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Home > Journals > Comparative Parasitology > Volume 87 > Issue 1
Comparative Parasitology
VOL. 87 · NO. 1 | January 2020
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RESEARCH NOTE (2)
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Gastrointestinal Helminths from Two Species of Toads, Ingerophrynus divergens and Phrynoidis juxtasper (Anura: Bufonidae), from Borneo, Southeast Asia
Stephen R. Goldberg, Charles R. Bursey
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 1-3, (31 October 2019) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.1
KEYWORDS: Borneo, hosts, biodiversity, infection sites, Toads, Southeast Asia
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Two species of bufonid frogs from Borneo were examined for helminths: Phrynoidis juxtasper (n = 5), and Ingerophrynus divergens (n = 4). We found 2 species of Nematoda, Cosmocerca ornata and Seuratascaris numidica, and 1 species of Acanthocephala, Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis. Seuratascaris numidica was the only helminth infecting both bufonid species. The most numerous helminth (n = 15) was S. numidica in P. juxtasper. The 2 species of Bufonidae are parasitized by generalist helminths that also infect other species of anurans. Four new host records are reported.
New Species of Falcaustra (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae) and Other Helminths in Megophrys stejnegeri (Anura: Megophryidae) from Samar Island, Philippines
Charles R. Bursey, Stephen R. Goldberg, Cameron D. Siler, Rafe M. Brown
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 4-11, (20 November 2019) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.4
KEYWORDS: Aplectana ranae, Batrachostrongylus longispiculus, Falcaustra samarensis n. sp., Nematoda, Megophryidae, Mindanao horned frog
Falcaustra samarensis n. sp. (Ascaridida, Kathlaniidae) from the intestines of Megophrys stejnegeri Taylor 1920 (Anura, Megophryidae) is described and illustrated. Falcaustra samarensis n. sp. represents the one hundred fourth species assigned to the genus and the thirty-seventh Oriental species. It is distinguished from other Oriental species by the pattern of caudal papillae (8 precloacal, 2 adcloacal, 10 postcloacal, and 1 median), length of spicules (2,050–3,300 µm) and presence of 1 pseudosucker. Megophrys stejnegeri was also found to harbor 2 additional species of Nematoda, adults of Aplectana ranae and Batrachostrongylus longispiculus. Megophrys stejnegeri represents a new host record for each of these helminth species.
Gastrointestinal Helminths from Three Species of Rhacophorid Frogs, Polypedates colletti, P. macrotus, and P. otilophus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Borneo, Malaysia
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 12-15, (15 November 2019) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.12
KEYWORDS: Nematoda, parasites, biodiversity, Rhacophoridae, Malaysia, hosts
Three species of Polypedates frogs (Rhacophoridae) from Borneo, Malaysia, were examined for helminths: Polypedates colletti (n = 5), P. macrotis (n = 8), and P. otilophus (n = 5). We found 3 species of Nematoda: Cosmocerca ornata, Raillietnema rhacophori, and Physalopteroides sp. Cosmocerca ornata was the only helminth infecting all 3 rhacophorid species. The most numerous helminth (too numerous to count) was R. rhacophori in P. otilophus. The 3 species of Polypedates are parasitized by generalist helminths that also infect other species of anurans. Four new host records are reported.
Observations on the Occurrence of Knotting Behavior in the Horsehair Worm, Paragordius varius
Erik Seoane-Scheitermaier, Sydney Dang, Michael Barry, John F. Shea
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 16-18, (20 December 2019) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.16
KEYWORDS: Paragordius varius, Gordian knot, aggregation pheromone, Nematomorpha, parasite ecology, horsehair worm
Horsehair worms, such as Paragordius varius, exhibit knotting behavior that may serve various functions such as water regulation, mate facilitation, and predator avoidance. Previous studies have found knots consisting only of males, suggesting that this behavior may be mediated by an aggregation pheromone. We conducted a quantitative field study to determine the relative number and size of adult P. varius that occur singly and in knots in a creek known to have a large number of adults in September of 2018. We collected 96 horsehair worms; all were male and associated with vegetation. We found significantly more adult male P. varius occurring singly than in knots and found no significant difference in their length or dry weight. Behavioral assays in the lab can help determine the possible presence and function of hairworm aggregation pheromone.
Parasites of the Golden Topminnow, Fundulus chrysotus (Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae), from Arkansas, U.S.A.
Chris T. Mcallister, Thomas J. Fayton, Donald G. Cloutman, Charles R. Bursey, Henry W. Robison, Stanley E. Trauth, Christopher M. Whipps
KEYWORDS: Arkansas, Oklahoma, Fundulidae, Trematoda, Digenea, Monogenoidea, Cestoda, Acanthocephala, Nematoda, golden topminnow, Fundulus chrysotus
Between March 2016 and March 2018, 52 golden topminnows, Fundulus chrysotus, were collected in the Arkansas (n = 5), Ouachita (n = 20), Red (n = 21), and St. Francis (n = 6) river drainages of Arkansas and examined for parasites. Twenty-three (44%) were infected/infested, including 1 (2%) with Calyptospora funduli, 4 (8%) with Myxobolus sp., 9 (18%) with Salsuginus sp., 2 (4%) with Homalometron sp., 2 (4%) with metacercaria of Clinostomum marginatum, 4 (8%) with Posthodiplostomum minimum, 5 (10%) with immature Proteocephalus sp., 4 (8%) with larval Eustrongylides sp., 5 (10%) with acanthocephalan cystacanths, 2 (4%) with Leptorhynchoides sp., 1 (2%) with Neoechinorhynchus sp., and 1 (2%) with Lernaea cyprinacea. Six (12%) topminnows harbored multiple infections. We document 4 new host and 3 new distributional records; the Homalometron sp. appears to be new, and the samples of Myxidium likely represent at least 1, if not 2, previously undescribed species, but both require additional specimens for a description.
Haliotrematoides spp. (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) Parasitizing the Gill Lamellae of Porgies, Calamus spp. (Perciformes: Sparidae), in the Gulf of Mexico off Florida, U.S.A., with the Description of Haliotrematoides bostryx n. sp. and Redescriptions of Haliotrematoides parvicirrus (Zhukov, 1983) and Haliotrematoides mediohamus (Zhukov, 1983)
Delane C. Kritsky, Micah D. Bakenhaster
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 33-43, (16 January 2020) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.33
KEYWORDS: Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae, Haliotrematoides parvicirrus, Haliotrematoides bostryx n. sp, Haliotrematoides mediohamus, Sparidae, porgies, Calamus nodosus, Calamus proridens, Calamus bajonado, Calamus penna, Calamus arctifrons, Florida, Gulf of Mexico
Three species (1 new) of HaliotrematoidesKritsky, Yang, and Sun, 2009 (Dactylogyridae), are described from the gill lamellae of porgies, Calamus spp. (Perciformes: Sparidae), from the northern Gulf of Mexico off Florida: Haliotrematoides parvicirrus (Zhukov, 1983) Kritsky, Yang, and Sun, 2009, from littlehead porgy Calamus proridens Jordan and Gilbert and knobbed porgy Calamus nodosus Randall and Caldwell (both new host records); Haliotrematoides bostryx n. sp. from C. proridens (type host), C. nodosus, jolthead porgy Calamus bajonado (Bloch and Schneider), and grass porgy Calamus arctifrons Goode and Bean; and Haliotrematoides mediohamus (Zhukov, 1983) Kritsky, Yang, and Sun, 2009, from C. proridens, C. nodosus, and sheepshead porgy Calamus penna (Valenciennes) (all new host records). Locations from which H. parvicirrus and H. mediohamus were collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico represent new geographic records for these species.
