All Seasons Park is envisioned as a landmark development that will strengthen the synergies of Ayer Itam, ushering in a contemporary modernity that subtly resonates with the busy, colourful vibe of this well-known Penang suburb.
This integrated development promises a complete lifestyle experience to those born and bred in Penang, who may be returning to their roots, as well as new comers to the community.
At approximately over 120,000 sf, All Seasons Club will offer an incredible array of clubhouse facilities, including an infinity lap pool that spans the length of the 330m frontage. On either end of the deck are two glass cubes, one housing a fully equipped gym and the other serving as a multi-function room.
The landscaping on the deck as well as within the expansive green buffer zone around All Seasons Park was designed to introduce a strong natural element to the development. A park for the exclusive use of residents, reflects different landscaping themes, water features and hues of greens in keeping with the four seasons theme.
A total of 12 layout designs are available, of which five are penthouses, both single level and duplexes with an average size of 2300sf. The remaining seven are apartment layouts, starting from 856sf to 1323sf, although most exceed 1,000 sq. ft. To ensure that residents enjoy optimal comfort and privacy, here will only be seven or eight units on each floor.
"Quality of life is synonymous with peace of mind." All Seasons Park provides a safe and secure environment by incorporating a comprehensive 24-hour security system that effective yet discreet. This includes a two-tier security electronic card system, CCTV monitoring at secluded and critical areas.
At approximately over 120,000 sf, All Seasons Club will offer an incredible array of clubhouse facilities, including an infinity lap pool that spans the length of the 330m frontage. On either end of the deck are two glass cubes, one housing a state-of-the-art fully equipped gym and the other serving as a multi-function room.


In our final episode created for Exhibition 2018, Sterling, Angie, and Nikkie give us brief tours of the school and the "old brick building." They also teach us some basic science concepts using dry ice, a piece that won a Exhibition "Oscar" for best science segment.
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10 Serious Mistakes in Car Maintenance
by Cherise Threewitt
Sloppy Lube Job During Brake Repair
If axle grease or caliper lube gets on the friction surface of the brake pads or rotors, your car's brakes won't work. (Michal Saganowski/Getty Images)
Even though brake jobs typically aren't (strictly speaking) all that difficult, a lot of amateur mechanics like to hire a pro for this kind of work. And it's understandable. Screwing up a brake job can have pretty serious consequences, for obvious reasons. Your car's brakes work because of friction. It's not entirely that simple, but that's the basic principle. When you press (or slam) the brakes, hydraulic pressure in the system makes your brake calipers and brake pads squeeze in, and this friction causes your wheels to slow down.
That's a lot of friction, and it depends on a lot of moving parts. Moving parts require lube, or else they'll seize. So when you're taking brake components apart and putting them back together, you'll need to use brake-system-specific grease to make sure everything's operating at top-notch capacity. And if you're working with the axles, there's a strong chance you'll be using oily substances in the brake vicinity. Either way, you'll want to be extremely careful with lube application -- it's crucial. It requires the precision of carving a really expensive steak, or giving someone a tattoo. If axle grease or caliper lube gets on the friction surface of the brake pads or rotors, your car's brakes won't work. Not at all.
The Dirty Truth About How Often You Need Your Oil Changed
Is Your Car Road-trip Ready?
Do you really need to pay for that 30,000-mile service?
How does oil recycling work?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


After nearly twenty years on the comics pages, the gang from Charles Schulz's Peanuts strip finally came to the big screen in 1969. A Boy Named Charlie Brown was the first feature for Chuck, Snoopy, Linus, Lucy, Sally, Schroeder and the rest, but their animated acting chops had been well-honed by TV specials like the holiday perennial A Charlie Brown Christmas, first aired in 1965.
The expansion to feature length gives each member of the Peanuts gang a chance to perform his or her classic bit: Linus loses and finds his security blanket, Snoopy dances his toe-tapping happy jig, Schroeder play piano, Lucy yanks the football away when Charlie Brown tries to kick it and Charlie Brown himself manages the gang�s woefully inept sandlot baseball team. The main story has loveable loser Charlie Brown somehow making the National Spelling Bee, where he�ll either be a hero or a goat (we'll give you three guesses which).
The film faithfully translated the comic strip�s humor to the big screen, adding a string of memorable songs that earned an Oscar nomination. A popular choice in kiddie matinees for years to come, A Boy Named Charlie Brown led to three more Peanuts features and a continued string of TV specials.


