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Exhibition & Workshop
AMaterials for energy storage, production & harvesting applications (ENERGY STORAGE )
BScanning probe microscopy for energy applications (ENERGY STORAGE )
CMultifunctionality of metal hydrides for energy storage – developments and perspectives (ENERGY STORAGE )
DAdvanced composite materials: new production technologies, unique properties, new applications (SPECIAL MATERIALS)
EBasic research on ionic-covalent materials for nuclear applications (SPECIAL MATERIALS)
FSpintronics in semiconductors, 2D materials and topological insulators (SPECIAL MATERIALS)
GPerovskite solar cells (SPECIAL MATERIALS)
HEnergy & functional materials: high pressure, high temperature synthesis & characterization (SPECIAL MATERIALS)
ISolutions for critical raw materials under extreme conditions (SPECIAL MATERIALS)
JManipulation of functional properties of the layered materials and their characterization (SPECIAL MATERIALS)
KTopological materials and disorder: vital or fatal? (SPECIAL MATERIALS)
LIntegration, metrology and technology CAD co-development for sub-10nm technology nodes (MATERIALS AND DEVICES)
MMaterial and device integration on silicon for advanced applications (MATERIALS AND DEVICES)
NAdvanced oxide materials – growth, characterization and applications (MATERIALS AND DEVICES)
ODiamond for electronic devices II (MATERIALS AND DEVICES)
PGroup III-Nitrides: fundamental research, optoelectronic devices and sensors (MATERIALS AND DEVICES)
QSynchrotron radiation and atomic layer deposition for advanced materials (MATERIALS AND DEVICES)
RNIR optoelectronics – organic semiconductors and devices (MATERIALS AND DEVICES)
SMaterials- nanoelectronics & -nanophotonics (BIO- AND NANO MATERIALS )
TSilicon, Germanium, Diamond and Carbon nanostructures and their nanocomposites with other materials (BIO- AND NANO MATERIALS )
UEngineering surfaces to control and elucidate cellular response (BIO- AND NANO MATERIALS )
VNanocarbon electrochemistry and interfaces II (BIO- AND NANO MATERIALS )
WStress, structure, and stoichiometry effects on the properties of nanomaterials IV (BIO- AND NANO MATERIALS )
2017 Fall Meeting
Integration, metrology and technology CAD co-development for sub-10nm technology nodes
As scaling is progressing towards future technology nodes, the microelectronics world is experiencing a revolution with the introduction of new materials and architectures to tackle miniaturization, power consumption and processing speed challenges. Key element towards successful integration of these new devices is the availability of properly calibrated TCAD tools.
Scaling towards sub-10nm technology nodes (N7, N5,...) is involving intensive research on the introduction of new materials (Ge, III-V, graphene,...) and device architectures (FinFETs, GAA-FETs, thin-film FETs,.). The more complex underlying physics and the exponential increase of technological options is leading to growing integration challenges, and hence to growing need for TCAD (Technology Computer Aided Design) simulations.
In order to model properly the complex mechanisms involved and to allow a prospective work, TCAD simulations (and in particular process simulations) have to be properly calibrated. Hence the development of TCAD tools is intimately linked with the development of advanced metrology solutions to calibrate them. In particular, there is a need for 2D/3D dopant and/or carrier profiling technique with nanometer resolution. Several techniques are now emerging (Electrical AFM, Atom Probe or Electron Holography, TOFSIMS, s-SNOM, TEM,...) which hold the promise to provide (some) information for these materials and structures with the required depth and/or 2D and 3D resolution.
The aim of this symposium is double. Firstly it envisions to gather scientists and engineers (in academic and industrial environments) working on the integration challenges for new devices, as for instance the introduction of new high mobility channel materials (III-V and Ge), thin-body (ultra-thin SOI, double or tri-gate multi-gates, nanowires) and vertical gate-all-around device architectures, novel contact and doping techniques for low access resistance, etc.
Secondly it aims to bring together scientists working on the various aspects of metrology and TCAD to discuss recent progresses in advanced metrology, innovative solutions on the utilization of physical simulations (ab-initio, molecular dynamics, lattice/on-lattice kinetic Monte Carlo as well as partial differential equations) to replace experiments and facilitate the rapid development of new devices, etc.
This symposium therefore represents the ideal place to discuss the most recent integration, metrology and TCAD developments, as well as the fundamental understandings that can be gained thanks to characterization and modeling of these structures and materials.
Integration challenges towards N7 and N5 (epitaxial growth, impact of defects, high mobility materials, scaling limits, novel contact and doping techniques).
Recent developments in electrical and chemical mapping of materials at nanoscale (KPFM, SCM, C-AFM, SSRM, APT, TOFSIMS, SIMS) as well as optical measurements (µRaman, s-SNOM) and TEM related methods (HRTEM, EFTEM, CBED, EELS, E-holo, E-tomo).
Characterization of inorganic semiconductors materials (III-V, Ge, wide bandgap materials) and advanced devices (FinFET, T-FET, GAA-FETs, thin-film FETs).
TCAD simulations on devices presenting new architectures and new materials.
Calibration of TCAD simulators based on metrology results
List of invited speakers:
Lorenzo Rigutti (Université de Rouen): "Correlative Microscopy based on Atom Probe Tomography for the investigation of nanoscale functional features in semiconductor devices"
Slawomir Prucnal (HZDR,Dresden): "Strategies for high doping of Ge"
Georges Bremond (INSA, Lyon) : "Review of SPM techniques for the 2D and 3D electrical and chemical characterization of inorganic semiconductors (Si, Ge and III-V) and devices at the nm-scale"
Christoph Zechner (Synopsys Zurich) "Multi-scale modeling of doping processes in advanced semiconductor devices"
Tentative list of scientific committee members:
Stefan Lányi, Institute of Physics, SAS – Slovakia
R. Hillebrand, NanoGune
Andreas Schenk (ETH)
Cristoph Jungemann (Aachen)
Nick Cowern (Newcastle)
Gerhard Hobler (TU Wien)
We have made a special arrangement with the Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology (www.BJNANO.org) to collect selected works related to this topic as a thematic series (special issue). All submissions will undergo a standard peer-review process and publications will be collected together as they are published. This is a unique opportunity to publish your original research as a review article, research article or letter in an open access platform, without any costs for submission. BJNANO is a Q1 physics/materials science journal with a 2016 JIF of 3.1. The Beilstein-Institut fully supports this 100% non-profit journal. Please see the instructions sent to you via email regarding how to submit.
TCAD in advanced semiconductor devices : Narciso Gambacorti
Multi-scale modeling of doping processes in advanced semiconductor devices
Authors : Christoph Zechner (1), Yong-Seog Oh (2), Ignacio Martin-Bragado (2), Nikolas Zographos (3)
Affiliations : (1)	Synopsys GmbH, Karl-Hammerschmid Str. 34, 85609 Aschheim, Germany (2)	Synopsys Inc., 690 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View CA 9403, USA (3)	Synopsys Switzerland LLC, Thurgauerstr. 40, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
Resume : The development and optimization of advanced semiconductor devices relies on technology computer-aided design. Front-end process simulators model the fabrication of devices including different process steps, like ion implantation, epitaxial growth, thermal annealing, and others. Process models describe phenomena such as defect formation, dopant and defect diffusion and interaction, mechanical stress, or facet formation during epitaxy. Continuum process simulators continue to be the main tool. Non-lattice and lattice kinetic Monte Carlo simulations have become important, too, and are often combined with continuum simulation. Some defect phenomena can best be addressed with molecular dynamics. For new materials and materials under high strain, ab-initio calculations based on density functional theory, driven by tools that automatize the extraction and interpretation of results, can provide model parameters which are difficult or impossible to measure. Fundamental modeling with molecular dynamics and density functional theory benefits from ever-faster computers and from new software which supports the simulation setup and extraction of results for typical needs in process simulation. To meet the accuracy demands in applied process modeling, all levels of a multi-scale simulation flow are subject to calibration against suitable benchmark data. In this talk, we give an overview of a multi-scale approach for advanced process modeling and present examples from the latest progress.
Propagation Delay Characteristics of Sub-10nm Gate-All-Around Nanowire MOSFET Inverters
Authors : Sutae Kim1) 2), Minsuk Kim1), Sola Woo1), Hyungu Kang1), and Sangsig Kim1)
Affiliations : 1) School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; 2) Logic TD Team, Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Hwasung, Gyeonggi-do, 445-701, Republic of Korea
Resume : Gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire (NW) MOSFETs have been considered to be one of the most promising candidates for next-generation CMOS devices beyond FinFETs due to their superior electrostatic channel control at sub-10nm technology nodes. Recently, GAA NW MOSFETs with vertically stacked multiple NWs have been demonstrated to maximize the drive current per footprint. However, the gate intrinsic capacitance increases as the number of stacked NWs increases, resulting in the aggravation of the intrinsic device gate delay. Hence, we investigated the transient characteristics of inverter circuits depending on the number of their stacked NWs using a device simulator (Sentaurus TCAD, L_2016.03). In this study, the propagation delay times of inverter circuits with single-/double-/triple-NWs for both n-MOS and p-MOS based on 3-D structure have been simulated. The inverters include the additional load capacitance at the output node for transient analysis. In our study, an inverter circuit with triple-NWs exhibits the shorter delay time by 46%, compared to an inverter circuit with a single-NW. The reason for this is that the delay time is dominated by the drive current since the gate intrinsic capacitance becomes negligible. The added load capacitance is ~100 times larger than the gate intrinsic capacitance. This results show an alternative to improve the timing behavior of inverters while maintaining the maximum drive current in multiple stacked NWs by adding the optimal load capacitance.
Vacancies and self-interstitials in SiGe, Si, and Ge: TCAD model parameters determined with density functional theory
Authors : Christoph Zechner (1), Yumi Park (2), Kyuho Lee (3), Yong-Seog Oh (3), Hojin Kim(2), El Mehdi Bazizi(2), Francis Benistant(4)
Affiliations : (1)	Synopsys GmbH, Karl-Hammerschmid Str. 34, 85609 Aschheim, Germany (2)	GLOBALFOUNDRIES, 400 Stone Break Rd Extension, Malta, NY 12020, USA (3)	Synopsys Inc., 690 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View CA 9403, USA (4)	GLOBALFOUNDRIES, 60 Woodlands Industrial Park D Street 2, Singapore 738406
Resume : Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to determine properties of point defects in crystalline Si, SiGe, and Ge, including formation energies, diffusivities, charge states, and the pressure dependence of parameters. Entropies and diffusivity pre-factors have been determined from phonon spectra. For the calculations, we used ATK (Atomistix ToolKit) with a generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional and VASP (Vienna Ab initio simulation package) with GGA and hybrid functional. The setup and execution of DFT simulations and the data extraction from DFT output have been performed within the framework of Synopsys' ATP (Ab-initio to process) tool. In SiGe, defect properties are studied depending on the Ge mole fraction and the local configuration of neighboring atoms. The spread of properties has been determined by screening over all sites in 64-atom super cells, running automatized simulations. The effective diffusivity of vacancies in SiGe has been calculated by modeling vacancy random walks through SiGe using an atomistic kinetic monte carlo algorithm. TCAD parameters have been generated from DFT results and are compared to parameters inside the process simulator Sentaurus Process. Quantities known from experimental literature are used to benchmark the accuracy of DFT simulations. A good agreement with benchmark parameters has been achieved with hybrid DFT calculations.
Modelling a Ge(1-x)Sn(x) Junctionless nanowire (JNT) through the study of the bandgap and effective mass in the alloy
Authors : Emmanuele Galluccio, Justin Holmes, Ray Duffy
Affiliations : University College Cork, Tyndall National Institute
Resume : Recently GeSn has emerged as a novel material suitable for certain transistor and optoelectronic applications, however optimising the Sn incorporation is a challenging task. It is known that GeSn can be changed from an indirect to direct semiconductor as the Sn substitutionality approaches 10 %. Furthermore knowing the ideal Sn % needs to be determined, depending on each specific application. Continuum-based modelling of materials and devices can provide timely input in order to steer the definition of experimental work. The ability to understand and predict underlying physics, in order to overcome the technological limitations, can provide a substantial time and cost saving. In this work, firstly the GeSn band gap obtained using Empirical Pseudo-potential method (EPM) using Synopsys SBAND will be discussed as a function of Sn %. Subsequently, using Sentaurus Device, the focus will be redirected towards the simulation of n- and p-junctionless nanowire (JNT) devices, where homogeneously doped GnSn nanowire is modelled with a gate wrapped around the channel. Performance of the JNTs will be evaluated in terms of Ion/Ioff ratio and subthreshold slope, varying the geometry and the doping level. The trends for this JNT architecture highlight the strong variation of the performance with increased Sn %, namely Ion/Ioff and subthreshold slope degrade rapidly, which can be counteracted by decreasing the nanowire diameter.
Efficient ab-initio device simulations including electron-phonon scattering and temperature effects
Authors : Daniele Stradi, Troels Markussen, Mattias Palsgaard, Tue Gunst, Haruhide Miyagi, Ulrik Grønbjerg Vej-Hansen, Mads Brandbyge, Kurt Stokbro
Affiliations : QuantumWise A/S, Fruebjergvej 3, Postbox 4, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Resume : The interaction between electrons and phonons is an important scattering process affecting carrier transport in bulk materials and devices. Nowadays, the effects of electron-phonon coupling can be rigorously included in atomistic TCAD simulations, using established electronic structure methods such as density functional theory (DFT) or tight-binding, coupled to either the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) [1] in the case of bulk materials, or to Non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) theory [2,3,4] in the case of devices. However, the evaluation of the electron-phonon coupling (EPC) matrix remains computationally challenging, and practical applications are mostly restricted to simplified systems, despite the efforts in making the computation of the EPCs feasible [3,5,6]. In this contribution, two alternative methods will be discussed, which allow for efficient atomistic TCAD simulations of complex devices including electron-phonon coupling effects without the explicit evaluation of the EPC matrix. These methods have been implemented in the Atomistix ToolKit software [7] developed at QuantumWise A/S. In the MD-Landauer method, NEGF theory and the Landauer approach are combined with a statistical averaging over finite-temperature molecular dynamics (MD) [8] trajectories to calculate phonon-limited mobilities at the atomistic level [9]. The approach is validated by comparing to temperature-dependent mobilities and conductivities obtained using the BTE for different bulk and one-dimensional systems, and by comparing successfully against experimental values for bulk silicon and gold. In the STD-Landauer method, a canonical average over the phonon modes of the system [10] replaces MD to create, using a special thermal displacement (STD), a distorted configuration effectively describing the effect of finite temperatures on the atomic lattice [11]. The STD-Landauer method is validated against the MD-Landauer calculations and it is shown to provide similar results but at a computational time which is one order of magnitude lower. The method is further used to calculate effect of phonons on the off-current of a silicon n-i-n device and on the photocurrent in a silicon p-i-n junctions, as well as the temperature dependence of the specific resistivity of a Cu twin grain-boundary [12]. [1] T. Gunst, T. Markussen, K. Stokbro and M. Brandbyge, Phys. Rev. B 93, 035414 (2016) [2] M. Brandbyge, J.-L. Mozos, P. Ordejon, J. Taylor, and K. Stokbro, Phys. Rev. B 65, 165401 (2002) [3] M. Luisier, G. Klimeck, Phys. Rev. B 80, 155430 (2009) [4] K. Stokbro, D. E. Pedersen, S. Smidstrup, A. Blom, M. Ipsen, and K. Kaasbjerg, Phys. Rev B 82 075420 (2010) [5] T. Gunst, T. Markussen, K. Stokbro, and M. Brandbyge, Phys. Rev. B 93, 245415 (2016) [6] T. Frederiksen, M. Paulsson, M. Brandbyge, and A.-P. Jauho, Phys. Rev. B 75, 205413 (2007) [7] Atomisitx ToolKit, development version 2017, QuantumWise A/S www.quantumwise.com [8] J. Schneider, J. Hamaekers, S. Smidstrup, J. Bulin, R. Thesen, A. Blom, and K.Stokbro arXiv:1701.02495 [9] T. Markussen, M. Paalsgard, D. Stradi, T. Gunst, M. Brandbyge, and K. Stokbro arXiv:1701.02883 [10] M. Zacharias and F. Giustino, Phys. Rev. B 94, 075125 (2016) [11] T. Gunst, T. Markussen, M. Brandbyge, K. Stokbro in preparation [12] L. Lu, Y. Shen, S. Chen, L. Qian, K. Lu Science 304, 422 (2004)
Integration and processing challenges : monolayer doping : Enrico Napolitani
On the Inability of P- and B-doping of Ultra-small Silicon Nanocrystals
Authors : Daniel Hiller (1), Julian López-Vidrier (1), Sebastian Gutsch (1), Margit Zacharias (1), Keita Nomoto (2), Dirk König (4)
Affiliations : (1) Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Dept. of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany. (2) The University of Sydney, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Sydney, Australia. (3) Integrated Materials Design Centre (IMDC), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.