First Records of Oligacanthorhynchus (Oligacanthorhynchidae) from the Honey Badger, Mellivora capensis wilsoni (Mustelidae) and the West-Asian Blunt-Nosed Viper Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Viperiidae) from North Basrah, Iraq
Lesley Smales, Ghazi Y. El-Emarah, Isra'a M. Essa, Hisham K. Abdulzahra, Suzan A. Al-Azizz
KEYWORDS: Oligacanthorhynchus sp, Acanthocephala, Mellivora capensis wilsoni, honey badger, West-Asian blunt-nosed viper, Macrovipera lebetina obtusa, North Basrah, Iraq
Ten honey badgers (Mellivora capensis wilsoni) and 10 West-Asian blunt-nosed vipers (Macrovipera lebetina obtusa) were collected from the Almadeena district North Basrah governorate, southern Iraq, and examined for helminths. Cystacanths and 2 adult specimens of an acanthocephalan Oligacanthorhynchus sp. were found, and these represent new host records and a new record for Iraq. The specimens could be distinguished from all other species of Oligacanthorhynchus in having a proboscis armature of 36 hooks arranged in 12 rows of 3 hooks without large manubria, the largest hooks (circle 1) up to 120 µ m long. There was, however, insufficient material to adequately describe the putative new species. Honey badgers are opportunistic carnivores that include snakes in their diet, supporting the contention that the vipers are paratenic hosts and honey badgers are the definitive hosts for this oligacanthorhynchid.
Distribution and Diversity of Glossiphoniid Leeches on Three Common Species of Freshwater Turtles from Texas, U.S.A.
Wesley J. Neely, Kelsey L. Garner, Norman O. Dronen
KEYWORDS: Apalone spinifera, Chelydra serpentina, common snapping turtle, Helobdella elongata, Helobdella octatestisaca, Placobdella multilineata, Placobdella parasitica, Placobdella rugosa, red-eared slider, spiny softshell turtle, survey, Trachemys scripta elegans
Spiny softshell turtles (Apalone spinifera), common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), and red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) were surveyed for leeches at 16 sites across Texas, U.S.A., from March to December of 2017. Five species of leeches were found (3 from 15 A. spinifera sampled, 4 from 9 C. serpentina sampled, and 3 from 55 T. scripta elegans), representing 3 new host records and 1 new locality record. Leech abundance was also compared to water parameters (ammonia, carbon dioxide, chloride, dissolved oxygen, hardness, nitrite, nitrate, pH, salinity, temperature, and turbidity) and qualitative environmental variables (vegetation, sediment, latitude, longitude, season, and water body) through principle components analysis, stepwise regression, and model selection. We found significant effects of sediment composition and seasonality on leech abundance. This study adds novel data on leech–host associations, distributions, and diversity in Texas.
Helminth Fauna of the European Green Lizard, Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768), from Bursa, Turkey
Hıkmet Samı Yıdırımhan, Dılara Karaman, Charles R. Bursey
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 56-67, (19 February 2020) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.56
KEYWORDS: Lacerta viridis, Cestoda, Mesocestoides sp., Oochoristica tuberculata, Nematoda, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Skrjabinelazia hoffmanni, Skrjabinelazia taurica, Skrjabinodon medinae, Turkey
Eighty-two green lizards, Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768), from different locations of Bursa, Turkey, were examined for helminths. Two species of Cestoda, Mesocestoides sp. (as tetrathyridium) and Oochoristica tuberculata, and 4 species of Nematoda, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Skrjabinelazia hoffmanni, Skrjabinelazia taurica, and Skrjabinodon medinae, were found. Lacerta viridis is parasitized by generalist helminths that also infect other lizards. Parasite lists for other Turkish lacertid lizards are given.
Markewitschiana agdazensis n. sp. (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from Cyprinids (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) in Morocco (Northern Africa): First Record and New Site of Infection
Imane Rahmouni, Ouafae Berrada Rkhami, Abdelaziz Benhoussa, Antoine Pariselle
KEYWORDS: gill parasite, Cyprinidae, Luciobarbus pallaryi, Markewitschiana, Markewitschiana agdazensis n. sp., freshwater, Morocco
We describe a monogenean species new to science belonging to Markewitschiana, a genus characterized by the absence of anchors. Markewitschiana agdazensis n. sp. parasitizes the gills of Luciobarbus pallaryi (Cyprinidae) in Morocco. The newly described species is characterized by the presence of 7 pairs of hooks; 1 pair of "ventral structures" resembling vestiges of anchors; bar cruciform-shaped; male copulatory organ a long tube, beginning with a bulb, accessory piece tubular and articulated at the base of the MCO; and sclerotized vagina elongated with enlarged opening. This is the first report of a species of Markewitschiana outside Asia and on the gills of its fish host; individuals of this genus are usually found in the nasal cavities of their hosts.
New Species of Camallanus (Nematoda: Camallanidae) in Occidozyga laevis (Anura: Megophryidae) from the Philippines
Charles R. Bursey, Stephen R. Goldberg
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 74-81, (9 April 2020) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.74
KEYWORDS: Camallanus philippinensis n. sp., Nematoda, Camallanidae, Occidozyga laevis, Anura, Megophryidae, Philippine Oriental Frog, Philippine Islands
Camallanus philippinensis n. sp. (Spirurida; Camallanidae) from the intestines of Occidozyga laevis (Günther, 1858) (Anura; Dicroglossidae) is described and illustrated. Camallanus philippinensis n. sp. represents the 106th species assigned to the genus and the first from Philippine anurans. It is distinguished from other Oriental species by the pattern of caudal papillae (6 precloacal, 4 adcloacal, 8 postcloacal), length of spicule (323–329 µm), and postequatorial vulva. Occidozyga laevis is also found to harbor cyclophyllidean cysticerci. Occidozyga laevis represents a new host record for both of these helminths.
New Distribution Record and Extension Range of Three Species of Cymothoid Isopods (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) in Maranhão State, Brazil
Aldilene M. Ribeiro, Riccardo Mugnai
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 85-88, (12 May 2020) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.85
KEYWORDS: macroparasites, Northeast Brazil, freshwater
In northeastern Brazil, studies related to freshwater fish macroparasites are incipient. This paper presents 2 new records for cymothoid isopods plus a territory extension for a third species, all in Maranhão State, Northeast Brazil.
