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Samsung Announces Galaxy Note5 And Galaxy S6 Edge+
By Alex Davies, Christopher Schodt
last updated 28 April 2022
Samsung announced two new flagship phablet phones today, an update to the venerable productivity-focused Galaxy Note series—the Galaxy Note5—and a media-centric, oversized Galaxy S6 edge called the Galaxy S6 edge+ (a convoluted name that even tripped up the PR reps).
Last year's Galaxy Note 4 impressed us, earning our top Editors' Choice award. It has an excellent screen, power-user features like a removable battery and expandable storage, software that takes full advantage of the large display, and a nice-looking design that blends the best qualities of aluminum and plastic. Combined with Samsung's S Pen stylus, the Note 4 is a unique device that, together with its predecessors, helped popularize the phablet category.
Despite this success, Samsung is pushing the Note5 in a different direction. It retains the 5.7-inch QHD (2560x1440) Super AMOLED screen from the previous Note and squeezes it into a smaller, redesigned body. Adopting the same styling and aluminum frame and glass back construction as the smaller Galaxy S6 (which we also liked a lot), the Note5 sheds its removable battery and microSD card slot. It is also the first Note phone without significantly more powerful internal hardware than its smaller predecessor.
By adopting the sleek design of the Galaxy S6, Samsung clearly believes it's time for the Note to move out of its niche towards a broader, more mainstream audience. The issue with this strategy is that what makes the Note series popular is different than what draws people to the smaller Galaxy S phones.
As for the Galaxy S6 edge+, it's interesting that Samsung's follow-up to the limited production Note Edge is not another Note product, but a giant Galaxy S6 edge. This means that there is no S Pen, of course. Like the Note5, the bigger edge is not much different internally than its smaller sibling, sharing the same design but using a larger 5.7-inch screen.
Samsung seems to believe there is a clear delineation between the kind of users who value a feature like the S Pen and those who appreciate the more stylish dual-curved screen of the edge. We do not see why, though, that the new Note cannot have the best of both worlds and feature the S Pen and the curved screen. It worked for the Note Edge (albeit with the curve only on one side), and Samsung would not need to promote two separate products. Perhaps Samsung's dual-phablet strategy will become clearer to us once we've been able to spend more time with the new phones.
Hardware Specifications
Display 5.1-inch SAMOLED @ 2560x1440 (577 PPI) 5.7-inch SAMOLED @ 2560x1440 (518 PPI) 5.7-inch SAMOLED @ 2560x1440 (515 PPI) 5.7-inch SAMOLED @ 2560x1440 (518 PPI)
SoC Samsung Exynos 7420 Samsung Exynos 7420 Qualcomm Snapdragon 805(APQ8084) Samsung Exynos 7420
CPU Core ARM Cortex-A57 (4x @ 2.1GHz) + ARM Cortex-A53 (4x @ 1.5GHz) [big.LITTLE] ARM Cortex-A57 (4x @ 2.1GHz) + ARM Cortex-A53 (4x @ 1.5GHz) [big.LITTLE] Qualcomm Krait 450 (4x @ 2.65GHz) ARM Cortex-A57 (4x @ 2.1GHz) + ARM Cortex-A53 (4x @ 1.5GHz) [big.LITTLE]
GPU Core ARM Mali-T760MP8 @ 772MHz ARM Mali-T760MP8 @ 772 MHz Qualcomm Adreno 420 @ 600MHz ARM Mali-T760MP8 @ 772MHz
Memory 3GB LPDDR4 4GB LPDDR4 3GB LPDDR3 4GB LPDDR4
Storage 32GB, 64GB, 128GB 32GB, 64GB 32GB, microSD (up to 128GB) 32GB, 64GB
Battery 10.01Whr (3.85V 2600 mAh, non-removable) 3000 mAh, non-removable 12.4Whr (3.85V 3220mAh, removable) 3000mAh, non-removable
Front Camera 5 MP, 1/4.1" Samsung S5K4E6, 1.34μm, f1.9, 22mm, automatic HDR 5 MP, f/1.9 3.7 MP, 1/5.4" Samsung S5K6D1YX, 1.12μm, f/1.9, 22mm 5 MP, f/1.9
Rear Camera 16 MP, 1/2.6" Sony IMX240 Exmor RS or Samsung S5K2P2 ISOCELL, 1.12μm, f/1.9, 28mm, PDAF, OIS, automatic HDR, object tracking autofocus, LED flash 16 MP, 1/2.6" Sony IMX240 Exmor RS or Samsung S5K2P2 ISOCELL, 1.12μm, f/1.9, PDAF, OIS, automatic HDR, object tracking autofocus, LED flash 16 MP, 1/2.6" Sony IMX240 Exmor RS, 1.12μm, f/2.2, 31mm, PDAF, OIS, HDR, LED flash 16 MP, 1/2.6" Sony IMX240 Exmor RS or Samsung S5K2P2 ISOCELL, 1.12μm, f/1.9, PDAF, OIS, automatic HDR, object tracking autofocus, LED flash
Connectivity Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n/ac (2x2 MIMO), Bluetooth 4.1 LE, NFC, IrLED, 4G LTE (Cat 6), microUSB 2.0 Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n/ac (2x2 MIMO), Bluetooth 4.2 LE, NFC, 4G LTE (Cat 9), microUSB 2.0 Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n/ac (2x2 MIMO), Bluetooth 4.1, NFC, IrLED, 4G LTE (Cat 4), microUSB 2.0 Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n/ac (2x2 MIMO), Bluetooth 4.2 LE, NFC, 4G LTE (Cat 9), microUSB 2.0
Special Features Multi Window, fingerprint scanner (touch), Samsung Pay, Quick Launch camera, wireless charging (WPC 1.1 & PMA 1.0), Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0 Multi Window, fingerprint scanner (touch), Samsung Pay, Quick Launch camera, wireless charging (WPC 1.1 & PMA 1.0), Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0 S Pen (stylus), Multi Window, fingerprint scanner (swipe), Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0 S Pen (stylus), Multi Window, fingerprint scanner (touch), Samsung Pay, Quick Launch camera, wireless charging (WPC 1.1 & PMA 1.0), Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0
OS Android 5.1.1(TouchWiz) Android 5.1.1(TouchWiz) Android 5.0.1(TouchWiz) Android 5.1.1(TouchWiz)
Materials Aluminum, Glass Aluminum, Glass Aluminum, Plastic Aluminum, Glass
Size 142.1 x 70.1 x 7.0 mm, 132g 154.4 x 75.8 x 6.9 mm, 153g 153.5 x 78.6 x 8.5 mm, 176g 153.2 x 76.1 x 7.6 mm, 171g
Samsung's current flagship phones are nearly identical in both features and hardware. The Note5 and S6 edge+ use the same 64-bit Exynos 7420 big.LITTLE SoC (clocked at the same speeds for both the A57 and A53 cores) along with the same ARM Mali-T760MP8 GPU. Previous Notes delivered higher performance than the smaller Galaxies, but with the S6 and S6 edge already using the fastest SoC currently available, Samsung had no other options.
Despite using the same silicon, we should still see slightly better performance from these new phones over the smaller S6s. The SoC will have more thermal headroom in the bigger chassis and thus should throttle less—not that this is a big problem for the 7420 built on Samsung's 14nm FinFET process.
These newer devices also come with 4 GB of LPDDR4 RAM instead of 3 GB, giving TouchWiz more room to work and enabling better multitasking performance. The larger Galaxies also make the jump to Category 9 LTE, supporting up to 450 Mbps download and 50 Mbps upload speeds.
The 5.7-inch screens are the real showpieces of these phones, with amazing pixel density and beautiful colors. Gone are the days of oversaturated AMOLED color; these screens looked sharp and well calibrated (though perhaps with a slight blue-green tint that may simply be the result of wonky conference room lighting). We were not told if the Note5's flat display is the same panel as the Note 4's, or a newer generation panel with higher brightness and improved color accuracy.
After the disappearance of swappable batteries and expandable storage from the S6 and S6 edge, we were hoping that Samsung would recognize that there is still a group of users who value these features. Unfortunately, these capabilities are missing from both the Note5 and S6 edge+, too. Sure, the new phones are available with up to 64 GB of high-performing UFS 2.0 NAND, but microSD cards are a relatively inexpensive way of adding additional, flexible storage space. What's even more upsetting is that the smaller S6 and S6 edge come with up to 128 GB of internal storage, while the productivity- and media-focused Note5 and S6 edge+ are limited to only 64 GB—less than what's available in the iPhone 6 Plus.
The 3,000 mAh batteries in the Note5 and S6 edge+ are an improvement over the 2,550 mAh and 2,600 mAh batteries in the Galaxy S6 and S6 edge, respectively. Despite using the same internal hardware, however, the larger screens will certainly use more power, so it's hard to say if battery life will improve with the larger phones. The 3,000 mAh cells are also a bit smaller than the 3,220 mAh battery in the Note 4. Depending on workload, the Exynos 7420 should use less power than the Snapdragon 805, so battery life may actually be similar. And if the Note5 does use a more efficient, newer generation screen, it might even get better battery life than the Note 4 despite having a smaller battery.
Without the ability to swap batteries, charging becomes even more important. Both of the new phones support fast charging along with Qi and PMA wireless charging to top up the phone during the day.
There is no question that the Note5 and S6 edge+ have adopted the 2015 design language of the Galaxy S6s, for better or worse. Gone are the flat metal sides and removable plastic back of the Note 4 and Note Edge. Rather, these new large-screen devices are clad in metal and glass. While this change certainly makes for sexier, fashionable phones, it comes with the same compromise that impacted the Galaxy S6: a non-removable battery. There is also the less critical compromise of the glass back being more fragile and susceptible to fingerprints, marring its finish.
The Galaxy Note5 design is interesting in that it's almost the reverse of the S6 edge+. The front is flat while the glass back curves down on each side. The S6 edge+, meanwhile, repeats the design of the S6 edge, with the display being curved on both sides, and its back being flat. This means that both models have the same thin metal sides of the S6 edge that made it harder and less comfortable to hold onto than the flat sides of the regular S6.
Both the Note5 and S6 edge+ have a minimal amount of bezel on the sides of the screen, which helps keeps their overall size down despite their big displays. The dual-curved screen on the S6 edge+ makes the phone appear nearly bezel-less. The characteristic Galaxy home button, which doubles as a touch-based fingerprint reader (the same as on the smaller S6s), still resides below the screen.
Other than how the edges curve, the only other significant difference between the Note5 and S6 edge+ is the inclusion of the S Pen on the former. On this year's model, the stylus is spring-loaded and pops out when you push on it.
Whether you are a fan (or not) of the new design inherited from the S6, one feature that has carried over that we can surely all agree should have been fixed is the camera bump. Although it's understandable that Samsung wanted to make these new phones as slim as possible, surely on such big devices a few more millimeters of girth to hide the camera bump would have been acceptable.
The Note5 and S6 edge+ feel sturdy and stiff, despite being thinner and lighter than the Note 4. The Note5 is about the same height as the Note 4 but is noticeably narrower. When compared to the Note Edge, the S6 edge+ is taller but considerably narrower, thinner and lighter.
Samsung's odd experiments with soft-touch plastics and faux stitching always seemed out of line with its attempts to be seen as a premium brand, although plenty of questionable design decisions are still apparent in the cases intended for these phones. These range from more fake leather to cases with the most glitter-per-square inch we've seen outside of a 4th-grader's arts and crafts project.
As for colors, in the U.S. the Note5 will be available in Black Sapphire and White Pearl. The S6 edge+ comes in Black Sapphire and Gold Platinum.
The Galaxy S6 is considered to have one of the best smartphone cameras currently available, and the Note5 and S6 edge+ use the same technology. The rear camera on both is a 16MP sensor with phase detect autofocus (PDAF), optical image stabilization (OIS), and an f/1.9 lens. What we are not sure of is if the Note5 and S6 edge+ will be participating in Samsung's camera sensor lottery.
