text:
The Single Tax: Limited or Unlimited
Henry George: The Single Tax: Limited or Unlimited
[An editorial dated 17 August, 1889, The Standard]
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Læs evt. også: Th. Shearman: Natural Taxation
During my absence in Europe an able and interesting series of articles by Thomas G. Shearman, meeting certain objections made against the single tax, has been published in The Standard. These articles furnished what basis there was, beyond shear misquotation and misrepresentation, for the notion that The Standard had changed its course, and was endeavoring to lower the aims of the movement.
I have sufficiently spoken of this notion and the effort to diffuse it I wish now to speak of some questions brought up by these articles, and to some extent debated among our friends.
Among the letters received by The Standard have been a number debating, and some of them with much ability, the question whether our aim should be to take all, or something less than full economic rent. But as there were some misapprehensions, and as the discussion was largely as to what I held, I have preferred not to give them place until I could say something myself.
Among these communications was one, under date of July 10, from the secretary of the Central single tax club of Cleveland, Ohio, inclosing the following resolutions passed by that club:
Whereas, The question having arisen among single taxers as to the advisability of permitting the holders of land titles to retain a percentage of the economic rent, not to exceed one-tenth, as compensation for collecting said economic rent; therefore be it Resolved, That we, the Central single tax club of Cleveland, Ohio, do most emphatically assert our adherence to the principle of taking the entire economic rent for public uses, and protest against anything having the appearance of a compromise with landlordism; and that a copy of these resolutions be sent to The Standard for publication.
I, too, would like to take the entire economic rent. But I wish the Cleveland club had added another resolution explaining how they propose that it shall be done, for it is here that the difficulty comes.
But first as to Mr. Shearman:
Whatever percentage of economic rent he may think will suffice for the necessary expenses of government, he is as good a single tax man as those who wish to take it all, for he is for one single tax, or to speak more precisely, for levying all taxes on one single source of revenue – land value. If that does not constitute a single tax man, what does? In fact it was as a title for the first of his tracts we published, that the term "the single tax," which has been since so generally accepted by our friends, was first used in connection with the movement, it was I who first used the terms "single tax limited" and "single tax unlimited," which have lately been so much employed. I did so in a speech in New York, some time during last year, in referring to the two sets of men who were working together harmoniously for the single tax – the one with the idea of substituting that means of raising revenue for those now employed, and the other with the idea of not stopping at that, but going further and taking as near as might be the whole value of land for the uses of the community. I spoke, if my memory serves true, of Thomas G. Shearman and John DeWitt Warner as representatives of the single tax men limited, and of myself as a single tax man unlimited. But I went on to say that for practical purposes there was no difference between us, and that the men who only proposed to substitute the single tax for existing taxes were capable of doing as good work for the cause in its present stage as we who, when the time came, proposed to go further.
I then heard no objection to this from the gentlemen who since they have become so suddenly stricken with yearnings for the company of socialists and anarchists have come to look on single tax men limited as protectors of landlords, and schemers to degrade the movement into a "soulless, conscienceless fiscal reform." Nor in speaking so was I departing in the slightest from my original position, or making any bid for an alliance with a political party. I was but repeating what I had said at the first, and had always said, that we must win and would win our decisive battle by the aid of men not at the time willing to go the whole length we wished to go.
In Progress and Poverty, book VIII, chapter II, entitled "How equal rights to the land may be asserted and secured," I say:
"We have weighed every objection, and seen that neither on the ground of equity nor expediency is there anything to deter us from making land common property by confiscating rent.
"Now, insomuch as the taxation of rent or land values must necessarily be increased just as we abolish other taxes, we may put the proposition into practical form by proposing – To abolish all taxation save that upon land values."
Is it not this that Mr. Shearman proposes to do?
So far from having lowered "the pure white banner of the movement" by gladly welcoming to the columns of The Standard Mr. Shearman's able articles, or approving of the exclusion from its columns of ranting and misrepresenting attacks upon "Shearmanism," I would have been inconsistent with all I have ever written or declared if I had failed to greet and to treat the single tax men limited as honored co-workers. Nor in drawing the line, as I did, between the single tax men limited and the single tax men unlimited, was the thought in my mind that of differentiating the men I represented from those not willing to go so far. It was that of relieving such men from the idea that in working with us for the single tax they were committing themselves to our whole programme. My thought was not merely to assure such men of our understanding on this point, so that they might the more readily join us, and work with us, but to let others understand it. For there are large classes on whom the advocacy of men who do not go the whole way exerts more influence than that of men who do.
If I may be permitted to offer advice to the Cleveland Single tax club, it would be to hold their own individual opinions, but to rescind their resolution at the next meeting. It is a mistake for them to put anything in the way of any limited single tax man joining them. And if they can get any limited single tax man like Thomas G. Shearman it would, in my opinion, be a mistake for them to try to make a single tax man unlimited out of him, if they could. When one dog gets another to help him catch hares, he does not insist that he shall follow in his track. On the contrary the two dogs take somewhat different paths. And they catch more hares because of their divergence.
To insist, if that were possible, that all advocates of the single tax should see the truth at precisely the same angle and to precisely the same extent, and should present it in precisely the same way, would be very stupid. "So many men, so many minds," and the mind that may be impervious to one method of approach is often open to another. As St. Paul saw, mental digestions that may reject the strong meat of the word may receive the milk with avidity. When railroads were only being talked about, the man who would have said, "I am of course no such visionary as to imagine that carriages can ever be drawn at the rate of fifty miles an hour, and I pay no attention to the wild talk about the social, political and industrial changes to be wrought by this invention in which some imaginative people indulge; but I am convinced that goods and passengers can be carried at least twice as fast as by horses and at most at half the cost, and that a good profit can be made by investing in these steam roads," would with certain very important classes of people have had more influence than one who could have foreseen and pictured all the marvels the railway has wrought.
Dr. W. C. Wood of Gloversville, writing to THE STANDARD, says:
"I have heard it said of Beth Green that in establishing a hatchery in Connecticut he told the fishermen that he came to make fish cheap. Whereupon they hindered him all they could. This was a lesson to him, and when he commenced operations in New Jersey he told the fishermen there that he came to make fish plenty. He got all the help they could give him.
"And so, it seems to me, it is a better way to approach the farmer by showing him that the single tax will stop the robbery he suffers through direct and indirect taxation than by calling his attention to the fact that the single tax will destroy the selling value of his land.
"Let us conceal nothing, deny nothing, keep the whole scheme before the people, but present it in the manner best calculated to secure a hearing."
In the articles that have been printed in The Standard from time to time since March last, Mr. Shearman has taken up, one after the other, the objections to the single tax which have been made on both sides of the Atlantic by men like Mr. Atkinson, Professor Harris and others, whose position as "statisticians," professors, etc., gives them weight with the general reader. He has admirably made the following points:
Instead of land values not being sufficient to permit the present expenses of government to be defrayed by the single tax, they are far more than sufficient, and that as shown by an analysis of the official figures for the city of Boston, the state of Connecticut and the united kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland (cases quoted in support of the opposite view) the revenues now raised by taxation of all kinds could be defrayed by a tax on land values without taking more than two-thirds of the ground rent now appropriated by landowners.
That even in new and sparsely settled communities a tax on land values alone would suffice to defray all the expenses that ought to be charged on such communities.
That to abolish all taxes in favor of the single tax would not interfere with the security of possession or of improvements.
That so far from the single tax exempting the owners of railroads and similar public franchises from contributing their just share to the public revenues, it is the most efficient means of taxing such franchises up to their full value.
That the objection "which is urged with the greatest air of triumph by certain excellent college professors and others" that the single tax has been tried for ages in such countries as India, Egypt, etc. – "and just look at them" – is in utter ignorance both of the facts and the principle.
In all this, and especially in his marshalling of figures, Mr. Shearman has rendered most essential service by placing in the hands of our friends answers and arguments which few of them would have the time and opportunity to work out for themselves. Nor is its usefulness in the least lessened by the fact that his standpoint is that which he has always occupied – that he proposes merely to substitute a tax on land values for all the other taxes now resorted to for public revenues.
This best describes Mr. Shearman's position – that he proposes to substitute the single tax for other taxes now levied; or to put it in the words which I used in Progress and Poverty he proposes "to abolish all taxation save that upon land values." He has proposed no limit to the tax on land values save that which he deems necessary to the collection of the tax itself, and which he vaguely puts at ten per cent, he does not propose to leave to land owners all above sixty-five per cent of the economic rent, he merely declares that statistics indicate that the present revenues of government could be obtained by a tax which would take not more than sixty-five per cent of economic rent. If more is required, then he expressly states, he would take more. And while he declares that he would demand "only so much of the ground rent as is needed by the state for public purposes," he sets no limit to the increase of the needs of the state, but on the contrary shows his appreciation of how these needs will increase with the opportunities for supplying them, by declaring that "the natural increase of taxation is always far more rapid than the increase of either population or wealth."
But in speaking of the margin which he thinks it necessary to leave in order to insure the collection of the tax on land values, Mr. Shearman declares that even under the single tax unlimited this would be "sufficient to induce men to enter into the business of land holding." And in his final article, "A mere fiscal reform," replying to certain criticisms of Mr. Pentecost in the Twentieth Century, occurs this paragraph:
"Some will say that no landlords ought to be allowed at all. But such persons forget that neither rent nor landlords can ever be abolished, without establishing absolute communism. Rent is produced by natural laws which cannot be repealed. Every one who gets a share of it is a landlord. Every tenant who has "as good natured landlord," is himself a landlord, because he puts into his own pocket some portion of the natural rent which an ill-natured landlord would extract from him. If the state tries to be the sole landlord it will fail, because state officers have not omniscient wisdom, and individuals will keep in their pockets a large share of the real rent. But, the state can leave the collection of rent to private landlords and can then extract a regular proportion of that rent from them. The wisest of men cannot extract a drop of milk from hay. But a very simple man can let his cows extract milk from hay and then he can milk them easily enough. The farmer must leave some milk for the calves, or he will soon have no cows. And the state must leave some rent for its servants, the landlords, or it will have no efficient tax collectors. "Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider his ways and be wise." Ants keep their cows the tiny aphides. The aphis sucks milk from leaves; and the ant stands by, patiently, until it sees that the aphis is full; and then it quietly sucks most of the milk from the aphis. But the ant is wise enough to leave to the aphis enough milk to live upon."
It is much more than doubtful whether those who regard the single tax as a proposition for robbery will feel at all grateful to Mr. Shearman for his suggestion that landlords must be kept in existence in order to be milked. On the contrary they are more likely to consider his proposition, which, he explains in another paragraph, is to leave them enough to live upon if they are active, busy men, only the adding of insult to injury.
But on the other hand the idea of leaving any vestige of landlordism is repugnant to men who are aiming at the utter abolition of the wrong which allows one man to step between another and the bounty of his Creator and exact a tribute from his toil for the use of the natural elements to which our first and highest perceptions tell us that all men have equal rights. It is against this idea, I fancy, that the resolutions of the Cleveland club are intended to protest.
Anything like a careful reading of Mr. Shearman's articles will, however, show that the idea conveyed by this paragraph to the minds of those who have been accustomed to use the term landlordism as expressive of that system which has everywhere enslaved and robbed the masses of men, is not the idea that was in Mr. Shearman's mind. As is evident even in this paragraph, and as other passages in these articles clearly show, Mr. Shearman has slipped into the use of the words landlord, landowner, and landholder, as if they were synonymous with each other and, indeed, with the term land user. Taken literally and on its face, this paragraph would seem to indicate that Mr. Shearman supposes that in order that the community should obtain its proper and natural revenue, economic rent, every land user must have a landlord whose function it shall be to extract economic rent from him, in order that in its turn the community may tax it from the landlord.
Mr. Shearman could never seriously have thought this, for no one can know better that even under present conditions, a very large proportion of land users are at the same time land owners, having no landlord between them and the state. And no one can know better than he that the effect of an increase of the taxation of land values would he to reduce the selling price of land, and so to increase the proportion of those who owned or held directly of the state the land they used. Any considerable increase of taxation on land values, even to sixty-five per cent of economic rent, accompanied, as it would be sure to be, with the expectation of further increase, would so greatly reduce the selling value of land that but very few landlords pure and simple could long remain, since people who wished to make permanent use of land would find it easy to buy the land outright, or obtain it without payment in the abandonment of land by speculative holders that would follow such an installment of the single tax.
What Mr. Shearman is thinking of is not landlords, in the strict sense of the term, but land owners, the term he uses in the same connection in other parts of the same article, and even land users, as is evident from this sentence in a previous article:
"Land is never, except perhaps during war, to be taxed literally up to its full annual value. A margin is always to be left, sufficient to make it an object for some person to collect from the land itself, or from its occupants, the natural rent, and to pay the tax to the state. No one proposes to make this margin less than ten per cent."
This makes it perfectly clear what is in Mr. Shearman's mind. Neither landlords nor land owners, in the strict use of the term, can collect rent from land. Only the land user can do that. Without use the most productive land in the world could yield neither rent nor anything else. Mr. Shearman's illustration is only intelligible, and consistent with what he has said elsewhere in the same articles, when "land users" is read into the term "landlords." Then it is perfectly correct. The leaves are natural opportunities; the aphis are the users of natural opportunities, and the ant is the community. It is as true of a community as it is of an individual landowner that there is no way of getting rent from land save by permitting its use. And it is also true that to those who use land there must be enough left of the produce of their labor to enable them to live, and that to secure the efficient use of land this must be left and more. But it is not true, I take it, that what must thus be left to the land user is necessarily any part of economic rent. What, to my mind, must be left is wages, the produce of the use minus economic rent – the payment to the community for the special privilege accorded in the use of land having special advantages and which others also would like to use.
In the present situation there is no practical difference between those of us who wish finally to take the last penny of economic rent and Mr. Shearman, and we can well say with the Farmer's Voice, "May his tribe increase" – a benediction, by the bye, which in the present stage of economic thought among farmers, an organ of theirs would be hardly likely to apply to one who put obtrusively to the front that aspect of our aim which is expressed by "the abolition of private property in land." Since, obviously, we cannot take all rent at one step, we will all agree that we must get to the point of taking sixty-five per cent before we can get to the point of taking one hundred. And even supposing that that is all that Mr. Shearman proposes, sixty-five per cent is a pretty good installment to begin with, and if we can get people up to the point of demanding that, we shall be a good deal more than half way towards our goal.
But even the theoretical difference is very small. The only restriction that Mr. Shearman would really place upon the taking of the largest amount of economic rent is that it shall not he taken for the mere sake of taking, but that it shall be taken for the needs of the state, that is, because the state can make good use of it. And one has but to look at our streets, our roads, our wharves and docks, and to consider in how many ways the community might use larger revenues for the benefit of all, to realize that no matter how large economic rent may be, there will never be any necessity of leaving it to private individuals because no good public use can be found for it. The only theoretical point worth discussing is as to how near the taking of the whole of economic rent it would be possible in practice to come.
This is a point as to which I am not and never have been clear. Nor do I think that any one at present can say with anything like precision how near we may be able, when we get so far as to attempt it, to take the whole of economic rent for public purposes. This uncertainty arises not merely from the fact that we have not had experience to guide us, but also from the fact that the conditions of society and habits of thought must be greatly changed in the greater freedom and better material conditions that must result from more moderate applications of the single tax principle. I am convinced that with public attention concentrated on one single source, of public revenues, and with the public intelligence and public conscience accustomed to look on the payments required from that, not as an exaction from the individual, but as something due in justice from him to the community, we could come much closer to taking the whole of economic rent than might at present seem possible. Yet I regard it as certain that it must always be impossible to take economic rent exactly, or to take it all, without at the same time taking something more and trenching on what in justice ought to be left to the individual. If the members of the Cleveland club will attempt to formulate any plan for taking full economic rent, no more, no less, they will find that they can no more do it than they can draw a theoretically true circle, or make a line that will fulfill the geometrical definition. Theoretical perfection pertains to nothing human. The best we can do in practice is to approach the ideal. And the best the members of the Cleveland club or any one else could do in this regard would be to formulate some plan that should take about the whole of economic rent – that is to say, which should compensate for taking something too much from some individuals by taking something too little from others.
But would they consider that the taking of too much from some individuals would be fairly compensated for in this way? Would they not, rather, when they came to think of it, regard such compensation very much as they would regard the cutting out of a coat or a pair of boots, on the principle that undue tightness in some places should be compensated for by undue looseness in others – or the administration of justice on the theory that the conviction of innocent men compensated for the escape of guilty men? Would they not in this case, just as they would in the case of a coat or a pair of boots, or the administration of justice, prefer that the errors should be on the safe side? And would they not deem the safe side, the side of the individual? Is it not better that the state should, on the whole, get something less than its exact due than that individuals should be compelled to pay more than they ought to be called on to pay? If so, we must in any case leave a margin.
This I have always seen. What that margin should be I have never attempted to formulate, and have never put it at ten per cent or at any other per cent. What I have always stated as our aim was that we should take the whole of economic rent "as near as might be."
As we advance in the application of the single tax, speculative land values will rapidly disappear, and land will become less and less valuable to the mere owner, while remaining just as valuable to the user. Mere landlords will thus steadily tend to disappear, and land users will tend to become owners. Or rather they will tend to become nominal owners, for while they will retain that security of possession and that power of transferring possession that now attaches to ownership, the state, in taking a larger and larger proportion of the value, will in greater and greater degree make the whole people the real owners. But we shall steadily and rapidly approach the point when there will be no landlords in the strict sense – that is to say, no landowners drawing rent from land users for the use of land alone. Landlords we will continue to have in the colloquial sense, and must continue to have them so long as there are people who travel and who wish to stay in hotels for longer or shorter times, so long as there are some people so situated that they prefer to hire rooms by the week or month or houses by the year, or to use buildings or other improvements that they do not care to, or are not able to, buy outright. These "landlords," as they are called – though economically they are both land owners and capitalists at the same time – will in their charge for the use of the buildings or other improvements, also collect from these transient land users a rent for the use of valuable land, and this the community will take from them again its "nearly as may be," in the tax on land values. These are the landlords that Mr. Shearman doubtless had in his mind when he spoke of the necessity of landlords to the collection of rent by the state.
Now, when we get within appreciable distance of the point of taking all economic rent, how are we to continue? This, though now purely a theoretical question, will then become a practical question, for if we strive to go to the point of theoretical perfection – that of taking the whole economic rent, the selling value of land would disappear, and we should no longer have the same basis for making the assessment of land that we had so long as that remains. Three courses would be open to us:
We might simply shift our assessment from the selling value of land to the using value of land, which would remain though the selling value by reason of the single tax should disappear.
We might assume on the part of the community the formal ownership of land, and let it out from time to time to the highest bidder.
We might stop short of attempting to take the full value, and leave such a small margin to the owner or holder as would give a selling value by which to assess.
Taking everything together and judging as well as one can judge at this distance from conditions that will prevail when this question becomes a practical one, it seems to me that the last course would be the best. It has many advantages, and the only objection that I can see to it is that in this way we could not collect the full amount of economic rent. But this disadvantage also attaches to other plans. It must, in fact, in greater or less degree attach to any plan that will not be open to the opposite, and, as it seems to me, more serious danger, of taking more than economic rent .
The first plan is by no means impracticable. For it is the estimate of the use value or expected use value of land that always determines its selling value. But to ascertain the use value of land under conditions in which selling value has disappeared and the only letting or transfer of the possession of land is with improvements, would necessitate the fixing on each piece of ground of a judicial assessment of rent with little to guide it but public opinion. We should not only lose that quick appreciation of values which comes with the enlistment of individual interests, but though public opinion might be greatly improved in this respect, it seems to me that the natural disposition to be on the safe side with regard to the individual, and to be slow about increasing rents where there is no tangible change in values, would result in leaving a considerable uncollected margin – probably as much, and possibly more, than it would be necessary to leave under the third plan.
As to the second plan, there are very serious objections in my mind to the formal assumption of ownership of land not needed for community uses, and to the letting out of land by lease. But without entering into those which relate to the increased complexity of administration and dangers of collusion and corruption, this mode of treating land would certainly engender speculation. The shrewd or fortunate bidder would make money by getting land at a rent that during the term of the lease would be less than the economic rent, and the too sanguine or less fortunate bidder would lose. But on the whole, would not the margin be against the community, and the failure to get the whole of economic rent be likely to be at least as great as though the third plan were adopted?
But this question of how we can come nearest to taking the whole of economic rent is not merely at present only a theoretical question – it is a question on which we will all have more light as we advance further on our road. That road stretches before us for a long distance clear and plain. Whatever we may deem it best to do when we have carried the single tax to the point when with the next step selling values will vanish, what we have now to do is to get the single tax instituted – to abolish all taxation save that upon land values. There is enough work in this to call forth all our energies.
And it is well also to remember that the great benefit of shifting taxation on land values, and appropriating at least all but a small fraction of economic rent, is not so much in the great fund which it will give for public uses without hampering industry or taking from any one what his labor or his thrift entitles him to have. It is in setting free productive forces and securing equitable distribution, by destroying land speculation and monopoly; by opening to labor its natural and necessary field and by removing the restrictions now imposed on production and exchange. No little margin that we may have to leave to landholders by reason of the impossibility of attaining theoretical perfection through human laws and agencies can prevent us from securing these advantages.