Resume : Si nanocrystals with sharp size distributions and mean sizes of 2?5 nm in diameter are used as a model system to study P- and B-doping at the bottom end of the nanoscale. By means of atom probe tomography (APT), we demonstrate that P-atoms are quite efficiently incorporated in Si nanocrystals [1], while B-atoms are less efficiently incorporated [2]. Using photoluminescence (PL) and current-voltage (I-V) measurements it is shown that no free carriers are present in doped Si nanocrystals. We explain and prove this observation by the significantly increased substitutional formation energy and dopant ionization energy compared to dopants in bulk-Si [1,2]. Consequently, only a few dopant atoms reside on Si-lattice sites and due to confinement effects, the thermal energy at room temperature is not sufficient for dopant ionization. The vast majority of incorporated dopant atoms are located on interstitial lattice sites, where they form defects states in the energy gap of the Si nanocrystals [1,2]. In conclusion, conventional impurity doping of Si fails if dimensions of < 5 nm are reached. [1] D. Hiller et al., Sci. Rep. 7, 863 (2017) [2] D. Hiller et al., Sci. Rep. (under review)
Critical analysis of phosphorus monolayer doping in silicon
Authors : Noel Kennedy, Ray Duffy, Justin Holmes, Brenda Long
Affiliations : Noel Kennedy; Justin Holmes; Brenda Long: Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Ray Duffy: Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland
Resume : Monolayer doping (MLD) has become a topic of interest for the semiconductor industry as conventional doping techniques, such as ion implantation, are on the brink of becoming obsolete as device sizes and pitches continue to scale. Two of the main problems associated with ion implantation are 1) it?s destructive nature which introduces defects that cannot be annealed out of sub 10 nm sized structures and 2) it?s non-conformality which impacts non-planar tightly pitched structures. To this end, alternative doping techniques are being explored, including MLD, which is a diffusion based non-destructive and inherently conformal doping method. Most of the studies carried out for the study of n-type doping, used phosphorus based molecules as the dopant source, as they are commercially available and non-toxic. However, extensive studies, presented here will show that it is difficult to achieve active carrier concentrations greater then 2 x 1019 atoms/cm3. For process integration into the semiconductor industry it will be essential to achieve carrier concentrations of >1 x 10 20 atoms/cm3. A critical assessment of phosphorus MLD will be presented with explanations for this roadblock and potential solutions to this incorporation problem will be discussed. Results on planar and nanowire structures with sub 10 nm dimensions including material and electrical characterisation will be presented.
Investigation of P Monolayer Doping in Germanium
Authors : F. Sgarbossa 1) 2), S. Carturan 1) 2), V. Boldrini 1) 2), G. Maggioni 1) 2), E. Napolitani 1) 2), G. Rizzi 3), G. Granozzi 3), D. R. Napoli 2), D. De Salvador 1) 2)
Affiliations : 1) University of Padova, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via Marzolo n. 8, Padova Italy 2) Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro Italy 3) University of Padova, Department of Chemical Sciences, Via Marzolo n. 1, Padova Italy
Resume : Monolayer doping is one of the most recent studied technique for semiconductor doping. Thanks to its surface conformity and controlled dopant gripping, the monolayer doping approach could be suitable for nanostructured surfaces, the new frontier for nano-electronic devices. Furthermore, the usage of this method on Germanium is an important research challenge due to its high mobility properties as a channel material in nano-transistors, and interesting optical properties at high doping. In this paper, we grip to Ge by wet procedures different phosphorous-containing molecules characterized by different chemical affinities. The monolayer is characterized with Nuclear Reaction Analysis to accurately quantify the P atoms/cm2 deposited on Ge surface. After a SiO2 capping procedure, the monolayer is thermally treated with different thermal budgets. We show that conventional thermal processes, such as rapid thermal annealing, does not allow to overcome the surface in-diffusion energy barrier. Such barrier is instead overcome if the surface is melted by pulsed laser thermal annealing technique, as confirmed by the P diffusion profiles detected by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. The control of the physically absorbed P precursor depositions on Ge and other characteristics related to laser annealing will be presented.
Poster session : tbd
3D simulation of P-I-N structured FinEET on SOI
Authors : Yong Tae Kim1, Seong Il Kim1, and Young Min Jhon2
Affiliations : 1Semiconductor Materials & Devices Lab., Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul, Korea 2Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul, Korea
Resume : 3 dimensional P type(source)-Intrinsic(gate)-N type (drain) structured FinFET (3D P-I-N FinFET) on silicon on insulator (SOI) has been suggested for low power consumption 1 transistor embedded dynamic random access memory (eDRAM).The intrinsic gate is divided into the partially gated and the ungated channels. It's DC and AC (memory) characteristics are investigated with the Silvaco ATLAS3D tool. For the technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulation, the bipolar model was employed to account for both electron and hole continuity equations and Selberher impact ionization and standard band to band tunneling were also included. The gate length and the thickness of Fin gate channel on SOI is 10 and 15nm, respectively. The TCAD simulation clearly shows that the 3D P-I-N FinFET sharply switch on at very low turn on voltage, 0.75 V and the on/off current ratio is 3 order of magnitude. Memory operation successfully shows that the memory states regarding writing '0', reading '0', writing '1', and reading '1' strongly depends on the current level by the injected rate through the potential barriers on the drain/source junctions and long retention time for eDRAM.
L.P.1
International comparison for thicknesses of nano-scale HfO2 thin films using XRR (X-Ray Reflectometry)
Authors : Chang Soo Kim(a), Yasushi Azuma(b), Yunsan Chien(c), and Lingling Ren(d)
Affiliations : (a) Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 305-340, South Korea; (b) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8565 Japan; (c) Center for Measurement Standards (CMS), Industrial Technology Research Institute, Kuangfu Rd. 30011, Hsinch City, Taiwan; (d) National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Bei San Huan Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100013, China
Resume : Because of the leakage current due to the reduced gate oxide thickness, a gate oxide material with high dielectric constant is required. HfO2 is one of the most promising gate dielectrics, and the HfO2 thickness should be controlled with high precision for the application. Nano-scale HfO2 thin films with nominal thicknesses of 1.2, 2.5 and 5.0 nm were prepared, respectively, on silicon substrates by ALD method and used for thickness measurement of an international round robin test (RRT) using XRR. Aims of the comparison were to measure the thicknesses of nano-scale HfO2 thin films, and to confirm international consistency and equivalence regarding the HfO2 thickness results among participating laboratories. X-ray specular reflectivity curves were measured for the films, and the thicknesses were determined by simulation and fitting procedures. Thickness uncertainties as well as thicknesses of the films were reported from each laboratory. Using the results comparison reference values and standard uncertainties were determined by the uncertainty-weighted mean method. The standard uncertainties for the film thicknesses were 0.003, 0.007 and 0.012 nm, which correspond to the relative uncertainties of 0.85, 0.97 and 0.88% for the specimens, respectively. The thickness results for each specimen from different laboratories were included in each expanded uncertainty width of the corresponding specimen. The facts reveal that HfO2 thicknesses determined by XRR from different laboratories are not only consistent with each other within uncertainty limit, but also extremely accurate. Furthermore, the results show that XRR is an appropriate and accurate measurement method for the thicknesses of nano-scale HfO2 thin films.
Improvement of electrical performance in nanoscale Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor using graded channel doping and gate-dielec
Authors : Toufik Bentrcia 1, Fayçal Djeffal 1,2,* and El-Asaad. Chebaki 2
Affiliations : 1 LEPCM, Department of Physics, University of Batna 1, Batna 05000, Algeria. 2 LEA, Department of Electronics, University of Batna 2, Batna 05000, Algeria. *E-mail: faycal.djeffal@univ-batna.dz, faycaldzdz@hotmail.com, Tel/Fax: 0021333805494
Resume : In the last few years, an accelerated trend towards the miniaturization of nanoscale circuits has been recorded. In this context, the Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors (TFETs) are gaining attention because of their good subthreshold characteristics, high scalability and low leakage current. However, they suffer from low values of the on-state current and severe ambipolar transport mechanism. The aim of this work is to investigate the reliability performance of nanoscale TFET device including non-uniform channel doping and oxide engineering aspects. The electrical performance of the considered device is investigated numerically using ATLAS 2-D simulator, where the degradation mechanism and the reliability behavior of the proposed design are analyzed. In this context, the impact of the channel length, traps density and oxide dielectric parameter on the variation of electrical Figures of Merit (FoMs) of the device which are: DIBL, swing factor and ION/IOFF ratio is analyzed. The obtained results indicate the superior immunity of the proposed design against traps induced degradation in comparison to the conventional TFET structures. Therefore, this work can offer more insights regarding the benefit of adopting the Gaussian channel doping and oxide gate engineering for future reliable low-power nanoscale electronic applications.
Novel method for the analysis of parasitic resistance in sub-10nm WFIN n- and p-FinFETs.
Authors : P Eyben1,*, T. Chiarella1, J. Mitard1, N. Horiguchi1 and D. Mocuta1
Affiliations : 1 IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001, Leuven , Belgium * E-mail : Pierre.Eyben@imec.be
Resume : In this work, we illustrate how the parasitic resistance of sub-10nm WFIN n- and p-FinFETs devices can be systematically investigated, identifying its different components (local interconnect contacts, epitaxially grown source/drain and extensions), and matched with electrical results (Ron,lin). This is realized combining the utilization of dedicated test-structures to extract the various parasitic resistance components, and of advanced metrology techniques to analyze the morphology of the transistors (shape and dimensions of the various elements). Based on this new method, we are able to nicely predict the positive or negative impact of various processing splits (f.e. fin width, annealing conditions, concentration of in-situ dopant into the epi or presence of extra top-up implant, local interconnect processing conditions, or cleaning steps utilized) on the device performances. We have also been able identify the presence of an additional resistive component affecting the performances of p-FinFETs. We attribute it to an interfacial resistance between SiGe epitaxially grown source-drain and Si extension fin.
Joint Session L&M: Integration and processing challenges : germanium : Ray Duffy
Strategies for high doping of Ge
Authors : Slawomir Prucnal
Affiliations : Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
Resume : One of the main obstacles towards wide application of Ge in nanoelectronics is the lack of an efficient doping method for the fabrication of heavily doped Ge layers with well controlled junction depth. In fact, n-type doping of Ge is a key bottleneck in the realization of advanced negative-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) devices. Here an overview of different doping techniques will be presented. Special attention will be focused on the use of ion implantation followed by flash-lamp (FLA) annealing for the fabrication of heavily doped Ge. In contrast to conventional annealing procedures, rear-side FLA leads to full recrystallization of Ge and dopant activation independently of pre-treatment. The maximum carrier concentration is well above 10^20 cm-3 for n-type and above 10^21 for p-type doping. The recrystallization mechanism and the dopant distribution during rear-side FLA are discussed in detail. In this work, we report on the strong mid-IR plasmon absorption from heavily P-doped Ge thin films and superconductivity in Ga and Al doped Ge obtained by non-equilibrium thermal processing. The mid-IR plasmon spectral response at room temperature from those samples was characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It is proven that the position of the plasmonic resonance frequency signal can be tuned as a function of the P concentration.
L.LM.1
Ge doping by ion implantation and melting laser annealing
Authors : R. Milazzo(1), G. Impellizzeri(2), A. La Magna(3), D. Scarpa(4), S. Boninelli(2), A. Sanson(1), D. De Salvador(1), M. Linser(1), C. Carraro(1), A. Andrighetto(4), A. Portavoce(5), D. Mangelinck(5), J. Slotte(6), V. Privitera(2), G. Fortunato(8), A. Carnera(1), E. Napolitani(1)
Affiliations : (1) CNR-IMM Matis and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; (2) CNR-IMM Via S Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy; (3) CNR-IMM , Z.I. VIII Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (4) INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Italy; (5) IM2NP, CNRS-Universités d?Aix-Marseille et de Toulon, Marseille, France; (6) Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland; (7) Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Via S Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy; (8) CNR-IMM, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy;
Resume : Due to its high carrier mobility, germanium lately attracted a renewed interest in various fields of material science such as nano-electronics, photonics, detectors, etc. However, Ge-based devices often requires very high doping levels ( > 1e20 cm-3), which are above the solubility limit for most of the dopants. Besides, effective downscaling beyond 10 nm needs ultra-shallow junctions, which are challenging especially for donors, due to their high diffusivities. For this purpose, Laser Thermal Annealing (LTA) in the melting regime is the most promising doping technique as it induces ultra-fast liquid phase epitaxial regrowth, while confining the diffusion within the molten layer. Indeed, LTA holds the records of activation for P, As and Sb, being ~ 1e21 cm-3 in the latter case. Latest studies on p- (by means of B or Al) and n-type (using As) doping of Ge by LTA following ion-implantation will be presented thanks to advanced characterizations, in terms of chemical (1D and 3D), electrical and strain pro?ling with nanometer resolution. In particular, fundamental mechanisms such as non-equilibrium diffusion, dopant incorporation, clustering and point defects generation will be discussed with special care on strategies for improving the electrical activation, together with issues about contaminations and thermal stability. These experimental results are relevant for modeling the LTA process in Ge in view of its implementation toward future technologies.
Strain measurements of active Phosphorous in Laser Annealed Ge
Authors : S. Boninelli1, R. Milazzo2, R. Carles3, F. Houdellier3, R. Duffy4, K. Huet5, E. Napolitani1,2, A. La Magna6, and F. Cristiano7
Affiliations : 1 IMM CNR, via S. Sofia 64, Catania, Italy 2 Dipartimento Fisica e astronomia, Università di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy 3 CEMES-CNRS, 29, Rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France 4 Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland 5 Laser Systems and Solutions of Europe (LASSE), Dainippon Screen Group, 14-38 Rue Alexandre, 92230 Gennevilliers, France 6 IMM CNR, Zona industriale, Strada VIII 5, 95100, Catania, Italy, 7 LAAS-CNRS, 7 av. du Col. Roche, F-31400 Toulouse, France
Resume : Laser Thermal Annealing (LTA) at various energy densities was used to recrystallize and activate Ge doped with P by ion implantation. Conventional techniques, such as Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Raman analyses and Transmission Electron Microscopy, were employed to study the dopant diffusion and the structural modification induced during the recrystallization. After LTA at low energy densities, the P distribution was mainly localized in the polycrystalline Ge left as a residual damage induced by the ion implantation. Conversely, a fully activated P diffusion in a perfectly recrystallized material was observed after annealing at higher energy densities. The introduction of a dopant atom in substitutional position often results in generation of strain depending on its configuration within the matrix lattice. Thus, the combination of High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction and Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction techniques allowed to measure an extremely low compressive strain and quantify the strain per each substitutional P atom. In conclusion, these studies render the LTA of widespread interest not only for applications in Ge based technology but also for conducting fundamental studies.
Spin-on-doping in germanium
Authors : V. Boldrini1)2), D. De Salvador1)2), S. Carturan1)2), G. Maggioni1)2), E. Napolitani1)2), D.R. Napoli2)
Affiliations : 1) Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy; 2) INFN-LNL Viale dell'Università 2, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
Resume : The fabrication of homogeneously doped germanium layers characterized by high electrical activation is currently a hot topic in many fields, such as microelectronics, photovoltaics, optics and radiation detectors. P spin-on-doping (SOD) technique has been implemented on Ge wafers, by developing an accurate protocol for the spin coating and the curing process of the SOD coating. Many parameters turned out to affect the degree of reticulation reached by the coating, the morphology of Ge surface and the amount of dopant available for diffusion. In detail, the parameters to be controlled are: SOD film thickness, the humidity level in curing atmosphere, curing temperature and time. P diffusion has been carried out through peculiar spike annealing treatments inside a standard tube furnace. The diffusion profiles and dopant electrical properties have been measured through SIMS and Van der Pauw – Hall electrical measurements respectively. Thanks to the optimization of all the involved parameters, continuous and homogeneously doped Ge layers were obtained, without any surface damage. Phosphorus diffusion profiles are box-like, with tunable concentration and thickness and they are totally electrically active up to a maximum carrier concentration of 5x1019 cm-3.
Antimony monolayer formation and diffusion in Ge.
Authors : F. Sgarbossa 1) 2), D. De Salvador 1) 2), G. Maggioni 1) 2), S. Carturan 1) 2), V. Boldrini 1) 2), E. Napolitani 1) 2), D. R. Napoli 2), W. Raniero 2)
Affiliations : 1) University of Padova, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via Marzolo n. 8, Padova Italy 2) Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro Italy
