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Bollywood Celebs
Rohit Shetty News
Ranveer Hints At Film With SRK?
Tinsel town has been abuzz with speculations of Ranveer Singh and Shah Rukh Khan sharing screen space for a project. Recently, at an event, the Bajirao Mastani actor was asked about his project with S
Ranveer Singh To Work With Rohit Shetty?
Ranveer Singh's craziness might soon combine with Rohit Shetty's action theory as grapevine is abuzz with rumours that the duo will soon join hands for an ad film. It is said that screenwriter Milap Z
Varun Dhawan Dismisses Rumours Of Not Collaborating With Rohit Shetty Again
Varun Dhawan's last offering 'Dilwale' failed to perform at the box office. The Rohit Shetty directorial was criticised by the audiences as well as the critics. Rumours were doing the rounds that beca
Rohit Shetty: Golmaal 4, Ram Lakhan Remake To Go On Floors This Year
The 'Golmaal' fans are in for another treat as Rohit Shetty has announced the next instalment of the comedy film series. Titled 'Golmaal 4', the film is likely to star Ajay Devgn, reprising his role f
Varun Dhawan Rejects Rohit Shetty's Ram Lakhan?
The remake of the cult classic, Ram Lakhan, which starred Anil Kapoor and Jackie Shroff has been on cards since a year. It seems that the Rohit Shetty project has hit a roadblock now. Rumour has it th
Shah Rukh Khan 'Disappointed' With Dilwale's Collection
Dilwale has done an amazing business at the box office but still far less than what was expected and Shah Rukh Khan is certainly "disappointed" by the film's collection. "I don't think the film has do
Rohit Shetty Confirms Not Working With Shahid In His Next
Golmaal: Unlimited fame filmmaker Rohit Shetty denies the reports of casting actor Shahid Kapoor for a project. Rumors have been the Dilwale director will team up with the Haider star. Rohit while tal
Shreyas Not Confirmed To Be A Part Of Golmaal Sequel
The Laxman of Golmaal 3 and Golmaal Returns may not be seen in the fourth instalment of the film. Actor-producer Shreyas Talpade says his role in multi-starrer Rohit Shetty's Golmaal is yet to be conf
Kriti Sanon Annoyed With Co-passenger Watching Pirated Version Of Dilwale
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Dilwale Still Off The Screen In Mangaluru
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Rohit Shetty Thinks The Bans Are Just A "Misundertanding"
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Dilwale Still In The Lead
The Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol starrer Dilwale crossed the Rs. 100 crore mark on its opening weekend worldwide. The movie pooled in Rs. 121 crore out of which Rs. 65 crore came from the Indian market. T


I took some time off this year but still ended up reading a good amount of books. I think my initial goal was to read 50 books, somehow that jumped to 70 (extremely wishful thinking). I ended up reading about 40 and and reviewing 31 of those. Not bad.
A good mix of genres, but no mysteries made it in the top 10. Silent on the Moor by Deanna Raybourn and Heartsick by Chelsea Cain came close though.
My goal for next year is to not set one. Going into 2009, I couldn't have predicted that I'd end up taking close to four months off, so to keep myself from not reaching a specific goal for whatever unforeseen reasons, I'm not making myself any promises.
My hopes for the 2010 reading year are to read a good amount of 2010 releases, to increase the amount of YA that I read, and to make a sizeable dent in my tbr pile. If I accomplish any of those things I'll be happy.
So, how did you make out this year? Did you meet your reading goal, exceed it? Did you have any standout reads or authors? Share!
I love your list! I have quite a few of those books in my TBR pile or my TBB list (still). Garden Spell, Hugh & Bess & The Sharing Knife are books I definitely want to read & I have Raybourn's books slotted for 2010!
Did you ever get to read Twisted by Jodi Thomas?
Hi Hils! Thanks! I really hope you enjoy those books as much as I did. I absolutely love the Sharing Knife series, it is one of my favorites to date.
I learned my lesson from setting # goals on books. It's great that you did meet the reading challenges you set for yourself! Great picks for favorite authors. I'm sure if I'd read the whole Kate Daniels series to date, Ilona Andrews would be on my list! I also love Linnea Sinclair but didn't read any of her releases this year. China Mieville, I'll have to give his books a go. I've heard nothing but good things about his writing.
Nath! It feels good, being back. Hopefully, I can keep up a steady reading and updating pace next year.
I actually have the first book in the Thief series somewhere around here. I started it around the time my reading slump began and haven't gotten around to finishing it yet. I'll be going back to it in the new year.
I haven't read Twisted Creek yet, but it's high up on my list of books that I need to read soon.
No resolutions or goals is a great idea!
You've got some great books on the list. Garden Spells is on my tbr pile along with the Bujold.
My reading goal for next year is to get the tbr pile down. It's just gotten out of hand so I'm joining challenges that will help with that.
New favorite authors for the year are Rob Thurman, Robyn Carr, Karen Rose, Jill Shalvis, Sarah Mayberry, Linnea Sinclair, Suzanne Collins and I'm sure there's more. LOL It's turned out to be a very good reading year.
Hi Jace, Welcome back to you, too!
Garden Spells was really a highlight read for me last year. I absolutely loved it.
Glad to hear that you exceeded your goal this year. I havr Juliet Marilier in the TBR, and I've been meaning to pick up Jeaniene Frost's series. I'll have to do that now.
What a great list. I like that it's made up of such a diverse mix of genres. I actually branched out and read a lot of different kinds of books in 2009, so I'm happy about that. I think I read 61 books in 2008, so I just wanted to try to read more in 2009, which I did at 78 books read. I'm joining a 100+ book challenge, but I'm not going to beat myself up about it. I'm just going to read more and hope to get close.
I need to check out Hugh and Bess. You're the second blogger I've come across who placed it on your top reads list this year. Angels' Blood is also one of my favorites for 2009 and I must say that Garden Spells was such a delightful read. I'm not sure if it will make my top 10 list, but it is definitely close! I'll have to go back and make my own top list soon, too.
Here's to many more great reads in 2010!
Hi Christine, That's a really good amount of books read. I hope that you make it to the 100+ goal you have for this year.
Yes, do check out Hugh and Bess if you get the chance. Great book. Glad you liked Garden Spells, too.
That is a lot of reading. Your goals reminds me of Jimmy Buffett, "I made a resolution, I never make another one."
Love your list. I'll join the crowd and say how much I enjoyed GARDEN SPELLS. In fact, I just finished her 2nd book, THE SUGAR QUEEN, and wow. Such a sweet read.
I just finished her 2nd book, THE SUGAR QUEEN, and wow. Such a sweet read.
@Sir John, that's the best kind of resolution.
Hi Angie, glad to hear that Sugar Queen was also good. I've been meaning to check it out from the library, I'll have to get on that.
Here's to many great books this year!
Leslie, Don't know how I missed your comment!
I really hope you enjoy Garden Spells as much as everyone else seems to have.
I absolutely love Bujold's Sharing Knife series. It is just so lovely. If you get around to it, I hope you love it too.
Great authors on your list. Many of them are currently on my shelves, I just haven't given them a go yet. I look forward to doing that soon.
I generally don't set reading goals for myself, but this year I joined a group Goodreads called 144 Books in 2010. I should be able to make that many, but if I don't I'm not going to worry about it.
Brie you read some really great books in 2009.


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Parapionosyllis minuta é uma espécie de anelídeo pertencente à família Syllidae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é Pierantoni, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1903.

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, incluindo a sua zona económica exclusiva.

Referências
 Parapionosyllis minuta - World Register of Marine Species (consultado em 31 de dezembro de 2013).

Ligações externas

 Parapionosyllis minuta - Biodiversity Heritage Library - Bibliografia
 Parapionosyllis minuta - NCBI Taxonomy Database
 Parapionosyllis minuta - Global Biodiversity Information Facility
 Parapionosyllis minuta - Encyclopedia of Life

Anelídeos de Portugal
minuta
Anelídeos descritos em 1903

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Where did Harry Lillis Crosby get the nickname "Bing"?
August 5, 2020 November 28, 2011 by Pamela Landy
Harry Lillis Crosby get the nickname "Bing" from a comic strip he liked called "The Bingville Bugle."
How many of Bing Crosby's sons have killed themselves? Two of the four of Bing Crosby's sons have killed…
What are the real names of these actors? Fred Astaire. Frederick Austerlitz Bing Crosby. Harry Lillis Crosby Marlene…
In his confrontation with a bank robber in Dirty Harry (1971), did Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood) fire five shots or six? In his confrontation with a bank robber in Dirty Harry…
Which Irving Berlin song came first, "God Bless America" or "White Christmas"? The Irving Berlin song "God Bless America" (1918) appeared 24…
Did Hoagy Carmichael ever win an Oscar for Best Song? Hoagy Carmichael won in 1951 for "In the Cool Cool…
In what movie does the song "White Christmas" first appear? The song "White Christmas" first appeared in Holiday Inn (1942),…
Categories Movies Post navigation
What were the first names of the shipwrecked Robinsons in the TV series "Lost in Space" (CBS, 1965-68)?
What is the subtitle of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850)?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


To ask the Chancellor of the Exchequer how many awards of tax credits there have been where the national insurance number of one or more claimants was identifiable as one issued to a person who was not a UK national at the time of issue of the number in the latest period for which figures are available; and what the total amount was of those awards.
In March 2013, information was extracted from HMRC's tax credit system in respect of the number of families claiming tax credits where, if claiming as a couple, at least one of the family members was recorded as being a non-UK national when they registered for a national insurance number.
The extract shows that as at March 2013, 715,900 such families were claiming tax credits. If we assume no further changes until the end of the relevant year, the annual tax credits entitlement of these awards was £4.9 billion. The same extract showed that the total number of families claiming tax credits was 4,705,100 with an annual entitlement of £29.55 billion.
For this purpose, as nationality was based on nationality at the time a claimant first registered for a national insurance number (NINO)the nationality of some of those claimants may have since changed. The information is not therefore sufficiently reliable to be used for formal statistical purposes.
Based on this information the numbers of non-UK nationals claiming tax credits as a percentage of the entire tax credits population are broadly in line with the percentage of non-UK nationals in the UK work force (according to figures in the 2013 Labour Force Surveycomplied by the ONS).


