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Peter Jacobus Nagel (Amsterdam, 15 maart 1921 - Delden, 20 januari 1997) was een Nederlands architect, die veel modernistische gebouwen in Suriname heeft gerealiseerd in de periode 1951 tot 1970, toen hij een kantoor had gevestigd in Paramaribo.

Biografie

Opleiding
Peter Jacobus Nagel werd geboren op een boerderij in de Watergraafsmeer in de gemeente Amsterdam. In 1927 verhuisde het gezin naar Maarssen, vanwaaruit hij de Christelijke hbs in Utrecht bezocht. Daar slaagde hij in 1938 voor het eindexamen en schreef zich vervolgens in voor weg- en waterbouwkunde aan de Technische Hogeschool in Delft en werd lid van de studentenvereniging SSR. De ingenieur Nagel, volgde naast de vakken Civiele Techniek ook college bij Bouwkunde, omdat hij veel belangstelling had voor zowel Griekse als moderne architectuur.

Met de uitbraak van de Tweede Wereldoorlog veranderde er echter veel voor de studenten, tijdens de eerste jaren van de bezetting konden ze hun studie nog voortzetten maar op den duur werden er steeds meer beperkingen opgelegd door de bezetter. Na de liquidatie van generaal Hendrik Seyffardt werden er als represailles razzia's op universiteiten en hogescholen gehouden. Ook in Delft werden tijdens een goedbezocht hoorcollege 215 studenten afgevoerd, Peter was aanwezig maar behoorde tot de groep studenten die mocht vertrekken. Het was de directe aanleiding voor hem om onder te duiken en, net als vele studenten die de loyaliteitsverklaring aan de bezetters, die op 13 maart 1943 werd ingevoerd, niet te tekenen. Na de bevrijding was de studentenmaatschappij ontwricht, doordat veel studenten waren omgekomen in het verzet of concentratiekampen en er veel nieuwe eerstejaarsstudenten begonnen. Peter kreeg 23 studenten onder zijn hoede terwijl hij aan zijn afstudeeropdrachten werkte, op 18 juni 1946 ontving hij zijn bul. De door de oorlog opgelopen vertraging belette hem om nog enkele jaren bouwkunde te studeren.

Werk

Aruba
Na het behalen van zijn titel vertrok Nagel voor een verblijf van enkele jaren op Aruba, waar zijn broer Jan Nagel, met compagnon Folkert Loonstra, de "Bouwmaatschappij Aruba" (BMA) had opgericht. In vier jaar tijd groeide het bedrijf uit tot de grootste bouwonderneming van Aruba, met bijna 300 mensen in dienst. De bouwactiviteiten vonden plaats op de gehele Nederlandse Antillen. Jan en Folkert overwogen de maatschappij uit te breiden naar Suriname, waar Peter als toekomstig directeur was voorzien. Peter wilde na vijf jaar op Aruba graag zijn vleugels verder uitslaan en in december 1950 vertrok hij voor het eerst naar Suriname om de mogelijkheden van een vestiging te onderzoeken. Dit bleek meer voeten in de aarde te hebben dan verwacht, maar in Suriname had men wel behoefte aan een architect.

Suriname

In 1951 vestigde Peter Nagel zich in Paramaribo en kreeg al snel de vergunning om een eigen architectenbureau op te richten in de Nederlandse kolonie. In een tijd waarin veel gebouwen werden gerealiseerd, introduceerde hij het modernisme in Suriname. Doordat hij opdracht kreeg voor veel publieke- en bedrijfsgebouwen wist hij zijn stempel op de stad te drukken met veel moderne en beeldbepalende gebouwen in Suriname.

Ir. Peter Nagel kreeg in december 1951 toestemming voor de vestiging van een ingenieurs- en architectenbureau in Suriname. Kort na de bekendmaking kwamen zijn vrouw Maria en drie dochters over uit Aruba, in Suriname zouden nog twee zonen en een dochter worden geboren. Een maand daarvoor had hij al opdracht gekregen om binnen drie maanden een ontwerp te maken voor een nieuw voetbalstadion. Hij kreeg in januari hulp van de ervaren tekenaar, de heer Aron, een Surinamer die op Aruba bij de bouwmaatschappij van Nagel had gewerkt en terugkeerde naar zijn geboorteland. Mede dankzij deze hulp rondde hij tegen de verwachtingen in, het schetsplan op tijd af wat hem veel waardering en nieuwe opdrachten opleverde. In eerste instantie werkte Peter Nagel vanuit huis, na lang zoeken kon eind 1952 een kantoor aan de Gravenstraat 50 worden betrokken. Het personeel werd uitgebreid, onder leiding van Aron stonden vervolgens twee leerling-tekenaars, en Peter Nagel ging op zoek naar een bouwkundige. Het architectenbureau verhuisde naar de bovenverdieping van het pand aan de Gravenstraat, maar door ongelukkige omstandigheden konden de bouwkundigen maar kort actief zijn in Suriname en moest Peter Nagel meerdere keren op zoek naar vervangers. Door uitbreiding van de OGEM moest het kantoor opnieuw verhuizen in 1959, op dat moment waren er tien mensen werkzaam in het bureau.

Nadat de eerste dochter voor studie naar Nederland was verhuisd en omdat het lange verblijf in de tropen een aanslag hadden gedaan op de gezondheid van Nagel, verhuisde het gezin in 1963 terug naar Nederland. Begin 1964 richtte hij het tweede N.V. Ingenieurs- en Architectenbureau ir. P.J. Nagel op. Vriend en oud-collega uit Aruba, Frans van Drimmelen, leidde het bureau in Nederland als bouwkundige tijdens de reizen van Peter Nagel naar Suriname, waar hij nog steeds bouwprojecten begeleidde. Tot 1970 reisde hij nog regelmatig voor meerdere weken naar Suriname om aan ontwerpen te werken. Het bureau in Paramaribo werd overgenomen door ir. Edward Morroy en in 1970 ging ook het bedrijf in Nederland over in andere handen. Tot zijn pensioen in 1981 werkte hij in andere functies in Nederland, onder andere als directeur/coördinator van het consortium dat het Kurhaus in Scheveningen verbouwde.

Gebouwen
Een selectie van openbare en commerciële gebouwen van ir. P.J. Nagel. Daarnaast ontwierp hij tevens woonhuizen, sportaccommodaties en uiteenlopende kleinere projecten in Suriname.
 Het Suriname Stadion, Paramaribo (1951)
 N.V. Billiton Maatschappij, nu de Centrale Bank van Suriname, Paramaribo (1953)
 Selecta School, Paramaribo (1953)
 Boekhandel Varekamp & Co, Paramaribo (uitbreiding 1953)
 Buitensociëteit Het Park, nu de Nationale Assemblée, het Parlementsgebouw van Suriname (1954)
 Dr. E. Snellen Park, Paramaribo (1954)
 Surinaamse Brouwerij N.V., Paramaribo (1955)
 Kabinet van de Gouveneur, nu CIVD, Paramaribo (1956)
 Johannes King Hospitaal, Stoelmanseiland (1956)
 St. Louise Meisjesschool, Paramaribo (1956)
 Kinderhuis Leliëndaal, Commewijne (1956)
 Overzeese Gas- en Elektriciteitsmaatschappij N.V., Paramaribo (1956)
 Theater Star, Paramaribo (1957)
 Algemeen Zwembad Parima, Paramaribo (1958)
 Hoofdgebouw van de Hollandsche Bank-Unie, nu van de RBTT Bank, Paramaribo (1958)
 Hoofdgebouw van De Surinaamsche Bank (DSB), Paramaribo (1959)
 Hoofdpostkantoor, Paramaribo (1959)
 Uitbreiding Kirpalani's Ltd, Paramaribo (1959)
 Vereniging Officiers Sociëteit in Suriname, Paramaribo (1960)
 Verschillende gebouwen voor de Curaçaosche Handel Maatschappij (CHM), Paramaribo (1961)
 Kantoor FATUM, Paramaribo (1961)
 Manufacturen Paleis J.H. Issa N.V., Paramaribo (1961)
 Houtfabriek van Bruynzeel Suriname Houtmaatschappij (in onderdelen tussen 1955-1961)
 Diakonessenhuis, Paramaribo (1962)
 Hotel Torarica, Paramaribo (1962)
 Jaja Dande Zendingshospitaal, Djoemoe (1962)
 Centrale Bank van Suriname, Paramaribo (uitbreiding 1963)
 Postkantoor Zorg en Hoop, Paramaribo (1963)
 Gereformeerde Kerk, later verkocht en omgebouwd tot Surya Mandir, Paramaribo (1963)
 Hoofdkantoor van Lands Telegraaf- en Telefoondienst, Paramaribo (1969)
 Centrale Markt, Paramaribo (1970)

Architectuur-wandeling
De Nederlandse sociaal ondernemer van Surinaamse afkomst, Ruben Brave, heeft een blog genaamd "Nagelfijne Architectuur in Paramaribo" gepubliceerd over een wandelroute langs de door Nagel ontworpen gebouwen in Paramaribo. Hierbij passeren ook andere bezienswaardigheden in de Surinaamse hoofdstad de revue.

Beeldengalerij

Literatuur
M.W. van der Vegt-de Groot (2005), Achteraf Bekeken, Paramaribo, Uitgeversmaatschappij VACO.
F. Strik & A.A. Lambert (2018), Paramaribo. De modernistische architectuur van ir. Peter J. Nagel, Volendam, LM Publishers.