On the S6 and S6 edge, you can either get a phone with a Sony Exmor RS IMX240 sensor or a Samsung S5K2P2 ISOCELL (opens in new tab) sensor. Which sensor you get depends on when and in what factory your phone was made. Although the sensors have identical specifications on paper and the optics in front are the same no matter the sensor, we did find that the Sony produced slightly better images. Because there is no way to tell what sensor you will get before you buy the phone, we did think it was a little unfair to Galaxy S buyers that some of them got a better camera. We do hope this does not happen with the Note5 and S6 edge+.
The camera app starts up blazing fast and is quick to focus and capture. Along with the camera options found on the S6, Samsung has capitalized on a recent trend to add a unique feature: built-in live streaming. From within the camera app, you can log into YouTube and create and broadcast a live feed. The app allows you to post your YouTube URL to social media or keep the feed private and send specific invites to friends and family. It looked fast, easy to use and remarkably intuitive. The feed is accessible from any device that can navigate to a YouTube URL.
Around front, we have the same 5MP camera as found on the Galaxy S6, along with the same f/1.9 lens.
Software Enhancements
With Android M not coming out until the fall, the Note5 and S6 edge+ both run Android 5.1.1. As Samsung phones, they also use the TouchWiz UI. TouchWiz already received a major facelift on the Galaxy S6, finally fixing many of the issues that plagued previous versions of Samsung's UI. The lag is gone, and navigation is quick and responsive.
Based on our limited time with the Note5 and S6 edge+, we found them to be just as quick and responsive, but they are running an even newer version of TouchWiz. Samsung did not go into great detail about this, and at first glance it does not look much different than the UI of the S6. However, Samsung has once again changed its icons to a new colorful design with rounded off corners. We wouldn't describe them as ugly, they are certainly very different than Google's stock icons and the style of icons used by many popular third-party apps. In fact, they look more like the icons you'd find on many Chinese Android devices, perhaps a conscious choice as China is a huge market for any phone manufacturer.
On the Galaxy S6 edge+, Samsung has enhanced the edge screen features. You can read about how edge lighting, People edge, Information stream, and Night clock work in our Galaxy S6 review, but the new feature for the S6 edge+ is Apps edge. This extends the concept of having five of your favorite contacts easily accessible by swiping in from the edge of the curved screen to your most used applications.
Also, unlike the S6 edge where People edge only worked from the lock screen or the homescreen, Apps edge will be available at all times on the S6 edge+. The added sidebar quick-access to contacts and apps is surprisingly useful, but it's unclear to us why Samsung could not also bring this convenience to the standard, flat-paneled phones.
The Note5's headlining feature, the S Pen stylus, also gets some enhancements. The Air command icon is now available from any screen at any time for faster access to S Pen functions. You now have the ability to annotate PDFs and even write a note on the screen when the phone is sleeping; what you wrote will be saved as a new note when the phone wakes up. Scroll Capture is another new feature that allows you to take a scrolling screenshot to capture long Web pages or documents.
By the time these devices launch, Samsung Pay should (finally) be active as well. Originally included with the Galaxy S6 and S6 edge, Samsung Pay can use either NFC or traditional magnetic stripe terminals, thanks to the Magnetic Secure Transmission (MST) technology it acquired from LoopPay. Samsung Pay has gone through several stages of refinement, and the company said it's nearly ready for launch. Swiping up from the bottom of the lock screen brings up a list of your saved credit cards, and then a pin or fingerprint activates the card.
MST uses a coil in the phone to generate a pulsed magnetic field that mimics the movement of a credit card's magnetic strip. The upshot of this is that Samsung Pay can be used at any retailer that has a standard credit card reader. As an added layer of security, the phone does not broadcast your credit card number, but instead sends a token to the credit card company's servers to verify against Samsung's encrypted records of your card. The obvious caveat here is that Samsung has to get the major credit card companies to all agree to this system, but it claimed to have all the major companies on board.
Samsung has already started testing the technology in select markets and said that people started using Samsung pay about 30-40 percent of the time in these tests with no instruction or prompting. The commercial availability of Samsung Pay in the U.S. will be in September.
Audio Improvements
Another new feature Samsung is touting is ultra-high quality audio or UHQA. The idea is that an audio processor built into these phones uses interpolation to upscale audio to a higher bitrate (24-bit 192KHz). Any audio, whether played from the device's memory or from streaming services, could benefit from this conversion. It remains to be seen whether this will actually improve an average user's listening experience (outside of the controlled environment of a PR demo), but there does seem to be some interesting processing going on behind Samsung's tech.
There is also UHQA Bluetooth audio streaming, but this only works with Samsung's "next generation wireless audio accessories." One feature neither phone has is front-facing stereo speakers. This is an oft-requested feature, and if Motorola can incorporate them in the similarly-sized Moto X Style, surely Samsung could too.
The Galaxy S6 edge has proven to be more popular than Samsung expected, with production unable to keep up with demand. Looking to attract even more buyers, the Galaxy S6 edge+ retains the same curved-screen styling, aluminum and glass construction, speedy performance, and long list of features as the S6 edge but should appeal to people who prefer larger phones. The biggest issue we see with this new model is the 64 GB storage limit, which can easily be exceeded when dealing with lots of music, photos and video.
The Note5 seems like a bit of a gamble; you know what they say about fixing things that are not broken. Eliminating the removable battery and microSD card support likely will not sit well with productivity-oriented power users. Removing these features and adopting the same design as the Galaxy S6 also seems to create a lot of overlap with the more mainstream Galaxy S6 edge+. We would have preferred a Note5 that more closely adhered to the Note 4's ethos. We're not saying the Note5 is a bad phone, it's just not what we were expecting.
The Galaxy Note5 will be available in the U.S. with 32 GB or 64 GB of storage in Black Sapphire and White Pearl. The Galaxy S6 edge+ has the same storage choices and will come in either Black Sapphire or Gold Platinum. Both phones will be carried by AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile, U.S. Cellular and Verizon Wireless. Pricing and availability is still TBA.
Update, 8/13/15, 3:05 pm PT:At today's Unpacked event, Samsung announced the release date of the Galaxy Note5 and Galaxy S6 edge+ in the US and Canada. It will be available very soon, on August 21. You can also pre-order it in the U.S. from AT&T, Best Buy, Sprint, T-Mobile and Verizon starting today.
In Canada, Telus is the first carrier to confirm that it is carrying both devices. One should also expect to see the Note5 and S6 edge+ available from all the major Canadian carriers such as Bell, Rogers, Wind and Videotron.
Samsung did not announce pricing at today's event, but when you pre-order it, the 32 GB Note5 is $250 with a 2-year contract, and the 64 GB model is $350. The 32 GB edge+ is $350, and the 64 GB is $450 (!) on a contract. Outright, the Note5 starts at around $700 for the 32 GB model and $800 for the 64 GB, depending on what carrier you choose. The S6 edge+'s outright prices are even higher, at around $800 and $900 for the 32 GB and 64 GB models, respectively.
Pricing for Canada is still not available, but with the weakness of the Canadian Dollar, they should be considerably higher than the U.S. prices.
Samsung also elaborated on a few new features of the phones at the event. Both models have a new "Video Digital Imaging Stabilization" feature that works with the OIS for even smoother videos. They also both support wireless FAST charging, which uses the new 15-watt Qi fast charging standard. Samsung claimed it can fully charge a phone wirelessly in two hours.
Alex Davies
g-unit1111
I like my Galaxy S6 and it's great to see the design carry over to the Note 5, but for a phone that big to have no SD card - no sale.
3ogdy
Of course the S6 Edge is popular. What did they expect it to be? They did absolutely nothing to their smartphones design-wise since the jump from S2 to S3. They kept re-releasing the refined S3 as S4, S5, S6...it was about damn time they did something to their phones. That's the Edge. They finally innovated their phone design. The S6 Edge is expensive but if I were to buy a phone that would probably be my first choice.
Non-removable batteries and lack of expandable storage are serious issues though. Taking them out of a modern phone is equivalent of going backwards, NOT forward. This is the sort of decision-making that drives customers away. Same idiotic decisions as in many of Microsoft's cases. Same <mod edit> thinking.
Watch the language. - G
tburns1
Sometimes, my Note 2 just locks the <mod edit> up! Removing the battery has been the only way to recover. What now? I can get over no microSD slot, but this?!? I dunno. What do people do when a phone without a removable battery just locks up and wont shut down?
roscoe303
Doesn't make sense that they would only do 32/64 variants for there latest Note when the Note 4 can have up to a 128GB with microSD. Probably should have gone 64/128 if there were only going to be two variants, at least for there Note series anyway
So wait, does the Note 5 have an IrLED or not? The wife uses her phone as the TV remote almost exclusively. If I upgrade, I'd want to as well.
howardp6
As an owner of a Samsung Note 4, I would not buy the Note 5 because of the lost of the removable battery and missing micro SD card slot. The better processor, more memory and the touch fingerprint sensor are nice to have, but non-removable battery is the real killer, since the batteries have a high but limited recharge cycle. So you are forced to buy a new phone.
jaber2
I can do without the SD card or removable battery, I have a S4 and will get the S6 Edge+ when it is available at my t-mobile
dhvd79a
Appears that everything that was attractive about the note series is gone except the s-pen. Note series R.I.P. you are now nothing more than a big S6 with a pen.
Note 2 owner for 3 years, recent owner of a Note 4. So happy I didn't wait for the Note 5. I use both the micro sd and the swappable battery.
The build quality on these Samsung phones are second to none. We can bicker all we want on SD and Battery Swaps but hey, to each their own.
dstarr3
Non-removable battery and no SD slot? No sale.
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Hickory, N.C. (August 13, 2018) - Network Integrity Systems (NIS), the leader in network infrastructure cyber security, is pleased to announce that we have appointed Mr. Don Wilson Jr., to the position of Sales Engineer.
Mr. Wilson brings 10 years of experience in layer-1 design, estimation, implementation and management of Telecommunications cabling projects and a comprehensive understanding of government and commercial standards for securing classified or critical infrastructure. While working for our elite Systems Integrator partner Bazon-Cox & Associates, he worked closely on the design and integration of the NIS INTERCEPTOR CS product solution, directly supporting numerous agencies with the Department of Defense.
Mr. Wilson resides in Chesapeake, VA and will work from the NIS Sales Operations Center there.