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Q: send metadata and content as base64 encoded for pdf and xlsx documents My requirement is to send metadata and content of pdf and xlsx files as base64 encoded to backend system.
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A: Can you please elaborate your requirement more?  eg: sample request etc. Let us know your complete use case .Also how do you send the pdf content to ESB is it as HTTP request or using reading as file system.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Regular moderate intensity physical activity positively influences the immune system with a lower incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and lower levels of pro-inflammatory markers. However, marathon running due to its strenuous and prolonged nature results in immune perturbations with a major increase in pro-inflammatory markers and subsequent increased incidence of URTI. Furthermore, marathon running results in muscle damage and changes in hemostasis that promote a pro-thrombotic state.
Naturally occurring hydrolytic enzymes and flavonoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic effects, and may serve as countermeasures to exercise-induced inflammation, immune dysfunction and URTI.
The aim of this study is to determine whether the ingestion of oral hydrolytic enzymes and flavonoids before and after a marathon attenuates post-race muscle damage and inflammation, counters pro-thrombotic changes in hemostasis and decreases URTI incidence.
The Enzy-MagIC-study (Enzymes, Marathon runninG, Inflammation, Coagulation) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, monocenter phase I trial. 160 healthy males (age 20-65 years) will be randomized to receive either placebo or treatment (Wobenzym, MUCOS Pharma, Berlin, Germany) which contains the hydrolytic enzymes (bromelain, trypsin) and the flavonoid rutoside. One week before the marathon race, participants will begin daily ingestion of the investigational product (3×4 tablets). Intake will be continued for two weeks after the race (3×2 tablets per day). Clinical and laboratory measures will be collected 5-weeks and 1-week before the race, and immediately-, 24-h, 72-h, and 2 weeks after the race. The primary endpoint is the influence of the treatment on the pre-to-post marathon race plasma concentration change of the inflammatory marker interleukin-6 (IL-6). Secondary endpoints include the effect of treatment on salivary IgA concentration and the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) for two weeks post-marathon as determined by the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-24). Furthermore, changes of muscular and rheological parameters will be measured before and after the marathon race.
We hypothesize that marathon-induced inflammatory perturbations and the incidence of subsequent URTI, muscular damage, and changes of hemostasis can be positively influenced by the anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and fibrinolytic effects of oral hydrolytic enzymes and flavonoids (Wobenzym).
Regular moderate intensity physical activity has been shown to positively influence the immune system [1, 2]. Clinically this is represented by decreased incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and pro-inflammatory markers in individuals who participate in regular moderate-intensity physical activity [2, 3]. In contrast, most studies indicate that URTI rates increase during the 1-3 week period following marathon-type race events due to transient alterations in immunosurveillance [4–6]. Strenuous and prolonged exercise such as marathon running results in a major increase in inflammatory markers (e.g. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6) [6–8]. IL-6 is a cytokine with a wide range of biological effects, including pro-inflammatory influences during sepsis . IL-6 is a central mediator of the acute-phase response and primary determinant of hepatic production of C-reactive protein (CRP) . Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP have been found in low-grade systemic inflammation such as atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus [11, 12]. In healthy men an elevated IL-6 plasma concentration has been associated with increased vascular risk and myocardial infarction . IL-6 may stimulate blood coagulation and has been suggested to be an independent predictor for sudden death [14, 15].
However, it is discussed equivocally whether IL-6 is primarily a pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokine. IL-6 activity appears to be essential for both the effective management of acute inflammation and to balance pro- and anti-inflammatory activity . Post-exercise increases in plasma IL-6 are related to exercise workloads, with the highest levels found after strenuous and prolonged exercise [6–8]. Plasma IL-6 concentration decreases rapidly after strenuous exercise and is followed by increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ra and IL-10 inducing an anti-inflammatory environment [2, 17, 18]. Chronic exercise, especially when accompanied with weight loss, is associated with decreased CRP and IL-6. This is linked to a reduced atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease incidence [11, 12].
Besides immune alterations, marathon running results in muscular damage which causes elevated levels of muscle enzymes (e.g. creatine kinase) and muscle soreness . Additionally, changes of hemostasis leading to a pro-thrombotic state can be seen after a marathon race .
Consumption of plant derived foods such as vegetables and fruits has been linked to a reduced incidence of chronic diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis [21, 22]. The protective effects of these foods are attributed to hydrolytic enzymes and flavonoids that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial effects [23–25]. The most important and therefore most extensive investigated flavonoids are rutosid (synonym rutin) and its glycosyl quercetin. Both flavonoids are mostly found in plants (such as apples) . There are several studies investigating the antioxidant properties of these two flavonoids [26–30]. Whereas bromelain is a protein-digesting enzyme found in pineapple . Nutritional supplements are being investigated as countermeasures to exercise-induced inflammation, immune dysfunction, and URTI . Polyphenol-rich supplements under certain exercise conditions have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects [6, 27, 28].
Supplementation with oral hydrolytic enzymes has been reported to have analgetic, anti-edematous and anti-inflammatory influences [33, 34]. Bromelain has the potential to decrease neutrophil migration and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [25, 35]. Furthermore, Bromelain reduces platelet aggregation and exhibits fibrinolytic activities in dissolving fibrin clots . Trypsin has antioxidant effects, influences the activation of protease-activated receptor 2, and decreases the inflammatory response in animal models and in studies with allergic respiratory disease [36–38].
Wobenzym (brand name: Wobenzym® plus, Phlogenzym® or Wobenzym PS® depending on the country) is an orally applied formulation composed of hydrolytic enzymes (bromelain, trypsin) and the flavonoid rutoside. Clinical trials in both humans and animals suggest a beneficial effect of this combination on inflammatory diseases. These include immunologically mediated atherosclerosis in rat aortic allografts and rheumatologic disease [39, 40]. Following injury, Wobenzym has been shown to restore microcirculation, decrease pain, reduce inflammation and swelling, and alleviate musculoskeletal symptoms to the same extent as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [34, 36].
Taken together, supplementation with polyphenols and hydrolytic enzymes appears to be a promising approach to mitigate marathon-induced changes in inflammation, muscular damage and soreness, and rheological status.
Therefore, the aim of the study is to investigate the influence of hydrolytic enzyme and flavonoid supplementation on changes in inflammatory, muscular, and rheological status in healthy males participating in a marathon race.
Enzy-MagIC is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, monocenter phase I trial. Participants will be randomized in a 1:1 manner to receive either Wobenzym (treatment) or placebo. An overview of timing of randomization, treatment schema and data collection is presented in Figure 1.
Study design and treatment schema of Enzy-MagIC-study ( Enzy mes, Ma rathon runnin G , I nflammation, C oagulation-Study). V1: visit 1 five weeks before marathon race. V2: visit 2 one week before race. V3: visit 3 immediately after race. V4: visit 4 one day after race. V5: visit 5 three days after race. V6: visit 6 two weeks after race. Red dots: study medication. One week before the marathon race, participants will begin daily ingestion of the study medication (3×4 tablets), with intake continued for two weeks after the race (3×2 tablets per day).
A total of 160 healthy male athletes between the ages of 20 and 65 years who intend to participate in the Munich Marathon 2013 will be recruited from August-September 2013. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented in Table 1.
*Healthy means in accordance with the current WHO-definition a state of complex physical and mental well-being .
The study will be conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines, the guiding principles of the Declaration of Helsinki 2008, and local laws and regulations. The study protocol has been approved by the ethics committee of the University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (approval reference number, 5820/13) and the Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bonn, Germany (Vorlagenummer, 4039219).
All participants will have to provide written informed consent. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01916408).
One week before the marathon race, the participants will begin daily ingestion (oral use) of the investigational product Wobenzym (3×4 tablets) and for the two weeks after the marathon race 3×2 tablets. The treatment schema can be seen in Figure 1. Both Wobenzym dosages prior and after the race are in accordance with recommendations in the patient information sheet. In case of heavy inflammatory illnesses or after acute trauma, the dosage can be increased up to 12 tablets per day. Therefore, 12 tablets per day prior to the race should serve as a loading dose before the marathon race representing a inflammatory stimulus. After this loading period, the dosage is decreased to a maintenance dosage of 6 tablets per day. Based on this dosage regime, an adequate plasma concentration of rutoside, trypsin and bromelain can be expected in accordance to the study of Roots et al. .
The study product is Wobenzym, an orally applied enzyme-rutoside combination supplement. Each tablet contains 90 mg bromelain, 48 mg trypsin, and 100 mg rutoside. The current indications of the investigational product are swelling and inflammation caused by injuries/trauma, thrombophlebitis and inflammation of joints due to osteoarthritis. Pharmacological investigations in animals have proven no toxic, teratogenic or mutagenic characteristics after single, multiple or long-term intake.
Wobenzym (formerly known as Phlogenzym®) has been on the German market since 1991. Typical adverse reactions of this oral enzyme therapy are a change of consistency, color and odor of the stool. At higher doses, sensations of fullness, flatulence and diarrhea may appear. These symptoms may also be related to the excipient lactose. Very few allergic reactions have been reported. All reported adverse reactions have been minor and disappeared after discontinuation. None of the cases required further treatment. The placebo supplement for the control group consists of lactose-monohydrate and has no active ingredient.
Blood samples will be collected 5-weeks (visit 1) and 1-week (visit 2) before the race, and immediately (visit 3), 24-h (visit 4), 72-h (visit 5) and 2 weeks (visit 6) after the race. At these visits inflammation measures (IL-6, IL-1-β, IL-10, myeloperoxidase, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), leukocyte count) will be analyzed.
Muscle damage parameters (creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin, glutamate oxalacetate (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) will be collected and measured at each visit (1-6). The short form of the McGill-questionnaire will be used to assess muscular strain .
Rheological parameters (D-dimer, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), platelet aggregation) will be collected and measured at each visit (1-6).
Baseline data of the participants will be collected at the first visit. This includes questionnaires assessing training history, history of cardiovascular risk factors, physical examination, anthropometry, clinical chemistry, resting ECG, and echocardiography. One week prior to the race URTI-rates will be assessed daily by the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-24) and will be compared between treatment and placebo group during the 2-week period following the race. The WURSS-24 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing symptoms, functional impairments, and global severity and global change of common cold . Only complete questionnaires will be used for analyses.
Participants will be requested not to use medications influencing inflammation such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Furthermore, subjects will be asked to refrain from fatty food and from all polyphenol-containing foods, especially beverages such as wine, beer, and fruit juice, as well as fresh and dried fruits or vegetables. Nutritional intake will be recorded with a 3-days nutritional record before visit 2 and before the marathon race.
The primary endpoint criterion is the effect of Wobenzym compared to placebo on plasma IL-6 concentration changes following the marathon race.
the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) during the 2-week post-marathon period as determined by the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-24).
pre-to-post marathon race changes in salivary IgA concentration.
pre-to-post marathon race changes of muscular (e.g. CK, myoglobin, GOT, LDH) and rheological (e.g. D-Dimer, tPA, platelet aggregation) parameters, and muscular strain ( McGill Pain Questionnaire).
pre-to-post marathon race changes of cytokine concentrations (e.g. IL-1-β, IL-10), oxidative markers (e.g. myeloperoxidase) and acute-phase-proteins (e.g. high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]) as well as differential blood and leukocyte count (e.g. leukocytosis).
Sample size calculation was based on the primary endpoint criterion, the difference in marathon-induced change of plasma IL-6 between the study groups. Due to the expected right-skewed distribution of IL-6, differences in changes of logarithmized IL-6 levels (relative group changes) were considered as the base for inferential statistics. From previous publications a coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.60 for IL-6 changes was expected for the proposed study population . Assuming a true relative difference of at least 25% between the groups, a sample size of 80 individuals per group is necessary to detect a difference in IL-6 changes between both groups (given the CV of 0.60) with a power of 90% on a two-sided level of significance of 0.05.
Participants will be randomized to Wobenzym or placebo in a 1:1 ratio using a pre-generated randomization list with variable block sizes.
According to the randomization list the IMP (either Wobenzym or placebo) will be labelled with the participant's ID by the manufacturer MUCOS GmbH and will be sent to the principal investigator.
Adverse events are undesirable signs or symptoms that occur during the study and may or may not be causally related to the treatment. All adverse events considered at any level to be related to the IMP will be recorded on eCRFs. A common cold or URTI episode is not regarded as an AE in this study.
Serious adverse events (SAEs) are defined as events that are fatal, life-threatening, disabling, incapacitating, or resulting in hospitalization, prolonged hospital stay, or malformation. All will be recorded in the eCRF, whether they are related to the IMP or not. According to preclinical data Wobenzym is a safe supplement. Any SAE considered at any level to be related to the IMP will be regarded as unexpected. All SAEs will be reported according to the GCP-guidelines.
Participants have the right to withdraw from the clinical trial at any time and in any case without giving a reason. The investigator has the right to withdraw a subject for any reason which is in the best interests of the subject, including intercurrent illness or adverse events. Discontinued participants will not be replaced.
The difference of logarithmized IL-6 values will be calculated for each participant as distribution of IL-6 differences within the groups is expected to be skewed. Differences of logarithmized values will be compared between both study groups using a two-sample t-test. A two-sided level of significance of 5% will be considered for this primary efficacy analysis. Quantitative secondary endpoints will be analyzed using ANOVA methods, and qualitative data using chi-squared tests. Analysis of the primary endpoint and the secondary efficacy endpoints will be performed following the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle. These endpoints will also be assessed in the per-protocol dataset in the sense of sensitivity analyses.
The ITT dataset will consist of all trial subjects enrolled into the trial and randomized. For subjects with missing post marathon inflammation markers, a conservative replacement of the missing values will be conducted by imputing the lowest observed post marathon value for the placebo group and the highest observed value for the treatment group. The per-protocol dataset includes all trial subjects who were treated according to protocol. A tertiary dataset for analysis is the safety population. This population includes all trial subjects who received any IMP or other trial treatment.
The trial database will be based on the MARVIN system, an electronic data base developed for clinical trials. The system is CDISC certified, well defined and represents a worldwide accepted data and documentation standard. This approach allows online plausibility checks and automated queries, and contains automatic validation rules. Every modification will be automatically tracked during the trial.The database is integrated in an IT infrastructure and safety system containing a backup and firewall system. The data are saved on a daily basis.The medical data in this trial are to be recorded in eCRFs. After completing the data input (including data cleaning) the database will be locked and can be exported for statistical analysis in SPSS or SAS format.
The Enzy-MagIC trial will investigate the effects of oral hydrolytic enzymes and flavonoids (Wobenzym) on marathon-induced changes in inflammation, muscle impairment, and rheological status in healthy males. Previous studies indicate that Wobenzym has anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and fibrinolytic effects [34, 39, 40]. Thus the hypothesis for this study is that Wobenzym supplementation for one week before and two weeks after participation in a competitive marathon race will mitigate inflammation and muscle damage, lower URTI incidence, and attenuate pro-thrombotic hemostatic changes.
Plasma IL-6 concentration is increased after strenuous prolonged exercise such as marathon running [6–9]. Polyphenols and trypsin may decrease IL-6 release [29, 46, 47] whereas bromelain may alter the release of other pro-inflammatory factors . Thus a primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of a mixture of rutoside, trypsin, and bromelain on marathon-induced changes in plasma IL-6. If proven to be efficacious in this setting, Wobenzym may emerge as a suitable alternative to NSAIDs.
Supplementation of a mixture of flavonoids has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects after exercise [27, 28]. Results from a randomized double-blind study with human marathon athletes ingesting a polyphenol-rich beverage for 3 weeks before and 2 weeks after marathon race showed a reduced incidence of URTI . The athletes in this study drank 1-1.5 liters of non-alcoholic beer per day, making this approach very challenging. The use of Wobenzym tablets containing hydrolytic enzymes and flavonoids simplifies the supplementation process and should improve compliance.
Supplementation with bromelain in children with sinusitis showed a significantly faster recovery from symptoms compared to standard therapy . Therefore the use of supplements with a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes and flavonoids might be a promising approach to attenuate marathon-induced immune dysfunction and lower URTI incidence and symptom severity.
Marathon running induces significant muscle soreness and damage, with large increases in creatine kinase and myoglobin . Muscular damage and glycogen depletion have been associated in other studies with post-exercise increases in IL-6 and other inflammatory parameters . Therefore, attenuation of muscle soreness and damage through use of Wobenzym should result in lower post-race plasma levels of IL-6. Other studies indicate that following injury, Wobenzym decreases pain and swelling, and is as effective as the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac [34, 48].
Following marathon race participation, athletes experience changes of hemostasis associated with a pro-thrombotic state . Two studies investigated the effect of bromelain on platelet aggregation. In vitro bromelain proteases reduced human platelet aggregation . In rats Livio et al. also demonstrated reduced platelet aggregation and fibrinolytic effects after administration of bromelain . Orally applied bromelain showed an inhibition of thrombus formation in rat mesenteric vessels .
In summary, ingestion of oral hydrolytic enzymes and flavonoids is hypothesized to function as a countermeasure strategy to marathon-induced inflammation, muscle damage and soreness, negative changes in rheological status, and increased URTI incidence. These negative physiologic effects after marathon competition prolong recovery. For athletes it is very important that the regeneration is as effective and as short as possible. A product that could support recovery from strenuous exercise would be beneficial not only for high-performance athletes but also for non-elite athletes.
The authors would like to thank the staff of the Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universitaet Muenchen for their assistance in this project.
Funding for the study was partly received by MUCOS Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin. The funders had no direct role in the study's design, conduct, analysis, interpretation of data and reporting beyond approval of the scientific protocol in peer review for funding. No other grants were received.
All authors made substantial contributions on the design of the trial. VG wrote the first and final draft manuscript and contributed to the conception of the final draft of the trial protocol and was responsible for the trial conduct and acquisition of data. As principal investigator JS wrote the first and final draft of the trial protocol. JS supervised the conduction of the trial and coordinated the cooperation between different parties. All other authors provided parts of the manuscript and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version to be published.
WHO definition of health. [http://www.who.int/healthsystems/hss_glossary/en/index5.html].