Zie ook
 Lijst van Nederlandse architecten

Externe links
Repository TU Delft
Werkgroep Caraïbische Letteren
Nagelfijne architectuur in Paramaribo

Nederlands architect
Paramaribo
Surinaams architect


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Life after Les Roches – Alumni acquires a taste – and qualification – for luxury, as a certified sommelier
By Les Roches
Name: Andrew Wong
Program: Bachelor Degree of Hotel Management
Current position: Head Sommelier at Wynn Palace Macau
Ever since discovering a passion for wine while studying at Les Roches, class of 2012 graduate Andrew Wong has been driven by a pursuit of oenological excellence. We caught up with him to talk about his career journey, responsibilities, professional development and the importance of 'the story'. Because wine, just like hospitality as a whole, needs to deliver an experience.
"After graduating from Les Roches, I started my career on a Food and Beverage Management Program at JW Marriott, Indianapolis. While I was doing my program, I completed the Certified Sommelier exam, which is recognized by The Court of Master Sommelier Association."
Discovering a passion
Andrew is clear on how his Les Roches education has helped him excel in his current role. "If you like wine, Valais is the best wine region in Switzerland. While I was studying in Les Roches, I had many opportunities to visit the vineyard, taste the grape, and understand terroir", Andrew said. "I still remember Mr. La Sala and Mr. Patrice de Vulpillières providing me with lots of guidance, such as how to taste wine, wine pairing, and giving me a strong interest in this field."
Bringing it home
After just over a year in the US, Andrew headed back home to Macau as a newly certified Sommelier. "In 2014 I came back to Macau and joined Melco Crown Entertainment company as a Sommelier in one of their Italian restaurants", he said. "I was continuously working and studying wine when I found Wynn was recruiting for a Head Sommelier position. I researched and discovered that they were one of the strongest properties in town, with a Forbes 5-Star rating."
Tell – and sell – the story
Like all true professionals, Andrew knows his products intimately, allowing him to ensure the very best quality levels and user experience. "'The Sommelier is a bridge between winemaker and guest (João Pires MS). I always remember from this quote from my mentor, he is a Master Sommelier", Andrew commented.
"He said to me, being a sommelier you need to understand the philosophy, the story behind the wine before you serve it to the guest. Therefore, before I purchase any new item for my company, I meet the supplier, or even the winemaker, in order to understand the wine and make the decision whether it is suitable for my restaurant."
A walking encyclopedia
Andrew is responsible for using his expertise to bring value to both his employers and guests, always ensuring he is working with colleagues to enhance the service. "A sommelier needs to communicate with the chef in order to understand what ingredients they have put into the dishes, to try to create a special and unique pairing for our customer."
"Furthermore, a sommelier needs to understand the history and the vintage of every wine region. You could say that a sommelier is a walking encyclopedia. Everyday, new things happen in terms of beverages, such as molecular cocktails, a new vermouth or spirit, therefore a sommelier needs to follow the trends, understand what is happening everywhere, and choose a good product for their hotel and customer."
[quote]If you don't try, you will regret it[/quote]
Andrew had compelling advice for anyone starting out on their career journey. "Follow your dream and work seriously to make your dream come true. You never know whether the decision that you make today is correct or not, but if you don't try, you will regret it."
Thanks to Andrew for taking the time to share his insight and speak to us about his role as Head Sommelier at Wynn Palace Macau. We wish him continued success.
Keep your professional development going – read more alumni stories:
Is this the best hospitality career in the world?
Alumnus helps father fulfil hospitality dream
Delivering luxury experiences for AccorHotels
View more Alumni news
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By Nicholas Allen, Class of 1992 Les Roches alumnus What an honor it is to introduce you to a gentleman…
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Name: Lisa WestrichGraduation year: 2013Nationality: German Program: BBA in Hospitality Management Famous hotels and openings Where to begin? It all started…
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By Nicholas Allen, Class of 1992 Les Roches alumnus Nicholas Allen (NA): What year did you graduate? Jonathan Rachman (JR):…
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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"The national flag is not synonymous with chauvinistic nationalism", according to Jean-Luc Mélenchon – RT in French
Jean-Luc Mélenchon affirmed in an interview with the magazine Ballast that "the nation is today the horizon of popular sovereignty", defending in passing the symbolism of the national flag, both "democratic and disengaged" according to him.
The outline of a return to the rebellious strategy of 2017? LFI presidential candidate 2022 Jean-Luc Mélenchon defended the symbolism of the nation, during an interview with the magazine Ballast published on January 14. "The nation is today the horizon of popular sovereignty", affirms the deputy of Bouches-du-Rhône.
In this interview, after having defined the contours of "a phenomenology of the citizen revolution" from which would emerge a group which "designates itself as a 'people'", the left-wing tribune explains that this type of movement is always looking for a unifying symbol, and according to him, "the self-appointed people systematically mobilize the national flag".
"Nothing to do" with nationalism, he continues. "I invite my far-left comrades to break down the wall they themselves have built. The national flag is not synonymous with chauvinistic nationalism. It is confusing. I challenge you to find a popular gathering of revolutionary scope where, from Sudan to Latin America, the national flag is not found. The people seize the national flag to say to the leaders: "We are the country, not you." Another way of saying "It's all ours". It is a democratic and clearing symbol, "develops the candidate, who is participating in his third presidential campaign.
"We have a flag and an anthem from a popular revolution", underlines Mélenchon
In 2017, the leader of the Insoumis had denoted among the contenders on the left by the strong presence of French flags in his meetings, a desire of his campaign team who distributed them to activists. However, the tricolor banner was no longer really an emblem of rallies on the left, because it was associated by some with conservatism, even if Ségolène Royal in 2007 and François Hollande in 2012 had reintroduced it into their respective campaigns.
In 2012, supporters of Mélenchon mostly displayed Left Front flags during his public addresses. In the same vein, the former senator sang The Marseillaise at the end of his meetings in 2017, when he was mostly singing The International in 2012, more rarely the French anthem. But since 2017, the former socialist minister had been more discreet about national symbols, evoking above all in his interventions markers specific to the left. Until this interview in Ballast.
Starting from this observation on the flag, Jean-Luc Mélenchon affirms that "the nation is today the horizon of popular sovereignty". A concept that he likens to the notion of the Republic. "The patriotic feeling I claim is this: it is linked to the republican idea, to the idea of popular sovereignty as the cornerstone of the nation. In France, more than in other places, it is easy to identify the national project with our camp. We have a flag and an anthem from a people's revolution. Our motto says "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity". The nation, with us, proceeds from the Republic – and not the reverse", he adds.
RT All Fr Trans
Posted by newsnetdaily	In France	Last Modified 15 January 2022 - 2:02pm 15 January 2022 - 2:02pm
chauvinistic
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text:
Джиро́ламо Мари́я Франче́ско Матте́о Савонаро́ла ( ; 21 сентября 1452, Феррара, Герцогство Феррара — 23 мая 1498, Флоренция, Флорентийская республика) — итальянский религиозный и политический деятель. Фактический правитель Флоренции с 1494 по 1498 г. Инициатор ряда политических и общественных реформ.  Автор ряда богословских трактатов и проповедей на основе изучения и осмысления Священного Писания. Считается одним из предвестников Реформации наряду с Джоном Уиклифом и Яном Гусом. Символом деятельности Савонаролы стал «костёр тщеславия» — так историки окрестили сжигание картин, книг, игральных карт, одежды, косметики, зеркал и других предметов роскоши на городской площади Флоренции, Пьяцца делла Синьория. Жизнь доминиканского монаха закончилась трагически — Савонарола, часто критиковавший папское правление, был казнён церковью — его повесили, позже тело сожгли на костре.

Ранние годы
Родился 21 сентября 1452 года в Ферраре, куда в XV веке прибыли предки Джироламо по приглашению герцогов д'Эсте, которые в то время были там правителями. Происходил из старинного падуанского рода. Джироламо был третьим ребёнком в семье Никколо Савонаролы и его жены, мантуанки Елены, урождённой Бонакольси. Его дед, Микеле Савонарола, был известным врачом, который привил внуку любовь не только к медицине, но также к Священному Писанию и к философии, в частности к Аристотелю в толковании Фомы Аквинского. Позже Савонарола обратит свой взор и на философию Платона, которая останется увлечением младых лет, что, скорее всего, связано с модой на «неоплатонизм» вследствие учреждения платоновской академии в Кареджи Козимо Медичи в 1462 году. В более сознательном возрасте Джироламо отречётся от учения Платона.

Отец Савонаролы готовил сына к медицинской карьере и старался дать ему достойное образование. В молчаливом и вдумчивом юноше рано сказались аскетические начала, любовь к размышлениям и глубокая религиозность.

Италия в то время была охвачена гуманистическим движением, одним из крупнейших центров которого была Флоренция, где гуманизм при Лоренцо Медичи отличался эпикурейско-языческим направлением.

Светская жизнь и религиозно-нравственное падение Италии сильно возмущали Савонаролу. Некоторые из его ранних стансов посвящены печальному состоянию церкви, порче нравов и разрушению добрых отношений между людьми.

Несчастливая любовь к дочери флорентийского изгнанника, принадлежащего к роду Строцци, и увлечение средневековыми богословскими сочинениями (особенно Фомой Аквинским) привели Савонаролу к решению поступить в монастырь.

Монастырская жизнь

24 апреля 1475 года он бежал из родного дома в Болонью, в доминиканский монастырь, оставив дома написанное им стихотворение «О презрении к свету». В нём он сетует на то, что «примат попал в руки пирата», тем самым намекая на папу Сикста IV.

В монастыре он вёл суровую жизнь, отказался от денег, которые имел, свои книги подарил монастырю, оставив себе только Библию, ополчался против монастырской роскоши и посвящал свободное от молитв время изучению трудов Отцов Церкви.

Поэтические наклонности Савонаролы проявлялись и в монастыре: он написал стихотворение «О падении церкви», где указывал, что у людей нет уже прежней чистоты, учёности, христианской любви, а главная причина тому — порочность пап. Настоятель монастыря поручил Савонароле обучать новичков и возложил на него обязанность проповедника.

В 1482 году его посылали проповедовать в разные города, в том числе в Феррару, откуда ввиду начавшейся войны с Венецией ему приказали отправиться во Флоренцию, в известный тогда монастырь Сан-Марко.

Здесь Савонарола, уже славившийся как учёный, был назначен почётным чтецом при братии и наставником послушников. В 1483 г. Савонарола проповедовал в церкви Сан-Лоренцо, но не имел успеха.

Это заставило его заняться исправлением своих недостатков. Он отправился проповедовать в небольшой городок Сан-Джиминьяно, где пробыл два года, увлекая слушателей своими речами. В 1486 году он преподавал в расположенном недалеко городе Фьезоле, о чём сохранились воспоминания в биографии его ученика Пагнуса Сантеса.