Product designer and trend expert Nancy Fire talks with Furniture World Magazine about consumer, color and style trends that will impact furniture retailing in 2018.
Furniture World recently spoke with entrepreneur, designer, speaker, blogger, Nancy Fire about her work and what she sees trending in retail and design.
Nancy and her husband Neil Breslau founded Design Works International, a lifestyle brand studio located in New York City. She is its Creative Director. They also launched CreativeCorporate™, to guide product development for clients. Nancy says the company is the perfect combination of art and business. Besides being an in-demand speaker in the design industry, her lively blog, color, chaos, and creativity, allows readers to glimpse some of the inspirations for Nancy's designs, gained through her extensive travels. Nancy is also design director of HGTV HOME, a branch of HGTV, and creative and design director of Kelly Ripa Home.
Furniture World asked Nancy about how she came to originate Design Works International.
"I started my creative education at SUNY OSWEGO earning a BFA in Design. As much as I loved fine art, I needed to find a paying job in a creative field. I had done a lot of photography, ceramics, print making – I love art and design – but I didn't know if I could make a living as an artist. After graduation, this was 1983, I worked in photography for a subsidiary of the ad agency BBDO. Almost four years later, I realized that the job really wasn't for me. I just did not feel creative enough.
"It happened that I met a guy downtown who was opening a fashion business, a design studio. During the course of about six years, we took the company from three people to 60. It was a great opportunity for me to enjoy my creative side.
"There came a time for me to create a path for myself – to start a business. With my husband, who was on Wall Street at the time, we created Design Works International."
Fast-forward 30 years. "Although we started out as more of a fashion studio working in the garment center, we've become more of an interior studio working for many home-related companies. My forte is understanding macro trends, what's actually happening in the world. Since both of my parents had been in retail, I learned to recognize trends and the importance of getting in and out of products at the right time. I'm a design expert for many companies, ranging from GAF, a roofing company, to burton + BURTON, and, of course, I am the design director for HGTV and HGTV HOME, which reaches a broad demographic.
"Design Works International is a creative think tank that employs more than 20 in-house designers. We also have another company, Design2Print, that prints digitally on fabric. We work with famous runway fashion designers, and on the Marie Antoinette exhibit that is in the permanent collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. We are truly diversified. My 83-year-old mother still asks me what we do – honestly it just changes daily."
"We live in a fast-changing world. This change is not only being caused by millennials; older generations are also looking at the world differently, and are buying differently. It is important for marketers and producers to understand what's the right path and the wrong path. Our expertise in art and design, and knowledge of the industry helps companies make sound marketing choices.
"My assistants and I create color stories, trend ideas, trend boards, and style guides to help clients gain perspective on the market today. We don't just analyze trends, and create a general trend book for the season that gets sold to many companies. We are different. We're very specific. We target our clients for who they are.
"For example, as the design director for HGTV, I might come up with five major trends each year that filter through HGTV HOME. We then create videos around those trends, as well as special color cards. On the furniture side, we work with HGTV HOME Design Studios at Bassett to guide creation of furniture that will be right for HGTV HOME. HGTV HOME design studios are exclusive to Bassett and are in all their stores and galleries. It's a custom program where consumers work with designers to tailor their interiors to their needs. The design center is really this creative bank of interior design at a more commercial style and sensibility."
We asked Nancy to explain her targeted process.
"In our business, the marketing perspective is important; the design perspective is important; and, especially now, the philosophy of how life should be lived is important because design has become personalized. Everyone is a designer, thank you HGTV!
"HGTV has allowed today's consumers to understand that they can be the arbiters of style.
"People are spending more money on their homes than on their fashion because they're proud of their homes; they're proud to have friends and family over. It's about being social, having dinner parties, gathering and creating experiences.
"Home furnishing retailers who don't address this and other macro trends, are truly going to have a hard time.
"Customers also want to know what they are buying, and why. They want to hear a story about the kind of cushion they're sitting on. Is it an eco-cushion? Is it stuffed with down? They are conscious and conscientious consumers, with a world-wide perspective. This is another element that retailers ignore at their own peril.
"My design work is also guided by a lot of street style, what people are wearing and why they're wearing it. Wherever I am, whatever city or country I'm in, I live in stores, looking for the hip retailers. I speak to shop owners to find out what's selling and why."
"Furniture buyers have changed and so must furniture retailing. We have to abide by new rules and understand that our customers' life choices are important.
"The furnishings world has gotten more casual. That doesn't mean that people are going out and only buying thrift-store pieces. Millennials want to be able to mix and match pieces that are new and old.
"The retailers that are doing it the right way are busy. Retailers, like Bon Marché in Paris, have a great way of mixing and matching. In both their fashion and home stores, they will bring in reclaimed items and mix them with new items. It's like high and low. It's a different way of thinking. People aren't buying everything from one store, they're picking and choosing. The best retailers are collaborating, creating looks and selections their customers find interesting.
"I think Anthropologie is a perfect example. Their home line in London is incredibly crazy and beautiful – well thought out. Unfortunately, I see more of that kind of creativity happening overseas."
We asked Nancy how retailers can stay current with the latest trends if they are not able to travel to all the shows or explore major European cities and stores.
"While there are a lot of design assets on the Internet, furniture retailers really need to have someone who has the time and talent to take that information and bring back what is appropriate for them. Without that, retailers are going to miss important links.
"It is worth looking at website sites like Refinery 29, Pop Sugar, Apartment Therapy, hgtv.com and Design Milk. There is an endless supply of free information out there, and help from companies that can guide retailers in the right direction.
"Years ago, everything was price-driven. Today, however, design is at the forefront of retail. Retailers need to demand from their manufacturers something that is different. They need to ask, is different. They need to ask, 'How are you going to show that you really believe in your product?' As a retailer, I would want manufacturers to tell me what I should have and why I should have it.
"There is a disconnect between the ability of manufacturers to relate to what retailers need and are demanding. The good news is that I see a lot of retailers changing their corporate sensibility. They are bringing in smart people to make sure that they are on the same page with their suppliers by improving communication."
Furniture World asked Nancy about retail opportunities over the next five to 10 years.
"Retail is getting smarter with real estate by planning better and picking locations that are best for their product. There's an opportunity for many retailers to re-evaluate, to put the right stores in the right places.
"People want experiences; they are aspirational. There's an opportunity for more furniture retailers to make their stores into destinations. Just look at what Jordan's does. There are so many opportunities for telling a story, for targeting and reinvention.
"There is also the adaptation of technologies, such as virtual reality. Going forward, stores won't need to have as much retail space because most of what they will be selling will be online. Clever use of retail space will allow a smaller portion of product to be shown in-store. Consumers will get a welcoming in-store experience by taking up the invitation from retailers to meet and greet, to find out about the retailer, and to be introduced to the brand, all of which complements the digital sales experience.
"Although online will be a bigger part of retail in the future, I do believe that people will still want to go into a brick-and-mortar to touch and feel. I think it's the retailer who sets the mood for the consumer going forward.
"On one hand, we see many stores that do not personalize the experience for their customers. Then there are stores like Anthropologie who do a much better job because they have a specific target market. I truly believe that one of the best opportunities for retailers to free-think how they're going to become a destination is to focus on personalization."
We questioned if the retail starting point would be to define what the customer experience is, rather than why they are in business.
"Absolutely. So many retailers are lost in a mindset of trying to be all things to all people, or are trying to focus on a specific target demographic without considering how the world is thinking today. These stores won't be able to generate enough interest to become shopping destinations. What's needed is something interesting, something new, something that provides a learning opportunity to make customers feel better about themselves. Without that, retail can appear unreliable or promotional. People are curious: they want their curiosity to lead them to a place that's pleasing, a place where they will want to buy.
"Creating that place means that retailers need to present a lifestyle story. One retailer that always does a good job in this regard is Target. They've been able to capture the essence of affordable products at a particular moment in time. They provide inspiration for those on a budget who know what they like, but do not want to shop at a store they can't afford, where they might feel uncomfortable. The same message is attractive to savvy shoppers who want a good price."
Furniture World asked Nancy for information on trends.
"People want their homes to be cozy. The trend of hygge (hoo-guh) captures this idea. It's a Danish term, whose English equivalent is coziness. If you look at hygge, where the trend is coming from, it is about nesting; it is about being cozy; it's about loving your home environment.
"It is a designer sensibility that's definitely filtering down through the mainstream. I am noticing a lot of furniture is becoming softer, a little bit more rounded. It's a cozy style that people are looking for in their homes at all price points. That also means we are seeing many more cozy fabrics with a lot more texture."
"It's really nice to see texture coming back in creative ways. At the recent High Point Market in October, there were a lot of wood accents mixed with other substrates. For instance, wood with textured wood; wood with ceramic; and, wood with different types of fabric in interplay. We saw people mixing substrates – it's not matchy-matchy anymore. There is colored wood, painted wood, a lot of texture, and a lot of detailing to make furniture look a little bit more one-of-a-kind, without looking at all do-it-yourself.
"These designs have an artisan feel at a commercial level. More creativity is creeping into furniture design today. There is more upholstered detailing and innovation in fabric constructions."
"In terms of color for 2018, Pantone picked Ultra Violet, which I love. Sherwin Williams has named Oceanside, which is a beautiful teal that we saw all over Paris, both in retail stores and painted on walls. We are also seeing some warm colors: terra cottas and reds are coming back.
"So, the takeaway is, people are accepting color at retail. People are accepting texture at retail. People are accepting the mixing of substrates at retail. People are accepting the mixing of metal finishes throughout the home. We're even seeing people mixing metals within one area, like in the kitchen. The rules have changed a bit."
"The indoors is going out and the outdoors are coming in. It's a definite trend in what people are buying today. That's why melamine's doing so well. The patterns on the melamine have become fun and innovative – they look almost like ceramics. It's hard to tell the difference.
"We are seeing products being used both indoors and out: indoor and outdoor fabric; ottomans and pillows. People are looking to expand their living spaces. Their houses might be smaller, their apartments might be tinier, but they love outdoor spaces. This expansion makes their homes seem bigger. I'm a fan of indoor/outdoor, and also of the high-end eco-look that doesn't say 'peace, love, and granola.' Sustainable is a trend as well, as long as it has the right design quality. Sustainable, eco-fabrics, re-purposed, recycled or reclaimed wood – all are great as long as there's a real marketing story, and a truthful one, too."
"Here is my philosophy: if a retailer removes two beige items from the floor, it allows the addition of two more colorful items. Customers will gravitate to products that are different, more colorful, and, interesting. One big reason why retail traffic is down is that everything looks the same. Therefore, consumers are looking for products and ideas in places they normally wouldn't. It's not personal – it's not that they don't like brick-and-mortar retailers anymore. They still want to visit stores, but if mom 'n' pop looks dated, guess what? They won't be going back to their tried-and-true if it is letting them down.
"There are furniture shoppers, many younger people, who don't have a clue about good design. They know they want it, but they don't know where to go to get design advice. There is nobody they feel they can trust. This group presents another opportunity for furniture retailers, because once you break through, get that story across to them, they will become customers for life.
"Years ago, my grandparents and great-grandparents on Manhattan's Lower East Side, were their customers' tried-and-true retailer. Their customers believed in the promise of their brand. Today, people don't believe in brands as much, so it is a harder job for retailers to convince people why they should be a destination. A lot of that is marketing.
"Broadcast marketing platforms like HGTV are great ways to market products, but if these are unaffordable platforms for some retailers, they can advertise through digital marketing with Instagram or Facebook. With some creative marketing, a new hip look, and all of a sudden, a company that looked old can be new again."
We wanted to know Nancy's thoughts about the importance of function.
"Function is important, and it's all about duality. What does your product do that someone else's doesn't? Do you have an ottoman that opens up as storage? Customers don't want to buy too much, but they want to buy what's right for them – and it's often not a price-driven decision. So, show that storage ottoman in five different vignettes, with four different stories that highlight its versatility. People will get the idea that there is an opportunity to buy the ottoman today, live with it, and know that it will adapt and change for future needs.
"The retailer who shows a confusing sea of beige or black leather will only frustrate customers. Retailers should have vignettes that tell a story, and that story can be versatile. For instance: a shopper who likes both retro and vintage can buy a piece from here and from there. That customer is no longer looking to buy a serious five-piece set that can't be mixed and matched. What retailers can do is mix and match those sets so shoppers know that they don't have to buy five matching pieces. They can buy three from here and two from there in a way that looks great. Or buy three main pieces and choose from 15 accent pieces. The point is, five different shoppers can come in and buy the same concept, but each of their rooms will be customized because they won't buy the same exact pieces.
"When I was younger, technology was the future – it was like the Jetsons. The smart home is here, but people don't want it in their face. We are seeing a trend for interior design to meet with technology in a way that it is available, but camouflaged."
We asked Nancy to expand on the idea of transformative home furnishings design leadership.
"In New York, when I walk down Columbus Avenue, or I'm in the Village, and I see so many retailers closed, my heart sinks. We have to wake up. Stores that didn't change 10 years ago are suffering because now, in order to survive, they have to make big changes in a short amount of time. How do you turn a big ship quickly?
"If I owned a furniture store or company, I would engage with my sales associates because they represent my brand. There are a lot of old-timers around, who are knowledgeable about their products but not sure how to bridge the gap when it comes to selling to a new generation.
"That doesn't mean most stores need to change 180 degrees, but they do need to do something to help new customers come to them, show them an opportunity – and for most retailers that opportunity is thinking about lifestyle.
"Retailers have to decide what that lifestyle is, and who is coming to them to find it.
"That lifestyle is often a blend: maybe beach with a touch of urban; or urban with a touch of vintage to create a realistic lifestyle. Most people don't live in a Victorian house or dress in Victorian clothing! The world is changing and retail lifestyle presentations need to change as well. Success will come by helping customers make the right choices and make customers the arbiters of style.
"People who interact with customers must understand, be able to dramatize, and be a part of the lifestyle they are selling. It is not just throwing pieces down on the floor anymore; it's about decorating to the hilt and creating lifestyles based on an understanding of who would live in that room.
"Finally, home furnishings retailers should pay attention to what's happening in the food industry. Fashion, home, and wellness are all connected. Wellness is strongly connected with food, which is connected with being social – gathering around a table. Larger social gatherings require bigger tables or flexible ways to increase available seating. Here is an opportunity for retailers to create interesting stories by using the intersection of fashion, furnishings, and food."


