text:
Arnold Palmer Tournament Golf
Genre: Sports Developer: Sega of Japan Publisher: Sega of America Players: 1-2 Released: 1989
I love golf. Funny as it may sound to some, I find it to be a welcome change from the fast paced, hard-hitting action of my other two favorite sports, basketball and football. There's nothing like a bright and sunny day, birds chirping, and the lovely green slopes of a course to relax a man. Unfortunately, we can't all shoot a few holes every day, and for that there are games like Arnold Palmer Tournament Golf.
Shortly after launching the Genesis in 1989, Sega decided to attract more attention to its American game releases by signing many of the big personalities of the era to endorse them. Some of these were well received, like Joe Montana and Michael Jackson, and others flopped entirely (hello Buster Douglas!). Arnold Palmer fell somewhere in between, and though most of the younger set probably didn't know him from Adam, those interested in the sport recognized the power of having such a strong name behind Sega's release. Apparently, the endorsement worked, and Sega later re-released the game as part of its Sega Classics line.
In truth, most of Sega's name branding consisted of simply giving a title change to an already existing game. Final Blow Boxing became Buster Douglas
Knockout" Boxing, and the Japanese Super Masters got changed to Arnold Palmer Tournament Golf. Nothing is really different between the latter two, and whereas Final Blow at least received the champ as a playable character, the golf release doesn't even boast a sprite change.
But hey, it's the gameplay that matters, right? In that regards, at least, Arnold Palmer doesn't disappoint. It lacks all the frills and thrills of EA's PGA series, but that has more to do with it being the first golf game on the Genesis than anything else. As with Joe Montana and Buster Douglas, what we have here is decidedly arcadey in style. There's a tournament mode, where players can inch up the leaderboard to try and take the top spot, but there's also a practice mode that plays more or less the same. In practice, you're basically putting in the same effort but not getting the cash prize at the end. This shouldn't be underappreciated, as it's where you're going to get a feel for the different clubs and courses, and once you're ready, it's finally time to take on the world.
The tournament mode is pretty straight forward, and it shouldn't boast too much of a challenge for seasoned players until the later stages. As you battle through twelve rounds against fifteen other golfers, you'll find that it's pretty easy to jump far ahead. In fact, I didn't really notice anyone making a run against me until somewhere around round eight. As you progress, your shot power, skill, and caddy levels increase, and you also gain better clubs every time you win a round. Easy money! Perhaps the biggest challenge in the tournament is properly copying the thirty-six character password. While I admire the foresight to allow players to come back at a later time and continue, one little mistype means you can kiss all your progress goodbye.
I found myself getting so involved that I could probably have played through the whole tournament in one shot, but unfortunately life's little nuisances prevent that. Accordingly, I've chosen to use emulation for winning my championships, and save states have proven to be a god send. Despite this, my cartridge still gets plenty of play time, as I love to toss it in for a few rounds of practice.
In essence, that's where the charm of Arnold Palmer Tournament Golf lies. Lazily spending an afternoon with the simple controls makes for some serious fun. How simple are we talking here? Well, there are only three courses (U.S. Britain, and Japan), and you only have three sets of clubs. Gameplay involves choosing your club, setting your stance in the desired direction, and measuring the height and strength of your shot. It can be a bit tricky at first to get the hang of landing the ball where you want it, and more than a few attempts will end with the ball barely traveling any distance at all. In fact, Sega incorporated a neat little Fantasy Zone mini game that can only be accessed after taking a hundred shots without hitting the green and getting the "game over" screen. Some nice compensation for sucking, but I'd rather work on improving my score. Thankfully, the left side of the screen is dedicated to a view of the fairway, which makes tracking your ball a breeze. Moreover, caddies are always on hand to lend advice, and their pearls of wisdom become more detailed the more you advance in the tournament.
Remember what I said about charm? It's perhaps Arnold Palmer's most endearing trait, as the game is much less refined and authentic in scope as other golf titles on the Genesis. Due to its age and basic gameplay, many are sure to dismiss it as outdated and irrelevant. That'd be a mistake, especially for those who don't mind the lack of real golfers and locations. The presentation still holds up pretty well, and even the background music will get you humming (I especially prefer track #4).
Ultimately, Arnold Palmer Tournament Golf may not have official licenses or the ability to view the green from multiple angles, but that's not what's really needed to deliver a solid golf experience. Challenging courses and solid gameplay is what rules the day, and that's what you're going find here in spades. Fans who want all the trappings of a genuine PGA tournament already know where else to look, but those seeking a quick way to get a game going would do well to give this one a chance.
Tags: 1989, Genesis, Golf, Sega of America, Sega of Japan, Sports
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kukuro says:
Really good as an ealy golf game on the 16 bit black beast, Arnold Palmer has not really age well. PGA Tour Golf series kills it without much effort. CONCLUSION: 6/10
Christian Matozzo says:
It's very nice to see an early simple golf game like this one (I'm just a sucker for early arcade-y sports games) but this one is TOUGH! Always great to see a golf game where the game doesn't pick the club for you or make the game feel like it's on autopilot. The courses on this one are very tricky though, and you really have to learn how to get a feel for the meter. It moves fast and what you might think is a smaller shot on the meter is a long one, so be careful! Fun game though.


Today's pictures are a little all over the place with no specific theme.
This afternoon I headed down to Old Montreal not having any specific photo in mind and ended up just shooting a few random shots.
Another great selection of random shots. I especially love the acid green of Girls Under the Trees. It would be very hard to get good crisp shops like yours here due to the fog we've had lately.


Create a beautiful edible gift for Mother's Day with this Spring Buttercream Basket of Flowers cake. Made with my simple moist chocolate cake, weaved with a delicious sweet buttercream that's also piped into beautiful flowers.
Have you made plans for mothers day yet?
And what do you plan to do with the kids? Here in Israel, we don't really celebrate mothers day. What we have is called a family day sometime later in the year. However, being an American family here we still do make this a special day.
Usually, it's we going out for a family lunch – the kid's order 'what mama likes to eat' followed by Ice creams.
Somewhere in between the kids will give me what they made as a surprise. Last year I received a pretty hand made a necklace from my Aadi. he's was nine. He usually picks up pretty seashells from the beach during our walks. He had one with a hole in it. So, he washed it and put a black code thru it. Was a very sweet gesture.
Rhea gave me a drawing which usually is her scribbling with different color pens. Being a child with special needs; motor skills at her age are still a challenge.
I am looking forward to seeing what they planned this year. Ziv usually helps them organize.
Buttercream Basket of Flowers Cake.
Well, we don't really make a cake for mothers day. I had to give this cake as a gift to a lovely lady friend and I thought since it was just beginning to be spring and mothers day is coming – let's use that for our theme. Along the way, I decided to make it a tutorial project and here I am – sharing the video with you.
In my previous post, I gave me my recipe for The Best Stiff Buttercream Recipe for piping flowers. I highly suggest you make that buttercream if you plan to pipe some stress-free beautiful buttercream flowers. I have explained in details the recipe as well as tips and troubleshooting. Please read that post and you should have a delicious and beautiful buttercream to work with.
Ideally, I try to keep the flowers to two or three tips so I am not overwhelmed with tips, piping bags, colors or wastage. Here I have used mostly the small rose tip 104 for almost all the flower petals, roses, blossoms etc.. A round tip in two sizes for the centers. A leaf tip for the leaves.
I used parchment paper that I cut into small squares so I can chill the buttercream flowers in the fridge. For the Basketweave, I used the basket weave and round piping tip. As well as a star tip for the borders.
Of course, other than that I used the flower nail. You do need to make sure you use good piping bags and couplers that can handle the pressure when piping.
There is not much to tell but rather to see. So I hope that the music will be more pleasant them me blabbering. However, if you do have any questions feel free to ask it the comments below and I will be happy to answer them.
I've been taking a cake decorating class the last several weeks, and everyone has been asking me for my buttercream recipes because 1. My base icing always looks so good (your velvet recipe) and 2. They're made using all butter, and they work, even for piping as a newbie (using the stiff buttercream)–even though the instructor said all-butter icing wouldn't and we would need shortening (which I don't prefer to eat)!! So I send them to your website.
We're doing a basket weave cake similar to this one for the final 2 classes. We'll be making the roses and drop flowers one week, then the cake with basket weave the next and finishing with the flowers. I know the flowers are with the stiff buttercream, but should the basket weave also be with the stiff buttercream? I like how it handles and it does taste good, but don't like to eat too much of the stiff version, and really love the velvet buttercream, but would it be to soft to make the basket weave? I'd ask my instructor, but since she gave us what I call a Franken-frosting icing recipe that uses ingredients I prefer not to eat and she keeps saying all-butter won't work, I figured you'd know best since you've made the cake and you're the woman behind the best icing recipes ever. Thank you!
Hey Christina. Thank you so much for sharing my website with your friends and colleges. You can definitely use the velvet buttercream for the basket weave. I have used it even for my Russian Piping Tips so basketweave would be easier. If you feel the icing is soft perhaps add a few tablespoons less liquid in the beginning or add a few tablespoons more powdered sugar at the end. I don't usually have an issue when I make it – it's not too soft.
My customers love the stiff buttercream icing very much – and so often I use it even when I don't need flowers based on their request.
Thanks for the rapid reply, Veena! I do love the stiff buttercream, but I love the velvet buttercream even more and I prefer the stiff one for the decoration and to devour the velvet buttercream on the sides, so I'm psyched that I can use it for the basket weave! I'll start with a little less liquid. Thank you so much–I just love your site!
That is such a beautiful cake. Love the colors! the whole combination is so incredible.
Thank you so much Bavneet.
Veena – this is sooooo pretty! Just gorgeous!
I love the cake and this basket looks absolutely delicious! It would be interesting to try this different way.


text:
La  législature des Cortes d'Aragon est un cycle parlementaire des Cortes d'Aragon, d'une durée de quatre ans, ouvert le , à la suite des élections du  précédent, et clos le .