Взлёт

В 1486 году Савонарола явился в Брешии уже опытным и отважным проповедником, резко бичуя людские пороки, властно призывая к покаянию и предрекая Италии Божьи кары за её грехи.

В это же время Савонарола познакомился в Реджио с Джованни Пико делла Мирандола, который стал его страстным последователем. Под влиянием Пико Лоренцо Медичи вызвал Савонаролу из Генуи во Флоренцию (1490 год), и он снова занял кафедру учителя в Сан-Марко.

Монастырь быстро наполнился светскими слушателями; проповеди Савонаролы имели необычайный успех, людям не хватало места. 1 августа 1490 года Савонарола произнёс знаменитую проповедь, где с неслыханной до него уверенностью высказал мысли о необходимости и близости обновления церкви, а также о том, что скоро Бог поразит своим гневом всю Италию.

Он утверждал, что, подобно ветхозаветным пророкам, передаёт лишь веления Божии, угрожал проклятием тому, кто не верит в его пророческое призвание, обличал испорченность нравов флорентийцев, не стесняясь в выборе выражений.

В своих вдохновенных проповедях Савонарола часто смешивал свои мысли с текстами Св. Писания, говоря в своё оправдание, что «слова эти недавно сошли с небес».

Его влияние усилилось благодаря исполнению некоторых его предсказаний — смерти папы Иннокентия в 1492 г., нашествию войска французского короля Карла VIII и др. Ласковое и сердечное обращение с братией сделали Савонаролу любимцем монастыря, и в 1491 году он был единогласно избран настоятелем Сан-Марко.

Он сразу поставил себя в независимое положение по отношению к Лоренцо Медичи, отказавшись явиться к нему с выражением почтения; Лоренцо пришлось уступить монаху.

Известна речь Савонаролы против роскоши женских нарядов, после которой все дамы перестали надевать в церковь украшения.

«Грехи Италии, — говорил он, — силой делают меня пророком». Народ верил в его пророчества; из его сочинений «Об истине пророчества» и «Об откровениях» видно, что он и сам был убеждён в своём Божественном призвании. Поэтому он смело и властно громил священников, проповедников, отцов и матерей, князей, граждан и купцов, крестьян и солдат, укоряя их в отступлении от правил истинной христианской жизни.

«Рим — это Вавилон, — говорил он. — Вместо внушения народу основ христианского вероучения прелаты отдаются поэзии и красноречию. Вы найдёте в их руках Горация, Вергилия, Цицерона…» Ещё резче сделались угрозы Савонаролы, когда после смерти Лоренцо Медичи (1492) правителем Флоренции стал его безвольный и непопулярный сын, Пьеро ди Лоренцо Медичи, а папой был избран Александр VI Борджиа.

В 1493 году Савонарола принял приглашение прочитать проповеди на Великий пост, присланное из Болоньи. В некоторых работах, посвящённых жизни Джироламо Савонаролы (например, у Паскуале Виллари, автора труда «Джироламо Савонарола и его время»), его отъезд связывается с изгнанием проповедника из Флоренции. В дальнейшей историографии это утверждение было подвергнуто критике.

Возвращение во Флоренцию
Вернувшись во Флоренцию, Савонарола занялся приведением в исполнение своей мечты — нравственного и государственного преобразования Флоренции. Сначала он занялся реформой монастыря Сан-Марко, а также позаботился о выходе монастыря из Ломбардской конгрегации. Необходимость выхода была обусловлена тем, что жизнь монастыря в его составе была продиктована не уставом и традициями доминиканского ордена, а политикой конгрегации. Савонарола видел необходимость привлечь на свою сторону также доминиканские монастыри в Сан-Джиминьяно, Пизе и Фьезоле и образовать свою конгрегацию — Тосканскую. По папскому бреве от 22 мая 1493 года монастырь Сан-Марко получил автономию, годом спустя по папскому бреве более в Ломбардской конгрегации не состояли монастыри Пизы и Фьезоле. В том же 1494 году состоялся генеральный капитул новообразованной Тосканской конгрегации, генеральным викарием был избран Джироламо Савонарола.

В своих реформах монастыря Сан-Марко Савонарола ориентировался на апостольскую бедность. Он продал церковное имущество, изгнал всякую роскошь из монастыря, обязал всех монахов работой. Деньги, вырученные с продажи роскошного монастырского имущества, пожертвовал бедным. Для успеха проповеди иноверцам Савонарола учредил кафедры греческого, еврейского, турецкого и арабского языков. Папа Александр VI пытался привлечь Савонаролу на свою сторону, предлагая ему сначала архиепископство во Флоренции, потом кардинальскую шапку, но тот не прекращал своих обличений Рима и папы.

В 1494 году французский король Карл VIII вступил в Италию и в ноябре прибыл во Флоренцию. Пьеро ди Лоренцо Медичи был изгнан как изменник; во главе посольства к французскому королю был поставлен Савонарола. В это тревожное время Савонарола стал настоящим повелителем Флоренции; под его влиянием во Флоренции были восстановлены республиканские учреждения.

Воззрения
По своим политическим взглядам Савонарола был республиканцем, но он думал, что республика лишь тогда будет благом для Флоренции, когда граждане станут нравственнее: религиозное и нравственное очищение произведёт и политическую реформу. Савонарола указывал на несправедливое распределение налогов, нападал на богачей, говоря, что они «присваивают себе заработную плату простонародья, все доходы и налоги», а бедняки умирают с голода. Всякий излишек — смертный грех, так как он стоит жизней бедным.

Вся работа государственного переустройства Флоренции была выработана в проповедях Савонаролы и совершалась по его программе. По предложению Савонаролы были установлены Великий Совет и Совет восьмидесяти. 5 февраля 1495 г., по предложению Савонаролы, великий совет заменил поземельный налог подоходным, в размере 10 %. Заёмщиков Савонарола освободил от уплаты долгов, а в апреле 1496 г. основал заёмный банк, потребовав, чтобы в годовой срок выехали из Флоренции все ростовщики и менялы, бравшие по 32,5 %.

Наконец, Савонарола провозгласил синьором и королём Флоренции Иисуса Христа, сам же он был в глазах народа избранником Христа.

Политическим преобразованием Савонарола закончил лишь часть своей задачи; ему предстояло ещё нравственно возродить Флоренцию.

Уже в 1494 году заметна была перемена: флорентийцы постились, посещали церковь; женщины сняли с себя богатые уборы; на улицах вместо песен раздавались псалмы; читали только Библию; многие из знатных людей удалились в монастырь Сан-Марко.

Савонарола назначал проповеди в часы, когда были назначены балы или маскарады, и народ стекался к нему. С жестокостью обрушивался Савонарола на святотатцев, которым велел вырезать языки, на азартных игроков, которых наказывал огромными штрафами; развратников и содомитов он призывал сжигать заживо.

Однако проповедь — одно, а реальная судебная практика — совсем другое, её можно проследить по сохранившимся документам. Как правило, наказания ограничивались штрафами, а в наиболее тяжких случаях и для закоренелых преступников — телесными наказаниями или изгнанием из Флоренции. Фактов отрезания языка неизвестно. Была практика прокалывания языка святотатцам, такие случаи известны как до, так и после Савонаролы. Возможно, они были и при нём, но доподлинные случаи не установлены. Кроме того, при Савонароле был принят закон, предполагавший сожжение содомитов. Однако за весь период руководства Савонаролы только трое содомитов были приговорены к смерти, из них двоим приговоры были заменены штрафами. Третий осуждённый имел также дурную славу вора и бандита и был казнён, скорее всего, по этой причине.

Савонарола с увлечением прибегал к шпионажу, который при нём заметно распространился во Флоренции. На стороне Савонаролы были люди из простонародья, партия «белых», которых называли «плаксами» (piagnoni).

Недруги
Против него были «беснующиеся» (arrabiati), приверженцы аристократического республиканского правления, и «серые», стоявшие за Медичи. В проповедях Савонарола никого не щадил и потому обрёл много врагов как в светской среде, так и среди духовенства.

Сначала его обвиняли в том, что он вмешивается в светские дела; потом начали критиковать ту проповедь, где Савонарола говорил о гневе Божием, висящем над князьями и прелатами.

По приказанию папы Савонарола должен был удалиться в Лукку, но его прощальная проповедь так потрясла слушателей, что они уговорили папу отсрочить высылку Савонаролы.

Против Савонаролы не раз выставляли других проповедников; не раз папа запрещал ему проповедовать, но слава Савонаролы проникла даже за пределы Италии: его проповеди переводились на иностранные языки (даже на турецкий, для султана).

Между тем Карл VIII, покинув Неаполь, решил направиться через Флоренцию вместе с Пьеро ди Лоренцо Медичи, который хотел восстановить свою власть.

Город вооружился; во главе движения стал Савонарола. Он отправился в лагерь французов и произнёс смелую речь, грозя Карлу карой Божией, если он посягнёт на свободу Флоренции. Под влиянием Савонаролы союз с Францией не был расторгнут, а отнятые у Флоренции города (кроме Пизы) были ей возвращены. Интригам Пьеро ди Лоренцо Медичи против Савонаролы помогали герцог Миланский, кардинал Асканио Сфорца и Мариано да Дженаццано, потерявший из-за Савонаролы репутацию лучшего проповедника.

Враги Савонаролы восстановили против него папу, который пригласил Савонаролу в Рим; но тот под предлогом болезни отказался, продолжая свои обличительные проповеди. Доминиканцы, которым папа поручил рассмотреть содержание проповедей Савонаролы, не нашли в них основания для обвинения Савонаролы в ереси, и папа опять предлагал ему сан кардинала.

После удаления французской армии для республики настали тяжёлые времена: свирепствовали болезни, начался голод, финансы были истощены; герцог Миланский призвал против Флоренции императора Максимилиана, который осадил Ливорно. Синьория — парламент Флорентийской республики — умоляла Савонаролу успокоить народ. Савонарола устроил процессию, чтобы поднять народный дух, истощённый многочисленными невзгодами, несмотря на то, что папа снова запретил ему проповедовать (28 октября).

