text:
درعيات الجلد
(تم التحويل من Placodermi)
درعيات الجلد Placodermi، (باللاتينية: Placodermi) (مشتقة من الكلمتين اليونانيَّتين πλάξ = لوح وδέρμα = جلد، وتعني حرفيًا "لوحي الجلد") هي طائفة منقرضة من أسماك ما قبل التاريخ، فكية كبيرة الحجم، لها درقة سميكة تغطي أجسامها.[1] والتي تم التعرف عليها من المُستحاثات، والتي عاشت من العصر السيلوري المتأخر إلى نهاية العصر الديفوني. كانت رؤوسها وأقفاصها الصدرية مغطاة بألواح مدرعة مزودة بمفاصل، أما باقي جسمها فكان مغطى الحراشف أو عارٍ حسب النوع. وكانت لوحيات الأدمة من بين أوائل الأسماك الفكية، وقد تطورت فكوكها على الأرجح من أقواسها الخيشومية الأولى. وتمثل مستحاثة لأحد الأنواع تبلغ من العمر 380 مليون سنة أقدم مثال معروف للمواليد.[2] نشأت أولى لوحيات الأدمة التي أمكن التعرف عليها في العصر السيلوري المتأخر، وبدأت أعدادها في التعرض للانحدار الشديد خلال فترة انقراضات العصر الديفوني المتأخر، وأصبحت الطائفة منقرضة تمامًا بحلول نهاية العصر الديفوني.
Placodermi
Temporal range: 430–360 Ma
Late Llandovery – Late Devonian
Fossil of Bothriolepis panderi showing its caliper-like pectoral fins
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): الحياة
مملكة: الحيوانية
Phylum: حبليات
الرتبة: †درعيات الجلد
مك‌كوي، 1848
الرتب
Antiarchi †
Arthrodira †
Brindabellaspida †
Petalichthyida †
Phyllolepida †
Ptyctodontida †
Rhenanida †
Acanthothoraci †
?Pseudopetalichthyida †
?Stensioellida †
1 الخصائص
2 التطور والانقراض
2.1 السجل الأحفوري
2.2 تاريخ الدراسة
3 التصنيف
4 مخطط الفرع الحيوي
6 الهوامش
External anatomy of the placoderm Coccosteus decipiens
التطور والانقراض
تطور وانقراض درعيات الجلد. حسب مايكل بنتون،2005.[3]
Dunkleosteus, among the first of the vertebrate apex predators, was a giant armoured placoderm predator.
انظر أيضاً: تطور الأسماك
السجل الأحفوري
صورة تخيلية لأحفورة السمكة التي عثر عليها من فصيلة درعيات الجلد، الصين، 26 سبتمبر 2013.
في 26 سبتمبر عثر فريق دولي من العلماء في الصين على ما قد يكون حفرية لأول كائن معروف له وجه مميز وهي سمكة عمرها 419 مليون عام قد تكون حلقة مفقودة في تطور الفقاريات. ونشرت مجلة نيتشر خبر العثور على الحفرية في الصين وهي الأكثر بدائية بين الفقاريات المكتشفة ولها فك حديث به عظمة أسنان موجودة لدى البشر وقال جون لونج استاذ علم الحفريات بجامعة فليندرز في اديليد "أخيراً يحل هذا مشكلة قديمة عن نشأة الأسماك الحديثة." واندهش العلماء حين وجدوا أن السمكة ذات الدروع الكثيفة وهي عضو لم يكن معروفا من قبل في فصيلة درعيات الجلد المنقرضة لها جمجمة صغيرة معقدة وعظام فكية. وينفي هذا فيما يبدو نظريات سابقة تقول إن الفقاريات الحديثة ذات الهياكل العظمية تطورت من كائن يشبه سمكة القرش وله هيكل من الغضاريف.[4]
ويقدم الاكتشاف الجديد فرعاً مفقوداً في شجرة التطور يسبق الكائن الشبيه بسمكة القرش ويظهر أن الهيكل العظمي كان النموذج الاولي لكل من الفقاريات العظمية والغضروفية.
تاريخ الدراسة
رتب درعيات الجلد
Arthrodira
Coccosteus
Titanichthys
Arthrodira ("jointed neck") were the most diverse and numerically successful of the placoderm orders, occupying roles from giant apex predators to detritus-nibbling bottom dwellers. They had a movable joint between armour surrounding the head and body. As the lower jaw moved down the head shield moved, allowing for a larger opening. All arthrodires, save for Compagopiscis, lacked teeth, and used instead the sharpened edges of a bony plate, termed a "tooth plate," as a biting surface (Compagopiscis had true teeth in addition to tooth plates). The eye sockets are protected by a bony ring, a feature shared by birds and some ichthyosaurs. Early arthrodires, such as the genus Arctolepis, were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. The largest member of this group, Dunkleosteus, was a true "superpredator" of the latest Devonian period, reaching 3 to as much as 9 metres in length. In contrast, the long-nosed Rolfosteus measured just 15 cm. Fossils of Incisoscutum have been found containing unborn fetuses, indicating that arthrodires gave birth to live young.[5]
Antiarchi
Bothriolepis canadensis Antiarchi ("opposite anus") were the second most successful order of placoderms known, after the Arthrodira. The order's name was coined by Edward Drinker Cope, who, after incorrectly identifying the first fossils as being those of an armored tunicate, mistakenly thought the eye-hole was the mouth, and the opening for the anal siphon was on the other side of the body, as opposed to having both oral and anal siphons together at one end. The front portions of their bodies were heavily armoured, to the point of literally resembling a box with eyes, with the sometimes scaled, sometimes naked rear portions often becoming sinuous, particularly with later forms. The pair of pectoral fins were modified into a pair of caliper-like, or arthropod-like limbs. In primitive forms, such as Yunnanolepis, the limbs were thick and short, while in advanced forms, such as Bothriolepis, the limbs were long and had elbow-like joints. The function of the limbs are still not perfectly understood, but most hypothesize that they helped their owners pull themselves across the substrate, as well as allowed their owners to bury themselves into the substrate.قالب:Ctn
Brindabellaspida
Brindabellaspis stensioi Brindabellaspida ("Brindabella's shield") was a long-snouted placoderm from the Early Devonian. When it was first discovered in 1980, it was originally regarded as a weejasperaspid acanthothoracid due to anatomical similarities with the other species found at the same locality. According to Philippe Janvier, anatomical similarities in the brain of Brindabellaspis stensioi and the brain of a jawless fish suggest it is a basal placoderm closest to the ancestral placoderm. Various Early to Middle Devonian placoderm incertae sedis have also been inserted in the order.
