Bright outlook: Journalist Madeleine Caccianiga and her family celebrate Melbourne Cup Day in a different kind of way.
Since the age of eight my family and I have been travelling to Bright for quiet, simple and relaxing camping trips.
Starting off on Labour Day weekend, somewhere along the line the family swapped to the Melbourne Cup Day weekend and has stayed that way since, visiting every year.
Camping among the thousands of people in the same park year after year, we made friends with site neighbours before finally booking our regular site, which we have booked for the past eight years.
Keeping in touch with friends along the way, each year provides a reunion with people from Melbourne and all across the state.
Each year, the caravan is packed to the rafters with sleeping bags, tents, food, torches and games to provide full comfort for our holiday.
Two sites are booked enabling the whole family and now partners and grandchildren to attend and, if life prevails like this year, there is room to invite friends.
Why not take some time out to kick back and relax with your family, share a meal together or go on a road trip.
As long as I can remember I have praised Bright and the feeling of relief that came with it when visiting.
My school diaries show numbers on every page from September, counting down to the annual weekend away.
Every year we reminisce on stories from our trips, the times we were washed out by the rain, the times we got sunburnt and which stalls were at the market the year before.
Nights are spent around the fire, chatting about the year that's been, what's new in the park and where we will venture to the following day.
Over the years we have visited Mt Buffalo, Wandiligong, Mt Hotham, Porepunkah and Feathertop Winery, but mainly we enjoy relaxing in the park with a book, walking up the creek or wandering through the town shops.
We enjoy seeing the same caravans pull into the park year after year or the same families with an upgrade after getting wet from the last stay.
Bright will always be my safe place. We have so many stories to share, including the year my sister and now brother-in-law got engaged and were married the week after we came back the following year.
The year my sister was pregnant and my dad towed my grandparents' van up as well as his own to ensure she would be comfortable and the following year when my other sister was pregnant.
Now the announcement of Dave and my engagement this year and we will be returning next year as Mr and Mrs Byron.
We have seen so many changes come and go to the park, new camp kitchens, cabins, water parks and mini golf, but it's the sense of home that brings us back year after year.
Although our tradition isn't to dress up to the nines and run a bet, our Melbourne Cup Day will always be known to us as Bright weekend.
The weekend that stops our family and reminds us to appreciate each other and what we have.
Madeleine Caccianiga is a News journalist.


Around Thanksgiving, without fail, there are always about a MILLION (that's a rough estimate) blog posts about giving thanks.
How to say a prayer of thanksgiving. . . . Thanksgiving crafts for your kids. . . . Top 3 ways to show thanks to your pastor.
But you know what? Some years, you just don't feel thankful.
This is the point where people interject and say "Find the silver lining. There's always something to be thankful for. God is good no matter what!" And you know what? I am all about that attitude because all those things are true.
But I think it's equally important to acknowledge that some years are tougher than others. And yeah, you can obviously think of a few things you're grateful for, but somehow being thankful for cheesy potatoes doesn't quite cancel out the fact that your house was foreclosed on, your parents got a divorce, your friend committed suicide, or your health declined.
Then you read the news—the shootings, the fires, the new forms of cancer, the lack of clean water, the threats of war. . . and despair sets in. How can I feel thankful when there's so much bad stuff happening in the world and in my own life?
In the midst of all these hardships, God is good. I know that. You know that. His grace is still sufficient for us.
So how do we reconcile the tension here? How do we give thanks while still recognizing that we don't have to gloss over life's dark parts?
We can give thanks for the things God has given us—family, shelter, food, relationships, work—without turning a blind eye to sin in the world or struggles in our own lives. Instead, we can rejoice in what we do have and ask God to give us a spirit of thankfulness.
Forcing yourself to be thankful might seem fake or insincere, but this practice can lead to genuine thanks! When you're giving thanks, you're not negating the fact that you have hardships or difficulties, but you are recognizing God's good gifts in the midst of that—like insurance or your church family.
If you're feeling torn up by the hardships in the world that others are experiencing, think about ways you can help. You can donate to charities, volunteer your time, or organize events to raise funds or collect items.
So, this Thanksgiving, don't feel like you have to put on a happy face and pretend that your life is great. Acknowledge your hardships, but still proclaim God's goodness throughout.


text:
Sports College football Football College sports
Stanford Pac-12
Samford's big 2nd quarter leads to 31-13 win over W Carolina
- Nov. 16, 2019 06:57 PM EST
CULLOWHEE, N.C. (AP) — Liam Welch passed for one score and ran for another as Samford rallied past Western Carolina 31-13 on Saturday.
The Bulldogs (5-6, 4-4 Southern Conference) spotted Western Carolina (3-8, 2-6) a 10-point lead before a punt return for a TD, a Welch run and a Mitchell Fineran field goal gave Stanford a 17-13 lead by halftime.
Montrell Washington fielded a Western Carolina punt and raced 59 yards for Samford's first score. The Bulldogs scored on their next two possessions — Welch, who rushed for a career-high 105 yards, capping a 13-play drive with a fourth-and-goal keeper from the 1. Jaleel Laguins recovered a Western Carolina fumble and Fineran turned it into points with his 43-yard field goal.
Tyrie Adams was 13-of-29 passing for 181 yards for the Catamounts who were outgained in total offense 404 yards to 251.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Tandem Diabetes Care
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Tandem Diabetes Care Announces Development Agreement with Dexcom for Integration of Future Generation CGM Systems
Tandem Diabetes Care Announces Development Agreement with Dexcom for Integration of Future Generation CGM Systems 33.9 KB
SAN DIEGO, July 30, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Tandem Diabetes Care®, Inc. (NASDAQ: TNDM), a medical device company and manufacturer of the t:slim® and t:flex™ Insulin Pumps, today announced that it has entered into non-exclusive Development Agreements with Dexcom, Inc. to allow the integration of future generation Tandem insulin pumps with the Dexcom G5 and G6 continuous glucose monitoring ("CGM") systems.
"Integrating Tandem's next generation pump platform with Dexcom's future CGM systems is an important step in aligning our technologies to be used in automated insulin delivery applications," said Kim Blickenstaff, President and Chief Executive Officer of Tandem Diabetes Care. "We are committed to continue advancing the clinical applications of Tandem's technology and are pleased to expand our relationship with Dexcom in support of this effort."
"Using CGM data to direct insulin delivery is fundamental to offering the diabetes community an artificial pancreas solution," said Steve Pacelli, EVP, Strategy & Corporate Development at Dexcom. "Our efforts with Tandem began with the display of CGM data on their pump and we are pleased to take this next step in the integration of our future products to support automated insulin delivery."
About Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.
Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. (www.tandemdiabetes.com) is a medical device company with an innovative, user-centric and integrated approach to the design, development and commercialization of products for people with diabetes who use insulin. The Company manufactures the t:slim® Insulin Pump, the slimmest and smallest durable insulin pump currently on the market, and the t:flex™ Insulin Pump, the first pump designed for people with greater insulin requirements. Tandem is based in San Diego, California.
About Dexcom, Inc.
Dexcom, Inc., headquartered in San Diego, California, develops and markets continuous glucose monitoring systems for use by people with diabetes, as well as blood glucose monitoring systems used by healthcare providers in hospital critical care settings. For more information on the Dexcom CGM, visit www.dexcom.com.
This press release contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that concern matters that involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated or projected in the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements relate to the Company's development agreements to integrate Dexcom's CGM systems with a future generation Tandem insulin pump, and for the integrated system's potential use in automated insulin delivery applications. The Company's actual results may differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements due to numerous risks and uncertainties, including: risks associated with the development of new products generally, including possible delays in the Company's product development programs; possible future actions of the FDA or any other regulatory body or governmental authority, including the potential that the FDA may not agree with our proposed pathway for regulatory approval; the potential that the Company's agreements with Dexcom could be terminated; and other risks identified in the Company's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly report on Form 10-Q, as well as other documents that the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this release. Tandem undertakes no obligation to update or review any forward-looking statement in this press release because of new information, future events or other factors.
Follow Tandem Diabetes Care on Twitter @tandemdiabetes, use #tslim, #tflex, #tconnect, #tsimulator and $TNDM.
Follow Tandem Diabetes Care on Facebook at www.facebook.com/TandemDiabetes.
Follow Tandem Diabetes Care on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/company/TandemDiabetes.
t:slim and Tandem Diabetes Care are registered trademarks, and t:flex is a trademark of Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. Dexcom is a registered trademark of Dexcom, Inc.
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To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/tandem-diabetes-care-announces-development-agreement-with-dexcom-for-integration-of-future-generation-cgm-systems-300121513.html
SOURCE Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.
© Tandem Diabetes Care 2020. All Rights reserved.


Since our inception in 2001 we have done our best to focus on the quality of our recruitment delivery for both our clients and candidates, our founding partners had experience working for larger recruitment firms and knew that they could differentiate Andersen Steinberg in the market by focusing on quality of service.
We are pleased that our candidates and clients agree that we have achieved this and continue to do so. Please see below comments from some of our clients and candidates, who have taken the time to thank us and our individual employees for our work on their behalf.


Now I update the ccRTP to 1.0pre1 and recompiled demos.
(no matter what format it is) and deposit the data in a file.
data in the file are.
Can the ccRTP finish these?  if it can, how should my program write ?
Would you like to write a demo for me?
I download a rtp-1.4.0 from www.vovida.org.
However, I do not need these functions.
Would  you like to tell me a good method?
Thanks for your long-term help.
> > > > finishing"
> same time that the problem with sequence numbers was fixed :).
> rebuild everything from scratch.
> > But I'm using ccrtp-1.0pre1 now.
> > Would you like to tell me what's the problem?
> > > should deliver packets correctly.
> > > > I'm sorry for brother you again.