text:
Dives in misericordia 12
VII. THE MERCY OF GOD IN THE MISSION OF THE CHURCH
In connection with this picture of our generation, a picture which cannot fail to cause profound anxiety, there come to mind once more those words which, by reason of the Incarnation of the Son of God, resounded in Mary's Magnificat, and which sing of "mercy from generation to generation." The Church of our time, constantly pondering the eloquence of these inspired words, and applying them to the sufferings of the great human family, must become more particularly and profoundly conscious of the need to bear witness in her whole mission to God's mercy, following in the footsteps of the tradition of the Old and the New Covenant, and above all of Jesus Christ Himself and His Apostles. The Church must bear witness to the mercy of God revealed in Christ, in the whole of His mission as Messiah, professing it in the first place as a salvific truth of faith and as necessary for a life in harmony with faith, and then seeking to introduce it and to make it incarnate in the lives both of her faithful and as far as possible in the lives of all people of good will. Finally, the Church-professing mercy and remaining always faithful to it-has the right and the duty to call upon the mercy of God, imploring it in the face of all the manifestations of physical and moral evil, before all the threats that cloud the whole horizon of the life of humanity today.
The Church Professes the Mercy of God and Proclaims It
The Church must profess and proclaim God's mercy in all its truth, as it has been handed down to us by revelation. We have sought, in the foregoing pages of the present document, to give at least an outline of this truth, which finds such rich expression in the whole of Sacred Scripture and in Sacred Tradition. In the daily life of the Church the truth about the mercy of God, expressed in the Bible, resounds as a perennial echo through the many readings of the Sacred Liturgy. The authentic sense of faith of the People of God perceives this truth, as is shown by various expressions of personal and community piety. It would of course be difficult to give a list or summary of them all, since most of them are vividly inscribed in the depths of people's hearts and minds. Some theologians affirm that mercy is the greatest of the attributes and perfections of God, and the Bible, Tradition and the whole faith life of the People of God provide particular proofs of this. It is not a question here of the perfection of the inscrutable essence of God in the mystery of the divinity itself, but of the perfection and attribute whereby man, in the intimate truth of his existence, encounters the living God particularly closely and particularly often. In harmony with Christ's words to Philip,112 the "vision of the Father"-a vision of God through faith finds precisely in the encounter with His mercy a unique moment of interior simplicity and truth, similar to that which we discover in the parable of the prodigal son.
"He who has seen me has seen the Father."113 The Church professes the mercy of God, the Church lives by it in her wide experience of faith and also in her teaching, constantly contemplating Christ, concentrating on Him, on His life and on His Gospel, on His cross and resurrection, on His whole mystery. Everything that forms the "vision" of Christ in the Church's living faith and teaching brings us nearer to the "vision of the Father" in the holiness of His mercy. The Church seems in a particular way to profess the mercy of God and to venerate it when she directs herself to the Heart of Christ. In fact, it is precisely this drawing close to Christ in the mystery of His Heart which enables us to dwell on this point-a point in a sense central and also most accessible on the human level-of the revelation of the merciful love of the Father, a revelation which constituted the central content of the messianic mission of the Son of Man.
The Church lives an authentic life when she professes and proclaims mercy-the most stupendous attribute of the Creator and of the Redeemer-and when she brings people close to the sources of the Savior's mercy, of which she is the trustee and dispenser. Of great significance in this area is constant meditation on the Word of God, and above all conscious and mature participation in the Eucharist and in the sacrament of Penance or Reconciliation. The Eucharist brings us ever nearer to that love which is more powerful than death: "For as often as we eat this bread and drink this cup," we proclaim not only the death of the Redeemer but also His resurrection, "until he comes" in glory.114 The same Eucharistic rite, celebrated in memory of Him who in His messianic mission revealed the Father to us by means of His words and His cross, attests to the inexhaustible love by virtue of which He desires always to be united with us and present in our midst, coming to meet every human heart. It is the sacrament of Penance or Reconciliation that prepares the way for each individual, even those weighed down with great faults. In this sacrament each person can experience mercy in a unique way, that is, the love which is more powerful than sin. This has already been spoken of in the encyclical Redemptor hominis; but it will be fitting to return once more to this fundamental theme.
It is precisely because sin exists in the world, which "God so loved...that he gave his only Son,"115 that God, who "is love,"116 cannot reveal Himself otherwise than as mercy. This corresponds not only to the most profound truth of that love which God is, but also to the whole interior truth of man and of the world which is man's temporary homeland.
Mercy in itself, as a perfection of the infinite God, is also infinite. Also infinite therefore and inexhaustible is the Father's readiness to receive the prodigal children who return to His home. Infinite are the readiness and power of forgiveness which flow continually from the marvelous value of the sacrifice of the Son. No human sin can prevail over this power or even limit it. On the part of man only a lack of good will can limit it, a lack of readiness to be converted and to repent, in other words persistence in obstinacy, opposing grace and truth, especially in the face of the witness of the cross and resurrection of Christ.
Therefore, the Church professes and proclaims conversion. Conversion to God always consists in discovering His mercy, that is, in discovering that love which is patient and kind117 as only the Creator and Father can be; the love to which the "God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ"118 is faithful to the uttermost consequences in the history of His covenant with man; even to the cross and to the death and resurrection of the Son. Conversion to God is always the fruit of the"rediscovery of this Father, who is rich in mercy.
Authentic knowledge of the God of mercy, the God of tender love, is a constant and inexhaustible source of conversion, not only as a momentary interior act but also as a permanent attitude, as a state of mind. Those who come to know God in this way, who "see" Him in this way, can live only in a state of being continually converted to Him. They live, therefore, in statu conversionis; and it is this state of conversion which marks out the most profound element of the pilgrimage of every man and woman on earth in statu viatoris. It is obvious that the Church professes the mercy of God, revealed in the crucified and risen Christ, not only by the word of her teaching but above all through the deepest pulsation of the life of the whole People of God. By means of this testimony of life, the Church fulfills the mission proper to the People of God, the mission which is a sharing in and, in a sense, a continuation of the messianic mission of Christ Himself.
The contemporary Church is profoundly conscious that only on the basis of the mercy of God will she be able to carry out the tasks that derive from the teaching of the Second Vatican Council, and, in the first place, the ecumenical task which aims at uniting all those who confess Christ. As she makes many efforts in this direction, the Church confesses with humility that only that love which is more powerful than the weakness of human divisions can definitively bring about that unity which Christ implored from the Father and which the Spirit never ceases to beseech for us "with sighs too deep for words."119
The Church Seeks To Put Mercy into Practice
Jesus Christ taught that man not only receives and experiences the mercy of God, but that he is also called "to practice mercy" towards others: "Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy."120 The Church sees in these words a call to action, and she tries to practice mercy. All the beatitudes of the Sermon on the Mount indicate the way of conversion and of reform of life, but the one referring to those who are merciful is particularly eloquent in this regard. Man attains to the merciful love of God, His mercy, to the extent that he himself is interiorly transformed in the spirit of that love towards his neighbor.
This authentically evangelical process is not just a spiritual transformation realized once and for all: it is a whole lifestyle, an essential and continuous characteristic of the Christian vocation. It consists in the constant discovery and persevering practice of love as a unifying and also elevating power despite all difficulties of a psychological or social nature: it is a question, in fact, of a merciful love which, by its essence, is a creative love. In reciprocal relationships between persons merciful love is never a unilateral act or process. Even in the cases in which everything would seem to indicate that only one party is giving and offering, and the other only receiving and taking (for example, in the case of a physician giving treatment, a teacher teaching, parents supporting and bringing up their children, a benefactor helping the needy), in reality the one who gives is always also a beneficiary. In any case, he too can easily find himself in the position of the one who receives, who obtains a benefit, who experiences merciful love; he too can find himself the object of mercy.
In this sense Christ crucified is for us the loftiest model, inspiration and encouragement. When we base ourselves on this disquieting model, we are able with all humility to show mercy to others, knowing that Christ accepts it as if it were shown to Himself.121 On the basis of this model, we must also continually purify all our actions and all our intentions in which mercy is understood and practiced in a unilateral way, as a good done to others. An act of merciful love is only really such when we are deeply convinced at the moment that we perform it that we are at the same time receiving mercy from the people who are accepting it from us. If this bilateral and reciprocal quality is absent, our actions are not yet true acts of mercy, nor has there yet been fully completed in us that conversion to which Christ has shown us the way by His words and example, even to the cross, nor are we yet sharing fully in the magnificent source of merciful love that has been revealed to us by Him.
Thus, the way which Christ showed to us in the Sermon on the Mount with the beatitude regarding those who are merciful is much richer than what we sometimes find in ordinary human opinions about mercy. These opinions see mercy as a unilateral act or process, presupposing and maintaining a certain distance between the one practicing mercy and the one benefitting from it, between the one who does good and the one who receives it. Hence the attempt to free interpersonal and social relationships from mercy and to base them solely on justice. However, such opinions about mercy fail to see the fundamental link between mercy and justice spoken of by the whole biblical tradition, and above all by the messianic mission of Jesus Christ. True mercy is, so to speak, the most profound source of justice. If justice is in itself suitable for "arbitration" between people concerning the reciprocal distribution of objective goods in an equitable manner, love and only love (including that kindly love that we call "mercy") is capable of restoring man to Himself.
Mercy that is truly Christian is also, in a certain sense, the most perfect incarnation of "equality" between people, and therefore also the most perfect incarnation of justice as well, insofar as justice aims at the same result in its own sphere. However, the equality brought by justice is limited to the realm of objective and extrinsic goods, while love and mercy bring it about that people meet one another in that value which is man himself, with the dignity that is proper to him. At the same time, "equality" of people through "patient and kind" love122 does not take away differences: the person who gives becomes more generous when he feels at the same time benefitted by the person accepting his gift; and vice versa, the person who accepts the gift with the awareness that, in accepting it, he too is doing good is in his own way serving the great cause of the dignity of the person; and this contributes to uniting people in a more profound manner.
Thus, mercy becomes an indispensable element for shaping mutual relationships between people, in a spirit of deepest respect for what is human, and in a spirit of mutual brotherhood. It is impossible to establish this bond between people, if they wish to regulate their mutual relationships solely according to the measure of justice. In every sphere of interpersonal relationships justice must, so to speak, be "corrected " to a considerable extent by that love which, as St. Paul proclaims, "is patient and kind" or, in other words, possesses the characteristics of that merciful love which is so much of the essence of the Gospel and Christianity. Let us remember, furthermore, that merciful love also means the cordial tenderness and sensitivity so eloquently spoken of in the parable of the prodigal son,123 and also in the parables of the lost sheep and the lost coin.124 Consequently, merciful love is supremely indispensable between those who are closest to one another: between husbands and wives, between parents and children, between friends; and it is indispensable in education and in pastoral work.
Its sphere of action, however, is not limited to this. If Paul VI more than once indicated the civilization of love"125 as the goal towards which all efforts in the cultural and social fields as well as in the economic and political fields should tend. it must be added that this good will never be reached if in our thinking and acting concerning the vast and complex spheres of human society we stop at the criterion of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth"126 and do not try to transform it in its essence, by complementing it with another spirit. Certainly, the Second Vatican Council also leads us in this direction, when it speaks repeatedly of the need to make the world more human,127 and says that the realization of this task is precisely the mission of the Church in the modern world. Society can become ever more human only if we introduce into the many-sided setting of interpersonal and social relationships, not merely justice, but also that "merciful love" which constitutes the messianic message of the Gospel.
Society can become "ever more human" only when we introduce into all the mutual relationships which form its moral aspect the moment of forgiveness, which is so much of the essence of the Gospel. Forgiveness demonstrates the presence in the world of the love which is more powerful than sin. Forgiveness is also the fundamental condition for reconciliation, not only in the relationship of God with man, but also in relationships between people. A world from which forgiveness was eliminated would be nothing but a world of cold and unfeeling justice, in the name of which each person would claim his or her own rights vis-a- vis others; the various kinds of selfishness latent in man would transform life and human society into a system of oppression of the weak by the strong, or into an arena of permanent strife between one group and another.
For this reason, the Church must consider it one of her principal duties-at every stage of history and especially in our modern age-to proclaim and to introduce into life the mystery of mercy, supremely revealed in Jesus Christ. Not only for the Church herself as the community of believers but also in a certain sense for all humanity, this mystery is the source of a life different from the life which can be built by man, who is exposed to the oppressive forces of the threefold concupiscence active within him.128 It is precisely in the name of this mystery that Christ teaches us to forgive always. How often we repeat the words of the prayer which He Himself taught us, asking "forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us," which means those who are guilty of something in our regard129 It is indeed difficult to express the profound value of the attitude which these words describe and inculcate. How many things these words say to every individual about others and also about himself. The consciousness of being trespassers against each other goes hand in hand with the call to fraternal solidarity, which St. Paul expressed in his concise exhortation to "forbear one another in love."130 What a lesson of humility is to be found here with regard to man, with regard both to one's neighbor and to oneself What a school of good will for daily living, in the various conditions of our existence If we were to ignore this lesson, what would remain of any "humanist" program of life and education?
Christ emphasizes so insistently the need to forgive others that when Peter asked Him how many times he should forgive his neighbor He answered with the symbolic number of "seventy times seven,"131 meaning that he must be able to forgive everyone every time. It is obvious that such a generous requirement of forgiveness does not cancel out the objective requirements of justice. Properly understood, justice constitutes, so to speak, the goal of forgiveness. In no passage of the Gospel message does forgiveness, or mercy as its source, mean indulgence towards evil, towards scandals, towards injury or insult. In any case, reparation for evil and scandal, compensation for injury, and satisfaction for insult are conditions for forgiveness.
