text:
European Commission: SCHER 2010 report on fluoridation; Opinions-Layman, Level 3
Categories: Genotoxicity, Mexico, Spain
Level 3 at
https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/fluoridation/en/l-3/index.htm#0
The texts in Level 3 are directy quoted from:
Source & ©: SCHER Critical review of any new evidence on the hazard profile, health effects, and human exposure to fluoride and the fluoridating agents of drinking water More…
Fluoride is not considered to be essential for human growth and development but it is considered to be beneficial in the prevention of dental caries (tooth decay). As a result, intentional fluoridation of drinking water and the development of fluoride containing oral care products (toothpastes and mouth rinses), foods (fluoridated salts) and supplements (fluoride tablets) have been employed since the early 20th century in several parts of the world as a public health protective measure against tooth decay. Additional exposure to fluoride comes from naturally occurring water (tap and mineral), beverages, food, and to a lesser extent, from other environmental sources.
A body of scientific literature seems to suggest that fluoride intake may be associated with a number of adverse health effects. dental fluorosis and effects on bones (increased fragility and skeletal fluorosis) are two well documented adverse effects of fluoride intake. Systemic effects following prolonged and high exposure to fluoride have also been reported and more recently effects on the thyroid, developing brain and other tissues, and an association with certain types of osteosarcoma (bone cancer) have been reported.
Individual and population exposures to fluoride vary considerably and depend on the high variability in the levels of fluoride found in tap (be it natural or the result of intentional fluoridation of drinking water) and mineral waters, and on individual dietary and oral hygiene habits and practices. The emerging picture from all risk assessments conducted on fluoride is that there exists a narrow margin between the recommended intakes for the prevention of dental caries and the upper limits of exposure. Invariably, all assessments to-date call for continued monitoring of the exposure of humans to fluoride from all sources and an evaluation of new scientific developments on its hazard profile.
Exposure assessment was conducted in the most recent evaluations by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), setting upper tolerable intake levels (UL) related to concentration limits for fluoride in natural mineral waters (EFSA 2005) and on calcium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate as a source of fluoride (EFSA 2008a, EFSA 2008b), and by the Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (fluoride in dental care products (SCCP 2009)). A similar approach was taken by the United States National Academies of Science in its 2006 review of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's water standards for fluoride (NRC 2006).
There is a continuous controversy over the benefit of fluoride and, in particular, the practices of intentional water fluoridation in tooth decay prevention. This has led to several countries discontinuing drinking water fluoridation and others expanding it.
Besides questioning the practice of intentional water fluoridation itself as being unnecessary or superfluous in the light of the high exposure to fluoride from other sources, opponents of water fluoridation have pointed to reports showing that the health and environmental risks of the most commonly used fluoridating agents, silicofluorides (e.g. (hydro)fluorosilicic acid, sodium silicofluoride, disodium hexafluorosilicate or hexafluorosilicate or hexafluorosilicic acid), have not been properly assessed. Furthermore, they suggest that the presence of these chemicals in drinking water may cause adverse effects on the health of humans and exert possible exacerbating effects on fluoride disposition in bone.
The debate over water fluoridation has prompted several questions from the European Parliament, from Ireland and the United Kingdom where intentional water fluoridation is still practiced.
In order to obtain updated advice on the issue, the Commission considers it necessary to seek the advice of its Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) who should work in close collaboration with the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP), EFSA's panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies (EFSA NDA) and EFSA's panel on contaminants in the food chain (EFSA CONTAM) who have previously delivered opinions on fluoride.
In the preparation of this opinion, SCHER considered research articles and reviews published in peer-reviewed journals, reports from regulatory agencies and other organizations, as well as all papers submitted by different stakeholders following a public call on the internet for submission of relevant scientific information. The preliminary opinion was published for public consultation for a period of three months; it was discussed at a public hearing, and additional material was received. The scientific information available to the committee was evaluated using the weight-of-evidence approach developed by the EU Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). In general, the health risks of fluoridation of drinking water have been investigated within different areas such as epidemiologic studies, experimental studies in humans, experimental studies in animals, and cell culture studies. A health risk assessment evaluates the evidence within each of these areas and then weighs together the evidence across the areas to produce a combined assessment. The general rules of the weight-of-evidence approach were used to evaluate the documents on which the opinion is based.
The Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) is requested to:
1. Taking into consideration the SCCP opinion of 20.09.05(SCCP2005) on the safety of fluorine compounds in oral hygiene products, the EFSA NDA opinion of 22.2.05 on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Fluoride, and the EFSA CONTAM panel opinion of 22.06.05,
a. Critically review any information that is available in the public domain on the hazard profile and epidemiological evidence of adverse and/or beneficial health effects of fluoride. In particular the Committee should consider evidence that has become available after 2005, but also evidence produced before which was not considered by the SCCP and EFSA panels at the time.
b. Conduct an integrated exposure assessment for fluoride covering all known possible sources (both anthropogenic and natural). In doing so, and in the case of uncertainties or lack of actual exposure data, the SCHER is requested to conduct a sensitivity analysis that includes a range of possible exposure scenarios (e.g. sources, age group), and describe using appropriate quantitative or qualitative means the weight-of-evidence behind each scenario, the uncertainties surrounding each scenario, and the probability of it occurring in real life.
c. On the basis of its answers above, the SCHER is also asked:
c1 – To evaluate the evidence of the role of fluoride in tooth decay prevention and rank the various exposure situations as to their effectiveness in offering a potential tooth decay preventive action.
c2 – To make a pronouncement as to whether there may be reasons for concern arising from the exposure of humans to fluoride and if so identify exposure scenarios that may give rise to particular concern for any population subgroup.
d. Identify any additional investigative work that needs to be done in order to fill data gaps in the hazard profile, the health effects and the exposure assessment of fluoride.
2. Assess the health and environmental risks that may be associated with the use of the most common drinking water fluoridation agents, silicofluorides (e.g. (hydro)fluorosilicic acid, sodium silicofluoride, disodium hexafluorosilicate or hexafluorosilicate or hexafluorosilicic acid), taking into account their hazard profiles, their mode of use in water fluoridation, their physical chemical behaviour when diluted in water, and the possible adverse effects they may have in exacerbating fluoride health effects as reported in some studies.
Scientific Rationale
Fluoride, whether naturally present or intentionally added to water, food, consumer and medical products, is considered beneficial to prevent dental caries (tooth decay). However, the cause of dental caries is multi-factorial, and the causal factors include microorganisms in dental plaque, fermentable carbohydrates (particularly sucrose), time, the individual's health status and level of oral hygiene, which depends on socioeconomic and educational status.
Fluorides are ubiquitous in air, water and the lithosphere. Fluorine as an element is seventh in the order of frequency of occurrence, accounting for 0.06-0.09% of the earth's crust and occurs as fluoride, e.g. cryolite (Na3AlF6). Cryolite (used for the production of aluminium) and rock phosphates (used for the production of fertilizers) have fluoride contents up to 54%. Most of this fluoride is insoluble and not biologically available. Availability of fluoride from soil depends on the solubility of the compound, the acidity of the soil and the presence of water. Fluoride has been detected in the ash from the Icelandic volcano eruption, but EFSA has concluded that based upon available information, the potential risk posed by the fluoride for human and animal health through food and feed is not considered to be of concern in the EU.
The concentration of fluoride in ground water in the EU is generally low, but there are large regional differences due to different geological conditions. Surface water usually has lower fluoride contents than ground water (most often below 0.5 mg/L) and sea water (between 1.2 and 1.5 mg/L). There are no systematic data on the concentration of fluoride in natural drinking water in EU Member States, but rudimentary data show large variations between and within countries, e.g. Ireland 0.01-5.8 mg /L, Finland 0.1- 3.0 mg/L, and Germany 0.1-1.1 mg/L.
Bottled natural mineral water is increasingly being used as a major source of water for drinking. A large variation in the level of fluoride has been observed reaching up to 8 mg/L (EFSA 2005). Commission Directive 2003/40/EC of 16th May 2003 establishing the list, concentration limits and labelling requirements for the constituents of natural mineral waters and the conditions for using ozone-enriched air for the treatment of natural mineral waters and spring waters requires that waters which contain more than 1.5 mg/L must be labelled as not suitable for the regular consumption by infants and children under 7 years of age and that by 1st January 2008, natural mineral waters shall, at the time of packaging, comply with the maximum concentration limit set out in Annex I for fluorides of 5 mg/L.
WHO established a guidance value for naturally occurring fluoride in drinking water of 1.5 mg/L based on a consumption of 2 L water/day, and recommended that artificial fluoridation of water supplies should not exceed the optimal fluoride levels of 1.0 mg/L (WHO 2006). In Europe, only Ireland and selected regions in the UK and Spain currently fluoridate drinking water at concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 mg/L (Mullen 2005). The Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3rd November 1998 (Council Directive 98/83/EC) determined a fluoride level (both natural and as a result of fluoridation) for water intended for human consumption of less than 1.5 mg/L. Recently, the US Department of Health and Human Services recommended a fluoride level in water of 0.7 mg/L "to balance the benefit of preventing tooth decay while limiting any unwanted health effects" (http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2011pres/01/20110107a.html).The parametric value refers to the residual monomer concentration in the water as calculated according to specifications of the maximum release from the corresponding polymer in contact with the water.
Fluoride intake from food is generally low, except when food is prepared with fluoridated water or salt. However, some teas (e.g. Camellia sinensis) represent a significant source of fluoride intake. Fruit and vegetables, milk and milk products, bread and cereals contain between 0.02-0.29 mg/kg (EFSA 2005). Recently, EFSA (2008a, 2008b) has permitted CaF2 and Na2PO3F as a source of fluoride in food supplements.
Dental products (toothpaste, mouthwashes and gels) contain fluoride at different concentrations up to 1,500 mg/kg (1,500 ppm). The mean annual usage of toothpaste in EU Member States in 2008 was 251 mL (range 130-405 mL) per capita. The extent of systemically available fluoride from toothpaste depends on the percentage of toothpaste swallowed per application.
Fluoride is widely distributed in the atmosphere, originating from the dust of fluoride containing soils, industry and mining activities, and the burning of coal. The fluoride content in the air in non-industrialized areas has been found to be low and is not considered to contribute more than 0.01 mg/day to the total intake.
An upper tolerable intake level (UL) of 0.1 mg/kg BW/day for fluoride has been derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (EFSA 2005) based on a prevalence of less than 5% of moderate dental fluorosis in children up to the age of 8 years as the critical endpoint, i.e. 1.5 mg/day for children 1-3 years of age, and 2.5 mg/day for children aged 4-8 years. For adults, an UL of 0.12 mg/kg BW/day was based on a risk of bone fracture, which converts on a body weight basis into 7 mg/day for populations aged 15 years and older, and 5 mg/day for children 9-14 years of age.
Tolerable upper intake levels for fluoride have not been established for infants. For infants up to 6 months old, the UK Department of Health (UK DoH 1994) concluded that 0.22 mg F/kg BW/day was safe.
Several pathologies have been linked to high levels of fluoride exposure but are mostly based upon circumstantial evidence. Thus, this opinion will focus on fluorosis of teeth and bones, osteosarcoma, neurotoxicity and reprotoxicity.
3 What happens to fluoride in your body?
The SCHER opinion states:
Hexafluorosilicic acid and hexafluorosilicates are the most commonly used agents in drinking water fluoridation and it has been claimed that incomplete dissociation of these agents in drinking water may result in human exposure to these chemicals. The toxicology of these compounds is incompletely investigated. Recent studies have addressed the equilibrium of the free fluoride ion and fluorosilicate species in aqueous solutions over a wide concentration and pH range. In the pH-range and at the concentrations of hexafluorosilicates/fluoride relevant for drinking water, hydrolysis of hexafluorosilicates to fluoride was rapid and the release of the fluoride ion was essentially complete. Residual fluorosilicate intermediates were not observed by sensitive 19F-NMR. Other hydrolysis products of hexafluorosilicate such as Si(OH)4 are rapidly transformed to colloidal silica (Finney et al. 2006). Si(OH)4 is present naturally in drinking water in large quantities and is not considered a risk. In summary, these observations suggest that human exposure to fluorosilicates due to the use of hexafluorosilicic acid or hexafluorosilicate for drinking water fluoridation, if any, is very low as fluorosilicates in water are rapidly hydrolyzed to fluoride, as illustrated in the following equation:
H 2 SiF6 ( aq ) + 6OH ? ( aq ) ? 6 F ? ( aq ) + Si( OH )4 ( aq ) + 2 H 2 O( l ) Studies on Na2SiF6 and H2SiF6, compounds used to fluoridate drinking water, show a pharmacokinetic profile for fluoride identical to that of sodium fluoride (NaF) (Maguire et al. 2005, Whitford et al. 2008). It therefore seems unlikely that the rate and degree of absorption, fractional retention, balance and elimination of fluoride will be affected if these fluoride compounds are added artificially in low concentrations, or if fluoride is naturally present in drinking water.
Hexafluorosilicic acids used as fluoridating agents may contain some impurities. Concerns have been raised about several heavy metals present as low-concentration impurities in commercial hexafluorosilicic acid. The average concentrations of arsenic, mercury, lead and cadmium present in hexafluorosilicic acid are low – between 10 and 400 mg/kg H2SiF6 (CEN 12175-2006). Therefore, fluoridation of drinking water only contributes to a limited extent to the total exposure to these contaminants (expected drinking water concentrations are between 3.0 and 16.2 ng/L). These calculated concentrations are at least two orders of magnitude below drinking water guideline values for these metals established by WHO and other organizations, and therefore are not regarded as an additional health risk.
It has been claimed that fluoridated drinking water increases human exposure to lead due to solubilisation of lead from drinking water pipes by formation of highly soluble lead complexes. The claim was based on relationships of drinking water fluoridation and blood lead concentrations observed in a case study (Coplan et al. 2007).
Based on the available chemistry of fluoride in solution, the chemistry of lead and lead ions, and the concentrations of fluoride in tap water, it is highly unlikely that there would be an increased release of lead from pipes due to hexafluorosilicic acid. The added concentrations of hexafluorosilicic acid do not influence the pH of tap water, and do not form soluble lead complexes at the low concentrations of hexafluorosilicic acid present in the gastrointestinal tract after consumption of fluoridated drinking water (Urbansky and Schock 2000).
the main substance of concern is the fluoride ion (F-) and therefore the identification and the physico-chemical properties of sodium fluoride (NaF) given in Table 1 are considered applicable.
Table 1: Main physico-chemical properties of sodium fluoride (NaF). SCHER agreed to use these physico-chemical properties where relevant in this opinion.
Substance – Sodium fluoride
Elemental symbol – NaF
Ionic form – Na+, F-
CAS-number 7681-49-4
EINECS-number 231-667-8
Molecular weight (M) 42 g/mol (Na: 23; F: 19)
Melting point (MP) ca. 1,000°C
Boiling point (BP) 1,700°C
Vapour pressure (VP) 133 Pa at 1077°C
Vapour pressure at 25°C (VP) 1.97E-5 Pa (conversion by EUSES)
Water solubility (WS) 40,000 mg/L at 20°C
Water solubility at 25°C (WS) 42,900 mg/L (conversion by EUSES)
Octanol-water partition (log Kow) Not appropriate
Henry's Law constant (H) 1.93E-8 Pa.m3/mol (calculation by EUSES)
Sorption capacity (Kd) 0.0006–0.03 dm3/kg (estimation) (Bégin et al. 2003) (see 3.1)
Removal rate (R) 1.39E-06 d-1 at 12°C (default)
Bioconcentration factor (BCF) Not relevant
Oral uptake
In humans and animals, ingested fluoride occurs as hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the acidic environment of the stomach and is effectively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, although there is no proved absorption from the oral cavity. Peak plasma levels are typically seen within 30–60 minutes after ingestion. Highly soluble fluoride compounds, such as NaF present in tablets, aqueous solutions and toothpaste are almost completely absorbed, whereas compounds with lower solubility, such as CaF2, MgF2, and AlF3, are less well absorbed. Ingestion of fluoride with milk or a diet high in calcium will decrease fluoride absorption.
No experimental data on the extent of dermal absorption of fluoride from dilute aqueous solutions are available. As fluoride is an ion it is expected to have low membrane permeability and limited absorption through the skin from dilute aqueous solutions at near neutral pH (such as water used for bathing and showering). This exposure pathway is unlikely to contribute to the fluoride body burden.
No systematic experimental data on the absorption of fluoride after inhalation are available. A few older occupational studies have shown uptake of fluoride in heavily exposed workers from fluoride-containing dusts, but it is unlikely that inhalation exposure will contribute significantly to the body burden of fluoride in the general population.
Fluoride distribution, metabolism and excretion
Once absorbed, fluoride is rapidly distributed throughout the body via the blood. The short term plasma half-life is normally in the range of 3 to 10 hours. Fluoride is distributed between the plasma and blood cells, with plasma levels being twice as high as blood cell levels. The saliva fluoride level is about 65% of the level in plasma (Ekstrand 1977). Plasma fluoride concentrations are not homeostatically regulated, but rise and fall according to the pattern of fluoride intake. In adults, plasma fluoride levels appear to be directly related to the daily exposure of fluoride. Mean plasma levels in individuals living in areas with a water fluoride concentration of 0.1 mg/L or less are normally 9.5 ?g /L, compared to a mean plasma fluoride level of 19-28.5 ?g/L in individuals living in areas with a water fluoride content of 1.0 mg/L. In addition to the level of chronic fluoride intake and recent intake, the level of plasma fluoride is influenced by the rates of bone accretion and dissolution, and by the renal clearance rate of fluoride. Renal excretion is the major route of fluoride removal from the body. The fluoride ion is filtered from the plasma by the glomerulus and then partially reabsorbed; there is no tubular secretion of fluoride. Renal clearance rates of fluoride in humans average at 50 mL/minute. A number of factors, including urinary pH, urinary flow, and glomerular filtration rate, can influence urinary fluoride excretion. There are no apparent age related differences in renal clearance rates (adjusted for body weight or surface area) between children and adults. However, in older adults (more than 65 years of age), a significant decline in renal clearance of fluoride has been reported consistent with the age-related decline in glomerular filtration rates.
Approximately 99% of the fluoride in the human body is found in bones and teeth. Fluoride is incorporated into tooth and bone by replacing the hydroxyl ion in hydroxyapatite to form fluorohydroxyapatite. The level of fluoride in bone is influenced by several factors including age, past and present fluoride intake, and the rate of bone turnover. Fluoride is not irreversibly bound to bone and is mobilized from bone through bone remodelling.
Soft tissues do not accumulate fluoride, but a higher concentration has been reported for the kidney due to the partial re-absorption. The blood-brain barrier limits the diffusion of fluoride into the central nervous system, where the fluoride level is only about 20% that of plasma. Human studies have shown that fluoride is transferred across the placenta, and there is a direct relationship between fluoride levels in maternal and cord blood. In humans, fluoride is poorly transferred from plasma to milk. The fluoride concentration in human milk is in the range of 3.8–7.6 ?g/L.
What are the possible health effects of fluoridation, and what is the latest evidence?
A number of mechanisms are involved in the toxicity of fluoride to bone. Fluoride ions are incorporated into bone substituting hydroxyl groups in the carbonate-apatite structure to produce fluorohydroxyapatite, thus altering the mineral structure of the bone. Unlike hydroxyl ions, fluoride ions reside in the plane of the calcium ions, resulting in a structure that is electrostatically more stable and structurally more compact. Because bone strength is thought to derive mainly from the interface between the collagen and the mineral (Catanese and Keavney 1996), alteration in mineralization affects bone strength.
Skeletal fluorosis is a pathological condition resulting from long-term exposure to high levels of fluoride. Skeletal fluorosis, in some cases with severe crippling, has been reported in individuals residing in India, China and Africa, where the fluoride intake is exceptionally high, e.g. due to high concentration of fluoride in drinking water and indoor burning of fluoride-rich coal resulting in a high indoor fluoride air concentration. In Europe, skeletal fluorosis has only been reported in workers in the aluminium industry, fluorospar processing and superphosphate manufacturing (Hodge and Smith 1977). The study design for most of the available studies is not suitable for estimating the dose- response relationship and development of a N/LOAEL for skeletal fluorosis because of other factors such as nutritional status and climate influence water intake (IPCS 2002).
Effect on bone strength and fractures
A large number of epidemiological studies have investigated the effect of fluoride intake on bone fractures. The amount of fluoride taken up by bone is inversely related to age. During the growth phase of the skeleton, a relatively high proportion of ingested fluoride will be deposited in the skeleton: up to 90% during the first year of life, which gradually decreases to 50% in children older than 15 years of age. There is no clear association of bone fracture risk with water fluoridation (McDonagh et al. 2000), and fluoridation at levels of 0.6 to 1.1 mg/L may actually lower overall fracture risk (AU-NHMRC 2007). It has been postulated that a high level of fluoride can weaken bone and increase the risk of bone fractures under certain conditions, and a water concentration ?4 mg fluoride/L will increase the risk of bone fracture (NRC 2006).
SCHER acknowledges that there is a risk for early stages of dental fluorosis in children in EU countries. A threshold cannot be detected.
The occurrence of endemic skeletal fluorosis has not been reported in the EU. SCHER concludes that there are insufficient data to evaluate the risk of bone fracture at the fluoride levels seen in areas with fluoridated water.
3.3 What is the evidence regarding osteosarcoma?
Genotoxicity studies
In general, fluoride is not mutagenic in prokaryotic cells, however sodium and potassium fluoride (500-700 mg/L) induced mutations at the thymidine kinase (Tk) locus in cultured cells at concentrations that were slightly cytotoxic and reduced growth rate. In contrast, fluoride did not increase the mutation frequency at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) locus (200-500 mg F/L). Chromosomal aberrations, mostly breaks/deletions and gaps, following exposure to NaF have been investigated in many in vitro assays, but no significant increase in frequency was observed in human fibroblasts at concentrations below 4.52 mg F/L and for Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells below 226 mg F/L.
Positive genotoxicity findings in vivo were only observed at doses that were highly toxic to animals, while lower doses were generally negative for genotoxicity. Chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in bone marrow cells were observed in Swiss Webster mice (up to 18 mg F/kg BW), however no effects were observed in Swiss Webster mice following oral exposure for at least seven generations compared to low fluoride exposure (EFSA 2005). Fluoride has only been reported to be positive in genotoxicity tests at high concentrations (above 10 mg/L), and this effect is most likely due to a general inhibition of protein synthesis and enzymes such as DNA polymerases. There are conflicting reports on genotoxic effects in humans. An increase in sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and micronuclei has been reported in peripheral lymphocytes from patients with skeletal fluorosis or residents in fluorosis-endemic areas in China and India, while no increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations or micronuclei were observed in osteoporosis patients receiving sodium fluoride treatment. The quality of the former studies is questionable.
Carcinogenicity studies
Carcinogenesis studies have been conducted by the US National Toxicology Program (NTP). Male rats (F344/N) receiving 0.2 (control), 0.8, 2.5 or 4.1 mg F/kg BW in drinking water developed osteosarcoma with a statistically significant dose-response trend. However, a pair-wise comparison of the incidence in the high dose group versus the control was not statistically significant (p=0.099). No osteosarcoma was observed in female rats. Thus NTP concluded that there was "equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of NaF in male F344/N rats".
In male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats receiving up to 11.3 mg F/kg BW/day, no osteosarcoma was observed, but only one fibroblastic sarcoma (1/70) at the highest dose level, and no tumours in female rats. In a bioassay in B6C3F1 mice receiving the high doses of 8.1 and 9.1 mg F/kg BW/day for males and females, respectively, a total of three osteosarcomas occurred, but no osteosarcomas occurred in the medium or high-dose groups.