Resume : Small bandgap and high mobility of charge carriers have been recently making germanium (Ge) more and more interesting in several application fields, for mid-infrared and gamma radiation detectors, photovoltaics and nano-electronics. For this last application, nano scale doping is a challenging task and monolayer doping from a chemical source is one of the most promising routes to face it. Applying this technique to Ge is therefore technologically relevant. In this work, we report about a physical method for the formation of a Sb monolayer (ML) on Ge surface by means of thermal evaporation from a Sb layer sputtered on Si, used as a remote source. Thanks to RBS analysis, we show that above 600°C, the Ge surface is stably covered with a Sb ML and up to 780°C, demonstrating a strong Sb affinity with Ge surface. At lower temperatures a thicker Sb/Ge alloy layer forms. ML formation is peculiar of Ge surface being not present on Si. SEM and AFM characterizations reveal that Ge surface has a good morphology with no surface defects, of crucial importance for nano-electronics doping process. The most relevant point is that, by means of SIMS chemical profiling we have demonstrated that Sb ML acts as an effective diffusion source, in agreement with with equilibrium diffusivity data reported in literature. According to the above results, Sb ML formation is an intriguing phenomenon highly promising for future nanoscale Ge doping processes.
Joint session L&M: Metrology cat the nm scale : Pierre Eyben
TCAD: Present State and Future Challenges for advanced CMOS nodes
Authors : Ronald Gull(1), Victor Moroz(2), Ricardo Borges(2), Terry Ma(2)
Affiliations : (1) Synopsys Switzerland LLC; (2) Synopsys Inc.
Resume : Simulation and modeling are indispensable for the semiconductor technology development in leading CMOS technologies. The scope of these simulation techniques, summarized as technology aided computer design (TCAD) has dramatically increased in the last decade, as new materials were constantly introduced, combined with an ever stronger coupling of technology with design decisions. Starting from current CMOS technology, we review in a study the aspects of scaling options down to the 5/3/2nm technology nodes. The complex optimization needs to include the physics on quantized electron states, all the way to design decisions on how many tracks high the standard cell needs to be designed. The strong interaction of the device with the middle end of line contacting scheme, up to the lower level interconnect for a library cell, calls for a holistic analysis of the library cell, as simplified CV/I metrics can no longer be applied. Looking forward TCAD needs to connect electronic properties of materials with atomistic and microscopic simulations, link in a hierarchical approach to continuum descriptions, and finally combine the results in system level performance metrics. We project that added to the multi-scale complexity, the scope of simulation is further growing from classical process and device modeling, to chemical surface reaction and mechanical simulation, or full process integration modeling, all based on fundamental material analysis.
SPM for 2D and 3D electrical and chemical characterization of inorganic semiconductors and devices at the nm-scale
Authors : G. Brémond
Affiliations : Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, CNRS UMR5270, INSA de Lyon, Bat. Blaise Pascal, 7 avenue Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
Resume : The continuing shrinkage of semiconductor devices toward nanoscale and their increased functionality using new materials and architectures tackling miniaturization, power consumption and processing speed challenges has prompted a strong need for high-resolution characterization tools capable of mapping properties of interest with nanoscale resolution. Methods to quantitatively determine the doping profile in semiconductor nanowires (NW) are strongly requested for understanding the doping incorporation in such one-dimensional structures and so as for developing NW technology. Impurity (as dopant but not only) characterization could be made by direct method based on chemical analysis using TOFSIMS , ATP , holography TEM or by indirect method using the properties induced by the impurity as electrical conductivity which play on capacitance , resistance , surface potential, etc… New approach including optical spectroscopy are also emerged and developed. SPM techniques mainly based on electrical measurements as scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) and scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM), are promising tools for two-dimensional high resolution carrier/dopant profiling on advanced metrology for future technology nodes of the microelectronics world. Some illustration will be given of 2D/3D doping profiling method especially on semiconductor nanowires technology. This approach will be completed by the possibility of using SPMs to characterize the interfaces between different materials (doping, trapping) ) and to acquire chemical information using the advantage of optical spectroscopy revealing photoinduced mechanisms as photocurrent, photocapacitance or photoinduced force.
Scanning Microwave Impedance Microscopy (sMIM) for all FeOL and BeOL layers inside integrated PIN diode structures
Authors : Rosine COQ GERMANICUS 1, Peter DE WOLF 2, Mickaël FEBVRE 2, Philippe DESCAMPS 1
Affiliations : 1: Normandy University ENSICAEN, Unicaen, CRISMAT UMR 65086, 14050 Caen cedex 04, France 2: Bruker Nano Surfaces, 7 rue de la Croix Martre, 91120 Palaiseau, France
Resume : In high integrated Front End of the Line (FEoL) process, the detection, control and quantification of the effective 2D/3D active dopant distributions are a key to optimize the design. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) offers conventional electrical modes such as Conductive, Scanning Capacitance Microscopy and Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy to analyze a biasing probe-sample system where a conductive tip is in contact with the analyzed sample. Despite the capability, repeatability and high spatial resolution of these modes, there are limited to map type and local carrier concentration of semiconductors. Recently Scanning Microwave Impedance Microscopy (sMIM) is developed to extend the range and opens a wider analysis field. sMIM consists of a combination of an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) with an optimized microwave network analyzer. A probe with shielded co-axial cantilever equipped to a conductive tip is used as local RF sensor, this is the strength of the sMIM. The microwave signal emanates from the tip and interacts with the surface and sub-surface of the analyzed sample. By analyzing the reflected signal, local permittivity and conductivity maps of the probed area are extracted. Electrical properties of semiconductors but also oxides, dielectrics, metals and composites are determined. We demonstrate the capability of the sMIM mode where all FeOL and BeOL (Back End of the Line) layers inside integrated PIN diode structures are revealed.
Exploring the impact of confinement in Spreading Resistance Microscopy Analysis
Authors : Komal Pandey, Kristof Paredis, Wilfried Vandervorst
Affiliations : Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium, Instittuut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, KULeuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium ; Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium ; Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium, Instittuut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, KULeuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Resume : The power of Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy (SSRM) lies in its ability to quantitatively probe carrier concentrations at high resolution. However, it is being challenged by the scaled dimensions of sub 10 nm node devices due to lack of proper understanding of Spreading Resistance (SR) in confined volumes. The limited amount of material, the presence of interfaces, the confined current paths and the difficult back contacts may all impact the total resistance, and hence rendering the carrier quantification faulty. A good fundamental understanding is crucial for future carrier quantification with SSRM. TCAD provides an efficient way for studying the SR in sub-10nm regime for different geometrical set-ups. Here, we report a TCAD study on behavior of SR when confinement is introduced in a cylindrical slab with probe contact at the center of top surface. We report on two types of back contact configurations; one at the bottom surface of cylinder (first) and second at the curved surface (second), analogous to real configurations such as FINFET like structures. It was observed that onset of confinement effect on SR varies significantly across both configurations. In first case it took half as much thickness as it took in second case for 10% deviation in SR from its bulk value. Furthermore, we compare our simulations with experimental data and will discuss in detail the impact of confinement on the SSRM measurement and carrier quantification.
Atom Probe Tomography of semiconductor devices: compositional accuracy and complementary techniques
Authors : L. Rigutti, L. Mancini, E. Di Russo, F. Moyon, S. Moldovan, C. Hatzoglou, W. Lefebvre, D. Blavette, F. Vurpillot
Affiliations : Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen
Resume : Atom probe tomography (APT) has recently emerged as a nano-analysis technique allowing for the reconstruction of the three-dimensional distribution of chemical species with sub-nanometer resolution within volumes of several tens of nm3. The recorded compositional maps allow assessing features such as alloy distributions or heterostructure compositions, shapes and interfaces. From this rich set of information it becomes possible to interpret the electronic and the optical properties of semiconductor heterostructures [1-4]. Nevertheless, it should be kept in mind that the technique also has several limitations due to the physical processes of field evaporation on which it is based, e.g., to cite two of the most important effects: (i) the degradation of the spatial resolution induced by the presence of materials with different evaporation behaviors within the same specimen (e.g., Si and SiO2) and (ii) the degradation of both spatial resolution and compositional accuracy related to the relatively low and sometimes species-specific detection efficiency [4,5]. These effects occur in the measurements under typical conditions of analysis and affect the information provided by APT. This will be shown in the case of selected systems, i.e., AlGaN epitaxial layers, GaN/AlN quantum dots and Si-based MOS transistors. These results will be critically discussed in order to underline what is the impact of the above-mentioned non-ideal features affecting typical APT measurements, and what strategies – especially based on complementary scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analyses - can be adopted in order to reduce it [6,7]. [1] L. Rigutti et al., Nano Lett. 14, 107–114 (2014) [2] L. Mancini et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 243106 (2014) [3] L. Mancini et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 042102 (2016) [4] L. Rigutti et al. J. Appl. Phys. 119, 105704 (2016) [5] L. Mancini et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 118 24136 (2014) [6] L. Rigutti et al. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 31(9), 095009 (2016) [7] E. Di Russo et al. under review.
L.LM.10
Electrical Resistance Measurements of Individual Nanometer-Wide Si Fins
Authors : S. Folkersma (a,b,1), J. Bogdanowicz (a), A. Schulze (a), D. H. Petersen (c), O. Hansen (c), H. H. Henrichsen (d), P. F. Nielsen (d) and W. Vandervorst (a,b)
Affiliations : a) IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium b) Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysika, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium c) Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech Building 345 East, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark d) CAPRES A/S, Scion-DTU, Building 373, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark 1) email address: steven.folkersma@imec.be
Resume : As doped regions in a finFET transistor are confined in small volumes with large surface/volume ratios, dopant incorporation and activation has become size dependent. Therefore, the electrical properties of such nanometer-wide conducting features need to be probed on devices with relevant dimensions and not on blanket films or large pads. As such, regular four-point probe measurements (with probe spacing > 40-500 µm) have become obsolete and one frequently relies on electrical characterization using multiple fins connected by metal contacts on Kelvin resistor or transmission line structures, where information on individual fins is lost. In this paper we demonstrate that, through rigorous data interpretation and refined measurement procedures, a solution based on the micro four-point probe (µ4pp) technique as implemented in the fully automated microHALL®-A300 tool of CAPRES, can be provided to measure the electrical resistance of single nanometer-wide (20-50 nm) fins without the need for metal contacts. The measured fin resistances correlate with the fin widths as measured by transmission electron microscopy and the resistances are shown to be sensitive to sub-nm width variations, allowing for detailed line width variation measurements. This solution opens the possibility to study the impact of sidewall roughness and dimension-dependent epitaxial growth or dopant diffusion/activation, which has so far been hampered by the absence a metrology solution.
Compositional analysis on ensemble of InGaAs fins using TEM and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry
Authors : G. Laricchiuta, W. Vandervorst, I. Vickridge, M. Mayer, P. Favia, A. Schulze, J. Meersschaut.
Affiliations : K.U.Leuven, IKS, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; K.U.Leuven, IKS, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7588, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France, CNRS, UMR7588, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France; Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany; imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Resume : The continued downscaling of micro and nanoelectronic devices is pursued with the introduction of novel materials (e.g. III-V compounds) and interfaces, frequently with 3D architectures like FinFETs. Hence, there is a growing need for quantitative characterization techniques to probe the composition of layers and narrow features. Traditional approaches using macroscopic analysis methods no longer seem applicable due to the lack of spatial resolution. In this paper, we present the composition analysis of an ensemble of InGaAs fin structures embedded in a SiO2 matrix using complementary transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). We studied samples containing fins of varying width between 20 nm and 100 nm and 12.5 µm long. We performed Rutherford backscattering measurements using a 1.5 MeV He beam whose spot (0.4 x 0.4 mm2) probes an ensemble of InGaAs fins repeated uniformly and periodically. No attempt is made to perform a local analysis with a nano-focused ion beam, as this would have low accuracy due to counting statistics and may yield non-representative data on an individual outlier device. Rather, the summation over an ensemble of structures leads to statistically relevant data. As RBS signals from different materials appear isolated in the experimental spectrum, we show that it is possible to identify the signal from the fins if those are embedded in a matrix of different, preferably lighter elements. In RBS, not only compositional variations but also variations in the geometry of the fins will have an impact on the detected signals. We used TEM to gain knowledge on the geometry of the fins. The geometrical information obtained from the TEM analysis is used as input in the program StructNRA [1] to analyze the RBS spectra. We prove that the structural information is essential to analyze the RBS spectra. With this work, we demonstrate that it is feasible to use Rutherford backscattering spectrometry to probe the composition of periodic arrays of fins. The reported advancement provides a standardless, quantitative and time efficient tool for the analysis of an ensemble of fins with relevant statistics for process control. Keywords: RBS, hybrid metrology, InGaAs fins. REFERENCE [1] M. Mayer. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 371 (2016) 90–96.
Physico-chemical characterization of III-V heterostructures epitaxied on 300 mm Si substrates by Atom Probe Tomography and ToF-SIMS
Authors : Georges Beainy(1),(2), Tiphaine Cerba(2), Reynald Alcotte(2), Franck Bassani(2), Mickael Martin(2), Adeline Grenier(1), Thierry Baron(2), Jean-Paul Barnes(1)
Affiliations : (1) Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France - CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France. (2) Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LTM, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, LTM, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
Resume : The integration of III-V semiconductor devices on silicon is one of the most challenging topics in current electronic materials research. III-V materials have interesting physical properties, such as a high carrier transport, direct and wide band gap and their integration on silicon will add new functionalities in opto- and micro-electronic applications. However, the integration of III-V on Si faces growth related challenges, i.e. a thermal and lattice mismatches of semiconductors, which affect the device operation. Moreover, given the complexity of the devices in terms of chemical composition as well as in dimension, their accurate characterization has become difficult and sometimes challenging. In this work, the physico-chemical studies of III-V heterostructures directly grown on 300 mm Si wafers by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy are addressed by the mean of Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and Atom Probe Tomography (APT). These two techniques have emerged as unique that are able to provide information on the chemical composition of elements together with a 3D map indicating the position of each atom from a specimen. Firstly, topography formation under oxygen irradiation of GaSb/InAs multilayers using atomic force microscopy was investigated and correlated with TOF-SIMS profiles in order to improve the depth resolution. Secondly, atomic composition and dopant distribution in Si-doped GaAs thin layers were analyzed by TOF-SIMS and APT and then correlated to the electrical properties.
Symposium organizers
Enrico NapolitaniCNR-IMM MATIS / University of Padova
Via Marzolo 8 Padova Italy
Phone : + 39 0498277001
Fax : + 39 0498277003
Mail : enrico.napolitani@unipd.it
Narciso Gambacorti
Nanocharacterization platform - CEA- LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
Phone : + 33 4 38 78 0518
Mail : narciso.gambacorti@cea.fr
Pierre EybenIMEC
Kapeldreef, 75 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Phone : +32 16 28 1305
Mail : Pierre.Eyben@imec.be
Ray DUFFYTyndall National Institute / University College Cork
Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade - Cork T12 SRCP, Ireland
Phone : +353 21 234 6644
Mail : ray.duffy@tyndall.ie