Bureau

Groupes parlementaires

Commissions parlementaires

Gouvernement et opposition

Désignations

Sénateurs

 Désignation : .
 Gustavo Alcalde (PP) est remplacé en  par Sebastián Contín Pellicer par 50 voix favorables.
 Carlos Piquer (PSOE) est remplacé en  par Marcelino Artieda García par 28 voix favorables.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Cortes d'Aragon
 Élections aux Cortes d'Aragon de 1995
 Président d'Aragon

Liens externes
 .

 4

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Visual representation of mathematical research interrelationships I remember seeing a visualization in the form of a 2d (nodal) graph of all areas of academia, with math, physics and engineering over in one section, connecting in an arc to the central area of economics and statistics which was intermediate between it and the humanities. Psychology  and sociology were in their own cluster between the humanities and econ/stats, while biology and medicine formed a huge cloud that branched towards almost everything, though it was further from the humanities than the sciences.
I'm afraid I don't have a link, which would illustrate it much better than I can.
Anyways, I wonder if there's something similar to this for mathematics alone, based on the specialities of co-authors, the references in research papers, common sense, etc. I'd be very interested to see what it looks like.

A: Sorry, I don't know where you can find one for math, but here is a link to the original picture describing all of academia:
 (source: Wayback Machine)

A: A related picture came to mind. The cosmologist Max Tegmark, when playing with the idea of enconding a TOE in a mathematical structure, developed this quite famous scheme (the original article made the cover of New Scientist):

It relates the simplest structures with one another.

A: Here's (via Wayback Machine, 2015) something like what I imagine you want, although in the decade or so since this image was made, it's probably changed a fair bit. (For instance, interest in the relationships between analysis, dynamical systems and combinatorics has only been growing since the early '90s.)
As an illustration, here is a static, unclickable, image of the first page:

A: There's a nice 2D map of mathematics here (via Wayback Machine), based on arXiv publications. I think it's pretty close to what you're looking for and is more recent than some of these other maps.
 (source: Wayback Machine)

A: This is a good picture because it shows all the kinds of math together.
 (source)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Download Free Mp3 .xee 2018 Free Download All of video/mp3 that appear on this comemp3.com website were found from internet. The WebMaster does not hold any Legal Rights of Ownership on them. We don't save/host this .xee 2018 Free Download video/mp3 in our hosting. If by anyhow any of them is offensive to you, please Contact Us asking for the removal.
Sad whatsapp status song free download hd 2018.


text:
Q: For and if on dataframe column value I try to run over my data and check if one column (rain) is bigger that 0.
my code:
import pandas as pd

data = pd.read_csv('weather_forecast2.csv')
# print (data)
data_rain = pd.DataFrame()
for index, row in data.iterrows():
    if row['rain'] > 0:
        data_rain.append(row)

print (data_rain)

Example of the DataFrame data:
                  time  ghi  dni  ...  barometric_pressure  rain  sensor_cleaning
0     01/07/2018 07:14   34    0  ...                981.8   0.1                0
1     01/07/2018 07:15   34    0  ...                981.9   0.0                0
2     01/07/2018 07:16   35    0  ...                981.9   0.0                0
3     01/07/2018 07:17   36    0  ...                981.9   0.0                0
4     01/07/2018 07:18   37    0  ...                981.9   0.1                0
5     01/07/2018 07:19   38    0  ...                982.0   0.0                0
6     01/07/2018 07:20   39    0  ...                982.0   0.0                0
7     01/07/2018 07:21   40    0  ...                982.0   0.0                0
8     01/07/2018 07:22   42    0  ...                982.0   0.0                0
9     01/07/2018 07:23   43    0  ...                982.0   0.0                0
10    01/07/2018 07:24   44    0  ...                982.0   0.0                0
11    01/07/2018 07:25   45    0  ...                982.0   0.1                0
12    01/07/2018 07:26   46    0  ...                982.1   0.0                0

When I try to run my code it shows:
Empty DataFrame
Columns: []
Index: []

When you can see that the rain column has values that are different from 0.
What is my mistake?

A: data.loc[data['rain'] > 0]

Should do the trick. Also for future reference, it's considered bad practice to iterate over a Pandas dataframe to select some rows/columns, because there is almost always a more efficient way of going about it.

A: This seems to be a better way of filtering memory-wise (and I think it's prettier, too)
data_rain = data.query('rain > 0')


text:
"Glory of God - Early works to 1800" (0)
Sanitation (66769)
Public Health (65829)
Water Supply (63340)
Disease Outbreaks (63068)
Great Britain (20022)
London (England) (10057)
Medicine (7509)
English poetry - 18th century (6358)
Physicians (4785)
Hospitals (4395)
Medicine - History (4128)
19th-20th centuries (3830)
Addresses (2)
Dialogues (1)
Aickin, Joseph. (1)
Butler, John, 1717-1802. (1)
Denne, John, 1693-1767. (1)
Dorney, Henry, 1613-1683?. (1)
J. A. (John Allen), active 1741-1772. (1)
Jeary, Orlando Augustus, -1817. (1)
Kennedy, Hugh, 1698-1764. (1)
Lay hand. (1)
McGeorge, William, 1668-1745. (1)
Richardson, Samuel, -1805. (1)
Sael, George, 1760 or 1761-1799 (1)
Springitt, William. (1)
Walker, David, 1759 or 1760-1831 (1)
Wood, Thomas, -1801 (1)
remove "Glory of God - Early works to 1800"
An address to a friend. By William Springitt.
Springitt, William.
Five sermons preached before and after the celebration of the Lord's supper. By the Revd Mr. William Mcgeorge Minister of the Gospel at Pennycook.
McGeorge, William, 1668-1745.
MDCCXXIX. [1729]
The bishop of Hereford's pastoral letter, to the inhabitants of his diocese, on occasion of the great victory obtained by His Majesty's Fleet, on the coast of Egypt.
Butler, John, 1717-1802.
The bold attempt: or, an essay to demonstrate the trinity in unity of the divine essence, and also the divinity of our Lord and Saviour, by reason, scipture, [sic] and that image of God, in which man was at first created. By a lay hand.
Lay hand.
An essay on the suretiship of Christ. In two parts. Part I. The Doctrine stated. Part II. Objections answered. By Samuel Richardson.
Richardson, Samuel, -1805.
A dialogue between Mr. Fearing and Mr. Consolation; or, a word of comfort to the fearful of Christ's flock; to which is added, in verse, a few reflections upon the state of the glorified. By Orlando Jeary.
Jeary, Orlando Augustus, -1817.
Contemplations of Mr. Henry Dorney. Comprised, in I. Practical discourses. 1. Of the Nature, Means, and Method of Salvation, on Isa. 45. 17. 2. How to find God a Sanctuary in Time of Trouble: With the Manner of the Author's Entring into Covenant with God, on Rev. 1. 5. 3. Of Union with Christ, on John 17. 23. 4. Of Glorifying God, on 1 Cor. 6. 19. 20. With an Appendix how to pursue a Lawful Thing lawfully. II. His letters. III. His last sayings and prayers. Also an account of his life. With a recommendatory preface, by the Rev. Mr. Romaine.
Dorney, Henry, 1613-1683?.
A sermon upon conformity of the humane will to the divine: From Acts. 9. 6. Lord, what wilt thou have me to do? This sermon was compos'd and preach'd at Pembroke near Milford-Haven in Wales, about eight years ago. By Joseph Aickin, Clerk.
Aickin, Joseph.
A discourse concerning the nature, author, means and manner of conversion. By H. Kennedy, A. M. Minister of the Gospel at Rotterdam. Prefixed to the Dutch translation of A faithful narrative of the extraordinary work of the spirit of God at Kilsyth, and other Congregations in the Neighbourhood. Written by J. Robe, A. M. Minister of the Gospel at Kilsyth.
Kennedy, Hugh, 1698-1764.
A compendious descant of the autogeneal, and theanthropos glories of Christ: or, the crown of Crowns Set upon the Head of King Jesus. Wherein is display'd His Glory as Jehovah by Nature, and his Mediatorial Glories as the Messiah and Saviour of his People.
J. A. (John Allen), active 1741-1772.
The duty of doing all things to the glory of God. A Sermon Preached to the Societies for Reformation of Manners, ... St. Mary-le-Bow, on Wednesday January the 7th, 1729. By John Denne, D. D. Archdeacon of Rochester, and Vicar of St. Leonard in Shoreditch.
Denne, John, 1693-1767.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
George V. Elmore (1880 – 1 July 1916) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Glossop, Blackpool and West Bromwich Albion as a forward. He also played in the Scottish League for St Mirren and Partick Thistle and is regarded as Altrincham's 'first star player'.

Personal life
Elmore worked in the salt trade in Northwich. In September 1914, one month after Britain's entry into the First World War, he enlisted in the Royal Scots. Elmore was deployed on the Western Front in January 1916 and was serving as a lance corporal when he was killed in Sausage Valley on the first day of the Somme. He is commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial.