Berlin (Germany) – In a new book dedicated to the State Archaeologist of Saxony-Anhalt Harald Meller together with the historian and science journalist Kai Michel the legendary Nebra Sky Disk as "key to a lost world in the heart of Europe". In it, for the first time, the authors design the panorama of that fantastic world to which we owe the miracle of bronze and gold – the first kingdom of Central Europe. At the same time, the Sky Disc will be one of the highlights of the exhibition "Bewegte Zeiten. Archeology in Germany" shown in the Berlin Martin-Gropius-Bau.
In addition to the sky disc, the Nebra ensemble includes two swords with gold grip cuffs, two axes, a chisel, and two broken arm spirals.
Already the discovery of the "Sky Disc" in July 1999 was an archaeological sensation – the oldest concrete representation of the heavens in human history came from no so-called high culture but from the allegedly dark heart of Europe. Raubgräber discovered the more than 3,600-year-old bronze treasure on the top of the Mittelberg in Saxony-Anhalt. In an adventurous police action, the archeologist Harald Meller saved this treasure for the public and since then coordinates the research of the century find.
The Nebra Sky Disc provides a unique insight into the world of ideas of the Bronze Age people. It is the two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional world model: above the earth, the sky arches as a dome, on which the stars shine. A ship is waiting to take the sun on board.
We also know spherical worldviews from Egypt, Greece or the Bible.
In the disc itself, the researchers thus see something like the treasury of the first known kingdom of Central Europe. Since the first graves of the subjects of this empire were discovered at Únětice and Aunjetitz near Prague, their culture is referred to as Aunjetitzer culture. The Aunetseeds used their rulers in the largest burial mounds of the Central European Bronze Age, but also brought to their god's human sacrifices and even child sacrifices. Their rulers, in turn, knew how to use their exclusive knowledge, with which they were able to determine the time for harvesting and sowing through the sky disc, to increase their power. It created for the first time armies to protect the population but also inequality and injustice in unprecedented measure. The places of worship newly excavated in the wake of the discovery of the sky disc bear witness to a revolution of faith. In addition, genetic analyzes of prehistoric skeletons show how much our present-day Europe is a product of migrations.
The end of culture and the cult around and with the sky disc, when the sky disc ensemble was spent in the earth. Based on the C-14 dating of the birch bark, the scientists locate from one of the sword handles (which were found with the sky disc) and the first appearance of the swords in central Germany and the archaeologically diagnosed end of the Early Bronze Age around 1600 BC. Chr.
Seen from the place of deposit of the sky disc in the observatory (center), the sun goes down at the time of the summer solstice (around June 21) behind the Brocken (ol) and on May 1 behind the Kyffhäuser (olm). Mountain and disc are a perfect match (Illu.).
That this falls exactly in the time window of one of the "ancient catastrophes of antiquity" – the eruption of the volcano Thera (now Santorin) – consider Meller and Michel for "no coincidence" but draw a first theoretical sounding, but then substantiated with the scenario of Connections between the catastrophic natural disaster and its effects into the "kingdom of Nebra", where on the evening of a summer solstice both sun and the sky disk at the same moment began their journey into the underworld – the sun disc apparently on the Brocken in the Harz , the sky disc on the or in the middle mountain.
Prof. Dr. med. Harald Meller , born in 1960 in Olching, is director of the State Museum of Prehistory in Halle an der Saale and the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt. The State Archaeologist is an internationally recognized scientist and exhibition organizer.
Kai Michel, born in 1967 in Hamburg, is a historian and literary scholar. He was a science editor for newspapers such as Die Zeit or Die Weltwoche and writes today for GEO. He is the co-author of the bestseller "The Diary of Humanity" and lives in Zurich and in the Black Forest.


The Pentax WG-1 offers the summer vacationer plenty of rugged options along with benefits of a built-in GPS. Otherwise, it's a pretty average compact point-and-shoot.
Announced in February 2011 as the company's 12th generation of adventure series compact digital cameras, the WG-1 GPS is accompanied to market by a WG-1 variant that, not surprisingly, omits the GPS function that tracks and records positional data with captured images. While the former camera is the subject of our review, aside from GPS the features of both cameras are identical, so for the sake of brevity we'll just call our camera the WG-1 unless stated otherwise.
The big attraction of the WG-1 is the hardened design that makes it able to withstand conditions that would play havoc with a standard compact digital: waterproof to 33 feet of depth and dustproof as well; shockproof, able to withstand falls of up to 5 feet; coldproof down to 14 degrees Fahrenheit and featuring a crushproof construction that can withstand a weight force up to 220 pounds.
Once you get past that tough outer layer, what remains is a fairly typical compact: the WG-1 is available in black or purple, the WG-1 GPS in gray or green. Both cameras share the same hardware, a 14 megapixel sensor and 5x zoom lens covering the 28 to 140mm focal range in 35mm equivalents. Here's a look at those extremes.
Beyond that there's a 2.7-inch LCD monitor, 720p HD video, digital shake reduction, face detection, smile capture and blink detection technology, and a nifty digital microscope feature that includes 5 LED lights arrayed around the lens to assist with lighting extreme close ups. The native ISO range is 80 to 1600, but 3200 and 6400 are available at greatly reduced resolution (4 and 5 MP). The camera uses SD/SDHC/SDXC memory media and there is an internal memory capacity of about 97 megabytes. Pentax includes USB and AV cables, a rechargeable Li-Ion battery and charger, camera strap, carabiner strap, macro stand and CD-ROM software with each camera.
The WG-1 is tough enough to go in harm's way, but what kind of images does it produce in the process? Let's find out.


CBS news : Sunday morning, 1/24/82.
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What are the Hopkins Academy Seniors Doing after Graduation?
Taylor Robbins
Taylor Robbins, Writer
4- Year Colleges (32 Students): The following is a list of colleges the Class of 2017 will be attending, followed by their acceptance rates: St.Michael's 76% (1), UMaine 82.6% (1), SUNY Polytechnic (56.1%), University of New Hampshire (80%), Elms College (50%), Umass Amherst 58% (4), Umass Dartmouth 71%(1), Southern New Hampshire 84.2%(2), Carnegie Mellon 14% (1), Massachusetts Maritime Academy 62% (1), Rochester Institute of Technology 57% (1), University of Connecticut 53% (1), American International College 68% (1), Wheelock College 87.5% (1), Wheaton College 70% (1), University of Vermont 69% (1), Westfield State 74.6% (1), Manhattan College 66.5% (1), Suffolk University 82.4% (1), Castleton 91.6% (1), Siena College 66% (1), Western New England Pharmacy 43% (1), University of Rhode Island 76.8%(1)
2- Year Colleges (9 Students): These colleges include Holyoke Community College, Greenfield Community College, and Mount Wachusett Community College. Community college is seen as a cheaper equivalent to gaining an associate's degree after two years at a larger college or university.
Specialty School (1 Student): Many graduates decide that a 4-year college is not the right choice for their career. Careers that do not require college degrees usually require certificate programs and other means to supplement a certain job. Lauren Sankey is a member of the Class of 2017 who is going to study paramedical aesthetics at the Aesthetic Science Institute in Latham, New York. She is doing this on an accelerated track, and will receive a state license after one year. This puts Lauren in the workforce faster than many undergraduate college students. Although a different experience, Lauren comments, "I just feel like kids tend to get really wrapped up in partying and long breaks…I want to be able to jump right into what I want to do. The program will give me the opportunity to become internationally licensed too, so I am hoping that maybe I can spend a couple years working in another country or on a cruise ship." We wish Lauren the best of luck!
Gap Year (1 Student): Many students find that they require a gap year before heading off to college. Greta Kurtz is a member of the senior class who is taking this route before she heads off to Southern New Hampshire University in the fall of 2018. Her plans are to travel to Central America to teach English to younger students before she invests in her future. Greta is using Interim, a professional Gap Year group, as a way to facilitate her gap year. We wish her luck!
Workforce (3 Students): A few students at Hopkins Academy will be entering the workforce immediately after graduation. With an economy moving so quickly, it's sometimes unclear how lucrative certain industries are after spending 4 years obtaining a bachelor degree. For this reason, many students would rather join the workforce directly after high school.
Hopkins Key Club Joins Monte's March
Say Yes to Yemen: Funds for the Famine
Cooler Communities: An Announcement
A Worldwide View of Holidays
A Look at Michele Obama
Healthcare: The Government's Choices and How They Affect the Youth
Greeting Pyeongchang 2018 with Gusto
The Story of the Unwanted
New Amazon Headquarters: Top Contenders
Hopkins Switches up the Staff
Claire Carlson • Jun 7, 2017 at 11:19 am
Thank you for providing this information. It's interesting to see what the future holds for the newest Hopkins Academy alumni.
https://hawksclaw.org/690/features/what-are-the-hopkins-academy-seniors-doing-after-graduation/#comment-2


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within Southern California, it is approximaymileskm north of. Coronado, California Wikipedia Coronado is a resort city Wiggins located in San County, California, Crane-Hill across the San Bay King-George from downtown San . Old-Tappan It Scandia was founded in the 18. Its population was. Stagecoach Century Shadow Tour elcome to the Stagecoach Century! Kick off your New Year of cycling with a Wild West cycling adventure along the historic Great Southern Overland Stage Route of 1849.