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Responsabilidade Corporativa da MAN 2014 – Jornal (2014 Corporate Responsibility Journal in Portuguese)
Corporate Responsibility Journal 2014
Publication of MAN Corporate Responsibility Report 2014 with partner SOS Children's Village
The CR Report 2014 is characterized by global challenges: With its "CR Strategy 2020+" MAN tackles important topics, such as climate change or increasing urbanization. This year the Company chose a special place to present its report to the public: the SOS Children's Village in Dießen, Germany. On the occasion of the non-profit association's 60th anniversary MAN invited around 80 participants to lake Ammersee.
Helping hands: MAN supports SOS Children's Village in Augsburg
Active support for children, young people, and families in need: The longstanding partnership with SOS Children's Village allows MAN employees to actively participate in a variety of the organization's projects. The new cooperation with SOS Children's Village in Augsburg further expands MAN's employee volunteering program.
Under the South African sun: first CO2-neutral MAN plant
Carefully planned and finally reality: MAN's first carbon-neutral commercial vehicle plant. Thanks to photovoltaic systems on the productions halls' roofs in Pinetown, the most southern MAN Truck & Bus site now only runs on regenerative energy. This saves an annual 860 tons in CO2 and constitutes a major step in the implementation of the Climate Strategy throughout the Group.
We are MAN. So are our apprentices.
How much CO2 can a cubic meter of wood store? What makes forestry sustainable? The Apprentice Academy on December 16, 2014, was all about sustainability. Twenty second-year apprentices took part in the excursion to Freising. Following workshops on corporate responsibility and sustainability in companies, the apprentices set out to discover the forest.
A Christmas surprise for refugee children
Working together to spread the Christmas cheer: corporate responsibility at MAN also means taking responsibility for society. That is why MAN is supporting the city of Munich's "Münchner Weihnachtszauber" campaign. Employees at the Group's Corporate Center surprised Munich's refugee children with gifts lovingly put together.
MAN supports SOS Children's Villages in West Africa in the fight against Ebola with €75,000
MAN has donated €75,000 to SOS Children's Villages for the fight against Ebola. The relief organization is helping children, youngsters, and families affected by the Ebola crisis in West Africa. MAN's donation helps to maintain support for acute emergency measures and long-term offers of assistance.
MAN one of the most sustainable players worldwide in its industry
Renowned environmental rating agency oekom research AG has again rewarded MAN for its sustainable value creation efforts in the vehicle and mechanical engineering industry with a good "B" rating and "Prime" status. This makes MAN one of the most sustainable companies worldwide in the industry by the independent agency's standards. The good rating is also primarily due to the successful implementation of the climate strategy.
MAN young talents among the best in the Volkswagen Group
They are among the best vocational trainees in the Volkswagen Group: 43 young talents from 18 countries and 38 Group sites were awarded for their outstanding skills during vocational training on October 24. Four vocational trainees from MAN are among the winners of the Best Apprentice Award 2014.
Excelling in climate protection – MAN listed in the CDP index
What strategies do companies employ for climate protection and how successful are these measures? These questions were at the center of the Carbon Disclosure Project's (CDP) Climate Leadership Conference in Munich. One special highlight on the day was the organization's listing of MAN in the Climate Performance Leadership Index and through this its recognition of the Company's particular commitment to environmental and climate protection.
MAN listed in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index for the third time in a row
MAN has been listed in the Dow Jones Sustainability World and Europe Indices by sustainability rating agency RobecoSam for the third time in a row, thereby achieving a key sustainability aim for 2014. This means that MAN remains among the three best-ranked companies and is the only German company of its sector to be represented in the Indices.
Humanitarian Prize for MAN
MAN embraces diversity: this year, the Humanitarian Prize awarded by the Lebenshilfe Nürnberger Land foundation went to MAN Truck & Bus AG's engine plant in Nuremberg. The site has been working with Lebenshilfe in Nuremberg for around 20 years, demonstrating its commitment to social issues in the city.
Cracow site – Award for Commitment to Sustainability
At MAN, responsibility is lived. And that pays off. In a "Responsible Companies" competition held by Polish business magazine "Gazeta Prawna," MAN's Cracow site took first place. This was a major success following third place last year. The site was commended for its sustainability commitment to employees, the environment, and social affairs.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Eye Contact. Something I like very much in portraits.
Odd self portraits and three of Studio Dog.
Sunday Morning at Sweetish Hill Bakery in Austin, Texas. Camera unknown.
It's rare that I forget which camera I used to take any particular photograph. I always assumed that people's memories created packages so that a photograph and a camera+lens would be meshed and all part of the same whole upon recall.
This image was taken at Sweetish Hill's old location, right on Sixth St. Later the bakery moved half a block east in a much bigger building which they actually owned. Now it's the site of a trendy oyster bar.
We spent many, many Sunday's sitting at the tables here having excessively good coffee and some of the best pastries available in all of Texas.
I've been going through several boxes of large, double weight fiber photographic prints; mostly 11x14's. This box was marked, "Belinda, Portraits." I'm finding that it's enormously fun to have a time machine that looks back into my own life and the lives of my closest friends and family members.
The Third Time is a Charm? Lessons from the camera bag.
I bought the 60mm when I re-entered the Olympus m4:3 system for the second time. The EM-5 had been out long enough to get some pretty spectacular reviews so I bought a couple, along with the usual Olympus lenses and I liked everything pretty well. Then Sigma came out with there series of Art lenses for the smaller formats and I tried all three (the 19, 30, and 60). The 19 and the 30 were both decent, workmanlike lenses but they were really nothing great. The 60mm, on the other hand, was pretty impressive. Even wide open it was sharp and detailed. A bonus was that the focal length was just right for portraits when using the m4:3 format cameras. It was a nice, long focal length and, at its wide open aperture, it had a nice way of throwing backgrounds out of focus.
I got a lot of use out of that optic but when the system moved out to make way for the Sony a99, the a850 and the a900, that lens went into the "for sale" category and moved on to some smarter new owner.
At a later date I bought a Sony a6000 and then an a6300. I was pleased to find out that the Sigma 60mm DN also came in a Sony "e" mount and also was in the middle of a (temporary) price reduction so I thought it would kinda stupid not to pick one up for the princely sum of $149. As a "90mm" equivalent on the APS-C frame it was just right. I got a lot of use out of it right up until that system too went on the chopping block to pay for some other shiny system of objects.
Lately I've been toying around with finding a nice portrait lens for my Panasonic GH5-based system and I stumbled back across some portraits I'd made on my first experiences with the Sigma. I've been playing with the Panasonic 42.5mm f1.7, the 50mm Zeiss 1.7 and a few other lenses and I noticed that the Sigma imparted a different look to the photographs. I had recently done a photo assignment making portraits for a large accounting firm and decided to look at the data in the files to see if it would tell me anything. It did, with this format, it seems that the "sweet spot" or "where I end up in focal lengths" when shooting m4:3 is somewhere around 60mm.
I went back and did a little research to convince my rational brain that my irrational brain wasn't being too heavy-handed with rationalizations and flawed memories of the lens's performance. I looked on DXO and found that the lens performed well for them. Then I read the review on Lenstip.com (which I really like for their lens reviews....) and it turns out that this lens is one of the best all around performers for Olympus and Panasonic cameras that they have measured!
Of course I've ordered one. Which is kind of embarrassing if you think about it. But, well, um... I've done more stupid and expensive things. I'm calling it "My Christmas Present." I would call it my "Lens of the Year!!!!!" but I already gave that honor to the Olympus 12-100mm f4.0 Pro lens (well deserved). And it would be a bit silly since the lens has been around since at least 2014.
Note to self: If I sell off the m4:3 system (for the fourth or fifth time) DO NOT SELL THE LENSES! More than likely I will return to the system in short order... I guess that means I like it --- mostly.
The lens is cheap. Buy yourself one for the Holidays. I did.