Record of Haementeria acuecueyetzin (Oceguera-Figueroa, 2008) in Morelet's Crocodiles from Quintana Roo, Mexico
Pierre Charruau, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, José R. Cedeño-Vázquez, Sergio D. Pérez-Rivera
KEYWORDS: ectoparasite, Glossiphoniidae, Haementeria acuecueyetzin, Crocodylus moreletii, Morelet's crocodile, leech, Yucatan Peninsula, Quintana Roo, Mexico, Crocodylidae
Herein, we present the first Mexican record of Morelet's crocodile, Crocodylus moreletii, as a host for the proboscis-bearing leech, Haementeria acuecueyetzin. From November 2004 to October 2017, we captured 111 crocodiles during spotlight surveys in lagoons of the Dziuché ejido, municipality of José María Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Twenty-one (18.9%) individuals had leeches identified as H. acuecueyetzin. It is the first report of H. acuecueyetzin for the State of Quintana Roo, Mexico, and the northernmost record of the species. This is also the second case of leech parasitism in C. moreletii. Haementeria acuecueyetzin likely parasitize a large array of vertebrates, and its role as a potential vector of blood parasites in C. moreletii requires further investigation.
New Helminth Records for the Robust Ctenotus, Ctenotus robustus, and the Copper-tailed Skink, Ctenotus taeniolatus (Squamata: Scincidae), from Australia
KEYWORDS: Australia, Nematoda, Scincidae, robust ctenotus, copper-tailed skink, Ctenotus robustus, Ctenotus taeniolatus, Skrjabinodon piankai, Abbreviata sp
Eight robust ctenotus individuals, Ctenotus robustus Storr, 1970, and 8 copper-tailed skinks, Ctenotus taeniolatus (White, 1790), from Australia were examined for helminths. Only Nematoda were found. Ctenotus robustus contained Skrjabinodon piankai. Ctenotus taeniolatus contained Abbreviata sp. (larvae in cysts) and S. piankai. Ctenotus robustus and C. taeniolatus are the fourth and fifth hosts to harbor S. piankai. All findings are new host records.
Effects of Interspecific Interactions on Microhabitat Use of Three Helminths Parasitizing Creek Chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) in Southeastern Nebraska
Michael A. Barger
KEYWORDS: Allocreadium lobatum, Paulisentis missouriensis, Rhabdochona canadensis, Semotilus atromaculatus, Trematoda, Acanthocephala, Nematoda, microhabitat specificity, competition, interspecific interactions, Nebraska
Natural infections of Paulisentis missouriensis (Acanthocephala), Rhabdochona canadensis (Nematoda), and Allocreadium lobatum (Trematoda) in the intestine of creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) were studied to determine whether microhabitat use of these helminths was affected by interspecific interactions. Comparison of mean relative positions and intestinal segment use of all 3 helminths revealed no negative interactions among the 3 species. Paulisentis missouriensis appeared entirely unaffected by the presence of either R. canadensis or A. lobatum. Each of the latter 2 species, however, appeared to exhibit some shift toward, rather than away from, the location of P. missouriensis in co-infected hosts. However, the effect size in both cases was small and therefore could be spurious. At higher intensities of co-infecting P. missouriensis, worms of A. lobatum were either distributed far to the anterior or far to the posterior of the intestinal locations occupied by P. missouriensis. This constituted the only evidence in the present investigation for negative interspecific interactions among these 3 frequently co-occurring helminths in this system.
First Investigation of The Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Urban Soil in Marrakesh, Morocco
Salma Berrouch, Hasna Ajgoune, Laila Hoummadi, Yassine Amraouza, Abdelmalek Maarouf, Ali Boularbah, Brahim Admou, Jamaleddine Hafid
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 99-102, (21 May 2020) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.99
KEYWORDS: Toxoplasma gondii, oocysts, Soil contamination, cats, Marrakesh
Humans can become infected by Toxoplasma gondii oocysts released in the environment along with felid feces through the accidental ingestion of contaminated raw meat, water, fruits and vegetables, or through direct contact with contaminated soil. Documenting the extent of soil contamination by T. gondii oocysts is necessary to prevent infection caused by this protozoan. The aim of our study is to determine the occurrence of T. gondii oocysts in urban soil in Marrakesh, Morocco. A total of 42 soil samples were collected from 9 sites in the urban area of Marrakesh. Oocysts were extracted by the flotation method, and detected by microscopy using both bright-field and UV. The frequency and spatial distribution of T. gondii in soil were analyzed considering the factors that could affect the mode of contamination, such as the presence of cats and the survival conditions of oocysts. All analyzed soil samples from Marrakesh were negative. The results of the present study are correlated to the sensitivity of our detection method as well as the presence of cats, the main reservoir of this parasite. In addition, temperature, moisture, and soil composition can significantly influence oocysts survival, and consequently affect the probability of human contamination through food.
Gastrointestinal Helminths from Three Species of Leptobrachid Frogs, Leptobrachium abbotti, L. hendricksoni and L. montanum (Anura: Megophryidae) from Borneo, Malaysia
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 103-105, (25 September 2020) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.103
KEYWORDS: Nematoda, Cestoda, biodiversity, Megophryidae, Malaysia, Leptobrachium spp
Three species of myobatrachid frogs from Borneo, Malaysia were examined for helminths: Leptobrachium abbotti (n = 5), Leptobrachium hendricksoni (n = 6) and Leptobrachium montanum (n = 12). Herein, we establish the initial helminth records for these 3 species. Found were 4 species of Nematoda: Cosmocerca ornata, Meteterakis sp., Oswaldocruzia sp., Cosmocercidae gen. sp. and 1 cestode gen. sp. Leptobrachium abbotti harbored C. ornata and Oswaldocruzia sp.; L. hendricksoni harbored Meteterakis sp. and Cosmocercidae gen. sp.; L. montanum harbored Oswaldocruzia sp. and 1 cestode gen. sp. Six new host records are reported.
First Report of Nasal Bot Fly (Cephenemyia jellisoni) in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Inhabiting Tropical Dry Forests in Central Mexico
Salvador Romero-Castañón, Mariana E. Robles González, Salvador Mandujano, César Sandoval Ruíz, Oscar Villarreal Espino Barros, Diego Santiago-Alarcón, Arcángel Molina-Martínez
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 106-108, (15 June 2020) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.106
KEYWORDS: bot fly, white-tailed deer, Cephenemyia, Puebla, Oaxaca
This is the first report of nasopharyngeal myiasis by the larvae of Cephenemyia jellisoni infecting white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from tropical dry forests in central Mexico. This study was conducted on hunted male deer within 2 wildlife management units located in the states of Puebla and Oaxaca. Bot fly larvae prevalence in both populations was 50% (95% CI: 21–78%, n = 12) with a median intensity of 4 (95% CI: 3–7). We recommend the implementation of a surveillance program at management units and the monitoring of female deer to determine differential gender effects.
Morphological Features and Structural Analysis of Plerocercoids of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) from European Pine Marten, Martes martes (Mammalia: Mustelidae) in Ukraine
Nataliya Yu. Rubtsova, Richard A. Heckmann
KEYWORDS: sparganosis, Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, Martes martes, mineral concretions, calcareous bodies, SEM, EDXA, ion sectioning
We report zoonotic Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Rudolphi, 1819) Faust, Campbell and Kellogg, 1929 (Diphyllobothriidae), from its natural ecosystem in Europe from Martes martes in Ukraine. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the presence of mineral concretions in the scolex area of S. erinaceieuropaei. The combination of SEM and metal analysis using a dispersive X-ray technique to study the body surface of the plerocercoid and calcareous body–like structures has never been performed before in cestodes. Gallium ion sectioning and metal analysis were performed to study mineral concretions in cestodes for the first time. The results revealed moderate levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the scolex and tegument of plerocercoids. Calcareous body–like structures included high levels of calcium and moderate levels of magnesium on their surface.
