1)} A_k^{(2)} R_0 A_k^{(2)\dag} A_n^{(1)\dag},
\end{equation}
where the elements of the maps are given by
\begin{align}
\label{eq:an}
A_n^{(j)} &= \frac{\left( {\eta_j^{ - 1} - 1} \right)^{n / 2}}{\sqrt {n!} }a_j^n\eta_j
^{\frac{1}{2}a_j^\dag a_j} \quad j=1,2
\end{align}
and $\eta_j = \exp ( - \Gamma_j t)$ will be referred to as the
loss parameter.
The evolution of TMC and TWB corresponds to the evolution of pure states
of the form  $R_0 = \left. {\left| {\psi _0 } \right\rangle } \right\rangle \left\langle
{\left\langle {\psi _0 } \right|} \right.$ with $\left| {\psi _0 } \right\rangle\rangle$
being the PNES of Eq. (\ref{eq:twin}).
The joint photon number distribution after the propagation corresponds
to the diagonal matrix elements of the evolved state
$P_\eta (p,q)=\langle \langle p,q |R_\eta |p,q \rangle\rangle$.
Assuming that the coefficients $c_n$ in (\ref{eq:twin}) are real and using
Eqs. (\ref{eq:reta}) and (\ref{eq:an}) we arrive at
\begin{align}\label{peta}
P_\eta \left( {p,q} \right) =
\sum_{n,k} \sum_{i,j} &c_i  c_j \left\langle p \right|A_n^{(1)}
\left| i \right\rangle \left\langle q \right|A_k^{(2)} \left| i \right\rangle
\nonumber \\ & \times
\left\langle j \right|A_n^ {(1)\dag} \left| p \right\rangle \left\langle j
\right|A_k^ {(2)\dag} \left| q \right\rangle
\end{align}
with
\begin{equation}
\left\langle p \right|A_n^{(j)} \left| i \right\rangle = \frac{\left( {\eta_j ^{ -
1} - 1} \right)^{n / 2}}{\sqrt {n!} }\eta_j ^{\frac{p + n}{2}}\sqrt
{\frac{\left( {p + n} \right)!}{p!}} \delta _{i,p + n}
\end{equation}
and analogously for the other terms.
Upon substituting in Eq. (\ref{peta}) the expression
of the coefficients $c_n$ for the TMC and TWB we obtain
the output joint photon distributions
\begin{widetext}
\begin{align}
\label{petaTMC}
P_{\lambda,\eta_1,\eta_2} \left( {p,q} \right) & =
\left(
I_0 \left({2\left| \lambda \right|} \right)\: p!\,q!
\right)^{-1}
I_{|p-q|} \left[
{2\left| \lambda \right|\sqrt{(1 - \eta_1)(1 - \eta_2)} } \right]
\lambda ^{p +
q}\eta_1^p\eta_2^q(1-\eta_1)^{\frac{q-p}{2}}(1-\eta_2)^{\frac{p-q}{2}}
\\
\label{petaTWB}
P_{x,\eta_1,\eta_2} \left( {p,q} \right)  & =  \left( {1 - x^2}
\right)\left({\frac{\eta_1}{1-\eta_1}}\right)^p\left({\frac{\eta_2}{1-\eta_2}}\right)^q
\left[{x^2\left({1-\eta_1}\right)\left({1-\eta_2}\right)}\right]^M \left(
{{\begin{array}{*{20}c}
 M \hfill \\
 m \hfill \\
\end{array} }} \right) \cdot {}
\nonumber\\
 & \times { }_2F_1 \left[ {\left\{ {1 + M,1 + M} \right\},\left\{ {1 + d}
\right\};x^2\left( {1 - \eta_1 } \right)\left( {1 - \eta_2 } \right)} \right],
\end{align}
\end{widetext}
where $d = \left| {p - q} \right|$, $M = \max \left( {p,q} \right)$, $m = \min
\left( {p,q} \right)$, $I_d(x)$ is the $d$-th modified Bessel
function of the first kind, and ${ }_2F_1 \left[ {\left\{ {a,b} \right\},\left\{ c
\right\};x} \right]$ denotes a hypergeometric function.
Eq. (\ref{peta}) can be easily generalized to mixed input: for TTH states
the evolution of the state $R_H$ corresponds to a
joint photon number distribution given by
\begin{align}\label{petaTTH}
P_{N,\eta_1,\eta_2}(p,q) = 2\eta_1^p\eta_2^q
\:\frac{N^{p+q}}{
\left[{2+N\left({\eta_1+\eta_2}\right)}\right]^{p+q+1}}
\:\binom{p+q}{p} \end{align}
The correlation index $\gamma$ decreases with losses. Upon the
evaluation  of the first moments using Eqs. (\ref{petaTMC}), (\ref{petaTWB})
and (\ref{petaTTH}) we arrive at
\begin{align}
   \gamma_\lambda & = \sqrt{\eta_1 \eta_2}
\label{gml}
\\ \gamma_x & = \frac{(2+N_x) \sqrt{\eta_1 \eta_2}}{\sqrt{(2 + N_x
\eta_1)(2+N_x \eta_2)}}
\label{gmx}
\\ \gamma_\nu & = \frac{N \sqrt{\eta_1 \eta_2}}{\sqrt{(2 + N
\eta_1)(2+N \eta_2)}}
\label{gmt}
\end{align}
For TMC the correlation index does not depends on the
input energy.
In Fig. \ref{f:pdns} we show the joint photon-number distribution
of TMC and TWB for different loss parameter and $N=10$.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{pdnM.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{pdnW.eps}
\caption{Effect of losses on the joint photon-number distribution $P_\eta (p,q)$
of TMC and TWB with average photon number $N=10$. The plots on the top line refer to TMC, on the bottom line to TWB.
From left to right the distributions for $\eta=1$ (no loss), $\eta=0.95$ and
$\eta=0.85$.}\label{f:pdns}
\end{figure}
We also notice that the Mandel parameter of the partial traces shows a simple rescaling
$Q_j \rightarrow \eta_j Q_j$ and thus the sub-Poissonian statistics of TMC,
and the super-Poissonian one of TWB are not altered by the propagation.
\section{Optimized bit thresholds and channel capacities}
\label{s:IM}
\subsection{Symmetric channels}
Once the joint probability distribution is known we may evaluate
the mutual information between the two parties and optimize it
against the threshold(s) for the different channels. Let us illustrate
the procedure for the case of a binary alphabets assuming a symmetric lossy
channel {\em i.e.} $\eta_1=\eta_2=\eta$. The effects of asymmetric will be
discussed in the next sub-Section. Upon adopting the decoding rule (\ref{eq:protocol})
the two parties infer the same symbol with probabilities
\begin{align}
p_{00} &= \sum_{p=0}^T \sum_{q=0}^T P_\eta (p,q) \\
p_{11} &= \sum_{p=T}^\infty \sum_{q=T}^\infty P_\eta (p,q)
\label{p00p11}\;.
\end{align}
In the ideal case, {\em i.e.} with no losses, PNES-based
protocols achieve $p_{00}+p_{11}=1$, due to perfect correlations
between the two modes. On the other hand, if $\eta\neq 1$ the unwanted
inference events "01" and "10" may occur with probabilities
\begin{align}
p_{01} &= \sum_{p=0}^T \sum_{q=T}^\infty P_\eta (p,q) \\
p_{10} &= \sum_{p=T}^\infty \sum_{q=0}^T P_\eta (p,q)
\label{p10p01}\;.
\end{align}
The probabilities are not independent since the normalization