Thus the fundamental structure of justice always enters into the sphere of mercy. Mercy, however, has the power to confer on justice a new content, which is expressed most simply and fully in forgiveness. Forgiveness, in fact, shows that, over and above the process of "compensation" and "truce" which is specific to justice, love is necessary, so that man may affirm himself as man. Fulfillment of the conditions of justice is especially indispensable in order that love may reveal its own nature. In analyzing the parable of the prodigal son, we have already called attention to the fact that he who forgives and he who is forgiven encounter one another at an essential point, namely the dignity or essential value of the person, a point which cannot be lost and the affirmation of which, or its rediscovery, is a source of the greatest joy.132
The Church rightly considers it her duty and the purpose of her mission to guard the authenticity of forgiveness, both in life and behavior and in educational and pastoral work. She protects it simply by guarding its source, which is the mystery of the mercy of God Himself as revealed in Jesus Christ.
The basis of the Church's mission, in all the spheres spoken of in the numerous pronouncements of the most recent Council and in the centuries-old experience of the apostolate, is none other than "drawing from the wells of the Savior"133 this is what provides many guidelines for the mission of the Church in the lives of individual Christians, of individual communities, and also of the whole People of God. This "drawing from the wells of the Savior" can be done only in the spirit of that poverty to which we are called by the words and example of the Lord: "You received without pay, give without pay."134 Thus, in all the ways of the Church's life and ministry-through the evangelical poverty of her-ministers and stewards and of the whole people which bears witness to "the mighty works" of its Lord-the God who is "rich in mercy" has been made still more clearly manifest.
VIII. THE PRAYER OF THE CHURCH IN OUR TIMES
The Church Appeals to the Mercy of God
The Church proclaims the truth of God's mercy revealed in the crucified and risen Christ, and she professes it in various ways. Furthermore, she seeks to practice mercy towards people through people, and she sees in this an indispensable condition for solicitude for a better and "more human" world, today and tomorrow. However, at no time and in no historical period-especially at a moment as critical as our own-can the Church forget the prayer that is a cry for the mercy of God amid the many forms of evil which weigh upon humanity and threaten it. Precisely this is the fundamental right and duty of the Church in Christ Jesus, her right and duty towards God and towards humanity. The more the human conscience succumbs to secularization, loses its sense of the very meaning of the word "mercy," moves away from God and distances itself from the mystery of mercy, the more the Church has the right and the duty to appeal to the God of mercy "with loud cries."135 These "loud cries" should be the mark of the Church of our times, cries uttered to God to implore His mercy, the certain manifestation of which she professes and proclaims as having already come in Jesus crucified and risen, that is, in the Paschal Mystery. It is this mystery which bears within itself the most complete revelation of mercy, that is, of that love which is more powerful than death, more powerful than sin and every evil, the love which lifts man up when he falls into the abyss and frees him from the greatest threats.
Modern man feels these threats. What has been said above in this regard is only a rough outline. Modern man often anxiously wonders about the solution to the terrible tensions which have built up in the world and which entangle humanity. And if at times he lacks the courage to utter the word "mercy," or if in his conscience empty of religious content he does not find the equivalent, so much greater is the need for the Church to utter his word, not only in her own name but also in the name of all the men and women of our time.
Everything that I have said in the present document on mercy should therefore be continually transformed into an ardent prayer: into a cry that implores mercy according to the needs of man in the modern world. May this cry be full of that truth about mercy which has found such rich expression in Sacred Scripture and in Tradition, as also in the authentic life of faith of countless generations of the People of God. With this cry let us, like the sacred writers, call upon the God who cannot despise anything that He has made,136 the God who is faithful to Himself, to His fatherhood and His love. And, like the prophets, let us appeal to that love which has maternal characteristics and which, like a mother, follows each of her children, each lost sheep, even if they should number millions, even if in the world evil should prevail over goodness, even if contemporary humanity should deserve a new "flood" on account of its sins, as once the generation of Noah did. Let us have recourse to that fatherly love revealed to us by Christ in His messianic mission, a love which reached its culmination in His cross, in His death and resurrection. Let us have recourse to God through Christ, mindful of the words of Mary's Magnificat, which proclaim mercy "from generation to generation." Let us implore God's mercy for the present generation. May the Church which, following the example of Mary, also seeks to be the spiritual mother of mankind, express in this prayer her maternal solicitude and at the same time her confident love, that love from which is born the most burning need for prayer.
Let us offer up our petitions, directed by the faith, by the hope, and by the charity which Christ has planted in our hearts. This attitude is likewise love of God, whom modern man has sometimes separated far from himself, made extraneous to himself, proclaiming in various ways that God is "superfluous." This is, therefore, love of God, the insulting rejection of whom by modern man we feel profoundly, and we are ready to cry out with Christ on the cross: "Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do."137 At the same time it is love of people, of all men and women without any exception or division: without difference of race, culture, language, or world outlook, without distinction between friends and enemies. This is love for people-it desires every true good for each individual and for every human community, every family, every nation, every social group, for young people, adults, parents, the elderly-a love for everyone, without exception. This is love, or rather an anxious solicitude to ensure for each individual every true good and to remove and drive away every sort of evil.
And, if any of our contemporaries do not share the faith and hope which lead me, as a servant of Christ and steward of the mysteries of God,138 to implore God's mercy for humanity in this hour of history, let them at least try to understand the reason for my concern. It is dictated by love for man, for all that is human and which, according to the intuitions of many of our contemporaries, is threatened by an immense danger. The mystery of Christ, which reveals to us the great vocation of man and which led me to emphasize in the encyclical Redemptor hominis his incomparable dignity, also obliges me to proclaim mercy as God's merciful love, revealed in that same mystery of Christ. It likewise obliges me to have recourse to that mercy and to beg for it at this difficult, critical phase of the history of the Church and of the world, as we approach the end of the second millennium.
In the name of Jesus Christ crucified and risen, in the spirit of His messianic mission, enduring in the history of humanity, we raise our voices and pray that the Love which is in the Father may once again be revealed at this stage of history, and that, through the work of the Son and Holy Spirit, it may be shown to be present in our modern world and to be more powerful than evil: more powerful than sin and death. We pray for this through the intercession of her who does not cease to proclaim "mercy...from generation to generation," and also through the intercession of those for whom there have been completely fulfilled the words of the Sermon on the Mount: "Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy."139
In continuing the great task of implementing the Second Vatican Council, in which we can rightly see a new phase of the self- realization of the Church-in keeping with the epoch in which it has been our destiny to live-the Church herself must be constantly guided by the full consciousness that in this work it is not permissible for her, for any reason, to withdraw into herself. The reason for her existence is, in fact, to reveal God, that Father who allows us to "see" Him in Christ.140 No matter how strong the resistance of human history may be, no matter how marked the diversity of contemporary civilization, no matter how great the denial of God in the human world, so much the greater must be the Church's closeness to that mystery which, hidden for centuries in God, was then truly shared with man, in time, through Jesus Christ.
With my apostolic blessing.
Given in Rome, at St. Peter's, on the thirtieth day of November, the First Sunday of Advent, in the year 1980, the third of the pontificate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Eph. 2:4.
2. Cf. Jn. 1:18; Heb. 1:1f.
3. Jn. 14:8-9.
4. Eph. 2:4-5.
5. 2 Cor. 1:3.
6. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et spes, no. 22: AAS 58 (1966), p. 1042.
7. Cf. ibid
8. 1 Tm. 6:16.
9. Rom. 1:20.
10. Jn. 1:18.
11. 1 Tm. 6:16.
12. Ti. 3:4.
13. Eph. 2:4.
14. Cf. Gn. 1:28.
15. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et spes, no. 9: AAS 58 (1966), p. 1032.
16. 2 Cor. 1:3.
17. Mt. 6:4, 6, 18.
18. Cf. Eph. 3:18; also Lk. 11:5-13.
19. Lk. 4:18-19.
20. Lk. 7:19.
22. 1 Jn. 4:16
24. Lk. 15:11-32.
26. Mt. 18:23-35.
27. Mt. 18:12-14; Lk. 15:3-7.
28. Lk. 15:8-10.
29. Mt. 22:38.
30. Mt. 5:7.
31. Cf. Jgs. 3:7-9.
32. Cf. 1 Kgs. 8:22-53.
33. Cf. Mi. 7:18-20.
34. Cf. Is. 1:18; 51:4-16.
35. Cf. Bar. 2:11-3, 8.
36. Cf. Neh. 9.
37. Cf. e.g. Hos. 2:21-25 and 15;Is. 54:6-8.
38. Cf. Jer. 31:20; Lz. 39:25-29.
39. Cf. 2 Sm. 11; 12; 24:10.
40. Job passim.
41. Est.. 4:17k ff.
42. Cf. e.g. Neh. 9:30-32; Tb. 3:2-3, 11-12; 8:16-17; 1 Mc. 4:24.
43. Cf. Ex. 3:7f.
44. Cf. Is. 63:9.
45. Ex. 34:6.
46. Cf. Nm. 14:18; 2 Chr. 30:9; Neh. 9:17; Ps. 86(85); Wis. 15:1; Sir. 2:11; Jl. 2:13.
47. Cf. Is. 63:16.
48. Cf. Ex. 4:22.
49. Cf. Hos. 2:3.
50. Cf. Hos. 11:7-9; Jer. 31:20; Is. 54:7f.
51. Cf. Ps. 103(102) and 145(144).
52. In describing mercy, the books of the Old Testament use two expressions in particular, each having a different semantic nuance. First there is the term hesed, which indicates a profound attitude of "goodness." When this is established between two individuals, they do not just wish each other well; they are also faithful to each other by virtue of an interior commitment, and therefore also by virtue of a faithfulness to themselves. Since hesed also means "grace" or "love," this occurs precisely on the basis of this fidelity. The fact that the commitment in question has not only a moral character but almost a juridical one makes no difference. When in the Old Testament the word hesed is used of the Lord, this always occurs in connection with the covenant that God established with Israel. This covenant was, on God's part, a gift and a grace for Israel. Nevertheless, since, in harmony with the covenant entered into, God had made a commitment to respect it, hesed also acquired in a certain sense a legal content. The juridical commitment on God's part ceased to oblige whenever Israel broke the covenant and did not respect its conditions. But precisely at this point, hesed, in ceasing to be a juridical obligation, revealed its deeper aspect: it showed itself as what it was at the beginning, that is, as love that gives, love more powerful than betrayal, grace stronger than sin. This fidelity vis-a-vis the unfaithful "daughter of my people"(cf. Lam. 4:3, 6) is, in brief, on God's part, fidelity to Himself. This becomes obvious in the frequent recurrence together of the two terms hesed we'e met (= grace and fidelity), which could be considered a case of hendiadys (cf. e.g. Ex. 34:6; 2 Sm. 2:6; 15:20; Ps. 25??? :10; 40??? :11-12; 85??? :11; 138??? :2; Mi. 7:20). "It is not for your sake, O house of Israel, that I am about to act, but for the sake of my holy name" (Ez. 36:22). Therefore Israel, although burdened with guilt for having broken the covenant, cannot lay claim to God's hesed on the basis of (legal) justice; yet it can and must go on hoping and trusting to obtain it, since the God of the covenant is really "responsible for his love." The fruits of this love are forgiveness and restoration to grace, the reestablishment of the interior covenant. The second word which in the terminology of the Old Testament serves to define mercy is rahamim. This has a different nuance from that of hesed. While hesed highlights the marks of fidelity to self and of "responsibility for one's own love" (which are in a certain sense masculine characteristics), rahamim, in its very root, denotes the love of a mother (rehem = mother's womb). From the deep and original bond-indeed the unity-that links a mother to her child there springs a particular relationship to the child, a particular love. Of this love one can say that it is completely gratuitous, not merited, and that in this aspect it constitutes an interior necessity: an exigency of the heart. It is, as it were, a "feminine" variation of the masculine fidelity to self expressed by hesed. Against this psychological background, rahamim generates a whole range of feelings, including goodness and tenderness, patience and understanding, that is, readiness to forgive. The Old Testament attributes to the Lord precisely these characteristics when it uses the term rahamim in speaking of Him. We read in Isaiah: "Can a woman forget her suckling child, that she should have no compassion on the son of her womb? Even these may forget, yet I will not forget you" (Is. 49:15). This love, faithful and invincible thanks to the mysterious power of motherhood, is expressed in the Old Testament texts in various ways: as salvation from dangers, especially from enemies; also as forgiveness of sins-of individuals and also of the whole of Israel; and finally in readiness to fulfill the (eschatological) promise and hope, in spite of human infidelity, as we read in Hosea: "I will heal their faithlessness, I will love them freely" (Hos. 14:5).In the terminology of the Old Testament we also find other expressions, referring in different ways to the same basic content. But the two terms mentioned above deserve special attention. They clearly show their original anthropomorphic aspect: in describing God's mercy, the biblical authors use terms that correspond to the consciousness and experience of their contemporaries. The Greek terminology in the Septuagint translation does not show as great a wealth as the Hebrew: therefore it does not offer all the semantic nuances proper to the original text. At any rate, the New Testament builds upon the wealth and depth that already marked the Old.In this way, we have inherited from the Old Testament-as it were in a special synthesis-not only the wealth of expressions used by those books in order to define God's mercy, but also a specific and obviously anthropomorphic "psychology" of God: the image of His anxious love, which in contact with evil, and in particular with the sin of the individual and of the people, is manifested as mercy. This image is made up not only of the rather general content of the verb hanan but also of the content of hesed and rahamim. The term hanan expresses a wider concept: it means in fact the manifestation of grace, which involves, so to speak, a constant predisposition to be generous, benevolent and merciful. In addition to these basic semantic elements, the Old Testament concept of mercy is also made up of what is included in the verb hamal, which literally means "to spare" (a defeated enemy) but also "to show mercy and compassion," and in consequence forgiveness and remission of guilt. There is also the term hus, which expresses pity and compassion, but especially in the affective sense. These terms appear more rarely in the biblical texts to denote mercy. In addition, one must note the word 'emet already mentioned: it means primarily "solidity, security" (in the Greek of the Septuagint: "truth") and then "fidelity," land in this way it seems to link up with the semantic content proper to the term hesed.
53. Ps. 40(39):11; 98(97):2f.; Is. 45:21; 51:5, 8; 56:1.
54. Wis. 11:24.
55. 1 Jn. 4:16.
56. Jer. 31:3.
57. Is. 54:10.
58. Jon. 4:2, 11; Ps. 145(144):9; Sir. 18:8-14; Wis. 11:23-12:1.
59. Jn. 14:9.
60. In both places it is a case of hesed, i..e., the fidelity that God manifests to His own love for the people, fidelity to he promises that will find their definitive fulfillment precisely in the motherhood of the Mother of God (cf. Lk. 1:49-54).
61. Cf. Lk. 1:72. Here too it is a case of mercy in the meaning of hesed, insofar as in the following sentences, in which Zechariah speaks of the "tender mercy of our God," there is clearly expressed the second meaning, namely, rahamim (Latin translation: viscera misericordiae), which rather identifies God's mercy with a mother's love.
62. Cf. Lk. 15:14-32.
64. Lk. 15:20.
66. Cf. Lk. 15:3-6.
68. 1 Cor. 13:4-8.
69. Cf. Rom. 12:21.
70. Cf. the liturgy of the Easter Vigil: the Exsultet.
71. Acts 10:38.
72. Mt. 9:35.
73. Cf. Mk. 15:37; Jn. 19:30.
74. Is. 53:5
75. 2 Cor. 5:21.
77. The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed.
79. Cf. Jn. 14:9.
81. Phil. 2:8.
83. Cf. 1 Cor. 15:54-55.
84. Cf. Lk. 4:18-21.
86. Cf. Is. 35:5; 61:1-3.
87. 1 Cor. 15:4.
88. Rv. 21:1.
90. Cf. Rv. 21:4.
91. Rv. 3:20.
92. Cf. Mt. 24:35.
93. Cf. Rv. 3:20.
97. Rom. 8:32.
98. Mk. 12:27.
99. Jn. 20:19-23.
100. Ps. 89(88):2.
101. Lk. 1:50.
102. Cf. 2 Cor. 1:21-22.
104. Cf. Ps..85(84):11.
106. Cf. Lk. 4:18.
108. Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen gentium, no. 62: AAS 57 1965), p. 63.
109. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et spes, no. 10: AAS 58 (1966), p. 1032.
110. Ibid
111. Mt. 5:38.
112. Cf. Jn. 14:9-10.
113. Jn. 14:9.
114. Cf. 1 Cor. 11:26; acclamation in the Roman Missal.
115. Jn. 3:16.
116. 1 Jn. 4:8.
117. Cf. 1 Cor. 13:4.
118. 2 Cor. 1:3.
119. Rom. 8:26.
120. Mt. 5:7.
121. Cf. Mt. 25:34-40.
123. Cf. Lk. 15:11-32.
124. Cf. Lk. 15:1-10.
125. Cf. Insegnamenti di Paolo VI, XIII (1975), p. 1568 (close of the Holy Year, December 25, 1975).
127. Cf. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et spes, no. 40 AAS 58 (1966), pp.1057-1059; Pope Paul VI: Apostolic Exhortation Paterna cum benevolentia, in particular nos. 1-6: AAS 67 (1975), pp. 7-9, 17-23.
128. Cf. 1 Jn. 2:16.
130. Eph. 4:2; cf. Gal. 6:2.
131. Mt. 18:22.
132. Cf. Lk. 15:32.
133. Cf. Is. 12:3.
134. Mt. 10:8.
135. Cf. Heb. 5:7.
136. Cf. Wis. 11:24; Ps. 145(144):9; Gn. 1:31.
137. Lk. 23:34.
138. Cf. 1 Cor. 4:1.
140. Cf. Jn. 14:9.