Случайное спасение Ливорно было, в глазах народа, чудом; доверие флорентийцев к предсказаниям Савонаролы усилилось. Во главе синьории стоял преданный Савонароле Франческо Валори; народная партия торжествовала. Пользуясь этим, Савонарола задумал нанести решительный удар по «беснующимся». Он организовал отряд мальчиков, которые врывались в знатные дома с целью следить за исполнением 10 заповедей, бегали по городу, отбирая игральные карты, кости, светские книги, флейты, духи и тому подобные вещи; потом всё это предавалось торжественному сожжению на так называемом «костре тщеславия».

Светская литература гуманизма и возрождавшаяся классическая древность нашли в лице Савонаролы непримиримого врага; он даже доказывал вред науки вообще. В среде разгульной молодёжи возникло общество (Compagnacci), задавшееся целью убить Савонаролу в праздник Вознесения, но друзья и на этот раз спасли Савонаролу.

Потом «беснующиеся» произвели переполох в церкви во время проповеди Савонаролы, не дав ему закончить речи, а 12 мая 1497 г. папа Александр VI, назвав учение Савонаролы «подозрительным», отлучил его от церкви. Савонарола протестовал; 19 июня появилось его «Послание против лживо испрошенной буллы об отлучении», где он отказывался повиноваться отлучению, «противному христианской любви и заповедям Господним», и заявлял, что несправедливо отлучённый имеет право апеллировать ко Вселенскому собору.

В это время Савонарола выпустил в свет своё знаменитое сочинение «Триумф Креста», в котором защищал истины католического вероучения, объяснял догматы и таинства католической церкви.

В последний день карнавала 1498 г. Савонарола совершил торжественное богослужение и «сожжение анафемы». Тогда папа прислал бреве, где требовал отправки Савонаролы в Рим или заключения его в тюрьму, угрожал интердиктом всей Флоренции и отлучал всех, кто будет говорить с Савонаролой или слушать его.

Однако синьория долго не решалась тронуть Савонаролу; проповеди его продолжались, он развивал мысль о необходимости созвать Вселенский собор, так как папа может заблуждаться. В это же время появилось сочинение Савонаролы «О правлении и законодательстве города Флоренции».

После второго папского бреве синьория запретила Савонароле проповедовать; 18 марта он простился с народом. Он написал «Письмо к государям», в котором убеждал их созвать Вселенский собор для низвержения Папы. «Письмо» было послано сначала к французскому королю Карлу VIII, но было перехвачено и попало в руки Папы. Флоренция взволновалась.

Разочарование народа и казнь
25 марта 1498 года проповедовавший в церкви Святого Креста францисканец Франциск Пулья объявил, что готов вызвать на «испытание огнём» любого, кто настаивает на незаконности отлучения Савонаролы. Вызов принял доминиканец Доминик Пешиа, однако неожиданно Пулья настоял на том, что войдёт в огонь только вместе с Савонаролой. Джироламо не воспротивился. «Испытание огнём» было ратифицировано «Постановлением» флорентийской Синьории, согласно ему по завершении испытания главный представитель потерпевшей поражение стороны подлежал изгнанию из Флоренции. В том случае, если в пламени костра сгорят представители обеих сторон, то проигравшей стороной, подвергаемой изгнанию, объявлялся только Савонарола.
«Испытание» должно было состояться утром 7 апреля на площади Синьории. Савонарола прибыл на место после прочтения прощальной проповеди в Сан-Марко. За время приготовления костров и ожидания противника Савонаролы, который укрывался в Палаццо Веккьо, начался проливной дождь, из-за которого отсырели дрова. Вернувшись в Сан-Марко, Савонарола объявил своей пастве, что одержал победу в испытании.

На другой день монастырь Сан-Марко был осаждён разъярённой толпой; Савонарола вместе с его друзьями, Доменико Буонвичини и Сильвестро Маруффи, был взят и заключён в темницу. Папа учредил следственную комиссию из 17 членов, выбранных из партии «беснующихся». Допросы Савонаролы и пытки велись самым жесточайшим образом; его пытали по 14 раз в день, заставляли впадать в противоречия, допросами, упрёками и угрозами вынудили признаться, что все его пророчества — ложь и обман.

За время следствия, которое велось около месяца, Савонарола написал в тюрьме два стихотворения в прозе: «О я несчастный» (; в западной литературе также называется «Размышлением о псалме 50». В действительности, эта молитва Савонаролы не парафразирует ни одного стиха , как не обыгрывает и ни одной его (общеизвестной и узнаваемой) метафоры. Современное название обязано заключительной строке стихотворения, содержащей прямую цитату из латинского перевода стиха 3 (1) Пс. 50 (Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam misericordiam tuam («Помилуй мя, Боже, по велицей милости твоей»)) и «Печаль завладела мною» (; не закончено; позднейшее название — «Размышление о псалме 30»).

Согласно легенде, Савонарола за несколько часов до смерти начал писать также «Руководство к христианской жизни» на переплёте одной книги, по просьбе тюремщика. 22 мая ему был объявлен смертный приговор; 23 мая 1498 г. при огромном стечении народа он был повешен; спустя некоторое время тело его было сожжено.

Судьба его учения и память
Учение Савонаролы было оправдано Павлом IV, а в XVII в. в его честь был учреждён один из обрядов во время таинства ведения католической службы. В 1875 г. Савонароле поставлен памятник в Ферраре; в то же время, статуя его, как одного из предшественников Реформации, входит в состав памятника Мартину Лютеру в Вормсе.

Савонарола оказал значительное влияние на формирование взглядов Максима Грека.

Оценка деятельности
В оценке значения деятельности Савонаролы мнения расходятся: одни (например, итальянский историк Паоло Луотто), идеализируя его честность, прямоту и широкие планы, видят в нём реформатора, обличавшего пороки церкви; другие (например, австрийский историк Людвиг фон Пастор) напоминают, что он жил средневековыми идеями, не создал новой церкви и был сторонником строгих католических догматов.

Труды Джироламо Савонаролы
Ряд проповедей Савонаролы были записаны и позже изданы нотариусом Лоренцо Виоли. Однако не все из них сохранились целиком.
 Проповеди на Иезеккиля.
 Проповеди на Исход.
 Проповеди на Иова.
 Проповеди на Руфь и Михея.
 Проповеди на книгу пророка Аггея.
 Проповеди на Амоса и Захарию.
 Проповеди на Псалмы.
 Триумф Креста.
 Трактат об управлении Флоренцией.
 Трактат против астрологии.
 Трактат «Об искусстве хорошо умирать».

Образ в культуре

В живописи
 Одноименный персонаж в комиксе Мило Манары «Борджиа».

В литературе
 Упоминается в шестой главе трактата «Государь» Никколо Макиавелли. Макиавелли противопоставляет Савонаролу другим пророкам: «Моисей, Кир, Ромул и Тезей, будь они безоружны, не могли бы добиться длительного соблюдения данных ими законов. Как оно и случилось в наши дни с фра Джироламо Савонаролой: введённые им порядки рухнули, как только толпа перестала в них верить, у него же не было средств утвердить в вере тех, кто ещё верил ему, и принудить к ней тех, кто уже не верил».
 Деятельность Савонаролы во Флоренции, его размолвка с папой, отлучение от церкви и казнь описаны в романе Дмитрия Мережковского «Воскресшие боги. Леонардо да Винчи» (второй части трилогии «Христос и Антихрист»).
 Савонарола является персонажем поэмы «Савонарола» австрийского поэта Николауса Ленау.
 Савонарола является персонажем одноименной поэмы русского поэта XIX века А.  Н. Майкова.

В театре
 В 1904 году Томас Манн написал пьесу «Фьоренца», в которой одним из главных действующих лиц выступает Джироламо Савонарола.

В музыке
 Датский композитор Нильс Вигго Бентсон написал оперу «Савонарола» (Op. 500).

В кино
 В фильме «Аморальные истории» роль Савонаролы исполняет актёр Филипп Дебёф.
 В сериалах «Весна Микеланджело» Джерри Лондона и «Борджиа» Нила Джордана роль Савонаролы исполняет актёр Стивен Беркофф.
 В сериале «Борджиа» Тома Фонтаны роль Савонаролы исполняет актёр Иэн Глен.
 В 3-м сезоне сериала «Великолепные Медичи» роль Савонаролы играет актёр Франческо Монтанари.
 «Джироламо Савонарола» / Girolamo Savonarola (2011) — (реж. Алессандра Джиганте / Alessandra Gigante) — документальный фильм

В компьютерных играх
 В видеоигре «Assassin's Creed II» Савонарола является одним из антагонистов, пользуется «Частицей Эдема» для установления диктатуры во Флоренции. Убит во время своего сожжения Эцио Аудиторе да Фиренце скрытым клинком. Также косвенно упоминается в видеоигре Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood.