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Rare Disease Clinical Trials: How to Improve Participation and Outcomes
Carla Brown January 29, 2019
Rare diseases affect around 400 million people around the world, according to the World Health Organization, which defines rare diseases as having a prevalence of one or fewer in 1,000 people. In the US, that's around 25 to 30 million; in Europe it's approximately 27 to 36 million, and in India, the estimate is 70 million.
Despite rare diseases collectively accounting for a large number of people globally, individual diseases affect remarkably few patients and these are often dispersed all around the world, making these populations difficult to study.
This post will explore some of the challenges that patients with rare diseases face as well as how difficult it is to recruit and retain patients in rare disease clinical trials. It will also highlight how by focusing on patient engagement, clinicians can both better understand patients' needs and draw more meaningful research conclusions.
First-Hand Account of a Rare Disease Patient
Let's start by understanding some of the struggles faced by those living with rare diseases. Medical student and rare disease patient Rebecca Nunn says mental health is a major concern for those with rare diseases.
Indeed, in an open letter to the Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, Nunn notes that 69 percent of rare disease patients experience depression and 82 percent anxiety and stress. This is not surprising considering the often delayed diagnosis experienced by many people with rare conditions. Nunn's disease took 17 years to be diagnosed correctly, and this after seeing numerous doctors throughout much of her life.
Being accused of being a hypochondriac or diagnosed as having an untreatable anomaly, Nunn suffered for years. She says that many patients with rare diseases feel their healthcare professionals don't trust or validate them, leading to their own mistrust of the healthcare providers.
Added to this, it can be costly and time-consuming trying to diagnose and treat a rare disease and leaves patients feeling out of control of their lives. It's important, then, that the clinical trial industry learn how to recruit, retain, engage and effectively treat these patients.
Better Communication from the Outset
Understanding patients and their language to enhance communication is crucial, advises Scott Schliebner, senior VP, Center for Rare Disease at PRA Health Sciences. The best way of doing this is by accessing bloggers, patient networks and advocacy websites to understand the words patients use to describe their conditions, symptoms and emotions. The goal is to find out how patients talk about healthcare providers and pharma companies and determine the challenges they face regarding their condition and past treatments.
Schliebner also suggests using the "patient voice" to design the study. It will be challenging to translate patient feedback into study protocol, but is necessary for successful trials. Invite patients onto planning committees to provide insight in the same way as other important stakeholders do.
network of faces representing the scope of rare disease clinical trials
Online Patient Networks Are Influential
Clinicians limited understanding of rare illnesses is a major concern, according to 3Sixty Pharma Solutions CEO Dalfoni Banerjee and Paul Burke, senior vice president at Chaucer Life Sciences. They say that even basic research into these conditions is limited as are diagnostic guidelines. The result of this lack of awareness is that patients living with rare diseases often experience a feeling of isolation.
However, this isolation has resulted in the rise of many online communities, members of which are rare disease patients and their caregivers who are informed and engaged. Not only do these networks support patients, Banerjee and Burke argue that they exert influence over pharma companies, regulators and payers through their insights and personal knowledge helping pharma to shape orphan drug development programs and research agendas.
The Added Recruitment Burden in Rare Disease Clinical Trials
With a large number of children diagnosed with rare diseases, those who actually survive to adulthood will have experienced tremendous suffering.
Patients with rare diseases will likely have spent a great deal of time being wrongly diagnosed, incorrectly evaluated and treated and have suffered from reduced quality of life as a result. More than that, they could well be nearing death.
In these cases, patients are vulnerable and require a higher level of care than in other trials, which is why Michael F. Murphy, M.D., Ph.D., chief medical and scientific officer at Worldwide Clinical Trials, says recruitment and retention is especially important.
Designing a trial protocol that acknowledges this is essential to keep patients engaged and committed to the trial. Patient-centric design, in which the patients' experience of their disease is considered vital information, is even more important when it comes to studying rare diseases.
For this reason, Murphy explains, trial managers and designers need to make participation as easy and informative as possible for patients.
Strategies to Maximise Retention in Trials
Patient-centricity is not just a buzzword but a real necessity to keep patients enrolled in rare disease trials, agrees Michelle Petersen, director of clinical operations at Medpace. This requires understanding the burden the study will place on patients and how to lighten it as well as determining appropriate endpoints and satisfying patients with the quality of treatment they receive.
It also means, where possible, reducing the number of site visits by sending medication and homecare health practitioners to patients' homes. Drug infusions, blood draws, PK sampling and minimally-invasive tests could be carried out there instead of requiring the patients to attend the site.
Other important strategies for patient-centricity include a comprehensive risk/benefit profile and a clear consent form — perhaps in video format, which can be especially helpful for making procedures clear to pediatric patients. Also important but often forgotten is the duty of trial staff to provide comfort through helping patients access support network, counselling and organizing transport to advocacy meetings.
Recruiting For Phase 3 Trials Are Particularly Challenging
While the cost of running an orphan drug trial can be cheaper than non-orphan drugs because of its smaller sample size, it is much more challenging when it comes to recruitment, writes Samiya Luthfia Khaleel, senior research analyst at Beroe Inc.
Approximately 30 percent of Phase 3 studies fail because of insufficient enrollment. The major factors impeding recruitment include the fact that more than 50 percent of rare diseases affect children, Khaleel says.
And when patients are recruited, their participation is crucial, she adds. In a Phase 3 trial with 20-100 patients, for example, each patient is vital for evaluating the drug treatment and gathering data for the regulatory authorities and payers to determine pricing and reimbursement. Patient-centricity is key and should be considered when activating a trial site, Khaleel explains. For instance, where possible, prevalence of an illness should determine where a site is activated, instead of choosing multiple sites in various locations.
The value here is lower costs and tighter timelines. However, fewer sites can mean longer travel for many patients. To counteract this, trial staff should ensure comfortable lodgings are provided and travel expenses reimbursed for patients, their caregivers and family members.
Woman in a laboratory representing researchers working on rare disease clinical trials
The Challenge of New Endpoints and Biomarkers
With rare diseases, it can often be the case that researchers are investigating the condition for the first time. The consequence is that little is known about endpoints and biomarkers as they have not yet been validated, explains Han Phan, M.D., member of the FDA Pediatric Advisory Committee. This means researchers need to find new ways to test a treatment's efficacy.
Of course, supportive research and analysis can often provide sufficient assessment of efficacy, but not without risk of inaccuracy. Add to that the small number of patients experiencing the same illness and study results also run the risk of not being statistically significant.
Patients are a wealth of information about their condition, Phan explains, so the patient voice can guide researchers and regulators in terms of understanding the balance between clinical trial results data and how treatment impacts patients' health and quality of life.
This is valuable when using new endpoints. Take the example of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) patients, Phan says. They may consider being able to use a restroom or eat a meal without assistance as a real success of treatment — a valuable insight to clinicians — even when a trial may miss a primary endpoint.
Goal Attainment Scaling for Individualized Outcomes
With rare diseases, finding more effective means of determining new endpoints is vital. This is why Kit C.B. Roes, professor of clinical trial methodology at the University Medical Centre, Utrecht in the Netherlands, argues for goal attainment scaling (GAS).
To deal with possibly large variability between patients, GAS grants patients individualized outcomes that can still be summarized and compared within groups of patients to assess the effects of treatment.
Consider how DMD sufferers have traditionally used the "six-minute walking test" as a default endpoint. Yet for boys with DMD, many become wheelchair-bound by the ages of eight to 10. The result is that many patients are excluded from trials because of failing this walking test.
However, many would still benefit from treatment. This is where GAS, which focuses on individualized outcomes, can include more patients without threatening the study results, Roes explains.
There's an App for Rare Diseases
With only 5 percent of qualified patients participating in trials and another 85 percent wanting to participate, Komathi Stem, biomedical engineer and founder of monARC Bionetworks, is hopeful that technology can change this.
According to Stem, monARC is a smart health record technology that gathers patients' medical records and, with a disease-specific app, allows patients to track symptoms between clinic visits. The aim is to simplify processes for patients to participate in trials — particularly remotely — and share data with researchers and family members.
The added value, Stem says, is that pharmaceutical and device companies can rely on the data to determine the relevant endpoints.
Rare diseases are a difficult clinical area to study, but it's essential patients are effectively recruited, engaged and retained. Only through patient participation can researchers find answers to questions that have often plagued those living with rare diseases their whole lives.