Phyllolepida
Phyllolepis orvini Phyllolepida ("leaf scales") were flattened placoderms found throughout the world. Like other flattened placoderms they were bottom-dwelling predators that ambushed prey. Unlike other flattened placoderms, they were freshwater fish. Their armour was made of whole plates, rather than the numerous tubercles and scales of Petalichthyida. The eyes were on the sides of the head, unlike visual bottom-dwelling predators, such as stargazers or flatfish which have eyes on the top of their head. The orbits for the eyes were extremely small, suggesting the eyes were vestigial and that the phyllolepids may have been blind.
Ptyctodontida
Rhamphodopsis threiplandi Ptyctodontida ("beak teeth") were lightly armoured placoderms with big heads, big eyes and long bodies. They has a strong but superficial resemblance to modern day chimaeras. Their armour was reduced to a pattern of small plates around the head and neck. Like the extinct and related acanthothoracids, and the living and unrelated holocephalians, most of the ptyctodontids are thought to have lived near the sea bottom and preyed on shellfish. On account of their lack of armour, some paleontologists have suggested that the Ptyctodontida were not placoderms, but holocephalians or the ancestors of holocephalians. Anatomical examinations of whole fossil specimens have shown that the similarities between these two groups are superficial. The major differences were that holocephalians have shagreen on their skin while ptyctodontids do not, the armoured plates and scales of holocephalians are made of dentine while those of ptyctodontids are made of bone, the craniums of holocephalians are similar to sharks while those of ptyctodontids are similar to those of other placoderms, and most importantly, that holocephalians have true teeth while ptyctodonts have beak-like tooth plates. Ptyctodontids were sexually dimorphic, with the males having pelvic claspers and possibly claspers on the head as well.
Rhenanida
Asterosteus Rhenanida ("Rhine fish") were flattened, ray-like, bottom-dwelling predators with large, upturned mouths that lived in marine environments. The rhenanids were once presumed to be the most primitive, or at least the closest to the ancestral placoderm, as their armour was made of unfused components—a mosaic of tubercles—as opposed to the solidified plates of "advanced" placoderms, such as antiarchs and arthrodires. However, through comparisons of skull anatomies, rhenanids are now considered to be the sister group of the antiarchs. When rhenanids die, their mosaics come apart, and it has been suggested that the rarity of rhenanids in the fossil record reflects postmortem disassociation, and is not an actual rarity of the species.
Acanthothoraci
Palaeacanthaspis Acanthothoraci ("spine chests") were a group of chimaera-like placoderms closely related to the rhenanid placoderms. Superficially, acanthoracids resembled scaly chimaeras or small, scaly arthrodires with blunt rostrums. They were distinguished from chimaeras by a pair of large spines that emanate from their chests, the presence of large scales and plates, tooth-like beak plates, and the typical bone-enhanced placoderm eyeball. They were distinguished from other placoderms due to differences in the anatomy of their skulls, and due to patterns on the skull plates and thoracic plates that are unique to this order. From what can be inferred from the mouthplates of fossil specimens, acanthothoracids were shellfish hunters were ecologically similar to modern-day chimaeras. Competition with their relatives, the ptyctodont placoderms, may have been one of the main reasons for the acanthothoracids' extinction prior to the mid-Devonian extinction event.
Petalichthyida
Lunaspis Petalichthyida ("thin-plated fish") were small, flattened placoderms, typified by their splayed fins and numerous tubercles that decorated all of the plates and scales of their armour. They reached a peak in diversity during the Early Devonian and were found throughout the world. The petalichthids Lunaspis and Wijdeaspis are among the best known. There was an independent diversification event that occurred in what is now Southern China, producing a handful of unique genera that were once placed in their own order, "Quasipetalichthyida," named after the first discovered species there, Quasipetalichthys haikouensis. Soon after the petalichthids' diversification, they went into decline. Because they had compressed body forms, it is supposed they were bottom-dwellers that chased after or ambushed smaller fish. Their diet is not clear, as none of the fossil specimens found have preserved mouth parts.
Pseudo-
Pseudopetalicthys problematica Pseudopetalichthyida ("false petalichthyids") is a group of elongated, possibly flattened fishes comprising three, poorly preserved and poorly studied genera. It is known only from rare fossils in Lower Devonian strata in Hunsrück, Germany. Like Stensioella heintzi, and the Rhenanida, the pseudopetalichthids had armour made up of a mosaic of tubercles. Like Stensioella heintzi, the pseudopetalichthids' placement within Placodermi is suspect. The matter is not easy to resolve because there are no complete, undamaged and articulated specimens. The anatomical studies done on the crushed specimens that have been found indicate that if they are placoderms consider then they are a group more advanced than the ptyctodonts. As such, pro-placoderm experts consider Pseudopetalichthyida to be the sister group of the Arthrodires + Phyllolepida + Antiarchi trichotomy and the Acanthothoraci + Rhenanida dichotomy.