On the basis of the results from the most adequate long-term carcinogenicity studies, there is only equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity of fluoride in male rats and no consistent evidence of carcinogenicity in mice (ATSDR 2003). No carcinogenicity studies have been conducted using (hydro)fluorosilicic acid, sodium silicofluoride, disodium hexafluorosilicate or hexafluorosilicate or hexafluorosilicic acid.
Early epidemiological studies did not find a consistent relationship between mortality from all types of cancer and exposure for fluoride, including the consumption of fluoride- containing drinking water. Concerns regarding the potential carcinogenic effect of fluoride have been focused on bone cancer due to the known accumulation of fluoride in bones. osteosarcoma.htm" class="link-glossary">Osteosarcoma is a rare form of cancer making it difficult to analyse risk factors using epidemiology.
Two studies from the US found a higher incidence of osteosarcoma among males less than 20 years of age living in fluoridated communities compared with non-fluoridated communities (Cohn 1992, Hoover 1991). However, two case-control studies did not find an increase in osteosarcoma in young males consuming fluoridated drinking water (above0.7 mg/L) (Eyre et al. 2009).
A recent study in the UK performed by McNally et al. did not find a statistically significant difference in osteosarcoma rates between areas with fluoride levels of 1 mg/L and those with lower fluoride levels. However, these results are described only in an abstract and the data cannot be assessed. In addition, the relevant age group does not seem to have been studied.
One case-control study found an association between fluoride exposure during childhood and the incidence of osteosarcoma among males, but not among females (Bassin 2006). The Harvard Fluoride osteosarcoma.htm" class="link-glossary">Osteosarcoma study was conducted as a hospital based case- control study in 11 hospitals in the USA and was limited to subjects below the age of 20. The study consisted of 103 cases and 215 controls matched to the cases. The level of fluoride in drinking water was the primary exposure of interest, and the estimated exposure was on the source of the drinking water (municipal, private well, bottled) and the subject's age(s) while at each address. The level of fluoride in drinking water was obtained from local, regional and national registries. For well water, water samples were analyzed in the laboratory, while a value of 0.1 mg/L was assumed for bottled water. As water consumption may vary based on the local climate, the fluoride exposure estimates were based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for optimal target levels for the fluoride level in drinking water. The CDC target level for a warmer climate was 0.7 mg/L and for colder climate was 1.2 mg/L. The exposure estimate was expressed as the percentage of climate-specific target levels in drinking water at each age, and grouped into less than 30%, between 30-99% and above 100%. Information on the use of fluoride supplements and mouth rinses was also obtained. However, it is of concern that the exposure assessment is based on retrospectively collected data. A statistically significant increased risk was only observed for males exposed at the highest level (above100%) of the CDC optimal target level and when this exposure took place between 6 and 8 years of age. This coincides with the mid-childhood growth spurt in boys. The increased risk remained after adjustment, e.g. socioeconomic factors, use of fluoride products. No increased risk was observed in females. A preliminary conclusion was based upon an intermediate evaluation and further research was recommended to confirm or refute the observation that fluoride exposure was associated with development of osteosarcoma.
SCHER agrees that epidemiological studies do not indicate a clear link between fluoride in drinking water, and osteosarcoma and cancer in general. There is no evidence from animal studies to support the link, thus fluoride cannot be classified as carcinogenic.
3.4 What is the evidence regarding neurological effects?
There are only limited data on the neurotoxicity of fluoride in experimental animals. One study in female rats exposed to high doses of fluoride (7.5 mg/kg BW/day for 6 weeks) resulted in alterations of spontaneous behaviour, and the authors noted that the observed effects were consistent with hyperactivity and cognitive deficits (ATSDR 2003). In a recent study, in which female rats were given doses of fluoride up to 11.5 mg/kg BW/day for 8 months, no significant differences among the groups in learning or performance of the operant tasks were observed. Tissue fluoride concentrations, including seven different brain regions, were directly related to the levels of exposure (Whitford et al. 2009). The authors concluded that ingestion of fluoride at levels more than 200 times higher than those experienced by humans consuming fluoridated water, had no significant effect on appetitive-based learning in female rats.
Some animal studies have suggested a potential for thyroid effects following fluoride exposure. The available information is inconsistent and no effects on the thyroid were observed in long-term studies with fluoride in rats. Apparently, fluoride does not interfere with iodine uptake into the thyroid. However, after long-term exposure to high fluoride content in food or water, the thyroid glands of some animals have been found to contain increased fluoride levels (EFSA 2005).
Human Studies
There are limited data on neurotoxicity of fluoride in humans. It has been demonstrated that degenerative changes in the central nervous system, impairment of brain function, and abnormal development in children are caused by impaired thyroid function. Increases in serum thyroxine levels without significant changes in T3 or thyroid stimulating hormone levels were observed in residents of regions in India and China, with high levels of fluoride in drinking water, but these data are inconclusive due to the absence of adequate control for confounding factors. Thus, fluoride is not considered to be an endocrine disruptor (ATSDR 2003).
A series of studies on developmental effects of fluoride were carried out mostly in China in areas where there are likely to be less stringent controls over water quality. Thus it cannot be excluded that the water supply may be contaminated with other chemicals such as arsenic, which may affect intelligence quotient (IQ). The studies consistently show an inverse relationship between fluoride concentration in drinking water and IQ in children. Most papers compared mean IQs of schoolchildren from communities exposed to different levels of fluoride, either from drinking water or from coal burning used as a domestic fuel. All these papers are of a rather simplistic methodological design with no, or at best little, control for confounders, e.g. iodine or lead intake, nutritional status, housing condition, and parents level of education or income.
Tang et al. (2008) published a meta-analysis of 16 studies carried out in China between 1998 and 2008 evaluating the influence of fluoride levels on the IQ of children. The authors conclude that children living in an area with high incidence of fluorosis and high ambient air fluoride levels have five times higher odds of developing a low IQ than those who live in a low fluorosis area. However, the paper does not follow classical methodology of meta-analysis and only uses un-weighted means of study results without taking into account the difference between cross-sectional and case-control studies. Thus it does not comply with the general rules of meta-analysis. Furthermore the majority of these studies did not account for major confounders, a problem that cannot be solved in a summary.
Wang et al. (2007) carried out a study on the intelligence and fluoride exposure in 720 children between 8 and 12 years of age from a homogenous rural population in the Shanxi province, China. Subjects were drawn from control (fluoride concentration in drinking water 0.5 mg/L, n=196) and high fluoride (8.3 mg/L) areas. The high fluoride group was sub-divided according to arsenic exposure; low arsenic (n=253), medium arsenic (n=91), and high arsenic (n=180). The IQ scores in the high-fluoride group were significantly reduced compared to the control group, independent of arsenic exposure. The influence of socio-economic and genetic factors cannot be completely ruled out, but is expected to be minimal.
In a cross-sectional design, Rocha-Amador et al. (2007) studied the link between fluoride in drinking water and IQ in children from three rural communities in Mexico with different levels of fluoride (0.8 mg/L, 5.3 mg/L and 9.4 mg/L; in the latter setting children were supplied with bottled water) and arsenic in drinking water. The children's IQ was assessed blind as regards fluoride or arsenic levels in drinking water. Socio-economic status was calculated according to an index including household flooring material, crowding, potable water availability, drainage, and father's education. Additional information about the type of water used for cooking (tap or bottled), health conditions, etc., was obtained by questionnaire. An inverse association was observed between fluoride in drinking water and IQ after adjusting for relevant confounding variables, including arsenic.
Available human studies do not clearly support the conclusion that fluoride in drinking water impairs children's neurodevelopment at levels permitted in the EU. A systematic evaluation of the human studies does not suggest a potential thyroid effect at realistic exposures to fluoride. The absence of thyroid effects in rodents after long-term fluoride administration and the much higher sensitivity of rodents to changes in thyroid related endocrinology as compared with humans do not support a role for fluoride induced thyroid perturbations in humans. The limited animal data can also not support the link between fluoride exposure and neurotoxicity at relevant non-toxic doses.
SCHER agrees that there is not enough evidence to conclude that fluoride in drinking water at concentrations permitted in the EU may impair the IQ of children. SCHER also agrees that a biological plausibility for the link between fluoridated water and IQ has not been established.
3.5 What is the evidence regarding effects on human reproduction?
Most of the animal studies on the reproductive effects of fluoride exposure deal with the male reproductive system of mice and rats. They consistently show an effect on spermatogenesis or male fertility. Sodium fluoride administered to male rats in drinking water at levels of 2, 4, and 6 mg/L for 6 months adversely affected their fertility and reproductive system (Gupta et al. 2007). In addition, in male Wistar rats fed 5 mg/kg BW/day for 8 weeks, the percentage of fluoride-treated spermatozoa capable of undergoing the acrosome reaction was decreased relative to control spermatozoa (34 vs. 55%), and the percentage of fluoride-treated spermatozoa capable of oocyte fertilization was significantly lower than in the control group (13 vs. 71%). It was suggested that sub-chronic exposure to fluoride causes oxidative stress damage and loss of mitochondrial trans-membrane potential, resulting in reduced male fertility (Izquierdo- Vega et al. 2008). However, the fluoride doses used in these studies were high and caused general toxicity, e.g. reduced weight gain. Therefore, the effects reported are likely to be secondary to the general toxicity.
Multi-generation studies in mice did not demonstrate reproductive toxicity at doses up to 50 mg F/kg BW. When mice were administered more than5.2 mg F/kg BW/day on days 6-15 after mating, no sign of adverse effect on pregnancy and implantation was observed. Sperm mobility and viability were reduced in both mice and rats after 30 days of administration of 4.5 and 9.0 mg F/kg BW/day (ATSDR 2003).
Serum testosterone increased in rats after drinking water with a fluoride content of 45 and 90 mg/L for 2 weeks. Thereafter the level of serum testosterone decreased and was no different from the controls after 6 weeks. No effect was observed on several reproductive parameters in rats receiving up to 90.4 mg F/L for 14 weeks.
The National Health Service (NHS) review on Public Water Fluoridation (McDonagh et al. 2000) did not find any evidence of reproductive toxicity in humans attributable to fluoride. Since then, no new evidence seems to be available other than abstracts without methodological details. There is slight evidence that a high level of occupational exposure to fluoride affects male reproductive hormone levels. A significant increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (p<0.05) and a reduction of inhibin-B, free testosterone, and prolactin in serum (p<0.05), as well as decreased sensitivity in the FSH response to inhibin-B (p<0.05) was found when the high-exposure group was compared with a low-exposure group. Significant correlation was observed between urinary fluoride and serum concentrations of inhibin-B (p<0.028). No abnormalities were found in the semen parameters in either the high- or low-fluoride exposure groups (Ortiz-Pérez et al. 2003). The alteration in the reproductive hormone levels after occupational fluoride exposure is not relevant for drinking water exposure.
There is no new evidence from human studies indicating that fluoride in drinking water influences male and female reproductive capacity. Few human studies have suggested that fluoride might be associated with alterations in reproductive hormones and fertility, but limitations in the study design make them of limited value for risk evaluation. Many experimental animal studies are of limited quality and no reproductive toxicity was observed in a multi-generation study.
SCHER concludes that fluoride at concentrations in drinking water permitted in the EU does not influence the reproductive capacity.
<– Back to Level 2
3.1 What is the evidence regarding dental fluorosis?
3.2 What is the evidence regarding skeletal fluorosis?
4. Are there any reasons for concern about people's fluoride intake? If so, who is at risk?
5. What role does fluoride play in preventing tooth decay?
6. What further investigations are needed to improve assessment of exposure and of the health effects of fluoride?
7. Does the fluoridation of drinking water specifically lead to adverse ecological impacts?
The GreenFacts Three-Level Structure used to communicate this SCHER Opinion is copyrighted by Cogeneris SPRL.