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CBS News Face the Nation
Host: Margaret Brennan
News & Politics > Various
Every Sunday, "Face the Nation" moderator and CBS News senior foreign affairs correspondent Margaret Brennan welcomes leaders, newsmakers, and experts to a lively round table discussion of current events and the latest news. The broadcast is one of the longest-running news programs in the history of television, having debuted November 7, 1954 on CBS.
Margaret Brennan is moderator of CBS News' "Face the Nation" and CBS News' senior foreign affairs correspondent based in Washington, D.C. Brennan has reported on politics, international affairs, and global markets since 2002. She joined CBS News in 2012 and was named White House and senior foreign affairs in 2017. Since 2012, Brennan has been based in Washington and has reported on the Trump administration, and previously President Obama's administration, for all CBS News programs. Previously, Brennan covered the State Department for four years, where she reported on major national security stories including nuclear negotiations with Iran; restoration of diplomatic ties with Cuba; the standoff with North Korea; the conflict in Ukraine; and the accord to transfer control of Syria's chemical weapons. Prior to joining CBS News, Brennan spent a decade covering the global financial markets. Brennan anchored and reported for Bloomberg Television globally. Previously, she was a correspondent at CNBC with a focus on the consumer during the financial crisis. She also contributed to various NBC News programs. Brennan began her career as a producer for CNBC's "Wall $treet Week with Louis Rukeyser." Brennan is a term member at the Council on Foreign Relations and sits on the Advisory Board for the University of Virginia School of Politics. Brennan graduated with highest distinction from the University of Virginia in 2002, where she earned a Bachelor's degree in Foreign Affairs and Middle East Studies with a minor in Arabic. As a Fulbright-Hays Scholar, she studied Arabic at Yarmouk University in Irbid, Jordan. She is also the recipient of an honorary doctor of letters degree from Niagara University. Brennan is a Connecticut native.
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Hiring Process Job Opportunities
Staffing Process
Blog Events General FAQ Press Request a Speaker Web Accessibility About 14C
About Galt
Mission History Proven Process Leadership Team Collaborators Awards and Recognition
Employer of the Year by Oklahoma Rehabilitation Association
Employer of the Year is given to an employer in business or industry who hires and facilitates the employment and advancement of persons with disabilities and serves as a role model for other employers.
100 Best Nonprofits to Work for in Oregon by Oregon Business Magazine
More than 5,000 employees from nonprofits throughout the state participated in the project. Based on the magazine's widely regarded 100 Best Companies project, the nonprofit version was created to recognize a critical business sector that employs hundreds of thousands of workers.
Galt Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Galt Foundation © 2018
2019 Dorm Schedule


