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Posts from the 'On the Natural History of Destruction' Category
Sebald, Kluge & Competing Translations
Alexander Kluge's writings clearly exerted a great influence on W.G. Sebald, especially Kluge's important 1977 book Neue Geschichten: Hefte 1–18: "Unheimlichkeit der Zeit" (which roughly translates as "New Histories: Notebooks 1–18: 'The Uncanniness of Time'") . Neue Geschicten is written in a flat, non-literary prose that becomes a montage of voices, photographs, drawings, and charts. Last year, Seagull Books released Kluge's book Air Raid, which includes what I believe to be the first English translation of a section from Neue Geschichten. The bulk of Air Raid, which is translated by Martin Chalmers, consists the the text titled "The Air Raid on Halberstadt on 8 April 1945," which appears in Neue Geschicten as the second of the eighteen notebooks ,"Der Luftangriff auf Halberstadt am 8. April 1945."About a third of Air Raid consists of related pieces by Kluge drawn from several of his other books. Air Raid then concludes with Sebald's "essay" on Kluge called "Between History and Natural History. On the Literary Description of Total Destruction. Remarks on Kluge." Read more
New Edition: On the Natural History of Destruction
Sebald book collectors haven't had much new to add to their collection since Across the Land and the Water: Selected Poems 1964-2001 came out a year ago. But now there is a handsome new addition to anyone's Sebald bookshelf. Notting Hill Editions (London) has just released a new cloth-bound edition of W.G. Sebald's On the Natural History of Destruction using the 2003 Anthea Bell translation. Unlike previous British and American editions, this version reverts to the original content of the original 1999 German edition, which was titled Luftkrieg und Literatur. The Notting Hill volume includes only Sebald's Foreword and the two essays: "Air War and Literature: Zurich Lectures" and "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: On Alfred Andersch," eliminating the essays on Jean Amery and Peter Weiss that were added when the English-language version was posthumously released in 2003. The slim, compact volume is very beautifully done, being designed, printed and bound in Germany.
Notting Hill's website rewards poking through (don't overlook the Videos page).
Nottinghilleditions.com is intended to be the hub of all Notting Hill Editions activity, developing a community around great essay writing. To achieve this, author, Daily Telegraph columnist and blogger Harry Mount will be editor of our online journal featuring new essays monthly, and Ophelia Field will dynamically referee our Top Essay Chart, where the public get to select and vote on the Greatest Essays of All Time, emphasizing once again, the vital role essays have had in our literary, artistic, philosophical and political cultures.
Nossack's The End: Caught in the Middle
How ought such a natural history of destruction to begin? With a summary of the technical, organizational, and political prerequisites for carrying out large-scale air-raids? With a scientific account of the previously unknown phenomenon of the firestorms? With a pathological record of typical modes of death, or with behaviorist studies of the instincts of flight and homecoming?
In Air War and Literature, the essay that dominates W.G. Sebald's book of essays On the Natural History of Destruction, Sebald deplored what he saw in immediate post-war writing by Germans about the devastation that their country suffered in its defeat, especially the near total destruction that resulted from the Allied tactic of firebombing German cities. "There was a tacit agreement," he suggested, "equally binding on everyone, that the true state of material and moral ruin in which the country found itself was not to be described." Sebald then named a handful of writers who "ventured to break the taboo on any mention of the inward and outward destruction," even if they "generally did so rather equivocally."
Indeed, it seems that no German writer, with the sole exception of Nossack, was ready or able to put any concrete facts down on paper about the progress and repercussions of this gigantic, long-term campaign of destruction.
Sebald particularly praised Der Untergang, Hans Erich Nossack's account of the July 1943 firebombing of Hamburg, which was included in a group of stories in a book called Interview mit dem Tode (Interview with Death), first published in Germany in 1948. Probably because of the attention it received in Sebald's book, Der Untergang finally appeared in English in 2004 from the University of Chicago Press, translated by Joel Agee and retitled The End: Hamburg 1943.
By sheer luck, Nossack, a writer living in Hamburg in 1943, took his first vacation in years on the very week that the city was firebombed by Allies. Staying in a small rental cottage within sight of the city, Nossack witnessed the days of bombing and the ensuing flight of survivors before making his way back into Hamburg to see if anything was left of his home and office. At the outset, Nossack identifies himself as a "spectator," an observer who used his location at the fringe of events – rather than at their center – to his advantage. There was a "danger," he said, at "knowing the entirety." Though his writing vacillates between the utterly precise and the casually impressionistic, Nossack uses his relentless sense of observation to try to understand the survivors, who, because of their experiences at the center of the firebombing, stand on the other side of "an invisible abyss." "Why didn't they cry and lament?" It seemed to him that "shelter, food, and clothing basically didn't make any difference at all." At this level, Nossack's enterprise of trying to comprehend this horrendous experience from which he was largely exempt is not unlike Sebald's own attempt to slowly excavate the damaged lives of Jewish survivors of the Holocaust in The Emigrants.
But Nossack is more than an observer, he is also a moralist. Watching others applaud each time an Allied plane is downed, he declines to join in. "Now was no longer the time for petty distinctions as that between friend and foe," he writes before quoting from Homer's Odyssey about the unholiness of rejoicing over the death of enemies. But Nossack goes even further and confesses his own sense of guilt "in the city's destruction." Moreover, he suspects other Germans also secretly harbor the same sense of guilt, a theme on which he elaborates throughout The End.
Nossack's brief book is the document of someone who records the nuances of his own response as the world around him is being destroyed. "One must confess or forget, there is no third option." Ironically, it is only as he returns to "the dead city" that "at last real life begins." At that point, it felt "as if a prison door had sprung open before me…"
Sebald's essay (based on lectures delivered in Zurich in 1997 and later published in The New Yorker) created its own little firestorm. There have been questions about his motivations, his circumscribed list of responsible writers, and his basic thesis – none of which do I really want to wade into. But over the weekend, as I reread The End after a lapse of several years – Nossack's piece is a mere 63 pages long – I found myself inevitably caught up in the controversy all over again, because the topic somewhat oddly consumes much of translator Joel Agee's Foreword. "It is worth taking a closer look at Sebald's thesis," Agee writes, "because it espouses a program in which Nossack cannot be enlisted without misunderstanding him." (Agee's Foreword can be read here.)
There is no doubt that Air War and Literature is a problematic essay. In this and many of Sebald's later essays, we are presented with an author that is a blend of Sebald the writer of prose fiction and Sebald the historian and critic of German-language literature. Eschewing academic approaches for a more personal essay, Sebald approaches the complex issues of German guilt and Allied moral culpability through the more informal avenues of lecture and essay, rather than developing a tightly argued case. At times, his uncharacteristic imprecision about what he likes and dislikes in German literature of the war era provides an opening for the objections of Agee and others. For example, Sebald makes the somewhat odd claim that Nossack was "primarily concerned with the plain facts," a statement that earns him the disdain of Agee. In Sebald's eyes, Nossack stood out from other German writers on the subject of the firebombings because he wrote about
the season of the year, the weather, the observer's viewpoint, the drone of the approaching squadrons, the red firelight on the horizon, the physical and mental condition of refugees from the cities, the burnt-out scenery, chimneys that curiously still remain standing, washing put out to dry on a rack outside a kitchen window, a torn net curtain blowing from an empty veranda, a living room sofa with a crochet cover, countless other objects lost forever, the rubble burying them and the dreadful new life moving beneath it, people's sudden craving for perfume.
Agee disputes Sebald's claim. "These are not 'plain facts'," he writes. And he has a point. For, as one reads and rereads Sebald's comments on Nossack, his position becomes ever more convoluted. In addition to delivering the "plain facts," Sebald praises Nossack for the manner in which he delivers his facts. He approves of Nossack's tendency to link "the sacred with the utmost profanity…a device that always proves effective." Moreover, Nossack's "narrative tone here is that of the messenger in classical tragedy." Flipping and and forth between Nossack's book, Sebald writing about Nossack, and Agee writing about Sebald, I began to think that the differences between Sebald and Agee are more semantic than substantive. Nossack, it seems to me, is not notable for his "plain facts" (although there are plenty of them) as much as for the telling details, which are something altogether different. One night, while taking shelter from the bombing in the cabin's basement, Nossack knocks something over in the dark and it breaks. It was "a glass bowl that didn't belong to us." It's a typical Nossack moment to register the brief concern that he has broken something that belongs to the cabin's owner while all of Hamburg is on fire. Or to notice that some escaped pet parakeets have taken to sitting in the branches of a poplar tree. In fact, Nossack himself admits he didn't remember much of what the survivors said to him as they fled. "It's not really important," he writes, as if what they might say was far less important than what they were doing.
Agee's Foreword has the tone of someone quickly trying to mark the boundaries of his turf as an unwanted stranger approaches. Nonetheless, I also think he properly suggests one of the motivations of Sebald's essay in something he writes at the end of one of his footnotes:
An unstated motif throughout Sebald's essay appears to be a polemical claim for his own quasi-documentary aesthetic as the only responsible way to contemplate the bitter truth of historical memory.
While Agee is correct here, I don't think he should be in the least surprised. Writers and artists have always proposed their own aesthetic lineage (often through a process of misdiagnosing or creatively misreading the work of their predecessors) and they often find ways to leave a trail of breadcrumbs between themselves and those fore-bearers they most admire. Sebald practically said as much himself in Air War and Literature.
It is with this documentary approach, which has an early precursor in Nossack's Der Untergang, that German postwar literature really comes into its own and begins the serious study of material incommensurable with traditional aesthetics.
Dresden, the Blanche DuBois of Germany
Studio Daniel Libeskind - Military History Museum, Dresden
The February 1, 2010 issue of The New Yorker contains an article by George Packer about the Allied fire-bombing of Dresden on February 13, 1945, the topic of W.G. Sebald's lectures in On the Natural History of Destruction. The New Yorker online has a summary of the article and a short slide show, but the full text of Packer's article can only be read by subscribers or in the print edition.
Packer is interested in how the city has attempted to recuperate its self-image (was it the guilty party or the victim?) through its still-ongoing reconstruction. In a reference to Tennessee William's play A Streetcar Named Desire, he calls Dresden "the Blanche DuBois of German cities – violated, complicit in its violation, desperate to recover its innocence."
Packer also talks with Daniel Libeskind, who is transforming the city's Alberstadt arsenal into a Military History Museum, which, Packer says, "will surely cause outrage when it is completed." Libeskind calls the design for the building "an interruption." "It will be impossible for visitors to tour the traditional rooms without passing through the trapezoidal openings in Libeskind's disorientingly angled concrete-slab walls " – walls that soar "upward in every conceivable angle except ninety degrees."
As Libeskind tours Packer around the construction site they reach the top floor, which, fittingly, is not level. Libeskind turns to Packer and says: "It's like a collapse, isn't it? You feel it in your knees – do you feel it? Maybe it's the reflex of a body feeling that a building's collapsing on it. You can't be neutral in these spaces." Sebald, it seems to me, often intervened in history so that the floors were no longer level, giving the reader the feeling that everything was on the verge of collapsing inward.
There's more information about this project on Daniel Libeskind's website.
Elective Affinities: Nine on Sebald
Elective affinities…are the type of willful connections made among disparate objects which go beyond actual correspondences such as shared dates or locations. [James P. Martin]
Hot off the press is the 2007 Gegenwarts Literatur: A German Studies Yearbook, which focuses on W.G. Sebald through nine essays (four in German, five in English). The secret word (to invoke Groucho Marx and You Bet Your Life) that pops up repeatedly is Goethe's phrase "elective affinities," which seems about as good a phrase as any to describe the collective thrust of these essays. Here are my quick and greatly oversimplified summaries of the ones in English.
Richard Langston (Elective Affinities: Sebald and Kluge on Feeling History) simultaneously contributes to and examines the ever-growing aftermath to Sebald's On the Natural History of Destruction by dissecting Sebald's complex re-thinking of Alexander Kluge, especially on Geschichtsgefühl, or feelings about history.
Ben Hutchinson (Der Erzähler als Schutzengel: W.G. Sebald's Reading of Giorgio Bassani) speculates on the influence that Bassani had on Sebald, based in part on a close examination of the marked-up copies of Bassani's books in Sebald's archive. When Sebald was asked about the writers that most influenced him, Bassani was the only non-German writer in the list.
James P. Martin (W.G. Sebald's Die Ringe des Saturn) discusses the roles that melancholy and exile play in the construction of Sebald's narrators.
At the heart of this project [Der Ringe des Saturn] is the Sebaldian narrator, a melancholic wanderer whose deliberately peripheral, emigrant perspective evokes the flood of memories and significations in the representation of catastrophic events. [page 132]
The inability of atrocity to be conveyed in its totality using representational language, demands an oblique approach to history and a peripheral perspective upon the traces of destruction in material culture….Sebald's wandering narrator recognizes that a condition of being-in the-world, in a Heideggerian sense, is that one is forced to continually interpret reality in order to create meaning, and that this process necessarily entails a partial destruction of that reality…in order to create the possibility of a new meaning… [page 133]
Karen Remmler (The Shape of Remembering: W.G. Sebald's Die Ringe der Saturn and Austerlitz) deals with the way in which memory functions in these two novels, especially the memory of traumatic pasts. She explores the various geometric patterns which recur and which both store and trigger memories (think of the quincunx and the fortress at Breendonk).
Peter O. Arnds (Dans la Salle des Pas Perdus: Wandering, Dwelling, and Myth in W.G. Sebald's Austerlitz) reads Austerlitz and Sebald through the lens of Heidegger.
Authors writing on Sebald in German are Doren Wohlleben, Claudia Öhlschläger, Elena Agazzi, and Yahya Elsaghe.Other essays in the volume deal with Elfriede Jelinek, Turkish-German writer Ermine Sevgi Özdamar, and Urs Widmer.
Sebald's Sonthofen (Digressing into Werner Heisenberg)
There is a brief but curious exchange about W.G. Sebald's book On the Natural History of Destruction on, of all places, the U.S. Army in Germany website where several retired Army personnel have posted reminiscences of being stationed in Sonthofen, Germany in the early 1950s. Sebald's family moved some 19 kilometers or so from Wertach im Allgäu to Sonthofen in 1952 when he was about eight years old and he recalled the town still bearing scars from Allied air raids:
nothing seemed as fascinating as the presence of areas of waste land here and there among the rows of houses… On February 22 and April 29, 1945, bombs had been dropped on the totally insignificant little market town of Sonthofen [page 74]
In 2004, as several retired soldiers posted their recollections of Army life in Sonthofen, one wrote:
A matter of some interest to me arose this past year: a book, entitled, "On the Natural History of Destruction", by an Allgaeuer from Wertach (near Sonthofen), W.G. Sebald, who was only one year old when the war ended, came to Sonthofen in 1952 and saw the "ruins" of two aerial bombings that occurred on February 22 and April 29, 1945. I was dismayed by the (what I thought to be) serious misstatements of fact. We were told, in 1950, that only one bomb was jettisoned onto the town and hit the Brewery which, in any part of Germany, was a major catastrophe.
Herr Sebald was killed in an automobile accident recently and can't be questioned about what he saw in Sonthofen, but can any of the Constabulary people confirm or deny his statements. I'd love to hear about it. I contacted the USAAF Archives at Maxwell Field in Montgomery, Alabama, but they have no record of such a "raid" on either of those dates, but they said it may have been an RAF happening.
Unfortunately, the few responses that this post elicited don't do much to resolve the question of how significantly Sonthofen was bombed in the final months and days of World War II.
Burg Sonthofen, location of the U.S. Army base
However, in trying to discover a little more about Sonthofen, I discovered that physicist Werner Heisenberg was traveling by bicycle and train through the region around Sonthofen and the Allgäu during late April and early May 1945. In his diary Heisenberg reports on almost daily air raids as the Allies closed in on the collapsing German war effort. Here is part of what he wrote on April 20, 1945:
Shortly behind Leutkirch appear large convoys of American bomber planes accompanied by fighter planes up above. From a sheltered spot near a little chapel I watch the destruction of Memmingen. Huge plumes of smoke and waves of detonation; thus I am glad not to have gone via Memmingen. In Krugzell in the Iller Valley a decent meal in a diner, then a long nap under trees on a glacial hill, about 9km north of Kempten. From there one can see all of the Allgäu Alps, especially the mountains surrounding Sonthofen, where I had been in boot camp seven years ago with the mountain troops. 5pm departure in the direction of Kaufbeuren. Cloudless skies all the time. Since I have been going for 50 km already this day, I have trouble ascending from the Illertal. Around 8 pm arrival in Kaufbeuren, fight for a glass of tea in the overcrowded waiting room at the station, I am hungry and am now feeling the exertion of the last days. 10pm the train leaves for Schongau, there pacing from 1am to 5am in the waiting room filled with a horde of half grown boys in SS uniform, probably from the Balkans. I don't dare sleep, fearing for bicycle and luggage. At 5am departure of the train for Weilheim.
Memmingen, which was destroyed before Heisenberg's eyes, lies less than 40 miles north of Sebald's home in Wertach.
It's curious to imagine the Nobel Prize winning author of the Uncertainty Principle alternately napping on a mountainside and watching Allied bombers over the valleys where one year-old Winfred Georg Maximilian Sebald lived at the time.I wonder what Sebald would have thought of Heisenberg"s often-quoted line: "What we observe is not nature itself, but nature exposed to our method of questioning."
But, back to my digression with Heisenberg's diary. On April 22, fifteen days before the surrender of Germany, Heisenberg reports that his wife and "Mrs. Linder have baked a cake, the children are playing out on the terrace in the sunshine, thus we are celebrating the Sunday as if it were total peace time."
For me, the most curious entry comes on April 29 (one of the dates that Sebald claims Sonthofen was bombed). Heisenberg and his wife were in Kochel (south of Munich) to buy provisions. The town was full of "loitering" SS and foreign laborers, all waiting the inevitable "occupation" by the Allies, when Heisenberg sees a train waiting in the station "with prisoners from Dachau who look terribly starved and pale". Since the liberation of Dachau (more than 40 miles to the north) was underway that very day, where could the train seen by Heisenberg have been heading?According to what I read, the last train into Dachau, the so-called Death Train, arrived there on April 26.