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To Use: Use every night after you cleanse and tone. Place a pea-sized amount of Facial Oil onto fingertips. Warm the oil between your hands and spread evenly over your face.


Combining what students can naturally do well with what they should learn.
A look at a new world of tremendous potential.
A wealth of information on how to help your drummers.
How to know what to program and what to do if instrumentation comes up short.
This tiny instrument can be a big job. Here's how to get it right.
A measured look at seating and substitutions.


Trace the ripple effect when workers lose their jobs.
They buy less goods and services because they have less income. The businesses where they had spent their money now have fewer customers so they may have to lay off even more workers whose household income then declines also. Sometimes households use savings to buy what they want, but when they lose their jobs, they may have to use that money to purchase necessities such as food and housing.
Explain the interdependence of the various parts of a market economy.
All the parts of a market economy are connected to one another. When an event occurs in one part of the economy, other parts will feel effects eventually. What happens to in large numbers of people's jobs determines how much total income is available to be spent, saved and taxed in an economy.
Explain the impact of the Federal Reserve's policies in the 20s and 30s on the Great Depression.
In 1928 and 1929, the Federal Reserve tightened up on the money supply to dampen the speculation in the stock market. When investors began to lose confidence in the stock market when corporate profits declined, the ensuing sell-off of stocks dramatically reduced the money supply. The Federal Reserve System maintained a neutral policy rather than acting as the lender of last resort for the banks. Because of this policy, the Depression deepened making the economy worse.


This CS-Cart module significantly extends the default vendor feedback functionality for your marketplace. It allows you to collect average statistics and detaily rate each vendor.
Customer can put feedback for any order just once.
It will be better if the customer can leave a feedback just when he got the order. So we recommend to set order statuses that matches arrived order.
Also you can forbid customers to edit a feedback.
So settings are complete and lets see a storefront.
Here you can see amount of positive, neutral and negative reviews from last12 months, average rating for all criterias and feedbacks with product list and their rate.
By the first the customer should place an order and receive it (order status changed to one of selected in addon settings, in our case - "Complete").
When order status is changed to "Complete", the customer will receivean e-mail notification with request for feedback.
The same as at storefront, just with ability to put a respond or report for review.
When vendor put a respond, customer get an e-mail notification about it.
When vendor put e report, customer and administrator get e-mail notification.
Here admin can see and delete reports from customers and vendors.


text:
Biblioteka Publiczna w Ożarowie Mazowieckim – placówka kulturalna na terenie miasta Ożarów Mazowiecki zajmująca się gromadzeniem, przechowywaniem i udostępnianiem materiałów bibliotecznych oraz informowaniem o posiadanych zasobach bibliotecznych własnych i obcych oraz realizująca zadania biblioteki powiatowej Powiatu Warszawskiego Zachodniego.

Historia
Początki biblioteki w Ożarowie Mazowieckim związane są z rozpoczęciem działalności szkoły powszechnej w 1920. Biblioteka szkolna pełniła również rolę biblioteki publicznej i kierowana była przez Władysława Wodzyńskiego, kierownika szkoły. W 1932 Edmund Łazowski prowadzący bibliotekę przy Hucie Szkła zdobył Złoty Wawrzyn Akademicki za zasługi w rozpowszechnianiu czytelnictwa.

17 kwietnia 1946 Rada Ministrów wydała dekret o bibliotekach i opiece nad zbiorami bibliotecznymi. Jako najwcześniejszy dokument zachowała się odręczna notatka wraz z księgą inwentarzową datowana na 1 stycznia 1948 i podpisana przez bibliotekarza Kazimierza Słomińskiego (po aresztowaniu W. Wodzyńskiego w październiku 1944 kierował szkołą oraz biblioteką). Biblioteka wówczas mieściła się w małym pokoju w piwnicy Gromadzkiej Rady Narodowej przy ulicy Kolejowej. Czytelnictwo rozwijało się i w 1962 powstała filia biblioteki w Święcicach oraz w Ołtarzewie. W 1967 Ożarów Mazowiecki uzyskał prawa miejskie i biblioteka uzyskała nazwę "Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna w Ożarowie Mazowieckim". Kierowniczka Irena Żeniewska prowadziła intensywne działania mające na celu zmianę lokalizacji biblioteki. W 1972 nastąpiła przeprowadzka z piwnicznej salki do lokalu o powierzchni 86 m2 również przy ulicy Kolejowej pod numerem 14. W 1973 ożarowska biblioteka stała się Gminną Biblioteką Publiczną. Rozwój czytelnictwa i energia I. Żeniewskiej doprowadziła do posiadania w 1973 aż 7 punktów bibliotecznych: w Broniszach, Macierzyszu, Piotrkówku Małym, Strzykułach, Umiastowie, Duchnicach i w Józefowie. W następnym roku biblioteka posiadała 23 tysiące woluminów książek, zarejestrowanych jest 1289 czytelników i wypożyczono 20 063 książki.
W 1975 nastąpiła likwidacja powiatów i reorganizacja sieci bibliotecznej. Nowa kierowniczka zweryfikowała działalność punktów bibliotecznych i zlikwidowała te, w których książki leżały niewykorzystywane, przechowywane w złych warunkach, a punkty te nie wykazywały żadnej aktywności. Pod koniec 1975 nastąpiła przeprowadzka do dworu Reicherów przy ul. Poniatowskiego w Ożarowie Mazowieckim. Dobra lokalizacja i profesjonalna praca zaowocowała zwiększeniem czytelnictwa w ożarowskiej czytelni. W filiach czytelnictwo nie rozwijało się, były spore trudności lokalowe i następuje powoli likwidacja tych placówek. Pozostały tylko dwie: z Płochocina została przeniesiona do Józefowa oraz w Święcicach. W 1978 nastąpiło przeniesienie biblioteki do budynku przy ul. Poznańskiej znanego mieszkańcom jako "Młyn". Budynek ma trzy kondygnacje i można było w nim swobodnie organizować spotkania dla czytelników i lekcje biblioteczne. Po zmianach ustrojowych w 1990 budynek "Młyna" wrócił do spadkobierców ostatniego właściciela pana Bujalskiego. Biblioteka przeprowadziła się tymczasowo do pomieszczeń stołówki Warszawskiej Huty Szkła przy ulicy Poznańskiej 165. Ostatecznie została umieszczona w 2000 na górnych piętrach kompleksu szkolnego przy ul. Szkolnej 2.