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Soldiers join the fight against wildfire in South Korea
By Sgt. Raquel VillalonaApril 8, 2019
GANGWON, Republic of Korea -- At a moment's notice, U.S. Army Soldiers joined the battle against one of South Korea's worst fires in years.Soldiers with 2-2 Assault Helicopter Battalion and 3-2 General Support Aviation Battalion, 2nd Combat Aviation Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division/ROK-U.S. Combined Division, mobilized to support efforts to contain and extinguish wildfires in Gangwon province, northeast of Seoul, April 5-6."ROK and U.S. personnel are working together to gain control and extinguish the fire in order to protect local ROK citizens," said Col. Chad G. Carroll, Cleburne, Texas native, U.S. Forces Korea public affairs director, in a recent press release. "It's important we use our training and resources to partner with our allies when real-world issues like this arise. Being able work side by side with our partners demonstrates the iron-clad alliance between the ROK and the U.S."The aviation brigade sent four helicopters and 21 Soldiers to partner with the Republic of Korea Army III Corps Command.Chief Warrant Officer 2 Johnta Daniels, Jacksonville, Florida native, UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter pilot, 2-2 AHB and his crew were the first to jump into action."We were on our final day of training at Rodriguez Live Fire Complex when we were notified of the mission," said Daniels. "We operate with Koreans on a regular basis. It has always been training, which prepared us for real-world missions like this."Aircraft crews used Bambi buckets to collect water from a nearby river to douse the blaze."It was a joint effort between our ROKA counterparts and ourselves [U.S. Army], safely coordinating a constant flow of water with minimum delays," said Daniels. "Once we established a pattern, we saw results."First-term Soldier, Pfc. Nicholas Day, Houston, Texas native, UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter maintainer, 2-2 AHB, assisted as a crew chief, securing systems on the aircraft."I see the importance of the training we do," said Day. "People's homes and lives were being destroyed, so it was crucial that we do our jobs and do them well because of what was at stake.""Nearly 4,200 people were evacuated and one person died, authorities said, while 35 were injured," according to Channel News Asia.ROKA III Corps Commander Lt. Gen. Kim, Seung-kyum, recognized a familiar face while acknowledging the helicopter crews."I remember you," referring to Capt. Julia McKusick, Colleyville, Texas native, Company A commander, 2-2 AHB, and her assistance with a crash-landing last year.Kim shared words of encouragement to all those involved in efforts to extinguish the blaze."You are the heart of the ROK-U.S. Alliance," said Kim. "Thank you all for your help and showing how strong we can be when we come together."
January 12, 2021U.S. Army STAND-TO! | "What's Your Warrior?" Chapter 2
July 10, 2020Secretary of the Army announces independent review of Fort Hood
June 22, 2020Army releases results of Fall 2019 housing surveys
June 3, 2020Two Army Installations selected for 5G testing and experimentation
November 6, 2019Army to launch additional housing satisfaction surveys
October 4, 2019Secretary of the Army approves new advanced manufacturing policy
September 12, 2019Army releases results of 2019 housing surveys
September 12, 2019Army announces conversion of two brigade combat teams
September 12, 20194th Inf. Div. Soldiers killed in training accident
September 12, 2019List invested as new Civilian Aide to the Secretary of the Army
September 12, 2019Signal regiment honors Hollywood director
September 12, 2019Department of the Army announces deployment of Fort Bragg-based units
September 12, 2019Department of the Army announces upcoming deployments of aviation units
September 12, 2019Army Leaders Testify on Ground Combat Specialties Integration Plan
2ID joins the fight against South Korea wildfire