Stunning traditional Tudor dolls house. Used for decoration never used. Lights come on and off. Front parts of house detachable (9 detachable parts).
Original furniture and some extra pieces furniture that can be renovated/varnished for fun. The item "Tudor dolls house Original Robert Stubb" is in sale since Tuesday, September 19, 2017. This item is in the category "Dolls & Bears\Dolls' Miniatures & Houses\Dolls' Houses".
The seller is "aliyah2016" and is located in Chatham. This item can't be shipped, the buyer must pick up the item.


text:
The Next Keystone XL?
With TransCanada's tar sands megaproject, a new front opens in North America's pipeline wars.
Cole Stangler August 9, 2013
Aerial view of the Alberta tar sands mines. TransCanada's proposed Energy East pipeline would transport tar sands oi from Alberta to New Brunswick. (Getty Images)
The Keystone XL might be stalled for now. But that's not getting in the way of the TransCanada Corporation's plans to build an even bigger pipeline to transport tar sands — one of the dirtiest, most carbon-intensive fossil fuels on the planet.
If completed, the $12 billion Energy East pipeline, which TransCanada publicly announced last Thursday, could transport about a third more oil than the company's Keystone XL project, or about 1.1 million barrels a day.
If completed, the $12 billion Energy East pipeline, which TransCanada publicly announced last Thursday, could transport about a third more oil than the company's Keystone XL project, or about 1.1 million barrels a day. The 2,734 mile-long pipeline would transport mostly export-destined bituminous sand from the Western Canadian province of Alberta to a seaside refinery in St. John, New Brunswick. A large portion of the project involves converting an existing gas pipeline to carry the heavy tar sands that originate from deposits in Alberta. But the company will also need to build some new pipelines, including a large pipeline stretching from eastern Ontario to the refinery in St. John. TransCanada anticipates the project to be complete by 2018.
The Energy East marks the latest attempt of the North American oil industry to take advantage of new export opportunities for tar sands, a commodity currently limited to the American market. The two other important pipeline projects that would link oil production in Alberta to global export markets have stalled — the Keystone XL, which would extend through the United States to the Gulf of Mexico, and Enbridge's Northern Gateway, which would extend from Alberta to a port in British Columbia. To date environmental groups have managed to block those projects from being completed.
Andrea Harden-Donahue is the energy and climate justice campaigner for the Council of Canadians, one of the nation's leading environmental groups. "This pipeline is critical for the oil industry. "If they are not successful in getting this pipeline going, as well as some of the others like the Keystone XL and Enbridge's pipeline out west, they are literally going to be landlocked with bitumen in Alberta," she says. "There are plans for massive expansion of the tar sands in that province, and quite frankly it just needs to go somewhere. In order to do that, they need these pipelines."
Unlike the Keystone XL, the proposed Energy East route doesn't actually enter U.S. territory. The pipeline loops around Northern Maine en route to St. John. Some say the company is deliberately avoiding the kinds of regulatory burdens that it has faced over the Keystone XL. Since that pipeline crosses international borders, it requires the final approval of the U.S. President.
"Why would you bother going through a presidential permit approval in the U.S. if you can avoid it?" asks Steven Guilbeault, head of Equiterre, an environmental organization based in Montreal. "Why do it when you have the Canadian federal government as a cheerleader of oil development in Canada?"
Canada's Conservative government has indeed proven to be a trusted ally of tar sands development, which it regards as one of Canada's most globally competitive industries. TransCanada needs to submit its application to the National Energy Board for environmental and regulatory review — a process whereby opponents will have the opportunity to present their cases against the pipeline. But if past projects are any indication, odds are that the federal government will approve the new pipeline.
John Bennett, executive director of Sierra Club Canada, says he's already looking ahead to the next stage of the fight.
"We don't have a possibility of a fair hearing in an environmental assessment sense for this pipeline. It's going to get rubber-stamped and approved no matter what we do or what we say," Bennett says. "So all we have is a political opportunity to raise the issue, organize people so that politicians want to shy away from supporting it, and to try and create divisions between the federal government and the provinces."
Opposition at the provincial level could prove critical in preventing construction of the pipeline, says Douglas Macdonald, an environmental policy professor at the University of Toronto's School of the Environment.
He says the Energy East could ultimately be blocked by two key sources of political opposition — on the one hand, environmental activists who bring attention to the pipeline's potential impact, and on the other, provincial governments that don't want to shoulder the costs of a pipeline that provides little benefit to them. Macdonald points to the case of the Northern Gateway, a project effectively stymied by the official opposition of British Columbia's government. The pipeline may be good for producers in Alberta, but it creates few jobs and a number of environmental and political risks in British Columbia. Constitutionally, the federal government could proceed, but the political costs of defying provincial opposition are high.
A similar dynamic could emerge with the Energy East, Macdonald says. While a portion of the oil will be refined for domestic consumption in Canada, the majority of it will be destined for export. This is good news for producers in Alberta and for refiners, but the job benefits are otherwise minimal.
While TransCanada's announcement came only last week, pipeline opponents are already concerned on a number of fronts. Many share the obvious macro-level climate worry: the Energy East will facilitate expansion of the dirtiest oil reserves on the planet and thus substantially contribute to global carbon emissions. The pipeline could also produce a series of more local environmental and safety threats along its west-to-east route across Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick.
Environmental advocates warn against the risks of TransCanada converting a pipeline originally designed for the transport of natural gas — a lighter, lower-pressure substance than bituminous sand. In March of this year, a converted gas pipeline carrying oil from the Albertan tar sands burst in Arkansas, resulting in a spill of about 7,000 barrels of crude oil. Although Exxon has yet to offer an official explanation for the exact cause of the spill, it may be tied to the fact that the pipeline was not originally designed to carry the substance.
In fact, a recent study by the National Petroleum Council for the Department of Energy warned against "pipelines operating outside of their design parameters such as those carrying commodities for which they were not initially designed, or high flow pipelines, are at the greatest risk of integrity issues in the future due to the nature of their operation."
The Sierra Club's John Bennett says the pipeline's proximity to the Great Lakes and its tributaries like the Ottawa River and the St. Lawrence is especially dangerous.
"They are putting a tremendously important water system, probably the most important watershed in the world, which supports 60 million people, at risk of oil poisoning," Bennett says. "And they're creating multiple opportunities for that to happen."
But what's perhaps most unique about the Energy East is its proximity to major urban areas. Unlike the Northern Gateway, for instance, which travels through rural areas in Western Canada, the pipeline is slated to move through some of the country's most populated regions. It would travel across eastern Ontario, Montreal and Quebec City before making its way through New Brunswick.
Pipeline safety concerns are particularly pressing in Quebec, where the explosion of a train transporting crude oil resulted in the deaths of over 40 people last month. A large portion of the Energy East's new pipeline would travel through the province.
"I think you're going to see a very active fight within Quebec," says Mike Hudema, a climate and energy campaigner with Greenpeace Canada, which has already expressed opposition and is expected to play a leading role in the campaign. "Quebec is traditionally a very environmentally conscious region of Canada and also a very politically active region. I think you'll see a very strong and large mobilization within Quebec against this pipeline. Because of course, they get none of the benefits of this pipeline but they do face a lot of the potential problems this pipeline could cause."
Pierre-Olivier Pineau, a business professor who specializes in energy, went so far as to say that "the challenge in Quebec is so big that this project just won't happen."
TransCanada has justified the project in part by suggesting that pipelines are a safer means of transportation than rail. But Steven Guilbeault, who heads one of the leading environmental groups in the province, says that claim is "bollocks." if anything, he says, the pipeline just means that more oil will be travelling through Quebec.
"The reality is that this pipeline will not make it so that there are less trains coming through our communities. Those trains carry oil shale from North Dakota from the U.S. to the U.S. markets on the eastern seaboard through Canada. Energy East will do nothing to change that dynamic. Energy East is for tar sands oil, it's not for oil shale from the U.S."
Guilbeault also says his organization, Equiterre, has already received calls from different municipalities in Quebec concerned about the safety impact of the pipeline. "Just this week we've gotten three demands from three different communities and I suspect we'll be getting a lot of those over the coming weeks and months," he says. "I suspect that there is going to be a lot of opposition to this project."
Canada's leading environmental groups say they will raise their critiques at public meetings and town halls on the pipeline, which will take place as TransCanada seeks approval from the National Energy Board. TransCanada anticipates it will take 24 months before the pipeline is finally approved.
Canada's three major political parties all support expansion of the oil industry to varying degrees. The left-wing New Democratic Party, Canada's official opposition, issued a statement expressing cautious support for the Energy East project, calling for "meaningful public consultation and much stronger environmental and safety oversight for resource development."
The party is likely concerned about the political ramifications of being painted as anti-economic growth. In British Columbia, for instance, where the provincial NDP leader came out in opposition to expanding the existing Kinder Morgan oil pipeline, the party suffered a shocking upset in May's provincial elections. The NDP had led in the polls by as much as 20 percent, but the Liberal Party was ultimately able to maintain its provincial majority. Some labor leaders have speculated that the NDP's volte-face on the Kinder Morgan pipeline, which the Liberals supported, cost the NDP the election. However, both the NDP and Liberal Party publicly opposed the Northern Gateway pipeline.
Recent polls show Canadians are divided about pipeline construction. Sixty-eight percent of Canadians support the Keystone XL — a slightly lower rate than Americans — but only 45 percent support the construction of new pipelines to West Coast ports.
It's still early, but the lines in the next front of North America's pipeline wars are already being drawn.
Cole Stangler writes about labor and the environment. His reporting has also appeared in The Nation, VICE, The New Republic and International Business Times. He lives in Paris, France. He can be reached at cole[at]inthesetimes.com. Follow him @colestangler.
More articles by Cole Stangler
The Labour Left Is Poised to Take Power If It Can Move Past One Roadblock: Brexit
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Meet the Coalition Building a Global Union Movement Against Capitalism
Joseph Stiglitz, Thomas Piketty and Other World-Renowned Economists Demand End to Greek Austerity
The economists called their letter a "plea for economic sanity and humanity."
Martin de Bourmont
The Two Faces of Evo
The Bolivian president gives to the poor but takes from the environment
Linda Farthing
"To this mayor, black and brown lives do not matter": 3 Arrested at Die-In at Rahm Emanuel's Office
Protesters demand reforms to alleged abuses in Chicago's criminal justice system, including a discriminatory "stop-and-frisk" program and secret interrogation site.
Yana Kunichoff