text:
Going Manless: Looking Back, Forward, and Inward
Author: Molly Loomis. Climb Year: N/A. Publication Year: 2005.
"The Grépon has disappeared. Now that it has been done by two women alone, no self-respecting man can undertake it. A pity, too, because it used to be a very good climb."1 Those were the words of French alpinist Etienne Bruhl in 1929 on the return of Miriam O'Brien Underhill and Alice Damesme from their successful manless ascent of the classic Alps test piece of the era, The Grepón. Women climbing "alone"—without the presence of a man—was in those days a scandalous act.
The year 2004 marked the 75th anniversary of American Underhill and Frenchwoman Damesme's ascent, a hallmark in the history of women's climbing. Although one other recorded "en cordée féminine" climb had taken place (Elizabeth Le Blond and Lady Evelyn McDonnell's winter traverse of Piz Palü on the Swiss-Italian border in 1900), in the late 1920s the Grépon was considered one of the Alps's toughest climbs; the daring and gall required for two women to climb a route as technical as the Grépon shocked the climbing community.
Despite prejudices and obstacles created by societal norms, women have followed Underhill's lead and succeeded in style on the world's most difficult routes: Alison Hargreaves blitzing the classic north faces of the Alps, Lynn Hill freeing The Nose in a day, and Ines Papert winning Overall First at the Ouray Ice Festival. And many of today's top female alpinists, like Abby Watkins, Karen McNeill, Heidi Wirtz, and Sue Nott, often choose to climb in all-women's teams, continuing Underhill's manless tradition. But, despite a long list of impressive ascents helping to dispel doubts about women's capabilities in the mountains, and the near-century that has passed since Underhill and Damesme's groundbreaking ascent, women remain a minority in the world's high places.
Even before Underhill, Lucy Walker, Anna and Ellen Pigeon, Katy Richardson, and Lily Bristow scaled peaks throughout the Alps (accompanied by guides or experienced men). Even now, 75 years after Underhill's ascent of the Grépon, when I'm with my girlfriends at a popular crag or high in the mountains, we still encounter comments ranging from complimentary and kind to condescending and rude, their message being that we are women and we are climbing, a combination unusual enough to warrant commentary.
Driven by an interest in climbing history, a curiosity to hear the perspectives and insight of my foremothers, and a belief that female voices aren't heard enough, I set out in search of their stories. With bivouac conversations and e-mail discussions with nearly two dozen leading climbers in today's small sorority of alpinists, I've tried to explore what keeps our numbers down and what the future holds for women in high places.
Reasons for Climbing En Cordée Féminine:
Noted in 1957 as "undoubtedly the greatest lady climber that America has produced,"2 Underhill writes in her 1956 autobiography Give Me the Hills that she was drawn to the idea of manless ascents as a means of proving to herself and others the depth of her climbing skill: "Very early I realized that the person who invariably climbs behind a good leader…may never really learn mountaineering at all and in any case enjoys only part of the varied delights and rewards of climbing.… He is, after all, only following…. If he is also the leader, the one who carries the supreme responsibility for the expedition, he tastes the supreme joys…. I saw no reason why women, ipso facto, should be incapable of leading a good climb…. But I did realize that if women were really to lead, that is, to take the entire responsibility for the climb, there couldn't be any man at all in the party. For back in the 1920s women were perhaps a bit more sheltered than they are today. In any emergency, particularly in an outdoor sport like mountaineering, what man wouldn't spring to the front to take over? I decided to try some climbs not only guideless but manless."3
Considering French climbing icon Catherine Destivelle's outstanding resumé of ascents in the Himalaya and the Alps, as well as rock and competition climbing, I was surprised when she told me, "When you climb a route with a man everyone says, 'Of course the guy does the job.' I have to accept that if I climb with a man." Although lauded as "one of the world's most accomplished all-around climbers,"4 Destivelle, more than half a century after Underhill, has still been subjected to doubt.
Pacific Northwesterner Carla Firey, who made many impressive free ascents in the 1970s, didn't feel that she'd fully participated in the climbing experience unless she'd been on the sharp end: "If I don't participate in leading, I don't really count [the climb]. It's the leading that is really exciting."
Arlene Blum helped usher in relative acceptance in the 1970s for North American females on the world's highest peaks. After being denied admission onto multiple Denali expeditions ("I was told women could go as far as base camp. They didn't think women were strong enough to continue higher than that"), Blum took matters into her own hands, organizing an all-women's expedition up the peak in 1970. All six expedition members reached the summit. Blum subsequently spearheaded the well-publicized American Women's Himalayan Expedition to Annapurna I (26,540ft), and later a joint Indian-American Women's expedition up the virgin peak Bhrigunpanth in the Indian Himalaya.
When I asked Blum if she would organize something like the American Women's Himalayan Expedition now, she paused, then replied, "Probably not," citing the equality of men and women in the mountains today compared to when she was climbing.
Several of the women from Blum's era (she just turned 60) and earlier whom I contacted viewed "manless climbs" as a thing of the past— no longer a necessity, since women have proven they are capable of climbing at the same level as men.
To Blum the present number of females making significant ascents must seem astounding. The opportunities available to women climbers today weren't possible in the era of prejudice and doubt she experienced. But perhaps to her and her peers' surprise, many current climbers, both male and female, believe the vertical world still has a ways to grow before we've reached equality. We women may have proven we're capable, but many of those I contacted argue that our capability is still struggling for recognition. Many women seek all-women's expeditions to remind themselves and others of the female's capacity for climbing hard, without the shadow of doubt that a man in the team may cast on their abilities, either inadvertently by his own doing or by critical peers.
But climbing isn't just about proving yourself, of course: it's also fun. Many of today's most active female climbers climb "en cordée feéminine" simply because they enjoy the comfortable dynamic—the camaraderie—special to climbing in an all-women's team. By the same token, I suspect, many men prefer to climb with other guys.
Special Dynamics
Amy Bullard received a copy of Blum's Annapurna: A Womans Place when she turned 18, and remembers the inspiration it provided: "It gave me permission to climb in the big mountains."
In addition to first ascents in the Himalaya and Patagonia, and working as a mountain guide, Bullard, in 1999, led the first American women's expedition to attempt an 8,000-meter peak without supplemental oxygen or Sherpa climbing support. Three team members reached the summit.
"Cho Oyu felt so normal [compared to co-ed expeditions]. We didn't have to be so careful with what we said to each other, and we made decisions by consensus," she recalls. "We were criticized at base camp for bringing too much stuff up on the mountain, like sleeping bags to Camp Three, but in the end the guys slept in them while we were away!"
Coloradoan Heidi Wirtz, 36, who has participated in all-women's expeditions to China and Canada, and has several tough first ascents to her credit, like Bad Hair Day (VI 5.12-, all female team) on the South Howser Minaret and Quilombo (IV 5.11+ A1) in Patagonia, wrote to me, "I definitely think that it is way more inspiring to hear of two women getting after it together rather than a guy-girl team. I personally prefer climbing with women in the mountains. It feels a lot more empowering to me. Not to say that I don't have awesome male partners as well, but I feel more of a 'team' dynamics with a female partner."
New Zealander Karen McNeill, 35, who currently resides in Canada, admits candidly that climbing in an all-women's team often presents sponsorship opportunities—a point of distain among some males I know. But regardless of the publicity, McNeill, who has carried out manless expeditions to Patagonia, Greenland, British Columbia, India, Peru, and Nepal, has found she thrives when climbing in all-women teams. Most recently McNeil and her frequent partner Sue Nott completed the first all-women's ascent of McKinley's Cassin Ridge (Alaska Grade 5).
"Personally this is the best approach for me. I find men and women function differently. Being a woman we understand how each other works. We tend to be supportive, and there always seems room for discussion about the climb, direction, and decisions to be made. I haven't always found this with men. I have done my best climbs with women." Junko Tabei of Japan, best known as the first woman to scale Everest, has participated in an astounding 44 all-women's expeditions to high peaks around the world, including Shishapangma, Pobeda, McKinley, and the Eiger. Tabei, now 65, wrote me while climbing in Spain, "The satisfaction I get from women-only expeditions is greater than from mixed expeditions. When the members have similar physical conditions, climbing becomes equal among them. It is much easier to be in a small tent with partners of the same sex, and I feel much happier when we overcome difficulties with only women."
The bottom line, as Wirtz, McNeill, and many others agreed, is that the ideal composition of a team comes down to what works best for the individual. Beth Rodden, 24, participated in a 1999 expedition to Madagascar with Lynn Hill, Kath Pyke, and Nancy Feagin, where they established the line Bravo Les Filles (5.12c A0). She told me, "Women can achieve their potential in any atmosphere depending on how hard they push themselves with their partner. If the individual believes that she can only be pushed with other women, then there is the answer. Most of the time I climb better with men because they are stronger and therefore push me to aim higher." Rodden typically climbs with her husband Tommy Caldwell. She recently opened The Optimist (5.14b), the hardest climb to date established by an American woman.
A highlight for McNeill from her Cassin success has been interest from other women climbers. "After the climb I've given a bunch of slideshows," she says. "Women come up to me and comment on how inspired they are to go into the mountains from seeing the show. To me that is the best part. I love it!" McNeill counts alpinists Anne Palmer, Pat Deavoll, and Brede Arkless as her own role models.
Abby Watkins, a certified Alpine Guide with the Association of Canadian Mountain Guides, is another firm believer in the importance of strong, accessible examples for female climbers. "The more successful role models there are out there," she says, "the more young women will be attracted to take the sport seriously. Being guided or taught by a man does not apply as directly as being guided or taught by a woman. Watching a man do something bears no significance to a woman—it simply does not apply to her."
I don't believe Watkins is referring to something as simplistic as a woman watching a man tie a knot, but she does verbalize something I've witnessed (and experienced) time and time again guiding, pointed out to me several years ago by a fellow guide, as experienced as I was old: "Women perform better when a woman guide is part of the team," he said, elaborating that excuses, whether silent or spoken, like "I'm not strong enough, tough enough, etc.; I'm a girl" are taken away. In front of their eyes a girl is succeeding.
For me it is more tangible, easily transferable, to watch a woman climb: I am in essence watching my own form—the form I most naturally, inherently relate to and identify with—and it doesn't stop at movement, but encompasses attitude and composure as well.
Kath Pyke, 39, who in addition to her ascent of Bravo Les Filles in Madagascar has made impressive first ascents in Iran, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, believes a link exists between the media's portrayal of women climbers and the lack of accessible role models in the alpine realm. "Typically climbing media portray women with beautiful bodies achieving at sport climbing. Mountaineering involves a lot of grunt work that is rarely glamorous, and after a long demanding trip it may be difficult for people to discern if the climber is even female. It's rare that a journalist comes along on these trips and portrays these images. For a climber trying to transition from sport climbing to mountaineering there are few images, role models, or real people out there to talk to. Groups like Chicks With Picks and magazines like She Sends are doing a good job, but they don't reach enough people."