condition $p_{00}+p_{10}+p_{01}+p_{11}=1$ holds.
The mutual information between the two alphabets reads as follows
\begin{align}
I_2 = \sum_{i=0}^1 \sum_{j=0}^1 p_{ij} \log \frac{p_{ij}}{q_i r_j}
\label{IM}\;,
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
q_i=&p_{i0}+p_{i1} \quad i=0,1 \\
r_j=&p_{0j}+p_{1j} \quad j=0,1 \:,
\end{align}
represents the marginal probabilities, {\em i.e.} the unconditional
probabilities of inferring the symbol ``i'' (``j'') for the first
(second) party. The mutual information, once the average number of
input photons and the loss parameter have been set, depends only on
the threshold value $T$. The channel capacity ${\cal C}_2=\max_T I_2$
corresponds to the maximum of the mutual information over
the threshold.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{tmc_thresh.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{twb_thresh.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{tth_thresh.eps}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{tmc_info.eps} &
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{twb_info.eps} &
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{tth_info.eps}
\end{tabular}
\caption{(Color online) Optimized threshold (top) and channel capacity (bottom)
for TMC-, TWB- and TTH-based 2-letter protocols as a function of the
mode average
photon number at the input and for different values of the loss parameter
$\eta$ (symmetric channels). In all the plots, from bottom to top:
$\eta=0.6, \eta=0.7, \eta=0.8,
\eta=0.9, \eta=0.95$ and $\eta=1$, the upper curves correspond to the ideal
case with no losses. \label{2-letter}}
\end{figure}
\par
The mutual information has been maximized numerically by looking for the
optimal bit discrimination threshold as a function of the input energy.
The optimal thresholds and the corresponding channel capacities are
shown in Fig. \ref{2-letter}. Notice that the threshold for TMC only
slightly increases with loss and it is always larger than the TWB's one.
On the other hand,  the threshold for TTH is smaller, and the resulting
channel capacity is smaller than for PNES-based schemes as far as the
loss is not too strong.  At fixed energy the channel capacity is larger
for TWB than for TMC.  Notice that the capacity for a single-mode
two-letter intensity modulation/direct detection (IMDD) channel is always
smaller than ${\cal C}_2$ in the (relevant) low photon-number regime
\cite{coment}. IMDD reaches the unity effectiveness for the mode
average photon number $\langle n \rangle \approx 6$, giving just about $0.04$ bits for
$\langle n \rangle \approx 1$, while
PNES schemes perform maximally already at $\langle n \rangle \approx 1$.
Thus the PNES-based protocols are more convenient in
terms of energy expenditure.
\par
The channel capacity for a PNES based $M$-letter protocol may be
analogously derived by maximizing the mutual information versus the
$M-1$ bit thresholds.  In the ideal case (no loss) the capacity
obviously increases with $M$ (as $\log_2 M$). A question arises on
whether this effect is robust against losses.  In Fig. \ref{4-letter} we
report the rescaled capacity ${\cal C}_4/2$ as it results from the
threshold optimization of the $4$-letter TMC-, TWB- and TTH-based
protocols respectively. Besides the dubbing of the capacity due to the
alphabet dimension, one can easily see that the $4$-letter protocol
shows less oscillations in the low photon number regime (TMC and TWB)
than the $2$-letter one for a large range of loss value, at the price of
a slightly reduced capacity per letter.  On the other hand, no
appreciable improvement can be noticed for TTH states, thus confirming
that photon-number correlations carried by PNES are more effective for
quantum communication in lossy channel.  We conclude that, thanks to
their large stability, quaternary alphabets should be used in cases when
the mean photon number of the support cannot be precisely fixed. In a
$4$-letter protocol three thresholds should be used to extract the bit
values. The optimization shows that for TWB and TTH states the distances
between the three thresholds increase with the beam intensity whereas
for TMC states they are three consecutive numbers for any value of the
input energy. This behavior is due to the super-Poissonian
photon-number distributions of TWB and TTH.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{tmc4_info.eps} &
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{twb4_info.eps} &
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{tth4_info.eps}
\end{tabular}
\caption{(Color online) Optimized normalized channel capacity
for TMC-, TWB- and TTH-based 4-letter protocols as a function of the mode average
photon number at the input and for different values of the loss parameter
$\eta$ (symmetric channels). In all the plots, from bottom to top:
$\eta=0.6, \eta=0.7, \eta=0.8,
\eta=0.9, \eta=0.95$ and $\eta=1$, the upper curves correspond to the ideal
case with no losses. \label{4-letter}}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Asymmetric channels}
In this Section we analyze whether, and to which extent, different
losses on the two beams affect the performances of the channel. In
comparing symmetric to asymmetric channels we set the overall loss
$\eta=\sqrt{\eta_1\eta_2}$ and the beam energy and evaluate the bit
threshold and the channel capacity by varying the asymmetry, {\em i.e}
the loss of one channel, say $\eta_1$, in the range
$\eta^2 \leq \eta_1\leq 1$. This scheme corresponds to set the
overall distance between the two parties and move the source
of PNES from one ($\eta_1=1$) to the other ($\eta_1=\eta^2$).
In Fig. \ref{asym} we show the channel capacities as a function of
the single-channel loss $\eta_1$ for different values of the overall