Stensioellida
Stensioella heintzi Stensioellida ("[Heintz's] little Stensio") contains another problematic placoderm of uncertain affinity, known only from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück slates of Germany. Stensioella was a thin fish that,when alive, looked vaguely like an elongated ratfish, or a skinny Gemuendina with thin, strap-like pectoral fins. Similar to those of the Rhenanida, its armour was a complex mosaic of small, scale-like tubercles. The shoulder joints of its armour are similar to other placoderms, and there are superficial similarities in skull plates, and even more superficial similarities between its tubercles and the tubercles of the rhenanids. It is tentatively placed within Placodermi as a primitive placoderm, though some paleontologists believe the rationale for the placement is inadequate. The paleontologist Philippe Janvier has suggested that Stensioella is not a placoderm, but instead is a holocephalian. If this is true then the holocephalians diverged from sharks before the Chondrichthyan Devonian radiation.[6] Critics of Janvier's position say that aside from a bodyplan superficially similar to primitive holocephalians, the two groups have little anatomically else in common.
مخطط الفرع الحيوي
Homostius and Pterichthys
Stensioella
Pseudopetalichthys
Brindabellaspis
Yunnanolepis
Euantiarcha
Wuttagoonaspis
Actinolepidae
Phlyctaeniida
Brachythoraci
Holonema
Antineosteus
Buchanosteidae
Eubrachythoraci
Pholidosteus
Tapinosteus
Torosteus
Plourdosteus
Brachyosteus
Erromenosteus
Gorgonichthys
انظر أيضاً
صدفية الجلد
قائمة درعيات الجلد
Ostracoderm
الهوامش
^ عبد الجليل هويدي، محمد أحمد هيكل (2004). أساسيات الجيولوجيا التاريخية. مكتبة الدار العربية للكتب.
^ "Fossil reveals oldest live birth". BBC. May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
^ Benton, M. J. (2005) Vertebrate Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Figure 3.25 on page 73.
^ "العثور على حفرية لسمكة في الصين قد تكون حلقة مفقودة في تطور الفقاريات". رويترز. 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
^ "Fish 380 Million Years Old Found With Unborn Embryo". Science Daily. June 6, 2008.
^ [1]
Ahlberg ,P.E., Trinajstic, K., Johanson, Z. & Long, J.A. 2009. Pelvic claspers confirm chondrichthyan-like internal fertilization in arthrodires. Nature 460: 888–889.
Janvier, P. Early Vertebrates Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-854047-7
LONG, J.A. 1983. New bothriolepid fishes from the Late Devonian of Victoria, Australia. Palaeontology 26: 295–320
Long, J.A. 1984. New phyllolepids from Victoria and the relationships of the group. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 107: 263–308.
Long, J.A. The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8018-5438-5
Long, J.A. & Trinajstic, K. 2010. The Late Devonian Gogo Formation Lagerstatte – Exceptional preservation and Diversity in early Vertebrates. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 38: 665–680
Long, J.A., Trinajstic, K., Young, G.C. & Senden, T. 2008. Live birth in the Devonian. Nature 453: 650–652.
Long, J.A., Trinajstic, K. & Johanson, Z. 2009. Devonian arthrodire embryos and the origin of internal fertilization in vertebrates. Nature 457: 1124–1127.
Zhu M, X Yu, B Choo, J Wang and L Jia (2012) "An antiarch placoderm shows that pelvic girdles arose at the root of jawed vertebrates" Journal of the Royal Society, Biology Letters, 8 (3): 453–456.
Annetta Markussen-Brown, "Devonian Armoured Fish" 2000
Introduction to the Placodermi Extinct armored fishes with jaws
"PALAEOZOIC FOSSILS UK". Archived from the original on 17 October 2012.
Placoderms
Placodermi: Overview
BBC—report on Dunkleosteus terrelli
الكلمات الدالة:
مجلة نيتشر
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=درعيات_الجلد&oldid=1522522"
آخر تعديل بتاريخ 26 سبتمبر 2013، في 23:43
آخر تعديل لهذه الصفحة كان في 23:43, 26 سبتمبر 2013.


(above). The artist used the computer to draw the outlines of the picture and to color the spaces within the outlines. The computer was programmed to make only straight lines. Even the curved shape of the sun is formed of many short, straight lines.
Y our hand is sweaty on the control stick. You are trying hard to win a video game. The action is fast and exciting. As you play, figures shoot across the screen. They are just one example of computer graphics-pictures produced by a computer.
When engineers linked computers and video screens with certain other equipment, they made such pictures possible. Computers have been around since 1946, but the early models had no screens. They could not produce pictures. Instead, they turned out long paper printouts filled with numbers.
used more complicated technique to create other drawings.
A computer drawing consists dots or lines. It usually appears on screen or on a paper printout. Th picture may be in black and whit or in color.
Examples of computer graphic now show up everywhere. You se them in the classroom and in th video arcade. Aircraft pilots pra tice on the ground using dumm controls and a computer. The co puter screen shows what will ha pen In actual flight if a pilot make certain moves. Automobile man facturers use computer graphics i designing cars. Moviemakers us them to create special effects.
PAINT BY NUMBERS. Using a mathematical formula and a color code, a computer created this bright pattern (above). Some manufacturers now use computers to design patterns for fabrics.
you can look at it closely.
do. This helps them design automobiles and aircraft,	f and plan space-shuttle flights and moon landings.
letes' motions. Ariel first films an athlete in action. Then he runs the film very, very slowly. After every few frames, he stops the action. Using a special pen, he shows the computer the positions of the athlete's elbows, knees, and other joints. Then he programs other information into the computer. He tells it how fast the athlete is moving and where the athlete's centdr of gravity is. The computer converts this Information into stick figures that show the movements of the real athlete. Ariel studies the figures and adjusts them. Then he suggests ways the athlete can Improve.
COMPUTER EXPERT Gideon Ariel (above) turns a film into a computer picture. He uses a pen that produces sound. Each time the pen touches a spot on the movie screen, tiny microphones record the pen's position. The computer turns the sound recordings into a stick figure on the computer screen.
lete's right arm up more strongly at the beginning of the	copied the change, and his jumps improved, too.