A New State Record for Triatoma sanguisuga (Leconte) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Wyoming, U.S.A.
Will K. Reeves, Myrna M. Miller
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 118-120, (2 June 2020) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.118
KEYWORDS: Triatominae, Trypanosoma cruzi, Chagas' disease, Triatoma protracta, Trypanosomatidae, kissing bug, conenose bug
Kissing bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are blood-feeding ectoparasites found primarily in the tropics and subtropics of the Americas. These bugs are vectors of Trypanosomatidae to their mammalian hosts, including humans. The distribution of Triatoma spp. in the Nearctic region is still not fully known, and their relevance as possible vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi to humans and animals is of growing concern. We report the first record of Triatoma sanguisuga from Wyoming, the northern-most reported collection in the western United States, and include collection records for Triatoma protracta in Colorado that were previously unclear.
A New Species of Nematoda from the Bufo minshanicus in Southwestern China
Liqing Peng, Ming Tang, Litao Gan, Xuli Ren, Lichun Jiang, Shaobin Li, Wei Chen, Buddhi Dayananda
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 121-126, (18 August 2020) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.121
KEYWORDS: Cosmocercoides minshan, Bufo minshanicus, Southwestern China
A new nematode, Cosmocercoides minshan n. sp. (Cosmocercidae) is described from Bufo minshanicus in the Zoige grassland in southwestern China. The new species is characterized as a medium-sized worm (4.93–7.97 mm in length and 0.24–0.47 mm in width), but with a shorter spicule length (0.08–0.21 mm) than other Cosmocercoides, with lateral alae and 9 pairs of caudal papillae. Among the 21 recorded species in this genus, the morphology of the new species is different from all the other species previously reported. DNA sequences of C. minshan sp. showed that the species is almost identical to Cosmocercoides pulcher (99%), and Cosmocercoides tonkinensis (99%). However, there are differences in the morphology and structure of the rosetted papillae among these 3 species, as well as 4 nucleotide differences in the 18S–28S rDNA including the internal transcribed spacer region. In a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree, C. tonkinensis, C. pulcher, and C. minshan formed a robust clade. Generally, the species is distinguished molecularly and morphologically; thus C. minshan is herein described as a new nematode species of Cosmocercoides.
Corynosoma australe and Bolbosoma vasculosum (Polymorphidae: Acanthocephala) from Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (Otariidae) and Argyrosomus spp. (Sciaenidae) from the Namibian Coast of Africa
Ali Halajian, Lesley Smales, Richard Heckmann, Annette M. Amakali, Martin Tjipute, Margit R. Wilhelm, Wilmien J. Luus-Powell
Comparative Parasitology 87 (1), 127-134, (28 December 2020) https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-87.1.127
KEYWORDS: Namibian Coast Africa, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, Cape fur seal, Argyrosomus inodorus, dusky kob, Argyrosomus coronus, silver kob, Acanthocephala, Corynosoma, Bolbosoma
Five Cape fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, 1 dusky kob, Argyrosomus coronus, and 55 silver kob, A. inodorus, collected from Cape Cross, Henties Bay, and Skeleton Coast Park, Namibia, were examined for acanthocephalans. Adults of Bolbosoma vasculosum and Corynosoma australe were recovered from 5 Cape fur seals, and cystacanths of C. australe from the single dusky kob and 3 of the silver kobs that were examined. This is the first record of B. vasculosum and the second of C. australe from the Namibian coast. Scanning electron microscopy of specimens of C. australe revealed features such as bursal papillae and micropores both on the proboscis hook surfaces and across the epidermal surface of the trunk. X-ray analyses of gallium cut hook, egg, and spines of C. australe are presented with analyses of spines of Corynosoma strumosum for comparison.


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Justia Patents Material Impelled By PumpUS Patent for Medical pump with infusion controlled by a detachable coded label Patent (Patent # 4,943,279)
Medical pump with infusion controlled by a detachable coded label
Sep 30, 1988 - C. R. Bard, Inc.
This invention relates to a microprocessor-based medical pump with a number of manual controls. The operation of this pump requires the attachment of a magnetic label to the front of the pump. This magnetic label includes a given number of strong permanent magnets in a pre-determined configuration which indicate the pharmaceutical product type and concentration to be infused. The magnetic label also changes the visual scales around the manual controls. Hall Effect sensors read the pre-determined configuration and send the data to the microprocessor which also reads the manual controls. Using the pre-determined configuration data and the manual control data, the microprocessor determines the desired infusion parameters.
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Implantable prosthetic device
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a medical pump which has its pumping rate and pumping interval controlled by a magnetic label. This label visually alters the scales on the various manual controls, and, via the positions of magnets which are sensed by Hall Effect sensors within the pump, communicates a value to the pump which takes into account various factors relating to the desired pharmaceutical product infusion.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Medical pumps with infusion parameters controlled by manual dial settings, microprocessors, and electrical devices are well-known in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,701,345 and 4,320,757 disclose apparatus with electrical drive systems for injecting controlled amounts of fluid into a patient. However, these references require the user to be cognizant of several variables such as the concentration of the pharmaceutical product within solution, the desired infusion rate of the pharmaceutical product, the weight of the patient, the total amount of pharmaceutical product desired to be injected into the patient either on a total or per unit of weight or mass, and even the cross-sectional area of the plunger of the ampule so as to calculate a desired velocity and total displacement of the plunger within the ampule of the syringe. Moreover, the user would have to be cognizant even of the units of all of these variables so as to not make a calculative error. Any of these calculative errors could be disastrous to the patient.
References which show an injection system with a programmable means responsive to a keyboard include U. S. Pat. Nos. 4,529,401; 4,624,661; 4,681,563; and 4,722,734. However, these systems still require several keystrokes on the part of medical personnel with a wide range of skill levels, some of whom may find such a computer-like device intimidating. Further, the exhaustion and hurried pace of many medical situations are not conducive to the consistently accurate programming needed for such devices. Further, the difficulty in operating these devices is compounded when, after the infusion starts, medical personnel realize that the dose must be adjusted to accommodate the patient's metabolism, tolerance, and sensitivities with respect to the pharmaceutical product being infused.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,741,732 uses a complicated programming scheme to effect generalized infusion rate profiles of a pharmaceutical product so as to maintain a constant pharmaceutical product concentration within the patient. This device may still have the deficiencies listed in the previous paragraph in that a manual entering of all of the data needed for a particular pharmaceutical product concentration, patient body weight, plunger cross section is very error prone for exhausted or hurried medical personnel. These deficiencies are mitigated, only in part, by including an EPROM (electrically programmable read-only memory) which includes instructions and/or data in machine or object language form relating to the general characteristics of the desired time-dependent infusion rate profile. Even when using the EPROM device, this device is complicated and is directed more toward delivering complex time-dependent infusion rate profiles rather than providing a simple, "user-friendly" device with visually verifiable controls, for infusing a given dose of a pharmaceutical product to a patient.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF INVENTION
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an apparatus for infusing a wide variety of narcotics, muscle relaxants and vasoactive pharmaceutical products into a patient wherein the parameters relating to the infusion are programmed by the user into the device.