loss $\eta$ and a fixed value of the input beam energy. At first we notice
that asymmetry is not dramatically affecting the performances of the
channels, especially for the case of small overall loss ({\em i.e.} for
$\eta\rightarrow 1$). On the other hand, it is apparent from the plot that
asymmetry acts in opposite way on the TMC- and TWB-based protocols. In
fact, the channel capacity increases with asymmetry for TMC and decreases
for TWB. This behavior depends on the different correlation properties
of TMC and TWB. On the one hand, the correlation index of TMC remains
unchanged  [compare to (\ref{gml})] in asymmetric channels whereas
that of TWB decreases. On the other hand, asymmetry acts in opposite
ways on the probability of coincidence counts in the two channels.
Upon expanding Eqs. (\ref{petaTMC}) and (\ref{petaTWB}) up to
second order in the asymmetry we have
\begin{align}
P_{\lambda,\eta_1,\eta_2} (n,n) & = P_{\lambda,\eta,\eta} (n,n)
+ A_n(\eta,\lambda) \: \delta\eta^2   \\
P_{x,\eta_1,\eta_2} (n,n) & = P_{x,\eta,\eta} (n,n)  +
B_n(\eta,x)\: \delta\eta^2
\end{align}
where $\delta\eta = \eta_1 - \eta_2$,
$A>0 \: \forall \eta,\lambda, n$ and $B<0 \: \forall \eta,x, n$.
Overall, placing the source of entanglement closer to one
of the two parties results in a slight increase of the capacity
for TMC and a slight decrease for TWB.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{tmc_info_06_balance.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{tmc_info_08_balance.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{tmc_info_09_balance.eps}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{twb_info_06_balance.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{twb_info_08_balance.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{twb_info_09_balance.eps}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Channel capacity for the TMC- (top) and TWB-based (bottom)
2-letter CV coding in an asymmetric channel as a function of loss parameter
in one of the channels. In all the plots the mode average photon number at the
input is $\langle n \rangle = 10$. The overall channel loss is given, from
left to right: $\eta=0.6$, $\eta=0.8$, $\eta=0.9$
\label{asym}}
\end{figure}
\section{Discussion and conclusions}
\label{s:outro}
A question arises on whether security may be proved for PNES based
communication channels. In the ideal case of no loss, the
intercept-resend strategy has been considered assuming that Eve is able
to produce strongly  correlated beams source (optimally the TMC-source
\cite{tmc}) and it has been shown that the state-cloning attempts can be
revealed by checking the beam statistics, which is modified from
sub-Poissonian to super-Poissonian by any eavesdropping attempt. Since,
as we have proved in this paper, the statistical properties are not
changed by the propagation, TMC-based protocols are  secure also in the
presence of loss.  As concern TWB, security, remarkably security against
intercept-resend attacks, cannot be guaranteed through a check of the
beam statistics.  The TWB-based protocols require the use of additional
degrees of freedom, as for example binary randomization of polarization
\cite{twb} to guarantee security and to reveal eavesdropping actions.
This may also be useful for TMC-based protocols, in order to achieve
unconditional security.  Overall, there is a trade-off between the
quantity of information one is able to transmit at fixed energy and the
security of this transmission, with TMC offering more security at the
price of decreasing the channel capacity.
\par
In conclusion, we have analyzed lossy communication channels based on
photon number entangled states and realized upon choosing a shared set
of thresholds to convert the outcome of a joint photon number
measurement into a symbol from a binary or a quaternary alphabet.  We
have focused on channels build using two-mode coherently-correlated or
twin-beam states a support. The explicit optimization of the bit
discrimination thresholds have been performed and the corresponding
channel capacities have been compared to that of channels built using
classically correlated (separable) states.  We found that PNES are
useful to improve capacity in the presence of noise, and that TWB-based
channels may transmit a larger amount of information than TMC-based ones
at fixed energy and overall loss.
\par
The evolution of the entangled support, either TMC or TWB, in lossy
channels have been analyzed in details, showing that the beam
statistics, either  sub-Poissonian for TMC or super-Poissonian for TWB,
is not altered during propagation. The preservation of sub-Poissonian
statistics indicates that TMC-based protocols are secure against
intercept-resend eavesdropping attacks, whereas TWB-based protocols
require the use of additional degrees of freedom, as for example binary
randomization of polarization.
\par
We have analyzed the effects of asymmetric losses on the two beams,
showing that i) asymmetry of the channel does not dramatically affect
the performances and ii) placing the source of entanglement closer to
one of the two parties results in a slight increase of the capacity for
TMC-based protocols and a slight decrease for TWB-based ones.
\par
We conclude that photon-number entangled states, either Gaussian or non
Gaussian ones, are useful resources to implement effective
quantum-enhanced communication channels in the presence of loss.
\section*{Acknowledgments} This work has been supported by MIUR through the
project PRIN-2005024254-002. The work of VU has been supported by the Landau
Network through the Cariplo Foundation fellowship program and by NATO through
grant CPB.NUKR.EV 982379.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