text:
Deciphering our best friend's genome
Embark Veterinary, Ithaca, NY
With Pfizer Animal Health as their partnering company, Adam Boyko and Nathan Sutter, assistant professors in the Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, received a CAT grant in 2012 to identify mutations in the dog genome linked to canine medical conditions. Encouraged by exciting research findings, Boyko founded his startup in 2016, hosted at Cornell life science incubator: the Kevin M. McGovern Family Center for Venture Development in the Life Sciences. Boyko and his team at Embark continued and expanded their work on canine genetics, which led them to develop a canine DNA test kit. The kit allows dog owners to learn about their dog's breed mix, physical and behavioral traits, and genetic predisposition to over 160 diseases. The company graduated from the incubator in November 2017. https://embarkvet.com
Big data for big saving
Agronomic Technology Corp., Ithaca, NY
Agronomic Technology Corp. is a startup based on an algorithm that improves farmer profitability and agricultural sustainability, by calculating the optimal time and quantity of fertilizer to apply to corn fields. Harold van Es, professor of crop and soil sciences, spent a decade collecting environmental data, such as weather, location, and soil composition, and studying their effect on nitrogen loss in fertilized corn fields. Realizing that these data could be used as a decision support system, the business advisors of the McGovern Center connected van Es with a big data software developer and a business team. Adapt-N, the new computer software they jointly developed, generated significant cost savings. This enticed corn farmers to become regular users – as well as the first angel investors of the startup. With high volumes of sales, the company attracted global attention and was acquired by Yara International in 2017. http://www.adapt-n.com
A new option for allergy sufferers
Allovate Therapeutics, LLC, New York, NY
In partnership with Allovate Therapeutics, LLC, Dr. Reisacher, MD and professor of otolaryngology at Weill Cornell Medical College, was awarded a CAT grant to investigate the commercial potential of a new way of delivering immunotherapy to treat allergies in patients. While brushing his teeth at home, Reisacher remembered research findings showing that gums have the highest density of immune cells most responsible for desensitization. His "eureka" moment was the idea for creating a toothpaste customized with each patient's prescribed immunotherapy, which they could self-administer through an everyday brushing routine. The collaboration resulted in Allovate's premiere product, Allerdent®, a specially formulated, fluoride-containing toothpaste that is easily combined with immunotherapy allergens, and now available through allergy clinics in all 50 states. https://allovate.com
Revolutionizing plant breeding
Nature Source Improved Plants, Ithaca, NY
While at Cornell, Professor Emeritus Steve Tanksley received five CAT grants to support his pioneering work in plant breeding. Tanksley developed techniques essential to modern plant breeding, with application to improve disease resistance and the nutritional value of major crops. Turning some of his discoveries into algorithms, Tanksley founded Nature Source Improved Plants, LLC. The company relies on advanced genomics methodologies for genetic improvement and the production of high-performing plant materials. Besides his commercial enterprises, Tanksley also created the first genetic maps of plants — a tool now universally used by plant geneticists all over the world. Tanksley's CAT-funded projects were invaluable for building the foundation of modern plant genomics. https://nsiplants.com
Capacitation and conception
Androvia Lifesciences, LLC, New York, NY
Many technologies and companies focus on female infertility, but very few on infertility in males. In his laboratory, Alexander Travis, professor of reproductive biology at Cornell University's Baker Institute for Animal Health, made groundbreaking discoveries about sperm capacitation, the biochemical event that renders sperm capable of fertilizing an egg. This inspired him to create a clinical test for male infertility that differs from those relying on sperm count, motility, and appearance. To explore the market need and feasibility of his idea for a new business, Travis participated in the CAT's Pre-Seed Workshop. It was the experience acquired at the workshop that brought Travis to the pivotal decision to create a startup, and a now a successful company, dedicated to the development of solutions to male infertility. http://www.androvialifesciences.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Best Answer: Panama. I visited a city called La Bambalina. That was probably not the exact name in my dream, but it was La Bsomethinga, so I named it "La Bambalina" the next day, which means "The Border". It was great that means border because it was on the border with Colombia.
I havent thought to name it....But it is like heaven.
What was your favourite place you've ever visited?
What is the most wonderful place you have ever visited?
Honestly, what do you think dreams mean? I hardly ever dream about the people I know.?
Trip to AMERICA!! (My favourite country ever!) even though I've never been..?