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All Change at Doha Ramada Orion Bar
By Para Glider July 02, 2011
Regulars at Doha Ramada's Orion bar will have noticed a changed climate over the past few weeks. First was the diminutive but smiley manageress Julietta's transfer to the Library bar (where she was an instant hit). Next was the changing of the band. The Sri Lankan trio's contract came to an end and they returned home, to be replaced by a Filipino outfit. Piano and two singers. The quality of piano playing is technically better, but less raunchy and less fun. But the singers are both balladeers and their choice of music is very restricted: wall to wall slow numbers, the more sentimental the better, it seems. The unsolved mystery is how they managed to find a Filipino singer who doesn't play guitar? Maybe he had a protected childhood. Of course, endless ballads and anthems are the stuff of Filipino parties and karaoke nights, so it's no surprise that the audience in the comfy chair end is becoming more Filipino by the night.
The other noticeable change is the growing number of Chinese girls decorating the bar area. Mercifully not in Sheraton numbers, but just enough to make the place look and feel less sterile. Whether or not this is a new leniency policy by management, I couldn't say, but anything that goes some way to redress the male/female imbalance has got to be welcomed. Maybe it's all part of the run up to the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
bands and music
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Drink Water - Summer is coming!
The Gorilla, by Jake Thackray, resuscitated by Par...
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The Barber's Wife