SAFETY TEST. A satellite launched from a space shuttle tumbles across a computer screen. The series of drawings indicates the satellite's position every 15 seconds. This kind of picture helps engineers spot possible problems before a flight. If this were a real flight, the satellite and the shuttle would come dangerously close together. After looking at this picture, the engineers could determine how to launch the satellite safely.
Generated on 4/24/2019 9:11:11 AM (PST) ADI/HQ/GBA/2019/ARIELCLOUD/v3.0.2018.0126.


This book tells the story of a special relationship between a grandfather and granddaughter. The two take nature walks starting when the girl is just a toddler—they "wobbled along, side by side, hand in hand, smile to smile." When they discover a dead grasshopper on a walk, the girl asks what they should do. Her grandfather's reply is "We can say thank you and good-bye." And so they say this message to the grasshopper and other dead creatures that they discover on their walks throughout the years. As they age, grandfather and granddaughter "shuffle along, side by side, hand in hand, smile to smile until one day the girl walks alone." Then the girl must use the lesson she learned to say a final, special "thank you and good-bye" to her beloved grandfather.
"The lyrical language is lovely, and the story serves as a gentle, not overly sentimental, look at life in the moment and in memory."
"Not since Tomie dePaola's Nana Upstairs, Nana Downstairs have I been so touched by a story of a child losing a grandparent."
"The images of nature are beautiful, and the joy the grandfather and girl feel at being together is evident in their faces. This (book) will provide comfort in times of loss with its reassurance that death is part of the natural cycle of life."
"This is a wonderful, sensitive book about a painful topic. Share it with a youngster who's lost a cherished relative."
"Plourde's thoughtful text and Cockcroft's expressive paintings work well together to convey both a respect for life and an awareness of the power of love. Parents looking for a way to introduce this difficult topic will appreciate the sensitive story, but it's possible that even browsers who aren't seeking this specific subject will appreciate this unusual picture book.


text:
Krakowskie Przedmieście, em Varsóvia (literalmente em português significa:  "Subúrbio de Cracóvia"; até o século XIX, também conhecida pela termo  francês, "Faubourg  de Cracovie") é uma das mais importantes e prestigiadas ruas da capital da Polônia.

Ligações externas

 Krakowskie Przedmieście Street
 Gallery

Varsóvia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I have been struggling with a heartache that dates back over the last twenty years and the derivative anguish spinning off from it. The initial challenge of forgiveness has long passed, but the remaining results are a constant drain on the spirit. I am tempted often with "How long…" and "Why," only to resolve them in the pages of the scriptures and through prayer again and again. I am reminded of Joseph Smith in Liberty Jail and how his torture was to be viewed as "But a small moment…" I always come away with the strength to endure but a little longer.
Abraham found his life slipping into old age with his blessings yet to be fulfilled and "hoping against hope." He still had faith in the realization of those gifts the Lord had decreed would be his. It strains upon the seams of faith to wait upon the Lord and His "good time." Tevya in "The Fiddler on the Roof" gently chides the Lord that "NOW would be a good time." "Hope deferred maketh the heart sick." Small moments and hopeless years blend into one when considered by Time Eternal.
Still we are left to plead in patience that our heartfelt, worthy longings will come to a soul satisfying resolution.
My granddaughter has a lifetime disability. Her parents work through the day with the ease borne of experience and love in her service. Their hope for her is measured by the medical and social advances of the day. It is not a longing for her miraculous cure or a release from their responsibility. It is a plea for the ability to manage her needs and the needs of their other children with grace, patience and optimism. She is a blessing in our family and has given each of them a strength of character that can only come of that specific challenge. Being a sibling of a challenged child makes you a champion of all underprivileged individuals. Your maturity level exceeds your years and compassion is a fused attribute of your character.
It is unlikely that I could look into the mirror and see the future devoid of my trial or to trade it for another. I cannot look at my image and see who I could be having never suffered. It is good enough to wait upon the Lord and know He loves me and mine and will "in His own good time" make right the wrongs, strengthen the weak hands that hang down, and make up for all the years of sadness.
2 Comments about "With patience, I wait upon the Lord"
You don't say what your twenty years of pain are, but I am with you. For twenty years I have watched our only child suffer with a disabling disease called Tourettes Syndrome. For a long time I had hope that his disease would abate, not necessarily be cured, but at least make his life livable. It seems as the years pass he gets worse, to include alcoholism now. And I ask God, how long? How long must he suffer? I would trade a thousand times over to not see him so. I would lose my life for him, yet now at his age, life has jaded him and he makes his already difficult trials even more so. And now I find it hard to imagine a ripe old age of grandmotherly gentleness. I lost our grandson when his wife left him. God knew, and I always knew this, that my greatest fear in life would be alcoholism or drug abuse, as it runs in my family. I said to God, OK, he's got a disability. We can do this. But the alcohol? I saw my father die from it. And God wants me to live through this as a mother as well as what I did when I was a little girl? Where are the answers in this? I know I sound bitter. Right now I am. I am a "used to be" mormon. But I have missed the fellowship and joined this blog to be able to connect again. I can't go back to just wearing rose colored glasses every Sunday. That isn't me anymore. I am pretty upfront and forthright. I am friendly though, believe it or not. I just don't know if returning would add pressure to pretend all was well.
You know, it's my own fault, much of this. When I left the church, I introduced coffee, drinking (only scant) and smokiing into my life and he saw it. So here I reap the rewards. But he is an adult. However, he went to war, came back with a different personality. He saw alot of horrible stuff, was almost killed by IED's several times, and it changed him.
My husband does not want me to return to mormonism. He says it was too controlling. Yeah, maybe, but things are waaay out of control now. So, I admire your perseverance in prayer. Do you ever get any answers? So far I feel like I'm talking to an empty space. Maybe God has turned his Face from me because of all my sins. I have prayed for forgiveness. Don't feel it yet. For me to feel it my son would have to get well. That's a demand I don't know if God will allow, and I know it. I want it for him, I want it for me. I want to live with peace and hope, and both have left me. I can't live on air. I may have to borrow someone else's air for a while. Thanks for listening.