text:
Q: Scope and override of Primary, PrimaryVariant, OnPrimary, Secondary, SecondaryVariant, and OnSecondary colors When I start a new application in Android Studio with the absolute minimum of pre-configuration ("No Activity"), I still get in themes.xml the following:
<resources xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">
<!-- Base application theme. -->
<style name="Theme.MyApplication" parent="Theme.MaterialComponents.DayNight.DarkActionBar">
    <!-- Primary brand color. -->
    <item name="colorPrimary">@color/purple_500</item>
    <item name="colorPrimaryVariant">@color/purple_700</item>
    <item name="colorOnPrimary">@color/white</item>
    <!-- Secondary brand color. -->
    <item name="colorSecondary">@color/teal_200</item>
    <item name="colorSecondaryVariant">@color/teal_700</item>
    <item name="colorOnSecondary">@color/black</item>
    <!-- Status bar color. -->
    <item name="android:statusBarColor" tools:targetApi="l">?attr/colorPrimaryVariant</item>
    <!-- Customize your theme here. -->
</style>

So there are six colors: Primary, PrimaryVariant, OnPrimary, Secondary, SecondaryVariant, and OnSecondary
QUESTION: Where do I find for each of those six colors an exhaustive list (of classes, objects, object elements etc.) of for what and when that color is automatically applied by the parent theme?
There is a second theme xml that was also automatically generated, called themes.xml(night).
<resources xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">
<!-- Base application theme. -->
<style name="Theme.MyApplication" parent="Theme.MaterialComponents.DayNight.DarkActionBar">
    <!-- Primary brand color. -->
    <item name="colorPrimary">@color/purple_200</item>
    <item name="colorPrimaryVariant">@color/purple_700</item>
    <item name="colorOnPrimary">@color/black</item>
    <!-- Secondary brand color. -->
    <item name="colorSecondary">@color/teal_200</item>
    <item name="colorSecondaryVariant">@color/teal_200</item>
    <item name="colorOnSecondary">@color/black</item>
    <!-- Status bar color. -->
    <item name="android:statusBarColor" tools:targetApi="l">?attr/colorPrimaryVariant</item>
    <!-- Customize your theme here. -->
</style>