text:
Марина Ивановна Полбенцева (Мария Полбенцева-Ганулич) (30 августа 1934, Поим Пензенская область — 29 июля 2000, Москва) — советская цирковая артистка, киноактриса, заслуженная артистка РСФСР (1986).

Биография
Родилась в селе Поим, Пензенской области. В школьные годы занималась музыкой.

В 1955 году окончила Музыкальное училище имени Чайковского в Свердловске, в 1957 году — Государственное училище циркового искусства.

В 1957—1958 годах — артистка Московского цирка на Цветном бульваре.

В 1959—1968 годах — в Московском театре миниатюр п/р В. Полякова, в 1968-74 — в Московском мюзик-холле.

В 1974-77 годах работала в Государственном эстрадном оркестре п/р Л. Утёсова.

С 1977 года — артистка Москонцерта.

В кино играла острохарактерные роли, обладала ярким комическим дарованием.

Заслуженная артистка РСФСР (1986).

Ушла из жизни 29 июля 2000 года. Похоронена на 28 уч. Митинского кладбища в Москве.

Роли в кино
 1961 — Совершенно серьёзно — официантка
 1962 — Черёмушки — Валентина Николаевна (Вава), молодая жена Дребеднёва
 1963 — Два воскресенья — Люся, стюардесса
 1963 — Каин XVIII — Офелия, жена учёного
 1963 — Крепостная актриса — Авдотья Лыткина
 1965 — Сегодня — новый аттракцион — Валентина Ивановна Кузнецова
 1966 — Долгая счастливая жизнь — Марина
 1968 — Калиф-аист — аист
 1971 — Шельменко-денщик — Мотря
 1972 — Учитель пения — дама-автомобилистка, водитель белых «Жигулей»
 1974 — Автомобиль, скрипка и собака Клякса — Нюра, мать Давида
 1975 — У самого Чёрного моря — Лида
 1982 — Берегите мужчин! — Людмила Юрьевна
 1987 — Клуб женщин — Кира Васильевна

Примечания

Ссылки
 Марина Полбенцева

Родившиеся в Поиме (Пензенская область)
Выпускники Свердловского музыкального училища им. П. Чайковского
Выпускники Государственного училища циркового и эстрадного искусства
Артисты Москонцерта
Похороненные на Митинском кладбище
Артисты Московского мюзик-холла

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sanjiv Punalekar, an advocate and secretary of the Hindu Vidhidnya Parishad, made this allegation while addressing a press conference.
Mumbai: An SIT official, probing the killing of Communist leader Govind Pansare, allegedly "assaulted and threatened" two accused arrested for the killing of rationalist Narendra Dabholkar when they were in the CBI's custody, a right-wing outfit claimed Tuesday.
Sanjiv Punalekar, an advocate and secretary of the Hindu Vidhidnya Parishad (HVP), made this allegation while addressing a press conference here.
The HVP calls itself a "voluntary organisation of nationalist and devout Hindu advocates". The alleged incident took place on September 8, when the two accused in the Dabholkar case -- Rajesh Bangera and Amol Kale -- were in the CBI's custody, he said.
The SP-level official of the Maharashtra police SIT allegedly assaulted the duo. He threatened them and said if they don't confess their role in the Pansare murder case they would face "worse torture" when the SIT takes their custody, Punalekar said.
Police believe the killing of Dabholkar at Pune in 2013 and of Pansare at Kolhapur in 2015 are linked. The CBI is probing the Dabholkar case, while the state police are looking into Pansare's killing.
Bangera, during his production, told a Pune court Monday that he was assaulted by a police official while he was in the CBI's custody, Punalekar said. Bangera was later remanded in judicial custody by the court.
"When we talked to Kale, he, too, revealed he was subjected to assault by the official," Punalekar claimed. "Following which we gave a written application to the court about the incident and the matter is slated for hearing of September 14," he added.
Another accused in the Dabholkar case, Sachin Andure, who is judicial custody and lodged in Pune's Yerwada Jail, also claimed the same SIT officer had brutally assaulted him when he was in the CBI's custody, Punalekar said.
The alleged incident had taken place in presence of a CBI officer, who, too assaulted Andure, he said. Both the officers claimed they had the "blessings" of higher authorities, he said.
Punalekar demanded that the officers be subjected to narco test to bring out the truth. He said his organisation has written to Prime Minister, Maharashtra Chief Minister and Union Home Minister about the incident and demanded a probe.


text:
Togo forms new government
Togo's President Faure Gnassingbe named a new cabinet on Thursday after October polls. The multiparty legislative elections were hailed as a success by foreign observers such as the European Union, which resumed cooperation with Togo after a 14-year suspension.
Gnassingbe's party won 50 of 81 parliamentary seats in the October 14 polls, while the UFC took 27 and the smaller Action Committee for Renovation (CAR) of former Prime Minister Yawovi Agboyibo won just four. RPT party stalwart and former Towns Minister Komlan Mally will take over as premier.The new cabinet cut the total number of ministers to 21 from 35 and excluded the president's brother, former Defence Minister Kpatcha Gnassingbe, widely seen as a challenger for power.
The EU, once Togo's biggest donor, froze aid to the country in 1993, citing the poor democratic record of then President Gnassingbe Eyadema, an archetypal African "Big Man" who ruled Togo for four decades.
Togo was once one of West Africa's most prosperous states until its economy nosedived in the 1990s, mainly due to political unrest. A downturn in cotton production and weaker rice, bean and groundnut crops have also taken their toll.
Thanks to the Malian authorities
The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Robert Dussey, was received on Monday by the president of the Malian transition, Assimi Goïta.
Freedom for 46 Ivorian soldiers
The 46 Ivorian soldiers pardoned Friday by the Malian junta arrived Saturday evening at the airport of Lomé for an official welcoming ceremony by President Faure Gnassingbé himself.
A diplomatic success
The leader of the Malian junta, Assimi Goïta, granted his pardon with total remission of sentences to the 49 Ivorian soldiers imprisoned since July 2022 in Bamako.