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Home Blogroll Manchester United: €15m fallen star set for Besiktas escape?
Manchester United: €15m fallen star set for Besiktas escape?
Tom Gatehouse
Shinji Kagawa's merry ride in Manchester has been nothing short of frustrating, for both player and fans worldwide, and it is looking increasingly likely that the Japanese international will soon be packing his bags for pastures new.
It had been mooted that those aforementioned pastures would be wholly recognisable for the 24-year-old, with former club Borussia Dortmund strongly linked with a move for the attacker these past few months.
But according to 'tuttomercatoweb.com', the €15m-valued Kagawa could well be on his way to Turkey, with Besiktas said to be willing to offer the midfielder a wage package that would better his current contract at Old Trafford.
Besiktas, who are managed by the wonderfully eccentric Slaven Bilić, are currently second in the Turkish Super Lig, five points behind leaders Fenerbahce, and according to the Turkish sources cited in the report, Kagawa is high on the Black Eagles' summer transfer agenda.
The attacking midfielder has been used sparingly since the arrival of David Moyes in the summer, and has only played 120 minutes of league football since the turn of the year, setting up one solitary goal in the 2-0 win over Swansea.
Read more – Shinji Kagawa 'irritated' at Old Trafford
Indeed the only headline-hitting he has done all season seems to only be when he sustained a bizarre 'eating injury' last November.
Turkish football may be considered to be a dead-end of sorts to many, but if Besiktas can match the transfer ambition of Galatasaray, and acquire their own set of world stars, then there is surely no reason why Kagawa couldn't resurrect his flagging career in south-east Europe.
What do you think? Should Kagawa shoot off to Turkey? Let me know in the comments below…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Respect and city living: Contest or cosmopolitanism?
Andrew Millie
Law, Criminology & Policing
The contemporary western city attracts people with different cultures, values, backgrounds, beliefs, languages and traditions. Of course, I am stating the obvious and, in fact, this has been true for most cities, for most of the time. However, understanding how these differences can work together as a cosmopolitan whole, or whether they work in contest to cause suspicion, strife and resentment, is key to the promotion of respectful city living, to promoting urban cultures of respect for the 'other'
Securing Respect: Behavioural Expectations and Anti-Social Behaviour in the UK
The Policy Press
http://www.policypress.co.uk/display.asp?k=9781847420930
Dive into the research topics of 'Respect and city living: Contest or cosmopolitanism?'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
cosmopolitanism Social Sciences 100%
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Millie, A. (2009). Respect and city living: Contest or cosmopolitanism? In A. Millie (Ed.), Securing Respect: Behavioural Expectations and Anti-Social Behaviour in the UK The Policy Press. http://www.policypress.co.uk/display.asp?k=9781847420930
Millie, Andrew. / Respect and city living: Contest or cosmopolitanism?. Securing Respect: Behavioural Expectations and Anti-Social Behaviour in the UK. editor / Andrew Millie. Bristol : The Policy Press, 2009.
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Citations: 2
Ebola response in the Republic of Congo
Marco Visser
The ability of medical organizations to respond quickly and effectively to outbreaks of Ebola has evolved significantly in recent years. Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) has responded to several epidemics of Ebola across Africa, and was called to stem an outbreak in 2003 in heavily forested
Cuvette Ouest in the Republic of Congo (ROC). The isolation measures taken and an overview of the latest developments are presented.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Humanitarian Contexts
Water and wastes in the context of the West African Ebola outbreak: turning uncertain science into pragmatic guidance in Sierra Leone
Carter, Richard C.
Peter Dumble, J.
Day, St John
Cowing, Michael
https://doi.org/10.3362/9781780448831.004 [Citations: 0]
Detection of infectious disease outbreaks in twenty-two fragile states, 2000-2010: a systematic review
Bruckner, Catherine
Checchi, Francesco
Conflict and Health, Vol. 5 (2011), Iss. 1
https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-5-13 [Citations: 27]