I suppose this what Android choses when the phone works under "Dark Theme".
QUESTION: What do I do when for a certain object element (say, the color of the thumb of a particular switch in a particular activity) I want to override the applicable color and set it to my own myColor, but in such a way that also under "Dark Theme" the applicable color is overridden by myColor?
Deleting the parent theme would no doubt give me complete autonomy, but that is apparently not possible.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Description: Vision Homes is a business categorized under home design & planning service, which is part of the larger category architectural services. Vision Homes is located at the address 6912 Highway Dd in Farmington, Missouri 63640-7565. The Owner is Steve R Needy who can be contacted at (636)931-5555.
Location & access map for "Vision Homes"


text:
Andrzej Sapkowski's book series has already seen its share of adaptations, including the popular video game from CD Projekt Red. Now, Geralt of Rivia is making his way to Netflix. Based more on the novels than the RPG, the series will see Henry Cavill as the medieval monster slayer when season one premieres December 20, 2019.
Curb Your Enthusiasm / Season 10
Curb Your Enthusiasm is back for another season at the top of the New Year. Until then, you can whet your appetite with this two-minute trailer. Like in the past, season ten looks to be full of famous faces, faux-pas, and F-bombs. Larry David and co. return to HBO on January 19, 2020.
Weezer / Lost in the Woods
With songs like "Let It Go", the Frozen franchise is known just as much for its soundtracks as it is its films. Along with "Into the Unknown", the animated sequel also gifted us with "Lost in the Woods." Performed by Jonathan Groff's Kristoff, the soft rock ballad is the perfect single for the cover-happy band Weezer and while Kristen Bell doesn't actually sing, she does grace us with her presence in the music video.
Cassie had a promising future until something threw her off her career path. Years later, she's working a menial job seemingly wasting her past potential — and leading a double life at night. From Killing Eve's Emerald Fennell, Promising Young Woman is a new take on revenge. The film stars Carey Mulligan and opens on April 17, 2020.
Mandalorian Bone Broth
Forget about Baby Yoda — the real star of the Star Wars series The Mandalorian is the bone broth. Unfortunately, grinjers are in short supply this side of the galaxy, so you'll have to make do with slightly more common beef bones.
A teacher hears a story from a student that causes her and her brother to investigate — and the secret behind the story harbors deadly consequences. Directed by Scott Cooper with input from Guillermo Del Toro, Antlers stars Keri Russell and opens on April 17, 2020.
Not quite a second season, but more of a continuation — that's how HBO describes The New Pope, which picks up where 2016's The Young Pope left off. John Malkovich's Giovanni Paolo III has now ascended to the papacy, and Jude Law's Lenny Belardo's is about to awaken. The series will be airing on HBO in January 2020.


My roommate, who grew up in Michigan, told me about a theater game that she learned at a theater camp.
The game is called Kitty Wants A Corner. To play it, you stand in a circle with one person in the middle and the goal is to not be in the middle (it's kind of like being "it"). The person in the middle goes to each person in the circle and stands in front of them, looks them in the eye, and says "Kitty Wants a Corner" as though they're the kitten and want a spot to sit. You don't want to give up your space in the circle, so you'll say "No, go ask my neighbor" so the person moves to the next person in the circle and says the same thing. In the meantime, other people in the circle, mostly people behind the person who is it, will make eye contact with each other, and silently agree to switch places while the person in the middle is distracted. The person in the middle can intercept the switch and try to get a spot in the circle, and the person who didn't make it all the way has to be in the center.
My roommate learned it at camp in Michigan, so she was surprised when they played it at her improv class at Second City in Hollywood. She thought it was strange because the person teaching the game in Los Angeles had no connection to Michigan. The informant had also only ever played the game at the camp before, it wasn't part of her high school theater program at all. It's likely that this game spread through actors moving around (which is common) since I have also heard of/played variations of this game, but it wasn't exactly the same thing. If the game was an official "theater game" it would be the same everywhere, but there's variation in how it's played in different places.


Recent weather conditions for Liverpool showed that it was scattered clouds, with a high of 1.11 degrees and a low of 1.11 degrees. Wind was at 0.45km from the NE, with gusts of 1.34km. The sun will rise at 04:32 EST and set at 18:04 EST.
Lanes Privateer Inn - Listed under Liverpool Hotels, located approximately 0.59km away.
Best Western Liverpool Hotel & Conference Center - Listed under Liverpool Hotels, located approximately 0.00km away.
Listed under Liverpool Bed and Breakfasts, located approximately 1.09km away.