Примечания

Литература

 Петров M. H. «Савонарола» (в «Очерках»)

 A. G. Rudelbach, «Hieronymus Savonarola und seine Zeit» (Гамб., 1835)

 F. K. Meier, «Girolamo S.» (Берл., 1836); K. Hase, «Neue Propheten» (Лпц., 1851, 1860)
 F. T. Perren, «Jérôme S., sa vie, ses prédications, sesécrits» (Пар., 1853)
 Madden R. R., «The life and martyrdom of Girolamo S.» (Л., 1854)
 С. Sickinger, «S., sein Leben und seine Zeit» (Вюрцбург, 1877)
 K. Clarck, «S., his life and times» (Л., 1878)
 Aquarone, «Vita di Fra Jeronimo S.» (Алесс., 1857)
 A. Cappeli, «Fra Girol. S.» (Модена, 1869)

Ссылки

 О поэтическом творчестве Д. Савонаролы

Христианские проповедники
Доминиканцы Италии
Аскеты
Церковные деятели XV века
Персоналии:Флорентийская республика
Отлучённые от церкви
Казнённые религиозные деятели
Казнённые философы
Повешенные в Италии
Казнённые в итальянских государствах в XV веке
Жертвы пыток
Выпускники Феррарского университета
Казнённые по приказу Папской области

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Vatican issues declaration on Church in Austria
Original from Zenit
It concerns, before anything else, the situation in the Diocese of Linz (Cathcon- you can say that again).
The Holy See has today, Tuesday, issued the following Declaration on the two meetings of Cardinal Schönborn and the three other Austrian Bishops which have taken place since yesterday, Monday, with Pope Benedict XVI. and with leading representatives of the Roman Curia in the Vatican. The new Apostolic Nuncio in Austria, Archbishop Peter Stephan Zurbriggen attended.
The Holy Father asked the shepherds, in particular, to attempt renewal by engaging in catechesis in the light of the Catechism the Catholic Church. Tomorrow, Wednesday, the summer session of the Austrian Bishops' Conference begins in Mariazell.
Cardinal Christoph Schoenborn
Archbishop of Vienna, Chairman of the Austrian Bishops' Conference
Archbishop Alois Kothgasser
Archbishop of Salzburg
Bishop Egon Kapellari
Bishop of Graz-Seckau, Vice Chairman of the Austrian Bishops' Conference
Bishop Ludwig Schwarz Bishop of Linz
Also present was:
Archbishop Peter Stephan Zurbriggen
Apostolic Nuncio to Austria
From the side of the Roman Curia:
Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re
Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops
Cardinal William Joseph Levada
Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Cardinal Claudio Hummes
Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy
Cardinal Zenon Grocholewski
Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education
Cardinal Stanisław Ryłko
President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity
At this meeting, genuine collegiality was identified and in a fraternal dialogue and in a constructive spirit some topics relating to the situation of the Diocese of Linz and the Church in Austria were discussed, solutions for current problems being addressed. The Holy Father recalled the urgency of deepening of faith, full fidelity to Vatican II and the Magisterium of the post-conciliar Church and the renewal of catechesis in the light of Catechism of the Catholic Church. Moreover, doctrinal and pastoral issues and issues pertaining to the situation of the clergy, the laity, the seminaries and Theological Faculties in Linz and in other dioceses in Austria were discussed.
The Austrian Bishops thanked the Holy Father for his paternal care and for this encounter, as a sign of his solidarity with the Church in Austria, and expressed to him their full communion and loyalty. The Austrian Bishops also thank the Roman Curia for the fruitful cooperation and for their readiness to assist in the matter.
Cathcon: Linz has got a very limited time to come to order or there will be an Apostolic Visitation, and a new Bishop.
Links From ChrisG 1 comment: Labels: Bishop Schwarz, Cardinal Schönborn, linz, St Peter
Linz Bishop to celebrate Mass
A second service for the unity of the Diocese is to take place on 21st June. This, unlike the last one, is to be a Mass- Cathcon suspects instructions from Rome as this has been released while the Bishop is away. Finally, the Bishop discovers that his celebration of the Eucharist is at the centre of Diocesan unity.
Caution: could be a diversionary tactic- it may be that Bishop Schwarz will no longer be the bishop by then!
Links From ChrisG No comments: Labels: Bishop Schwarz, linz
They did not know for He whom the bell tolled, it tolled also for the death of Catholicism
By long-tradition the muffled bell for the dead (used also for funerals) is rung at 3 pm on Friday from the Cathedral of Linz to commemorate the death of Our Lord
Links From ChrisG No comments: Labels: linz
Bishop Ludwig and the Donner Kebab Priests
More satire from Austria, showing that the Cardinal also finds the use of leavened bread acceptable.
Music from Ali and the Donner Kebab Boys
Links From ChrisG 3 comments: Labels: Bishop Schwarz, Cardinal Schönborn, linz
Bishop Fellay responds to threat of re-excommunications
ZENIT - Pius X Society: Restructuring of Ecclesia Dei Imminent
Bishop Fellay counters that the Society of St. Pius X already delayed subdiaconate ordinations in Regensburg earlier this year, and that he believes that the Vatican now "has no basic problems" with the upcoming priestly ordinations.
"We cannot just now say, 'stop breathing,'" he argues in defense of the society's continued administration of the sacraments. "We need to breathe. And, definitely, if the Pope was so good to take away the excommunications, that mean he doesn't want us now to die."
The society is planning to proceed with the ordinations, despite Bishop Fellay's concern that new excommunications could "jeopardize everything" and derail the society's discussions with the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Central to those talks will be the society's unambiguous condemnations of the Second Vatican Council, particularly in reference to the council's affirmations of religious liberty, ecumenism and the separation of Church and state.
The threat of excommunication used against the SSPX devalues its use against people who really are in need of excommunication.
They did not know for He whom the bell tolled, it ...
Bishop Fellay responds to threat of re-excommunica...


text:
package com.ys.tvnews.adapter;

import android.content.Context;
import android.support.v4.view.PagerAdapter;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.TextView;

/**
 * Created by sks on 2015/11/23.
 */
public class TitlePagerAdapter extends PagerAdapter{

    private String [] mTitles;
    private Context mContext;

    public TitlePagerAdapter(String mTitles[],Context mContext){
        this.mTitles = mTitles;
        this.mContext = mContext;
    }

    @Override
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        return mTitles[position];
    }

    @Override
    public int getCount() {
        return mTitles.length;
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    @Override
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        return view==object;
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    @Override
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        TextView tv_title = new TextView(mContext);
        tv_title.setText(mTitles[position]);
        container.addView(tv_title);
        return tv_title;
    }

    @Override
    public void destroyItem(ViewGroup container, int position, Object object) {
        container.removeView((View)object);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Certified cider flavour standard used to train professional tasters to recognize and scale the intensity of ethyl phenol character. Ethyl phenol is produced by contaminant Brettanomyces yeasts and sometimes by lactic acid bacteria. This compound imparts an unpleasant 'band-aid' note to cider, occasionally described as 'horse-like' or 'barnyard'. At low levels ethyl phenol contributes to product complexity.


Biopsychology is a branch of psychology that analyzes how the brain, neurotransmitters, and other aspects of our biology influence our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. This field of psychology is often referred to by a variety of names including biopsychology, physiological psychology, behavioral neuroscience, and psychobiology. Biopsychologists often look at how biological processes interact with emotions, cognitions, and other mental processes.
The field of biopsychology is related to several other areas, including comparative psychology and evolutionary psychology.
While biopsychology might seem like a fairly recent development thanks to the introduction of advanced tools and technology for examining the brain, the roots of the field date back thousands of years to the time of the early philosophers. While we now consider the mind and brain synonymous, philosophers and psychologists long debated what was known as the mind/body problem. In other words, philosophers and other thinkers wondered what the relationship was between the mental world and the physical world.
One important thing to remember is that it is only fairly recently in human history that people have come to understand the actual location of the mind. Aristotle, for example, taught that our thoughts and feelings arose from the heart. Greek thinkers such as Hippocrates and later Plato suggested that the brain was where the mind resides and that it served as the source of all thought and action.
Later thinkers such as Rene Descartes and Leonardo da Vinci introduced theories about how the nervous system operated. While these early theories were later proven wrong, they did establish the important idea that external stimulation could lead to muscle responses. It was Descartes who introduced the concept of the reflex, although later researchers demonstrated it was the spinal cord that played a critical role in these muscle responses.
Researchers also became interested in understanding how different parts of the brain controlled human behavior. One early attempt at understanding this led to the development of a pseudoscience known as phrenology. According to this view, certain human faculties could be linked to bumps and indentations of the brain which could be felt on the surface of the skull.
While phrenology became quite popular, it was also soon dismissed by other scientists. However, the idea that certain parts of the brain were responsible for certain functions played an important role in the development of future brain research.
The famous case of Phineas Gage, a railroad worker who suffered a devastating brain injury, also had an influence on our understanding of how damage to certain parts of the brain could impact behavior and functioning.
Since those early influences, researchers have continued to make important discoveries about how the brain works and the biological underpinnings of behavior. Research on evolution, the localization of brain function, neurons, and neurotransmitters have advanced our understanding of how biological processes impact thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
If you are interested in the field of biopsychology, then it is important to have an understanding of biological processes as well as basic anatomy and physiology. Three of the most important components to understand are the brain, the nervous system, and neurotransmitters.
The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The outermost part of the brain is known as the cerebral cortex. This portion of the brain is responsible for functioning in cognition, sensation, motor skills, and emotions.
Frontal Lobe: This portion of the brain is involved in motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language.
Occipital Lobe: This portion of the brain is involved in interpreting visual stimuli and information.
Parietal Lobe: This portion of the brain is involved in the processing of tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain as well as several other functions.
Temporal Lobe: This portion of the brain is involved in the interpretation of the sounds and language we hear, memory processing, as well as other functions.
The motor (efferent) division connecting the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.
The sensory (afferent) division carries all types of sensory information to the central nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system, which controls the "fight or flight" response. This reflex prepares the body to respond to danger in the environment.
The parasympathetic nervous system works to bring your body back to a state of rest and regulates processes such as digestion.
Also important in the field of biopsychology are the actions of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters carry information between neurons and enable chemical messages to be sent from one part of the body to the brain, and vice versa.
There are a variety of neurotransmitters that affect the body in different ways. For example, the neurotransmitter dopamine is involved in movement and learning. Excessive amounts of dopamine have been associated with psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, while too little dopamine is associated with Parkinson's disease. A biopsychologist might study the various neurotransmitters to determine their effects on human behavior.
If you are interested in a career in the area of biopsychology, then you have quite a few different options. Some who enter this type of field choose to work in research where they might work at a university, drug company, government agency, or other industry. Others choose to work with patients to help those who have experienced some type of brain damage or disease that has had an impact on their behavior and functioning.
Comparative Psychologist: Looks at the behaviors of different species and compares them to each other and to humans.
Evolutionary Psychologist: Examines the evolutionary bases of behavior.
Behavioral Neuroscientist: Analyzes how the brain, nervous system, and other organs impact behavior.
Neurologist: Treats patients with damage or disease that affects the brain and nervous system.
Cognitive Neuroscientist: Investigate brain activity and scans to research how people think, learn, and solve problems.
Biopsychology represents one of the important ways of thinking about psychology. This perspective in psychology has allowed researchers to gain a greater understanding of how the brain and nervous system influence human behavior.
By studying normal brain functioning as well as how brain disease and injury influence behaviors, feelings, and thoughts, researchers are able to come up with new ways of treating potential problems that might arise.
Kalat, JW. Biological Psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2013.
Klein, SB & Thorne, BM. Biological Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers; 2007.