Thank you for sharing your feelings. I can tell that you miss the church, and we miss you. Keep praying. The more you take action to turn your life to God, he will come to you. The Lord gave this promise in D&C 88:62-63 which I have found to be true. He said: "And again, verily I say unto you, my friends, I leave these sayings with you to ponder in your hearts, with this commandment which I give unto you, that ye shall call upon me while I am near— Draw near unto me and I will draw near unto you; seek me diligently and ye shall find me; ask, and ye shall receive; knock, and it shall be opened unto you."
So, I guess what I am saying to you is, don't give up. Also, I encourage you to go to church. You will feel His spirit there. Don't worry about feeling unworthy, or pressured, or anything else. Just go.
I don't know whether you noticed, but Loretta wrote an article for you titled, "Why Go to Church?" There is a link to it from the home page. I agree, that is where you need to be. If you need help locating your local ward or branch, you can look it up at http://www.mormon.org/mor monorg/eng/worship-with-u s.
Speaking for all of the members of the church, we welcome you back and hope you will find peace in your own life and that you can also bless the lives of your family.


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Address Verification System (AVS): A fraud-protection tool in credit card processing equipment which verifies that the billing address provided by the cardholder matches the address on file at the card-issuing bank. Because we do not have the ability to verify the shipping address, delivery to alternate addresses is not recommended.
Authorization: Formal authorization by a cardholder's bank of an approved credit card transaction.
Authorization Fee: A fee charged by the acquiring bank to send transaction information through the card association's network and return an approved or declined response.
Batch: A file within the merchant's card processing equipment that stores all authorized transactions pending settlement until end of day when the batch closes (also see batch settlement).
Batch Settlement: The current (open) batch in the merchant's card processing equipment is sent to the processor in one file at the end of the day, or other designated time period. Transmitted batches are often referred to as closed batches. Once received, the processor finalizes the transaction and transfers funds to the merchant's bank account. A batch can be closed manually by the merchant but most equipment is set up to automatically settle at a specified time each day.
Batch Header Fee: The fee a merchant service provider assesses for each batch settlement.
Card Associations: A card association is a network of issuing banks and acquiring banks that process payment cards of a specific brand. Familiar examples include Visa, MasterCard, Discover and American Express.
Card-Not-Present Transaction: A transaction where the cardholder or the card is not present; thus, the card cannot be swiped at a terminal for authorization. Card-not-present transactions include those conducted over the Internet, by phone or by mail.
Card-Present Transaction: A face-to-face transaction where the cardholder and the card are present; thus, the card can be swiped at a terminal for authorization or an imprint can be taken of the card and the cardholder is present to sign the receipt.
Cardholder Information Security Program (CISP): Visa's program to ensure compliance with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS).
Chargeback: Occurs when a customer contacts their card-issuing bank to dispute a transaction on their statement. The most common chargeback reasons include fraud, merchandise not received and customer dissatisfaction.
Custom Payment Services (CPS): A qualification that applies to a broad range of Visa fees that represent the lowest rates for a given category.
CVV2, CVC2 or CID: Card Verification Value 2 (CVV2), Card Validation Code 2 (CVC2), and Card Identification (CID) numbers refer to the 3-digit numbers on the back of Visa, MasterCard and Discover cards, and the 4-digit number on the front of American Express cards. Like AVS, the card code verification tool accepts or rejects transactions based on the code provided by the cardholder. This tool is used primarily for Internet, phone and mail order transactions.
Debit Card: Debit cards are used in place of cash or checks to pay for purchases. The cardholder must enter a PIN number to enable a transaction, which involves withdrawal of funds from his or her checking account. Debit cards look like credit cards, but, unlike credit cards, they are not attached to a line of credit.
Debit Transaction: A transaction involving a debit card.
Decline: A transaction that is rejected for payment by a cardholder's bank.
Discount Rate: This is essentially a fee, calculated as a percentage of a sale (including shipping and handling charges plus taxes) and charged by an acquiring bank to process a credit card transaction. A merchant service provider extends the discount rate to their customers.
Domain Name: A name that corresponds to the numeric address of a computer linked to the Internet; domain names are easier to remember than a long numeric address. A domain name is often the same as that of an organization and appears in its full website address. For example, "Google" is the domain name in the following address: www.google.com.
Durbin Amendment: A provision of the United States federal law that limits the amount card brands can charge through interchange on certain debit card transactions. It was passed as part of the Dodd-Frank financial reform legislation in 2010.
Effective Rate: A percentage rate that is calculated by taking total processing fees divided by total processing volume. Note: some pass through fees from the networks are assessed in later months so make sure you are applying them correctly in your calculations. Including occurrence fees such as one-time chargeback or change fees can also make the rate appear higher than it really is.
Electronic Interchange Reimbursement Fee (EIRF): A qualification that applies to transactions that do not meet the minimum requirements to get the lowest rate for a given category. This usually happens when certain information on the magnetic stripe is not transmitted during the card present authorization or certain information regarding the sale was not entered for the card-not-present transaction. Also, the transaction must be settled within 3 days of the transaction date.
Employer Identification Number (EIN): This is the business equivalent of a Social Security number but the Internal Revenue Service will issue an EIN to anyone, including individuals, who must pay withholding taxes on employees. This tax identification number can also be referred to as the TIN.
EMV cards are smart cards that store their data on chips in addition to magnetic stripes. The cards must be physically inserted into a reader.
Gateway (or Payment Gateway): A secure portal that connects to a shopping cart on an e-commerce website and transmits credit card information to a payment processor for authorization and settlement. Most gateways also can be used as virtual terminals, which provide the ability to key in customers' credit card information for phone or mail orders.