Honours
Witton Albion
 Cheshire Senior Cup: 1901–02
 Crewe & District Cup: 1900–01
Altrincham
 Manchester League: 1904–05, 1906–07
 Cheshire Senior Cup: 1904–05

Career statistics

References

1880 births
English footballers
English Football League players
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Scots soldiers
British military personnel killed in the Battle of the Somme
1916 deaths
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Southern Football League players
Sportspeople from Northwich
Witton Albion F.C. players
Altrincham F.C. players
Glossop North End A.F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
St Mirren F.C. players
St Bernard's F.C. players
Broxburn United F.C. wartime guest players
Association football forwards
Burton United F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Military personnel from Cheshire


text:
Maple Leafs trade Kapanen to Penguins
Justin W	Uncategorized	 August 25, 2020 3 Minutes
The Toronto Maple Leafs have traded Kasperi Kapanen back to the team that drafted him, the Pittsburgh Penguins.
Heading to Pittsburgh are Kasperi Kapanen, Pontus Aberg, and Jesper Lindgren. Coming back to Toronto is pending RFA Evan Rodrigues, minor league defenceman David Warsofsky, prospect Filip Hållander, and the Penguins 1st round pick in the 2020 NHL draft, which is 15th overall.
Right away, it's clear that the Penguins are getting the best player at the moment in Kapanen. In 202 NHL games, Kapanen has 41 goals and 49 assists to go along with seven points in 25 career playoff games. He has two more years remaining on a deal paying him 3.2 million per season and will be set to become an RFA once his deal expires.
Kapanen has game-breaking speed and uses it very effectively when he wants to, the problem with him has been finding a level of consistency in his game. Kapanen has games where he looks involved in the play, determined to get the puck, and playing strong and physical in the corners. Then there are games where he looks to be gliding around the ice, carrying the puck on the outside and not driving to the net or generating any high scoring chances.
So far in his career all his stats point towards him being a 3rd line winger, who has enough skill to put up around 40 points in a season and be a really effective player when he wants to be. His ability to come in and help the Penguins right away is why Jim Rutherford made this deal, because as long as Crosby and Malkin are around the Penguins will do everything they can to be in a win-now mode.
A major issue for the Penguins here is that the Leafs also have elite players such as Matthews, Marner, and Tavares. There was a reason why a player such as Kapanen was never able to stick on a line with those players, and that's because he struggles to make quick decisions under pressure. In the offensive zone, Kapanen will often throw the puck on net from far out instead of taking an extra lookup to find the open player, and that might not work well if he's placed on a line with Crosby or Malkin.
Unless Kapanen has a big breakout in Pittsburgh and becomes a legit top-six player then this was a steep price to pay for the Penguins. First off, Rodrigues is a very serviceable bottom-six forward who if the Leafs can sign for less than his 2 million he made last season could be a nice depth piece for Toronto.
Warsofky, Aberg, and Lindgren are all solid AHL players who won't likely make any massive impact in the NHL.
Then there is Filip Hållander, who is easily a top-five prospect in their system. Drafted in the second round, 58th overall by the Penguins in 2018, Hållander registered 14 points in 27 games last season in the Swedish Hockey League. He's a centre with an incredible work ethic and determination, as well as an elite hockey IQ that many scouts believe with be a solid NHL player in the future.
The main piece going back to Toronto, however, is the Penguins 1st round pick in the upcoming NHL draft, which is 15th overall. There is a lot of value to be found at the 15th pick, as the Maple Leafs will have the option to possibly take a future star if they can hit on the pick.
What this does do for the Penguins is give them a speedy winger who makes their forward group better today than it was yesterday. What it does for Toronto is allow them flexibility moving forward.
No one is looking at this trade going "well this was the change the Leafs needed to make this off-season". This looks to be just the start, as this trade gives the Maple Leafs 3.2 million dollars more in cap space. They still have some RFA's to re-sign, but this helps them be more aggressive in both the trade and free-agent market. The Leafs knew they had to subtract from their forward group to add to their defence, but it didn't have to be done with just one big trade.
The Maple Leafs could keep their 15th overall pick and select a player who could help the Maple Leafs in a couple of season. Or they could move the pick in another package to help them bolster their right side of defence. This trade gives Dubas some options and flexibility to fix up the teams defence, through trade or free agency.
The Leafs will miss Kapanen's 40-ish points next season, but the hope is with a healthy Mikhiyev and Johnsson, and the likely first NHL season for Nick Robertson can be more than enough to replace it.
Kapanen is a good player, but the price they paid to get him from Toronto might have too much for a third line player.
Kapanen
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text:
Q: Error: Data truncated for column 'posted' at row 1 - Date Field I am receiving a the following error when I try to save a post from the admin app. All the pages work correctly in the browser. I found several posts regarding this error and it seems in those cases the field has more data than the max_length has allowed. I do not understand my case since the field it is complaining about is a date field. Any assistance would be appreciated.
Error:
Data truncated for column 'posted' at row 1
Link to the traceback:
http://dpaste.com/1429237/
My Model:
class Blog(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=100, unique=True)
    body = models.TextField()
    posted = models.DateTimeField(db_index=True, auto_now_add=True)
    category = models.ForeignKey('blog.Category')

    def __unicode__(self):
        return '%s' % self.title

    @permalink
    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return 'view_blog_post', None, { 'slug': self.slug }

class Category(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, db_index=True)
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=100, db_index=True)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return '%s' % self.title

    @permalink
    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return 'view_blog_category', None, { 'slug': self.slug }


text:
British Values, as defined by the DfE, are:
Democracy.
The rule of law.
Individual liberty.
Mutual respect and tolerance of different beliefs.
The Academy actively promotes British Values through SMSC, RE, RSE and Citizenship which collectively:
Enable pupils to develop their self-knowledge, self-esteem and self-confidence.
Enable pupils to distinguish right from wrong and to respect the civil and criminal law of England. While different people may hold different views about what is right and wrong, all people living in England are subject to its law.
Encourage pupils to accept responsibility for their behaviour, show initiative, and to understand how they can contribute positively to the lives of those living and working in the locality of the Academy and to society more widely.
Enable pupils to acquire a broad general knowledge of and respect for public institutions and services in England.
Encourage tolerance and harmony between different cultural traditions by enabling pupils to acquire an appreciation of and respect for their own and other cultures.
Encourage respect for other people.
Encourage respect for democracy and support for participation in the democratic processes, including respect for the basis on which the law is made and applied in England.


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Q: Cannot read property 'findOne' of undefined when require Models to both i get this error after i required User to the page(i do not know what to call 'route' ? 'package'?)
that has required Shift from that page .
the error : TypeError: Cannot read property 'findOne' of undefined
Here is my User page
    const shift = require('./shift');
    const Shift = shift.shift ;

    const userSchema = new Schema({
    customerPhone: String
    });
    var User = mongoose.model('user', userSchema );

    module.exports = {
          user: User,
          router: router
       };

Here is my Shift page
    const user = require('./user');
    const User = user.user ;

    const shiftSchema = new Schema({
    customerPhone: String
    });
    var Shift = mongoose.model('shift', shiftSchema);

    module.exports = {
    shift: Shift,
    router: router
    };

It is strange that when i delete one of requires it works fine ;
so if want to use both Schemas on both pages what should i do ?
All tips will be appreciate . Thank You