text:
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Source: allthingsbabynames.com
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Source: appellationmountain.net
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Source: motherandbaby.co.uk
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Source: namestories.com
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Children's Books /
Juvenile Fiction /
Historical /
United States / 19th Century /
Little House on Rocky Ridge
By Roger Macbridge
Pioneer for a New Century
Meet Rose Wilder, Laura Ingalls Wilder's daughter, and the last of the Little House girls.
Rose and her parents, Laura and Almanzo, say good-bye to Ma and Pa Ingalls and Laura's sisters. In a covered wagon containing all their possessions, they make their way across the drought-stricken Midwest to the lush green valleys of southern Missouri. The journey is long and not always easy, but at the end is the promise of a new home and a new life for the Wilders.
Little House on Rocky Ridge is the first book in The Rose Years, an ongoing series about another spirited girl from America's most beloved pioneer family.
100 Favorite Paperbacks 1994 (IRA/CBC)
Want it in two business days? Order by 7/16/2019 2:00:00 PM and choose Overnight shipping at checkout. Ships from a Cokesbury Connect Partner.
Manufacturer: Harpercollins
Language of Text: English
UMPH: 473110
Author: Roger Macbridge


text:
Editorial Articles >
Destiny's Sword – Interview with Ken Hall
by Jason Parker
@IshyJulu
Destiny's Sword is an upcoming tactical strategy RPG with a serious focus on mental health, which is pretty ground-breaking. This is an important topic, especially in the military world. Combat takes a very real toll on people's mental health, and it is not always discussed/handled in a positive way. I recently spoke with Ken Hall of 2Dog Games about Destiny's Sword and it's focused on Mental Health. It's an important topic, and it feels to me like they've broached it in a positive way, so I'm very excited to see what comes of the game. They have also officially begun their Kickstarter, which is linked below.
Jason: Mental health and mental illness are very important issues, and are seldom addressed in games in a healthy manner. What inspired you guys to focus on this topic?
Ken: Back in the early 2000s, I made the award-winning flight sim B-17 Flying Fortress: the Mighty 8th. Part of my role on the project was to liaise with the veterans and research their experiences. It became obvious early on that most of the books and films about the war only talked about the few seconds per mission when the crews were pulling the triggers. They were not exploring how the men kept themselves and each other going in a foreign theatre for years on end, or how they got back onto the aircraft after getting wounded or losing their friends.
Inspired by these stories, I went on to compile an audiobook of the experiences of British Sherman tank veterans from World War II. During the course of interviewing these gentlemen in their 80s, I learned that some of them still woke up on their bedroom floors in terror, "trying to get out of their burning tanks". The scars of combat and trauma can last a lifetime, and as a team, we felt that our entertainment should do a better job of depicting these long term effects. In Destiny's Sword, we saw an opportunity to explore some of these consequences in a way that raises the profile of mental health for everyone.
Jason: The experiences your characters have in battle will take a toll on their overall mental health, which I think is interesting. Does this mental health toll vary depending on how you perform in combat?
Ken: Winning and losing will affect your troops' morale, but bigger factors will be things like seeing a teammate get injured, and the players' choice of action/inaction during combat.
Each character has a unique personality that will influence the way they perceive their experiences, so two different characters may not feel the same way about a certain event. Finally, a character's personality, combined with their previous experiences, can make them either more vulnerable or more resilient to various stresses. This means that in Destiny's Sword, prevention can be worth more than the cure!
Jason: What sort of research into PTSD/military mental health issues did your team look into over the course of development?
Ken: It's really important to us that we contribute positively to the conversation around mental health, so we wanted to make sure we avoided dealing with these conditions in a stereotypical fashion. We're working closely with the clinical psychology team from Take This (a games based mental health charity) along with veterans from Spartan Wellness and Soldier On (two veterans support organizations). We've also worked with the Alda Communication Training team, who are helping us to improve our ability to generate emotional engagement with our characters and develop empathy for their conditions.
Jason: Since players are rewarded for empathic choices, instead of being penalized for their mistakes in social interaction, what happens to a character if they constantly pick negative choices (if those are an option at all)?
Ken: We felt we had to allow players to make mistakes, to give them a chance to learn and choose the right path, rather than simply being led down it. If a player continues to make negative choices, they will not progress as quickly and their team will not perform as well. This is never an unrecoverable situation, and winning is not the be-all and end-all of the game, but the more a player learns how to help their characters, the more success they are likely to have.
Jason: What sorts of challenges did your team come across while developing Destiny's Sword, combining the need for mental health awareness combined with a tactical combat game?
Ken: As a small indie studio, we have a limited budget and have to start with a narrow scope, but we will continue to broaden the game throughout its future development. Although we deal with some serious issues, Destiny's Sword is a game first, and that means we want it to be fun. Many daily events for characters are positive experiences, and players are rewarded for empathic interactions with their characters and other players, rather than penalized for their mistakes. This provides a safe and fun environment to learn and develop useful communication and management strategies.
We also wanted to make sure we weren't adding to the stigma that all mental health issues are major psychotic breaks, or that those suffering are unstable or dangerous. Most of the time in Destiny's Sword, mental health is just something you help your team manage, as their equipment or ammunition. It doesn't define them, you just have to take it into account.
Jason: What message do you hope players pick up while playing Destiny's Sword?
Ken: There are two takeaways that we really want players to pick up on. The first is that we all suffer from some aspect of mental health from time to time. It's nothing to be ashamed of, it's not a sign of weakness, and it's important to reach out for help when we need it. The second takeaway is that the single most important factor for building resilience and supporting recovery is the community. Simply put, we're stronger together. We want our players to develop successful strategies for positive social interaction and inclusion.
Jason: What sort of expertise in the mental health field do you have on your team, and will they continue to play a role after Destiny's Sword goes live?
Ken: See #3 and absolutely!
Kickstarter Link
#DestinysSword
#MentalHealth
#MentalHealthAwareness
FreeStyle 2 Celebrates 5-Year Anniversary with Massive Update
New Esports League, World Showdown of Esports is Coming
WSOE will feature fight card-style matches, showcasing the best games, players, and teams from around the globe.
by Ragachak
New expansion announced for Jade Dynasty
New map and bonus experience in FreeJack
Onmyoji Gets Ready for Massive First Anniversary Celebration
New World Developer Interview with Gameplay
Skyforge Alchemist Gameplay Trailer


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VIDEO SPECIAL: Arsenal's £100m mega budget, Man United for Fabregas, Lallana to Liverpool
BARCELONA are willing to flog Cesc Fabregas, Arsene Wenger has £100m to spend while Dejan Lovren is coy on a LIverpool move. Here's the latest from the Starsport Transfer Zone.
Barcelona have put star midfielder Cesc Fabregas up for sale.
Manchester United are interested in the £45m man, who could also alert Arsene Wenger.
Fabregas is one of SEVEN players Barca are willing to let go.
Arsenal and Liverpool are set for a transfer dogfight over Manchester City midfielder James Milner.
He is valued at around £10m and has interested Wenger, who has £100m to spend on fresh blood.
Dejan Lovren claims he is happy at Southampton despite alleged interest from Liverpool.
Elsewhere at Saints, Adam Lallana forked out £50,000 for his stag do - then didn't turn up!
He has been linked with a move to Liveprool
Carlos Vela believes it would be stupid for Arsenal not to re-sign him.
The Mexican forward joined the Gunners in 2005 - but a work permit restrictions delayed his arrival until 2008.
Stoke boss Mark Hughes is hoping Liverpool's summer spending spree will open the door for Oussama Assaidi to join the Potters on a permanent basis.
Having helped Arsenal end their nine-year wait for a trophy on Saturday with the FA Cup win over Hull City, Sagna is set to join Premier League champions Manchester City.
The Citizens will offer the French defender a four-year contract worth at least £100,000-a-week to stave off interest from Chelsea.
The Gunners are also looking to move swiftly in the transfer market and are set to rival Liverpool for Swans frontman Bony.
Bony's outstanding debut season in England - netting 25 times - has made him one of this summer's hottest properties.
Liverpool are closing in on the signing of Bayer Leverkusen's versatile midfielder Emre Can.
Can is rated at £10m - but the Reds bid could be scuppered if Bayern Munich make a late move for the German U-21 international's signature.
Bayern hold a buy-back clause in the deal that took Can to Leverkusen last summer.
Thibaut Courtois admits he does not know if he will return to Chelsea.
The Belgium international stopper's loan spell at Atletico Madrid comes to end following the Champions League final with Real Madrid on May 24.
But Courtois has insisted his fture is far from decided.
Former Brighton manager Oscar Garcia is hoping to extend his stay on the south-coast - if Southampton boss Mauricio Pochettino departs for Tottenham.
Garcia left the Seagulls following the Championship play-off semi-final defeat to Derby County, but is eyeing a quick return to management, this time in the Premier League.
ShowbizChrissy Teigen reminds fan she lost baby as she's slammed for saying she 'has nothing'US model Chrissy Teigen was quick to correct a critic who had made incorrect assumptions on social media last weekend, reminding the Twitter user she recently lost her son Jack
McFly star Harry Judd's son, 3, rushed to A&E after bad reaction to booster vaccine
ShowbizMcFly star Harry Judd's wife Izzy rushed their three-year-old son Kit to the hospital after he had a reaction to his pre-school booster vaccine
TwitterThe bomb squad was called in after an eight-year-old found a hand grenade on Monday morning. Tyler Ball made the discovery while magnet fishing in the River Douglas, Wigan
Jamie Carragher fumed in Liverpool vs Man Utd at rule change which will cause injuries
Jamie CarragherManchester United were caught offside eight times during their goalless Premier League draw with Liverpool, though the linesmen often delayed putting their flag up


An introduction to data encryption and authentication in the modern age. The course covers both symmetric-key and asymmetric-key protocols. Topics may include block ciphers, pseudorandomness, message authentication codes, digital signatures, key distribution, and cryptanalysis. The course emphasizes mathematical rigor, including formal definitions of security goals and proofs of protocol security.