Introduction by Dr Hubert Zawadski, co-author of A Concise History of Poland (CUP). The screening will start at 7.30 p.m.
Now mentor to a new generation of Polish filmmakers, Andrzej Wajda returned to the WW2 period of his outstanding trilogy – A Generation (1954), Kanal (1956) and Ashes and Diamonds (1958) – for this epic interpretation of one of the key tragedies in recent Polish history; the capture, imprisonment and massacre in 1940 of some 20,000 army officers (Wajda's own father among them) in forests near the Russian village of Katyn. For decades after it took place, the massacre was an absolutely forbidden topic in Poland and hence the source of a profound and lasting mistrust between the Poles and their Soviet conquerors. The very word 'Katyn' came to mean not just the single wartime event but a whole series of falsehoods and distortions surrounding Soviet WW2 oppression of Poland, repeated over many years to disguise the reality of post-war occupation and loss of the country's sovereignty.
When the film premiered in Warsaw – co-incident with the 68th anniversary of the invasion by Soviet forces – Wajda was pressed by commentators and critics to explain his motives behind the project. As so much had already been written and said about the subject since the late 1980s (when it finally became possible to talk openly about the tragedy) they asked "Why Katyn? Why now?". His most striking answer, other than admitting that only recently had he come up with a script he liked, involved the film's potential audience. Since most of the people who remembered the actual events were now dead, (Wajda himself was then 80yrs old), the film could not be made for them. So instead he wanted to tell the story again for "Those (young) moviegoers for whom it matters that we are a society and not just an accidental crowd".
As well as fashioning a major work of national cinema, he wanted his film to get the people of Poland talking to one another, to reflect on common experiences, to define common values, to admire similar virtues, to forge a civil society out of an anonymous crowd. He has therefore made a film that asks not just "What happened?" or "What did the Soviets do to us?" but rather "How did we, as a society, react afterwards?" as well as "How do we remember it now?" With two million out of a population of 39 million going to see Katyn in the first month after its release (it was shown at almost every cinema in the land and reviewed in all the newspapers and magazines) and, more importantly, with everyone talking about the film long afterwards, Wajda can fairly be said to have at least got the conversation started.