It's Presidents' Day and I think everybody is off work, so technically I don't even think I'm supposed to be updating. But I noticed this Gamasutra story and, after I was done wondering why they're updating today, figured I'd link it.
"If I'm an employee of Atari, then I'd be stepping all over them. This way, I'm representing a buyer. I can act swiftly and get buyers on the table … To be clear, I cannot sell the company but I can get publishers excited about the company enough to get a bidding war going on."


text:
Paul Winter Consort (1973) Icarus (LP)
May 15, 2014 May 15, 2014 / Winch	/ Leave a comment
Paul Winter Consort
Epic 31643
Producer: George Martin
Rating:*** (Noteworthy)
Winter continues his move away from jazz with this set, sticking to a unigue folk sound and helping to lay down some firm foundations for what would become the genre called world music. While most of the Consort had already formed Oregon by this time, Winter fortunately managed to retain them for this outing. In fact, the Oregon members provide most of the material for this album, and fans of Oregon will want to check out this set. This isn't perhaps as spontaneous or adventurous as much of Oregon's material, but this was likely Winter's finest offering.
While I never considered Oregon as a band influenced by the Beatles, the George Martin production and the heavy use of Eastern instruments on this set perhaps helps point out a very creative extension of the Fab Four's work. This certainly offered the hippies and Beatles' fans a much needed alternative to the post-Beatles singer/songwriter craze. This set has some weaker moments, but mostly it's quite enjoyable, and fans of Ralph Towner will certainly enjoy his contributions.
The band included Paul Winter (sax), David Darling (cello), Paul McCandless (horns), Ralph Towner (guitars, keyboards), Herb Bushler (bass), Collin Walcott (percussion). Guests included Billy Cobham and Milt Holland on percussion.
— winch (author of…http://www.eight-track.com/Eight_Track_Publishing.php