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Tag: skyrim
Tuesday 10: Top Dogs in Video Games
We already covered the best cats in video games, now it's man's best friend's turn with this fun list discussing the 10…
July 23, 2019 Jess Clayton-Berry
Feature Opinion
Tuesday 10: The Best Opening Sequences of Skyrim
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim is one of the most landmark titles in modern gaming. You'd be hard pressed to find a…
January 8, 2019 Robert Scarpinito
Opinion PC
A Defense of Skyrim: Or Why Revisionism Never Holds Up
If one were so inclined to visit the right internet forums, watch the right YouTube videos, or even listen to the right…
June 1, 2018 Jorge Van de Sompel
News PC
Bethesda Announces Skyrim VR for PC
Bethesda has announced that it will be bringing Skyrim VR to PC on April 3. As Bethesda has already released PC versions…
March 14, 2018 Shane Hasty
Game Music to Study By
Studying is a tedious but necessary activity. Accompanied by music, studying can be drastically less painful to complete. Music in video games…
November 25, 2017 Kianna O'Sullivan
T. J.'s Ten, Part 3
Closing in now on the final instalment, following are 4 through 2 of my top 10 favourite games. I hope you're all…
September 5, 2017 Joseph Tomlinson-Jones
Top 8 Games Where Choice is Everything
If you're into a game with rich story, where you aren't just running through the motions, but are rather having an impact…
August 10, 2016 melissagibbs
My Top 5 PS3 Games of all time.
With the eighth generation of gaming finally here, a lot of people are still not ready to let go of their PS3…
February 10, 2014 Anthony Dennis
News PC PS4
Dawnguard hits PC
Bethesda announced today at QuakeCon, that The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim expansion DawnGuard is now available for PC. The game's downloadable content…
August 3, 2012 Moises Garza
News PS4
Skyrim 1.7 coming to PS3 without Dawnguard DLC?
For all those who play Skyrim on PS3 there is good and bad news. Bethesda will be releasing the game's 1.7 for…
July 27, 2012 Moises Garza


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tonygibbs.org
Images, texts and recorded works by Tony Gibbs
Tony's blog
A line in the sand
by admin | posted in: Personal | 0
I retired from my permanent academic job some two years ago and so it is that the last student cohort that I admitted is now on the verge of departure. This milestone represents a final severing of links with this part of my past: the campus upon which I worked has closed, most of my former colleagues have moved on and the last of my former students is about to graduate. The circumstances of my departure were unhappy: it's hard to feel good at the sight of everything that one has created over the last years being swept aside and discarded by a management that has no meaningful concern for academic or personal matters. Just don't get me started………. ! However, that's how things were and it would be untrue if I were to say that I hadn't been left with a persistent and unpleasant taste in my mouth as a result.
There comes a time, however, when one has somehow to move on and, for me, that time has come. I visited their last Degree Show yesterday and felt oddly disconnected from both the work and its creators: a sign, perhaps, that the wrench of departure had largely dissipated and that, knowingly or not, I had come to accept the reality and immutability of my personal and professional history. Change happens, inexorably and irreversibly and no amount of nostalgia nor supply of "if onlies" will serve to stem its flow. Any sense of rejection and despair at the old must move over to make way for the new, whatever it may bring. This is a clumsy way of saying that one must choose to relinquish the memories of what has gone before if one is to be able to assimilate those of what is to come. We have, it seems, a finite emotional carrying capacity and may be thankful that the process seems to be largely automatic save perhaps in cases of extreme trauma.
But how does this self-regulation work? How do we know – subconsciously or otherwise – that we are reaching capacity and that, like an email mailbox, new things will be bounced back to source if space isn't made by deleting old stuff? It seems almost as if each individual is able to sense their situation and apply an internal mechanism that clears old issues away to make space available for new ones. Fashionably, we refer to this as "achieving closure" but this, I think, confers too much credit upon our conscious selves for competent self-management. The process is rarely so clear cut or so deliberate nor, even, are we often aware of it any more than we are aware of the relief of a headache by an aspirin – we suddenly notice the absence of pain rather than noticing the moment of its cessation.
As far as I know, there's nothing in neuroanatomy that allows us to measure emotional storage capacity although common sense suggests that it can't be infinite. Against this we must put the performance of memory savants whose recall (and hence, one assumes) capacity appears huge compared to most of us. Is it even possible to conceive of a means of measurement when science seems to broadly suggest that memories are diffusely located or possibly not located at all in a physical sense. If this is so, we might postulate that memory is an emergent property of the system that is run on the hardware of our brains. On the face of things, a reasonable enough analogy perhaps but, if it's a real one, then memory cannot logically be emergent since it has to be inputted into the sytem in order to be recalled at a later date.
Given that we know so little that is certain about these processes, it seems paradoxical that we still feel so strongly the imperative to delete information in the form of emotional memories in order to make way for new ones. After all, this doesn't apply to information in general: old facts are not deleted to be replaced by new ones and the sum total of our knowledge increases over our lifetimes. Why should it be different for non-factual memory?
In any event, despite being unable to unravel the mechanism by which this all happens, I remain conscious of its reality and neccessity. And yes, whatever I've said in the past, it's now time to move on.
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Yakima Symphony – Friday, February 1 at 7 p.m. at the Wallenstien Theater. The Yakima Symphony Orchestra, now in its 48th season, will present a program from its National Heroes season, which celebrates leadership, independence and heroism through music, including the Second Symphony by Jean Sibelius, the overture "My Homeland" by Antonin Dvořák and is joined by Ellensburg cellist John Michel for the Cello Concerto No. 1 by French composer Camille Saint-Saëns. Click to purchase tickets.
Snow White & The Seven Dwarfs – The Missoula Children's Theatre presents SNOW WHITE & THE SEVEN DWARFS, an original adaptation of the classic fairy tale. A young princess named Show White finds herself in peril when her step-mother, the Queen, is told by her Magic Mirror that the princess is fairer than she! Aided by her two Henchmen and a band of evil Bats, the Queen plots to get rid of Snow White. Snow White escapes from the Queen and from the Black Forest Creatures with help from Witless the Woodsman, and finds a home with the Seven Dwarfs. When the Queen learns of Snow White's whereabouts, she attempts to poison Snow White. But, the Queen's evil plans are thwarted when Snow White's fearless Forest Friends, her father King Backwards, the Seven Dwarfs and the Prince come to her rescue.
Rainbow Dance Theatre – Friday, March 1 at 7 p.m. at the Wallenstien Theater. Rainbow Dance Theatre (RDT) transforms the concert stage into a world of mystery, pathos and humor by incorporating motion tracking technology that respond to the dancers in real-time during the performance. iLumiDance explores the interplay of light and motion to create striking images of the procession of literal and metaphorical life from its origins with the big bang, through the evolution of single-celled to multi-celled to increasingly complex organisms. RDT will provide extensive culturally exciting and STEM outreach in our schools. Columbia Basin Allied Arts looks forward to peeking into the future collaborative possibilities between technology and the arts with you! Click here to purchase tickets.


Prim Perfect Jigsaw: Merry Christmas from All of Us!
Today's jigsaw is a Christmas message from all of us – that's Prim Perfect, Designing Worlds, Happy Hunting, Metaverse Arts, The Primgraph blog and, of course, The Blackened Mirror.
May the joy and peaceful hopes of the season touch all of your lives.
And we hope you will be joining us on another New Year of an exciting journey!
Christmas Greetings from us all!


My name is Ahmad Syahir. I am a real estate negotiator and producing agent in the Shah Alam and KlangValley area. I live in section 13, Shah Alam since 2016 with my wife and 2 wonderful children.
My wife is also a real estate negotiator. We enjoy the people, seasons, culture and many outdoor activities available to us. In my practice of real estate I am well known for great customer service, consistent communication, strong attention to detail and ensuring a positive experience for all parties in a transaction: buyers, sellers, cooperating agents.
Many other agents I have worked with do not share my same paradigm which has made it a priority for me to ensure a better way. My approach to any transaction is this, it is about the people, not the agent.


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"Our Curse" Wins in Lisbon
Nasza klątwa (Our Curse), a documentary film directed by Tomasz Śliwiński and co-financed by the Polish Film Institute, received the audience award at the 11th Indielisboa Film Festival in Portugal.
"The Domino Effect" Awarded
Efekt domina (The Domino Effect), a feature documentary directed by Elwira Niewiera and Piotr Rosołowski and co-financed by the Polish Film Institute, received the Interreligious Prize at the Visions du Réel festival in Nyon, Switzerland.
Eliza Kubarska's Film Awarded at Hot Docs
Badjao. Duchy z morza (Walking Under Water), a film directed by Eliza Kubarska and co-financed by the Polish Film Institute, received the Special Jury Prize at the 21st Hot Docs festival in Toronto, Canada - one of the world's most prestigious and North America's largest documentary film festival.
"Warsaw Uprising" supported by the Polish Film Institute in Cinemas
Powstanie warszawskie (Warsaw Uprising), the world's first non-fiction drama, will be released in cinemas across Poland on May 9, 2014. The film has received support from the Polish Film Institute.
"Papusza" Awarded in Uruguay
Papusza by Joanna Kos-Krauze and Krzysztof Krauze has received another festival award. Papusza, co-financed by the Polish Film Institute, received the ACCU/FIPRESCI Award for Best Foreign Film at the 32nd Uruguay International Film Festival.
"Violated Letters" in Japanese Cinemas
Cudze listy (Violated Letters), a film directed by Maciej Drygas, will screen in Tokyo's Iwanami Hall from May 19 through May 30. The Tokyo screenings will be followed by screenings in Nagoi and Osaka. The film was co-financed by the Polish Film Institute.
20th Polish Film Spring in Budapest
The 20th edition of the Polish Film Spring runs in Budapest from April 24 through April 30, 2014. Organized by the Polish Institute, the Polish Film Spring is the oldest event of its type in Hungary.
12th Kinoteka Polish Film Festival
The twelfth edition of the Kinoteka Polish Film Festival runs from April 24 through May 30 in London. The festival is co-financed by the Polish Film Institute.
M. Pokromski - Producer on the Move
Polish producer Mikołaj Pokromski has been selected to participate in this year's 'Producers on the Move' programme, which runs from May 17 through May 19, 2014 during the 67th edition of the Cannes International Film Festival.
Stanley Kubrick in Krakow
An exhibition about the life and work of Stanley Kubrick will be on display from May 4 through September 14, 2014 at the National Museum in Krakow. The Polish edition of this exhibition has been co-financed by the Polish Film Institute.
"Papusza" Awarded in Istanbul
Papusza, a film by Joanna Kos-Krauze and Krzysztof Krauze, received the Special Jury Prize at the 33rd Istanbul International Film Festival. The film was co-financed by the Polish Film Institute.
Interview with Agnieszka Odorowicz
2015 will mark the 10th anniversary of establishing the Polish Film Institute. Agnieszka Odorowicz, who's been at the head of PFI since the beginning, spoke to Film New Europe about some of the major achievements of the Polish Film Institute.
Happy Easter from the Polish Film Institute.
"Ida" Wins 2014 goEast
"Field of Dogs" in Italian Cinemas
Psie Pole (Field of Dogs), a film directed by Lech Majewski and co-financed by the Polish Film Institute, was released in Italian cinemas on April 17, 2014.
"Ida" Awarded in Sarasota
"Gabriel" Wins in India
Gabriel, a family film directed by Mikołaj Haremski and co-financed by the Polish Film Institute, received the award for Best Film at the CMS International Children's Film Festival in India.
"Królowa Pik" at 2014 DOK.Incubator
The final selection of this year's DOK.Incubator documentary workshop has been announced. One of the projects developed within the workshop will be a Polish film entitled Królowa Pik (The Queen of Spades), directed by Agnieszka Zwiefka. The film is co-financed by the Polish Film Institute.
Bollywood Film Shooting in Warsaw
Warsaw proved to be better a better location than London; on April 11, the city saw the first day of shooting on Kick, a major Bollywood production.
France: "The Congress" DVD Release
The Congress, a film directed by Ari Folman and co-financed by the Polish Film Institute, was released on DVD and blu-ray in France on April 8, 2014.
Polish Films at 2014 Visions du Réel
Several Polish documentary films will screen at the Visions du Réel International Documentary Film Festival in Nyon, Switzerland. The festival runs from April 25 through May 3, 2014.