Founder and publisher emeritus of She Sends, Lizzy Scully, started the magazine in an attempt to address the void mentioned by Pyke. "I was a contributing editor for Climbing Magazine at the time [2002], and they wouldn't put more stuff in the magazine about women," she says (she clarifies that this has since changed). "I got frustrated and decided just to throw something together myself. It bummed me out to rarely see articles about and or by women. I wrote an article for the second issue of Alpinist, but I think I'm still the only woman to have an article about an alpine experience in that magazine."
Scully, who has organized all-women's expeditions to Canada, Pakistan, and India, often with Wirtz as a partner, says she was motivated to publish She Sends in part because she wanted "other women to see that women could climb big walls in foreign countries and organize expeditions." Scully continues, "I sought out great women climbers and great women who climbed because I wanted to be inspired. I figured She Sends would provide women such as myself with those role models."
It comes as no surprise that many climbers, including Scully, have been inspired by Lynn Hill, who stunned the climbing world with her one-day free ascent of El Capitan's Nose in 1994, a feat unrepeated by man or woman. Alison Osius, the only female president of the American Alpine Club (1998-1999), a former member of the U.S. Climbing Team, and a recipient of the AAC's Underhill Achievement Award for "outstanding mountaineering achievement," recalls the electrifying effect of Hill on women climbers, "Certainly women such as Mari Gingery or Barbara Devine in the 1970s, had been performing at a very high level before Lynn's era. But Lynn was so visible and did so many very hard climbs that it really normalized the idea of women doing them. After a while everyone realized that women can be strong climbers, that climbs are all different; they are often sequencey, and it's no big deal if a woman does a route first, in fact it happens all the time, and is to be expected."
The Value of First Female and First All-Female Ascents
"A woman who has done good work in the scholastic world doesn't like to be called a good woman scholar," said Annie Smith Peck, one of the first women to make a career out of high-altitude mountaineering, to the New York Times in 1911. "Call her a good scholar and let it go at that. I have climbed 1,500 feet higher than any man in the United States. Don't call me a woman climber."6
Twenty years later, as the number of women leading routes in the Alps continued increasing, due largely to Underhill and Damesme's ascent of the Grépon and their subsequent climbs, representatives of Britain's Ladies Alpine Club wrote, "It is inconceivable that the average woman climber could ever compete with the average man, but the inequality is no longer so pronounced that any mountaineering feat by a woman should cause so much surprise. The time has come when a woman must no longer think it a matter of importance that she was the first or second of her sex to be taken up a difficult climb…. Can we hope that the day is not far off when our achievements will be judged on their own merits, rather than overpraised because we are women?"
Why is it then that three-quarters of a century later we still precede first-ascent information with "female" and "all-female"? Is it a marketing ploy to draw sponsorship to a climbing bum on a meager budget? Or does it have to do with a phrase in the previous paragraph: "to be taken up a difficult climb"—an easily missed indication of conditions which have hindered women's development in athletic endeavors? Is "First All-Female Ascent" a reminder that men's and women's backgrounds are different? Or do such distinctions divide us more than equalize us? I don't think there is one right answer, nor that the multiple answers are simple.
Kitty Calhoun, who has attempted numerous difficult first ascents around the world in co-ed teams, including the west face of Latok III and the west face of Middle Triple Peak, does not see a need to distinguish between first ascents and first female ascents, but she does appreciate its value for some. "No, I don't think there should be attention drawn to it," she says. "But for some girls it's important to have female role models. It's a good thing for articles to be written about women, so girls can have them."
Kathy Cosely, one of Calhoun's partners on the 1990 Makalu West Pillar expedition, estimates that 90 percent of her 28-year climbing career has been spent in the alpine zone. She believes she may have been the first North American woman to climb the North Face of the Eiger, Aconcagua's South Face, and Cerro Torre. She looks back on her and Mark Houston's ascent of Aconcagua's notorious South Face in 1992, accomplished in under two days. The wall is famed for its huge scale, dangerously loose rock, and seracs. "We bivied on the glacier and topped out in bright moonlight near midnight of our second day. It was very beautiful, and we felt satisfied that we'd done it as fast and as well as we could." As for Cerro Torre in 1998, "I was sort of trying to be the first woman on Cerro Torre, but missed it by a couple of months. An Italian woman, Rosanna Manfrini, beat me to it!"8
Recently, Slovenians Monica Kambic-Mali and Tanja Grmovsek completed what they considered to be the first all-female ascent of Cerro Torre. Kambic-Mali, who completed the first all-female ascent of Fitz Roy with Tina Di Batista (Slovensa), via the Franco-Argentine Route in 2004, describes their harrowing ascent up the Torre's Compressor Route's final pitches: "Just two pitches before the top I got hit by a block of ice dropped by English climbers above me. I saw the block falling and just had time to put my head down and got hit on my back. For more than five minutes I was in shock. After half an hour I thought, 'I have to go on,' and I did. My partner continued leading, and I followed jumaring very slowly, 20 centimeters each time, only using my left hand. It was very painful but I had to do it. I couldn't go down being so close to the top. I was just hoping the mushroom would not be too hard. Luckily it was very easy. My partner made good steps, and I could manage to the top finally! When I returned to Chalten, I went to the hospital [for] x-rays and they told me I had three ribs broken and that I had to rest for five weeks. But I climbed the Torre…."
In the gathering darkness at the top of the bolt ladder, shortly after the accident, Kambic-Mali and Grmorsek bypassed a few meters of copperhead- clipping by jumaring a rope brought up by the Englishmen climbing above: a fact that in some climber's minds compromises their claim to a first allfemale ascent.
In her post-expedition report Grmovsek writes, "In the end some climbs that I made with other women mean to me a bit more, because there was 'no cheating'; I had to do it all, solve all the problems by myself, so nobody could say I was pulled up by my climbing partner. To climb with an equal woman, to do a hard climb when you have to show all of your best and when you have to do it all by yourself is really a challenge."
Famed Polish alpinist Wanda Rutkiewicz wrestled with the ethics of first ascents and the definition of all-women's ascents. During the first all-women's winter ascent of the Matterhorn's north face (1978), she and her three teammates reached the summit; however, they were rescued shortly thereafter by a helicopter because one of the climbers was in critical condition. Rutkiewicz questioned the validity of their ascent, and feared that doubt would be cast by her peers.9
Rutkiewicz went on to summit eight of the fourteen 8,000m peaks, and made the first female ascent of K2, before she died on Kanchenjunga in 1992. From her experiences in the Himalaya, she pondered the legitimacy of a "women's expedition" that includes male Sherpas. In her much discussed paper "Women's Mountaineering in the Himalayas and Karakorum (in the last 25 years)," presented at the 25th Jubilee of the Indian Mountaineering Federation, she stated, "All expeditions until 1981 to eight thousand meter peaks were not really women's expeditions, because Sherpas participated in each of them. Sherpas are also mountaineers. I do not see why it is necessary to make a distinction between the mixed men-women's expeditions and women's expeditions made with Sherpas." 10
In 1994 she was posthumously awarded the King Albert Mountain Award for "her courageous, pioneering spirit in the development of feminine mountaineering and the exploration of the world's highest peaks for more than a quarter of a century." 11
What Keeps Women in the Minority?
Although a long list of examples proves women are capable of climbing the world's difficult routes, it is still a relatively small percentage who climb beyond the crags. I asked a number of today's women alpinists why. Their replies focused mostly on heavy loads, lack of exposure to successful role models, acceptance of risk, and motherhood.
Size and Natural Abilities
With a long list of first ascents and first female ascents in Patagonia, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Baffin, and the United States, 5-foot 5-inch Steph Davis is no longer put off by the challenges of weight and size that she once believed were hindrances. She often climbs with her husband Dean Potter, whom she describes as a "6-foot 5-inch giant," and sees challenges even for him: "I think that at first women can feel limited in alpinism by the amount of gear you must carry and use. But when I climb with Dean we are still limited by these things. After years of feeling physically disadvantaged because of the problem of carrying weight in alpine climbing, I have finally come to realize that everyone is limited by it. With alpinism there isn't really a certain limiting factor that is specific to women; some women are bigger and stronger than some men. Ultimately it's not even gender-based, just size and endurance."
McNeill adds, "We aren't built like men, and sometimes we focus on what we aren't, and that it's been a boys' club. We need to focus on what we are good at, and get out there because we like it. We are built differently. Often we can't carry as much on our backs as the guys. This is not a negative. As women we need to develop alternative approaches, whether this is climbing in teams of three to spread out the loads or by adopting the 'fast-and-light' approach."
Several women I interviewed hypothesize that the success many ladies have found sport climbing, helped by natural flexibility and gymnastic background, have kept them happily distracted in the lowlands.
"Women have a better chance of shining in comparison to men in sport climbing; that is, their physiological differences are not limitations to their success in sport climbing (in fact rather the opposite), in contrast to the alpine arena, where a certain amount of weight-toting and brute labor are required," writes Cosely in an e-mail. "Role models like Lynn Hill and others since have proven that in rock climbing the playing field is actually fairly level. This is less clear in high and difficult alpine climbing."
At one time climbing was believed to cause dangerous pelvic disturbances and disrupt the menstrual cycle.12 Fortunately, that was just a myth. But women who are serious climbers still have to wrestle with the mommy track, just as career women do. For many would-be mothers that choice affects their windows of opportunity for both climbing and childbearing, as well as the types of climbs they pursue.
"One unavoidable limiting factor for the advance of women in alpinism is the fact that alpinists reach their prime when they are in their late thirties/ early forties," explains Davis, 34. "Climbers often put off [having a child] during their twenties in order to travel and climb. Then it's now or never by the time they reach their thirties. It seems like every male alpinist I know has a wife and kids at home. For them it's great. They get to have the benefits of a family at home, and then go climb in the mountains. I have never met a female alpinist who has a husband and kids at home; it just doesn't work that way. For example, if I chose to have a child, Dean's lifestyle would not have to be affected at all. Mine, however, would change completely. So unless our society shifts radically, and I too can also have a husband and kids at home, this is something that will always limit the numbers of hardcore women alpinists."
There are exceptions, of course, and the famous British soloist Alison Hargreaves comes to mind. Although she was criticized by many for the role reversal, her husband managed the home and small children while she climbed around the world, including Everest, during the early 1990s. But her home life was rare indeed. More typical (if the word "typical" applies) are women like Calhoun, Destivelle, and Hill, who have found that the responsibilities of motherhood have significantly changed their climbing careers. Calhoun and Destivelle, mothers of nine- and ten-year-old boys respectively, are reluctant to leave home for long periods. Meanwhile Hill (44), mother of a two-year-old son, has lost interest in remote, big wall objectives.
Destivelle concurs, at least temporarily: "When you have a project, you think about it all the time; you can't do that with a kid. It is difficult for me to focus on climbing until he is a little more independent. I don't want to leave him or go too far away from home right now." Destivelle anticipates returning to climbing once her son is older.