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Instructions - Windows XP
Instructions - Windows Vista and Windows 7
If your computer contains a Realtek High Definition Audio system from Realtek semiconductor, you can enable a free feature to dedicate the front audio ports of the system chassis as a dedicated headset connection for applications such as voice communication and enhance your Voice-over-IP experience.
Part 1 - Configuring the headset feature avalible with Realtek High Defintion Audio
Most users only care with how to plug their headphone or speaker into a computer and hear sounds with zero effort and have or desire to know any more about the audio capabilities in their system and why should they? An audio socket should just work, right?
It is a bit more complex than that. The audio system in a PC since its inception has always allowed for very advanced sound mixing and processing. Every PC essentially has a professional mixing deck embedded in its innards with multiple inputs, outputs and the ability to mix or redirect these input and output signals.
The typical user will not need to access the advanced functions of their computers audio system; however, there is a useful feature available on contemporary PC audio systems that can enhance the way a user uses voice or telephony apps such as SIP, Skype, Instant messenger, chat and video conferencing applications.
Typically, a user connects a microphone to the pink socket of their PC (line-in) and a speaker or headphone to the green socket of their PC (line-out). These colours are standardized across all PCs.
These connections can be either on the front or the back of the PC, or both. PCs made in the last five years should automatically detect where and what device (headphone, speakers, microphone) the user has plugged in into which socket and automatically switch these devices.
Older PCs can just use front or rear connections but not both at the same time.
This connection method comprises of transmitting analogue audio signals, and a system will have a number of inputs and outputs connected to a single audio adapter/soundcard/CODEC chip in the PC. These inputs and output signals can be toggled or mixed together for playback and recording.
PCs made in the last few years have a feature called 'multi-streaming' enabled in the audio device. This feature enables a virtual second audio device in the system, which is tied to the front audio sockets. The user can then configure their application such as a soft-phone or chat to use the front or rear system audio ports.
By defining two sound devices in the system (main and front) voice applications can switch between a speakerphone being the main speakers connected to the rear audio sockets and a headset being an earphone/headphone/headset connected to the front audio sockets.
Unplugging the headset will not affect any other aspect of the audio system, other than not making voice communication possible if the audio application is configured to only use the headset.
This feature can also reduce the impact that usual system sounds such as dings or music or any other sounds played on the PC have on say a voice conversation as these sounds are no longer mixed or played back with the voice conversation, useful especially if there is an amplifier or powerful speaker is connected to the PC.
Without multi-streaming, the system sounds and voice are mixed together and played back on the same audio device and speaker and it is up to the user to individually adjust the volume or mute each sound source as desired. Even at a lower volume, the unwanted sounds will still be evident and the task of distinguishing the different audio sources becomes more difficult.
Additionally, it eliminates any mis-configuration of the recording sources. The audio system can be set to a single audio source such as wave (system sounds),microphone, line-in, cd or digital audio in; or to record everything that is playing back , called 'stereo mix'. This setting is undesirable for voice communication.
When the audio recording source is set correctly to microphone, only the microphone will be recorded. The same applies when Multi Streaming is enabled, only applications configured to use the headset connected to the front audio port will record only from the headsets microphone.
A user can say watch a video while participating in a voice chat and the only interference with the conversation will be any background sounds that the microphone picks up.
Independent Playback/record and voice chat can also be performed simultaneously when multi streaming is used. A user can record analogue or digital audio completely independently of a simultaneous voice conversation
Audio can also be connected digitally, via SPDIF connection to the PC or via USB or FireWire audio devices such as Adapters (colloquially called sound cards, but not actually a card, more of a dongle or adapter), speakers or headphones.
Each of these devices will appear to the system as a separate sound card and therefore the 'multi streaming' feature discussed above is not required.
Audio will only be played back and recorded on the device that a particular application is configured to use. Any application that uses audio on windows should offer a setting that allows the sound device to be selected.
Enabling multi streaming is free, easy and offers a convenient way to do voice dedicated voice communications using a headset and speaker on a PC. With several applications, the user can even configure the application to use the speakers connected to the system as an optional speakerphone, just as they would with a cell phone or desk phone.
Today we will show you how to enable multi streaming on the Realtek HD Audio solution found in the majority of PCs today as well as how to configure a popular telephony application to use the headset for voice and system speakers for speakerphone.
Of course, this is just a suggested method, the secondary audio device can be dedicated to a music player or game, but the design and intention for this feature is Voice over IP applications.
The same instructions to configure the application can also be used for USB or FireWire audio devices, selecting the appropriate device name from the selection lists