I'm breaking up the Japan posts by sharing some of my 7 favorite outfits/pieces that I wore in Malaysia! First thing to know about Malaysia is that is always hot -- around 80s - 90s every day and sometimes hotter with humidity. It can cool down with afternoon rains and at night, but other than that, it's almost always hot and you'll want to be as comfortable as you can! I tried bringing pieces I knew I'd get the most use out of while still trying to bring my own style to it.
On days you plan to walk a lot, a good pair of lightweight walking shoes will be your best friend plus a good pair of sunglasses. I'll be honest and say the maxi dress and layered white tee wasn't the best for this day since it was especially humid but I was feeling the monochrome look with my Nike Juvenate sneakers. Lolz. Also, when you're traveling and will be away from your hotel for the whole day, a backpack will be your best friend! This black one from Marc Jacobs was awesome since it was large enough to hold eeeverything I needed (mirrorless camera, wallet, sunscreen, bug repellent, etc.).
The streets of Kota Kinabalu on Gaya Street are hardly ever empty unless you wake up early enough to beat the work crowd. This is one of the busiest streets in the city and it was extra festive with the lanterns since it was right around Chinese New Year. I was sent this Coach Dinky (similar HERE) purse right before I left and thought it would be perfect for my trip! It fit my large wallet, passport, cell phone, and even my battery pack!
I also love the deep bordeaux color of this purse and how I could dress it up or dress it down like I did in a simple gray t-shirt and denim shorts from Target and a pair of aviators.
One of my favorite things to wear in Malaysia's climate are T-shirt dresses (which you'll see a pattern with a couple other outfits below!). The one above is a black and paint splattered one from Cotton On (similar HERE) and I was able to change up the look with either white converse sneakers or espadrille slip-ons (similar HERE). And the look works with both glasses and sunglasses, hehe.
Another T-shirt dress I favored was this daisy printed one from Mango (similar HERE) that I actually bought while I was in Malaysia. It worked well, again, with my white Converse. I even doubled up this shirt dress as a nightgown when I didn't have other pajamas to wear, haha.
If you go to Kota Kinabalu, you definitely need to take advantage of the gorgeous weather and find some time to go out to the islands! This day we went to Pulau Sapi and I wore this Forever 21 front zip one-piece swimsuit and these bright floral shorts I found at Marshalls (similar HERE). This was such a fun day of enjoying the water and even jet-skiing! Definitely cake on the sunscreen because if you're not careful, you will burn and protect your eyes with sunglasses!
While we were in Malaysia, it just so happened that my uncle was getting married and again, that Coach Dinky (similar HERE) purse came in handy as I had something I could dress up an outfit with. I loved my church outfit because it was both neutral and with color and worked well together (at least in my opinion!). I found this navy dress at Marshalls (similar HERE) and I since I love the combo of the colors navy and brown together, I thought these faux suede chunky heels from Forever 21 would work perfectly with this, plus they were actually comfortable to walk in all day.
The last of my favorite outfits features a quick day at the resort for the first day of Chinese New Year and this red and white striped t-shirt dress from Cotton On yet again (similar HERE). Their basic dresses are some of my favorites!
*This post is not sponsored but I did receive items featured in some of these outfits. All thoughts and opinions are my own. Thank you for supporting the brands that make KFC Loves You possible!


text:
Children's Learning
Children's Learning:: Tell Me About the Prophet Yusuf (Paperback)[MLB 810]
View All Children's Learning::
View All View All Children Books
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Now $2.34 $2.34
ISBN :8187570652
Author :Saniyasnain Khan
Page :48
Description from the publisher :
This book tells the Prophet Yusuf (or Joseph) and his brothers. It starts in Yusuf's early childhood when his family used to live in tents in the desert, then moves on to the time when he was almost grown up and his brothers threw him into a dry well. It describes how this horrific incident comes as a blessing in disguise, for the young Yusuf was taken to Egypt by a caravan and ultimately made a powerful and trusted minister of the Egyptian king. He was also made a prophet by Allah.
Be the first to review Tell Me About the Prophet Yusuf (Paperback)[MLB 810]. Write a review


text:
Kuchhe Dhaage - IMDb
Kachche Dhaage Full Movie
However the trainee changes his plan when he falls in love and needs the Major's help in rescuing his beau. Sahara India Mass Communication. Sona's marriage is fixed with a moron against her will.
The mission of saving Sona from an undesirable marriage is not so easy for them as the police is also sniffing them like bloodhounds and their own lives are in danger. Thomson Living Media India Ltd.
Once a bandit, always a bandit. The film received a mediocre reception.
Theatrical release poster. Raj is one of city's top lawyer known never to loose a case. The climax of this movie has been copied in many other movies including certain commercially successful recent movies.
For this, he seeks help from Rachit, a former associate of the trio. She gives birth to a son, names him Lakhan, and lets the bandits teach their way of life.
Our story revolves around Brahman Pandit Tulsiram who betrays Thakur Bahadur Singh to the police, and as a result Bahadur is sentenced to be hanged. Roopa was in the army but hearing about his father's murder by Laakhan, he also became a bandit. Films directed by Milan Luthria. Seeking revenge by picking a firearm was considered desirable in the Indian villages in that period but then there was no looking back possible. However after I discovered the treasure of Punjabi poetry in Nusrat's other compositions, I decided to learn Punjabi one day.
Sona as Mousami Chatterjee. Trending Hindi Movies and Shows. Ajay Devgn, Tabu, Suresh Oberoi. When the brothers meet for the first time, they instantly loathe each other, having nothing in common. Bollywood Cowboys and Bandits.
Produced and directed by eminent film director of Bollywood - Raj Khosla, this movie is a brilliant blend of action and sentiments. Thus they had their own justification for raising arms and going for their bloody activities. Unemployed Aftab is into smuggling on Indo-Pak border. Dhananjay is dating Ragini Namrata Shirodkar and has his father's death to contend with.
Now both these bandits have a difficult choice before them - whether to continue their enmity or join hands to save the life of the girl they sincerely love. However their hearts get broken when they come to know that she loves a village boy Bhola Ritesh. The police, the judiciary and the society at large were seldom sympathetic towards them and hence leaving the path of banditry was never easy.
Kachche Dhaage - Official Trailer - Ajay Devgan
The songs of this film are definitely and definitively representatives of the wonderful Punjabi poetry. Aaftab is in love with Rukshana Manisha Koirala but is rejected by his family because he is illegitimate. This film is dominated by its music and the story becomes weak before the music in spite of being good on its own. Curry Western or Desi Western.
It's meant for the sensitive people who can empathize with the feelings of the heroes. Amidst religious riots, a son deals with his mother's life-threatening injuries, and her last request. Akhtar Romani's impressive dialogs ably support the screenplay. The movie is studded with impressive scenes and the human aspect of the bandits gets prominence in a major chunk of the narrative.
Fate has it such that they are forced to escape on foot, on motorbikes, cars, stolen trucks, and even handcuffed to each other on a moving goods train. One night, Aaftab blows up a loaded truck while trying to steal from it and attracts a mass of unwanted enforcers.
This movie highlights this aspect of the life of the Indian bandits. He his introduced to Sargam during the launch of her new album by Ashwin Mehta owner of a music company.
The movie ends on a highly emotional tragic note. When Rahul was gone to India for official trip He is attracted to Nisha, and announces that he will be marrying her soon. The soundtrack, which featured a number of Punjabi folk tunes, proved popular amongst non Hindi audiences of the film. Shortly after, Ramakant passes away and Aftab gets to meet his step-brother Dhananjay alias Jai who is quite resentful towards Aftab and his mother. These two heroes who appear to be real bandits in the get-up given to them, light up the screen in the scenes featuring them.
However in no other movies, have I found the climax as that impressive and tear-jerking as in Kachche Dhaage. Kachche Dhaage Theatrical release poster. Spaghetti Western Movies, jhankar songs but made in India. It's a thought-provoking movie from this angle.
The ravines of India used to be inhabited by the bandits who called themselves as Baaghis rebels. They run into difficult circumstances on the run, not in the least made better by their hatred for each other. The haunting music composed by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan with the right dose of Punjabi words in the songs is the best thing happened to this film. That's what Laakhan highlights when he curses his mother Nirupa Roy for making him a bandit to seek revenge for his father's death. Their lives change when they come across a beautiful village girl Sona Moushumi Chatterjee.
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Kachche Dhaage - Official Trailer - Ajay Devgan - video dailymotion


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text:
Q: How to sort a List? I have tried to sort the list in many ways, but none work for me. I must be doing something wrong. I want to sort the List details then serialize it and send it to the UI, so that i have a sorted List in the UI.
So basically i want Return strJson to return the sorted(sorted by the sort property) List. Hope i am making sense.
<WebMethod(Description:="Get Home Page Items Page Wise", EnableSession:=True)> _
    <ScriptMethod(ResponseFormat:=ResponseFormat.Json)>
    Public Function GetHomePageItemsPageWise(ByVal pageIndex As String) As Object
        Dim details As New List(Of HomePageObject)()

        Dim idObject As New List(Of GetIdBasedOnInterest)()
        idObject = CType(BLL.GetDataByInterests(CType(BLL.GetAccIdFromSocialAuthSession(), Integer)), List(Of GetIdBasedOnInterest))

        Dim cmd As DbCommand = _db.GetStoredProcCommand("GetHomePageObjectPageWise")
        _db.AddInParameter(cmd, "PageIndex", SqlDbType.VarChar, pageIndex)
        _db.AddInParameter(cmd, "PageSize", SqlDbType.Int, 10)
        _db.AddOutParameter(cmd, "PageCount", SqlDbType.Int, 1)
        _db.AddInParameter(cmd, "whereStoryID", SqlDbType.VarChar, idObject(0).StoryIds)
        _db.AddInParameter(cmd, "whereAlbumID", SqlDbType.VarChar, idObject(0).AlbumIds)
        _db.AddInParameter(cmd, "wherePictureID", SqlDbType.VarChar, idObject(0).PictureIds)