text:
Christine Osinski (born 1948) is an American photographer. Osinski was born in Chicago, Illinois and was educated at the Art Institute of Chicago, and received a M.F.A. degree from Yale University. Osinski is noted for her photographs of Staten Island in the 1980s.

Her work is included in the collections of the New Britain Museum of American Art, Light Work, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, and the Museum of Fine Arts Houston.

Professional Career
Osinski currently works as an Associate Professor of Art, as well as the Director of Academic Advisement, at Cooper Union. She has lectured at Yale, Rutgers, Pratt, and Parsons, and her works have been exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art, the Bronx Council on the Arts, the Light Gallery, and at Jinhshan Tushuguan in China. She has received grants from the Staten Island Council of the Arts and New York State Council of the Arts. In addition, she has had works at the Museum of the City of New York, the Smithsonian, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston. She has been published in Newsday, American Photographer, The Village Voice, and Doubletake.

In 2005 Osinski became a Guggenheim Fellow and in 2015 she received a grant from the Pollock-Krasner Foundation.

Staten Island Photographs
Osinski's New York Photographs project began in 1997 as an attempt to catalogue the various islands in the New York City area, with a particular focus on Staten Island. She also worked on other projects while on Staten Island, including Birth of Venus, which included images of synchronized swimmers. An archive of her photographs is available at the College of Staten Island Library's special collections.

In 2016, Osinski published a collection of her Staten Island photographs as a book titled Summer Days Staten Island.

References

Living people
1948 births
Artists from Chicago
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
[COMPLETED] Singapore :: Datacenter Maintenance Thursday 19th January 2023 12:00:00
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Must have for this Winter!
This amazing Biker jacket is made from buttery soft top quality recycled leather.
The jacket is single-breasted with zip-up closure, zip pockets, and zip sleeve. It features a double buckle on the back and a shorter sleeve. (just above the wrist) This jacket is cropped and is to be worn fitted. Fully lined with new lining.
The leather on this jacket is recycled so do expect a few nicks, However on inspection, I cannot see any problems with the leather on any of the jackets. Please view photo to see the top quality of these 100% recycled leather jackets.


Nothing is more appealing than a fun, relaxed wedding at a family property that holds so many valued memories. We were thrilled to hear that Stephanie wanted to get married at her parents estate property, and over the several months leading up to her wedding we transformed their family abode to a wedding destination to host 250 of their nearest and dearest. Set in Healdsburg, Ca. this country estate wedding encompasses family, friends and new memories making this day one to remember. Truly a labor of love, everything from the floral design, handmade wooden signage, to the desserts were made by family and friends. It is easy to see how much thought and love went into each little detail and that is what makes this wedding even more special.


text:
The azure-shouldered tanager (Thraupis cyanoptera), locally called sanhaçu, is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. It is found in the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, and heavily degraded former forest. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.

References

azure-shouldered tanager
Birds of the Atlantic Forest
azure-shouldered tanager
Taxa named by Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN


Here you can see all of the data available for several types of nursing salaries in the state of North Dakota (ND). Please use the Contents Table below to click on the type of nursing specialty you require more information about – we have covered Nurse Practitioner, Registered Nurses, Nurse Anesthetist CRNA and LPN/LVN's – all the salary data is for North Dakota state.
The average Registered Nurse Salary in North Dakota (ND) is $63,140 which is well below the national average for Registered Nurses. There are approximately 9,020 RN's employed in the state of North Dakota across a range of industries. California has the highest average salaries right now for registered nurses.
The tables below show employment figures, average salary information – by hour, week, month and annual salaries in Metropolitan and Non Metropolitan areas of North Dakota.
The average Nurse Practitioner Salary in North Dakota is $103,470 which is around the national average for Nurse Practitioners. The latest figures show that there are only around 420 Nurse Practitioners employed in the state of North Dakota across a range of industries. These figures do not include further specialties within the group.
The average Licensed Practical Nurse LPN Salary in North Dakota is $45,100 which is just below the national average for LPN or LVN'S. The latest figures show that 2,530 LPN's are employed in the state of North Dakota across a range of industries. There are around 702,700 Licensed Practical or Licensed Vocational Nurses employed in total in the U.S.
The average Nurse Anesthetist Salary in North Dakota (ND) is $194,570 which is below the national average salary scale for a CRNA. The latest figures below show that there are around 150 Nurse Anesthetists working in the state of North Dakota within a number of varied industries.
The tables below show detailed employment numbers, average Nurse Anesthetist salary data – by hour, week, month and annual salaries in Metropolitan and Non Metropolitan areas of North Dakota.
North Dakota ND. State capital is Bismarck. Largest cities are Fargo, Bismarck and Grand Forks. Latest population figures 757,952. Per capita income is $54,376.