Działalność i osiągnięcia
Doktor Stefan Lewandowski prowadził w bibliotece spotkania dotyczące historii Ożarowa Mazowieckiego. Ze zbiorów biblioteki został wyodrębnione pozycje dotyczące okolic miasta i gminy i powstał dział regionaliów. W 2006 została uruchomiona czytelnia internetowa. W 2010 zostały skomputeryzowane zbiory biblioteczne w Systemie Bibliotecznym Mateusz. W 2008 zostało podpisane porozumienie dotyczące pełnienia funkcji biblioteki powiatowej dla powiatu warszawskiego zachodniego.
W 2007 odbył się w bibliotece wernisaż wystawy "Zachować pamięć- praca niewolnicza i przymusowa Polaków na rzecz III Rzeszy w latach 1939 – 1945" opracowanej przez fundację "Polsko-Niemieckie Pojednanie".
W ramach działania jako instytucja powiatowa w latach 2007–13 została zorganizowania akcja budowy pomnika Pchły Szachrajki "ku pochwale fantazji i poczucia humoru". Rzeźbę wykonał Paweł Pietrusiński i została postawiona w Błoniu 30 maja 2014.

Ożarowska biblioteka bierze udział w akcji Fundacji ABCXXI "Cała Polska czyta dzieciom" i w 2016 otrzymała wyróżnienia, a za rok szkolny 2017–18 zdobyła główną nagrodę w Konkursie na najlepiej przeprowadzoną kampanię "Cała Polska czyta dzieciom". Kampanią w imieniu biblioteki kierowała Ewa Pawlak.

W 2018 w ramach obchodów 70-lecia działalności biblioteki została zorganizowana kampania społeczna "Stać nas na to! Wizja na nowe lata", konferencja "Nowe życie biblioteki w naszym mieście" oraz koncert w hotelu Mazurkas.

W 2019 Biblioteka Powiatowa w Ożarowie Mazowieckim ustanowiła honorowy tytuł: Lider Promocji Czytelnictwa Powiatu Warszawskiego Zachodniego i wraz z tytułem wręczana jest statuetka Pchły Szachrajki.

Zarządzający
Bibliotekarze, kierownicy i dyrektorzy na przestrzeni lat:

 Władysław Wodzyński 1920-1944
 Kazimierz Słomiński 1944-1960
 Andrzej Mroczkiewicz 1960-61
 Leokadia Sękalska 1961-1969
 Irena Żeniewska 1969-1975
 Olimpia Piastowicz 1975-1990
 Halina Ornoch 1990-1995
 Lech Mazurkiewicz 1995-2005
 Elżbieta Paderewska 2005-2019
 Wojciech Albiński 2019-2021
 Anita Nowińska 2021-

Filie
Zbiory w filiach: literatura piękna i popularnonaukowa dla dorosłych, dzieci i młodzieży, lektury dla uczniów szkół podstawowych i średnich. Placówki udostępniają stale powiększający się zbiór beletrystyki, gromadzą także audiobooki.

 Filia nr 1 w Józefowie - założona 1971
 Filia nr 2 w Święcicach - założona 1962

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Kultura w Ożarowie Mazowieckim
Ożarów Mazowiecki

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Pedro de Sá Tapajós Santos (Rio de Janeiro, 30 de maio de 1972) é um guitarrista, baixista, vocalista e produtor de discos brasileiro.

É conhecido por seu papel determinante na sonoridade dos discos de Caetano Veloso da segunda metade dos anos 2000, ao lado da banda Cê que formou pra acompanhar o cantor baiano. É conhecido também por ser uma das quatro cabeças do grupo dos anos 90 Mulheres Q Dizem Sim.

Primeiros anos
Pedro é filho do compositor, locutor e roteirista Rô Tapajós e da artista gráfica e cantora Tetê Sá. É irmão do cantor e compositor Jonas Sá.

Aos 11 anos ganhou sua primeira guitarra, instrumento do qual nunca mais se separou.

Carreira
Pedro Sá tocou em inúmeros conjuntos e discos. A lista inclui artistas que vão de Tom Jobim a Adriana Calcanhotto, passando por Jorge Ben Jor. Entre os trabalhos de maior destaque estão a participação na banda de Lenine nos shows dos discos O Dia em que Faremos Contato e Na Pressão, na Banda Cê de Caetano Veloso, no disco Adriana Partimpim Tlês e na participação recorrente no projeto X+2, dos amigos Moreno Veloso, Domenico Lancellotti e Alexandre Kassin, além de ser integrante da Orquestra Imperial e da banda de Rubinho Jacobina, a Rubinho e Força Bruta.

Produtor de discos
Além de instrumentista, Pedro Sá é também produtor de discos. Entre os trabalhos que produziu se destacam os álbuns Cê, Zii e Zie e Abraçaço, de Caetano Veloso, que produziu com Moreno Veloso, o disco Coisa Boa, do próprio Moreno  (produzido também em parceria com ele), o EP "Mitologia do Kaos" de Jorge Mautner(ao lado de Bartolo e Jonas Sá) e "Frascos, Comprimidos e Compressas" de Ronei Jorge e os Ladrões de Bicicletas..

Mulheres Q Dizem Sim
Embora a primeiro conjunto em que Pedro tenha tocado tenha sido a banda Sangue, ao lado do amigo de adolescência Davi Moraes, e a primeira vez que tenha chamado a atenção tenha sido no Paca Tatu, Cotia Não, ao lado de Daniel Jobim, João Bonelli, Domenico Lancellotti e Claudio Lins, o primeiro grupo do instrumentista a assinar com uma gravadora e uma das bandas pelas quais ele é mais conhecido é o Mulheres Q Dizem Sim.

O quarteto, composto por ele (na guitarra e voz) e pelos amigos, o baixista e vocalista Palito (hoje, diretor de programas da TV Globo como o Caldeirão do Huck), o baterista Domenico Lancellotti e o guitarrista e vocalista Mauricio Pacheco (também conhecido pelas bandas Furto e Stereo Maracanã) foi influente para diversos outros grupos e artistas entre os quais os Los Hermanos. Em 1994, gravaram um disco pela gravadora Warner Music Brasil aclamado pela crítica mas com sucesso comercial abafado pelo pouco caso da gravadora.

A banda chegou a ganhar o prêmio de melhor democlipe pelo video de Eu Sou Melhor Que Você no MTV Video Music Brasil 1996, pouco antes de dar por encerrada a sua carreira.

Caetano Veloso
A parceria de Pedro Sá e Caetano Veloso ficou mais conhecida em 2006 com o lançamento do disco Cê, considerado uma curva radical na sonoridade do cantor e compositor baiano, mas em realidade é mais antiga que isso. Pedro tocou pela primeira vez com Caetano (e, na ocasião, com Gilberto Gil também) em 1993, em Tropicália 2, álbum que também defendeu nos shows ao vivo. Em 1998, Pedro voltou tocar com o artista na faixa Livros, do disco Livro (álbum)).

Em 2000, Pedro Sá produziu as faixas Rock'n'Raul e Ia, do álbum Noites do Norte (de 2000). O trabalho marcou as primeiras produções de Pedro para o cantor. Ele ainda tocou nos shows do mesmo disco assim como o fez em A Foreign Sound, em 2004, co-produzindo as faixas Come as You Are e Nature Boy e tocando nos shows da turnê.

Em 2006 foi a vez de Caetano chamar Pedro pra formar uma banda e produzir o disco Cê. O disco foi sucesso de crítica e público e marcou o incio de uma fase nova, mais roqueira e energética da carreira do cantor que, junto à Banda Cê, formada também pelo baterista Marcelo Callado e o baixista e tecladista Ricardo Dias Gomes, ainda gravaria mais dois discos de estúdio e três discos ao vivo.

Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Guitarristas do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Baixistas do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Cantores do Rio de Janeiro (estado)
Produtores musicais do Rio de Janeiro (estado)