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Nov 24, 2017. These Christmas candy recipes are perfect for gift giving and holiday parties. There's a candy here for everyone on your list! There's nothing like Christmas candy to bring everyone together in the spirit of good cheer. This year, try these Christmas candy recipes at home! Oct 3, 2015. Here are 50 Christmas Candy Recipes to make for gifts, serve at parties. My mom has been making it for years, and awhile back I started. Make your childhood dreams come alive once again with these homemade candy recipes that taste even better than anything you might find in stores.
Feast your eyes on 26 of the most delicious Christmas candy recipes to inspire you for your homemade Christmas candies, take a look. For a special holiday treat, make homemade versions of your favorite Christmas candy like peanut butter cups, fudge, candy canes and more! These easy microwave candy recipes are quick to make and require just a few minutes of time in the microwave, so they're perfect for any situation where you want candy, and you want it quick.
Hot day? You will love their flavors in the Christmas candy recipes for our Praline Pecans. The hardest part about making Salty Chocolate-Pecan Candy is waiting for the. 14 No Bake Sugar-Free Candy Recipes. February 4, 2015. Just a few minutes of your time and you can make healthier candy at home. The Ultimate Guide To Vegan Christmas Recipes Melanie.
Here are 50 Christmas Candy Recipes to make for gifts, serve at parties, or simply enjoy! It's the most wonderful time of the year!
Well. okay, not exactly. I mean Christmas candy making recipes is a wonderful time of the year if you're like me and adore fall, but it's not Christmas yet. Here are 50 Christmas Candy Recipes to make for gifts, serve at parties, or simply enjoy! It's the most wonderful time of the year! Well. okay, not exactly. I mean it is a wonderful time of the year if you're like me and adore fall, but it's not Christmas yet, technically.
But is that minor. Whether you make these peppermint candy marshmallows to go with your hot chocolate or just to enjoy on their own, you can't deny that this Christmas candy recipe brings adorable cheer. 2 of 57 Bookmark " There so many different Christmas candies that you can make to enjoy during the Christmas Holidays.
We have collected some traditional recipes, such as fudge, peanut brittle, and English Toffee, along with some non-traditional Christmas candy recipes, such as Chocolate Drop Pretzels and Holiday Chocolate Pizza.
Spread the love at your next Christmas bash with these sweet homemade candy recipes. People love delicious food gifts for the holidays, and these Christmas candy recipes make it easy to be sweet. Of course pecans are one of the great nuts grown in the South, and they add a delicious crunch to sweet candy. Traditional Christmas candy gift recipes from Martha Stewart, including popcorn balls, chocolate fudge, peppermint bark, peanut butter cups, chocolate truffles, nut brittle, and more.
Homemade candy is a traditional Christmas gift that will never go out of style. Candy Recipes The most trusted and delicious candy recipes by What's Cooking America. Learn how to make all types of candy, including Christmas candy. Easy, delicious recipes for candy, fudge, Add this Christmas Crack (aka Easy Saltine Toffee Candy) to your holiday baking list! Only 6 ingredients necessary to make the most addicting holiday treat yet!
It's the perfect combo of sweet/salty/crunchy! Aug 22, 2018. These festive candy recipes are guaranteed to fill you with cheer this holiday. 50+ Christmas Candy Recipes for the Sweetest Christmas candy making recipes Season. What would Christmas be without candy? Whether you normally make your own or buy it in the store, you just have to have those delicious bits of chocolate and confections around the house during the holiday season. We have collected a great list of make it yourself Christmas candies that are sure to.


text:
Home/American Shipper/2010 hurricane season spares U.S. ports
2010 hurricane season spares U.S. ports
The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season, which ends Tuesday, was one of the busiest on record, but very few storms touched the coast.
In the Atlantic Basin a total of 19 named storms formed — tied with 1887 and 1995 for third-highest years on record. Of those storms, 12 became hurricanes — tied with 1969 for second-highest on record. Five of those reached major hurricane status of Category 3 or higher.
NOAA said the totals are within the ranges predicted in its seasonal outlooks issued on May 27 (14-23 named storms, eight to 14 hurricanes, three to seven major hurricanes) and Aug. 5 (14-20 named storms, eight to 12 hurricanes, four to six major hurricanes). An average Atlantic season produces 11 named storms, six hurricanes and two major hurricanes.
'This year, record warm Atlantic waters, combined with the favorable winds coming off Africa and weak wind shear aided by La Ni'a energized developing storms. The 2010 season continues the string of active hurricane seasons that began in 1995,' NOAA said.
The jet stream's position contributed to warm and dry conditions in the eastern United States and acted as a barrier that kept many storms over open water, minimizing impacts on East and Gulf coasts ports. Also, because many storms formed in the extreme eastern Atlantic, they re-curved back out to sea without threatening land.
'For that reason, you could say the season was a gentle giant,' said Jack Hayes, director of NOAA's National Weather Service, in a statement on Monday.
Other parts of the Atlantic Basin weren't as fortunate. Hurricane Tomas brought heavy rain to earthquake-ravaged Haiti, and several storms, including Alex, battered eastern Mexico and Central America with heavy rain, mudslides and deadly flooding.
The La Ni'a effect helped suppressed storms from forming and strengthening in the eastern North Pacific. Of that region's seven named storms this year, three grew into hurricanes and two of those became major hurricanes.
According to NOAA, this is the fewest named storms (previous record low was eight in 1977) and the fewest hurricanes (previous record low was four in 1969, 1970, 1977 and 2007) on record since the satellite era began in the mid-1960s. An average eastern North Pacific season produces 15 named storms, nine hurricanes and four major hurricanes, the agency said.