Catherine Freer, regarded in the 1980s as one of America's top alpinists, male or female, died in an avalanche or collapsed cornice at age 38, while attempting a second ascent of Mt. Logan's Hummingbird Ridge. Renny Jackson, Freer's partner on their first ascent of a difficult route on Cholatse's north face, recalls that Freer "wondered out loud on several occasions about not having enough time to do it all—alpinism and having a family life." But, he adds, "She was way better as a climber than most men at that time anyway. It just seemed natural that she should be doing what she was doing."
Some women, including Bullard and Cosley, have chosen to remain childless. "I think having children is a huge limiting factor for most women taking on big expeditions, and is one of the reasons that I don't want to have kids," says Bullard, 37. "I don't think I could keep my head in it if I knew I was responsible for someone else's welfare. I couldn't stand to be away either."
Acceptance of Risk
Lynn Hill wonders if there is a link between potential motherhood and a lower risk threshold amongst women climbers in comparison to men, a difference many elite women climbers recognize.
"Women are more reasonable risk-takers; they typically make a rational refusal to take unnecessary risk. I know how to handle a dangerous situation, but it's not what gives me pleasure —I don't seek it out. I know I am more cautious than many men," Hill says, pointing to her non-desire to solo climb as an example. She carefully qualifies her comments as generalizations. "Men are more likely to put everything on the line. I don't know if it's a cultural or biological thing. Maybe they feel more expendable?"
Wirtz states it bluntly, "Maybe women are smarter; they have more of a breeding instinct than a bacon drive."
Ironically, Destivelle, whose list of solo ascents includes the formidable famous north faces of the Alps in winter, admits "I hate to be scared and without a big safety margin, which is the case in alpine climbing: you will be scared." I asked if fear has ever crept in while soloing. "Well, that was not such a high level," she explained. In my silence over the telephone she must have realized how ridiculous her statement sounded to be a mortal. "Well, yeah, okay, it's a high level." We both laughed.
"As a generalization [men] can be classified as greater risk takers," notes Kath Pyke,"and women are generally more cautious." She points to research studies she read while working for the British Mountaineering Council13 "Women can learn from this, although for some it will be innate."
Or could it be that a double standard still exists for the level of acceptable risk for women, what Arlene Blum once called the "supposed life-giving rather than life-risking sex" 14 ? And could this in turn reinforce even more cautious behavior?
Karen McNeill and Sue Notts Cassin Ridge ascent of McKinley was criticized by some for pushing the limit too far. The pair ascended in abysmal conditions and was forced to spend a night on the summit. Abby Watkins commented, "If they had been men, there would have been less speculation about how far they hung it out to climb that route. I think perhaps when women do risk everything for a mountaineering goal, society frowns on them."
Watkins's suggestion of a double standard brings to mind Hargreaves's death on K2 in 1995. Hargreaves, mother to two, had recently made an ascent of Everest without bottled oxygen or Sherpa support (until then a feat accomplished only by Reinhold Messner, in 1978). After K2, she planned to climb Kangchenjunga, the world's third highest mountain, also without oxygen. Hargreaves was lambasted by many in the British media for undertaking such serious climbing objectives as the mother of young children. In a panel discussion at the 1994 Banff Mountain Film Festival in Canada, where Hargreaves was the opening speaker because of her first-ever (male or female) solo of all six great north faces of the Alps in a single summer, one guest recalls the audience "temporarily derailing" a panel discussion of women in adventure because they "were aghast that Alison would dare to mountain climb being the mother of two small children."
"I think a double standard still exists," commented Kitty Calhoun in a 2003 Climbing magazine article on the history of women climbing in the Karakoram. "It still seems more acceptable for a dad to be a climber."15
Calhoun has experienced her fair share of adversity in the alpine realm, a partner once calling her "the bivy queen."16 "I'm most attracted to routes I am not sure that I can get up, ones that are technically challenging. Sure," she says, "there have been avalanches, times we ran out of food."
"Did these close calls ever lead you to reconsider alpine climbing?" I asked.
"No, it just makes me appreciate the small things in life again—things that we usually take for granted."
Double Standard—A Digression
Many see the question of a double standard from a different angle. A middle-aged, liberal official of the American Alpine Club was asked to comment on an earlier draft of this essay and embedded this comment in the manuscript: "Why is there such a double standard in women's climbing? I either know or know of every woman in this article. I doubt I would have heard of most of them if they were men, given their level of accomplishment. Sounds harsh, but it's true. I don't know the names of half the Americans doing good repeats in the mountains."
I was interested in what the women interviewed for this article would think of his statement; he seemed skeptical of their accomplishments, and his comment raised the bigger question of whether special attention should be given to women's climbing endeavors regardless of how they measure up to men's accomplishments.
Blum responded, "We tend to remember people because of things that make them stand out. For example, Eric Weinhemayer and Warren Harding are unforgettable. Excellence isn't necessarily memorable, because there are so many excellent climbers. It's the distinguishing characteristics that make us remember people. The other thought that comes to mind is that in Brazil, they are interested in what Brazilian climbers can do, African-Americans are interested in the accomplishments of African-Americans, so it seems reasonable that women would notice women's achievements."
"This all is extremely petty, comparing men and women and their accomplishments in the mountains," replied Calhoun with characteristic polite forthrightness. "Who cares? It is just nice for me sometimes to read articles written by women, about women. Almost all I ever read in the climbing genre is written by men about men."
I had consciously avoided male input to this article, in part for the reasons Calhoun alludes to. However, my letter to women climbers also fell into the mailbox of the Patagonian climber Rolando Garibotti, who was engaged in a parallel discussion with friends. Rolo wrote, "Without inspiration no particular field advances, so if magazines and journals don't give space to women's activity, even if this might involve needing to have double standards, there will be no push forward. Even if at times I might be a bit surprised or frustrated by it, I would rather see double standards being used, such as reporting the ordinary' all-female 12-hour Nose, than see no reporting at all. Equal opportunity should imply being exposed to the same type of inspirational role models, regardless of how those role models compare to the role models of the opposite sex. This I think is a necessary step towards further advancing gender equality.
"If in every sport there is a differentiation between men and women, why should we not have it in climbing? There are obvious physical differences between the sexes, and for the last couple of hundred years people have accepted this as a fact and in almost every sport have given credit to male and female achievements separately. While in the future this might perhaps eventually disappear, in climbing we should not fancy ourselves as being super avant-garde or progressive and try to push this type of agenda before sports such as running do. We should use the rules and yardsticks of the day, and crediting sports achievements of men and women separately is one of them. There might come a time when this will change, but we aren't there yet, and climbing is not the sport that will lead the way."
Acquired Taste?
Back to the big question: three-quarters of a century after Underhill's momentous ascent, why are our numbers still so small?
"Climbing in the mountains is like climbing a big wall," says Lizzy Scully. "It's a hell of a lot of work, and until you do it for many years it's uncomfortable and time consuming. Not to say that women don't work as hard as men, they obviously do. It's just that they haven't figured out the joys of working hard to climb big alpine routes. It's difficult to climb 'really hard' in the mountains because you have to be better rounded. These days the focus is on climbing hard routes (bouldering, sport), rather than on spending time in the mountains."
"I think it's hard for women to embrace alpinism, as opposed to rock climbing, for many reasons," concludes Steph Davis, who has always been in the minority as a female drawn to remote objectives. "When I think about alpine climbing, I think of really heavy packs, sleep deprivation, weird and dangerous snow, ice and rock, horrific body odor, and being exhausted/hot/wet/ cold/scared. Most women are not naturally attracted to these things. Alpinism is much more experience-dependent, and there is zero glamour involved. It takes hard training, hard work, a strong mind, and a willingness to endure. Yet I would say these are all things that women excel at, physically and mentally, if they can get past the initial turn-offs (heavy packs, stinkiness, grovelly climbing, etc.) and the cultural feminine stereotypes of our current society. (Britney Spears and Nicole Kidman are not alpinist material.)"
The Future: What it Holds and How Different Will it Be?
Although the majority of women I spoke with believe that the number of women pursuing sports perceived as high risk will never equal the number of male participants, there is overwhelming consensus that female alpinists will and can accomplish whatever they set their minds to.
"I see more and more women out there leading and taking responsibility for themselves in the mountains," notes Abby Watkins. "It is easier to find partners these days who are willing and capable of taking on a big mountain (or big ski tour, or big rock or ice climb). The more successful role models there are, the more young women will be inspired to take the sport seriously."
Karen McNeill, whom many view as a key player in alpinism's bright future, wrote me, "I believe we're on the verge of some big changes. Ines Papert will go climb some big alpine routes. This in turn will encourage other women to do the same. Often we need to see other women doing it; then we believe we can do it."
I wonder, 75 years from now, what will be the focus of a similar article about women in alpinism. Will tomorrow's top alpinists cite any of today's stars as those who provided them with inspiration? As lighter-weight and warmer gear evolves to meet female-specific needs, the pool of talent continues expanding, and our collective female climbing history keeps growing, what new heights will we reach? Will the tradition of manless climbs endure simply for the pure enjoyment found climbing "en cordée féminine"?
I don't know, of course. But I do know that exploring these questions will involve countless cold, wet bivies, deep sinker jams, the crunch of snow at dawn, and the vivid paint of alpenglow. It is only after thousands more women have experienced these joys that the answers will begin to take form. I hope we all are able to relish the process as much as the end result.
Additional thanks to Sibylle Hechtel, Gwen Moffat, Eliza Moran, Irena Mrak, and Barbara Washburn for helpful comments and stories.
A Note About The Author:
Molly Loomis lives in Victor, Idaho, though she spends much of the year guiding and instructing throughout the western United States and currently for Alpine Ascents International and NOLS. Having participated in multiple "en cordée féminine" expeditions herself, she most recently traveled to Kyrgyzstan for a climbing and cultural exchange made possible through the generosity of the Anatoli Boukreev Memorial Fund.
1. Underhill, Miriam. Give Me the Hills p. 153.
2. By Sir Arnold Lunn in 1957, leading historian of Alpine mountaineering. Brown, Rebecca A. Women on High p. 220.
4. http://outside.away.com/banff/destivelle.html
5. DaSilva, Rachel. Leading Out p. 94
6. Brown, Rebecca A. Women on High p. 146.
8. Manfrini was indeed the first woman to ascend Cerro Torre, however she did not do any of the leading.
9. Birkett, Bill and Bill Peascod. Women Climbing: 200 Years of Achievement p. 135.
10. Birkett, Bill and Bill Peascod. Women Climbing: 200 Years of Achievement p. 127.
11. www.king-albert-foundation.ch
12. Brown, Rebecca A. Women on High p. 40.
13. There are many U.S studies and papers such as the "Failing at Fairness" by Myra and David Sadker PhDs, " Gender Leadership" by Missy White, Reviving Ophelia by Mary Pipher PhD., and many others, backing the research results mentioned by Pyke.
14. DaSilva, Rachel. Leading Out p. 8.
15. Scully, Lizzy. "In the Footsteps of Fanny: Women in the Karakoram." Climbing June 2003.
16. Waterman, Jonathan. The Education of an Alpinist. Climbing April 1988.