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text:
MPEG-1 Audio Layer III o MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, más comúnmente conocido como MP3, es un formato de compresión de audio digital que usa un algoritmo con pérdida para conseguir un menor tamaño de archivo. Es un formato de audio común utilizado para música tanto en computadoras como en reproductores de audio portátil.

MP3 fue desarrollado por el Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) para formar parte del estándar MPEG-1 y del posterior y más extendido MPEG-2. Un MP3 creado usando una compresión de 128 kbit/s tendrá un tamaño de aproximadamente unas 11 veces menor que su homónimo en CD. Un MP3 también puede comprimirse usando una mayor o menor tasa de bits por segundo, resultando directamente en  menor calidad de audio final, así como en el tamaño del archivo resultante.

Historia
Este formato fue desarrollado principalmente por Karlheinz Brandenburg, director de tecnologías de medios electrónicos del Instituto Fraunhofer IIS, perteneciente al Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft —red de centros de investigación alemanes— que junto con Thomson Multimedia (renombrada como Technicolor) controlaba el grueso de las patentes relacionadas con el formato MP3.

El científico alemán Karlheinz Brandenburg es considerado como «el padre del MP3» y formó parte del equipo que le dio nombre al formato MPEG: «Grupo de Expertos de Imágenes en Movimiento» («Moving Pictures Experts Group»). El grupo cedió el nombre al método digital para comprimir señales de audio y video para facilitar su emisión y almacenamiento. El proceso llamado MPEG Audio Capa III (MPEG Audio Layer 3) es bastante común hoy en día pero su desarrollo no era fácil. Además otros soportes de audio ya usaban técnicas de compresión como el MPEG-1 Audio Layer I del casete compacto digital de Philips o el ATRAC usado por Sony para sus Minidisc.

La historia inicia en 1982, cuando Brandenburg participa en la creación del formato. Su tutor de tesis doctoral había deseado patentar un método para transferir datos sin éxito. Lo que se pretendía patentar era una forma de transferir música usando líneas telefónicas, algo que la oficina de patentes germana consideraba imposible. No aparecería cierto progreso hasta 1986, cuando en la universidad de Ilmenau obtuvieron mejores computadoras para mejorar la capacidad de trabajo. Se tuvieron que realizar muchos esfuerzos para lograr el resultado deseado. Inicialmente se pensó en usar un sistema por división de capas de sonido, pero fue desechado por ser considerado demasiado rígido, y entonces se cambió por uno nuevo que aprovecha las limitaciones del oído humano.

La primera de ellas fue registrada en 1987. En ese año, los alemanes intentaban resolver el dilema de cómo difundir el sonido digital en el laboratorio de tecnologías de medios electrónicos. Los archivos en CD eran pesados y engorrosos, las lectoras de CD eran novedad, también el instalarlas en una PC.

En 1988 la Organización Internacional de Normalización convoca al equipo de MPEG para crear un estándar de codificación de audio. En este momento se realizaban las pruebas del nuevo sistema. Parecía que finalmente lograron su objetivo, pero al momento de probarlo con «Tom's Dinner» de Suzanne Vega mostró fallos graves, puesto que el formato de canción a capela y el escaso sonido ambiental representaban un enorme desafío para el sistema. Entonces se solicitó la colaboración de varias instituciones. Brandenburg trabajó con Jim Johnston de AT&T en el desarrollo de nuevos métodos de compresión para conservar la calidad de la voz. Por fin consiguieron evitar que el sistema dañara la voz de la cantante, y tuvieron que trabajar más para obtener finalmente una calidad similar a la de un CD.

En 1992 la ISO incluyó al MP3 como un estándar de compresión de audio, pero no fue hasta el año siguiente cuando fue finalmente formalizado con la llegada del MPEG-1 Capa de Audio III (MPEG-1 Audio Layer III), con velocidades de muestreo de 33, 44,1 y 48 kHz. Entonces decidieron comercializarlo a empresas para transferir la música a los estudios de radio mediante RDSI.

Registraron varias patentes más en 1991, pero fue en julio de 1995 cuando Brandenburg usó por primera vez la extensión .mp3 para los archivos relacionados con el MP3 que guardaba en su computadora. En el proceso de desarrollo del formato participó también el ingeniero Leonardo Chiariglione, quien tuvo la idea de los estándares que podrían ser útiles para este fin. Un año después su instituto ingresaba en concepto de patentes 1,2 millones de euros. Diez años más tarde esta cantidad ha alcanzado los 26,1 millones.

Entre 1994 y 1995 identificaron a la Internet como una área atractiva. Entonces decidieron dar a los archivos el nombre definitivo de .mp3. El modelo de negocio se planeaba como herramientas de codificación costosas para empresas y decodificadores económicos para los consumidores. Uno de los productos decodificadores que lograron el mayor éxito y reconocimiento fue Winamp.

Sin embargo, no pasó mucho tiempo antes de que el formato fuera despojado del control de la ISO y Fraunhofer, dado que un ciudadano australiano había comprado el codificador usando una tarjeta de crédito robada de Taiwán para posteriormente empaquetarlo y cargarlo a un servidor FTP de una universidad estadounidense. Se ignora hasta el momento la identidad y el paradero del infractor. Esto inició el conflicto entre la industria discográfica y el MP3, convirtiéndolo en su principal enemigo, aunque en Asia el éxito persistente de los discos compactos esté ayudando a conservar las ventas en formato físico.

Tras el desarrollo de reproductores portátiles y su integración en estéreos para automóviles, teléfonos móviles, reproductores de DVD, auriculares, consolas de videojuegos, altavoces y minisistemas de sonido hogareños, el formato MP3 en la actualidad llega más allá del mundo de la informática.

El formato MP3 se convirtió en el estándar utilizado para streaming de audio y compresión de audio con pérdida de mediana fidelidad gracias a la posibilidad de ajustar la calidad de la compresión, proporcional a la tasa de bits (bitrate) y en consecuencia el tamaño final del archivo, permitiendo reducir hasta 12 e incluso 15 veces el del archivo original antes de su compresión.

Fue el primer formato de compresión de audio popularizado gracias a Internet, ya que hizo posible el intercambio de ficheros musicales. Los procesos judiciales contra empresas como Napster, AudioGalaxy y Megaupload son resultado de la facilidad con que se comparten legal e ilegalmente este tipo de ficheros, suponiendo el principal auge de la batalla por la propiedad intelectual en Internet.

A principios de la década de los 2000 Thomson Multimedia renueva el formato con el nombre MP3Pro para suplir limitaciones importantes en la calidad (especialmente en altas frecuencias), paralelamente a la aparición de formatos de compresión de audio competidores, como Windows Media Audio (de Microsoft), Ogg Vorbis, ATRAC y AAC, que empiezan a ser masivamente incluidos en programas de audio para computación, dispositivos, sistemas operativos, teléfonos celulares y reproductores portátiles, lo que hizo prever que el MP3 compartiera popularidad con los nuevos formatos, de mejor calidad.

Un factor que posiblemente influyó en la aparición de tanta competencia es que el formato MP3 tenía patentes, lo cual no implicaba que su calidad sea mala, pero el mediático juicio a Microsoft en 2007 mostró su estándar cerrado. Eso impidió que la comunidad pueda mejorarlo y puede obligar a pagar por la utilización del códec, lo cual ocurre en el caso de los dispositivos que lo usan, como los teléfonos celulares y las tabletas. Aun así, hoy día el formato MP3 continúa siendo el más usado y el que goza de más éxito con una presencia cada vez mayor. Algunas tiendas en línea como Amazon y Google Play Music venden su música en este formato por cuestiones de compatibilidad. En 2017 expiraron todas las patentes relacionadas con el formato MP3.

Detalles técnicos

En esta capa existen varias diferencias respecto a los estándares MPEG-1 y MPEG-2, entre las que se encuentra el llamado banco de filtros para que el diseño tenga mayor complejidad. Esta mejora de la resolución frecuencial empeora la resolución temporal introduciendo problemas de preeco que son predichos y corregidos. Además, permite calidad de audio en tasas tan bajas como 64 kbps.