text:
Special counsel's report says investigators struggled with whether Trump committed crime of obstruction - The Washington Post
"By Devlin Barrett, www.washingtonpost.comView OriginalApril 18th, 2019
The report from special counsel Robert S. Mueller III lays out in alarming detail abundant evidence against President Trump, finding 10 "episodes" of potential obstruction of justice but ultimately concluding it was not Mueller's role to determine whether the commander in chief broke the law.
Submitted to Congress on Thursday, the 448-page document alternates between jarring scenes of presidential scheming and dense legal analysis, and it marks the onset of a new phase of the Trump administration in which congressional Democrats must decide what, if anything, to do with Mueller's evidence. The report suggests — though never explicitly states — that Congress, not the Justice Department, should assume the role of prosecutor when the person who may be prosecuted is the president.
"The conclusion that Congress may apply the obstruction laws to the President's corrupt exercise of the powers of office accords with our constitutional system of checks and balances and the principle that no person is above the law," Mueller's team wrote.
Trump once feared Mueller could destroy his presidency, but the special counsel may instead define it. By releasing a thick catalogue of misconduct and mendacity that, if not criminal, is deeply unflattering, Mueller's report may mean long-term political problems for a president seeking reelection next year.
Still, Trump's electoral base has not been swayed by such stories in the past, and he has already claimed victory on the investigation's bottom line: no conspiracy with Russia, no obstruction of justice.
Since Mueller ended his investigation last month, a central question facing the Justice Department has been why Mueller's team did not reach a conclusion about whether the president obstructed justice. The issue was complicated, the report said, by two key factors — the fact that, under department practice, a sitting president cannot be charged with a crime, and that a president has a great deal of constitutional authority to give orders to other government employees.
Trump submitted written answers to investigators. The special counsel's office considered them "inadequate" but did not press for an interview with him because doing so would cause a "substantial delay," the report says.
The report said investigators felt they had "sufficient evidence to understand relevant events and to make certain assessments without the President's testimony."
Trump's legal team declared Mueller's report "a total victory" for the president. It "underscores what we have argued from the very beginning — there was no collusion — there was no obstruction," they said.
In their statement, Trump's lawyers also attacked former leaders at the FBI for opening "a biased, political attack against the President — turning one of our foundational legal standards on its head."
Trump said little publicly about the report's release. At an event Thursday, he indicated he was having a "good day," and adding that "this should never happen to another president again, this hoax." Ahead of the report's release, the president lobbed a familiar attack on the investigation. "PRESIDENTIAL HARASSMENT!" he tweeted. "The Greatest Political Hoax of all time! Crimes were committed by Crooked, Dirty Cops and DNC/The Democrats."
If Mueller's report was a victory for the president, it was an ugly one. Investigators paint a portrait of a president who believes the Justice Department and the FBI should answer to his orders, even when it comes to criminal investigations.
During a meeting in which the president complained about then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions's decision to recuse himself from the Russia investigation, Trump insisted that past attorneys general had been more obedient to their presidents, referring to President John F. Kennedy and his brother, Robert, as well as the Obama administration.
"You're telling me that Bobby and Jack didn't talk about investigations? Or Obama didn't tell Eric Holder who to investigate?" Trump told senior White House staffers Stephen K. Bannon and Donald McGahn, according to the report.
"Bannon recalled that the President was as mad as Bannon had ever seen him and that he screamed at McGahn about how weak Sessions was," the report said.
Repeatedly, it appears Trump may have been saved from more serious legal jeopardy because his own staffers refused to carry out orders they thought were problematic or potentially illegal.
For instance, in the early days of the administration, when the president was facing growing questions concerning then-national security adviser Michael Flynn's conversations about sanctions with a Russian ambassador, the president ordered another aide, K.T. McFarland, to write an email saying the president did not direct those conversations. She decided not to do so, unsure if that was true and fearing it might be improper.
"Some evidence suggests that the President knew about the existence and content of Flynn's calls when they occurred, but the evidence is inconclusive and could not be relied upon to establish the President's knowledge,' " the report said.
The report also recounts a remarkable moment in May 2017 when Sessions told Trump that Mueller had just been appointed special counsel. Trump slumped back in his chair, according to notes from Jody Hunt, Sessions's then-chief of staff. "Oh my God, this is terrible. This is the end of my presidency. I'm fucked," Trump said. The president further laid into Sessions for his recusal, saying Sessions had let him down.
"Everyone tells me if you get one of these independent counsels it ruins your presidency," Trump said, according to Hunt's notes. "It takes years and years and I won't be able to do anything. This is the worst thing that ever happened to me."
The special counsel's report on possible coordination between the Trump campaign and Russians to interfere in the 2016 election is extremely detailed with only modest redactions — painting a starkly different picture for Trump than Attorney General William P. Barr has offered, and revealing new details about interactions between Russians and Trump associates.
Mueller's team wrote that though their investigation "did not establish that the Trump Campaign coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities," that assertion was informed by the fact that coordination requires more than two parties "taking actions that were informed by or responsive to the other's actions or interests."
And Mueller made it clear: Russia wanted to help the Trump campaign, and the Trump campaign was willing to take it.
"Although the investigation established that the Russian government perceived it would benefit from a Trump presidency and worked to secure that outcome, and that the Campaign expected it would benefit electorally from information stolen and released through Russian efforts, the investigation did not establish that members of the Trump Campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities," Mueller's team wrote.
The report detailed a timeline of contacts between the Trump campaign and those with Russian ties — much of it already known, but some of it new.
For example, Mueller's team asserted that in August 2016, Konstantin Kilimnik, whom the FBI has assessed as having ties to Russian intelligence, met with Paul Manafort, Trump's campaign chairman, "to deliver in person a peace plan for Ukraine that Manafort acknowledged to the Special Counsel's Office was a 'backdoor' way for Russia to control part of eastern Ukraine."
The special counsel wrote that both men believed the plan would require candidate Trump's "assent to succeed (were he elected President)."
"They also discussed the status of the Trump Campaign and Manafort's strategy for winning Democratic votes in Midwestern states," the special counsel wrote. "Months before that meeting, Manafort had caused internal polling data to be shared with Kilimnik, and the sharing continued for some period of time after their August meeting."
Mueller's report suggests his obstruction of justice investigation was heavily informed by an opinion from the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) that says a sitting president cannot be indicted — a conclusion Mueller's team accepted.
"And apart from OLC's constitutional view, we recognized that a federal criminal accusation against a sitting President would place burdens on the President's capacity to govern and potentially preempt constitutional processes for addressing presidential misconduct," Mueller's team wrote.
That decision, though, seemed to leave investigators in a strange spot. Mueller's team wrote that they "determined not to apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes." They seemed to shy from producing even an internal document that alleged the president had done something wrong — deciding, essentially, that they wouldn't decide.
"Although a prosecutor's internal report would not represent a formal public accusation akin to an indictment, the possibility of the report's public disclosure and the absence of a neutral adjudicatory forum to review its findings counseled against determining 'that the person's conduct constitutes a federal offense.' "
Barr said during a news conference Thursday that Justice Department officials asked Mueller "about the OLC opinion and whether or not he was taking the position that he would have found a crime but for the existence of the OLC opinion."
"He made it very clear, several times, that he was not taking a position — he was not saying but for the OLC opinion he would have found a crime," Barr said.
Mueller did not attend the news conference.
Barr addressed the media before releasing the report. He made repeated references to "collusion," echoing language the president has stressed even though it is not a relevant legal term.
Barr also described how the nation's top law enforcement officials wrestled with investigating Trump for possible obstruction of justice. He and Deputy Attorney General Rod J. Rosenstein "disagreed with some of the special counsel's legal theories and felt that some of the episodes did not amount to obstruction as a matter of law" but that they accepted the special counsel's "legal framework" as they analyzed the case, Barr said.
It was the first official acknowledgment of differing views inside the Justice Department about how to investigate the president.
Barr also spoke about the president's state of mind as Trump responded to the unfolding investigation. "As the Special Counsel's report acknowledges, there is substantial evidence to show that the president was frustrated and angered by a sincere belief that the investigation was undermining his presidency, propelled by his political opponents, and fueled by illegal leaks," he said.
The Mueller report is considered so politically explosive that even the Justice Department's rollout plan sparked a firestorm, with Democrats suggesting that the attorney general was trying to improperly color Mueller's findings before the public could read them.
Prompted by a reporter, Barr responded to a call earlier Thursday from the top two Democrats in Congress to have Mueller appear before House and Senate committees. "I have no objection to Bob Mueller personally testifying," the attorney general said.
In a letter, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) and Senate Minority Leader Charles E. Schumer (D-N.Y.) said they wanted testimony "as soon as possible" from Mueller. And after Barr's news conference, House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerrold Nadler (D-N.Y.) released a letter to the special counsel seeking an appearance before his panel "no later than May 23."
Congressional Democrats have vowed to fight to get the entire report, without redactions, as well as the underlying investigative documents Mueller gathered.
The report has been the subject of heated debate since Barr notified Congress last month that Mueller had completed his work.
Barr told lawmakers he needed time to redact sensitive information before it could be made public, including any grand jury material as well as details whose public release could harm ongoing investigations.
Barr also said he would review the document to redact information that would "potentially compromise sources and methods" in intelligence collection and anything that would "unduly infringe on the personal privacy and reputational interests of peripheral third parties."
That language suggests Barr wants to keep secret any derogatory information gathered by investigators about figures who ended up not being central to Mueller's investigation.
Barr notified Congress after the report's release that senior members of each party would get a chance to review a less-redacted version next week. The invitation was extended to the leaders of congressional committees and one staffer each. Democrats immediately panned the offer, though, calling it a "non-starter."
Greg Miller, Spencer S. Hsu, Karoun Demirjian, Ellen Nakashima, Philip Rucker, John Wagner and Felicia Sonmez contributed to this report."
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text:
The Nigerian Insider News
HURIWA to Federal Government:- Arresting Owo church bombers is one thing, prosecuting terrorist is another:
tnin
Prominent Civil Rights Advocacy Group:- HUMAN RIGHTS WRITERS ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIA (HURIWA) has accused the Federal government of using a routine media propaganda in the case of the terrorists who bombed and killed over 50 Catholic church worshippers in owo, Ondo State.
The Rights group said the public celebration by the government of the nabbing of the suspected terrorists in the Owo Ondo State genocide inside the Catholic Church is not the main issue because this government has the notoriety of setting Islamic terrorists free or failing deliberately to prosecute them, protect their detention centres thereby enabling the easy escape of terrorists.
HURIWA said there is no guarantee that the owo incident would be different because in the last seven years, no significant Islamists and mass murderers have been successfully prosecuted, jailed and secured inside of the prisons.
"Government of President Muhammadu Buhari has no good record of successfully prosecuting Islamic terror masterminds but is notorious for deploying empty media rhetoric's to hoodwink undiscerning members of the public to believe that actions are been adopted to deal with terrorists.
"We want Nigerians to ask the Inspector General of Police for instance, where are the terrorists, kidnappers and Fulani bandits purportedly arrested and paraded in the media since 7 years back. Can the IGP give Nigerians a breakdown of the well over five thousand terrorists paraded over the last seven years whose information are no longer made known until another batch of the terrorists are to be paraded? HURIWA is worried that government officials seriously think that Nigerians are people without retentive memory or a population incapable of demanding accountability from their government which is why this government deploys lame, illogical and laughable media propaganda to handle serious matter of threats to the sovereignty of Nigeria and the National Security interests which terrorist attacks constitute. Why tell us you have arrested terrorists but you don't have any agenda for prosecuting them to finality and when you send them to awaiting trial detention centres, the moles the All Progressives Congress planted in the Federal Prisons will sabotage the security of the facilities so detained terrorists can escape?"
Acvordingly, HURIWA asserted that the information by the Defence Chief that the terrorists who bombed the Catholic church in Owo Ondo State have been picked will remain in the realm of empty media propaganda until this government through the Federal Attorney General prosecutes and obtain conviction and then the weak minister of interior is able to protect the detention facilities and not let internal saboteurs manipulate the system to free the terrorists".
HURIWA recalled that the military high command has confirmed the arrest of Owo catholic church bombers. The arrest, according to the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), General Lucky Irabor was made possible by joint operations of all the security agencies. The CDS, who listed their names noted that the suspects, who are members of Islamic State of West Africa (ISWAP) are in custody.
HURIWA recalled that 40 people were killed when the gunmen stormed the church on June 5, opened fire on the congregation, and also detonated explosives as the worshippers scampered for safety. Operatives of Amotekun Corps in Ondo State had earlier claimed they also arrested some suspects in connection with the killings. Briefing journalists in Akure on June 23, the state Commander of Amotekun, Adetunji Adeleye, expressed assurance that all the attackers of the worship center would be apprehended. Adeleye, however, did not give the actual figure of the suspected terrorists arrested.
HURIWA quoted the Amotekun chief as stating earlier thus:"As regards the Owo incident, we have recovered the last vehicle they used for that operation and we made some arrests and we have also recovered some vital things which we are working on. "A number of people have been arrested concerning the Owo issue as well as a well number of equipment. On that day, we pursued them to the point that we recovered the vehicle and we are still pursuing them We have told you that until we get to the root, I can assure you that the perpetrators and their sponsors will be brought to book."
In the light of these inconsistencies and deliberate use of media propaganda to try to deceive Nigerians regarding the bombing of a packed Catholic Church in Owo Ondo State, HURIWA has told the military that their propaganda won't work but what will work is efficient and effective crackdown on terrorists no matter their Ethno-religious affiliatiations.
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text:
Q: Set data type (xml) for a field in data table, using Visual Studio Hi I have datatype for a field recently converted to xml from varchar(MAX) in SqlServer DB.
I want to set this type for the corresponing field in the data table, but it has no option for xml. Any suggestion ?
Thanks
using VS 08 and SQL SERVER 08
alt text http://img708.imageshack.us/img708/3888/53987921.jpg