text:
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Our Scorecard ranks every state's health care system based on how well it provides high-quality, accessible, and equitable health care. Read the report to see how your state ranks.
Roosa Tikkanen, Robin Osborn, Elias Mossialos, Ana Djordjevic, George A. Wharton
Explore Profiles
Health System Features
Selected Health & System Statistics
Australia Overview ↓
2020 International Profiles ↓
Primary and Secondary Health Insurance
Type of System
Medicare: national public health insurance
Mainly general tax revenue; earmarked income tax (Medicare levy).
Secondary Health Insurance
Complementary and supplementary coverage for increased choice, faster access to nonemergency services, and rebates. 46% have hospital coverage; 55% have general treatment coverage for dental, physiotherapy, chiropractic, podiatry, home nursing, and vision services. Government provides means-tested tax rebates toward coverage. High-earners face penalty for not having private insurance.
Patient Cost-Sharing
Physician Visits
Primary care: Mostly none, 14% percent charge fees, averaging AUD31 (USD22)
Specialists: Yes, average AUD80 (USD56)
Maximum fee (primary care and specialists): AUD83.4 (USD 58)
Hospital Inpatient Care
None at public hospitals (including inpatient pharmaceuticals).
Varies in private hospitals.
Yes, up to maximum AUD 39.50 (USD 28) per prescription.
Caps on Cost-Sharing
Yes, for pharmaceuticals. After reaching AUD 1,522 (USD 1,064) in out-of-pocket costs for year, copay is lowered to AUD 6 (USD 4.2) per prescription.
Two Medicare safety nets for high out-of-hospital costs; more generous for low-income people, seniors, caregivers. Lower prescription drug charges for low-income people; maximum AUD 6 (USD 4.2) per prescription and AUD 384 (USD268) per year. Cancer screenings and immunizations free of charge for certain populations.
Private providers, paid mainly FFS with some PFP. Gatekeeping. Patient registration not required.
Mostly public (65% of beds), rest are for-profit or non-profit. Public hospitals paid mainly through activity-based payments (DRGs), rest global budgets. Private hospitals paid mainly FFS.
Mainly public; some private.
Tuition fees are subsidized through tax system; student contribution capped at AUD10,754 (USD7,520) for citizens.
By Lucinda Glover, with contributions from Michael Woods, London School of Economics
Australia has a regionally administered, universal public health insurance program (Medicare) that is financed through general tax revenue and a government levy. Enrollment is automatic for citizens, who receive free public hospital care and substantial coverage for physician services, pharmaceuticals, and certain other services. New Zealand citizens, permanent residents, and people from countries with reciprocal benefits are eligible to enroll in Medicare. Approximately half of Australians buy private supplementary insurance to pay for private hospital care, dental services, and other services. The federal government pays a rebate toward this premium and also charges a tax penalty on higher-income households that do not purchase private insurance.
01 Universal Coverage
02 Care Delivery and Payment
03 Ensuring Quality of Care
04 Reducing Disparities
05 Integration and Coordination
06 Electronic Health Records
07 Cost Containment
08 Innovations
How does universal health coverage work?
It took 10 years of political tension to establish Australia's universal public health insurance program, known as Medicare.
A universal health care bill was initially introduced in Parliament in 1973 but failed three times to pass through the Senate. Because of these failed attempts, a new parliamentary election was called, a procedure known as double dissolution, to resolve the deadlock. The new Parliament passed the health care legislation in 1974, establishing free public hospital care and subsidized private care. However, following a change in government in 1975, access to free health care services was limited to retired persons who met stringent means tests.
After another change of government in 1984, the current Medicare system was established. Medicare provides free public hospital care and substantial coverage for physician services and pharmaceuticals for Australian citizens, residents with permanent visas, and New Zealand citizens following their enrollment in the program and confirmation of identity.1 Restricted access is provided to citizens of certain other countries through formal agreements.2 Other visitors to Australia, as well as undocumented immigrants, do not have access to Medicare and are treated as private-pay patients, including those needing emergency services.
Role of government: Three levels of government are collectively responsible for providing universal health care:
The federal government provides funding and indirect support for inpatient and outpatient care through the Medicare Benefits Scheme (MBS) and for outpatient prescription medicine through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). The federal government is also responsible for regulating private health insurance, pharmaceuticals, and therapeutic goods; however, it has a limited role in direct service delivery.
States own and manage service delivery for public hospitals, ambulances, public dental care, community health (primary and preventive care), and mental health care. They contribute their own funding in addition to that provided by federal government. States are also responsible for regulating private hospitals, the location of pharmacies, and the health care workforce.
Local governments play a role in the delivery of community health and preventive health programs, such as immunizations and the regulation of food standards.3
At the federal level, intergovernmental collaboration and decision-making occur through the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), with representation from the prime minister and the first ministers of each state. The COAG focuses on the highest-priority issues, such as major funding discussions and the interchange of roles and responsibilities among governments. The COAG Health Council is responsible for more detailed policy issues and is supported by the Australian Health Minister's Advisory Council.
The federal Department of Health oversees national policies and programs, including the MBS and PBS. Payments through these schemes are administered by the Department of Human Services.
Other federal agencies involved in health care include the following:
The Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee provides advice to the Minister for Health on the cost-effectiveness of new pharmaceuticals (but not routinely on delisting).
The Australian Digital Health Agency is responsible for matters relating to electronic health data, and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) also provide health data.
The Therapeutic Goods Administration oversees supply, imports, exports, manufacturing, medical devices, pharmaceutical safety, and advertisement.
The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency ensures registration and accreditation of the workforce in partnership with national boards.
The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority regulates private health insurance, and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission promotes competition among private health insurers.
The state governments operate their own departments of health and have delegated the management of hospitals to Local Hospital Networks. These hospital networks are responsible for working collaboratively with federally funded Primary Health Networks, which were established in 2015 to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and coordination of care. Primary Health Networks have boards comprising medical professionals and community advisory committees.
Role of public health insurance: Total health expenditures in 2015–2016 represented 10.3 percent of the GDP, an increase of 3.6 percent from 2014–2015. Two-thirds of these expenditures (67%) were funded by the government.4
Medicare is funded through the national tax system, in part by a government levy, which raised an estimated AUD 114.6 billion (USD 80.14 billion)5 in 2015–2016.6 Since 2014, a share of the money raised from this levy also supports the National Disability Insurance Scheme.
Role of private health insurance: Private health insurance is readily available and offers coverage for out-of-pocket fees and private providers, greater choice of providers (particularly in hospitals), faster access to nonemergency services, and rebates for selected services. Private health insurance may include coverage for hospital care, general treatment, or ambulance services. General treatment coverage provides insurance for dental, physiotherapy, chiropractic, podiatry, home nursing, and optometry services. Coverage may be capped by dollar amount or by number of services. For hospital services, patients can opt to be treated as a public patient (with full fee coverage) or as a private patient (with 75% fee coverage).
Government policies encourage enrollment in private health insurance through a tax rebate (8.5%–33.9%, depending on age and income) and an income-based penalty payment (1%–1.5%) for not having private insurance. This penalty, known as the Medicare Levy surcharge, applies only to singles with incomes above $90,000 and families with incomes above $180,000.7
The Lifetime Health Coverage program provides a lower health insurance premium for life. However, there is a 2 percent increase in the base premium for each year after age 30. Consequently, sign-up is highest among those 30 and under, with a trend to opt out starting at age 50.
Nearly half of the Australian population (46%) had private hospital coverage and nearly 55 percent had private general treatment coverage in 2016.8 However, coverage varies by socioeconomic status: Private health insurance covers just one in five (22%) of the most disadvantaged 20 percent of the population, but more than 57 percent of the most advantaged population quintile. This disparity is due, in part, to the Medicare Levy surcharge applied to higher-income earners.9
Insurers are a mix of for-profit and nonprofit providers. In 2015–2016, private health insurance expenditures represented 8.8 percent of all health spending.10
Services covered: The federal government defines and funds MBS benefits, which cover hospital care and medical services, including mental health and maternity care. MBS also provides for limited optometry and children's dental care.
Pharmaceutical subsidies are provided by the government through the PBS. To be listed, pharmaceuticals need to be approved for cost-effectiveness by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee.
The federal government also funds cancer screening and immunization programs that are provided free to targeted population groups.
States are responsible for the delivery of free public hospital services, preventive care, chronic disease management, and supplementary mental health care not covered by Medicare. States also provide means-tested access to medical equipment such as wheelchairs.
Home care for the elderly and hospice care coverage are funded separately by Medicare (see "Long-term care and social supports," below).
Cost-sharing and out-of-pocket spending: Out-of-pocket payments accounted for 16.5 percent of total health expenditures in 2016–2017. The largest share (68%) was for primary care, of which one-third (37%) was for medications, followed by hospital care (11%).11
Under Medicare, there are no deductibles or out-of-pocket costs for public patients receiving public hospital services. Cost-sharing for outpatient care varies. The federal government sets Medical Benefits Schedule (MBS) fees for general practitioner (GP) and specialty visits; it pays GPs 100 percent of the fee and specialists 85 percent. Patients pay the remaining 15 percent of specialist fees, as well as any surcharges. GPs and specialists can choose to charge above the MBS fees, although there is a maximum patient out-of-pocket fee of AUD 83.40 (USD 57.00) per service. About 86 percent of GP visits were provided without an additional charge to patients in 2016–2017.12 Patients who were charged paid an average of AUD 31 (USD 22).
Out-of-pocket outpatient pharmaceutical expenditures are capped under the PBS (see table). Consumers pay the full price of medicines not listed on the PBS. Pharmaceuticals provided to inpatients in public hospitals are generally free.
Safety nets: In addition to providing free public hospital care and capped drug costs, Australia has three safety nets to help with other out-of-pocket costs:
The Original Medicare Safety Net covers the MBS fee for all out-of-hospital Medicare services above an annual out-of-pocket threshold of AUD 461 (USD 322). If there are charges above the fee, the individual is responsible for them.
The Extended Medicare Safety Net covers 80 percent of out-of-pocket, out-of-hospital costs (these include costs above the MBS fee) over an annual threshold of AUD 668 (USD 467) for those with government-issued concession cards (e.g., low-income people, seniors, caregivers) and AUD 2,093 (USD 1,464) for others.
A maximum out-of-pocket fee per out-of-hospital service (known as the Greatest Permissible Gap) is set at AUD 83.40 (USD 57.00); this fee may be covered by private health insurance for those with coverage.13 War veterans, the widowed, and their dependents may be eligible for further discounts.
How is the delivery system organized and how are providers paid?
Physician education and workforce: Physicians are trained primarily at public (but also private) universities, with their fees subsidized through the tax system. Annual tuition fees are approximately AUD 65,000 (USD 45,454), with the student contribution capped at AUD 10,754 (USD 7,520) per annum for Australian citizens.15
The federal government provides primary care doctors with financial incentives to practice in rural and remote areas. There is no cap on the number of physicians in Australia, and workforce shortages are addressed through internationally trained providers.
Primary care: In 2015, there were 34,367 GPs, 49,060 practitioners registered as both generalists and specialists, and 8,386 providers registered as specialists.16 GPs are typically self-employed, with about four physicians per practice on average.17 In 2013–2014, GPs earned an average of AUD 3,024 (USD 2,115) per week, around half (56%) of what specialists earned.18 The schedule of MBS service fees is set by the federal health minister. Registration with a GP is not required, and patients choose their primary care doctor. GPs operate as gatekeepers; a referral to a specialist is needed for a patient to receive the MBS subsidy for specialist services.
GPs are paid primarily on a fee-for-service basis through the MBS model, although they can also receive funding from a performance-based initiative called the Practice Incentives Program. The Practice Incentives Program accounts for 5.5 percent of federal expenditures on GPs.19