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Can deep brain stimulation treat schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia - 05.01.2021
Treatment resistance
Inadequate response
Widespread successful use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, has fueled enthusiasm to extend to treating psychiatric disorders, too. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia is an obvious candidate, but there are significant questions. What is an appropriate anatomical target? Can informed consent be obtained? Will patients cooperate with long-term follow-up? These issues were debated, and results were presented from the first DBS clinical trial in schizophrenia, at an ECNP Virtual 2020 session.
DBS is increasingly being used in psychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder. Schizophrenia remains a devastating disorder and approximately 30% of patients are resistant to anti-psychotic drugs1. Novel therapeutic interventions are needed.
DBS is increasingly being used in psychiatric disorders
How does DBS work?
Brain electrodes are implanted using stereotactic surgery, and connected to a pulse generator under the skin. The DBS device is programmed to deliver high frequency electrical stimulation, producing functional inhibition in a spherical region around the electrode. Local and distant excitatory effects may also play a role.
Judith Gault (University of Colorado, USA) discussed the ethical considerations2, including capacity for informed consent, beneficence (mortality rate 0.6%, but response rate unknown), and justice. Damiaan Denys (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) suggested the core ethical problems are dehumanization (are you still human with implanted brain devices?), depersonalization (does DBS change a person?), and devoluntarization (do you have free will?).
How to decide
Outstanding issues include absence of a single underlying brain abnormality and need for highly motivated patients
Prof Denys discussed conditions to fulfill when considering DBS treatment, including, identifiable anatomical dysfunction, severe and refractory condition, and potential for improvement. He concluded that treatment-resistant cases of schizophrenia would justify use of DBS, but outstanding issues include absence of a single underlying brain abnormality and need for highly motivated patients.
What are possible targets?
Focus on local inhibitory effects of DBS by targeting regions with excessive dopamine
Peter McKenna (FIDMAG, Barcelona, Spain) discussed choice of suitable electrode sites, using a theoretical (evidence for localized abnormality) or pragmatic (use of DBS in other psychiatric conditions) approach. He suggested focusing on local inhibitory effects, by targeting regions with excessive dopamine, such as basal ganglia sites and ventral tegmental area, or deactivation failure in the medial prefrontal cortex3.
Evidence from clinical trials
There are few relevant clinical studies to date. The Toronto trial (NCT01725334) was stopped due to recruitment issues, and the Baltimore trial (NCT02361554) is ongoing. Wang et al. have published a study of 2 patients receiving habenula-targeted DBS4. Both experienced initial symptom improvement, but only maintained in 1 patient at 12-month follow-up, whilst symptoms worsened in the other.
Illuminada Corripio (St Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain) presented results from their trial of 8 patients with medication-resistant positive symptoms5. DBS was applied to the nucleus accumbens (n=4) or subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (n=4). Seven patients completed the open stabilization phase, with 1 implanted patient unable to receive DBS due to surgical complications. Four of the remaining 7 patients met the symptomatic improvement criteria and 3 entered the double-blind crossover phase, showing worsening of symptoms when DBS was discontinued. Two patients developed persistent psychiatric side effects (negative symptoms/apathy and mood instability).
DBS may be a promising therapy for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia
The speakers agreed that DBS may be a promising therapy for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Larger trials are needed and further work to improve DBS targeting and phenotype selection.
Morrison AP, et al. Lancet Psychiatry 2018;5:633-43.
https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/index.html.
Gault JM, et al. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018;89:777-87.
Wang Y, et al. Neurosurg Focus 2020;49:E9.
Corripio I, et al. EBioMedicine 2020;51:102568.
Double trouble - managing comorbidity in schizophrenia
Ultra High Risk – fact or fiction?
What's missing matters: Negative symptoms of schizophrenia