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text:
Q: Maxwell's equation. E and H. Two homogeneous but different media I need your help in explanation/understanding the following question:
The electric and magnetic fields have at an interface between two homogeneous media the continuity conditions.
How can it be explained by help Maxwell's equations?

A: Is your question "Why are the Fresnel formulas derived using continuity relations and not the Maxwell equations ?" ?
Note that the continuity relations follow from the Maxwell equations.
Later added:
You can find the detailed discussion that you may be looking for here:
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-013-electromagnetics-and-applications-fall-2005/lecture-notes/lec2.pdf

A: The continuity conditions are the Maxwell equations, in boundary form. As such, they are obtained from the integral form of the Maxwell equations in exactly same way that the differential form is derived:

*

*You start off with your geometric configuration (i.e. in bulk or a surface, for the differential and boundary forms respectively).

*You choose an appropriate gaussian surface and/or amperian loop for your integrals.

*You make your surface/loop small enough that the fields can be expanded locally as low-order Taylor series.

*You simplify as appropriate.

The only difference between the two procedures is the choice of surface/loop and the limiting procedure, i.e. for the boundary form you will need to be careful about the order in which you take limits on the different dimensions of your integration manifold.
If you want more details, the link provided by @my2cts is perfectly appropriate; if you want a full derivation to be posted here then that is a good deal broader than what's supported by our format; the same goes for a derivation of the Fresnel equations and the Snell refraction law as an application of the boundary forms of the Maxwell equations, which is presented in any reasonable physical-optics textbook.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
"Whoa" FOX Cuts Away From White House Press Conference Over "False Claims"
It appears that Donald Trump can no longer count on favorable coverage from his favorite network, FOX News, as the network breaks from the Trump campaign on the election results and the possibility of election fraud.
On Monday, Fox News host Neil Cavuto abruptly cut off White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany, over claims about the election being stolen, saying that he could not air "false claims" in "good conscience."
McEnany started the press conference by telling reporters that she was speaking in a "personal capacity," which seemed like an odd qualification to many listeners, but experts later suggested that this clarification was made as a way of getting around the Hatch Act, which bans political activity from taking place on federal properties like the White House. This is something that the Trump campaign has been criticized for throughout the election.
McEnany said that the election is "not over" and that Republicans had "only begun the process of obtaining an accurate, honest vote count."
She went on to make various accusations of fraud against the Democratic party, and claim that they were intentionally stealing the election.
Cavuto cut into the broadcast saying "Whoa, whoa, whoa, I just think we have to be very clear. She's charging that the other side is 'welcoming fraud and welcoming illegal voting. Unless she has more details to back that up, I can't in good conscience continue showing you this."
Fox News cuts off @PressSec as she outlined voter fraud issues.
pic.twitter.com/4Y5FNe1cHs
— Matt Margolis (@mattmargolis) November 9, 2020
"I just think we have to be very clear that she's charging [that] the other side is welcoming fraud and welcoming illegal voting. Unless she has more details to back that up, I can't in good countenance continue showing you this," Cavuto said after cutting off the broadcast.
"I want to make sure that maybe they do have something to back that up, but that's an explosive charge to make that the other side is effectively rigging and cheating. If she does bring proof of that, of course, we'll take you back," he added.
Trump campaign legal adviser Jenna Ellis criticized Cavuto's decision to pull the plug on the press conference, saying that, "The enormity of what's happening in media cannot be ignored. If an attorney held a press conference and said she has evidence exonerating her client, the press should NOT cut away and substitute its own judgment, claiming no proof. That's acting as a party in interest, not press."
Cavuto has been critical of the Trump administration in the past as well.
Earlier this year, he warned his viewers not to take hydroxychloroquine, saying, "I cannot stress that enough. This. Will. Kill. You."
Not long after making those statements, he interrupted one of Trump's speeches to fact-check claims that were being made about former President Barack Obama's record.
In his first public appearance since the election on Tuesday, Trump gave a controversial speech from the White House, which caused many networks to cut their coverage prematurely after he claimed that he would win the election if the "legal" votes were counted. MSNBC, NBC, ABC, CBS, and NPR, decided to cut their coverage of the speech prematurely.
Fox still aired the speech earlier in the week, but in the days since the network has changed its tune, and has followed the other networks in fact-checking claims of election fraud.
MSNBC, NBC, ABC, CBS, NPR all cut off Trump's broadcast, stopping the spread of his disinformation-filled speech.
Tech is fed up. The media is fed up. America is fed up. https://t.co/zUQbFOKmqF
— Tiffany C. Li (@tiffanycli) November 6, 2020
Man Shot And Killed At Biden Victory Rally Went "To Be A Part Of History"
Attorney General Authorizes DOJ To Investigate Election "Irregularities"
Virginia Giuffre Memoir Claims Prince Andrew Groped Two Young Girls
Jeffrey Epstein accuser Virginia Giuffre's unreleased memoir about her life as a teenage victim inside the convicted pedophile…
Mayor Of Portland Tells Trump Get Your Troops Out Of My City After Officers Accused Of Kidnapping Protesters
The mayor of Portland demanded that President Donald Trump remove militarized federal agents he deployed to the city…
Video Shows Florida Retiree Wrestle Alligator To Pry Puppy From Its Mouth
Wildlife cameras recently captured a shocking video of a retiree in Florida saving his puppy from the mouth…
New Breathing Device Helps You Sober Up By Exhaling Alcohol Study Says
Canadian scientists believe they have found a new and inventive way to treat alcohol poisoning. The scientists have…
Proud Boys Gather In Large Numbers At Mayfair Mall Day After Mass Shooting
Members of the controversial Proud Boys organization showed up in large numbers at a pro-Trump rally that was…
Boy Scouts Facing Nearly 90,000 Sexual Abuse Claims In "Unprecedented" Case
For several years, stories have surfaced of young boys being molested by older men during their time in…
Video Shows Man Jumping Atop A Bus To Blast Giant Flamethrower In NYC
A man wearing a gas mask jumped on top of an NYC bus in New York City and…
White House On Lockdown As Gunshots Heard; President Whisked By Secret Service
According to reports on social media there have been gunshots heard outside the White Hosue amid a press…
Chance The Rapper Says He Trusts Kanye West More Than Joe Biden
This week, Chance the Rapper tweeted in support of Kanye West and his efforts to run for president…
Victims Of Kyle Rittenhouse File Negligence Lawsuit Against Police
Attorneys representing the two of the men who were shot by 17-year-old Kyle Rittenhouse during protests this summer…
Lil Wayne Posts Photo After "Great Meeting" With Donald Trump
This Thursday, the rapper Lil Wayne posted on Twitter saying that he had a "great meeting" with President…
Video Shows Kenosha Shooter Kyle Rittenhouse Punching A Girl In The Head
Kyle Rittenhouse, the 17-year-old Kenosha shooter, is claiming that he acted in self-defense when he shot and killed…
Thousands of Inmates Scammed Unemployment Fund For Millions
Tens of thousands of inmates in the state of California, even serial killers, and high profile murderers like…
Trump Bans US Investments In Companies With Chinese Military Connections
Donald Trump has been busy with a flurry of foreign policy executive orders since the election. Most recently,…
Kyle Rittenhouse Poses With Actor Who Helped Bail Him Out Of Jail
On Friday, 17-year-old Kenosha shooter Kyle Rittenhouse was released from prison after posting a $2 million bond, and…
Woman Who Survived Acid Attack Becomes The New Face of Fashion Brand
Laxmi Saa, an Indian woman who was the victim of a brutal acid attack, was chosen to be…
Military Agents and Tactics Seen In Portland Are Coming To Other US Cities – Chicago Is Next
The roll-out of federal agents in Portland, Oregon, has sparked outrage across the country and has caused the…
Vatican Launches Probe After The Pope Liked A Model's Butt On Instagram
The Vatican said it has launched an investigation after Pope Francis's official Instagram account "liked" a photo of…
As Media Platforms Muzzle Trump, Joe Biden Faces Animal Crossing Ban
Last month, Joe Biden took his campaign into the Nintendo Switch game Animal Crossing and began promoting himself…
Wisconsin Protesters Throw Rocks At Residents Homes Following Decision Not To Charge Officer For Teens Death
Protesters in Wisconsin wreaked havoc on suburban neighborhoods late Wednesday evening, smashing the windows of several homes, during…