text:
Go Blueberries!
Blueberries even help lower blood pressure in people at risk for heart problems. Is it the nitric oxide?
Have them in the morning, on your cereal, in a smoothie, or snack on a handful at work. Eating one cup of blueberries, about five ounces of fresh berries, a day can lower blood pressure, possibly by enough to prevent high blood pressure from developing. They also help your arteries stay flexible, a recent study has found.
Many foods are alleged to be superfoods, foods whose health benefits go way beyond their nutritional value. Oatmeal, for example, has been shown in studies to lower cholesterol, an outcome many people typically receive from statin medications.
There was an average drop of seven points in systolic blood pressure and five points diastolic pressure among the women in the study in just eight weeks.
An earlier study of women aged 25 to 42 suggested that eating blueberries can lower heart attack risk. This study shows that the berries can lower blood pressure and arterial stiffness in older, post-menopausal women who are at high risk for contracting heart disease.
There was an average drop of seven points in Systolic pressure blood pressure and five points in Diastolic pressure among the women in the study after only eight weeks.
The 48 women in the study had either stage 1 hypertension (blood pressure between140/90 and 159/99) or pre-hypertension (blood pressure between 120/80 and 139/89). All were randomly assigned to receive either 22 grams of freeze-dried blueberry powder — the equivalent of one cup of fresh blueberries — or 22 grams of placebo powder, which they added to their normal daily diet for eight weeks.
Not only did the group receiving blueberry powder see drops of seven points in systolic BP and five points in diastolic BP, the flexibility of their arteries also increased by over 6%.
The women who were given the placebo (inactive) powder had no improvement in any of these measures.
The likely reason for these changes was an increase in the amount of nitric oxide in the bloodstream, a gas that's known to widen blood vessels, lowering the pressure of the blood flowing inside them. Nitric oxide production rose by over 68% in the blueberry group.
Many of the previous studies on blueberries and heart health used larger amounts of blueberries, sometimes as high as 250 grams of blueberry powder, which is equivalent to 11 cups of fresh blueberries. That might be difficult for most people to manage, but one cup of blueberries, as this study suggests, should be a lot easier.
For people who do want to add blueberries to their diet, it's probably a good idea to avoid adding them in the form of blueberry muffins the size of softballs. These usually contain too little blueberry and too much muffin to do the trick. See our story, "Ending the Low Fat Muffin Myth." Blueberries are fruit, not cake.
The study appears in Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
Flavonoids reduce heart risks
Antioxidants explained
When kids learn to grow foods at school, they tend to eat better. They're also less likely to develop diabetes or pre-diabetes.
Helping Kids Work It Out
Depression is not uncommon among kids and teens. Therapy can help, but so does exercise. Here's what seemed to benefit kids most.
Seniors Turn to Cannabis
The marijuana of today is not the pot some seniors smoked in college. It can ease pain, but it can also lead to falls, confusion and the ER.


text:
Q: Sharepoint - restore single document from database level backup Have a single Sharepoint webserver backed by a SQL 2005 server. The sharepoint server has a messed up document in a document library and I have a SQL database backup from the day before.
What are my options to get just that document back?

A: I'm assuming you're using SharePoint 2007.  Here's a way to get a document out of the SQL database backup you have.
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/field_notes/archive/2008/06/23/recover-documents-from-moss-2007-database.aspx
Are you sure you don't have versioning enabled on the document library or that it's not in the Site Collection Recycle Bin?  That would save a lot of time.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Nicholas Holman (born 29 May 1995) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He previously played for the Carlton Football Club from 2014 to 2017.

Early life
Holman played his junior football with Kyabram Football Club in the Goulburn Valley Football League, where he won a senior premiership in 2013, and played TAC Cup football for the Murray Bushrangers, where he was the vice-captain. He represented and was named the joint-most valuable player (MVP) of the Vic Country team at the 2013 AFL Under 18 Championships, playing as a midfielder.

AFL career
Holman was recruited by the Carlton Football Club with its third round selection, pick 51 overall, in the 2013 national draft. He spent most of the 2014 season playing with Carlton's , the Northern Blues, and he made his senior debut for Carlton against  in round 22, 2014.

After nine matches in two seasons, he was delisted at the conclusion of the 2015 season. He then made a move to the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) where he played for the Central District Football Club in 2016 and 2017.