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Raiders sign CB Daryl Worley
Raiders Public Relations
HENDERSON, NEV. – The Las Vegas Raiders have signed free agent CB Daryl Worley, the club announced Wednesday.
Worley a 6-foot-1, 215-pound cornerback returns to the Raiders for his second stint with the club, having spent the previous two seasons with the team. Worley was originally drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the third round (77th overall) of the 2016 NFL Draft and has appeared in 64 contest with 53 starts, recording 255 tackles (204 solo), two sacks, five interceptions, 35 passes defensed and one fumble recovery with the Panthers (2016-17), Raiders (2018-19), Dallas Cowboys and Bills (2020).
Worley has appeared in eight contests this season with four starts, recording 14 stops (12) and one pass defensed. During his time with the Raiders, Worley appeared in 25 contests with 24 starts and tallied 91 tackles (81), two interceptions, 15 passes defensed and one fumble recovery.
A native of Philadelphia, Pa., Worley attended West Virginia for three years (2013-15) before entering the NFL draft following his junior season. He appeared in 34 games with 27 starts for the Mountaineers, recording 146 tackles, 10 interceptions, 21 passes defensed, two forced fumbles and one fumble recovery, earning All-Big 12 Conference honors twice.
Silver and Black and White: Week 13 vs. Jets
View director of photography Michael Clemens' top picks of black and white photos from the Raiders' Week 13 victory against the New York Jets at MetLife Stadium.
Las Vegas Raiders cornerback Trayvon Mullen (27) warming up before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Michael Clemens/Las Vegas Raiders
Las Vegas Raiders General Manager Mike Mayock before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders defensive end Vic Beasley (51) warming up before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders offensive line coach Tom Cable warming up before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders offensive quality control coach Cameron Clemmons before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
The Las Vegas Raiders special teams returners huddle in the tunnel before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders wide receiver Henry Ruggs III (11) warming up before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders quarterback Derek Carr (4) walks down the tunnel before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders center Rodney Hudson (61) walks down the tunnel before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders cornerback Amik Robertson (21) and cornerback Nevin Lawson (26) walk down the tunnel before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders tight end Jason Witten (82) warming up before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders tight end Darren Waller (83) warming up before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders tight end Foster Moreau (87) warming up before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders defensive end Clelin Ferrell (96) warming up before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders guard Gabe Jackson (66) warming up before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders Head Coach Jon Gruden before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders quarterback Derek Carr (4) and Head Coach Jon Gruden before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
The Las Vegas Raiders huddle before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders quarterback Derek Carr (4) waits to be introduced onto the field before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders tackle Brandon Parker (75) waits to be introduced onto the field before the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
The Las Vegas Raiders special teams unit during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders defensive tackle Johnathan Hankins (90) lines up before the snap during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders linebacker Cory Littleton (42) during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
The Las Vegas Raiders defense lines up before the snap during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders running back Devontae Booker (23) rushes during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders tight end Darren Waller (83) tosses the ball after making a 9-yard touchdown catch during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders tight end Darren Waller (83) celebrates with teammates after making a 9-yard touchdown catch during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
The Las Vegas Raiders defense during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders kicker Daniel Carlson (2) on the sidelines during the Las Vegas Raiders regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders cornerback Trayvon Mullen (27) celebrates after intercepting a pass during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders tight end Darren Waller (83) heads to the end zone on a 38-yard touchdown catch during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
A photographer walks through the stands during the Las Vegas Raiders regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders running back Devontae Booker (23) lines up before the snap during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders defensive end Arden Key (99) and cornerback Nevin Lawson (26) celebrate during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders linebacker Raekwon McMillan (54) on the sidelines during the Las Vegas Raiders regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders punter AJ Cole (6) holds a football on the sidelines during the Las Vegas Raiders regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders defensive end Maxx Crosby (98) lines up before the snap during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders defensive end Clelin Ferrell (96) makes a tackle during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Las Vegas Raiders defensive end Maxx Crosby (98) and linebacker Cory Littleton (42) during the regular season away game against the New York Jets.
Raiders sign WR Tyler Johnson to Reserve/Future contract
Johnson was originally selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fifth round (161st overall) of the 2020 NFL Draft.
Raiders sign 13 players to Reserve/Future contracts
12 of the 13 signees finished the season on the Raiders practice squad.
Raiders sign QB Chase Garbers to active roster
Additionally, the Raiders have elevated T Sebastian Gutierrez and CB Ike Brown from the practice squad for Sunday's game.
Raiders place CB Rock Ya-Sin on injured reserve
Ya-Sin sustained a knee injury in the Week 13 matchup against the Chargers.
Raiders place DE Chandler Jones and LB Denzel Perryman on injured reserve
Additionally, the team signed DE Isaac Rochell and LB Harvey Langi to the active roster.
Raiders activate WR Hunter Renfrow and TE Darren Waller
In corresponding moves, the Raiders have released WR DJ Turner and TE Jacob Hollister.
Raiders designate Darren Waller, Hunter Renfrow for return from injured reserve
The Silver and Black have a 21-day period to either activate them to the roster or place them back on injured reserve.
Raiders place LB Jayon Brown on injured reserve, sign G Netane Muti
Additionally, the team signed free agents LB Kana'i Mauga and OL Willie Wright to the practice squad.
Raiders sign DT Kyle Peko to active roster, sign LB Austin Calitro to practice squad
In a corresponding move, the Raiders have released DT Kendal Vickers.
Raiders activate CB Nate Hobbs from injured reserve
In a corresponding move, the Raiders have placed G Lester Cotton Sr. on the Reserve/Injured list and elevated DT Kyle Peko from the practice squad for Sunday's game.
Raiders sign CB Tyler Hall to active roster; place CB Anthony Averett on injured reserve
Hall has been elevated from the practice squad in two games this season, making one start and recording five tackles (four solo), one tackle for loss and one sack.
Raiders designate Nate Hobbs for return from injured reserve
Hobbs was placed on injured reserve Oct. 17 after leaving the team's Week 5 game against the Chiefs with injury.