It's (almost) FRINALLY, FRIDAY! Woot. Welcome to another party here at The Answer Is Chocolate. Thank you for stopping by and sharing your creations. Here are some of the fun-tastic ideas from last week's party .
Let's start with this upcycled sugar mold from Repurpose and Upcycle. Sometimes just a simple change makes a huge impact. I think that's the case with the grain sack paint stripes she added. LOVE!
You don't have to be a watercolor artist to achieve a watercolor look like Lynda from Lynda Creates did with this card. Perfect for so many occasions and so pretty!
This is probably my weakest skill as a blogger and I am on a never ending quest to improve at it. Thankfully Somewhat Simple shared some excellent tips from which we can all learn!
These Double Chocolate Peanut Butter Protein cookies look fabulous don't they? But do they look like they are healthy ( because c'mon COOKIES)? Well they are , so I can't wait to look for the chocolate protein powder that's in them! Get the details from Brooklyn Farm Girl.
Thanks for the party, Carol!
Hi Carol! Thank you so much for featuring my faux-watercolor succulent card. And thank you so much for hosting!


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Home » Europa League Final: Man United hope to end four-year Trophy drought
Europa League Final: Man United hope to end four-year Trophy drought
by Daily Family May 26, 2021
written by Daily Family May 26, 2021
Manchester United will hope to end their four-year trophy drought, when they take on the Spanish side Villareal in today's final of the UEFA Europa League in Gdańsk, Poland.
The last time United lifted a trophy was in the 2016/2017 season under the tutelage of Portuguese coach Jose Mourinho, who led them to the League Cup and Europa League titles.
Since then, United has gone four years without winning anything and will hope to end the unwanted run when they face Villareal tonight.
The Red Devils have been seen as the favourites to go all the way in the Europa League since their ill-fated Champions League run came to an end.
They could now follow in the footsteps of Chelsea, who in 2013 became the first and only English side to win the Europa League after dropping out of Europe's elite competition.
Solskjaer had steered his side to five wins from seven knockout matches before their recent defeat at Roma and a quarter-final success over Granada means that United certainly knows how to get the better of the Spanish sides on the continental stage.
Read Also; Samuel Chukwueze doubtful for Europa League Final as Villarreal confirm injury blow
The 2013 Norwegian Cup won with Molde was the last time Solskjaer pick up silverware as a manager and adding to that modest haul will be no easy feat against Europa League expert Unai Emery, who himself will endeavour to steer Villarreal into a new era with their first-ever major trophy 98 years after their inception.
Emery is no stranger when it comes to winning the Europa League after landing it three straight years (2014, 2015, 2016) at Sevilla.
The only time he failed to win the trophy was at Arsenal in 2019 when they were hammered 4-1 by Chelsea.
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1. consume meat that is lean. Choose slim slices and get the butcher to chop the fat off.
2. beverage skim milk products rather than take advantage of. Perform some exact same for many milk products. Observe that vegetarians need a reduced cholesterol rate (nearly two times as lower as typical) and that's completely clear, since cholesterol levels is present in goods based on pets.
4. create frequent exercise, as an example strolling.
5. Grab supplement E. the risk is reduced by it of heart disease.