        Try
            Using ds As DataSet = _db.ExecuteDataSet(cmd)
                For Each rs As DataRow In ds.Tables(0).Rows
                    Dim homePageObject As New HomePageObject()

                    homePageObject.AlbumId = rs("AlbumId").ToString()
                    homePageObject.StoryTitle = rs("StoryTitle").ToString()
                    homePageObject.AlbumName = rs("AlbumName").ToString()
                    homePageObject.AlbumCover = rs("AlbumCover").ToString()
                    homePageObject.Votes = rs("Votes").ToString()
                    homePageObject.PictureId = rs("PictureId").ToString()
                    homePageObject.TableName = rs("tableName").ToString()
                    homePageObject.PageCount = CType(cmd.Parameters("@PageCount").Value, Integer)
                    homePageObject.Sort = Guid.NewGuid()
                    details.Add(homePageObject)
                    Next
            End Using
        Catch ex As Exception
            MsgBox(ex.Message)
        End Try

        Dim js As New JavaScriptSerializer()
        Dim strJson As String = js.Serialize(details.ToArray)
        Return strJson
    End Function

A: To randomize the list you can do the following. (And you do not need the Sort property in HomePageObject to accomplish this)
Dim rnd As new Random()
Dim strJson As String = js.Serialize(details.OrderBy(Function(x) rnd.Next()).ToArray())


text:
Bryan Callen
/ticket/p/2685881/bryan-callen-nashville-zanies-comedy-club 03-02-2023 20:00:00 03-02-2023 20:00:00 Bryan Callen Zanies Comedy Club true MM/DD/YYYY
GENERAL ADMISSION Public Onsale: August 26, 2022 12:34 PM to March 2, 2023 8:00 PM
Bryan Callen is an actor, comedian, and podcaster. He is best known for his recurring role as "Coach Mellor" on ABC's Schooled and The Goldbergs and as one of the original cast members of MadTV. Callen has also appeared in TV and films
including Kingdom, Hangover 1 & 2, Ride Along, Sex and the City, Old School, Entourage, Californication, and many more.
A veteran Headliner, Callen performs in theaters and comedy venues across the world. His third one-hour comedy special, "Complicated Apes", topped the iTunes charts upon its release in March, 2019 and can be found on Amazon Prime.
Callen is known for being the co-host of the top-rated iTunes podcasts The Fighter and The Kid and Big & Hungry, as well as Conspiracy Social Club AKA Deep Waters, which can be found on Patreon.


Just Kidding. There's No Candy.
One of my favorite jokes EVER !
Little Red Riding Hood is skipping down the forest road when she sees the big bad wolf crouched down behind a log.
"My what big eyes you have Mr. Wolf ".
The wolf jumps up and runs away.
I know there are probably a million funny things I could say here….but why ?
This man has been spotted in Wal-Mart parking lots in many areas. If you see this guy, do not be taken in by his scam ! He is a hoax !
My friend tried this and said that not only did it not work but her insurance company woud not cover the procedure !
Could YOU pass this test ?
I was a very happy man. My wonderful girlfriend and I had been dating for over a year, and so we decided to get married. There was only one little thing bothering me…It was her beautiful younger sister. My prospective sister-in-law was twenty-two, wore very tight miniskirts, and generally was bra-less.
"Is this her first child?" the doctor queries.
Never Argue With A Woman !
Of Course They're Scissors !


text:
namespace runic {

  using Whisper_Dictionary = std::map<std::string, const Whisper *>;
  using Whisper_Dictionary_Char = std::map<char, const Whisper *>;

  struct Keywords {
      Whisper Break = "break";
      Whisper Continue = "continue";
      Whisper If = "if";
      Whisper False = "false";
      Whisper For = "for";
//      Whisper New = "new";
      Whisper Return = "return";
      Whisper True = "true";
      Whisper Var = "var";

      Whisper Bool = "Bool";
      Whisper Double = "Double";
      Whisper Int = "Int";
      Whisper Float = "Float";
      Whisper String = "String";
  };

  struct Single_Symbols {
      Whisper left_paren = "(";
      Whisper right_paren = ")";
      Whisper left_brace = "{";
      Whisper right_brace = "}";
      Whisper left_bracket = "[";
      Whisper right_bracket = "]";

      Whisper plus = "+";
      Whisper minus = "-";
      Whisper asterisk = "*";
      Whisper modulus = "%";

      Whisper assignment = "=";
      Whisper colon = ":";
      Whisper dot = ".";
      Whisper comma = ",";

      Whisper lesser_than = "<";
      Whisper greater_than = ">";

      Whisper bitwise_or = "|";
      Whisper ampersand = "&";
      Whisper at_sign = "@";
      Whisper question_mark = "?";
      Whisper dollar_sign = "$";
  };

  // The way the parser currently works, the first character of each of these whispers must exist in Single_Symbols
  struct Double_Symbols {
      Whisper double_arrow = "=>";
      Whisper single_arrow = "->";

      Whisper plus_equals = "+=";
      Whisper subtract_equals = "-=";
      Whisper multiply_equals = "*=";
      Whisper modulus_equals = "%=";

      Whisper lesser_than_or_equal = "<=";
      Whisper greater_than_or_equal = ">=";
      Whisper logical_and = "&&";
      Whisper logical_or = "||";
      Whisper check_equals = "==";
  };

  struct Special_Symbols {
      Whisper end_of_file = "EOF";
      Whisper terminator = ";";
      Whisper does_not_equal = "!="; // Since there is no single symbol for exclamation point, this whisper is handled specially.

      // These are specially handled alongside comments because of their overlapping first character.
      Whisper divide = "/";
      Whisper divide_equals = "/=";
  };

  struct Dynamic_Whispers {
      Whisper identifier = "identifier";
      Whisper literal_string = "literal string";
      Whisper literal_double = "literal double";
      Whisper literal_int = "literal int";
      Whisper literal_float = "literal float";
  };

  struct Symbols : Keywords, Double_Symbols, Single_Symbols, Special_Symbols, Dynamic_Whispers {
  };

  struct String_Assignor {
      static void assign(Whisper_Dictionary &dictionary, const Whisper *whisper) {
        dictionary[whisper->get_name()] = whisper;
      }
  };

  struct Char_Assignor {
      static void assign(Whisper_Dictionary_Char &dictionary, const Whisper *whisper) {
        dictionary[whisper->get_name()[0]] = whisper;
      }
  };

  template<typename Assignor, typename T, typename Element>
  void add(std::map<Element, const Whisper *> &dictionary, const T &structure) {
    auto count = sizeof(T) / sizeof(Whisper);
    auto *whisper = ((const Whisper *) &structure);
    auto end = whisper + count;
    while (whisper != end) {
      Assignor::assign(dictionary, whisper);
      ++whisper;
    }
  }

  struct Lexer_Lookup {
      Whisper_Dictionary keywords;
      Whisper_Dictionary double_symbols;
      Whisper_Dictionary_Char single_symbols;

      template<typename Keywords, typename Double_Symbols, typename Single_Symbols, typename Symbols>
      static void initialize(Lexer_Lookup &lookup, Symbols &symbols) {
        add<String_Assignor>(lookup.keywords, *static_cast<const Keywords *>(&symbols));
        add<String_Assignor>(lookup.double_symbols, *static_cast<const Double_Symbols *>(&symbols));
        add<Char_Assignor>(lookup.single_symbols, *static_cast<const Single_Symbols *>(&symbols));
      };
  };

  template<typename Symbols>
  struct Lexer_Bundle {
      const Symbols &lexicon;
      Lexer_Lookup &lookup;

      Lexer_Bundle(const Symbols &lexicon, Lexer_Lookup &lookup) : lexicon(lexicon), lookup(lookup) {}
  };

//  class Common_Lexicon {
//
//      struct Internal_Symbols {
//          Keywords keywords;
//          Double_Symbols double_symbols;
//          Single_Symbols single_symbols;
//          Special_Symbols special_symbols;
//          Dynamic_Whispers dynamic;
//      };
//
//      Internal_Symbols internal_patterns;
//
//  public:
//      Lookup lookup;
//      const Symbols &patterns;
//
//      Common_Lexicon();
//      static Common_Lexicon &get_instance();
//  };
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


These lions are known for their fiery energy and flair for the dramatic. Leos love to be where the action is—the biggest party, the most fun, the most drool-worthy setting—and ideally as the center of attention. When it comes to choosing a vacation spot, think FOMO-inspiring trips that will look great on Instagram and sound even better on paper.
"The key to your Christmas getaway this week may turn out to be a bit of last minute fine-tuning in your preparations.
Let's start with the majority of you who will be driving away from the D.C. region.
3 Things You Must Do Before A Road Trip!
Check it out – 3 Things You Must Do Before A Road Trip!
Author Brent JacksonPosted on July 20, 2016 Tags Share a post, Travel TipLeave a comment on 3 Things You Must Do Before A Road Trip!
I got up to use the bathroom on one of my restaurant visits. It was really bad. The floors were dirty, the paper-towels had run out and the soap was empty. It hit me, if I can't wash my hands, my server can't wash his hands either. Then I realized, if a restaurant does not take the time to clean and re-stock the bathroom, why would I think they clean the kitchen? If I see roaches or other critters in the bathroom (and I have), I bet there are critters in the kitchen as well. I decided a really bad bathroom is a good sign I should get out of there BEFORE I eat a meal.
Why worry about a restaurants' bathroom? Bathrooms are used by customers. Some restaurant managers don't care or are too busy to make sure the bathroom is clean and stocked. If a place customers see is a low priority for cleanliness, what's the priority for places NOT SEEN by customers? It's a red flag at least!
Wait, aren't we supposed to be relaxing? Lori talks to travel expert Wendy Perrin and writer David Valdes Greenwood about how to survive — and even have fun! — on your family vacation.
Get great ideas to keep the stress down before, during and after your next trip. Go listen to this podcast right now!