Sage Relaxing Ritual Home Fragrance Oil exclusively from Yankee Candle. Earthy and warm, this essential oil is perfect for centering your mind and relaxing your body after a long stressful day. Use in your favorite oil warmer alone or combine with other scents to create your own unique scentscape.
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Using a practical planning system early will be tremendously useful if you have considerable and taxable estates. The main purpose behind this system is to minimize your estate taxes upon the owner's passing. This basically protects your family assets, and ensures that your family values are in place for your heirs' benefits. In a scenario like this, using the right planning software can be one of your smartest moves.
First off, a practical planning system is a lot cheaper compared to using the services of an estate lawyer or even any estate planning professional. In fact, estate lawyers usually use the same software that you can purchase and use yourself. If you are some type of technical expertise, working on your plans will become much easier, compared to the average user.
Still, even if you are new to technology, the system will be fairly manageable to learn as most software are made for user experience. This means that the functions are presented in the simplest way possible. And as you will be doing the task yourself, you can just save the cash instead of paying an expert to do it for you.
The attorney-client privilege will protect you if you decide to hire a lawyer to plan your estate. This means that the attorney can never disclose any information you provide him to any party for any reason.
Still, some people just cannot accept the idea of sharing private concerns with other individuals, even within their professional relationship with a lawyer. If you belong to that group, using a practical planning system will give you the same results as hiring a lawyer, without the privacy issue. You can do everything by yourself, and the software will help you through the entire process.
Another vital advantage of using practical planning system for estate planning is that it lets you organize and retrieve your files more efficiently. As we have said earlier, estate planning software solutions are mostly easy to learn, even for non-techy users. It is easy to navigate and get the information or feature you need. With the help of this system, it will also be easier and faster for you to update or make changes to your will or trusts.
As expected, practical planning systems are not all created equal, so you have to spend time searching for the best solution available. Start with a few referrals provided by friends, family members or colleagues who may be using estate planning software themselves. Or just search online, but stick to reputable sources.


text:
<?php

if (!defined('LOGGER_LOG_LEVEL')) {
    /**
     * LOGGER_LOG_LEVEL
     *
     * The default log level code to use when logging messages.
     */
    define('LOGGER_LOG_LEVEL', (defined('XPSPL_DEBUG') && XPSPL_DEBUG) ? 0 : 4);
}

if (!defined('LOGGER_DATE_FORMAT')) {
    define('LOGGER_DATE_FORMAT', 'm-d-y H:i:s e');
}

if (!defined('LOGGER_BLOCK')) {
    define('LOGGER_BLOCK', true);
}

define('LOGGER_VERSION', 'v1.0.0');
define('LOGGER_MASTERMIND', 'Nickolas C. Whiting');

/**
 * Returns a logger identified by the given name.
 *
 * If the logger does not exist it is created.
 *
 * @param  string  $name  Name of the logger
 *
 * @return   object  Logger
 */
function logger($name = null)
{
    if (null === $name) {
        return Logger::instance();
    }
    return Logger::instance()->get_logger($name);
}