The federal government also encourages multidisciplinary care coordination by funding large multidisciplinary GP clinics, known as Super Clinics, and through the establishment of Primary Health Networks, which support more efficient, effective, and coordinated primary care.
In 2015, there were 11,040 nurses or midwives working in a general practice setting.20 Their role has been expanding with the addition of a practice nurse payment in the Practice Incentives Program. Nurses in general practice settings provide chronic disease management and care coordination, preventive health education, and oversight of patient follow-up and reminder systems.
Outpatient specialist care: Specialists deliver outpatient care in private practice (8,001 specialists in 2015) or in public hospitals (3,745).21 Patients are able to choose which specialist they see but must be referred by their GP to receive MBS subsidies. Specialists are paid on a fee-for-service basis. They receive federal subsidies for 85 percent of the MBS fee and set their patients' out-of-pocket fees independently. Many specialists split their time between private and public practice.
Administrative mechanisms for direct patient payments to providers: Many practices have the technology to process claims electronically so that reimbursements from public and private payers are instantaneous, and patients pay only their copayment (if the provider charges above the MBS fee). If the technology is not in place, patients pay the full fee and seek reimbursement from Medicare and/or their private insurer.
After-hours care: GPs are required to ensure that after-hours care is available to patients, but are not required to provide care directly. They must demonstrate that processes are in place for patients to obtain information about after-hours care and that patients can contact them in an emergency. After-hours walk-in services are available and may be provided in a primary care setting or within hospitals. Because there is free access to emergency departments, some patients may use these facilities for after-hours primary care.
The government also provides funds to Primary Health Networks to support and coordinate after-hours services, and there is an after-hours advice and support line.
Hospitals: In 2016–2017, there were 695 public hospitals (673 acute, 22 psychiatric), with a total of nearly 60,300 beds. Hospital beds have increased by an annual average of 1.5 percent, maintaining a consistent supply of 2.5 beds per 10,000 population. In the same period, there were 630 private hospitals (341 day hospitals and 289 others) with 33,100 beds.22 Private hospitals are a mix of for-profit and nonprofit.
Public hospitals receive a majority of funding (92%) from the federal government and state governments, with the remainder coming from private patients and their insurers. Most of the public hospital funding (66% of total recurrent expenditures) goes toward the salaries of employed physicians.
Private hospitals receive most of their funding from private health insurers and patients (68%), with 32 percent coming from government.23
Public hospitals are organized into Local Hospital Networks, of which there were 136 in 2016–2017. These vary in size, depending on the population they serve and the extent to which linking services and specialties on a regional basis is beneficial. In major urban areas, a number of Local Hospital Networks comprise just one hospital.
State governments fund their public hospitals largely on an activity basis, using diagnosis-related groups. Federal funding for public hospitals includes a base amount plus money for growth (for further details, see "How are costs contained?").
Small rural hospitals are funded through block grants.24
Pharmaceuticals used in hospitals are subsidized by the federal government through the PBS.
Mental health care: Mental health services are a responsibility shared by the federal and state governments as articulated through a rolling series of five-year National Mental Health Plans, with the current plan running until 2022. In addition, federal and state health ministers agreed to the Fifth National Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Plan in August 2017.
Mental health care is provided in many settings, including GPs and specialist care, community-based care, hospitals (both inpatient and outpatient, public and private), and residential care. GPs provide general mental health care and may devise treatment plans of their own or refer patients to specialists. Specialist care and pharmaceuticals are subsidized through the MBS and PBS.
State governments fund and deliver acute mental health and psychiatric care in hospitals, community-based services, and specialized residential care. Public hospital–based care is free to public patients.
In addition, nonprofit organizations, such as LifeLine, BeyondBlue, and HeadSpace, provide important services ranging from suicide prevention to primary preventive care for both adults and youth.
Australia spent AUD 9.0 billion on mental health–related services in 2015–2016. Most of this expenditure goes toward services delivered by state governments ($5.4 billion), with AUD 2.4 billion being for public hospital services and $2.0 billion for community health services. The Australian government subsidizes additional mental health services through the MBS (AUD 1.2 billion) and the PBS (AUD 511 million). Specialized mental health services in private hospitals cost AUD 493 million in 2015–2016.25
Long-term care and social supports: Three out of four people receiving long-term care receive residential aged care (nursing home care). Three-quarters of older Australians receive informal care and 60 percent receive formal care. In 2015, 11 percent of Australians were informal caregivers, and 32 percent of these caregivers were the primary caregiver, or carer.
In 2011–2012, the federal government provided AUD 3.18 billion (USD 2.22 billion) under the income-tested Carer Payment program for caregivers who are providing constant care and are unable to be otherwise employed. The government also contributes AUD 1.75 billion (USD 1.22 billion) to a separate caregiver program, called the Carer Allowance, that provides a supplement for daily care to primary carers, regardless of their income. In addition, the federal government provides an annual Carer Supplement of AUD 480 million (USD 336 million) to help with the cost of caring. Recipients of the Carer Allowance who care for a child under the age of 16 receive an annual Child Disability Assistance Payment of AUD 1,000 (USD 699). There are also a number of respite programs providing further support for caregivers.26
Home care for the elderly is provided through the Commonwealth Home Support Program in all states except Western Australia. Subsidies are income-tested and may require copayments from recipients. Services can include assistance with housework, basic care, physical activity, and nursing, among others. The program began in July 2015 and combines home and community care, respite care for caregivers, day therapy, and assistance with care and housing.27 The Western Australian government has its own initiative, the Home and Community Care Program, which is delivered with funding support from federal government.
Residential aged care be private nonprofit, for-profit, or run by state or local governments. Federally subsidized nursing home accommodations are available. The Australian government supports both permanent and respite residential care. Eligibility is determined through a needs assessment, and permanent care and accommodation costs are means-tested.28
Hospice care is provided by states through complementary programs funded by the Commonwealth.
In 2013, the federal government, in partnership with states, implemented the pilot phase of the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Full implementation is planned by 2020, at which point around 460,000 Australians are expected to receive support.29 The scheme provides more flexible funding support for long-term care (not means-tested), to allow greater tailoring of services. The main component of the NDIS is individualized packages of support to eligible people with disabilities.
What are the major strategies to ensure quality of care?
The overarching strategy for ensuring quality of care is captured in the National Healthcare Agreement of the COAG (2012). The agreement sets out the common objective of Australian governments in providing health care — a sustainable system with improved outcomes for all — and the performance indicators and benchmarks on which progress is assessed. It also sets out national-priority policy directions, programs, and areas for reform, such as addressing major chronic diseases and their risk factors. Indicators and benchmarks in the agreement address issues of quality from primary to tertiary care and include disease-specific targets of high priority, as well as general benchmarks.
The Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC) is the main body responsible for safety and quality improvement in health care. The ACSQH has developed service standards that have been endorsed by health ministers. These include standards for conducting patient surveys, which must be met by hospitals and day surgery centers to ensure accreditation. The Australian Bureau of Statistics, the national government statistical body, also undertakes an annual patient experience survey.
The Australian Council on Healthcare Standards is the (nongovernment) agency authorized to accredit provider institutions. States license and register private hospitals and the health workforce, legislate on the operation of public hospitals, and work collaboratively through the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme to facilitate workforce mobility across jurisdictions while maintaining patient protections. States also ensure that the workforce maintains minimum hours and standards of continuing education to maintain accreditation.
The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners has responsibility for accrediting GPs. To be eligible for government subsidies, aged-care services must be accredited by the government-owned Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency. Beginning in January 2019, the new Aged Care Quality and Safety Commission will be responsible for regulation, compliance, and complaints for aged care.
There are a number of disease and device registries. Government-funded registries are housed in universities and nongovernmental organizations, as well as within state governments. The ACSQH has developed a national framework to support consistent registries.
The National Health Performance Authority reports on the comparable performance of Local Hospital Networks, public and private hospitals, and other key health service providers, but not nursing homes or home care agencies. The reporting framework, agreed to by the Council of Australian Governments, includes measures of equity, effectiveness, and efficiency.
The federal government has regulatory oversight of quarantine, blood supply, pharmaceuticals, and therapeutic goods and appliances.30 In addition, there are a number of national bodies that promote quality and safety of care through evidence-based clinical guidelines and best-practice advice. They include the National Health and Medical Research Council and Cancer Australia.
What is being done to reduce disparities?
The most prominent disparities in health outcomes are between the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population and the rest of Australia's population; these are widely acknowledged as unacceptable. In 2008, the COAG agreed to set a target for closing the gap in life expectancy by 2031. This is a government and nongovernment effort, with the nongovernment component supported through the Australian Human Rights Commission.
Progress toward this target is not on track, with the gap currently at 10.6 years for males and 9.5 for females. From 2005–2007 to 2010–2012, there was a very small reduction in the gap of 0.8 years for males and 0.1 years for females.31
Disparities between major urban centers and rural and remote regions, and across socioeconomic groups, are also major challenges. The federal government provides financial incentives to encourage GPs and other health workers to work in rural and remote areas, where it can be very difficult to attract a sufficient number of practitioners. This challenge is also addressed, to an extent, through the use of telemedicine.
What is being done to promote delivery system integration and care coordination?
Approaches to improving integration and care coordination include the Practice Incentives Program, which provides a financial incentive to providers for the development of care plans for patients with certain conditions, such as asthma, diabetes, and mental health needs.
In addition, the Primary Health Networks were established in July 2015 with the objective of improving coordinated care, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of care for those at risk of poor health outcomes. These networks are funded through grants from the federal government and will work directly with primary care providers, health care specialists, and Local Hospital Networks. Care also may be coordinated by Aboriginal health and community health services.
What is the status of electronic health records?
The Australian Digital Health Agency, established in July 2016, has national responsibility for the country's digital health strategy. An interoperable national e-health program based on personally controlled unique identifiers is now in operation. More than 6 million patients (one-quarter of Australians) and 13.4 million providers are currently registered. As of February 2019, all Australians have a My Health Record created for them unless they have opted out of the system, although individuals can choose to delete their record at any time.32 The record supports prescription information, medical notes, referrals, and diagnostic imaging reports. Patients can view their own medical information and control who can see it, as well as add information about allergies, adverse reactions, and their health care wishes in the event that they become unable to communicate.
How are costs contained?
The major drivers of cost growth are the MBS and PBS. The federal government regularly considers opportunities to reduce spending growth in the MBS through its annual budget process. To influence PBS costs, the government makes determinations about which pharmaceuticals to list on the scheme and negotiates the price with suppliers. It also provides funds to pharmacies to dispense medicines subsidized through the PBS and to support professional programs and the wholesale supply of medicines. This arrangement is implemented through the current Community Pharmacy Agreements, which are renegotiated every five years. The Sixth Community Pharmacy Agreement, which began in July 2015, supports AUD 6.6 billion (USD 4.6 billion) in savings through supply chain efficiencies.33