A: The SQL type xml will convert happily enough to System.String. I'd use that.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Since 2014, we've been managing our Botmetric products like Cost & Governance, Security & Compliance, and Ops & Automation; for our greatest AWS users across the globe. We are happy that we managed to help enterprises to leverage cloud computing to their platform. Now we have immense pleasure and delight to announce the beta release of Botmetric Cost & Governance in Microsoft Azure.
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We are also providing the Save functionality in Azure for Cost & Governance where all your actionable insights on possible Azure savings converge under one roof. Users who have a major concern for savings in the cloud, have a greater opportunity and ease to save now in Azure with Botmetric.


Woe to Ariel, to Ariel the city which David took: year is added to year: the solemnities are at an end.
And I will make a trench about Ariel, and it shall be in sorrow and mourning, and it shall be to me as Ariel.
And I will make a circle round about thee, and will cast up a rampart against thee, and raise up bulwarks to besiege thee.
Thou shalt be brought down, thou shalt speak out of the earth, and thy speech shall be heard out of the ground: and thy voice shall be from the earth like that of the python, and out of the ground thy speech shall mutter.
And the multitude of them that fan thee, shall be like small dust: and as ashes passing away, the multitude of them that have prevailed against thee.
And it shall be at an instant suddenly. A visitation shall come from the Lord of hosts in thunder, and with earthquake, and with a great noise of whirlwind and tempest, and with the flame of devouring fire.
And the multitude of all nations that have fought against Ariel, shall be as the dream of a vision by night, and all that have fought, and besieged and prevailed against it.
And as he that is hungry dreameth, and eateth, but when he is awake, his soul is empty: and as he that is thirsty dreameth, and drinketh, and after he is awake, is yet faint with thirst, and his soul is empty: so shall be the multitude of all the Gentiles, that have fought against mount Sion.
Be astonished, and wander, waver, and stagger: be drunk, and not with wine: stagger, and not with drunkenness.
For the Lord hath mingled for you the spirit of a deep sleep, he will shut up your eyes, he will cover your prophets and princes, that see visions.
And the vision of all shall be unto you as the words of a book that is sealed, which when they shall deliver to one that is learned, they shall say: Read this: and he shall answer: I cannot, for it is sealed.
And the book shall be given to one that knoweth no letters, and it shall be said to him: Read: and he shall answer: I know no letters.
Therefore behold I will proceed to cause an admiration in this people, by a great and wonderful miracle: for wisdom shall perish from their wise men, and the understanding of their prudent men shall be hid.
Woe to you that are deep of heart, to hide your counsel from the Lord: and their works are in the dark, and they say: Who seeth us, and who knoweth us?
Is it not yet a very little while, and Libanus shall be turned into charmel, and charmel shall be esteemed as a forest?
And in that day the deaf shall hear the words of the book, and out of darkness and obscurity the eyes of the blind shall see.
And the meek shall increase their joy in the Lord, and the poor men shall rejoice in the Holy One of Israel.
That made men sin by word, and supplanted him that reproved them in the gate, and declined in vain from the just.
And they that erred in spirit, shall know understanding, and they that murmured, shall learn the law.