Los archivos MPEG-1 corresponden a las velocidades de muestreo de 32, 44,1 y 48 kHz.

Los archivos MPEG-2 corresponden a las velocidades de muestreo de 16, 22, 0.5 y 24 kHz.

Banco de filtros
El banco de filtros utilizado en esta capa es el llamado banco de filtros híbrido polifase/MDCT. Se encarga de realizar el mapeado del dominio del tiempo al de la frecuencia tanto para el codificador como para los filtros de reconstrucción del decodificador. Las muestras de salida del banco están cuantificadas y proporcionan una resolución en frecuencia variable, 6x32 o 18x32 subbandas, ajustándose mucho mejor a las bandas críticas de las diferentes frecuencias.
Usando 18 puntos, el número máximo de componentes frecuenciales es: 32 × 18 = 576. Dando lugar a una resolución frecuencial de: 24000/576 = 41,67 Hz (si fs = 48 kHz). Si se usan 6 líneas de frecuencia la resolución frecuencial es menor, pero la temporal es mayor, y se aplica en aquellas zonas en las que se espera efectos de preeco (transiciones bruscas de silencio a altos niveles energéticos).

La Capa III tiene tres modos de bloque de funcionamiento: dos modos donde las 32 salidas del banco de filtros pueden pasar a través de las ventanas y las transformadas MDCT y un modo de bloque mixto donde las dos bandas de frecuencia más baja usan bloques largos y las 30 bandas superiores usan bloques cortos.

Para el caso concreto del MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 (que concretamente significa la tercera capa de audio para el estándar MPEG-1) específica cuatro tipos de ventanas:
 NORMAL.
 Transición de ventana larga a corta (START).
 Tres ventanas cortas (SHORT).

El modelo psicoacústico

La compresión se basa en la reducción del margen dinámico irrelevante, es decir, en la incapacidad del sistema auditivo para detectar los errores de cuantificación en condiciones de enmascaramiento. Este estándar divide la señal en bandas de frecuencia que se aproximan a las bandas críticas, y luego cuantifica cada subbanda en función del umbral de detección del ruido dentro de esa banda. El modelo psicoacústico es una modificación del empleado en el esquema II, y utiliza un método denominado predicción polinómica. Analiza la señal de audio y calcula la cantidad de ruido que se puede introducir en función de la frecuencia, es decir, calcula la «cantidad de enmascaramiento» o umbral de enmascaramiento en función de la frecuencia.

El codificador usa esta información para decidir la mejor manera de gastar los bits disponibles. Este estándar provee dos modelos psicoacústicos de diferente complejidad: el modelo I es menos complejo que el modelo psicoacústico II y simplifica mucho los cálculos. Estudios demuestran que la distorsión generada es imperceptible para el oído experimentado en un ambiente óptimo desde los 192 kbps y en condiciones normales. Para el oído no experimentado, o común, con 128 kbps o hasta 96 kbps basta para que se oiga «bien» (a menos que se posea un equipo de audio de alta calidad donde se nota excesivamente la falta de graves y se destaca el sonido de «fritura» en los agudos). Las personas que tienen experiencia en la parte auditiva de archivos digitales de audio, especialmente música, desde 192 hasta 256 kbps basta para oír bien, pero la compresión en 320 kbps es la óptima para cualquier escucha. . La música que circula por Internet, en su mayoría, está codificada entre 192 y 256 kbps, aunque hoy debido al aumento de ancho de banda es cada vez más frecuente compartir archivos en calidad máxima de compresión.

Codificación digital y cuantificación
La solución que propone este estándar en cuanto a la repartición de bits o ruido, se hace en un ciclo de iteración que consiste de un ciclo interno y uno externo. Examina tanto las muestras de salida del banco de filtros como el SMR (signal-to-mask ratio) proporcionado por el modelo psicoacústico, y ajusta la asignación de bits o ruido de cuantificación, según el esquema utilizado, para satisfacer simultáneamente los requisitos de tasa de bits y de enmascaramiento. Dichos ciclos consisten en:

Ciclo interno
El ciclo interno realiza la cuantización no-uniforme de acuerdo con el sistema de punto flotante (cada valor espectral MDCT se eleva a la potencia 3/4). El ciclo escoge un determinado intervalo de cuantización y, a los datos cuantizados, se les aplica codificación de Huffman en el siguiente bloque. El ciclo termina cuando los valores cuantizados que han sido codificados con Huffman usan menor o igual número de bits que la máxima cantidad de bits permitida.

Ciclo externo
Ahora el ciclo externo se encarga de verificar si el factor de escala para cada bandas tiene más distorsión de la permitida (ruido en la señal codificada), comparando cada banda del factor de escala con los datos previamente calculados en el análisis acústico. El ciclo externo termina cuando una de las siguientes condiciones se cumple:

 Ninguna de las bandas del factor de escala tiene mucho ruido.
 Si la siguiente alternación amplifica una de las bandas más de lo permitido.
 Todas las bandas han sido amplificadas al menos una vez.

Empaquetado o formateador de bitstream
Este bloque toma las muestras cuantificadas del banco de filtros, junto a los datos de asignación de bits/ruido y almacena a agapio el audio codificado y algunos datos adicionales en las tramas. Cada trama contiene información de 1152 muestras de audio y consiste de un encabezado, de los datos de audio junto con el chequeo de errores mediante CRC y de los datos particulares (estos dos últimos opcionales).

Volumen
La normalización de volumen, también conocido como Normalización de audio, básicamente consiste en la nivelación del volumen de las pistas que conforman un álbum, lo que permite escuchar las canciones que lo componen siempre con el mismo volumen, evitando el salto entre una canción que «suena bajo» con otra que «suena alto». Para ello se utilizan programas como QMP3Gain.

Estructura de un fichero MP3
Un fichero MP3 se constituye de diferentes tramas que a su vez se componen de una cabecera y los datos en sí. Esta secuencia de datos es la denominada «Stream Elemental». Cada una de las tramas es independiente, es decir, pueden ser cortadas las tramas de un fichero MP3 y después reproducirlos en cualquier reproductor MP3 del Mercado.
La cabecera consta de una palabra de sincronismo que es utilizada para indicar el principio de una trama válida. A continuación siguen una serie de bits que indican que el fichero analizado es un fichero Standard MPEG y si usa o no la capa 3. Después de todo esto, los valores difieren dependiendo del tipo de archivo MP3. Los rangos de valores quedan definidos en la norma ISO/IEC 11172-3.

Transformada de Fourier discreta

En matemáticas, la transformada de Fourier discreta, designada con frecuencia por la abreviatura DFT (del inglés discrete Fourier transform), y a la que en ocasiones se denomina transformada de Fourier finita, es una transformada de Fourier ampliamente empleada en tratamiento de señales y en campos afines para analizar las frecuencias presentes en una señal muestreada, resolver ecuaciones diferenciales parciales y realizar otras operaciones, como convoluciones. Es utilizada en el proceso de elaboración de un fichero MP3.

La transformada de Fourier discreta puede calcularse de modo muy eficiente mediante el algoritmo FFT.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Fraunhofer IIS Sitio web del Instituto Fraunhofer, creador del formato MP3.
 Cómo funciona el formato MP3 en How Stuff Works .

Códecs de audio
Normas MPEG
Inventos de Alemania del siglo XX
Software propietario
Software de 1987
Alemania en 1987
Introducciones relacionadas a la ciencia de la computación de 1993