Hospital budgets are set by the Local Hospital Networks. Hospitals are funded on the basis of what is determined to be an efficient price for delivering services, as determined by the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority. Through 2020, the Commonwealth will fund 45 percent of the efficient growth in these services, capped at 6.5 percent of total growth.34 States are required to cover the remaining cost of services, providing an incentive to keep costs at the efficient price or lower.
Beyond these measures, health costs are controlled mainly through capacity constraints, such as workforce supply.
What major innovations and reforms have recently been introduced?
The Australian government has introduced a number of reforms to care for older people aimed at improving financial sustainability, quality, and consumer choices. The independent Aged Care Quality and Safety Commission, established in early 2019, will bring together previously disparate functions of quality assurance, complaints, and regulation of the aged care sector. The government has also started conducting unannounced audits of aged-care (or nursing) homes for reaccreditation.
The Australian government is also investing more funding to help people remain in their own homes as they age. One example is the Community Visitor scheme, which supports the 70 percent of elderly people who receive aged care at home and experience loneliness.
In its 2018 budget, the federal government allocated AUD 102.5 million (USD 71.7 million) to services for older Australians, with AUD 82.5 million (USD 57.7 million) for residents of aged-care facilities and AUD 20.0 million (USD 14.0 million) for those in the community at risk of isolation.
The 2018 budget also included AUD 72.6 million (USD 50.8 million) for suicide prevention and follow-up care for the adult population and AUD 110 million (USD 77 million) for child and youth health care.
In 2017, the Australian government launched Head to Health, a one-stop electronic resource to direct people experiencing mental health issues to services and resources, supporting them in taking control of their health by reaching out to high-quality, reputable providers. The website was developed in partnership with people and families who have experienced a mental health issue, as well as those who provide care.
The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of LSE research assistant Michael Woods.
1 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Australia's Health 2018 (AIHW, 2018).
2 Australian Department of Human Services, http://www.humanservices.gov.au/; accessed Nov. 14, 2018.
3 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC), Reform of the Federation White Paper: Roles and Responsibilities in Health. Issues Paper 3 (DPMC, 2015).
4 AIHW, Health Expenditure Australia 2015–16 (AIHW, 2017).
5 Please note that, throughout this profile, all figures in U.S. dollars (USD) were converted from Australian dollars (AUD) at a rate of 1.43 per USD, the purchasing power parity conversion rate for GDP in 2018 reported by OECD for Australia. See https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SNA_TABLE4.
6 AIHW, Health Expenditure Australia 2015–16.
7 Private Health Insurance Ombudsman, What Is Covered by Private Health Insurance? (PHIO, 2018), https://www.privatehealth.gov.au/health_insurance/what_is_covered/privatehealth.htm; accessed Nov. 14, 2018.
8 AIHW, Australia's Health 2018.
9 Australian Prudential Regulation Authority, Statistics: Private Health Insurance Quarterly Statistics, June 2016 (APRA, 2016).
10 AIHW, Health Expenditure Australia 2015–16.
12 AIHW, Australia's Health 2018.
13 Department of Health, Australian Government (2018), http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/EMSN_Landing_Page; accessed July 23, 2018.
14 Department of Health, Australian Government (2018), www.pbs.gov.au; accessed July 23, 2018.
15 Study Assist, Australian Government (2018), studyassist.gov.au/sites/studyassist/helppayingmyfees/csps/pages/student-contribution-amounts; accessed Feb. 5, 2018.
16 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, National Health Workforce Data Set: Medical Practicioners 2015, table 1, http://www.aihw.gov.au/workforce/medical/how-many-medical-practitioners/.
17 Department of Health, General Practice Workforce Statistics (2015), http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/F210D973E08C0193CA257BF0001B5F1F/$File/GP Workforce Statistics 2013-14 PUBLIC Web version.pdf, accessed Aug. 12, 2015; and Department of Human Services, Australian Government (2015), http://www.humanservices.gov.au/; accessed Nov. 16, 2015.
18 Australian Taxation Office, ACT, Taxation Statistics 2013-14, Individuals, Table 14, https://data.gov.au/dataset/taxation-statistics-2013-14/resource/c506c052-be2f-4fba-8a65-90f9e60f7775?inner_span=True; accessed July 5, 2018.
19 Australian National Audit Office, Audit Report No. 5 2010–11. Performance Audit: Practice Incentives Program (ANAO, 2010).
20 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australian Government (2018), National Health Workforce Data Set: Nursing and Midwifery 2015, overview table 10, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/workforce/nursing-and-midwifery-workforce-2015/data; accessed Nov. 14, 2018.
21 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, National Health Workforce Data Set: Medical Practitioners 2015, supplementary table 26 (AIHW, 2016).
22 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Hospital Resources 2016–17: Australian Hospital Statistics (AIHW, 2018).
23 AIHW, Hospital Resources 2016–17.
24 Independent Hospital Pricing Authority, National Efficient Price Determination 2015–16 (IHPA, 2015).
25 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australian Government (2018),
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/mental-health-services/mental-health-services-in-australia/report-contents/expenditure-on-mental-health-related-services; accessed July 23, 2018.
26 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2018), https://www.gen-agedcaredata.gov.au/Topics/People-using-aged-care; accessed July 5, 2018.
27 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, "Australia's Welfare" (AIHW, 2017).
28 Department of Social Services (DSS, 2015), Commonwealth Home Support Programme, https://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/ageing-and-aged-care/aged-care-reform/commonwealth-home-support-programme#03; accessed Sept. 6, 2015.
29 For updates, see Australian Government Department of Social Services, National Disability Insurance Scheme, https://www.ndis.gov.au/.
30 Department of Health, Australian Government (2017), http://www.pbs.gov.au/info/general/sixth-community-pharmacy-agreement; accessed Nov. 14, 2018.
31 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Aged Care in Australia (AIHW, 2015), http://www.aihw.gov.au/aged-care/residential-and-community-2011-12/aged-care-in-australia/; accessed Nov. 18, 2015.
32 Department of Health, https://myhealthrecord.gov.au/internet/mhr/publishing.nsf/Content/news-002; accessed Aug. 21, 2018.
33 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Closing the Gap: Prime Minister's Report 2018, "Healthy Lives," https://closingthegap.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/ctg-report-2018.pdf?a=1; accessed Oct. 2, 2018.
34 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, GEN Aged Care Data, "People Using Aged Care," https://www.gen-agedcaredata.gov.au/Topics/People-using-aged-care; accessed July 5, 2018.
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Issue Briefs / Nov 18, 2020
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At the beginning of 2017 I wrote a post to outline the wishes and goals I had for the coming year, including wishes for myself, my family, my blog and my business. I thought I would revisit the post today and see how many of these have been achieved throughout 2017.
"To lead a healthier lifestyle."
I started to meal plan, shop from lists, cook from fresh and eat healthier. I also chose to walk when we could instead of driving and do a little bit here and there to try to be better and healthier. I did indulge a little too, I didn't give up chocolate and cake. I still managed to drop a dress size however; so I'd call that a success.
"To learn to not be so hard on myself."
In some areas I managed this. When I didn't find the time to fit in a post I wanted to write or was a little late in posting a birthday card I didn't freak out like I usually would. When it comes to motherhood, however, I seem to still find it difficult on the bad days not to feel like a failure. I'll work on that.
"To spend less time on social media."
Although I cut down a little in respect to personal and scrolling through when my children are around, the nature of my business and blog mean that social media is the life line of my income. Thus although I cut down sitting on my phone during the daytime with my girls and tried to schedule as much as possible; I still spent quite a lot of time on social media.
"To have a better control of my emotions."
I am still struggling with this one. The fluctuation of my hormones as my body has tried to right itself after pregnancy and during my breastfeeding journey probably hasn't helped. Another goal I need to work on.
"To take more photos, or ask for someone to take more photos, of me and my children together."
I have made sure that I have plenty of photos with my girls from the start to the finish of 2017. There are selfies I took with one or both of them and photos that friends and family members have taken too. All that needs to be done now is to pop them into the girls scrapbooks.
"To take more time out for myself."
Yeah, this one didn't go as well as I would have liked. I think that the nearest to me time I got in 2017 was the time that I spent working at the laptop in the evening after the girls were in bed. I can count on one hand the number of relaxing baths I had, and I can't remember the last time I had time out at the cinema or afternoon tea with one of my girl friends.
"To spend more time baking."
I can't say that I did as much baking throughout the year as I would have liked to do but I did make sure that I got all the important baking done... from birthday cakes for my girls and a whole lot of awesome Christmas baking too!
"For Squidgy to make the transition to preschool without any drama or problems."
I have been really pleased with the way that Squidgy has not only settled into preschool but been so happy to go back after school holidays. I know of plenty of parents who struggle with both the transition period and the start of term (some even the start of a week after a weekend off!) so I am so glad that we do not have any issues with my gorgeous girly loving it as much as she does.
"For my girls love for each other to continue to grow as they bond with each other."
Whether it is playing together, sharing their toys or even sharing their food, my girls relationship is doing nothing but grow stronger. As they both begin to grow up (far too quickly for my liking!) they are constantly working out new ways to amaze me in how they interact from teaching each other cheeky things to simply holding hands as they walk through town.
"For my husband and I to continue to love each other as strongly as ever."
Always and forever may be something that is rare these days, but the man that I love and the man that I married is the man that I will continue to choose to be the one I kiss when the clock strikes midnight at the beginning of a new year. We celebrated nine years together and six years married in 2017 and I love him more than ever... and I believe he loves me still too!
"To spend more time doing things as a family, not just sitting at home in front of the TV."
We spent a lot of time out of the house, whether is was at a local playground or making trips to Ferry Meadows we made sure to get out and spend time as a family out of the house as well as in it.
"To see our extended family more often."
Although we did see our family at a few big functions (birthdays, weddings and Christenings) we didn't see them outside of those. It's a shame really as my family was so close when I was younger and I miss them!
"To grow my social media. My aim is to reach 5k followers on Twitter, 3k followers on Instagram and 1k on Facebook."
Unfortunately it takes a lot more hard graft that I was anticipating to grow social media, and I think I set my targets too high. I have seen growth in all areas however, it is just slower than I had hoped.
"To increase my readership. I currently have an average UMV (unique monthly visitors) number of 2,534 and monthly page views of 6,694."
My 2017 yearly average turned out to be around double the previous year. I'd say that's a massive success!
"To keep up the weekly posts I am contributing to the Living Arrows linky I post on Mondays."
I did one post per week for #LivingArrows and enjoyed it so much I've started again for 2018. You can see and read all my Living Arrows posts here.
"By the end of the year I would like my blog to be a sustainable source of income for me."
I may not be able to afford my dream car but I have certainly managed to start earning enough to get my nails done, order a takeaway or even afford a gorgeous Tiffany desk lamp. Through my blog I have also had a chance to start earning through some freelance writing which means that I have a regular source of income coming in a couple of channels. Onward and upward from here.
"Finally, to not lose my love for writing."
I still love to write. The fact that I am still cranking out content and even started writing freelance articles is a sure sign of that. The one thing that I wish is that I had more hours in the day to be able to write all the posts I have ideas to do. I run out of time so quickly with so much going on in my life!
"For Mama Naii's Crochet to continue to grow."
Thanks to the wonderful blogging community I am now a part of I have seen healthy growth in my business, although I have not really put in the effort to network as I should to see it grow as much as I know it could.
"For it to be just as successful when I re open my order books as it was before I went on maternity leave."
At first I thought this was happening... I returned to an influx of orders from friends, family and some of the blogging community. As we came towards Christmas however, the orders seemed to diminish and I haven't had any in a while. I am planning to try and make a little more effort in 2018 to network and advertise my wares better!
"For me to be able to find the time to dedicate to my orders."
This I did do. When it came to the orders I received this year, I made sure I set time aside to work exclusively on them. It worked a treat and I worked my way through them like a boss!