/**
 * Stupid simple logging utility for XPSPL based on Pythons logger.
 */
class Logger {

    /**
     * DEBUG
     *
     * Detailed information, typically of interest only when diagnosing
     * problems.
     */
    const DEBUG = 1;
    /**
     * INFO
     *
     * Confirmation that things are working as expected.
     */
    const INFO = 2;
    /**
     * WARNING
     *
     * An indication that something unexpected happened, or indicative of
     * some problem in the near future (e.g. 'disk space low').
     *
     * The software is still working as expected.
     */
    const WARNING = 3;
    /**
     * ERROR
     *
     * Due to a more serious problem, the software has not been able to
     * perform some function.
     */
    const ERROR = 4;
    /**
     * CRITICAL
     *
     * A serious error, indicating that the program itself may be unable
     * to continue running.
     */
    const CRITICAL = 5;

    /**
     * Array of log handlers.
     *
     * @var
     */
    protected $_handlers = [];

    /**
     * @var  object|null  Instanceof the singleton
     */
    protected static $_instance = null;

    /**
     * Returns an instance of the singleton.
     *
     * Passes args to constructor
     */
    final public static function instance(/* ... */)
    {
        if (null === static::$_instance) {
            static::$_instance = new self(func_get_args());
        }

        return self::$_instance;
    }

    /**
     * Disallow cloning
     */
    final public function __clone() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Adds a handler.
     *
     * @param  object  $handler  HJandler
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    public function add_handler(Handler $handler)
    {
        $this->_handlers[] = $handler;
    }

    /**
     * Logs a message.
     *
     * @param  integer  $code  Log level code.
     * @param  string  $message  Message to log.
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    public function log($code, $message)
    {
        foreach ($this->_handlers as $_handler) {
            $_handler->handle($code, $message);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Logs a debug message.
     *
     * @param  string  $message  Message to log.
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    public function debug($message)
    {
        $this->log(Logger::DEBUG, $message);
    }

    /**
     * Logs a info message.
     *
     * @param  string  $message  Message to log.
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    public function info($message)
    {
        $this->log(Logger::INFO, $message);
    }

    /**
     * Logs a warning message.
     *
     * @param  string  $message  Message to log.
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    public function warning($message)
    {
        $this->log(Logger::WARNING, $message);
    }

    /**
     * Logs a error message.
     *
     * @param  string  $message  Message to log.
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    public function error($message)
    {
        $this->log(Logger::ERROR, $message);
    }

    /**
     * Logs a critical message.
     *
     * @param  string  $message  Message to log.
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    public function critical($message)
    {
        $this->log(Logger::CRITICAL, $message);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new logger.
     *
     * @param  string  $logger  Name of the logger.
     *
     * @return  object  Logger
     */
    public function get_logger($logger)
    {
        if (!isset($this->_loggers[$logger])) {
            $this->_loggers[$logger] = new self();
        }
        return $this->_loggers[$logger];
    }
}

/**
 * Handler
 *
 * Handles a log message
 */
class Handler {

    /**
     * The message formatter
     *
     * @var  object
     */
    protected $_formatter = null;

    /**
     * Output file.
     *
     * @var  resource
     */
    protected $_output = null;

    /**
     * Level to handle log messages.
     */
    protected $_level = null;

    /**
     * Sets the formatter.
     *
     * @param  object  $formatter
     * @param  resource  $output  Output resource or file
     * @param  integer  $level  Code level to log, anything greater than the
     *                          given code will be logged.
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    public function __construct(Formatter $formatter, $output, $level = LOGGER_LOG_LEVEL)
    {
        $this->_formatter = $formatter;
        $this->_output = $output;
    }

    /**
     * Handles a message.
     *
     * @param  integer  $code  Log level code.
     * @param  string  $message  Message to handle.
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    public function handle($code, $message)
    {
        if ($code >= $this->_level) {
            $message = $this->_formatter->format($code, $message);
            $this->_make_writeable();
            fwrite($this->_output, $message);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Makes the output writeable.
     *
     * This will create a non-blocking stream to the given file.
     *
     * @return  boolean
     */
    protected function _make_writeable(/* ... */)
    {
        if (!is_resource($this->_output)) {
            if (!file_exists($this->_output)) {
                touch($this->_output);
            }
            $this->_output = fopen($this->_output, 'w+');
            @stream_set_blocking($this->_output, LOGGER_BLOCK);
            return true;
        } else {
            @stream_set_blocking($this->_output, LOGGER_BLOCK);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Formatter
 *
 * Formats a log message.
 *
 * The formatter allows for the following parameters.
 *
 * %date - Date of the log
 * %message - Log message
 * %code - Error Code Level
 * %str_code - String representation of the error code
 */
class Formatter {

    /**
     * Output file.
     *
     * @var  resource
     */
    protected $_format = null;

    /**
     * Create a formatter.
     *
     * @param  object  $format  String format to log a message
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    public function __construct($format)
    {
        $this->_format = $format;
    }

    /**
     * Handles a message.
     *
     * @param  integer  $code  Log level code.
     * @param  string  $message  Message to handle.
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    public function format($code, $message)
    {
        switch ($code) {
            case Logger::DEBUG:
                $str_code = 'DEBUG';
                break;
            case Logger::INFO:
                $str_code = 'INFO';
                break;
            case Logger::WARNING:
                $str_code = 'WARNING';
                break;
            case Logger::ERROR:
                $str_code = 'ERROR';
                break;
            case Logger::CRITICAL:
                $str_code = 'CRITICAL';
                break;
        }
        return psprintf($this->_format, [
            'date' => date(LOGGER_DATE_FORMAT),
            'message' => $message,
            'code' => $code,
            'str_code' => $str_code
        ]);
    }
}

/**
 * Returns a formatted string. Accepts named arguments.
 */
function psprintf($str, $params) {
    return preg_replace('/{(\w+)}/e', '$params["\\1"]', $str);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
// Copyright (c) Brock Allen & Dominick Baier. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See LICENSE in the project root for license information.

using IdentityServer4.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace IdentityServer4.Stores
{
    /// <summary>
    /// In-memory resource store
    /// </summary>
    public class InMemoryResourcesStore : IResourceStore
    {
        private readonly IEnumerable<IdentityResource> _identityResources;
        private readonly IEnumerable<ApiResource> _apiResources;

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="InMemoryResourcesStore" /> class.
        /// </summary>
        public InMemoryResourcesStore(IEnumerable<IdentityResource> identityResources = null, IEnumerable<ApiResource> apiResources = null)
        {
            _identityResources = identityResources ?? Enumerable.Empty<IdentityResource>();
            _apiResources = apiResources ?? Enumerable.Empty<ApiResource>();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets all resources.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public Task<Resources> GetAllResources()
        {
            var result = new Resources(_identityResources, _apiResources);
            return Task.FromResult(result);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Finds the API resource by name.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="name">The name.</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public Task<ApiResource> FindApiResourceAsync(string name)
        {
            var api = from a in _apiResources
                      where a.Name == name
                      select a;
            return Task.FromResult(api.FirstOrDefault());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Finds the identity resources by scope.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="names">The names.</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">names</exception>
        public Task<IEnumerable<IdentityResource>> FindIdentityResourcesByScopeAsync(IEnumerable<string> names)
        {
            if (names == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(names));

            var identity = from i in _identityResources
                           where names.Contains(i.Name)
                           select i;

            return Task.FromResult(identity);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Finds the API resources by scope.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="names">The names.</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">names</exception>
        public Task<IEnumerable<ApiResource>> FindApiResourcesByScopeAsync(IEnumerable<string> names)
        {
            if (names == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(names));

            var api = from a in _apiResources
                      from s in a.Scopes
                      where names.Contains(s.Name)
                      select a;

            return Task.FromResult(api);
        }
    }
}


Outdoor adventure sports: hiking, biking, climbing, trekking, camping/backpacking, orienteering, World geography, geology, kayaking, canoeing, surfing, fishing, cooking, rigging, sewing, mechanics, creative thinking.
First canopy pilot to master swooping with both toggles in one hand and receive the freestyle move named for it "Switchblade"
I started teaching CP before I even knew how to do it right, circa 1995 in Canada. During my time in the sport since then, I've taught basic body flight, AFF, Tandem, 4-way, freeflying, packing, BASE, wing-suiting and Basic Canopy flight skills all the way through to competition canopy piloting. Coaching and canopy piloting competitions have been my primary source of income for the last 10 years and during this time I've worked with thousands of students from all over the world. I also helped to pioneer a number of the concepts and techniques that have become standards in CP training and technique today.
I studied under experts such as Chris Lynch, Pete Allum, Joey Jones, Dan BC, Craig Girard, Orly King, Omar Allegalan, Jason Peters, Mike McGowan, Gus Wing, Norm Kent, Mario Richard, Marta Empinotti, Chris Gay, John Le Blanc and Scott Miller, just to name a few of the many I am thankful to.
What do you recommend to those wanting to learn how to swoop?
Everything should be presented in stages just like it will be learned and Swooping is only one of many possible goals. I think emphasis on the basics and overall sound flying skills should be paramount. Safety should be first, consistency and discipline second.


Part of our 'NATURE IN MOTION' collection, this elegant fine bone china coaster in not just a coaster… try it as a lid for your biscuit! It fits perfectly on our mugs. Created with love… to bring nature into your kitchen.
Our fine bone china coasters are 8.5cm diameter.