It is therefore a further object of this invention that the programming of these infusion parameters is simple and not intimidating.
It is therefore a further object of this invention that the programming of these infusion parameters is easy to verify visually.
It is therefore a further object of this invention that the user is able to vary the infusion rate manually after the initial programming so as to accommodate the patient's metabolism, tolerance, and sensitivities with respect to the pharmaceutical product being infused.
It is therefore a still further object of this invention that the apparatus be adaptable to a broad range of infusion applications.
The control device of the present invention includes three knobs which are related to infusion parameters. The first knob is set according to the desired infusion rate of the pharmaceutical product, the second knob is set according to the body weight of the patient, and the third knob is set according to a bolus, or the total amount of pharmaceutical product desired by unit weight of the patient. A microprocessor uses these variables to calculate a desired infusion flow, velocity of the plunger, total bolus volume, and bolus duration.
A fourth knob is used to set the mode of operation, such as "purge", "off", "stop/confirm", "bolus start" and "infuse". A five-digit liquid crystal display and several light emitting diodes indicate the mode of operation and the total volume infused.
In order for this device to accommodate infusion of various pharmaceutical products of different concentrations, and ranges of infusion rates, a different magnetic label is manufactured for each pharmaceutical product configuration. These labels spell out the pharmaceutical product name and concentration. These labels fit over the front panel of the pump control unit, around the knobs, so as to alter the visual scales of the desired infusion rate, bolus, and possibly patient weight knobs. So that the new pharmaceutical product parameters and altered scales are properly taken into account, magnetic devices are embedded within predetermined sections of the labels. The position and polarity of these devices are related to the aforementioned parameters and scales and are sensed by Hall Effect sensors within the pump control device. A microprocessor within the pump control device uses the positions to which the knobs are set along with the information from the Hall Effect sensors to determine the desired infusion flow, plunger velocity, total bolus volume and bolus duration.
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of the pump and the magnetic label of present invention.
FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of the pump of the present invention, along with an attached syringe shown in phantom.
FIG. 3 is a rear plan view showing the magnetic data devices of the magnetic label of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the microprocessor-based control system of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an exploded view of the pump control unit and the magnetic label system.
Referring now to the drawings in detail wherein like numerals indicate like elements throughout the several views, Apparatus 10 is disclosed in FIG. 1. The front plate 12 of apparatus 10 has four knobs--an infusion rate knob 14, a body weight knob 16, a bolus knob 18, and an operational mode selection knob 20.
The operational mode selection knob 20 has "Off", "Purge", "Stop/Confirm", "Infuse", and "Bolus Start" settings.
A two position switch 21 is used to select the syringe type. The preferred embodiment allows only for standard twenty or sixty cubic centimeter (cc) syringes, although those skilled in the art will realize that more positions could be allowed or that scaling factors proportional (or inversely proportional) to the plunger cross section of the syringe could be incorporated into the information encoded into the label 30.
Additionally, the front plate 12 of apparatus 10 includes an "Infusing" light emitting diode 22, an "Attention" light emitting diode 24, a "Bolusing" light emitting diode 26, and a five-digit liquid crystal display 28.
FIG. 1 also shows the magnetic label 30. Magnetic label 30 includes an alphanumeric listing 32 of the pharmaceutical product type and concentration in bold print. Magnetic label 30 also includes three apertures 34, 36, 38 which are outlined, respectively, by scales 40, 42, 44, for infusion rate, body weight and bolus, respectively.
Aperture 34, for the infusion rate knob 14, has scale 40 in units of milligrams of pharmaceutical product per kilogram of patient body weight (or mass) per minute. This may be replaced with milliliters of pharmaceutical product per kilogram of patient body weight per minute, milligrams of pharmaceutical product, or milliliters of pharmaceutical product. The milliliters or milligrams refers to the active pharmaceutical product contained within the solution of the syringe 11 and not to the volume or mass of solution.
Aperture 36, for the patient body weight (or mass) knob 16, has a scale 42 in units of kilograms. As will be described in more detail later, this knob 16 will be active only when the units of infusion rate and bolus are on a per unit patient weight basis.
Aperture 38, for the bolus knob 18, has a scale 44 in units of total milligrams of pharmaceutical product infused per kilogram of patient body weight. This may be replaced with milliliters of pharmaceutical product per kilogram of patient body weight, milligrams of pharmaceutical product, or milliliters of pharmaceutical product. Again, the milliliters or milligrams refers to the active pharmaceutical product contained within the solution of the syringe 11 and not to the volume or mass of solution.
The ranges of these scales 40, 42, and 44 are chosen so as to be appropriate for the pharmaceutical product type and concentration which is specified on alphanumeric listing 32. Further, the units of these scales, particularly infusion rate and bolus (which may be given in units using milliliters or milligrams, and on a total or per patient body weight basis) are chosen in accordance that associated with the particular pharmaceutical product and solution of interest. If the units of infusion rate and bolus are given on a total basis rather than a per unit of patient body weight, then the scale 42 for body weight is labelled "Inactive".
Similarly, for some "Infusing" modes, as opposed to "Bolusing" modes, where either the body weight or bolus scales 42, 44 are unnecessary in that the pharmaceutical product is to be infused at a certain rate for an indefinite time period, these scales are changed to low infusion rate scales, while the infusion rate scale 40 is changed to a high infusion rate scale. As will be described in more detail, the user sets one of the infusion rate scales to zero, and the other to the desired high or low infusion rate.
Front plate 12, or other closely related structural elements of apparatus 10 have ferrous or similar components so that the label 30 can magnetically attach to apparatus 10.
FIG. 2 discloses the front of apparatus 10 at such an angle to disclose syringe 11 attached to apparatus 10 by clip 13. Plunger driver 23 engages the plunger of syringe 11 and is mechanically driven by drive mechanism 70 (see FIG. 4) to expel the pharmaceutical product. The engagement of this pump apparatus 10 to the syringe 11 and the mechanical details of the drive mechanism 70 are disclosed in commonly assigned application 088,806, filed Aug. 24, 1987 and allowed Sept. 2, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,368. Those skilled in the art will realize that several different methods for engaging syringe 11 are possible without departing from the scope of this invention.
Magnetic label 30, in addition to having magnetic properties throughout its structure, also includes apertures 46, 48, and 50 in its rear portion into which strong Samarium Cobalt (rare earth) magnets may be inserted as shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows magnets 51 and 52 placed into apertures 46 and 50. The position and polarity of magnets 51 and 52 within apertures 46, 48, and 50 are related to the pharmaceutical product concentration (as spelled out by alphanumeric listing 32), the adjustments necessary to compensate for the changes between scales listed on front plate 12 around knobs 14, 16, and 18 and the scales 40, 42, and 44 on magnetic label 30, and any other variables which those skilled in the art may realize are necessary for the proper calculation of desired infusion flow, plunger velocity, total bolus volume and bolus duration.
As previously described, this particular embodiment uses three possible magnet locations (that is apertures 46, 48 and 50), wherein each magnet has one of two possible polarities. Magnets of a single strength within a given tolerance are used. In order to provide a method for verifying the integrity of the label, magnets 51, 52 must be inserted into exactly two of the apertures 46, 48 and 50. Further, the apparatus 10 will not operate unless a label 30 with exactly two magnets 51, 52 are placed upon the apparatus in a position as shown in FIG. 3.