Imprint: A physical impression of a customer's credit card, taken on a swipe terminal during a face-to-face transaction at a store or other physical location.
Interchange Fee: A fee set by credit card associations and paid by the acquiring bank to the cardholder's bank to cover the cost of converting a charge on a cardholder's card to a cash deposit into the merchant's checking account, as well as additional costs and profit. The interchange fee is included in the discount rate merchants pay to the acquiring bank or merchant service provider for processing credit card transactions.
Issuing Bank: A bank issuing credit and/or debit cards.
MATCH File: A listing of businesses, and their principals, whose merchant accounts were terminated for cause. MATCH stands for Member Alert to Control High-Risk. Card-issuing banks and merchant service providers have access to the MATCH list (also see Terminated Merchant File).
Merchant Account: An account with an acquiring bank that enables a business or other organization to accept credit cards. The payment gateway is usually provided in conjunction with the merchant account but it is a separate service.
Merchant Identification Number (MID): A unique number an acquiring bank assigns a merchant identifying his or her business.
Mid-Qualified Transaction: A transaction awaiting authorization of the billing address by the cardholder's bank, special card types such as government or corporate cards or a transaction keyed into a POS terminal (rather than registered in a swipe). Qualified, mid-qualified and non-qualified all refer to the discount rates assessed by an acquiring bank in a tiered pricing model. The mid-qualified rate is higher than the qualified rate, but lower than the non-qualified rate because the transaction partially qualifies.
Monthly Minimum Fee: A charge assessed by the acquiring bank when the monthly minimum requirements to cover maintenance costs for a merchant account are not met. The total dollar amount paid for the discount rate on all transactions is calculated at the end of the month. If the total is less than the monthly minimum fee, the merchant is charged the difference.
MOTO: Stands for mail order/telephone order and is often used in reference to card-not-present transactions manually entered by the merchant (as opposed to the cardholder entering the information online).
Non-Qualified Transaction: A transaction that does not meet qualifications for authorization by the card-issuing bank such as receipt of a valid billing address or completion of batch settlement within three days. Qualified, mid-qualified and non-qualified all refer to the discount rates assessed by an acquiring bank in a tiered pricing model. Non-qualified is the highest rate because the transaction does not meet CPS qualifications.
On File Fee: Acquiring banks and merchant service providers charge this fee to merchants for generation of a monthly statement, including detailed information about their monthly transactions. Other names for this fee can be statement fee, customer service fee or monthly service fee.
Payment Card Industry-Data Security Standards (PCI-DSS ): PCI-DSS is a set of standards created by card associations including Visa, MasterCard, American Express and Discover to promote secure handling of credit card data. It is required that every merchant comply with the standards set forth within PCI-DSS. Throughout the course of each year, every merchant must go through a questionnaire and potentially a system scan to ensure that they are complying with these standards. There are programs available to assist you in this process. Please call our team for more information related to PCI-DSS or visit the official PCI Website at http://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/.
Point of Sale (POS): Refers to a physical place, such as a storefront or other location, where a sale transaction occurs.
Processor or Acquiring Bank: A financial institution that maintains agreements with merchants for the sole purpose of accepting credit card payments.
Pre-Authorization (Pre-Auth): Pre-authorization occurs when the card-issuing bank immediately authorizes a credit card transaction but the merchant settles the transaction at a later date. This allows for delayed shipments as well as changes in the sale amount between the time of authorization and settlement.
Post-Authorization (Post-Auth): Completion, or settlement, of a pre-authorized sale.
Purchase Cards: These are essentially credit cards used by employees of businesses (where they are often called "company credit cards"), government agencies or other organizations. Purchase cards work like credit cards, but often carry restrictions for employees on where they may be used.
Qualified Transaction: A transaction that qualifies for an acquiring bank's lowest discount rate. Qualified, mid-qualified and non-qualified all refer to the discount rates assessed by an acquiring bank in a tiered pricing model.
Retrieval Request: Occurs when a cardholder's bank asks a merchant for documentation of a sale. Retrieval requests are generated for a variety of reasons, including cardholder disputes, point-of-sale errors or fraud inquiries. A retrieval request is not a chargeback but could lead to one if sufficient documentation is not provided.
Secure Socket Layer (SSL): A communication protocol that permits secure transmission of sensitive information, such as credit card details, over the Internet.
Statement Fee: Acquiring banks and merchant service providers charge this fee to merchants for generation of a monthly statement, including detailed information about their monthly transactions. Other names for this fee can be on file fee, customer service fee or monthly service fee.
Terminated Merchant File (TMF): Listing of businesses, and their principals, whose merchant accounts were terminated for cause. Technically the TMF no longer exists, but many refer to the MATCH file by that name (also see MATCH file).
Terminal ID Number (TID): A number assigned by an acquiring bank or merchant service provider to a merchant's terminal device or POS system.
Truth Lending Act of 1968: A Federal Law implemented by the Federal Reserve in 1968 to protect all U.S. cardholders in their dealings with lenders and creditors.
Virtual Terminal: Allows processing of card transactions received from customers over the phone or mail through an Internet browser.
Voice Authorization: Some credit cards are flagged for voice authorization only, which means the merchant must call the card-issuing bank directly to obtain the authorization code instead of obtaining a system-generated code. Additional fees apply for the phone call.
Void: Occurs when a merchant reverses an approved transaction before settlement.
This article was last updated October 02, 2018 18:25 .


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Of Blacks and Blues
Posted on March 2, 2017 March 2, 2017 by basneditor
By Michael – Louis Ingram, Editor
BASN
(first presented December 20, 2009)
PHILADELPHIA (BASN/BASN NEWSROOM) – It is an incontrovertible truth; there are two songs that arguably every female on Planet Earth know the opening lyrics to…
The first would be Gloria Gaynor singing "I Will Survive" (first I was afraid; I was petrified…); but the best, in my humble opinion, is Aretha Franklin singing "Respect…"
Interesting in that while everyone knows the Queen of Soul is singing it, many don't know who wrote it. The late, great Otis Redding gets the credit ("Otis Blue" is among my favorite albums/CDs – and greatest blues efforts of all time), but Aretha gets the fame.