After spending two seasons in the SANFL, Holman was recruited by the Gold Coast Suns in the 2018 rookie draft.

Statistics
 Statistics are correct to the end of round 2, 2022

|-
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 20 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 3 || 8 || 2 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 5.0 || 3.0 || 8.0 || 2.0 || 4.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 20 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 31 || 44 || 75 || 15 || 21 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 3.9 || 5.5 || 9.4 || 1.9 || 2.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2018
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 39 || 22 || 14 || 10 || 133 || 149 || 282 || 58 || 121 || 0.6 || 0.5 || 6.0 || 6.8 || 12.8 || 2.6 || 5.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 39 || 12 || 7 || 5 || 75 || 98 || 173 || 25 || 61 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 6.3 || 8.2 || 14.4 || 2.1 || 5.1
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2020
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 39 || 12 || 2 || 0 || 48 || 73 || 121 || 27 || 41 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 4.0 || 6.1 || 10.1 || 2.3 || 3.4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2021
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 39 || 16 || 10 || 5 || 111 || 94 || 205 || 67 || 72 || 0.6 || 0.3 || 6.9 || 5.9 || 12.8 || 4.2 || 4.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2022
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 15 || 13 || 28 || 7 || 8 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 7.5 || 6.5 || 14.0 || 3.5 || 4.0
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 73
! 34
! 21
! 418
! 474
! 892
! 201
! 328
! 0.5
! 0.3
! 5.7
! 6.5
! 12.2
! 2.8
! 4.5
|}

Notes

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
Carlton Football Club players
Gold Coast Football Club players
Preston Football Club (VFA) players
Murray Bushrangers players
Kyabram Football Club players
Central District Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)


text:
New faculty leaders named at Yale Center for Clinical Investigation
Medicine@Yale, 2019 - June July
Photo by Robert A. Lisak
Brian Smith (left) and John Krystal
Brian Smith (left) and John Krystal, both longtime experts in translational and clinical research, are the new co-directors of the Yale Center for Clinical Investigation (YCCI), following the retirement of YCCI's founding director Robert Sherwin.
With the retirement of Robert S. Sherwin, MD, C.N.H. Long Professor Emeritus of Medicine (Endocrinology) and longtime associate dean for clinical and translational research, the Yale Center for Clinical Investigation (YCCI), of which Sherwin was founding director, has announced new leadership.
Brian Smith, MD, deputy dean for scientific affairs (clinical departments), professor and chair of laboratory medicine, and professor of biomedical engineering, is co-director for YCCI and co-principal investigator of the Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award program, along with John Krystal, MD, Robert L. McNeil Jr. Professor of Translational Research, professor and chair of psychiatry, and professor of neuroscience and psychology.
Eric J. Velazquez, MD, Robert W. Berliner Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) becomes YCCI's deputy director of clinical trials innovation.
Featured in this article
Brian Smith, MD
Professor of Laboratory Medicine, of Biomedical Engineering, of Medicine (Hematology) and of Pediatrics; Deputy Dean for Scientific Affairs (Clinical Departments); Chair, Department of Laboratory Medicine
Robert Sherwin, MD
C.N.H. Long Professor Emeritus of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology)
John Krystal, MD
Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Professor of Translational Research and Professor of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience; Co-Director, Yale Center for Clinical Investigation; Chair, Department of Psychiatry; Chief of Psychiatry, Yale-New Haven Hospital; Director: NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism; Director, Clinical Neuroscience Division, VA National Center for PTSD
Medicine@Yale
Print Newsletter PDFs
Education, Patient Care& Research
Library & Reference