This allows for 12 possible combinations of placement and polarity (a factor of three for choosing two out of three apertures and two factors of two, one for each polarity selection). Those skilled in the art will realize that more locations or levels of magnetic strength are possible in order to allow for more possible combinations without departing from the scope of this invention. Those skilled in the art will also realize that a single combination of magnets will suffice for more than one combination of the aforementioned variables. For instance, all other things being equal, different concentrations of pharmaceutical products could be compensated for by different scales on the magnetic label 30 without changing the configuration of magnets 51, 52 within apertures 46, 48, and 50.
The dimensions of magnetic label 30 and the diameter and spacing of apertures 34, 36 and 38 are chosen so that magnetic label 30 can fit over front plate 12 as shown in FIG. 1, thereby altering the scales which are visually associated with knobs 14, 16, and 18.
Those skilled in the art will realize that other methods of communication from the label 30 to the apparatus 10 are available. These methods include:
1. Pins and Connectors
Pins or connectors could be attached and coded on a PC board to which the label is attached.
2. Optoelectronics
The label could incorporate reflective or transmissive optoelectronics. For example, such a reflective system would have a reflective code on the label. A sensor and emitter combination would be installed in the pump and would be focused on the rear of the label thereby reading the code.
3. Microswitch and Pin
Microswitches could be installed in the pump with through-holes over the switches. Activator pins attached to the label would pass through the holes and activate the switches. Many different variations of switches could be used such as membrane switches, pushbutton switches, etc.
4. Capacitive and Inductive Sensing
Capacitive and inductive sensing would replace magnetic sensing.
FIG. 4 discloses a block diagram of the internal electronics of apparatus 10. Hall Effect sensors 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 and 59 are positioned to be on the interior side of front plate 12 adjacent to apertures 46, 48, and 50 when magnetic label 30 is attached to the apparatus as shown in FIG. 1. Each aperture has two sensors associated therewith--one sensor two detect a north polarity and one sensor to detect a south polarity. The Hall Effect sensors 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 and 59 have a current running through them. When the sensors are subjected to a magnetic field normal to the current density vector from magnets 51, 52 placed into apertures 46, 48, and 50, the current through the sensors 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 and 59 changes. This change in current is detected and converted into a digital signal by the sensors 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 and 59. This digital signal is transmitted to a parallel to serial converter 60, which in turn, communicates these values to microprocessor 66.
Microprocessor 66 drives the LCD and LED driver 61, which in turn drives LEDs 22, 24, 26 and LCD 28. Microprocessor 66 also drives audio driver 67 in order to generate audio signals such as "beeps".
Microprocessor 66 is responsive to power supply 62, low battery detector 63, reset control 64 and timing crystal 65 as shown in FIG. 4.
The position of the infusion rate knob 14, the body weight knob 16, and the bolus knob 18 are communicated to microprocessor 66 via rotary switches 68, 70, 72 and the parallel to serial converter 60. The position of operational mode selection knob 20 is communicated to microprocessor 66 in that knob 20 is interposed between power supply 62 and microprocessor 66. The microprocessor 66 calculates the desired infusion as a product of the factors below:
1. The infusion rate as indicated by the position of infusion rate knob 14.
2. The patient body weight as indicated by the position of body weight knob 16.
3. A scaling factor to convert the position of the infusion rate knob 14 to the infusion rate indicated on scale 40 of the magnetic label 30.
4. A scaling factor to convert the position of the patient body weight knob 16 to the patient body weight indicated on scale 42 of the magnetic label 30.
5. The inverse of the pharmaceutical product concentration indicated by alphanumeric listing 32 on magnetic label 30.
Applications where the infusion rate is given on an absolute, rather than on a per body weight basis will eliminate factors 2 and 4 from the calculation.
Plunger velocity is calculated by dividing the infusion flow by:
6. The inverse of the plunger cross section of the syringe 11.
When operating in the "Infusing" mode, only the plunger velocity needs to be calculated. However, when operating in the "Bolusing" mode, the following values need to be calculated. The microprocessor 66 calculates the desired pumping time as a product of the factors below:
7. The bolus as indicated by the position of the bolus knob 18.
8. The inverse of the infusion rate indicated by the position of infusion rate knob 14. This is the inverse of Factor 1.
9. A scaling factor to convert the position of the bolus knob 18 to the bolus indicated on scale 44 of the magnetic label 30.
10. A scaling factor to convert the inverse of the infusion rate indicated by the position of infusion rate knob 14 to the inverse of the infusion rate indicated on scale 40 of the magnetic label 30.
Total Bolus Volume is calculated by multiplying Infusion Flow by Bolus Duration.
Those skilled in the art will realize that these calculations may be done in different orders and that other factors may be necessary for some applications.
The microprocessor 66 receives factors 1, 2, and 7 from parallel to serial converter which in turn receives these values from the twelve position rotary switches 68, 70 and 72 associated with knobs 14, 16 and 18. The microprocessor 66 does the necessary inverse calculations, including that to derive factor 8 from factor 1. The microprocessor 66 uses the data from the Hall Effect sensors to assemble a digital word to index into the non-volatile memory of microprocessor 66, such as read-only-memory (ROM), to retrieve factors 3-5, 9, and 10 listed above. As will be described later in more detail, there are some infusion modes where the bolus or body weight scales are replaced by extended range infusion rate scales. In those modes, knob positions are interpreted differently in accordance with their changed function as indicated by the configuration of magnets 50, 51 in label 30. Those skilled in the art will easily recognize the change in interpretation of the knobs. Those skilled in the art will realize that several of these factors could be stored as factors pre-multiplied together with each other. Those skilled in the art will also realize that since products of various factors are retrieved from the non-volatile memory of microprocessor 66, that a single product is applicable to many individual configurations of the various factors.
Factor 6 is obtained by using the position of syringe type switch 21 feeding into microprocessor 66.
The microprocessor 66 then communicates the values of plunger velocity, infusion flow, total bolus volume and bolus duration to the drive mechanism 74 of the syringe 11. Further, microprocessor 66, using the position of knobs 14, 16, 18, 20, and feedback information from the drive mechanism 74 of the syringe 11 to operate light emitting diodes 22, 24, 26, liquid crystal display 28, and audible alarm 29.
Drive mechanism 74 includes motor 76, motor pulse width modulated driver 78, motor brake 80, primary encoder 82 and secondary encoder 84. Motor pulse width modulated driver 78 is responsive to pulses from microprocessor 66. Motor 76 is responsive to motor pulse width modulated driver 78. Motor 76 drives the plunger driver 23 which, in turn, drives syringe 11. Motor speed is corrected as the microprocessor 66 reads the primary encoder 82 and adjusts the pulse width modulated speed control algorithm within microprocessor 66 for the proper speed. The secondary encoder 84 monitors the rotation of the leadscrew (not shown) of motor 76 and is used for safety purposes, such as primary encoder failure. Motor brake 80 is used to decrease coasting of the motor 80 and to prevent backward motion thereof.