text:
require "test_helper"

class PopulatorTest < MiniTest::Spec
  Song  = Struct.new(:title, :album, :composer)
  Album = Struct.new(:name, :songs, :artist)
  Artist = Struct.new(:name)

  class AlbumForm < Reform::Form
    property :name
    validates :name, presence: true

    collection :songs,
      populator: lambda { |fragment, collection, index, options|
        # collection = options.binding.get # we don't need this anymore as this comes in for free!
        (item = collection[index]) ? item : collection.insert(index, Song.new) } do

      property :title
      validates :title, presence: true

      property :composer, populator: lambda { |fragment, model, options| model || self.composer= Artist.new } do
        property :name
        validates :name, presence: true
      end
    end

    # property :artist, populator: lambda { |fragment, options| (item = options.binding.get) ? item : Artist.new } do
    # NOTE: we have to document that model here is the twin!
    property :artist, populator: lambda { |fragment, twin, *| twin || self.artist = Artist.new } do
      property :name
    end
  end

  let (:song)               { Song.new("Broken") }
  let (:song_with_composer) { Song.new("Resist Stance", nil, composer) }
  let (:composer)           { Artist.new("Greg Graffin") }
  let (:artist)             { Artist.new("Bad Religion") }
  let (:album)              { Album.new("The Dissent Of Man", [song, song_with_composer], artist) }

  let (:form) { AlbumForm.new(album) }

  # changing existing property :artist.
  # TODO: check with artist==nil
  it do
    old_id = artist.object_id

    form.validate(
      "artist" => {"name" => "Marcus Miller"}
    )

    form.artist.model.object_id.must_equal old_id
  end

  # use populator for default value on scalars?

  # adding to collection via :populator.
  # valid.
  it "yyy" do
    form.validate(
      "songs"  => [{"title" => "Fallout"}, {"title" => "Roxanne"},
        {"title" => "Rime Of The Ancient Mariner"}, # new song.
        {"title" => "Re-Education", "composer" => {"name" => "Rise Against"}}], # new song with new composer.
    ).must_equal true

    form.errors.messages.inspect.must_equal "{}"

    # form has updated.
    form.name.must_equal "The Dissent Of Man"
    form.songs[0].title.must_equal "Fallout"
    form.songs[1].title.must_equal "Roxanne"
    form.songs[1].composer.name.must_equal "Greg Graffin"

    form.songs[1].composer.model.must_be_instance_of Artist

    form.songs[1].title.must_equal "Roxanne"
    form.songs[2].title.must_equal "Rime Of The Ancient Mariner" # new song added.
    form.songs[3].title.must_equal "Re-Education"
    form.songs[3].composer.name.must_equal "Rise Against"
    form.songs.size.must_equal 4
    form.artist.name.must_equal "Bad Religion"

    # model has not changed, yet.
    album.name.must_equal "The Dissent Of Man"
    album.songs[0].title.must_equal "Broken"
    album.songs[1].title.must_equal "Resist Stance"
    album.songs[1].composer.name.must_equal "Greg Graffin"
    album.songs.size.must_equal 2
    album.artist.name.must_equal "Bad Religion"
  end
end

class PopulateIfEmptyTest < MiniTest::Spec
  Song  = Struct.new(:title, :album, :composer)
  Album = Struct.new(:name, :songs, :artist)
  Artist = Struct.new(:name)

  let (:song)               { Song.new("Broken") }
  let (:song_with_composer) { Song.new("Resist Stance", nil, composer) }
  let (:composer)           { Artist.new("Greg Graffin") }
  let (:artist)             { Artist.new("Bad Religion") }
  let (:album)              { Album.new("The Dissent Of Man", [song, song_with_composer], artist) }

  class AlbumForm < Reform::Form
    property :name

    collection :songs,
      populate_if_empty: Song do                                                # class name works.

      property :title
      validates :title, presence: true

      property :composer, populate_if_empty: :populate_composer! do # lambda works, too. in form context.
        property :name
        validates :name, presence: true
      end

    private
      def populate_composer!(fragment, options)
        Artist.new
      end
    end

    property :artist, populate_if_empty: lambda { |*args| create_artist(args) } do # methods work, too.
      property :name
    end

  private
    class Sting < Artist
      attr_accessor :args
    end
    def create_artist(args)
      Sting.new.tap { |artist| artist.args=(args) }
    end
  end

  let (:form) { AlbumForm.new(album) }

  it do
    form.songs.size.must_equal 2

    form.validate(
      "songs"  => [{"title" => "Fallout"}, {"title" => "Roxanne"},
        {"title" => "Rime Of The Ancient Mariner"}, # new song.
        {"title" => "Re-Education", "composer" => {"name" => "Rise Against"}}], # new song with new composer.
    ).must_equal true

    form.errors.messages.inspect.must_equal "{}"

    # form has updated.
    form.name.must_equal "The Dissent Of Man"
    form.songs[0].title.must_equal "Fallout"
    form.songs[1].title.must_equal "Roxanne"
    form.songs[1].composer.name.must_equal "Greg Graffin"
    form.songs[1].title.must_equal "Roxanne"
    form.songs[2].title.must_equal "Rime Of The Ancient Mariner" # new song added.
    form.songs[3].title.must_equal "Re-Education"
    form.songs[3].composer.name.must_equal "Rise Against"
    form.songs.size.must_equal 4
    form.artist.name.must_equal "Bad Religion"

    # model has not changed, yet.
    album.name.must_equal "The Dissent Of Man"
    album.songs[0].title.must_equal "Broken"
    album.songs[1].title.must_equal "Resist Stance"
    album.songs[1].composer.name.must_equal "Greg Graffin"
    album.songs.size.must_equal 2
    album.artist.name.must_equal "Bad Religion"
  end

  # trigger artist populator. lambda calling form instance method.
  it do
    form = AlbumForm.new(album = Album.new)
    form.validate("artist" => {"name" => "From Autumn To Ashes"})

    form.artist.name.must_equal "From Autumn To Ashes"
    # test lambda was executed in form context.
    form.artist.model.must_be_instance_of AlbumForm::Sting
    # test lambda block arguments.
    form.artist.model.args.to_s.must_equal "[{\"name\"=>\"From Autumn To Ashes\"}, {}]"

    album.artist.must_equal nil
  end
end

# delete songs while deserializing.
class PopulateIfEmptyWithDeletionTest < MiniTest::Spec
  Song  = Struct.new(:title, :album, :composer)
  Album = Struct.new(:name, :songs, :artist)

  let (:song)  { Song.new("Broken") }
  let (:song2) { Song.new("Resist Stance") }
  let (:album) { Album.new("The Dissent Of Man", [song, song2]) }

  class AlbumForm < Reform::Form
    property :name

    collection :songs,
      populate_if_empty: Song, skip_if: :delete_song! do

      property :title
      validates :title, presence: true
    end

    def delete_song!(fragment, *)
      songs.delete(songs[0]) and return true if fragment["title"] == "Broken, delete me!"
      false
    end
  end

  let (:form) { AlbumForm.new(album) }

  it do
    form.validate(
      "songs"  => [{"title" => "Broken, delete me!"}, {"title" => "Roxanne"}]
    ).must_equal true

    form.errors.messages.inspect.must_equal "{}"