This modern crochet granny blanket is a series of triangles nestled in between each other which gives the blanket a modern feel. This blanket works up fast and is fun to memorize and pick up easily where you left off.
Gauge: not necessary, just do a base chain in a multiple of 3 + 1 to any desired length.
CH a multiple of 3 then add 1 (3+ 1 is the pattern repeat) to however wide you'd like the blanket. I usually do somewhere between 32 and 36 inches wide for a baby blanket.
ROW 2: CH 3, 1 DC into next DC, (CH 3 counts as first DC), *CH 2, DC3TOG, repeat * ending with CH 2, DC into next DC, DC into top of turning chain, pulling through with new color just before you finish the DC.
ROW 3: CH 3, 3 DC in the CH 2 space between the last DC3TOG and 2 DC of the previous row, *3 DC into next CH 2 space, repeat * ending with 1 DC in top of the turning chain.
ROW 4: CH 4, (counts as 1 DC and 1 CH), *DC3TOG in top of each 3 DC of previous row, CH 2, repeat * across and end with CH 1, DC into top of CH 3 turning chain, pulling through with new color.
ROW 5: CH 3, 1 DC into DC (the base of the ch 3, the top of the last DC you made), *3 DC in next CH 2 space, repeat * across ending with 2 DC into the top of 3rd chain of the turning chain.
ROW 6: CH 3, 1 DC into the next DC, *CH 2, dc3tog, repeat * ending with CH 2, DC into next DC, DC into 3rd of ch 3 pulling through with new color just before you finish the stitch.
Repeat rows 3-6 until you have a desired length of blanket.
Here are a few tips I realized while making this blanket that might be helpful to you.
Since each finished "triangle" (the DC that stack on each other) are nestled in between each other, you will notice that the number of them will be different each color change. For example, I did a small swatch to test the pattern and I ended up with 8 "triangles in one row, then 9 in the next, then back to 8 then back to 9. What I noticed are the rows that have 8 are also the rows where you have 2 DC and the end of the rows. The rows that had 9 "triangles" only had 1 DC on the end.
Now, it might be the yarn I was using, my own personal tension, and yours may be different, but I did have to work a ch in between the 2 DC across the top and bottom. The sides did not need that extra chain. I tried doing it without, because I wanted the stitch to match the sides, but it pulled and puckered. This to me is when you get to be smarter than the pattern. It's much better to work an extra stitch and have it look right, than get your counts exact. Again, you might not have this problem.
Continuing on in the same direction for the second round, join with the new color (flannel) and slip stitch one over and CH 3. (This gives the appearance of the first dc into the chain space. Then work one DC into the chain space. CH 2 and work 2 DC into the next space. Repeat this all the way around the blanket, working 2 sets into each corner. When you return back to the original CH 3, slip stitch into the top of that.
Chain 3 and turn your work to go the opposite direction. I hope you are in a corner for this CH 3 is the middle of the shell. DC 4 more times into that space and then SC into the next chain space. You want to work 7 DC into the next chain space, then one SC into the next chain space and repeat this all the way around. However, because I had problems on the sides being closer together than the top and bottom, I only worked 6 DC. I found that working 6 showed no difference, but if I worked 7, the side shells were rippling. Again, this might not happen to you at all. When you return to the corner you started with, work the remaining 3 DC and then slip stitch to the top of the turning chain. Tie off and weave in ends and you are done.
For the corners, I was able to work a complete 7 DC into each. But, for a crocheter like me who doesn't like to count, (I know, shhh don't tell) I felt so lucky that it just so happened to turn out that way. (sometimes my one SC turns out to be the corner stitch and it looks okay, just not my favorite.) If you are better at math than me and want to make sure you are working the shell into each corner, you may want to add more rounds of 2 DC until you find you are exactly even.
Also, if that last part confused the heck out of you, don't do it! I almost just left the border to be the rounds of 2 DC. I thought it looked good sort of plain. But this is a gift and I decided to make it a little extra frilly.
And, just working all SC around this blanket, switching colors would look great too!
Good luck! Click here to see another version of this modern crochet granny blanket in peach and blue! Also, I'd love to invite you to join up on Instagram. A lot of people use the #crochetersofinstagram hashtag and it's so inspiring to see all the different work. I'm @daisyfarmcrafts if you decide to join! I also have a Facebook page, a Pinterest page, a Twitter account, a YouTube channel all named Daisy Farm Crafts.
Whichever way is the best for you, I'd love to hear from you!


text:
Djadu, Djado o Jadu () fou la capital del Jabal Nafusa oriental a Líbia. Avui Jadu és una vila de la municipalitat de Yafran a Líbia. L'antiga Djadu estava formada per entre tres i cinc viles: Djadu, al-Gisr, Ushebari, i potser Yudjlin i Temudjet. Ja existia abans de la conquesta musulmana i era estació de la via entre Trípoli i Fezzan i el Sudan Central. No s'esmenta no obstant fins al . En aquest temps fou el centre del poder polític ibadita al Djabal Nafusa. Abu Mansur Ilyas, governador designat per l'imam rustàmida de Tahert hi va tenir la seva seu i després l'imam independent Abu Yahya Zakariyya al-Irdjani. Llavors la població era gran amb mesquites, mercats i una considerable població jueva i negres de l'Imperi de Kanem. Després de la caiguda de l'imamat de Tahert s'esmenten hakims (caps locals) de Djadu (segona meitat del segle X) al costat d'altres hakims del Djabal Nafusa (i fins i tot uns hakims de la tribu Banu Zemmur); el primer conegut és Abu Muhammad al-Darfi al que va succeir el seu fill Abu Yahya Yusuf que vivia l'any 1000. Encara existien al . Després la ciutat i regió va perdre tota importància. A la II Guerra Mundial fou el lloc d'un camp de concentració.

Bibliografia
 Article Nafusah a l'Enciclopedia Italiana
 R. Basset, Les sanctuaires du Djebel Nefousa, 1899

Geografia de Líbia
Entitats de població