As a massive snowstorm looms on the horizon it's taken my thoughts to bundling up and staying warm. What's more cozy than mittens?
Our mittens aren't actually mittens. They're more like ornaments. But, they're adorable. They come in red, black, and tan. I'm placing them on sale for $2.49 each or BOGO.
When ordering BOGO write in the comment box your preferred color combination. To receive two mittens only order one.


5 Nov - 5 min - Uploaded by miel This video is just for fun:)) Inspired by Yumi Lacsamana Enjoy Wacthing!! Add Maria Ley Claud. 10 May - 4 min - Uploaded by Viva Records The official music video of "Dyosa" (Goddess) by singer-songwriter Yumi Lacsamana. From an. 9 Jan - 4 min - Uploaded by Jasmine Reyes Mix - DYOSA by Yumi Lacsamana (Parody)YouTube · Diary ng Panget - Duration: 6.
18 Nov - 4 min - Uploaded by janyne Granado Other social media account: FACEBOOK: thegourmetpupcakery.com TWITTER: https. 5 Apr - 4 min - Uploaded by Kimchi Twitter: thegourmetpupcakery.com Facebook: thegourmetpupcakery.com raterta. 28 Mar - 3 min - Uploaded by Justine Andres thank you for watching Pls subscribe.
1 Dec - 4 min Watch Dyosa - Yumi Lacsamana by Karaoketv on Dailymotion here. Yumi Lacsamana Dyosa Ost From Diary Ng Panget mp3 Download. Yumi Lacsamana — Dyosa Music Diary Ng Panget The Movie Ost mp3. Bitrate: Kbps. Check out Dyosa by Yumi Lacsamana on Amazon Music. Stream ad-free or purchase CD's and MP3s now on thegourmetpupcakery.com Watch the video for Dyosa from Yumi Lacsamana's Diary ng Panget (Original Movie Soundtrack) for free, and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists. Chords for Dyosa - Yumi Lacsamana (DNP The Movie OST). Play along with guitar, ukulele, or piano with interactive chords and diagrams. Includes transpose .
Dyosa. By Yumi Lacsamana. • 1 song, Play on Spotify. 1. Dyosa - Yumi Listen to Yumi Lacsamana in full in the Spotify app. Play on Spotify. Yumi Lacsamana - Pandora. Dyosa. Yumi Lacsamana. From the Album 'Diary ng Panget (Original Movie Soundtrack)'. Start Station. Play Song. Share. Find the BPM for 'Dyosa' by 'Yumi Lacsamana'. Type a song, get a BPM. Yumi Lacsamana, Soundtrack: Talk Back and You're Dead. Diary ng panget (lyrics: "No Erase", "Dyosa" - as Kristaline Lacsamana) / (performer: " Dyosa").
Read Dyosa-Yumi Lacsamana from the story Lyrics of Songs by MiraNap (Ariella ♥♪) with reads. donnalynbartolome, mikoymorales, kapuso. Di ba't sabi. Get all the lyrics to songs by Yumi Lacsamana and join the Genius community of Top Yumi Lacsamana scholars. Popular Yumi Lacsamana songs. Dyosa. 10 Dec Awit Ni Ginny - Toni Gonzaga · Dyosa - Yumi Lacsamana · In The Basement - Martina McBride ft · Ikaw, Ako At Siya - Janno Gibbs, And Jaya. Yumi Lacsamana Lyrics. Dyosa · Ikaw ang Sunshine Ko, Isang Pamilya Tayo · Tumalon We don't have any information about biography of Yumi Lacsamana.


Please return FFDShow DXVA in K-Lite codec pack - it is faster on slow machines. And update standalone FFDShow tryouts build. Current available standalone build 4533. Current in K-Lite codec pack 12.8.5 is 4534.
FFDShow DXVA is buggy. The pack includes MPC DXVA Decoder (in Mega). That also works on XP and works better.
Development of FFDShow has been stopped completely.
Sad. FFDShow libavcodec can partial skip deblocking in H264 / AVC, when it is safe, and automatically turn deblocking off completely when not enough performance. LAV Codec can't do that.
Skip deblocking only works with software decoding. Not with DXVA. It also has a negative effect on quality, even when it is "safe". Using ffdshow as a software decoder is still possible with the current pack.
I know that software ffshow available in current K-Lite, but thanks for the other information.
MPC DXVA Decoder also has a skip deblock function (when it does software decoding).
Don't see any settings for build in MPC-HC decoders.
enabling it, don't see it in MPC-HC. Opened its settings by DSFMgr, but this is unofficial way. How to obtain an official command to open configuration dialog of needed AX filter?
I see FFDShow DXVA in Codec Tweak Tool - cool!
You can select it on the hardware acceleration settings page in the installer.
It is not one of the built-in decoders. It is a standalone version of an old built-in decoder (from before those were replaced with LAV Filters).
1) Register it (= enabled with CTT). Then it is available to all players.
2) Add it as an external filter in MPC-HC settings. Then it is used only by MPC-HC. The pack adds it there by default on XP (even if you didn't select it during installation). To enable it you only need to enable the checkbox in the external filter settings of MPC-HC.
MPC-HC is actually a super fast player. But considering that you have an old system, most things will be relatively slow for you.


text:
Alfonso de Zayas y de Bobadilla (Palma de Mallorca, 23 de enero de 1896 - Sabadell, 3 de enero de 1970) fue un aristócrata, político y militar español, titulado marqués de Zayas, y cofundador de la Real Asociación de Hidalgos de España. Miembro de la Falange Española, fue jefe provincial de la Falange mallorquina y es considerado uno de los principales responsables de la represión contra los republicanos durante la Guerra civil.

Biografía

Primeros años
Nacido en Palma de Mallorca en 1896, fue hijo de Bartolomé de Zayas y Borrás, y de Pilar de Bobadilla y Martínez de Arizala. Contrajo matrimonio con una aristócrata francesa, Marie Juliette Gabrielle Vierne d'Harcourt (1900-1977), con la que tuvo dos hijos: José Eugenio y Marguerite.

Fue caballero de la Orden de Montesa y el primer presidente del Real Aeroclub de Baleares, fundado en 1935.

Ingresó en el ejército en 1913, teniendo el grado de teniente de artillería en 1924, y ascendido a capitán de artillería y piloto aviador en 1931. Llegó a tomar parte en la Guerra de Marruecos como observador aéreo, siendo condecorado en 1924 con la Cruz al Mérito Militar con distintivo rojo.

República y guerra civil
Fue impulsor en las islas Baleares de la Falange Española, y uno de los miembros que formaron el triunvirato de 1934. Partidario de la Italia fascista desde los primeros tiempos, llegó a apoyar la invasión italiana de Etiopía. Intervendría en el mitin falangista de 1936 en Manacor. Convertido en jefe provincial de Falange, fue uno de los miembros en la conspiración militar contra la República en Baleares. En esta época llegó a ser detenido por las autoridades en dos ocasiones.

Tras el comienzo del Golpe de Estado de julio de 1936 que desembocó en la guerra civil, Alfonso Zayas fue liberado de la prisión en el Fuerte de San Carlos (Palma de Mallorca) y colaboró con los militares sublevados en la ocupación de isla. Desde el comienzo de la guerra los sublevados en Mallorca contaban con muy pocos medios y armamento, encontrándose virtualmente indefensos ante un ataque republicano. Por ello, envió a Roma a una misión diplomática —compuesta por el capitán Juan Thomas y el falangista Martín Pou Roselló— para solicitar el envío de refuerzos a la isla. Zayas fue también uno de los líderes falangistas mallorquines que pidió al comandante militar de Mallorca que solicitara el envío de asesores militares italianos. Todo ello acabaría materializándose con la llegada de una fuerza expedicionaria al mando de Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi. Zayas lucharía en el frente de Manacor contra el desembarco republicano y posteriormente colaborando con fuerzas a su mando en la ocupación de las islas Pitiusas, en septiembre de 1936.

En este tiempo tuvo una destacada participación en la represión antirrepublicana. Poco partidario de los carlistas, no se mostraría entusiasta de la unificación entre estos y falangistas en 1937. No obstante, Zayas se mantuvo en sintonía con el nuevo Estado franquista y en una ocasión llegaría a afirmar: «Los "camisas azules" son los que tienen que estar atentos para que el pensamiento del Generalísimo se realice vigilando a los murmuradores, que serán perseguidos y tratados como traidores a la Patria». En junio de 1938 fue nombrado jefe de la Delegación regional de Falange en la Italia fascista. A su partida sería sustituido por el militar falangista Canuto Boloqui.

Dictadura franquista
Durante la Dictadura franquista llegó a ser jefe del Sindicato Nacional de Transportes y Comunicaciones y procurador en las Cortes franquistas, así como miembro del Consejo Nacional de FET y de las JONS. En 1943 fue uno de los notables que firmó una carta dirigida al dictador Francisco Franco, con el fin de que este restableciera la institución monárquica en la persona del príncipe Juan de Borbón. Franco, sin embargo, ignoró la misiva y no tomó ninguna medida en ese sentido.

En 1954 fundó la Real Asociación de Hidalgos de España junto a Vicente de Cadenas, el marqués de Siete Iglesias y Valentín Dávila Jalón.

Falleció en Sabadell el 3 de enero de 1970.

Obras
 —— (1955). Historia de la Vieja Guardia de Baleares. Madrid.