text:
HomeHealth NewsWhat Does a More Contagious Virus Mean for Schools?
What Does a More Contagious Virus Mean for Schools?
The coronavirus variant discovered in Britain is more easily spread among children, as it is among adults. Current safeguards should protect schools, experts said, but only if strictly enforced.
It wasn't until last fall that many parents started to breathe easier, as it became clear that elementary schools, at least, were not cesspools of infection with the coronavirus. But the alarming news of a more contagious version of the virus, first identified in Britain, revived those concerns.
Initial reports were tinged with worry that children might be just as susceptible as adults, fueling speculation that schools might need to pre-emptively close to limit the variant's spread. But recent research from Public Health England may put those fears to rest.
Based on detailed contact-tracing of about 20,000 people infected with the new variant — including nearly 3,000 children under 10 — the report showed that young children were about half as likely as adults to transmit the variant to others. That was true of the previous iteration of the virus, as well.
"There was a lot of speculation at the beginning suggesting that children spread this variant more," said Muge Cevik, an infectious disease expert at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and a scientific adviser to the British government. "That's really not the case."
But the variant does spread more easily among children, just as it does among adults. The report estimated that the new variant is about 30 percent to 50 percent more contagious than its predecessors — less than the 70 percent researchers had initially estimated, but high enough that the variant is expected to pummel the United States and other countries, as it did Britain.
Prime Minister Boris Johnson of Britain had promised last year to do all he could to keep schools open. But he changed course in the face of soaring infections and buckling hospital systems, and ordered schools and colleges to move to remote learning. Other European countries put a premium on opening schools in September and have worked to keep them open, though the variant already has forced some to close.
In the United States, the mutant virus has been spotted only in a handful of states but is expected to spread swiftly, becoming the predominant source of infections by March. If community prevalence rises to unmanageable levels — a likely proposition, given the surge in most states — even elementary schools may be forced to close.
But that should be a last resort, after closures of indoor restaurants, bars, bowling alleys and malls, several experts said.
"I still say exactly what many people have said for the past few months — that schools should be the last thing to close," said Helen Jenkins, an infectious disease expert at Boston University. Keeping schools open carries some risk, but "I think it can be reduced substantially with all the mitigations in place," she said.
Reports of the new variant first surfaced in early December, and some researchers initially suggested that unlike with previous versions of the virus, children might be just as susceptible to the new variant as adults.
Researchers at P.H.E. looked at how efficiently people of various ages transmitted the variant to others. They found that children under 10 were roughly half as likely as adults to spread the variant.
Adolescents and teenagers between ages 10 and 19 were more likely than younger children to spread the variant, but not as likely as adults. (The range for the older group in the study is too broad to be useful for drawing conclusions, Dr. Cevik said. Biologically, a 10-year-old is very different from a 19-year-old.)
Over all, though, the variant was more contagious in each age group than previous versions of the virus. The mutant virus will result in more infections in children unless schools shore up their precautions, experts said.
"The variant is not necessarily affecting children particularly, but we know that it's adding on more transmissibility to all age groups," Dr. Cevik said. "We need to find ways to return these kids back to school as soon as possible; we need to use this time period to prepare."
A schoolyard in Dortmund, Germany, this month. Fears of the new variant prompted Chancellor Angel Merkel to order schools closed.Ina Fassbender/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
In Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel had vowed that schools would be the last thing to close during the second lockdown that began in November. Schools went to great lengths to keep in-person classes in session, requiring children to wear masks and opening windows to ensure better ventilation even as temperatures plummeted.
But fear of the variant's spread prompted Ms. Merkel to keep schools closed following the holiday break at least through the end of January.
In France, where the new variant has not resulted in a surge of infections so far, schools reopened earlier this month after the winter break. France was not dealing with a particularly difficult epidemic, and health protocols put in place last September limited transmission in schools, Jean-Michel Blanquer, France's education minister, has said.
The Italian government, too, has allowed not just elementary schools to open but also high schools, albeit at half capacity. Still, local leaders have implemented tighter restrictions, with some high schools slated to stay closed until the end of the month.
In the United States, the variant has only been spotted in a handful of states, and still accounts for less than 0.5 percent of infections. Schools remain open in New York City and many other parts of the country, but some have had to shut down because of rising virus infections in the community.
"Obviously, we don't want to get to a point where it seems like we closed schools too late," said Dr. Uché Blackstock, an urgent care physician in Brooklyn and founder of Advancing Health Equity, a health care advocacy group. "But at the same time, I think that we should try to keep our young children in school for as long as possible for in-person learning."
It's been clear for months what measures are necessary, Dr. Blackstock and other experts said: requiring masks for all children and staff; ensuring adequate ventilation in schools, even if just by opening windows or teaching outdoors; maintaining distance between students, perhaps by adopting hybrid schedules; and hand hygiene.
The new variant, while more contagious, is still thwarted by these measures. But only a few schools in Britain implemented them.
"When we look at what's happened in the U.K. and think about this new variant, and we see all the case numbers going up, we have to remember it in the context of schools being open with virtually no modification at all," Dr. Jenkins said. "I would like to see a real-life example of that kind of country or state or location, which has managed to control things in schools."
There are some examples within the United States.
Erin Bromage, an immunologist at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, advised the governor of Rhode Island, as well as schools in southern Massachusetts, on preventive measures needed to turn back the coronavirus. The schools that closely adhered to the guidelines have not seen many infections, even when the virus was circulating at high levels in the community, Dr. Bromage said.
"When the system is designed correctly and we're bringing children into school, they are as safe, if not safer, than they would be in a hybrid or remote system," he said.
The school Dr. Bromage's children attend took additional precautions. For example, administrators closed the school a few days before Thanksgiving to lower the risk at family gatherings, and operated remotely the week following the holiday.
Officials tested the nearly 300 students and staff at the end of that week, found only two cases, and decided to reopen.
"That gave us the confidence that our population was not representative of what we were seeing in the wider community," he said. "We were using data to determine coming back together."
The tests cost $61 per child, but schools that cannot afford it could consider testing only teachers, he added, because the data suggest the virus is "more likely to move from teacher to teacher than it is from student to teacher."
In New York City, students and teachers are randomly tested, and have so far shown remarkably low rates of transmission within schools.
Dr. Blackstock has two children at an elementary school in Brooklyn, and said her son has not been tested all year. Even if the new variant brings a spike in cases, the city's policy of closing a school if it has two unrelated infections is "too conservative," she said.
If the number of cases skyrockets and the schools shut down more often, "then I would probably say, 'This doesn't feel right, let's keep them home,'" she said. "But they're going to be in school as long as I can possibly keep them."
Emma Bubola contributed reporting from Milan, Melissa Eddy from Berlin, Constant Méheut from Paris and Benjamin Mueller from London.


The Honda VF 750 C Magna model is a Custom / cruiser bike manufactured by Honda . In this version sold from year 1997 , the dry weight is and it is equiped with a V4, four-stroke motor. The engine produces a maximum peak output power of 78.00 HP (56.9 kW) @ 9000 RPM and a maximum torque of 65.35 Nm (6.7 kgf-m or 48.2 ft.lbs) @ 7250 RPM . With this drive-train, the Honda VF 750 C Magna is capable of reaching a maximum top speed of . Regarding the chassis characteristics, responsible for road holding, handling behaviour and ride confort, the Honda VF 750 C Magna have a frame with front suspension being and in the rear suspension it is equiped with dualshock . Stock tire sizes are 120/80-17 on the front, and 150/80-15 on the rear. As for stopping power, the Honda VF 750 C Magna braking system includes Single disc. 1-piston caliper size 315 mm (12.4 inches) at the front and Expanding brake (drum brake) size at the rear.


text:
Q: Combobox show value member private class Item
{
    public string Name;
    public string Value;
    public Item(string name, string value)
    {
        Name = name; Value = value;
    }

    cmb_1.Items.Add(new Item("mykonos", "1"));
    cmb_1.Items.Add(new Item("Paros", "2"));
    cmb_1.Items.Add(new Item("Nobugz", "666"));

I have this code. When I choose "mykonos" for example from ComboBox I would like to show dialog number 1. Any ideas?

A: cmb_1.SelectedItem is Item object.
        Item selectedItem = cmb_1.SelectedItem as Item;
        if (selectedItem != null)
            MessageBox.Show(string.Format("selected Item value:{0}, name:{1}", selectedItem.Value, selecteItem.Name));
        else
            MessageBox.Show("no selected item");

A: Create your class like and override ToString() method to return the value you want.
    class Item
    {
        public string Text { get; set; }
        public object Value { get; set; }
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return Text;
        }
    }

Add items to your ComboBox:
        cmb_1.Items.Add(new Item() { Text= "mykonos", Value="1" });
        cmb_1.Items.Add(new Item() { Text = "Paros", Value = "2" });
        cmb_1.Items.Add(new Item() { Text = "Nobugz", Value = "666" });
        cmb_1.SelectedIndex = 0;

And within SelectedIndexChanged event handler, do this:
    private void cmb_1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        if(cmb_1.SelectedItem!=null)
            MessageBox.Show((cmb_1.SelectedItem as Item).Value.ToString());
    }

ShowDialog doesn't work like you want, it does work with the Forms. You can simply use MessageBox.Show to verify. This is tested code.
Hope it helps.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Gospel - what does God say about Himself, mankind, and His Son, the savior of the world?
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Membership - why do we have it? Is it important?
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Leadership - how should we lead and be led?
Since the church is people, not an organization or building, the best way to get to know who we are is to come visit and find out first hand. Come join us as we build up the body of Christ by living out the Christian life together. We look forward to seeing you soon!


text:
import Alert from 'ringcentral-integration/modules/Alert';
import Storage from 'ringcentral-integration/modules/Storage';
import Locale from 'ringcentral-integration/modules/Locale';
import { Modal } from 'ringcentral-widgets/modules/Modal';
import RouterInteraction from 'ringcentral-widgets/modules/RouterInteraction';

import { EvClient } from '../../lib/EvClient';
import { EvPresence } from '../EvPresence';
import { EvSessionConfig } from '../EvSessionConfig';
import { EvSettings } from '../EvSettings';
import { EvSubscription } from '../EvSubscription';

export interface State {
  // dtmfString: string;
  muteActive: boolean;
  softphoneRegistered: boolean;
}

export interface DepsModules {
  routerInteraction: RouterInteraction;
  locale: Locale;
  evSessionConfig: EvSessionConfig;
  evSubscription: EvSubscription;
  evSettings: EvSettings;
  evClient: EvClient;
  storage: Storage;
  presence: EvPresence;
  modal: Modal;
  alert: Alert;
}

export interface IntegratedSoftphone extends State {}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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