In this fishbowl world of sports journalism, that parable fits the script. Fame, or better said, infamy and credit for same are served up on a nightly basis on that bastion of bullshit, ESPIN – aka the Muthafuckin' Mouse; whose idea of pest control is to trash Black athletes as animalistic circus performers, one step away from prison.
As they segue into their somnambulistic soliloquies, simpering over soup-cooling stereotypes, the straight faces belie a seething resentment between the stale jokes and attempts to fuse popular culture within who beat whom at what…
But without a doubt, the cruelest turn is when these totalitarian turds wipe away their fake tears in a moment of contrition – the latest being the death of Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver Chris Henry.
Within hours, the daily assault on darkies subsides briefly for the stern face and measured speech; but even in death there is no peace from the six o'clock "suspect is a Black male" sensibilities of these scumbags.
While it was clear Ole Man Trouble had been around young Henry for a spell, in The Mouse's attempts to chronicle Henry's run-ins with the law, one would-be reporter recalled Henry being a "one-man crime wave."
Never mind that the man did more damage to himself than anyone else; it just had to be said (for accuracy purposes, I'm sure); and these rancid rapscallions ramble on as if they need to scratch their jock itch by landing a last jibe or two over a dead man's body.
And as more details as to how he died come out, the efforts to bury and loved ones to grieve are further compromised by manipulative maggots bent on muff-diving into a young Black man's misery…
It's real easy for these muthafuckas to jump into someone's shit; but what I wouldn't give if an athlete who ESPIN wanted to pimp off of would flip the script. You know, something like:
Hey Dana Jacobson – are you still down with "Fuck Notre Dame, fuck Touchdown Jesus – and fuck Jesus?" How would you like to be reminded for that crap every other night, you twit?
Like when you muthafuckas constantly scream on someone like Terrell Owens being a diva and criminal in spite of the fact he has never committed a crime, and, unlike you, excels at what he does?
Or, Bonnie Bernstein, why are you still working at The Mouse after that bullshit you offered regarding land Niggers and sand Niggers:
"It's sort of like, you know, and this isn't 'I'm prefacing this by saying this is in no way an analogy to sports because I know we live in a hypersensitive society,' but I remember a while ago I was reading an article in the New York Times about Palestinian suicide bombers and I just remember being struck by the notion that from the point of birth, people in Palestine are taught to think that dying in the name of God is a good thing.
They grow up wanting to be suicide bombers. So bringing it back to sports and again, I'm not making the comparison or the analogy if a young talented basketball player is being told at an early age that they are destined, it is a good thing to focus on basketball and not worry about what's going on in the classroom, why are any kids going to be worried about what's going on in the classroom?"
Or be worried about what sports reporters say about those young talents; no need wondering where this mindset comes from…
Hypersensitive? You vainglorious cow – if something like that had been said about Jews, you would be front and center trying to call whomever on it; you have a lotta fucking nerve!
While we're at it, let's constantly remind everyone about Jemele Hill's Hitler statement; and the fact Lou Holtz said essentially the same thing, but wasn't suspended like Hill was; yet Hill will still make the silly-ass asides to be one with The Mouse…
So even in the midst of The Mouse, certain mice aren't treated as nice.
But whether you are Lab Rat or Hood Rat, the formula is the same, and it ain't rocket science: defame, decry, dehumanize – and make insignificant whatever positives the Black athlete brings to their respective sport.
Unless, of course The Mouse is sucking the dick of the current Negro du jour; and as they spit, swallow and gargle their way to accommodate him, their crumbling cerebellums hope a skeleton or two will soon be rattling in his or her closet very soon…
Well, with hope after Chris Henry has been laid to rest, some of the athletes observing the Mouse mess will think twice before indulging these muthafuckas; and insist on being respected – like Otis did.
Because once Chris Henry was no longer a story, it was on to the next Nigger – and that Nigger (based on the day's highlights) could well be you.
Rest in peace, Mr. Henry – you deserved better than this, regardless of circumstances.
always outnumbered – never outgunned.
michaelingram@blackathlete.com/basneditor@basnnewsroom.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tours ▼
NYC / Broadway
The Golden Girls Murder Mystery Eyre Bus Trip
A visit to Buck's County, Pennsylvania, will have you feeling as if you're in Miami with Rose, Blanche, Dorothy and Sophia, thanks to a new Golden Girls-themed murder mystery dinner.
Thursday, August 27, 2020 $112.00 per person
Peddler's Pub at the Cock 'n Bull Restaurant in Lahaska, PA is offering the chance to dine, play detective and devour cheesecake with their rendition of "The Golden Girls: The Curse of Jessica Fletcher." So, not only will the ladies of the "Golden Girls" be involved in the plot, but the star of "Murder, She Wrote" will be, too! This dinner is really a 1980s TV buff's dream come true. The dinner theater features a three-course meal including a salad, a choice of entrée and dessert.
Activity Level: Easy
8;00am Georgia Avenue Park & Ride
8:15am Leisure World Clubhouse II
8:45am Long Gate Park & Ride
9:15am Cromwell Bridge Park & Ride
Arrive at the Cock 'n Bull Restaurant for lunch and show
Depart for home
5:30pm Cromwell Bridge
6:00pm Long Gate
6:30pm Georgia Avenue
6:45pm Leisure World
Cost: $112.00 per person
Eyre motorcoach transportation
Admission to show and meal
Taxes and meal gratuity
Trip Leader
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Cromwell Bridge P & R Cromwell Bridge Park & Ride
Towson, Maryland
Georgia Ave. Park & Ride Georgia Ave. Park & Ride
MD 97 @ the Rt.200 Intercounty Connector
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Three men in court after more than £30,000 of cocaine and heroin found at rented Aberdeen home
The trio have been remanded in custody ahead of sentencing. The High Court in Glasgow heard the men were found with the Class A drugs in March 2021.