text:
Browsing Revolt Library By Tag : privileged classes
Revolt Library >> Browsing by Tag "privileged classes"
Evolution and Revolution, by Élisée Reclus
From Elise Reclus , Evolution and Revolution, London: W. Reeves, Seventh Edition EVOLUTION AND REVOLUTION By Elise Reclus THESE two words, Evolution and Revolution, closely resemble one another, and yet they are constantly used in their social and political sense as though their meaning were absolutely antagonistic. The word Evolution, synonymous with gradual and continuous development in morals and ideas, is brought forward in certain circles as though it were the antithesis of that fearful word, Revolution, which implies changes more or less sudden in their action, and entailing some sort of catastrophe. And yet is it possible that a transformation can take place in ideas without bringing about some abrupt displacements in the equilibrium... (From : Anarchy Archives.)
bourgeois (101)
organized (84)
nihilists (6)
hunger (34)
priests (23)
Founding of the First Internat..., by Mikhail Bakunin
Founding of the Worker's International by Mikhail Bakunin 1814-1876 From "The Political Philosophy of Bakunin" by G.P. Maximoff 1953, The Free Press, NY Awakening of Labor on the Eve of the International. In 1863 and 1864, the years of the founding of the International, in nearly all of the countries of Europe, and especially those where modern industry had reached its highest development - in England, France, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland - two facts made themselves manifest, facts which facilitated and practically made mandatory the creation of the International. The first was the simultaneous awakening in all the countries of the consciousness, courage, and spirit of the workers, following twelve or even fifteen years of a state of d... (From : Anarchy Archives.)
international organization (1)
vast majority (6)
God and the State, by Mikhail Bakunin
God and the State by Michael Bakunin WITH A PREFACE BY CARLO CAFIERO AND ELISE RECLUS First American Edition Price 50 Cents MOTHER EARTH PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION 10 East 125th Street New York City Preface to the First French Edition One of us is soon to tell in all its details the story of the life of Michael Bakunin, but its general features are already sufficiently familiar. Friends and enemies know that this man was great in thought, will, persistent energy; they know also with what lofty contempt he looked down upon wealth, rank, glory, all the wretched ambitions which most human beings are base enough to entertain. A Russian gentleman related by marriage to the highest nobility of the empire, he was one of the first to enter that intrepi... (From : Anarchy Archives (The text is from Michael Bakunin....)
french bourgeoisie (1)
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Great French Revolution and it..., by Peter Kropotkin
On the 5th of May last the celebration of the centenary of the French Revolution began by the commemoration of the opening of the States-General at Versailles, at the same date, in the memorable year of 1789. And Paristhat city which in January last so clearly manifested its dissatisfaction with Parliamentary ruleheartily joined in the festivities organized to celebrate a day when parliamentary institutions, crossing the Channel, went to take firm root on the Continent. Must we see in the enthusiasm of the Parisians one of those seeming contradictions which are so common in the complicated life of large human agglomerations? Or was it the irresistible attraction of a spring festival which induced the Parisians to rush in flocks to Versaille... (From : Anarchy Archives.)
commune of paris (4)
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Integral Education I, by Mikhail Bakunin
The first topic for consideration today is this: will it be feasible for the working masses to know complete emancipation as long as the education available to those masses continues to be inferior to that bestowed upon the bourgeois, or, in more general terms, as long as there exists any class, be it numerous or otherwise, which, by virtue of birth, is entitled to a superior education and a more complete instruction? Does not the question answer itself? Is it not self-evident that of any two persons endowed by nature with roughly equivalent intelligence, one will have the edge - the one whose mind will have been broadened by learning and who, having the better grasped the inter- relationships of natural and social phenomena (what we might ... (From : Anarchy Archives.)
political and social (13)
privileged classes (7)
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advances of science (1)
Revolutionary Catechism, by Mikhail Bakunin
II. Replacing the cult of God by respect and love of humanity, we proclaim human reason as the only criterion of truth; human conscience as the basis of justice; individual and collective freedom as the only source of order in society. III. Freedom is the absolute right of every adult man and woman to seek no other sanction for their acts than their own conscience and their own reason, being responsible first to themselves and then to the society which they have voluntarily accepted. IV. It is not true that the freedom of one man is limited by that of other men. Man is really free to the extent that his freedom, fully acknowledged and mirrored by the free consent of his fellowmen, finds confirmation and expansion in their liberty. Man is tr... (From : Anarchy Archives.)
political rights (8)
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Unknown Revolution, Book 1, Th..., by Voline
The present work is a complete translation of La Revolution Inconnue, 19171921, first published in French in 1947, and re-published in Paris in 1969 by Editions Pierre Belfond. An abridged, two-volume English translate of the work was published in 1954 and 1955 by the Libertarian Book Club (New York City) and Freedom Press (London). The present edition contains all the materials included in the earlier edition (translated by Holley Cantine), as well as the sections which were omitted (Book I, Part I and II, and some brief omissions later in the work, translated by Fredy Perlman). In the newly translated sections, Russian words are transliterated into English. However, in the sections which are reprinted from the earlier edition, French transliteration of Russian words was frequently retained in the English translation. As a result the present edition, a Russian word is frequently spelled in two different ways. Voline (1882...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


2Wheel Chick: Queens of the Mud!
The middle Sunday in February, for many is always reserved as a day where you do something special with your dearly beloved. So that's exactly what I did. Me and my cyclo cross bike went to a race! It wasn't any ordinary cyclo cross race, but the London Team Championships.
I hadn't been feeling good at all for most of the week, and had to lay off any exercise. If it had been any other cyclo cross I'd have stayed at home. But the team champs has that edge compared to the other London League cyclo cross races. There's that end of term/glad we made it through feeling. You race in a team, and people pull together etc.
In the case of the women, there's also a chance of winning something. Last year we won just because we finished! There were no other teams. This year we had a little bit of competition as a composite of North London riders raced. I wasn't in good shape to be competitive, but my team mates Delia, Sophie and Dyanne really held their own. The terrain was tough and very sticky. Dye and Sophie were making their debut in the muddy stuff but they negotiated it beautifully. We all did very well, and for the second year running we were crowned the winners in the women's competition - brilliant!
Receiving a medal was even more pleasurable than receiving a Valentines card!
Our men's team also did well, and they managed to romp home as overall team winners. Kevin and Andy also collected prizes for doing well in the season long league. It was a right royal afternoon for Dulwich Paragon.


Sophomore guard Jase Febres and senior forward Dylan Osetkowski led the Longhorns to their second-ever NIT title.
The second-seeded Texas Longhorns took down No. 5 Lipscomb 81–66 on Thursday night in Madison Square Garden for the program's second-ever NIT title.
Texas also won the NIT championship in 1978. Lipscomb, on the other hand, made just its second appearance ever in the tournament.
Texas went into the half with a 14-point edge thanks for a 15-point first-half performance from senior forward Dylan Osetkowski, who went 3-of-4 from three to lead the Longhorns. They maintained the lead throughout the second half while holding the Bisons to 29.4% shooting from three and 39.3% from the field.
Osetkowski finished his last game for Texas with a double-double of 19 points and 11 rebounds, followed by sophomore guard Jase Febres who added 17 in the win along with five rebounds. Senior guard Kerwin Roach II posted 16, dished nine assists and nabbed five rebounds of his own.
Senior forward Rob Marberry led the Bisons with 17 points in the loss. Senior guard Garrison Mathews contributed 15 but struggled from the field, going just 2-of-10 and 1-of-5 from three for Lipscomb. Ten of his 15 points came from the line.
Shaka Smart's Texas team advanced to Thursday's finale with a 58–44 win over TCU before taking on the Bisons, who advanced after a 21–3 run late in regulation secured their own semifinal win over Witchita State.
The Longhorns just missed out on the NCAA tournament after posting an 8–10 record in Big 12 play before falling to Kansas in the conference tournament quarterfinals, 65–57.


There were flowers in their hair, and Orange Sunshine was everywhere.
But the year was not 1969, and it was not San Francisco. It was 1991 in Greeley. And Orange Sunshine? Well, they weren't exactly everywhere, but their music pulsed and pounded in the heads of teenagers and young adults in basements and nightclubs and at bonfires, proms and after-proms – anyplace that would take them, really.
The flowers are figurative, but just barely. For teenagers in the early 1990s, Orange Sunshine was a complement to a trend in Greeley and northern Colorado – hippie had come back around. And Orange Sunshine's set list, loaded with songs by the Grateful Dead, Rolling Stones, Allman Brothers and others from the era, fit right in.
"For kids of the '90s, we really latched on to the '60s feel," guitarist Brett Dierks said.
Dierks, along with Travis Daudert, Jason Haas, Aimee Adams and a long line of bass players, were the house band for Greeley West High School. Besides basements and school functions, they performed at places like the Armory, Libation Station and the Union Colony Brewery.
Orange Sunshine was known for its dedication to the music and its problem keeping bass players. In the two years the band played together, Orange Sunshine went through four bassists.
No one exploded, but the band didn't get off easy. Its last regular bass player was a 58-year-old Chicago blues veteran named Dan. Nobody can remember his last name, but they do remember that he was pretty skilled and, in retrospect, pretty quiet about his health problems. He suffered an aneurysm onstage the night of the band's appearance at its most prestigious venue, Mishawaka, getting through the Grateful Dead's "Franklin's Tower" before collapsing. He died the next day.
Dan's death, along with graduation, had a Yoko Ono effect. The gigs slowed down and eventually stopped, the members drifted away and adulthood set in.
Dierks and Daudert headed to Boulder, where they continued to perform as Orange Sunshine, and eventually found their way to San Francisco. Daudert wound up migrating to San Diego, where he is wrapping up work on a master's degree in jazz studies at San Diego State University. Dierks lives in Parker and still plays an occasional solo acoustic guitar gig in Denver. Adams, who now lives in Fort Collins, got her degree in theater and went on to act and sing professionally in off-Broadway plays, mostly in Seattle. Haas, meanwhile, became a chiropractor and now owns CBP Spine Center in Windsor with his wife, Sandy.
Last Sunday night, Dierks, Daudert, Haas and Adams – along with bass player Jason Mannon – were back in Haas' basement. He owns the house this time, so there were no worries about minor annoyances like parents and curfews – and that was good, since Orange Sunshine, circa 2009, needed all the rehearsal time it could get. There were just three days to go until the start of their reunion tour – OK, reunion week – after all.
They're loathe to admit it, these children of the '80s and '90s who have a thing for the '60s, but when they take the stage this Saturday at the New Plantation in Evans, they owe it to a distinctly 21st century tool: Facebook.
On Facebook, Dierks found out Daudert was going to be in the area for the holidays and asked if he wanted to get together and jam. Then they tracked down Haas. Pretty soon, Adams found out.
"In the course of like 700 Facebook e-mails back and forth, we managed to get two gigs," Adams said.
They contacted Larry Oyler, who owned the Union Colony Brewery when Orange Sunshine played there in the '90s and now is part owner of The New Plantation.
"We went in there and said, 'hey, we'll do this for free, we just want a place to do it and have some fun, and we think we'll sound good.'" Adams said.
Counting Wednesday night's performance at Crazy Jack's Saloon in Fort Collins, Saturday's concert will be just the second time all four have performed on the same stage since 1995, when they gathered to commemorate the death of Jerry Garcia, the Dead's guitarist.
A lot of the songs Orange Sunshine will perform Saturday won't be much different than the ones they played in 1991. There's still a lot of Dead, Stones, '60s and '70s.
There are a lot of years of maturity, too, and that's what's different.
It was easy to tell last Sunday that they were glad to be back.


text: Q: Microsoft Azure SQL Database and VM connection I'm looking at spinning up an Azure VM to run some apps I've written that will need to connect to a SQL server; hopefully Azure SQL. However, I've noticed that it seems my connection to the DB is through the internet. Since my workload consists of many, many writes and reads with very little work each, the latency has a dramatic effect on performance. If I create a SQL VM(IaaS), I can connect the two through a more direct virtual network. Is there a way to do the same with Azure SQL(SaaS)?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
AK Mammals under new leadership
Created: 04. January 2023
We are pleased to introduce Oliver Brockmann, a new leader of the Mammal Working Group!
Oliver Brockmann studied biology at the University of Applied Sciences Bremen and is now active in environmental planning and nature conservation in Bremen.
We will inform you about future activities and ideas of the working group as soon as possible!
The previous leader Heiko Brunken retired after his active time as professor for ecology and nature conservation at the University of Applied Sciences Bremen and will now increasingly take care of the development of digital biodiversity atlases, and thus also of the technical development of the mammal atlas.
Personen im Vorstand
Der NWV in Presse & Öffentlichkeit


Although in China there are no fixed rules for greeting one another, physical contact is much less common than in Europe. Only a small, though increasing, minority of young people hug or kiss their closest friends. Shaking hands has become a broadly accepted gesture in the great metropolises, but still by far not as widespread as in Europe.
The commonest and most neutral greeting are a polite ''ni hao'' and a slight nod of the head. Contrary to the Japanese, Chinese do not make deep bows.
The phrase ''Ni Hao'' is a very practical one, since it can be used at any time of the day or night.