The Ministry of Minority Affairs was carved out of Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment and created on 29th January, 2006 to ensure a more focused approach towards issues relating to the notified minority communities namely Muslim, Christian, Budhist, Sikhs, Parsis and Jain. The mandate of the Ministry includes formulation of overall policy and planning, coordination, evaluation and review of the regulatory framework and development programmes for the benefit of the minority communities.
Shri Sailesh is the Secretary of the Ministry. The Secretary is assisted by a Additional Secretary, three Joint Secretaries and a Joint Secretary & Financial Adviser (additional charge). The Ministry has a sanctioned strength of 118 Officers/Staff.


text:
Home >> Morgan County Report
The RFP Research Project (RFPRP) – Report of Encounter
Date Report Submitted to the RFPRP: The brief initial report was received by e-mail on July 3, 2007.
Date of Encounter: The sighting occurred about the middle of June, 2007.
Time of Incident: About 6:00PM.
Weather Conditions: Sunny and hot at the time of the sighting, but it had rained earlier that day.
County: Morgan.
Nearest City or Town: Hulaco.
Location: The location of the home site on which the incident occurred is not disclosed at the request of the family members.
Nearest highway or road: State highway #67 is in the vicinity.
General Land Use Description: There are several single-family homes in the area, with some small cattle ranches and hay fields in the surrounding area. There are also extensive tracts of pine timberland north of the home site, some of which cover abandoned coal mines.
General Terrain Description: Steep rolling foothills of the southwest termination of the Appalachian Mountains. Along the peaks of the ridges there are sandstone outcrops, and along the creeks and branches there are bluffs. In place the sandstone exposures contain sheltered overhangs. The home site is located on the weathered crest of one of the hills.
Nearest Lakes or Streams: There are several man-made ponds in the vicinity, and small creeks in the hollows. Cotaco Creek is reported to be the closest stream. The site is about 15 miles southwest of Guntersville Dam on the Flint River which is impounded to form Guntersville Lake.
Witness Profiles: The animal was seen most clearly by two children, ages 4 and 8, and briefly seen by the children's 22 year old aunt who was baby-sitting them at the time.
Other members of the family were reportedly at times close to the animal, before and after the sighting. Their accounts of those incidents are included later in this report.
Activities of Witness Prior to Encounter/Incident: There were three children and their aunt at the home at the time of the sighting. The youngest child was asleep in a bedroom. The aunt and the eight year old girl were watching television in the living room. A four year old girl was also in the living room, and she was staring out a window.
Details of Encounter / Incident: The baby sitter soon noticed the little girl seemed to be intently watching something in the front yard. The aunt then asked the girl what she was watching, the girl calmly told her "the monster came back and I was watching it". The girl's aunt immediately stood up and asked the girl to show her the "monster". The girl told her that the "monster" had left, and indicated it had gone around the house.
At that time the 8 year old moved to another window and began to scream loudly. The noise awakened the smallest child and that little girl began crying loudly. While the aunt was tending to the small child, she saw a large, dark hairy creature run at a high speed across the yard in front of the living room's double windows. The animal crossed the yard and disappeared into the thick woods just across the county road that runs in front of the home.
Photos or Drawings Made? Of her own volition the 8 year old witness later drew a simple sketch of the "monster" as it passed in front of the window only a few yards away. She was very careful to show the window sill in her drawing, and to have the drawing correspond with her verbal statement to this investigator that she could not see the animal's feet when it passed the window.
Description of Related Sounds: None heard during this sighting. Sounds that were heard by other family members before and after this sighting are described later.
Description of Related Scents / Odors: None detected during the sighting incident.
Description of the Animal: The 8 year old girl described the creature as being quite a bit taller than one of her relatives who is a little over 6 feet tall. She said the animal was covered in black hair that was "kind of short". In answer to the investigator's question, she said she saw no movement of the hair in the wind as the animal was running quickly across the yard. She said she could not see much of the facial features because the black hair covered most of the face. She indicated the animal was shaped like a man, and was at all times running on two legs. She also stated the animal's arm were long and the hands reached nearly to its knees.
The children's aunt only briefly saw the animal as it passed the windows. Her brief glimpse was of a large, dark colored animal and not a human.
Historical Notes: The family bought this property about 4 years ago and remodeled the house. The house has a wood-burning fireplace which they used for some time after moving in. A year or so later they decided to covert the fireplace and use gas logs. Before the conversion was completed, they carried the old firewood across the road and piled it in the edge of the woods. That winter the conversion still had not been made and during one of the first cold nights the children's mother walked across the yard and road to collect a few sticks of the old fire wood. When she arrived at the pile and began picked up the first sticks, she suddenly got an overpowering sense of fear that someone was watching her from close range. Immediately she began smelling a foul stench that she said burned her nasal passageways. In near panic, she ran back to the house and went inside. A few minutes she began to hear small rocks striking the vinyl siding on the front of the house. She had no idea what she had smelled, or who was throwing rocks at the house.
At other times when she was in the front yard near the woods at dusk, showers of small pea gravel (she thought from the shoulder of the blacktop road) would fall in the yard around her. The gravel never struck her, and it seemed to her that someone might have been "messing with her to get her attention".
For some time, the family and their neighbors' have noted that something or someone has been removing bags of garbage from their garbage cans. In nearly all cases, the lids have been removed and set aside, and the garbage bags carried quite a ways from the particular home. Seldom are the cans overturned.
The next day after the sightings described above, the children's grandfather (the mother's and the babysitter's father) and his brother-in-law armed themselves and started searching the dense woods and thickets in front of the home for some evidence of the animal that had been seen. As they quietly followed an old coal mine haul road down the side of the "mountain" they were startled to hear what they thought was the sound of a large animal getting up from its bed in a pine thicket and running downhill. They both agreed that the animal "tore through the woods and sounded like a truck running down hill out of gear". The animal seemed to be about 100 yards off the old road when it broke and ran. It ran a few hundred yards and apparently stopped as no sounds were heard. They continued down the trail. At two or three locations the men noticed a strong odor like that from "rotten garbage". As they neared a small power transmission line, they suddenly heard the sound of a dead tree crashing to the ground. Both stated there was neither wind or rain at that time. Shortly thereafter, another tree crashed to the ground. As they stopped to listen, they suddenly heard very loud, chimpanzee-like hooting noises that ended with a peculiar "quivering sound".
Although the men were armed with sidearms, they were hesitant to try to make a closer approach to the source of the sounds. They left the woods.
About a week later, one of the men and a different relative returned to the area and heard similar sounds, but did not see the animal that made them.
Late one night, on or about July 17, 2007, the children's parents were asleep and awakened by the rattling of a charcoal grill on the treated wood-planked front porch. The family's garbage can is usually kept hidden at one end of the porch between some evergreen shrubs and the front of the house. The wife got out of bed and walked to the living room window just in time to see a large white plastic bag full of garbage "floating across the yard towards the woods about two feet off the ground". She quickly realized something or someone was actually carrying the bag, and the entity was so completely black it could not be seen in the darkness. (There is a motion activated light at one end of the house which was too far away from the movement to be turned on. There is a "night-watcher" light on a pole near the other end of the house, although there are trees that prevents the entire front yard from being illuminated.)
The next day family members found the bag of garbage in the woods about 25 yards from the road. The top of the bag had been opened and only an apple core had been removed. The core was lying nearby. Although there were reported teeth marks in the surface of the core, none of the core had been eaten. (The mother had peeled and sliced the apple for her kids, and none of the family had bitten the core.) The core was not preserved. (As confirmed by the writer on July 23, the bag had not been opened by claws or teeth. It had simply been pulled apart at the top.)
While examining the bag the day after it was taken, the family members again heard ape-like hooting sounds coming from the woods nearby. Shortly afterwards, they stated they heard very deep, snarling growls coming from the same general area. They did not attempt to approach the sounds to determine what was making them.
The family stated they owned 3 dogs that would at times refuse to stay at the home site, but retreat to a relative's house not too far from their own. At times when they would bring the dogs back home, they would immediately leave. At other times they seemed to be content to stay. The family stated whatever the animal might be that has alarmed them, it does not stay around the home continuously, but seems to stay a few days, then leaves, and returns a few days later. Other neighbors who have had garbage taken from cans at night are in agreement about the animal's foraging habits.
Other Details: During a three-day trip to this area the writer was asked to speak to a neighbor who lives across a hayfield from this home -about 300 yards away. The neighbor stated that about July 4th his wife placed table scraps in a large cast aluminum skillet on their back porch for their large dog just as she did nearly every night. They were puzzled the next morning to find the skillet missing. They looked for it around the house but it was not located until about three weeks later in the woods about 100 yards from the home.
The day the skillet came up missing, the homeowner was also puzzled to find a hand-sized piece of broken sandstone lying in the shallow end of his below-ground swimming pool. He was certain the rock had not been in the pool the day before. There is a gated, chain-link fence around the pool, and no loose rocks of that type are inside, or along the immediate outside perimeter of the fence.
The man also stated that at certain times during the night his dog would bark and growl like crazy, but he was not sure why the dog became so alarmed.
Report received and recorded by: Tal H. Branco, Field Researcher/Investigator, The RFP Research Project