A client once showed us an ad from a bathroom remodeling company that she had clipped from the daily paper. In it, the remodeler claimed that they could complete a bathroom makeover in one day. "Why is it taking you three weeks?", she asked.
Discarding the possibility that the bathroom remodeler in the ad used a time projection more in keeping with Genesis than with a 24-hour day, the simplest explanation is that things take what they take — and not all remodel projects are created equal. In planning a remodel in which a number of trades are involved, one can't simply assume that things will be done simultaneously. Scheduling a dry wall installer, a hardwood floor installer, and a painter in any order other than sequentially is a recipe for disaster, if not chaos and compromised quality. If each trade in the sequence takes a week to complete their tasks per the Description of Work (DOW), you're looking at three weeks. That's how the real world works, based on the Gregorian calendar.
That said, there are a couple of key factors to getting a project completed as quickly as possible. The first is organization…which in turn is a function of experience. Having done thousands of remodel projects over nearly 40 years, we know how the necessary sequence of tasks mesh, and how to condense them down to a schedule that lets us hit the ground running while avoiding the inefficiencies and errors that occur when people are trying to work on top of one another. There is, however, another factor that ultimately trumps experience when it comes to the timely completion of a remodel project: the willingness of your trade partners to make your priorities theirs. This is especially important when it comes to scheduling work by trades with typically long lead times — concrete and excavation being two such examples. (To better appreciate the relationships we cultivate with our trades partners, we encourage you to read our blog, Don't Call Them "Subs"!).
Regardless of what a remodeling company may tell you about their project completion time — through an advertisement or in person — the litmus test for their ability to meet a project deadline is how they respond when you ask them for a calendar. What you will likely discover is that most remodeling companies are hesitant to provide project calendars because they don't believe they can adhere to them — and the most likely reason they can't is that they don't have control of their tradespeople. Because of the relationships we have established over the years with our trades, we are in the enviable position of having them build their schedules around ours, rather than vice versa. That makes all the difference in the world when it comes to answering the second most common question in the remodeling business.
http://www.stritedr.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DuringDemo.jpg 225 300 Michael Boss http://strite.devstu.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/SDR-Logo-from-Foerstel_thumb-with-border-200.jpg Michael Boss2014-10-02 22:54:302019-01-21 05:50:46How Long is it Going to Take?
Shade Trellis: a Study in Functional Beauty From Ho-Hum to Holy Cow!