text:
package org.openecard.android.activities;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.AdapterView.OnItemClickListener;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.ListView;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import org.openecard.android.R;
import org.openecard.common.I18n;

/**
 * This Activity shows a list of available things that can be configured, for example plugins.
 * By selecting an item on the list the corresponding Activity for configuration will be started.
 *
 * @author Dirk Petrautzki <petrautzki@hs-coburg.de>
 */
public class SettingsActivity extends Activity {

    private final I18n lang = I18n.getTranslation("android");

    public static final String PLUGIN_INDEX = "PLUGIN_INDEX";

    private ArrayAdapter<String> listAdapter;
    private ArrayList<Intent> intents = new ArrayList<Intent>(1);
    private ArrayList<String> settings = new ArrayList<String>(1);

    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
	super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
	setContentView(R.layout.settings);
	fillLists();
	setUpListViewSettings();
    }

    /**
     * Fills the lists containing the name of the settings and the intents.
     */
    private void fillLists() {
	SettingsActivity context = SettingsActivity.this;
	settings.add(lang.translationForKey("android.settings.plugins"));
	intents.add(new Intent(context, PluginsActivity.class));
	settings.add(lang.translationForKey("android.settings.comm_interface"));
	intents.add(new Intent(context, TerminalFactoryActivity.class));
	settings.add(lang.translationForKey("android.settings.logging"));
	intents.add(new Intent(context, LoggingActivity.class));
    }

    /**
     * Fills the ListView with the available settings.
     */
    private void setUpListViewSettings() {
	ListView listViewSettings = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.listViewSettings);

	listAdapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(this, R.layout.setting_row, settings);
	listViewSettings.setAdapter(listAdapter);

	// start the activity to display details of the selected setting
	listViewSettings.setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {

	    @Override
	    public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id) {
		Intent i = intents.get(position);
		startActivity(i);
	    }
	});
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


When we try to explain the idea behind MyFrenchLife™ to Muguette, a mature French woman wearing a floral apron and clutching a tired-looking broom, she looks at us blankly. It's clear that something is not quite translating—both the concept of an online magazine and our journalist's shaky French are a little difficult for her to comprehend. But she agrees to answer our questions about her shop Des Fleurs Pour Soi, looking wary but willing.
As we talk, Muguette gradually becomes more comfortable, although she keeps working on her bouquet and responds mostly with her back turned to us. And after a customer comes and goes—a transient looking man who buys a single rose, and whose presence sends the dog into a barking frenzy—Olivier warms to us as well.
The two speak over each other as they answer my questions, detailing the differences between artisans like themselves and big chain stores. They write down the French names of flowers for us in a notebook, and eventually offer us an espresso.
It's an experience you could only have in this city, where family-owned shops survive despite changing sensibilities, and artisans put a premium on making and sustaining genuine relationships with their customers.
Located on the fabulous Rue des Martyrs in the 9th arrondissement, Des Fleurs Pour Soi can be recognised by its hand-painted sign, featuring a dog in a spiked collar (though a different pup from the one who currently holds court inside the store, Crocusse).
Pink flowers climb the wooden carts outside, trailing vines that interweave with the hanging baskets. Bearing a fierce pride for artisan traditions and offering a distinctly French brand of no-nonsense hospitality, Des Fleurs Pour Soi is perhaps one of the most authentic places to be found in Paris today.
How long has this store been here?
Muguette: Someone opened a flower shop here a long time ago, before we got here.
Olivier: But this is not simply a flower shop anymore.
And when did you start at Des Fleurs Pour Soi?
M: It was a really long time ago, and before, we were at another shop on this street.
O: 28 years on the street, and 17 years in this shop. We know the system of the neighbourhood and the street very well by now.
And why did you choose to be a florist? Is it a family tradition or a personal passion?
M: My ex-husband was a florist.
And are there a lot of florists in this area?
O: Real florists—real ones—well, there are two kinds of shops. Fleuristes and marché aux fleurs. Marché aux fleurs, what does that mean?
I'm not exactly sure. Is it a bigger store?
O: It's all the chains: Monceau and the rest. It's like a supermarket for flowers. Ok? Fleuristes are different. It's a métier. We sell what we produce … As a profession, the people who work in flower markets—they have money, they sell flowers. But the flowers aren't good, they have no scent.
So are there many real florists in Paris?
O: You have to find them. Here, we do several things in the boutique. We manufacture and produce everything ourselves. The flowers in the supermarkets are not the same quality. It's truly different, the qualities.
We manufacture and produce everything ourselves.
And where do the flowers at Des Fleurs Pour Soi come from?
M: All the flowers that are in season come from l'Ile de France. Very, very few come from farther away.
Which flowers are the most popular?
M: The most popular? Roses.
O: The rose, through all seasons. But each flower has its own season.
And what flowers are popular in other seasons?
M: The peony is in summer. In winter, there's the anemone, buttercup, tulip.
And in autumn and spring?
M: In autumn, there's the dahlia, gladiolas. In spring and summer there's roses, peonies, sweet peas.
M: Everything [laughs]. Almost everything. I do like roses.
And as florists, do you find the French to be very romantic?
O: Oui, oui, oui, oui!
M: Not as much anymore, no.
We've found that as you get closer to Montmartre, there are higher quality florist boutiques. Would you agree?
O: That's what I was telling you earlier, the difference between fleuristes and marchés aux fleurs. Very important. Small boutiques for flowers are the same as artisans who make excellent bread. Neither is like a supermarket.
We understand! Actually, that's the goal of our Paris Mosaic series, to discover artisans and small businesses.
O: In all of France, it's a country full of artisans who work with their hands. But more and more, they are disappearing. Because the big stores eat the little ones. You understand?
Yes, we find it's the same in our home countries, like the US and Australia.
Yes, it's just business. But us, we have very good customers. We know them, we know their children. You see? The children were small, but now they're grown. And they still come to us. Just like their parents. It's natural.
Where are your favourite places to go around Paris to get food, or something to drink?
Are there any restaurants or bars in particular that you like?
Do you prefer to buy flowers from the Supermarket or artisan florists? Why? Share your answers with us in the comments box below.