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Militares de España en la guerra del Rif
Militares de la guerra civil española sublevados
Miembros de Falange Española de las JONS
Miembros de FET y de las JONS
Nobles de España del siglo XX
Marqueses de España
Caballeros de la Orden de Montesa
Procuradores de las Cortes franquistas
Fascismo en España
I Legislatura de las Cortes Españolas
II Legislatura de las Cortes Españolas
V Legislatura de las Cortes Españolas
Nacidos en Palma de Mallorca
Fallecidos en Sabadell

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Privacy Perspectives | The US government wants privacy pros: Time to act on it Related reading: Groman: The president of the United States is doubling down on privacy
The US government wants privacy pros: Time to act on it
schedule Jun 15, 2016
Omer Tene Omer Tene
Rita Heimes, CIPP/E, CIPP/US, CIPM Rita Heimes, CIPP/E, CIPP/US, CIPM
The U.S. federal government is hiring privacy professionals — but chances are you wouldn't know about it. Privacy jobs are classified at the federal level using a job description originally designed for Freedom of Information Act positions. And trying to navigate through the government's byzantine job classification and application system in search of a privacy job can leave even the most hopeful candidates scratching their heads.
This is unfortunate since few if any world leaders have embraced and recognized the need for privacy as much as President Obama. In his February 2016 Executive Order establishing a Federal Privacy Council, the President called for a "revised policy on the role and designation of the Senior Agency Officials for Privacy." He required the policy to provide guidance on the SAOP's agency responsibilities, level of expertise, and resource needs. He charged the Council with recommending "how best to address the hiring, training and professional development needs of the Federal Government with respect to privacy matters."
In December 2015, Office of Management and Budget Director Shaun Donovan called for the government to hire more privacy professionals in his Federal Privacy Summit address: "We need capable privacy professionals on the ground and at the table to evaluate privacy risks on an ongoing basis and to help ensure the protection of PII at all times." Privacy teams will help reduce the impact of security incidents, he said, foster citizens' trust in how the government handles their data, and mitigate risks in agency information-sharing practices. Donovan explicitly noted that federal agencies struggle to attract and hire top privacy talent, and he bemoaned the lack of a "career path for privacy" in the U.S. government.
To make career path a reality and deliver on these promises from the president, the government should recognize the emergence, existence and growth of a privacy profession, complete with its own set of skills, experience and expertise.
Privacy jobs classification
In the federal government, the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) classifies jobs by general position (such as "Clerical and Administrative Support") and by the qualifications needed to fulfill the job functions. Within the "General Schedule" or "GS" system, positions are assigned an occupational series number corresponding to their job classification and grade-level number establishing their salary range.
Today, when a federal agency seeks to hire a privacy professional, the position is usually classified under the job title "Government Information Specialist," also known as occupational series GS-0306; a few privacy roles are categorized as attorney positions, classified in the GS-0905 series. The 0306 job series, which originated in and still serves agencies' need to comply with FOIA requests, falls under "Administrative and Management Positions" and contains no specific Individual Occupational Requirements such as experience or educational prerequisites. In other words, to become a privacy professional in the U.S. government, applicants do not need to demonstrate any specialized education, training or experience — for example, a JD (law degree), CIPP (privacy certification) or previous experience managing data.
format_quoteToday, when a federal agency seeks to hire a privacy professional, the position is usually classified under the job title "Government Information Specialist," also known as occupational series GS-0306.
According to the "Position Classification Flysheet," a Government Information Series 0306 position involves "administering, analyzing, supervising, or performing work involved in establishing, disseminating or managing Government information." These positions invariably grapple with privacy risks, and duties include "developing, implementing and maintaining privacy policies and procedures." But the primary functions relate to assisting the general public with requests for government information. To be sure, there are some similarities between privacy and FOIA tasks; yet privacy professionals require a deep understanding of issues less relevant for FOIA, such as new technologies, personally identifiable information, de-identification, data classification, and more.
An applicant for a privacy position within the government may struggle to find a match for her skills, expertise and interests, particularly if she is new to the USAJOBS.gov website and the government job classification scheme. She may miss an opportunity to work as a Privacy Analyst for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, for example, because the job is titled "Government Information Specialist." If she searches for "privacy" jobs by keyword she may find opportunities to be a desk clerk at a Navy-owned lodge, or to serve as a nurse with the Veterans Administration; both descriptions happen to contain the word "privacy."
And while re-tooling job descriptions with new serial numbers, educational requirements, and experience levels is surely a time-consuming task that requires cross-agency communication, the time has come for the government to forthrightly embrace the privacy profession, catching up with what has become standard market practice in the private sector.
The 2015 IAPP/EY Privacy Governance Report demonstrated that on nearly every measure, government privacy programs trail those of private sector organizations in staffing, budget, strategic focus and opportunities for career development. Compared to their private sector peers, government privacy employees who responded to the IAPP survey desired greater influence over compliance and security departments, were more likely to have insufficient budget and privacy training support, and were much more likely to complain of little or no career growth opportunities within their organization. Upon this foundation, it's clear why the U.S. government is struggling to fill the many privacy positions it plans to generate.
Anatomy of a privacy professional
Unfortunately, the government is not immune to massive data breaches, and the consequences can be profound. The federal government collects, uses and stores some of the most comprehensive and sensitive personal data and manages the most complex tech policy issues imaginable. From data analytics by government-managed entitlement programs to cybersecurity data sharing, personal and business tax reports, rapid rollout of drone surveillance and beyond, the federal government's data portfolio requires state of the art privacy and security programs.
These programs require staffing by privacy professionals trained in privacy laws, new technologies and ethical norms; connected to other privacy professionals developing new methods of privacy program management and compliance; familiar with privacy impact assessments and technologies to facilitate privacy practices; and competent in data minimization, de-identification and data classification techniques. Professionals capable of filling these positions must have appropriate college or graduate education as well as professional training and understanding of privacy concepts.
The Federal Privacy Council and OPM are on a mission to define and promote privacy roles within federal agencies. Their task would be easier if they better addressed the gap between the current framework for privacy jobs in the federal government and the realities of today's privacy professional workforce.
Groman: The president of the United States is doubling down on privacy
Before Marc Groman, CIPP/US, was appointed back in June to his position as senior advisor for privacy at the Office of Management and Budget, there were any number of discussions about exactly where he should sit in the administration. Senior officials all across the Executive Office of the Preside...
Federal Government Announces Federal Privacy Council
In a keynote speech at the Federal Privacy Summit yesterday, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Director Shaun Donovan announced the government will establish a Federal Privacy Council in an effort to coordinate the privacy policies, strategies and strategic thinking across government agencies, m...
Obama establishes Federal Privacy Council as part of massive cyber effort
As part of his 2017 budget proposal for the United States, President Barack Obama is including $19 billion for cybersecurity efforts, a 35-percent increase over fiscal year 2016. The funds will go toward a Cybersecurity National Action Plan, which includes the hiring of a chief information security ...
The Privacy Advisor's Top 10 Stories of 2015
Between the U.S. President's historic visit to the Federal Trade Commission to identity, privacy and data protection as priorities this year to the European Court of Justice invalidating Safe Harbor and the European Commission introducing the privacy reform that will change the privacy landscape glo...
The future of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework
On April 5-7, the National Institute of Science and Technology hosted a Workshop on its "Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity." The workshop was extremely well-attended, with more than 900 registrants and hundreds more attending by webcast. It was preceded by a NIST request ...
library_books Groman: The president of the United States is doubling down on privacy
library_books Federal Government Announces Federal Privacy Council
library_books Obama establishes Federal Privacy Council as part of massive cyber effort
library_books The Privacy Advisor's Top 10 Stories of 2015
library_books The future of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework


text:
const path = require('path');

const express = require('express');
const routeBuilder = require('express-routebuilder');

const Endpoints = require('../../../../src');

module.exports = new Endpoints.Application({
  Controller: Endpoints.Controller.extend({
    baseUrl: '/v1',
    format: Endpoints.Format.jsonapi,
    store: Endpoints.Store.bookshelf,
    validators: [Endpoints.ValidateJsonSchema]
  }),
  searchPaths: [path.join(__dirname, '..', 'modules')],
  routeBuilder: function (routes, prefix) {
    return routeBuilder(express.Router(), routes, prefix);
  }
});