You don't have to head out to the 'burbs to experience authentic international cuisines. From ramen and laksa to wings and pasta, the best of the city's food offerings are its many multicultural eats.
It's tempting to just put your feet up and let the uni break pass you by, but there's so much to see and do, and, let's face it, it's your chance to create #insta moments to reflect on when you're mid-semester and need inspo to get you through the term.
Whether you're a budding art student or just like seeing what the city has to offer, there's something for you in Brisbane's art scene, and a lot of it will cost you absolutely nothing.
If you've just moved to Brisbane, your folks are visiting or you're about to head home after a semester abroad, you'll want to pack the best of the city into one day. This is how you make the most of one day in Brisbane City.
Hooray! The weekend is finally here. Shopping, eating out and weekend adventures await! There's just one tiny problem, and that's the amount of cash available to support said activities.
Brisbane's inner-city dessert scene is delectable. What was once a couple of old ice-cream shops and a bakery has been whisked into offerings of multi-storey cakes, waffle stacks and establishments dedicated entirely to baking the very best brownies.
If you like city views with your barbeque, spacious study lounges, taking a dip on a hot day and living in the centre of the CBD, prepare to meet your match. Here's a sneak peek of the new Wharf Street residence, and what you can expect of the communal areas and entry.
No time for food prep? No worries. Brisbane City's food offerings are plenty, with every cuisine for every budget. Keep up your energy levels while sticking to your budget, here's 15 lunch options near Student One under $15.
There's more than what meets the eye when it comes to Brisbane's inner-city nightlife. Wandering down the city's laneways and looking up when you least expect it will reveal watering holes of all sorts – from underground blues and rock'n'roll hubs to grunge laneway bars and rooftop settings.


GASTEL is a complete and efficient solution for the local and remote control of compressed gas storages that assures high level of safety and an essential support to logistic services, through advanced functions of remote monitoring by GPRS.
GASTEL completely replaces the human supervision activities, supplying precise and real time information that allows the manager of compressed gas distribution to organize as well as possible the production, the delivery optimization and the manage in time of anomalous situations, caused by unusual consumptions or plant malfunctions.
Frequently, indeed, gas suppliers choose to provide oversized storages to avoid unexpected consumption consequences, making significant investments without a cost-effective customer satisfaction, since they are subordinated to space troubles.
The remote control, therefore, is an essential instrument for gas suppliers, supporting the logistic departments by the optimization of the deliveries. Missed or delayed supplies can cause significant economic damages for customers, whose obligation is usually difficult to ascribe since may depends on a human mistake in manometers reading, a delayed measurements reading or a misunderstanding with verbal inquiries.
Thanks to CrioSystem Supervisor platform, installed on a central server, and CSS WebAPP, it is possible to keep always and everywhere updated on provisions and alarms status, as long as an internet connection and credentials are available.
The CrioSystem Supervisor platform is operative 24h/7 and notifies possible alarm conditions stated by the GASTEL unit, warning the plant responsible operators. These functions can be extended to customers as an optional service in combination with the gas supply, with all the relative advantages.
The GASTEL unit installation does not require specialized operators and entails low costs and low impact on time.
It is possible to program the unit in a simple and intuitive way, just by an encoder placed on the front panel. A wide display with 20 characters x 4 lines is the user interface, showing all measures and alarm conditions.
GASTEL manages up to 8pcs. inputs 4...20 mA and each input can be configured individually with the possibility to associate two alarm thresholds (minimum and maximum).
All measures are continuously showed in clear on the display and are easily understandable.
Each input can be freely configured in local by the user, with specific measurement unit; Net value option can be set if the input is associated to a weighing system.
The unit shows the alarm status with reference to the input configuration, by visual and acoustic signals thought blinking leds and a buzzer. There are two alarm leds and different acoustic signal frequencies to discriminate all the different critical alarm conditions.
The integrated GPRS modem provides the automatic transmission of alarm status and storage updates; besides allows the remote modification of the operative parameters and the real time updating of measures.
GPRS technology has no limitation in the number of remote monitoring plants and avoids the PSTN and GSM typical phone line congestion.
Moreover, GPRS data transmission has low management costs and supports a high frequency of automatic plants updates.
CrioSystem Supervisor platform receives automatically all the real time alarms from GASTEL units, memorizes them and transfers the notifications to the responsible operators by mail, SMS and text to speech messages.
It is possible to request, always and everywhere, the GASTEL GPRS connections, getting real time updated measurements by a specific command from CrioSystem Supervisor web interface or CSS WebAPP.


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Q: OverflowException only in VB.net, not in C# for self educational purposes I tried to find a way to create a height map all by myself.
I googled a little bit and found a function that creates pseudo-random numbers.
    public static float Noise(int x)
    {
        x = (x << 13) ^ x;

        return (1f - ((x * (x * x * 15731 + 789221) + 1376312589) & 0x7FFFFFFF) / 1073741824.0f);
    }

Since the language of choice for me is VB.net I translated this function to:
Private Function Noise(ByVal x As Integer) As Double
    x = (x << 13) Xor x

    Return (1.0R - ((x * (x * x * 15731.0R + 789221.0R) + 1376312589.0R) And &H7FFFFFFF) / 1073741824.0R)
End Function

If I use the C# version I get results for x values from 1 to 100. If I use the VB.net version I get values for x<6 but an OverFlowException for x=6. When I disassembled the parts of this function I found out the the part that overflows is
(x * x * 15731.0R)

So, my first question is: Why do I get an OverflowException in VB.net but not in C#? If an interim result is too big for its containing variable it should be too big no matter what language I use.
And my second question is: What can I do to make it work in VB.net as well?
Thank you for your answers.

A:
Why do I get an OverflowException in VB.net but not in C#?

Because VB projects check for overflow by default, while C# does not.  You'd see the same exception in C# if you either set the project to check for overflow or put the code in a checked{ } block:
public static float Noise(int x)
{
    x = (x << 13) ^ x;
    checked{
        return (1f - ((x * (x * x * 15731) + 1376312589) & 0x7FFFFFFF) / 1073741824.0f);
    }
}

What can I do to make it work in VB.net as well?

I doubt it "works" for C#.  Since it overflows silently you are probably getting incorrect results.
However, you can prevent the overflow by casting x to a double:
Private Function Noise(ByVal x As Integer) As Double
    x = (x << 13) Xor x

    Dim y As Double = x

    Return (1.0R - ((y * (y * y * 15731.0R) + 1376312589.0R) And &H7FFFFFFF) / 1073741824.0R)
End Function

You can also turn on the "Remove integer overflow checks" property of your VB project, but that's a project wide setting.  VB currently doesn't have a way of turning off overflow checks for specific lines of code like C# does.
Whatever you do, I would test it thoroughly since you are computing a floating-point value, bit-masking it (And &H7FFFFFFF) and then dividing by another floating-point value.  Mixing integer and floating point math can be very tricky.
Also note that your two code segments are NOT equivalent.  Your C# function returns a float while VB returns a Double.  And you are using floating-point literals in VB but integer literals in C#.  It may not seem like a big difference but it can change the math unexpectedly.

A: Like D Stanley pointed out, the reason for the OverFlowException in VB.net is that VB.net is automatically doing an overflow check on integer operations while C# is not.
In case someone else is interested in getting it to work in VB.net you can do the following:
Add this structure to your project
<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)>
Public Structure LongToIntegerNoOverflow
    <FieldOffset(0)>
    Public LongValue As Long
    <FieldOffset(0)>
    Public IntValue As Integer
End Structure

and change the Noise function to
Private Function Noise(ByVal x As Integer) As Single
    Dim x1 As Long
    Dim x2 As LongToIntegerNoOverflow
    Dim x3 As LongToIntegerNoOverflow
    Dim x4 As Long

    x1 = (x << 13) Xor x

    x2.LongValue = x1 * x1 * 15731 + 789221
    x3.LongValue = x1 * x2.IntValue + 1376312589

    x4 = x3.IntValue And &H7FFFFFFF

    Return (1.0R - x4 / 1073741824.0R)
End Function

After these changes I got the same results in VB.net and in C#.


The Bainbridge/Ometepe Sister Islands Association is our "sister" organization, and we share a deep concern for Nicaraguan communities, especially the children and youth.
A monthly journal of current events and analysis in Nicaragua and Central America published in Spanish and English by the Jesuit-run Universidad de Centroamérica in Managua.
"An interactive site where people and organizations can exchange resources and ideas, locate opportunities and supporters, and take steps toward building a world where all people can lead free and dignified lives."
A far-ranging Nicaraguan travel guide written by two ex Peace Corps volunteers, Joshua Berman and Randall Wood, with information on the culture, politics and economics of the country, along with experienced advice on volunteering and studying Spanish.
The Nicaragua Network has been organizing in solidarity with the people of Nicaragua for almost 30 years. Publications include the Nicaragua Network Hotline, the Nicaragua News Service, the Nicaragua Monitor, and occasional monographs.
"Publishing and design for nature and peoples of the earth. To touch upon our common spirit and heritage, the PANGAEA Web Site is offered as a meeting place for peoples of all countries and all walks of life."
PANGAEA has a very strong interest in street children.
The Pulsera Project… "coloring the world, one pulsera at a time…" is a new U.S.-based nonprofit dedicated to helping organizations such as ourselves market the children's handicrafts through schools and universities. Sí a la Vida began partnering with the Pulsera Project in March 2010.
United Nations Children's Fund is an excellent source of information about the plight of children worldwide. Its annual report on children of the world is a must.