    form.songs.size.must_equal 1
    form.songs[0].title.must_equal "Roxanne"
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Single use plastic bag bans and taxes are becoming increasingly popular with governments across the world (though unpopular with most store owners) and now Italy is gearing up to implement their own. In other parts of the world, these types of regulations span from the very stringent, you can't use them at all bans of San Jose, California to the you can use them if you want to pay taxes of Washington DC, and we're impressed to see that Italy is leaning towards the stricter end of the spectrum. Starting next week, the whole country will ban all conventional single use plastic bags and mandate that all new single use bags be biodegradable.
The ban was originally meant to go into effect one year ago — they postponed the ban to allow industry to get ready for the change — but when the ball drops for 2011, they will officially start their quest to eliminate the roughly 20 billion bags that Italians use each year. With Italy's population currently at roughly 57 million people, that means they use about one plastic bag per person per day each year. It also means they consume about 25% of all of the plastic bags used in Europe each year, despite having only about seven percent of the European population.
Opponents of the new law in Italy say that biodegradable bags don't hold up to the standards used for conventional plastic bags, meaning they break easily – really easily. We're hoping that the inadequacies of the single-use biodegradable bags will steer Italians toward shopping bags that can be reused instead of thrown away. In a study done last November 73% of Italians asked reported that they would use alternatives to single-use, biodegradable bags when shopping once the ban goes into effect. Though skeptics are wary of this ban taking hold — fines are low and oversight might be scarce — it seems this ban has Italians headed in the right direction before it even starts.
Single use plastic bag bans and taxes are becoming increasingly popular with governments across the world (though unpopular with most store owners) and now Italy is gearing up to implement their own. In other parts of the world, these types of regulations span from the very stringent, you can't use them at all bans of San Jose, California to the you can use them if you want to pay taxes of Washington DC, and we're impressed to see that Italy is leaning towards the stricter end of the spectrum. Starting next week, the whole country will ban all conventional single use plastic bags and mandate that all new single use bags be biodegradable.


text:
News Hummer brand back with EVs?
Hummer brand back with EVs?
Vincent Aubé
2008 Hummer H2 | Photo: Hummer
Will GM bring Hummer back from the dead as an electrified brand?
When the American giant General Motors declared bankruptcy at the end of the last decade, some of its divisions had to be abandoned in the process. One of them, Hummer, was the target of environmentalists because of its poor average fuel economy, especially because of the H2 model, a heavy SUV and as aerodynamic as a refrigerator.
However, it seems that the name has enough notoriety for GM senior management to consider bringing the manufacturer famous for its vehicles capable of venturing away from the roads. With the success of its competitor, Jeep, not to mention the return of Ford next year in the off-road niche with a brand-new Bronco, it is not inappropriate for GM to consider a new offensive in this category of vehicles.
According to an article on Bloomberg, the return of the brand is for the moment an idea, but an idea that would take a different direction than that of the old Hummer. Indeed, according to some sources who preferred to remain anonymous at the moment, the division could return in an electrified form, simply to change the image of a manufacturer too often associated with its thirst for fuel.
As we know, GM is actively working to change the direction of its brands with a clear goal to electrify the entire fleet, like most other players in the industry.
The article even quoted GM president Mark Reuss on the issue. He merely replied that he liked the brand, but he was not sure and that all scenarios were considered.
For the moment we know that GM is working on two related electrification projects, the first one focusing on small vehicles, and the second one, which targets the big vehicles of the American brand, from SUVs to work trucks.
One thing is certain: if GM wants to bring back Hummer, the vehicles of the brand will have at least to be equipped with electrified motorization.
Volkswagen Could Build its Next Battery Factory in Ontario
The automaker has already signed an agreement with the federal government. Other sites in North America are still being considered. This will be...
Volvo is Planning its Largest Revamp in Over 10 years
The company wants to add at least six electric vehicles by 2026. New electric versions of the S60, S90, XC40, XC60 and XC90...
Nissan Brings Max-Out Digital Concept to Life
News Evan Williams - February 2, 2023
The virtual concept is now a steel one. Still not in production The EV Roadster is meant to bring attention to Nissan's future...
Previous articleThe Aston Martin Valkyrie is heading to Le Mans
Next articleThe New MK8 Volkswagen Golf Will Launch Before 2019 Ends
Send Vince an email


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Resource Library | Article
Plastic Bag Found at the Bottom of World's Deepest Ocean Trench
Even one of the most remote places on Earth couldn't hide from the scourge of plastic trash.
3 - 12+
Biology, Conservation, Earth Science, Oceanography
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By Sarah Gibbens
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3rd Grade 6th Grade 10th Grade 11th Grade 12th Grade
The Mariana Trench—The deepest point in the ocean—extends nearly 10,975 meters (36,000 feet) down in a remote part of the Pacific Ocean. But if you thought the trench could escape the global onslaught of plastics pollution, you would be wrong.
A recent study revealed that a plastic bag, like the kind given away at grocery stores, is now the deepest known piece of plastic trash, found at a depth of 10,975 meters (36,000 feet) inside the Mariana Trench. Scientists found it by looking through the Deep-Sea Debris Database, a collection of photos and videos taken from 5,010 dives over the past 30 years that was recently made public.
Of the classifiable debris logged in the database, plastic was the most prevalent, and plastic bags in particular made up the greatest source of plastic trash. Other debris came from material like rubber, metal, wood, and cloth, and some is yet to be classified.
Most of the plastic—a whopping 89 percent—was the type of plastic that is used once and then thrown away, like a plastic water bottle or disposable utensil.
While the Mariana Trench may seem like a dark, lifeless pit, it hosts more life than you might think. NOAA's Okeanos Explorer vessel searched the region's depths in 2016 and found diverse life-forms, including species like coral, jellyfish, and octopus. The recent study also found that 17 percent of the images of plastic logged in the database showed interactions of some kind with marine life, like animals becoming entangled in the debris.
Where Did the Plastic Come From?
The new study is just one among many showing just how prevalent plastic pollution has become worldwide. Single-use plastics are virtually everywhere, and they may take hundreds of years or more to break down once in the wild.
Last February, a separate study showed that the Mariana Trench has higher levels of overall pollution in certain regions than some of the most polluted rivers in China. The study's authors theorized that the chemical pollutants in the trench may have come in part from the breakdown of plastic in the water column.
Plastic has recently become a greater focus of the environmental movement, being featured prominently this past Earth Day, for example. While plastic can enter the ocean directly, such as trash blown from a beach or discarded from ships, a study published in 2017 found that most of it is flowing into the sea from 10 rivers that run through heavily populated regions.
Discarded fishing gear is also a major source of plastic pollution, and a study published last March found that the material comprised the bulk of the Texas-size Great Pacific Garbage Patch floating between Hawaii and California.
While the ocean clearly contains much more plastic than a single plastic bag, the item has now gone from a wind-flung metaphor for listlessness to an example of how deep an impact humans can have on the planet.
A monk seal (Monachus monachus) with a plastic water bottle. Marine animals often mistake plastic items with food.
Photograph by Paulo de Oliveira
remains of something broken or destroyed; waste, or garbage.
entangle
to tangle or twist together.
Great Pacific Garbage Patch
area of the North Pacific Ocean where currents have trapped huge amounts of debris, mostly plastics.
deepest place on Earth, located in the South Pacific Ocean at 11,000 meters (36,198 feet) at its deepest.
U.S. Department of Commerce agency whose mission is to "understand and predict changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts; to share that knowledge and information with others, and; to conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and resources."
chemical material that can be easily shaped when heated to a high temperature.
introduction of harmful materials into the environment.
long, deep depression, either natural or man-made.
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Plastic is ubiquitous in our everyday lives. Some plastics we can reuse or recycle—and many play important roles in areas like medicine and public safety—but other items, such as straws, are designed for only one use. In fact, more than 40 percent of plastic is used only once before it is thrown away, where it lingers in the environment for a long, long time. It often breaks down into smaller and smaller particles, called microplastics, which can be ingested by both animals and people. Fortunately, there are things we can do to help—like stop using plastic bags, straws, and bottles, recycling when we can, and disposing of waste properly. Use these classroom resources to teach about ocean plastics and check back for more coming later this year!
One Bottle at a Time
The pollution of the ocean is a massive environmental crisis. It may seem overwhelming, but the problem can be broken down into small tasks to which every individual can contribute.
A Whopping 91 Percent of Plastic Isn't Recycled
Billions of tons of plastic have been made of the past decades, and much of it is becoming trash and litter, finds the first analysist of the issue.
Marine pollution is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide.
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