My meditation practice began a few years ago. (Longer if you count the five minutes spent in savasana during weekly yoga practice - but I don't.) If you've been to a yoga class or read an online article about the practice of meditation you already know a bit of what it's about. But in case you're not yet ready to breathe yourself to a calmer headspace, the team at Back to Health wants to open up the conversation.
You're doing so many things to prioritize your wellness, from chiropractic, to drinking enough water and moving often. But if you aren't meditating you may be ignoring an easy and free way to enhance the health of your body and your mind.
Some days savasana is the hardest pose in a yoga class. The English translation of savasana is "corpse pose." Yogis lie on our mats perfectly still and just breathe. It's not a forced breath or any magical posture that brings the calm. It's the act of giving ourselves permission to do nothing and then observing what comes up.
Meditation isn't an act of not thinking. My first yoga instructor (and former BTH massage therapist), Marty, used to say we should observe our thoughts in savasana like passing clouds. See them but don't try to hold onto them. Don't judge them. Some days this is a relief and some days it is a struggle. But everyday it is worth doing.
As a Christian, sometimes I take flack from fellow church-goers for the "woo woo" philosophy that yoga and meditation can be straddled with. When I first discovered yoga I asked a women whom I respect who was also a Christian and a Yogi (and fellow patient of Dr. Brian) what she thought about this. Her answer was very impactful. She said, "When you open up that space you need to be careful what comes in." This is the case no matter what form of stimulus you allow into your space - TV, radio or negative people.
When we sit quietly in prayer and meditation the important skill is listening. And it doesn't have to take a long time. Many days before I pick up my teens from school I give myself two minutes of meditation to clear my head so that I am focused on them and not my busy day when they board my mom-mobile. I turn off the radio (and usually turn on my seat heater) and put the car in park for just 120 seconds. Sometimes I close my eyes, but usually I focus gently on the Arizona views. Those 20 breaths are simple but they make me feel like I am ready for whatever comes next. When I'm multitasking or hurrying from one responsibility to the next, I can miss the eye contact or body language that teen boys are sending out. These mini-meditations help me stay "with" my family. Yogi's call this being present or mindful.
Both of my sons have attended Tracy's yoga class in the past. One of them remarked one day that his brain is too loud to practice yoga sometimes. As a mom, his apt description was both convicting and heartbreaking. And yet that loud inner voice is a great reason to meditate (not a reason not to). It takes practice and repetition. And as Tracy says in her yoga classes at BTH, some days we can do a pose without any struggle and some days that pose is more challenging. This is true for meditation as well.
Meditation adopters say it lowers their heart rate, lessens anxiety, helps with insomnia and many other physical benefits. And for me it has. But I my biggest take-away has been more mental. Through meditation I have become more self-aware, learning to act instead of react to situations in life. And I have noticed that I go into activities with fewer expectations (and consequently fewer disappointments) when I'm keeping up with a meditation practice.
At Back to Health we're committed to helping you achieve your best health through chiropractic care, functional training, yoga, nutrition and massage. We hope you'll continue to be mindful with us and consider adding meditation to your daily routine.
Meanwhile, let us know your experience with meditation and prayer in the comments.


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Madison Bumgarner is an Arizona Diamondback. Let that sink in. With the Giants' longtime ace gone, one thing is clear: It's rental season for San Francisco's starting rotation.
The Giants already added possible one-year stopgaps in Kevin Gausman and Tyler Anderson. A third option makes way too much sense when you look at how Farhan Zaidi is constructing the 2020 roster.
Alex Wood checks every need for the Giants. Willing to take a one-year contract? Check. Trade deadline candidate? Check. Farhan Zaidi connection? Checkmate.
Wood, who turns 29 years old in January, was limited to only seven starts last season for the Cincinnati Reds due to back issues. When he was on the mound, he was far from dominant. The veteran left-hander went just 1-3 with a career-high 5.80 ERA and career-worst 1.40 WHIP.
Prior to last season, however, Wood was coming off a solid three-year stretch with the Los Angeles Dodgers where he went 26-14 with a 3.29 ERA, 1.15 WHIP and 122 ERA+ over 74 appearances (62 starts). Zaidi, the Giants' president of baseball operations, knows exactly how valuable the lefty can be, too.
When Zaidi was the Dodgers' general manager, he acquired Wood from the Braves as part of a three-team deal at the 2015 MLB trade deadline. Two seasons later, Wood made his first All-Star Game and finished ninth in NL Cy Young award voting.
Gausman, who signed a one-year, $9 million contract with the Giants at the Winter Meetings, could be this year's version of Drew Pomeranz and help San Francisco add another top prospect before the deadline. The better bet to do so, though, is Wood.
Known for his sinker, Wood has been working on adding velocity this offseason. His average fastball velocity was a career-low 90 mph last season, according to FanGraphs, with his sinker averaging 89.9 -- his slowest since 2015.
My guy, free agent @Awood45 starting off his velocity dev phase with this 91mph bullet. Completed first plyocare velo on Monday, and 100% intent penned today. Really happy with the progress he's already made since his motion capture assessment last week. Looking better than ever! pic.twitter.com/DWdO9OE4uf
— Rob Hill (@Berticushill) December 12, 2019
The Giants currently have more than a handful of options for their rotation going into next spring. There are veterans like Johnny Cueto, Jeff Samardzija, Gausman and Anderson, but the rotation also features younger options like Logan Webb, who still is on an innings limit.
Zaidi also stacked the Dodgers with pitching depth and he very well could do the same in San Francisco by adding at least one more veteran.
MLB Trade Rumors predicted Wood to sign a one-year, $8 million contract this offseason. That seems right in Zaidi and the rest of the front office's wheelhouse.
[RELATED: What Giants' rotation might look like with MadBum now gone]
If the Giants exceed expectations next season, Wood is a proven veteran who can be relied on in the rotation or out of the bullpen. If they are down in the standings at the deadline, he can help them retrieve another building block for the future.
It's rental season in San Francisco, and Wood could be the Giants' next reclamation project.


Suffragan Bishop Rickey Lewis was born in Brewton, Alabama to the late Willie and Vera Lewis. The youngest of four children, he was raised by his Aunt Lula in Pascagoula, Mississippi. He is married to Deborah Lewis.
In 1995 he acknowledged his call into the ministry. He was somewhat reluctant to answer the call, but he did. God truly blessed him when he preached his first message at New Hope Pentecostal Church entitled, "On a Mission to Please God".
In 2006, he began teaching bible class at Gethsemane Church of Jesus Christ; and on April 26, 2008 was installed as Pastor by Bishop Theodore Brooks Sr.
On June 6, 2008, he was ordained as Pastor with the Pentecostal Assemblies of World Inc. Pastor Lewis was elevated to District Elder in 2015 and has been on a mission to "Work until God Comes". It was this motivation to be an active worker in the vineyard which led to him being elevated to the position of Suffragan Bishop at the fall sitting of the Connecticut District Council.
God has called this anointed man to preach the gospel for such a time as this!
Elder Bobby Williams, Jr. Williams was baptized in the name of Jesus at the tender age of 11 years old at Gethsemane Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of Pastor Ella Miller. At the age of 28, Elder Williams received the gift of the Holy Ghost at New Hope Pentecostal Church in Springfield, MA.
Elder Williams currently uses his gifts to serve as a Minister, Preacher, Teacher, Usher and Van Driver.
Evangelist Rhonda Morrison serves in the capacity of Missionary President and also preaches the word of God.
Elder Mark Morrison serves as a Minister, Teacher and Preacher.
Elder Vance Rogers Sr. serves as a Minister, Teacher, Choir Director, Leader of the Evangelism Team, Van Driver. He currently holds the position of Second Vice President of the CDC Brotherhood Movement.
Minister Allan D. Guy serves as a Minister, Teacher and Food Safety Coordinator of Gethsemane Food Pantry.
Sister Robyn Rogers serves in the capacity of Christian Education Superintendent as well as the church Secretary.


4 Responses to Is It Just Me, Or Is This Thing Getting Harder?
no matter what happens, just know that you are a HUGE inspiration to some of us watching out here in the interwebs. Really.
Mike…you're making me really want one now. It's ingenious. Keep it up, just getting better and better.


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Netanyahu gives up on private-plane ride to Washington
With criticism pouring in from all sides, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu abandons his plan to travel to Washington on a private plane.
The Emirati, Israeli and US flags are attached to an Israeli El Al plane adorned with the word "peace" in Arabic, English and Hebrew, upon its arrival at the Abu Dhabi airport in the first commercial flight from Israel to the United Arab Emirates, on Aug. 31, 2020. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu now plans to fly an El Al plane to Washington for next week's ceremony marking the Israeli-UAE deal. - KARIM SAHIB/AFP via Getty Images
Rina Bassist
Facing mounting public criticism, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced Sept. 11 that he had changed his decision to travel to Washington on Sept. 13 on a private plane. Netanyahu is set to participate in a Sept. 15 signing ceremony at the White House for the normalization agreement between Israel and the United Arab Emirates, under the auspices of President Donald Trump.
A statement issued by Netanyahu's office said, "In order to prevent the media from diverting attention from the historic agreement with the UAE and possibly with other Arab countries as well, the prime minister will fly with the delegation in a more spacious plane, with strict separation arrangements to maintain his health."
According to publications, Netanyahu, his wife, Sara, and their two sons, Yair and Avner, will fly on the same El Al Boeing 777 flight as the Israeli delegation and Israeli journalists.
Netanyahu had initially planned to fly on a private charter flight from Spain, hired through Israir. His office said the prime minister had been advised by health professionals to fly on a separate plane out of concern that he might contract the coronavirus on the flight. His office had said, "Due to fears that the prime minister could be infected with the coronavirus on a flight with more than 70 people, professional sources instructed the prime minister to fly in a separate plane that the State of Israel uses from time to time." Associates of Netanyahu added that his family members were to cover their part of the cost; a Channel 12 report said the private flight was expected to be at least $145,000.
Reports about the private plane flight, coming as Israel struggles with an unprecedented economic crisis, generated harsh reactions on social networks and in the media. Opposition leader Yair Lapid tweeted early Sept. 11, "Private plane?! Now? Why a private plane suddenly? People have nothing to eat. There is no limit to the detachment and obtuseness of this man."
Several media outlets — including Israel's three leading TV channels — decided to cancel the flights of their reporters and film crews. The networks explained that under current circumstances — denied onboard briefings by Netanyahu and forced to stay at a Washington hotel at all times except for the ceremony — there was no justification for sending special teams from Israel.
Other criticism came from Israel's national carrier El Al over the use of a foreign company to fly the prime minister. The Israeli Pilots' Union also issued a statement that said, "We Israeli pilots who served the country in war should also serve it in peace. … Israel and its leader should have national respect for the flag, aviation and Israeli workers."
Netanyahu's flight to Washington raised again the issue of the purchase of an airplane for the exclusive use of the prime minister. In recent years, Israel has invested hundreds of millions of shekels (more than $160 million) in purchasing and preparing a Boeing 767 to serve as the Israeli equivalent of the United States' Air Force 1, but the plane is still not operational. Cost overruns are now being investigated by a special team at the State Comptroller's office.
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text:
South Africa Plays
on Historical Date
Tomorrow, South Africa will step on the field of Loftus Versfeld Stadium, Pretoria, to play against Uruguay, and to celebrate an iconic date in the history of the country. On June 16, 1976, also a Wednesday, students started a national protest that for many marks the beginning of the end of the Apartheid regime.
On that day, students took the streets of Soweto to protest a decree determining that Afrikaans, a colonial West Germanic language, would be officially taught at schools, and were violently repressed by anti-riot vehicles and members of the Anti-Urban Terrorism Unit. By night fall, an estimated 200 bodies lied everywhere, and government buildings and vehicles belonging to white businesses had been burnt to the ground.
Perhaps the most famous photo of the uprising is the one of Mbuyisa Makhubo carrying the body of 13-year-old Hector Pieterson, and the boy's sister running next to them. A postmortem revealed that Hector had been killed by a shot fired directly into him, not a bullet ricocheting off the ground as the police later stated.
The rioting soon spread from Soweto to other towns on the Witwatersrand, Pretoria, to Durban and Cape Town, and developed into the largest outbreak of violence South Africa had experienced. It continued for the rest of 1976, provoking a global outcry against racial discrimination in South Africa.
Slowly, progressive forces in the country and around the world contributed to organize the society's democratic institutions, culminating with the election of black former political prisoner Nelson Mandela as president, on May 9, 1994.