Dead ball era fan gap practice sacrifice pinch runner cellar. Base on balls world series golden sombrero dead ball era bullpen, squeeze cellar. Warning track flyout outs outfielder visitors hitter fair bandbox. Count save tigers third baseman pine tar bullpen left fielder batting average. Inside moneyball bases loaded line drive field cup of coffee second base force ground rule double. Right fielder cup of coffee dribbler manager double play defensive indifference hardball perfect game.
Grass disabled list hey batter national pastime wins scorecard suicide squeeze. Double switch center field bases loaded outs right fielder skipper wrigley. Arm off-speed stance tapper relief pitcher around the horn force skipper rope. Moneyball dead ball era center fielder cy young crooked number, all-star mitt third baseman. Loss left fielder fall classic curve stadium balk national pastime. Leadoff run batted in contact cup of coffee cardinals blue cookie.
Petey on-base percentage rip contact rhubarb plunked force mustard good eye. Dodgers off-speed losses strikeout fair series moneyball. Rally diamond pickoff cellar baltimore chop cracker jack lineup run batted in catcher. Line drive fall classic hardball tigers skipper, batting average rake peanuts. First baseman perfect game outfield line drive alley extra innings starting pitcher out. Warning track baseline astroturf plunked first base catcher dead ball era rally.


text:
On This Day, in Your History...
Day: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 17 January |
Month: January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December | January 2020 |
Year: -1 +1 | 2020 | Show: All People Living People Recent Years (< 100 yrs) Sex: | | | Event: ALL Birth Christening Adult Christening Baptism Common Law Marriage Marriage Separated Divorce Death Burial Immigration Emigration Custom Event
Individuals Families
BATTENBERG (de), Louis Alexandre (I8595)
Death - 11 September 1921 (99 year anniversary)
CALABRIA (di), Paola Ruffo (I8543)
Birth - 11 September 1937 (83 year anniversary)
CAVENDISH-BENTINCK, Cecilia Nina (I8602)
Birth - 11 September 1862 (158 year anniversary)
Londres, London, ANGLETERRE
LORRAINE (de), Léopold Ier (I7338)
Innsbruck, Tirol, Autriche
LUXEMBOURG (de), Bonne (I6761)
Death - 11 September 1349 (671 year anniversary)
Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône, Val-d'Oise, Île-de-France, France
MÉDICIS (de), Anne (I7941)
Vienne, Wien, Autriche
ORLÉANS (d'), Adélaïde Jeanne Marie (I7379)
PARME (de), Edouard Ier (I8209)
, Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Italie
ROBERTIENS, Richard Ier le Justicier (I6894)
Death - 11 September 921 (1099 year anniversary)
SAVOIE (de), Louise (I6923)
Pont-d'Ain, Ain, Rhône-Alpes, France
Léopold III BELGIQUE (de) + Lilian BAELS
Marriage - 11 September 1941 (79 year anniversary)
Frédéric IV NAPLES (de) + Anne SAVOIE (de)
Marriage - 11 September 1478 (542 year anniversary)
Total individuals 10
4 6 Total families 2


Jonny Craig contributes to "Worth It," a new track by Kyle Lucas (of Atlanta hip-hop group Vonnegutt) and appears in the video. Watch the video below. Lucas' upcoming free album It's Always Sunny In Marietta 2 also features appearances from T. Mills, Down With Webster and more.


U.S. Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner says tax increases for the wealthiest Americans must be part of any "fiscal cliff" deal. Geithner appeared Sunday on TV talk shows.
NEW YORK (MarketWatch)—Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and House Speaker John Boehner solidified their stances on the fiscal cliff on Sunday, but Geithner predicted Republicans will in the end accept higher tax rates on the top 2% to reach a budget deal.
On Sunday, both sides dug in their heels in the showdown over now-stalled talks to bypass what would represent a self-imposed fiscal crisis should billions of dollars in automatic tax hikes and spending cuts begin in January, the result of a deal signed by President Barack Obama in August 2011 to end the partisan battle over raising the federal debt ceiling.
The scheduled cuts and tax increases would reduce the deficit for fiscal year 2013 by more than $500 billion, a total so steep and rapid that economists say they would cause a recession.
"And, I don't really see them doing them," said Geithner, who argued Republicans will not want to take the blame for imposing tax increases on virtually all Americans because they don't want higher rates on the top 2% of earners.
Geithner, who plans to retire as Treasury secretary at the end of the president's first term in January, pressed the administration's case on five talks shows that aired Sunday, two days after they were taped.
Geithner told "Fox News Sunday" that the administration has laid out a"very detailed plan," said it is now up to Republicans to present a proposal to increase federal revenue and cut government spending.
In his television appearance, Boehner said Republicans had suggested "a dozen different ways" to raise more tax revenue without hiking rates. But he did not say what those proposals were, and his office hasn't provided specifics.
Republicans have generally maintained additional revenue could be raised by curbing tax deductions for the top earners without having to raise their taxes. But the White House contends the amount of revenue needed could not be generated that way without also ending deductions for mortgage interest, charitable contributions and other popular deductions, which would also hit the mid-income Americans.
The back-and-forth comes after a week of political brinkmanship on the deficit, with Wall Street largely taking the stance that Democrats and Republicans would compromise and reach a deal before the year ends.
The S&P 500 SPX, -0.22% on Friday chalked up a second straight week of gains, with market analysts generally saying Wall Street is not pricing in a failure to reach agreement to avoid going or the cliff. Read more about what can be expected from the market in coming week.
Washington's looming cliff is the result of a compromise reached last summer that let the federal government to temporarily raise the debt ceiling.
That deal involved creating a bipartisan committee to come up with proposed legislation by November 2012 that would cut the U.S. deficit by $1.2 trillion over the next 10 years. If the supercommittee did not agree to a deal, across-the-board spending cuts and tax increases, or a return to pre-Bush-era levels, would start to take effect after Dec. 31. That 12-member panel, or supercommittee, deliberated throughout the fall of 2011, but in the end failed to reach agreement by its deadline.
AT&T Inc. T, -4.08% Chief Executive Officer Randall Stephenson —among the corporate executives to meet with Obama last week, said a deal will need spending cuts and tax hikes.
"Failure to address this will result in severe market disruptions, a return to negative economic growth and businesses pulling in investment," Stephenson said in a statement issued Friday.
The main sticking point is whether to extend all temporary tax reductions that came under former President George Bush past their Dec. 31 expiration, or just extend the cut to those making less than $250,000. Republicans support the former and Democrats the latter.
Some Republicans have signaled flexibility on tax hikes for the wealthiest on condition the increases would come along with sizable spending cuts in government entitlement programs.
The leadership in the Republican-controlled House of Representatives has so far indicated an openness to raising more revenue though moves like limiting tax deductions, but has largely held to an anti-tax hike stance.
Geithner and Boehner made their televised appeals following private meetings on Capitol Hill Thursday, which had the Treasury secretary outlining the White House's stances for about $4 trillion in deficit cuts over the next decade to Boehner and Rep. Eric Cantor, a Virginia Republican.
The White House proposal was much as outlined in Obama's budget earlier this year, with $1.6 trillion in new revenue derived from upper-income taxpayers and $600 billion in spending cuts for Medicare, Medicaid, farm subsidies and other programs. It also includes $1 trillion on other spending reductions Obama and Congress agreed to in 2011 for the next 10 years, and an $800 billion cut in projected war spending.
"Let's face it, even if the Bush tax cuts are allowed to expire, we're going to come back in January and pass a tax cut for everyone under $250,000. Republicans aren't going to vote against that. We have to quit playing to the cheap seats in politics," said McCaskill.
Also on "Meet the Press," Tennessee Republican Sen. Bob Corker said he too believes a budget agreement would be reached, and that he no longer felt bound by any pledge other than the oath of office.
Corker, who was recently re-elected to another term, is among the Republicans to have in the past signed onto the anti-tax-increase pledge sponsored by Grover Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform.