Connor Gordon
Jon HebditchNews Editor
Updated 14:26, 13 JUN 2022
Three have appeared in court (Image: AFP via Getty Images)
Three men were caught with a £34,000 drugs haul at a rented property in Aberdeen.
Lloyd Brown, 28, Harry Rodgers, 25, and Anas Sakhi, 22, were snared with cocaine and diamorphine on March 5, 2021.
Brown, from London, who has spent 52 months behind bars for drugs supply, denied all knowledge when caught and claimed that he was at the property to cook for the others.
He admitted separate charges of supplying cocaine and diamorphine at the High Court in Glasgow, his third drugs conviction in the UK.
Rodgers, who was sentenced to 30 months for a previous drugs supply conviction, and Sakhi also pled guilty to their involvement.
The court heard an English warrant was issued for Sakhi and police forced entry to the property where he and the two others were based.
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Brown had rented the property on February 5 with it to expire on March 11.
He also hired a Volkswagen Passat meantime.
Various items for drug dealing were recovered during the search of the property.
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Prosecutor Chris Fyffe said: "These were on open display which included packages of powder on the mantlepiece and scales.
"In the bedroom, there were fully open packages of powder and numerous small wraps as well as cash on top of the chest of drawers.
"There were a number of mobile phones through the flat which constantly rang during police attendance."
Some of the drugs recovered were found hidden within a speaker in the bedroom.
The three men were arrested and found to have a total of £709 in cash on their person.
A tick list was recovered from the Volkswagen Passat.
Mr Fyffe said: "Brown was interviewed and denied knowledge of the substances.
"He said he was at the address to cook for them."
'A special place in our hearts' - former University of Aberdeen students fell in love on first day of term and are still married 50 years later
The court was told that a total of £9,270 of diamorphine and £25,620 of cocaine was recovered.
Sentence was deferred pending background reports until next month by judge Lord Lake.
The trio were remanded in custody meantime.
Stonehaven locals warned to avoid 'dead seabirds' amid avian flu outbreak in north-east
Police Scotland


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Tributes to former Mayoress of Tamworth and charity founder Debbie Bates
Debbie's "youthful outlook on life, energy and dedication to others was always in abundance and she will be missed dearly"
Dan Newbould
Debbie Bates, former Mayoress and founder member of Tamworth charity Community Together CIC has died aged 69 after a short battle with illness.
Deborah Ann Bates was born on February 23, 1950 in Birmingham and lived in Tamworth for more than 50 years after meeting and marrying Stephen Bates at St Edithas Church on November 22, 1969.
She went on to become a Rotarian, care manager, Mayoress and charity founding member but above all else she is described by her family as a "beautiful and amazing mum, nanny and sister in law".
Following a short illness Debbie died on Sunday, June 16. She is survived by her two children, daughter Julie Pratt and son Lee Bates and grandchildren Matilda and Fraser Pratt.
Debbie Bates has died aged 69
Debbie was care manager for Lane House Rest Home for nearly 30 years having worked her way up from care assistant to care manager and was passionate about the care she provided to many residents over the years.
It was always more than just a job for her and she would often go the extra mile. Lane House gave Debbie an outlet where her kind and caring nature could shine.
She was Mayoress of Tamworth from 2010 to 2011 when her son Lee was Mayor and Debbie loved meeting so many people and groups during the year and representing the town she loved, carrying out her civic duties with pride.
Traffic misery over as Hopwas Bridge re-opened
A founder member of Community Together CIC, Debbie spent her later years putting her skills in care to good use by helping others in the local community.
She enjoyed bringing smiles to others and loved her volunteers and running her weekly seated exercise classes for people. She was always there at every community event and every community activity.
Debbie Bates and the team at Community Together CIC
Debbie loved meeting people at The Hub in Tamworth Castle Grounds, she loved arranging outings for people and supporting people and always did it with a smile and with love.
In 2016 she represented Community Together CIC at Buckingham Palace where she attended the Queen's Garden Party as part of recognition for being awarded The Queens Award for Voluntary Service.
Mystery as 'nine' pets including pugs and French bulldog allegedly vanish while in care of dog-sitter
A member of Tamworth Rotary Club Debbie, enjoyed the fellowship of Rotary and also enjoyed spending days and hours rattling the Santa Sleigh Appeal Bucket outside Morrisons singing and dancing to the sleigh music. She took great pleasure in knowing what she was doing had purpose and helped others.
Children Julie and Lee said: "We have been blessed to have such amazing parents and our beautiful mum is now with our loving dad once more.
"Mum was wife, mum, nan and sister in law and had so much pride for the whole family.
Debbie and her son Lee when he was Mayor
"She enjoyed seeing other people happy and would do anything for anyone putting others before her own needs. Mum's youthful outlook on life, energy and dedication to others was always in abundance and she will be missed dearly.
"We have received so many cards and messages of condolence and we appreciate the kind words and support at this difficult time."
A book of condolence has been set up at The Hub in Tamworth Castle Grounds for anyone that knew Debbie would like to sign.
People who knew Debbie and wish to pay their respects are invited to the funeral at St Edithas Church on Tuesday, July 16 at 11.15am.
Donations will go to Community Together CIC where Debbie dedicated so much of her time in later years helping others.


Calculations at a cyclic quadrilateral. A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrangle whose vertices lie on a circle, the sides are chords of the circle. Enter the four sides (chords) a, b, c and d, choose the number of decimal places and click Calculate. Angles are calculated and displayed in degrees, here you can convert angle units.
Side lengths, diagonals, perimeter and radius have the same unit (e.g. meter), the area has this unit squared (e.g. square meter).
The center of the circle is at the intersection of two perpendicular bisectors. These can be constructed by drawing intersecting circles around two neighboring vertices and connecting their intersections.