Achievement Day is the valuable opportunity in which we recognize and celebrate students' effort, achievement and talent in their music study. Students can participate either as a solo player or as an ensemble group of 2 to 6 performers. Each student (or each ensemble group) performs two required solo pieces (one of them memorized, along with the scales in the key of each piece) (or two required ensemble pieces for an ensemble group) and complete minimum two ~ maximum five music related activities called options. Upon completion, students receive evaluators' comments on their performances, graded options, certificates, and ribbons for participation.
Non BAMTA member teachers are welcome to enter students.
Students of any instruments are welcome.
Download Achievement Day documents, including a Letter to Parents, a Registration Form, Evaluation Sheets, and complete information about Achievement Day in the Member Pages.


Burnley Football Club is inviting supporters to share their favourite Burnley shirt in aid of the programme feature 'A Stitch in Time'.
Whether it be a great game where that kit was worn, a significant moment, or simply the design of the shirt that means it ranks as your best, we want to hear from you.
Those selected will then have their photographs taken in their favourite shirt at Turf Moor.
We will then feature those images and the stories behind your selections in the Clarets' matchday programme throughout the rest of the 2014-15 Premier League campaign.
What was unique about that particular kit for you?
Which notable features on the kit made it stand out to you?
Stand out match from that season?
Favourite player to wear the shirt and why?


ANOTHER ACRIMONIOUS DEBATE ABOUT ISRAEL?
Last month student senators listened attentively to two hours of public comment from UIUC students and faculty. The topic: should there be yet another referendum on this spring's ballot about whether the university should divest from companies doing business in Israel? That issue was widely debated on campus last year, and the referendum was soundly defeated.
Although people spoke on both sides of the issue, on one point speakers from both sides agreed. Jewish and Palestinian students alike testified that they felt harassed and threatened by the hate speech the campus debate generated. Campus discussion about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict can be civil, but contests to win a forthcoming vote often are not. Competition aimed at obtaining a victory involves passions of a different character.
At the student government meeting, referendum advocates made their strategy clear: they were going to reintroduce the referendum year after year. A clear expression of student opinion opposing it in a democratic vote didn't matter. They were not giving up.
That strategy has already been followed on other campuses, sometimes with annual votes taking place for a decade. Arguing over a divestment resolution as a result crowds out every other topic — from tuition levels, to class size, to loan programs — that students care about and where their advocacy can make a difference.
On divestment, a campus vote amounts to empty symbolism. No Board of Trustees is going to let students, faculty, or staff decide investment policy. Investment policy is a Board fiduciary responsibility. A broad brush condemnation of a series of companies, moreover, simply invites Board dismissal.
Divestment is actually a complex subject that gets confused and falsified by the resulting tweets and posters and slogans. Some companies that do business on the West Bank actually make Palestinians' lives easier, but they are nonetheless targeted for protests. A number of companies do not sell directly to Israel. They sell to the US Defense Department, where Israel makes approved purchases, drawing on funds appropriated by the US Congress. What would happen to a US company that told the Pentagon it would have to approve the Defense Department's customer list? Many targeted US corporations have offices and headquarters in Illinois. They offer internships to UI students. They hire students' parents and relatives. Such companies have reason to expect fair and specific engagement from UI groups, not uniformed condemnation.
Yet at the campus student government debate last month, companies in all these categories were basically accused of war crimes. That is not a carefully reasoned position. National BDS web sites target any company, among others, that sells to the Israeli army, including companies that sell shoes and binoculars, even when the same models are marketed to civilian consumers here and abroad.
The University has important research collaborations with Israeli faculty members and their institutions. It has study abroad programs for students. Academic freedom provides that students and faculty have the right to pursue those options. The same Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement that promotes divestment urges universities to eliminate all those relationships. It even says faculty members should refuse to write letters of recommendation for students wanting to study in Israel. The local and national groups that endorse divestment endorse those demands as well.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is among the important topics that should be studied and discussed on campus. But a divestment debate is not a good way to do so. There are courses offered in our institution that encourage a critical approach to studying Israel and Palestine. These engage in nuance and context, providing students the opportunity to learn in detail. By contrast the rhetoric surrounding the divestment debate can be shallow, informed by simplistic slogans.
We do not need another acrimonious divestment debate at UIUC.
Reprinted from The Daily Illini, with additional names added.


text:
Осо́ка свинцо́во-зелёная () — многолетнее травянистое растение вид рода  семейства .

Ботаническое описание
Сизо-зелёное растение с ползучими корневищами, дающее тонкие побеги. Репродуктивные побеги центральные.

Стебли сплюснуто-трёхгранные, гладкие, 15—50 см высотой.

Листья торчащие, желобчато-сложенные, 2—3 мм шириной, слабо-шероховатые, шиловидно-заострённые, почти равны стеблю или длиннее его.

Соцветие 2—5(6) см длиной из 2—3(4) сближенных колосков. Верхний колосок тычиночный, линейный или линейно-ланцетный, 1,5—2 см длиной, с яйцевидными, тупыми и ржавыми чешуями; остальные — пестичные, яйцевидные и продолговатые, 1—2 см длиной, рыхлые, на длинной ножке до 2—2,5 см длиной, прямотостоячие; чешуи яйцевидные, тупые, ржаво-бурые или бурые, посредине широко-зелёные, по краю узко-бело-перепончатые, короче мешочков. Мешочки эллиптические или эллиптически-яйцевидные, неясно-трёхгранные, 4—4,5 мм длиной, сизо-зелёные, позже желтоватые, густо покрытые папиллами, без ясных жилок, на короткой ножке, кверху закруглённо суженные, без ясно выраженного носика, с ржавой выемкой наверху. Рылец 3. Нижний кроющий лист с влагалищем до 2 см длиной и пластинкой почти равной соцветию.

Плодоносит в июне—июле.

Число хромосом 2n=32.

Вид описан из Северной Финляндии.

Распространение
Северная Европа: Скандинавия, в том числе арктическая Скандинавия, Финляндия, север Исландии; Арктическая часть России: Мурман; Европейская часть России: Кольский полуостров, Карелия, окрестности Санкт-Петербурга, Архангельская область; Западная Сибирь: бассейн Верхнего Пура; Дальний Восток: южная Камчатка, Курильские острова, Восточная Азия: север полуострова Корея, остров Хоккайдо; Северная Америка: запад от Аляски до штата Калифорния (38° северной широты),  южная часть Канады, арктическое побережье Канады (между реками Маккензи и Андерсон), северо-восток США.

Растёт на осоково-моховых, часто сфагновых болотах, торфянистых берегах озёр, у лесных ключей.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

свинцово-зелёная
Флора Евразии
Флора Северной Америки
Растения, впервые описанные в 4-м издании книги Species Plantarum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Mark joined the Life team in 2018. His focus when recruiting is to form a close and trustworthy relationship with both his clients and his candidates. In Mark's previous roles, he was store manager of an independent running specialist store and has worked in the complex activity and process's team as an arrears mortgage account manager.
Mark has always been very active and interested in helping with recruitment in previous roles and actively searched for a role where he could do this full time.
Mark enjoys running and has previously completed the great wall of Chinas half marathon. He is a huge Boxing fan and also loves to travel.