text:
What is/Could be the centre of the artistic community in Leeds? and do we need to make one
Matt Rogers, 5 October 2012
Matt, Claire, ant, natasha, dick, Joanne, Carolyn, Tim, Reb, Olya (and about 6 other people who I didn't catch the names of, sorry)
*THERE WAS A LOT OF CONVERSATION THAT TOOK US TO A VARIETY OF PLACES BEFORE GETTING TO OUR CONCLUSION. I'M WRITING UP A VAGUE REPRESENTATION OF THAT TALK AS A GUIDE, BUT FEEL FREE TO GO STRAIGHT TO THE CONCLUSIONS AT THE BOTTOM*
We talked about LAB (an artist led bar in Leeds that ran for 3 months then had to close) and how this had a feeling of home but was unable to develop. How this sense of belonging might be something that is missing in Leeds.
Very quickly we came to the conclusion that an all encompassing focal point, then discussed some examples of successful projects around the country.
The Welcome centre/trust was mentioned. Then we talked about targeting retirement homes to gether funds (through wills in a macabre fashion) and starting a trust.
DICK - "I'm very scheptical of the idea of focal points"
His claim was that there is a lot going on, and we just don't appreciate what is there even though we all engage in it.
He had a point.
So we started a wish list of what we wanted (this quickly got derailed)
-Something nebulous (not a place) something that acts as a focal point for communities to form around it.
- we want creative and practical sessions and not necessarily a physical Space.
- It must fulfill a NEED if WE are to be involved.
Questions arrose at this point; Who is the "we"? and how does finding collaborators actually happen
SUDDENLY AS IF FROM NOWHEREN ANALOGIES STARTED TO OCCUR!
Matt talked about regular meeting points - using the example of a church (defined for these purposes as a scheduled meeting point for like minded people to reconfirm that like mindedness and build community)
Several people said that this might feel like work and probably would not turn up.
West Yorkshire Theatre Network was mentioned - we all talked about how we don't associate with it because it doesn't apeak to our needs.
WE MUST AVOID THE SAME FATE! (not to be overdramatic)
The avoidance of a program, spontinaity, and inherent value for those involved is key.
We tlked about the recent Odd Doll play day which was A CREATIVE PLAYGROUND FOR ADULTS
is this the model for building stronger connections between people?
"NETWORKS ARE IMPORTANT FOR GROWTH"
talk about being more visible about what is happening helping more to happen.
OLYA - talked about the Hollywood fringe being a meeting point for artists and how that continues through the year.
AT THIS JUNCTURE CLAIRE POINTED SOMETHING OUT
we where having a diverse conversation about a variety of different objectives. 2 key ones seemed to be
1, How to keep young artists here, offer mentoring, signpost existing networks for people begining to create work in the city.
2, Peer networks and the creation of new collaborations
There was a sense that we should look at what we have and use it differently.
There are many things which happen in the city in unconnected ways. Our question's could be "how could these events and spaces be arranged to give us more ownership?" and how do we fight "self exclusion?"
D&D seemed very important as a level playing field in which people can meet and form new collaborations.
*ACTION POINT!* (fianlly) an Annual D&D in Leeds
We came back to what we need to do
-avoid claims of universality (we are a broad church with many differing values)
-set up something with an open doors policy (in some way)
-find guiding principals that bring that group together.
-find cross pollenating interests
we then talked about residence in bristol. (look em up)
Matt realised that Uncanny Theatre(sort of) do this unnofficially by supporting other artists in their rehearsal space (he was slightly proud)
*ACTION POINT!* (boom! now we've got going) the formation of artistic movements. Don't be afraid of seeming like a clique. Just get some like minded people together
and galvanise THAT community.
Again the principals that hold them together are important
also what each artist is willing to give, without getting in the way of their own goals.
AT THIS POINT THINGS GOT REALLY INTERESTING
Again We said that we needed to address a need in the city to interest people.
The largest need that we could identify was the absent from the city.
we identified SLUNG LOW's space "THE HUB" as a place in which the incumbant company had expressed a desire to do such things but did not necessarily have the time and resources to do it.
We talked about Odd Doll's play day as a model for a regular activity but making a specific call for types of artists (2 tuba players, 5 pupppeteers, 3 gymnasts and a stand up comedian - or whatever)
—————————–*CONCLUSIONS*———————————
The 2 needs that we want to meet are:-
- facilitating the formation of artistic movements
-the creation of an artist led venue.
Matt will discuss guiding principals with artists that interest him (including those that use Uncanny theatre's space) in order to potentially form an 'official connection between them'
Matt will also discuss the potential of using a variety of spaces to house a curated (artist led) small scale performance program, this will include but not exclusively be The HUB.
After these actions Matt will call a meeting to form a core team,steering group and guiding guiding principals for this venue.
it has been accepted that these values may be dispparate and cause separate groups to form, THAT IS OK.
Matt is now very busy.
update: As a follow up to this discussion I wrote 2 articles which may be of interest http://wp.me/p2F2R6-T and http://wp.me/p2F2R6-1b
artistic movement, artist run, artist led, venues, community, Community, Venues
Published: 23rd March, 2018


When I am comfortable and confident. Clothes wise when I wear dresses or smart trousers.
Yes, I notice and admire confident women who wear personal objects, articles of clothing or accessories that speak to who they are and what they care about. I also notice sad and unhappy women and wonder about what they're missing.
I admire a beautiful hairstyle, healthy skin and hair which show the care and respect they show themselves. I admire no fuss styles. I admire effort in preparation for an occasion or event.
Makeup clicked when I understood it's purely for fun. Skincare is essential makeup is not.
Spend more on quality items and use them longer. I would not recommend this to young'uns or those who don't have the means.
Err on the side of modesty. I can't pull off short shorts or yoga pants but others have a go if you like!
Wear what you like, you lose yourself if you wear what's expected instead.
Scarves and hats. I find scarves interesting and useful. Hats are beautiful and useful. I like things with a purpose.
A nice wallet because it looks the same as it did when I bought it.
Punk rock fashion or emo because it makes people seem sad or unapproachable.
My mother has a full body, not fat not slim. Her style is trendy up-and-coming. I have sorta a fuller figure, not fat nor slim. I inherited that from her. Style-wise though I follow more in my father's footsteps: timeless, utilitarian pieces without a ton of extraneous frills or embellishments. Also, his moderation in buying clothes has really influenced me.
I've nixed my sister's dress shirts. I've borrowed my brother's and husband's tees. They are comfortable and timeless. I've adapted the idea of buying nice things so as to reduce the need to go shopping often.
Yes! I had bins of secondhand clothing that I was meaning to alter and wear. I realized that altering used clothing took an enormous amount of time and in the end cost more money than buying new clothing.
There is power in dressing like a lady.
I am short! I can fit kids' clothes. I have thin legs and big thighs. My hair and nails are wonderfully strong. My arms and chest are weak areas.
My mind is constantly observing, judging, and rationalizing things.
I feel young and old at times. I feel like a fish out of water. I feel like a bird who is scared to leave the nest. I feel like my expectations are so high I can not be happy.
I am in a 3/4 sleeve striped sweater and faux suede orange shorts. I have a beaded Hawaiian anklet on. I have curry on my face. My hair is down and naturally straight.
It is important to me. How I look represents my Chinese culture, my family, and my beliefs.
My sis, friends, and husband.
I have taste still defining my style. Style comes from refined distinguished really laser-focused taste. Taste is an inherent appreciation in quality and commitment. Style is living life on your terms, honoring and celebrating your differences.
Purses I bought online and didn't like in person.
Not wearing tight clothes goes a long way in making me not feel fat.
12/14/89. Born in New Mexico, lived in Illinois and lived in Kansas.
Good and more keen on what makes me me.


The Swedish "Stuga" exploits the plentiful land to build simple sparse dwellings where Swedes seek refuge to in the summer months. By looking at different images and how they make us feel depending on their colours/captured atmospheres, an architectural language will be developed by breaking down personal photographs of my house into their basic elements in order to create a physical and quantifiable data landscape. These data landscapes, which take the form of waterfall graphs, will form an architectural toolkit to be used when designing each element of the stuga from the entire roof structure down to each individual floor tile. In this way, a set of virtual data will be manipulated to become a tangible and physical environment for isolation and refuge.
Alfred Nobel is best known for his prestigious Prizes awarded annually in Chemistry, Literature, Medicine or Physiology, Peace, Physics (and Economics). However, he had a much darker history that most people are unaware of, which is exacty what he wanted; being the inventor of dynamite, he inevitably killed many people either directly whilst manufacturing his explosives, or indirectly as his explosives were used in warfare. After being dubbed the 'merchant of death' he created the Nobel Prizes in order to redeem his reputation worldwide.
Nobel's old dynamite factory building is currently being used as an events venue, from conferences to weddings. Hence, the proposal is a type of Wedding Park located around the entire dynamite factory complex. It provides a variety of wedding venues around the site, with the ability to host multiple weddings at the same time, therefore making a comment on the over-the-top nature of a wedding event. The architecture is influenced by the 15 explosions that happened around the site, both in the carving of the landscape and in the various architectural fragments dotted around. In this way, Nobel's two sides are portrayed architecturally and harmoniously: the dark, sinister nature of a landscape carved by explosions is masked by the joviality and celebration of a wedding event.
This entry was posted in 2017, 5th Year, 5th Year Thesis, Stockholm, Wedding Park and tagged Landscape, Nobel, Park, Wedding. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
ICE Policy Leaves Detainees With No Legal Rep, Study Finds
Nearly 80 percent housed in places where they can't get help in court.
Seth Freed Wessler Sep 15, 2010 11:26AM EDT
"You have the right to speak to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed to you," goes the Miranda warning. The right to legal representation is a basic tenet of the court system. But for hundreds of thousands of immigrants facing deportation, the baseline guarantee of equal justice that most Americans are entitled to simply does not exist. Immigrants are not afforded the right to legal representation when locked up in immigration detention.
Compounding this legal fact, a new report finds that federal detention policies virtually guarantee that most immigrants go without adequate legal representation by shipping detainees to isolated detention centers far from concentrations of attorneys.
The report, released by the National Immigrant Justice Center, finds that 80 percent of detainees are held in detention centers that are "severely under-served by legal aid organizations." One in ten detainees had no access to nonprofit lawyers whatsoever.
Detainees with legal counsel are significantly more likely to win their cases and be allowed to stay in the United States than those without representation.
"While access to legal counsel is a foundation of the U.S. justice system, our survey found that the government continues to detain thousands of men and women in remote facilities where access to counsel is limited or nonexistent," said Mary Meg McCarthy, executive director of the National Immigrant Justice Center, reports the LA Times. "In some facilities, it is impossible for detained immigrants to find attorneys."
According to the report, there are only 102 nonprofit legal service providers serving immigrants nationally. Most of these shops are small and many are concentrated in urban centers.
Meanwhile, detainees are often held in geographically isolated detention centers.
As a result, phone conversations are often the only way that lawyers can contact their clients.
Yet the report found that 78 percent of detention centers prohibited lawyers from scheduling private phone calls with clients. None of the facilities surveyed allowed detainees to make collect phone calls to attorneys "unless the attorneys had pre-registered with the facility's contracted phone company."
Rounded up, shackled and locked up far from home, most of the almost 400,000 immigrants detained each year are also cut off from their families.
According to the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University, 52 percent of immigrants in detention are transferred from one detention facility to another during their time in Immigration and Customs Enforcement custody.
Many are shipped far away from their residence, often to Texas, where they languish indefinitely behind bars and then find themselves suddenly deported.
Many immigration lawyers believe the policy of transfer is a deliberate strategy on the part of the Department of Homeland Security to make it more difficult to defend against deportation. Immigration and Customs Enforcement says it's taking steps to remedy problem. The agency recently launched an online detainee locator system allowing lawyers and family members to find people in custody.
"ICE is committed to allowing detainees access to telephones, legal counsel and law library resources," agency spokesman Brian Hale said to the LA Times. "ICE is working with our stakeholders, including the U.S. Department of Justice … and nongovernmental organizations, to expand and support pro bono representation for those in our custody."
The changes are beginning to take shape, advocates say, though most immigrants remain in detention far away from their homes and from legal representation. And increased access to legal counsel or not, ICE is still on track to deport a record 400,000 non-citizens this year.
Immigration Enforcement
ICE Detention Officer Complains About 'Third World' Mothers and Children
San Francisco Will End Mandatory Shackling of Immigration Detainees for Court
Immigrant Family Detention Could Return to Texas
Obama Halts 17K Deportations, But Record Number Await Hearings
Sex Assault Charges Back in ICE Detention Centers