FIG. 5 shows a detailed exploded view of apparatus 10. Magnetic label 30 includes a front sheet 84 glued over a flexible magnetic sheet 86, into which strong magnets 50, 51 are placed. Rear sheet 88 is glued over the rear of the label 30. Knobs 14, 16, 18 and 20 are inserted into front plate 12 which is backed by steel foil 90 and plastic cover 92. A Hall Effect PC board 94 with Hall Effect Sensors 54-59 is sandwiched between plastic cover 92 and switch PC board 96 which contains most of the electronics including microprocessor 66. All of this fits into pump body 98.
To use this apparatus 10, a user is supplied a syringe 11 and a magnetic label 30 from a pharmaceutical manufacturer. Magnets have been placed into apertures 46, 48, and 50 of the magnetic label 30 in a configuration which will ensure proper calculation of the pumping time and rate. The user places the syringe 11 into the drive mechanism 70 and the magnetic label 30 onto the apparatus. As previously stated, exactly two magnets must be in the label 30 and the label 30 must be placed onto the apparatus 10 for the apparatus 10 to operate. The user sets the operational mode selection knob 20 to the "Stop/Confirm" position. LCD 28 will then display a label identification code. The user verifies that this matches the label identification code on the alphanumeric listing 32 of label 30. The user fills a 20 or 60 cc (cubic centimeter) syringe 11 with the amount of pharmaceutical product required. The user confirms that the concentration of the pharmaceutical product or infusate matches the concentration listed on the alphanumeric listing 32 of label 30. The user attaches tubing (not shown) to the syringe 11, and attaches the syringe 11 to clip 13 and to plunger driver 23. The user uses prior art practices to attach a flow set (not shown) to the syringe 11 and to remove air from the line, etc. The user turns the operational mode selection knob 20 to the "purge" position until fluid flow occurs. The "purge" position should not be used while the apparatus 10 is connected to the patient. The flow set (not shown) is attached to the patient' s primary I.V. line (not shown).
The user then, depending upon the functions and values encoded into the label 30, enters into one of three modes:
1. Delivery of an infusion based on an infusion rate given by body weight with the capability of giving a loading dose or supplemental bolus dose.
The user sets the patient weight knob 20 and the infusion rate knob 14 and sets the operational mode selection knob 20 to "Infuse". The microprocessor 66 will choose a plunger velocity but will not limit the infusion to a given time or volume. The "Infusing" LED 22 will go on, the LCD 28 will incrementally display the amount of pharmaceutical product delivered. The infusion will stop when the user turns the infusion rate knob 14 to "0", when the user turns the operation mode selection knob 20 to Stop/Confirm, or when the syringe 11 is empty.
To administer a loading dose or supplemental bolus, the user set the desired dose on the Bolus knob 18, and rotates the operational mode selection knob 20 to "Bolus Start". The user releases the knob 20, which is spring loaded in this position, when a short audible beep is generated by audio driver 67. The "Bolusing" Light Emitting Diode 26 will flash as an indicator of normal bolus delivery. The Liquid Crystal Display 28 will count upward (on a per kilogram of patient body weight basis) to show the status of the present bolus. To terminate a bolus, the user rotates the operational mode selection knob 20 to "Stop/Confirm". Once a bolus is initiated, changes to the patient weight knob 16 or bolus knob 18 will not affect the bolus.
2. The delivery of infusion based on high and low rates independent of body weight.
In this mode, the Infusion Rate Scale 40 and Body Weight Scale 42 are replaced by a High Infusion Rate and a Low Infusion Rate Scale, respectively. The user sets one of these knobs to zero, and the other knob to the desired value, depending upon whether a high or low infusion rate is desired. The user then turns the operational mode selection knob 20 to "Infuse". The "Infusing" Light Emitting Diode 22 will flash and the Liquid Crystal Display 28 will begin incrementing to indicate the amount of pharmaceutical product delivered. To change the rate, the user rotates either infusion rate knob to a new position. To stop an infusion, the user either sets both infusion rate knobs to zero, or turns the operational mode selection knob 20 to "Stop/Confirm".
3. The delivery of an infusion based on high and low infusion rates given by weight.
In this mode, the Infusion Rate Scale 40 and Bolus Scale 42 are replaced by a High Infusion Rate and a Low Infusion Rate Scale, respectively. The user sets one of these knobs to zero, and the other knob to the desired value, depending upon whether a high or low infusion rate is desired. The user sets the patient weight on patient weight knob 14. The user then turns the operational mode selection knob 20 to "Infuse". The "Infusing" Light Emitting Diode 22 will flash and the Liquid Crystal Display 28 will begin incrementing to indicate the amount of pharmaceutical product delivered. To change the rate, the user rotates either infusion rate knob to a new position. To stop an infusion, the user either sets both infusion rate knobs to zero, or turns the operational mode selection knob 20 to "Stop/Confirm".
The apparatus 10 has the following warning indicators:
1. End of Syringe or Occlusion--This is indicated by a pulsating audible alarm from audio driver 67 and flashing "Attention" Light Emitting Diode 24. Liquid Crystal Display 28 will indicate which condition exists.
2. Low Battery--This is indicated by a flashing "Attention" Light Emitting Diode 24 without activating audio driver 67. Liquid Crystal Display 28 will indicate this condition.
3. Internal Fault--This is indicated by an audible alarm from audio driver 67 and all light emitting diodes 22, 24 and 26 coming on simultaneously.
4. Improper Switch Position--If any switch or knob is left in or held in a position between actual selections for over one-half second, the apparatus 10 will alarm with three short audible beeps from audio driver 67. The apparatus 10 will continue to infuse at the previously chosen rate. Repositioning the switch to the proper location will terminate the alarm.
Thus the several aforementioned objects and advantages are most effectively attained. Although a single preferred embodiment of the invention has been disclosed and described in detail herein, it should be understood that this invention is in no sense limited thereby and its scope is to be determined by that of the appended claims.
1. An apparatus comprising:
pumping means;
means for controlling operation of said pumping means, including sensing means and manual controls for manually setting the desired operation of said pumping means; and
indicator means, separable from said means for controlling, which includes:
information in a pre-arranged configuration for a selected mode of pump operation; and
visual scales corresponding to said pre-arranged configuration, said visual scales indicating the desired setting for said manual controls when said indicator means is placed adjacent to said manual controls;
wherein said sensing means senses said pre-arranged configuration and is responsive thereto to alter calculations for controlling said pumping means in accordance with said pre-arranged configuration and with said visual scales when said indicator means is placed adjacent to said manual controls.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said information is encoded by positioning of magnets.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the apparatus is a medical pump and wherein said pumping means includes means for engaging a syringe.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said manual controls include a patient weight control knob.
means for controlling operation of said pumping means, including manual controls; and
indicator means which includes information in a pre-arranged configuration of magnets for a selected mode of pump operation, wherein said means for controlling senses said pre-arranged configuration when said indicator means is placed adjacent to said means for controlling and wherein said means for controlling controls said pumping means in accordance with said pre-arranged configuration;
wherein said indicator means further includes visual scales for said manual controls when said indicator means is placed adjacent to said means for controlling, wherein said visual scales are in accordance with said pre-determined configuration and wherein said means for controlling uses said pre-arranged configuration to alter the calculations in accordance with said visual scales; and
wherein said indicator means is held in position adjacent to said means for controlling by magnetic means.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said means for controlling further includes Hall Effect sensors which sense said pre-arranged configuration of said magnets.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said Hall Effect sensors sense the polarity of said magnets in said pre-arranged configuration.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said pumping means drives a medical syringe.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said means for controlling includes a microprocessor.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said means for controlling allows said pumping means to operate only if a predetermined number of said magnets are in said pre-determined configuration.
11. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said pumping means can run at a constant flow rate.
12. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said pumping means can run at a constant flow rate for a given period.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said manual controls include a patient weight control knob, wherein said given period is determined from a setting of said patient weight control knob.
14. The apparatus of claim 8 further including lights for indicating said selected mode of operation.
15. The apparatus of claim 8 further including a multi-character display for indicating total flow amount from said pumping means.
16. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the apparatus is a medical pump and wherein said pumping means includes means for engaging a syringe.
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4673391 June 16, 1987 Kondo et al.
4690673 September 1, 1987 Bloomquist
4714462 December 22, 1987 DiDomenico
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Patent number: 4943279
Filed: Sep 30, 1988
Date of Patent: Jul 24, 1990
Assignee: C. R. Bard, Inc. (Murray Hill, NJ)
Inventors: Nicholas G. Samiotes (Westwood, MA), Paul Lucas (Groton, MA)
Primary Examiner: Richard J. Apley
Assistant Examiner: Joe H. Cheng
Law Firm: Kane, Dalsimer, Sullivan, Kurucz, Levy, Eisele and Richard
Application Number: 7/251,563
Current U.S. Class: Material Impelled By Pump (604/151); Sensor Controls Pump, Motor, Or Pressure Driven Means (604/67); Material Impelled By Nonreciprocating Piston Driven By Motor (604/154); Infusion Monitoring (128/DIG13)
International Classification: A61M 100;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Hosting ASP.net web service in web server I have developed an ASP.net web service, how to host this service on monthly pay web server, because most of the web server providers hosting only asp.net web sites.

A: *

*Host your web service in IIS same as you host an asp.net website.

*Go to web.config of your web service.

*Change the endpoint address to "localhost:port_number/webservice_aliasname/service_name.svc"
Hope it helps :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
By Dominic Tobin
Cars > null
News: Button and Alonso to put stamp on NSX, says Honda
Following in Senna's footsteps
JENSON BUTTON and Fernando Alonso are to have a say in the development of the Honda NSX before it goes into production at the end of this year.
Browse the used Hondas for sale on driving.co.uk
The McLaren Honda F1 drivers will have the chance to follow in the footsteps of Ayrton Senna: the late Brazilian F1 supremo had a role in setting up the original NSX, which was launched in 1990.
Honda's hybrid supercar is being shown at the 2015 Geneva motor show. The design has been finalised but engineers are still working on the chassis settings.
"It is not too late [for Button and Alonso to be involved]," said Ted Klaus, head of the new NSX development team. "We could not get access to these folks before, but development is still going on. I am very open to getting input from outside."
Klaus and his team used supercars including the Audi R8, Porsche 911 and Ferrari 458 Italia as benchmarks during the new NSX's development. He said that the car will feel as sporty as the Ferrari when the owner wants it to, but as easy to drive as a Honda Jazz in town.
"We could not get access to these folks before, but development is still going on"
"Much like the original NSX, our intention is for the car to be accessible and to build the driver's confidence. The Ferrari is on [sporty] all the time. Our machine can be on when the driver demands it, and then it can be off and quiet so you can drive it daily. The difference between it and a Jazz is you can go and find your favourite winding road and have fun."
Klaus said that the first production NSX cars would be made at the end of the year. Customers in North America will get the first cars before European models are produced next year. So far there are 100 British customers on the waiting list who have paid a £5,000 deposit.
Video: Radical Rapture ride at Goodwood
The new Radical Rapture "can deliver an unapologetic assault on the senses" according to its brochure. We climb aboard to find out.
Four incredible car maker stands at Goodwood
If you're wondering why there isn't a proper British Motor Show any more, you don't have to look much further than the Goodwood Festival of Speed
Volkswagen ID.R blitzes the Goodwood hill climb
The Volkswagen ID.R is the fastest ever car up the Goodwood hill, despite missing out in the Sunday Shootout, according to a clarification.


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When you want to get rid of fleas in your home, the first step will involve treating the pet before you can treat other areas. You will need to research and identify the best flea treatment whenever you are out to treat your pet and Pet-Lock has proved to be efficient over the time in keeping pets safe. It is advisable that you keep treating your dog using Pet-Lock during every month of the spring season considering that the conditions will favor growth of fleas and there are chances of fleas jumping back on your pet.
Apart from eliminating the fleas that have infested your pet, you also need to use Pet-lock flea medicine to get rid of fleas in your home and the yards. Remember that as much as the pet is endangered by fleas, your family is also endangered. If you have been playing with the pet inside your house, ensure that you also treat the rooms and the carpets as much as you treat the yards. When you treat your house, furniture, and even the yards, you will have limited the life cycle of the fleas and thus limiting their population growth.
When you have treated your dog, the house and yards using Pet-Lock, you will also have to treat the dog's bedding using the medicine. Fleas and eggs will also hide in your pet's toy and beddings thus the need to wash the toys using the right medication and when you can't treat them, you need to throw the toy out.


Fall, in my opinion, is one of the most gorgeous seasons there is. Whether it be because of the colorful foliage, or the cool breeze reminding you that winter is just around the corner, or all the cute creatures scurrying about to collect food for winter, it always seems to be so beautiful. And what better way to celebrate the beauty than decor that it is inspired by? Even better, having it on the porch to welcome those guests to your house filled with the joy that autumn brings! I have collected a handful of DIY fall porch projects that will help you with just that!
So let's move forward to this collection of DIY fall porch projects to get inspired by!
First up, we have a decoration made by Organized 31 that is a great way to express your thankfulness! In addition, it can be made with those straggling game pieces that just refuse to be limited to the box. Another way to be thankful for everything you have, even the messes!
Among some of the most known decor for fall is pumpkins, a decoration you just can't skip. This tutorial by My Printly will show you how to add these gourds in your own assortment.
Here is a tutorial to make the classic pumpkins new and fun! It is also a really fun craft, so you can enjoy it while you make it and afterwards!
These Doily Pumpkins from Mod Podge Rocks are fantastic! They remind me of a fall craft I would have seen on a porch in the 1970's.
Adding a wreath to your door is always a nice touch! I love that this one from Embracing Creativity can be used all fall.
Adding a few of these DIY Candy Corn Luminaries from Education Possible adds fall color and light to your porch when the sun starts to set a little earlier every evening.
Adding fall leaves to your front porch is a wonderfully festive way to welcome fall! I love this Paper Leaf Wreath from Meaningful Mama.
What I love most about all 7 of these DIY Ideas is that the expense for creating any of these projects is minimal, and all 7 of these are inexpensive yet gorgeous ways to add some flair to your front porch!
Which of these 7 DIY Fall Porch Projects do you think you would most like to add to your front porch? I think the faux pumpkin vases will make for a great way to show off my gorgeous fall mums!