One of the responsibilities of Marketing and Product Management is strengthening our brands: Our Signia, A&M, and Rexton brands at the 2017 EUHA in Nuremberg, Germany.
Will hearing aids ever become a life-style product?
If answering this question interests you, then you might want to join our Global Marketing and Brand Management team and help us drive adoption of hearing care solutions worldwide! Our employees are intrigued by this idea and work tirelessly to influence the answer to that question.
Make a difference with us by uncovering deep consumer and customer insights that serve as a basis for visionary upstream and downstream marketing plans. By meticulously executing on those plans across markets and fully leveraging digital marketing tactics, you will impact people's lives while strengthening our brands and driving profitable growth!


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Politics|G.O.P. Senators See an Upside in a Problematic Issue: Abortion
https://nyti.ms/1aPvBZD
G.O.P. Senators See an Upside in a Problematic Issue: Abortion
By Jeremy W. Peters
WASHINGTON — It reads like a who's who of the next generation of Republican Party leaders: Marco Rubio, Ted Cruz, Rob Portman.
But what is bringing all these marquee political names together is not the Iowa State Fair or a Tea Party rally on the National Mall. Rather, they are all talking discreetly about how to advance a bill in the Senate to ban abortion at 20 weeks after fertilization.
A similar ban passed the House last month, and Senate Democrats quickly pronounced it doomed to fail in their chamber. It is almost certain to be defeated there, and even if it were not, President Obama would veto it. But backers of the ban are eager to bring to the floor of the Senate the same impassioned debate over abortion that has been taking place in state legislatures around the country.
Plans under discussion among the staff members of a handful of Republican senators and anti-abortion groups would involve bringing the measure up for a vote, probably as part of debate over a spending measure, sometime after Congress returns from its August recess. Because of the Senate's porous rules for introducing amendments, people on both sides of the issue say they believe a vote is more than likely if the legislation comes together.
"I think there's significant support across the country for the idea that after 20 weeks, abortion should be significantly limited," said Mr. Rubio, who has taken a leading role in trying to generate support for the bill. "Irrespective of how people may feel about the issue," he added, "we're talking about five months into a pregnancy. People certainly feel there should be significant restrictions on that."
Republicans are hardly unanimous about the wisdom of entangling themselves in a national battle over abortion rights; many believe that the party should remain focused on addressing economic issues and fighting Mr. Obama's health care overhaul.
"I'm focused on energy, the economy and what's happening with the president's health care law," said Senator John Barrasso of Wyoming, a member of the Republican leadership. Asked whether he thought abortion was a distraction for his party, he stuck to a popular Republican refrain: "I'm completely focused on jobs, the economy, the health care law."
Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, right, whose state banned abortion after 20 weeks of pregnancy, is seeking a similar Senate vote.Credit...Christopher Gregory/The New York Times
Democrats, meanwhile, are wary of the damage that a "no" vote on second-trimester abortion restrictions could inflict on some of their more vulnerable senators up for re-election in 2014, particularly in Arkansas, Louisiana and North Carolina, where legislatures have recently imposed strict limits. On Friday, the governor of North Carolina said he would sign into law new regulations on abortion clinics.
"Look, I've taken a lot of tough votes," said Senator Mary L. Landrieu, Democrat of Louisiana, who added that she doubted she could support a ban at 20 weeks. "That's what I'm here for, to take votes. And if we have to take it, we take it."
The success of new limits on when, how and where abortions can be done has invigorated the Republican base like few other issues this year. Because of such intensity, anti-abortion groups say they have found interest among the newer generation of Republican senators, especially those seeking to build up, or in some cases repair, their standing with conservative voters.
Some see even broader appeal. Though the issue of reproductive rights has been problematic for Republicans — who have been embarrassed by comments like those of Todd Akin, the Missouri Senate candidate who said that women's bodies blocked pregnancy in cases of rape — those supporting 20-week bans say the dynamics of this debate are less alienating to swing voters than fights over contraception.
And some conservatives see this as the only winning social issue they have left in their political arsenal. Unlike same-sex marriage, which has steadily gained support, recent polls have shown that the public believes that abortions later in pregnancy should be restricted. A Washington Post-ABC News poll last week found that 56 percent of Americans said they would prefer to impose limits on abortions after 20 weeks rather than the 24-week standard established by the Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade.
Anti-abortion activists said that after the recently approved House measure and success in states like Texas, which approved a 20-week ban this month, they saw an opportunity they could not pass up.
"We really thought it was a moment to be very ambitious," said Marjorie Dannenfelser, the president of the Susan B. Anthony List, one of the groups pushing for the Senate to take up the 20-week ban.
Abortion rights groups say the real goal of these laws, all of which challenge Supreme Court precedent, is to get another case before the court in the hopes that the justices will further restrict abortion rights. "These bills are not happenstance," said Donna Crane, policy director of Naral Pro-Choice America. "These bills are a calculated, cold strategy."
Mr. Cruz of Texas, for his part, is trying to build a larger following among Republicans beyond his home state. He visited Iowa last weekend to meet with evangelical pastors and other members of the state's conservative establishment. Joining him was Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky, who has also expressed interest in signing onto a 20-week bill, according to Ms. Dannenfelser and a spokeswoman for the senator.
Mr. Rubio of Florida, who has been discussing for months how to introduce this issue into the Senate, is also eager to raise his national profile. But he must first overcome some of the doubts conservatives have about him for his pivotal role in helping the Senate pass an immigration bill with a provision to eventually grant citizenship to immigrants here illegally.
Mr. Portman of Ohio, who was on Mitt Romney's short list to become the Republican vice-presidential nominee last year and who has told his colleagues that he would like to be deeply involved in the 20-week legislation, is trying to rebuild conservative support that he lost back home in March after he spoke out in favor of same-sex marriage. (One Republican who saw internal poll numbers after Mr. Portman's announcement said the senator's unfavorable ratings jumped by double digits and were especially high in the southern part of Ohio, where his core support is.)
Drafting a bill, however, will require conservatives to resolve a fundamental disagreement: how to find constitutional justification for a nationwide ban despite their reservations about giving the government broad regulatory powers.
This has been especially challenging for Senator Mike Lee of Utah, one of the Senate's leading anti-abortion voices. He strongly opposes a bill that uses as its legal rationale the commerce clause of the Constitution, which many conservatives consider a violation of their principles.
Some in the Republican leadership express similar doubts, including Senator John Cornyn of Texas, the No. 2 leader. He said he supported the 20-week ban that passed in his home state this month, but added: "I think that this can adequately be taken care of at the state level. And so there may not be a need for the federal government to get involved."
Then there is the issue of how new abortion regulations might be perceived among women. So far, none of the four Republican women in the Senate have stepped forward to get involved.
Senator Deb Fischer of Nebraska, who has a solidly anti-abortion voting record, said, "I'm focused on a lot of other issues now."
Senator Lisa Murkowski of Alaska said, "It's not something that is really on my priority list."


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Lorenzo Sonego era il detentore del titolo, ma ha deciso di non partecipare a questa edizione.

In finale Alex De Minaur ha avuto la meglio su Aleksandr Bublik che si è ritirato sul punteggio di 2-0.

Teste di serie
Le prime quattro teste di serie hanno ricevuto un bye per il secondo turno.

  Matteo Berrettini (quarti di finale)
  David Goffin (semifinale)
  Fabio Fognini (secondo turno)
  Alex De Minaur (campione)

 Jan-Lennard Struff (quarti di finale)
 Nikoloz Basilašvili (quarti di finale)
 Miomir Kecmanović (primo turno)
 Aleksandr Bublik (finale, ritirato)

Wildcard

  Altuğ Çelikbilek (secondo turno)
  Marsel İlhan (primo turno)

 Ergi Kırkın (primo turno)

Qualificati

  Adrian Andreev (secondo turno)
  Matthias Bachinger (primo turno, ritirato)
  Pavel Kotov (primo turno)

 Dimitar Kuzmanov (secondo turno)
 Alex Molčan (primo turno)
 Michael Vrbenský (primo turno)

Tabellone

Parte finale

Parte alta

Parte bassa

Collegamenti esterni

Antalya Open 2021