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Q: "Text Grid: Scale Times" feature for applying values from one sound file to an existing textgrid If I have an existing sound file (Sound1) and a corresponding, hand-annotated file(TextGrid1), can I use the 'Scale Times' feature on TextGrid1 using another sound file(Sound2)'s duration tier so that Sound2 has a textgrid?
TextGrid1 has two tiers.
Sound1 and Sound2 do not have the same durations, but need the exact same labels in their textgrids.
Any helpful articles or tutorials on using this feature would be welcome. (my search yielded no useful results).

A: If I'm understanding you correctly, you want a version of TextGrid1 which matches the duration of Sound2, like:
selectObject: "TextGrid TextGrid1"
Copy: "TextGrid2"
selectObject: "Sound Sound2"
dur = Get total duration
selectObject: "TextGrid TextGrid2"
Scale times to: 0, dur

So you create a copy of TextGrid1, then get the duration of Sound2, then scale TextGrid2 to match that duration.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hess Knifeworks was established in 2005 after many years of working for other knife companies. Whether we are building our own brand or working on someone else's knives, our goal remains the same, and that is to make high quality "Made in the USA" bench made custom knives.
We are a small, family run business that prides itself in putting quality and affordability ahead of mass production.


Tom Clavin is an author of nonfiction books who has previously toiled as a newspaper editor, magazine writer, TV and radio commentator, and reporter for the New York Times covering entertainment, sports, and the environment. He has received awards from the Society of Professional Journalists, Marine Corps Heritage Foundation, and National Newspaper Association. Three of his books have been New York Times best sellers: The Heart of Everything That Is, Halsey's Typhoon, and The Last Stand of Fox Company. He is also the author of several sports books that received critical acclaim, including The DiMaggios, Gil Hodges, and Roger Maris. His latest projects are Lucky 666: The Impossible Mission and Dodge City: Wyatt Earp, Bat Masterson, and the Wickedest Town in the American West, also a New York Times bestseller. Clavin resides in Sag Harbor, New York.


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Facebook in Washington: Baby steps of a giant
by Reporting Group
Facebook, which has set off a frenzy of market speculation with its plans go public as early as Friday, isn't just raising its profile on Wall Street. As the social networking giant prepares for its initial stock offering, Sunlight decided to take a look at how Facebook is doing when it comes to political networking. Our finding: The company with the famously hoodied CEO is beginning to grow up, at least in the ways of Washington.
In the first quarter of this year, Facebook spent $650,000 lobbying Congress, according to a report filed with the Senate Office of Public Records, the most the company has ever recorded.
Facebook has not only grown as a lobbying presence, however. The company is also becoming a more active campaign financer. Since company employees first showed up on campaign finance records in 2006, they have given nearly $4.8 million to various campaigns, including a number of contributions to state candidates and campaigns, Influence Explorer shows. But that total includes $4 million that former Facebook executive Chris Kelly pumped into his unsuccessful 2010 race for California attorney general.
Although the company has grown considerably as a player since it first came on the political scene about four years ago, it's still a relative pipsqueak in the corridors of power. Facebook first registered a political action committee with the Federal Election Commission in late 2011. Since then the company has managed to raise $159,999, chump change in the post-Citizens United world of super PACS.
By comparison, the Motion Picture Association of America, on the opposite side of Facebook inthe SOPA/PIPA battle, has given a total of $2,252,615 to political candidates, according to Influence Explorer. That partly reflects MPAA's longer tenure as a political player. Influence Explorer has figures for the film industry trade group going back to 1998.
To see the motivations behind Facebook's higher political profile, look no further than this year's fierce fight over the stalled SOPA/PIPA legislation to combat online piracy. Facebook, like many online companies, opposed the legislation as potential censorship. The battle cost Facebook three of its lobbying firms. According to a report by Politico, the firms dropped Facebook — an opponent of the legislation — after other clients who are major content providers expressed their displeasure over what they saw as a conflict of interest. One of the lobbying shops, the Glover Park Group, dropped Facebook the same month it signed the firm up. Fierce, Isakowitz & Blalock and TeleMedia Policy Group were the other two companies that abruptly stopped representing Facebook. The only other firm that remained in Facebook's stable: Elmendorf Strategies, headed by Steve Elmendorf, a former top House Democratic leadership aide.
That, however, didn't seem to deter Facebook. During the following two months, it signed with two more lobbying firms, the venerable Steptoe & Johnson and a newer kid on the block, Stewart Strategies & Solutions, LLC. The company signed with Stewart Strategies days before the filings for the first quarter were released.
There is no denying that Facebook is starting to be taken seriously in Washington. The graphic above, generated by Sunlight Foundation's Capitol Words, tracks how mentions of the company have jumped in Congress since Facebook's founding in 2004. Of the nation's lawmakers, Sen. Carl Levin, D-Mich., is the one who has referenced and used the word "Facebook" the most.
Levin has been arguing against a tax loophole that Facebook's approaching IPO will create for the company. In the release of his Senate floor speech on the his website, the senator detailed how the company could legally avoid paying taxes for years, leaving the Facebook with an estimated $3 billion tax break.
According to Levin, the law permits Facebook to tell the public that the stock options were only six cents per share, which would appear in the company's books. However, at a later date they can file tax returns claiming that the prior options cost the company closer to what they actually end up selling for. Preliminary estimates have put the company price as high as almost $40 a share. The company can then take a tax deduction for the larger amount.
Despite Levin's protests, investors are eagerly awaiting Facebook's first trading date date. In response to the enthusiasm, Facebook announced that it will add an additional 84 million shares to its IPO, an increase of almost 25 percent, Reuters reported.
(This original post has been revised to reflect more accurate figures on political contributions by Facebook employees.)
Tags: 2012 elections, Barack Obama, Facebook, Influence, Lobbying, Mitt Romney, Rick Perry, Ron Paul, sopa
Categorized in: Investigations


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> > > >>Does anyone have a server available? Will sourceforge let us use cgi?
> > > >I have a server with access to CGI I would be willing to donate.
> > We have received an additional offer for Wiki hosting /and/ administration.
> > Those volunteering the services are asking which Wiki we'd like to use.
> > most appropriate for Boost.
there some other syntax that one could use?
Other than this the BoostWiki looks great. I like the user preferences.


You need a good hook to grip the reader. How about: "The man with wings cut off my father's head"? I think it works. And fortunately, this short novel told in the first person, and aimed at a young adult audience, kept this reader engaged – for the first half of the book at least; more on this later. The character of Jimmy is well realised and engenders sympathy. The style is easy, pulling you in.
Jimmy, 17, is in perpetual trouble with the police, mostly for TWOC. His best friend is Tyler and his girlfriend was Sammie, until she dumped him for not keeping his promise to go straight. Then Jimmy and Tyler steal a black Merc with a precious cargo in the boot — thirteen briefcases each with something more valuable than drugs or money or gold or diamonds. The owner wants the briefcases returned, and unleashes the demons from hell to get them back.
The cases contain the souls of people who'd made pacts with the devil. Inevitably, demons pursue Jimmy and Tyler — one in a chariot of fire – in a frenetic race that seems to have only one possible, dire, outcome. The pursuit takes the reader through the streets of Canterbury and eventually to the White Cliffs of Dover.
Sadly, at the point the chase begins, the narrative goes OTT. It's all about the car chase. Jimmy drives at high speed through city streets, the cathedral grounds, across fields. The action takes place at midnight, yet Jimmy sees all that's happening in his wake, even the looks of terror in the eyes of the innocent people before they are mown down. I drive and I tell you: No you can't see this kind of detail. It feels as if the excitement was created for a Hollywood script. Or to appeal to boys who haven't yet learned to drive. It's a real pity because the book started so brilliantly.