text:
In Regency England an advantageous match could set up a lady for life. Julia knows Matthew Blake, copper mine owner and very eligible bachelor, is the gentleman she should set her eyes upon. But why can't she steal her gaze away from his younger brother, Isaac?
Cornwall, England, 1818
Julia Twethewey needs a diversion to mend her broken heart, so when her cousin invites her to Lanwyn Manor, Julia eagerly accepts. The manor is located at the heart of Cornwall's mining industry, and as a guest Julia is swept into its intricate world. It's not long, though, before she realizes something dark lurks within the home's ancient halls.
As a respected mine owner's younger son, Isaac Blake is determined to keep his late father's legacy alive through the family business, despite his brother's careless attitude. In order to save their livelihood—and that of the people around them—the brothers approach the master of Lanwyn Manor with plans to bolster the floundering local industry. Isaac can't deny his attraction to the man's charming niece, but his brother has made clear his intentions to court the lovely visitor. And Isaac knows his place.
When tragedy strikes, mysteries arise, and valuables go missing, Julia and Isaac find they are pulled together in a swirl of strange circumstances, but despite their best efforts to bow to social expectations, their hearts aren't so keen to surrender.
Sweet Regency RomanceFull-length novel, approximately 90,000 wordsSecond in the Cornwall series, but can be read alone
Praise for The Thief of Lanwyn Manor
"Northanger Abbey meets Poldark against the resplendent and beautifully realized landscape of Cornwall." —Rachel McMillan, author of The London Restoration
"Cornwall's iconic sea cliffs are on display in The Thief of Lanwyn Manor, but it's the lyrical prose, rich historical detail, and layered characters that truly shine. The story anchors the foray into Cornwall's copper mining legacy with historical accuracy and brilliant heart. Fans of Regency romance will be instantly drawn in and happily lost within the pages—this is Sarah E. Ladd at her best!" —Kristy Cambron, bestselling author of the Lost Castle series
PUBLISHERS WEEKLY NOV 11, 2019
Set in Cornwall, England, in the early 1800s, Ladd's sweeping inspirational romance, second in the Cornwall Novels series (after The Governness of Penwythe Hall), brims with triumph and tragedy. Many young men have gone off to serve in India while others have found work in the mines. Orphaned 19-year-old Julia Twethewey has come to stay with her uncle in the mining town of Goldweth, both to act as companion to her pregnant cousin, Jane, and to recover from a broken heart. Life at Lanwyn Manor, however, is not all it seems. Isaac Blake oversees the family mine owned by his twin brother, Matthew. As the second-born twin, Isaac's hardly a catch for any marriage-minded lady, as he has no claim to the family business, but he and Julia seem to connect on an elemental level. Matthew, however, sees Julia as his way into profiting from her uncle's mine. Ladd laces the drama with deep faith elements and fine details of the Regency era, which provide depth beyond the tension of the romance. Fans of Julie Klassen will love this.
TCJRogers , 01/11/2020
Full of mystery and romance
The Thief of Lanwyn Manor is about Julia Twethewey,a young lady who travels to the mining town of Goldweth to stay with her aunt and uncle at their home, Lanwyn Manor, in Cornwall, England. She has left her home for a time to escape humiliation after being betrayed by a man she believed loved her. Upon arriving, she is accosted at gunpoint by men trying to rob her, but she is rescued from harm by Isaac Blake, a young man whom she finds it difficult to get out of her mind. She quickly learns that the townspeople do not like her uncle since he closed his mine putting much of the town out of work, and that they might possibly wish him harm. A series of strange events occur at Lanwyn Manor following the attack on Julia; valuables go missing, strange noises come from the attic, cloaked figures escape into the forest at night. Soon, it becomes clear that Julia herself may be in danger if she stays in Goldweth. But as much as she wants to go home, she is drawn to Isaac Blake and she doesn't want to abandon the possibility of a future with him. But before any future plans can be made, Julia and Isaac must uncover the truth about the thief at Lanwyn Manor.
As I started reading The Thief of Lanwyn Manor, I thought it started a bit slowly. But a few chapters in, it picked up, and I got drawn in. The story was full of action, emotion, scheming, deception, and mystery. Once I was into the story, I read most of the book in one day. I couldn't wait to find out who was behind everything. Overall, I very much enjoyed reading The Thief of Lanwyn Manor.
*I received a complimentary copy of this book. Opinions expressed in this review are completely my own.
More Books by Sarah E. Ladd
The Curiosity Keeper
The Heiress of Winterwood
The Headmistress of Rosemere
The Whispers on the Moors Collection
A Lady at Willowgrove Hall
The Governess of Penwythe Hall


text:
Revealed: The moment Princess Diana confronted Camilla over affair with Prince Charles
Archive recordings show Diana speak about the confrontation
Michelle Townsend
Prince Charles and Princess Diana divorced in 1996, as it came to light that the future king just couldn't stay away from his true love, Camilla Parker Bowles.
Diana was understandably humiliated - and in archive recordings by the National Geographic she opened up about her feelings of fear, jealousy and anger and opened up about the confrontation she had face-to-face with Camilla, which triggered a "tremendous shift" in her life.
The mother of Prince William and Prince Harry, who died just over a year later in 1997, recalled the "nightmare" conversation she had with her husband's true love.
Diana described how she felt compelled to confront Camilla because of her rights as Prince Charles' wife.
Prince Charles,Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales pose on the balcony of Buckingham Palace on their wedding day, 29th July 1981 (Image: David Levenson/Getty Images)
In the National Geographic recordings, she said: "We were all upstairs and I was chatting away, and I suddenly noticed there was no Camilla and no Charles upstairs."
"So, this disturbs me. So, I make my way to go downstairs for him."
"I know what I'm going to confront myself with."
Diana was determined to make her feelings toward her husband's mistress quite clear, as she had a suspicion that Camilla and Charles were together beforehand.
Going against her friend's wishes, who warned her to keep her head down, she said: "I have to go and find my husband."
Buckingham Palace is hiring a kitchen porter - and the perks are pretty good
"I go downstairs and there is a happy little threesome going on. Camilla, Charles and some other man who I don't really know, chatting away."
"So I thought, 'Right, this is your moment'."
Diana continued: "I went and sat down and joined the conversation, as though we were best friends."
"And I said 'Camilla, I'd love to have a word with you, if possible'. And she got really uncomfortable and put her head down, and said 'oh yes, fine'."
Diana then asked Charles and his friend to leave the room while she and Camilla chatted, and recalled hearing them "shooting upstairs like chickens with no heads".
The Prince And Princess Of Wales In Abu Dhabi On The Gulf Tour (Image: Tim Graham/Getty Images)
Diana admitted that she was "terrified" of Camilla, and asked her to sit down.
She explained in the recording: "So we sat down, and I was terrified of her."
"And I said, 'Camilla, I'd just like you to know that I know exactly what is going on'. "
"And she said, 'I don't know what you are talking about'."
"And I said, 'I know what is going on between you and Charles…and I just want you to know that.'"
Everything Princess Diana lost after her divorce to Prince Charles
Diana then gave Camilla a chance to explain the situation and her actions.
She claims that Camilla told her that Diana had "everything she could ever want", and that "all the men in the world" wanted to be with her.
Camilla asked: "You've got two beautiful children. What more would you want?"
To which Diana replied, "I want my husband."
Diana also recalled she said sorry to Camilla for "being in the way" between her and Charles, and that Diana being around "must be hell for both of you."
LONDON, UK - JULY 29, 1981: Royal Wedding. Photo Of Diana Princess of Wales taken by Ron Bull July 29, 1981 (Image: Ron Bull/Toronto Star via Getty Images)
But Diana also made it known to Camilla that she was angry with her.
She said: "But I do know what is going on, don't treat me like an idiot."
Diana confessed that when she returned to Kensington Palace with Prince Charles, "he was over me like a bad rash".
She continued: "I cried like I've never cried before."
"It was anger, it was seven years of pent-up anger coming out. I cried and cried and cried."
After tossing and turning thinking about the conversation all night, Diana woke up with a new perspective on the situation.
Why Camilla will never be queen
Inside her home with Prince Charles
Harry opens up about bond with Camilla
How Camilla met Charles
She added: "The next morning, I woke up and I felt different. A shift, a tremendous shift."
"I'd done something, said what I felt. Still the old jealousy and the anger swilling around, but it wasn't so deadly as it had been before."
Prince Charles and Princess Diana divorced in 1996 after 15 years of marriage.