It's an ode to Eighties slashers as the New Defenders face-off against Manslaughter.
Christopher Golden and Brian Keene examine the precursor to the Nineties superhero pouch craze.
Plus, your first look at what happens after The Defenders ends!


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Best Computer Software Engineering colleges in Florida
List all Computer Software Engineering colleges in Florida
Find local colleges with Computer Software Engineering majors in Florida
Best Computer Software Engineering colleges in Florida 2022
Computer Software Engineering
Best Computer Software Engineering colleges in Florida for 2022
Image by @crambon0713
University of Miami offers 1 Computer Software Engineering degree programs. It's a large, private not-for-profit, four-year university in a small city. In 2019, 18 Computer Software Engineering students graduated with students earning 18 Bachelor's degrees.
Florida Institute of Technology
Florida Institute of Technology offers 2 Computer Software Engineering degree programs. It's a medium sized, private not-for-profit, four-year university in a small city. In 2019, 25 Computer Software Engineering students graduated with students earning 22 Bachelor's degrees, and 3 Master's degrees.
Florida Gulf Coast University
Florida Gulf Coast University offers 1 Computer Software Engineering degree programs. It's a large, public, four-year university in a large suburb. In 2019, 55 Computer Software Engineering students graduated with students earning 55 Bachelor's degrees.
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Nova Southeastern University offers 2 Computer Software Engineering degree programs. It's a very large, private not-for-profit, four-year university in a large suburb. In 2019, 10 Computer Software Engineering students graduated with students earning 9 Master's degrees, and 1 Bachelor's degree.
Full Sail University offers 2 Computer Software Engineering degree programs. It's a very large, private for-profit, four-year university in a large suburb. In 2019, 21 Computer Software Engineering students graduated with students earning 20 Bachelor's degrees, and 1 Associate's degree.
List of all Computer Software Engineering colleges in Florida
University of Miami Coral Gables, FL
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Miami Colleges


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Q: How to reexport std::source_location with modules? I'm starting to use modules in my code and tried to create a simple exported function in a module using std::source_location. However, compilation fails at the function call stating error: 'source_location' is not a member of 'std'.
This is the code in question:
util.cpp:
module;

#include <source_location>
#include <iostream>

export module util;

export using source_loc = std::source_location;

export void panic(const char* message, const source_loc loc = source_loc::current()) {
    std::cout << "file: "
              << loc.file_name() << "(" << loc.line() << ":" << loc.column() << ") `"
              << loc.function_name() << "`: " << message << '\n';
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

main.cpp:
import util;

int main() {
    panic("oh noez"); // < compiler error here
}

The compiler gives a hint about forgetting to #include <source_location> and indeed if I add it to main.cpp it compiles and works as expected. Except I already exported std::source_location as source_loc from my util-module so I would expect it to be accessible in mainbecause of the import util statement. Having to explicitly #include <source_location> everywhere I use the defined panic function seems to defeat the very purpose of modules altogether.
What is going on here? Am I missing something essential about C++ modules? Or did I simply make a mistake that is easily fixed?
I'm using g++ 11.2 to compile the code like this: g++ -std=c++20 -fmodules-ts util.cpp main.cpp -o main

A: This now compiles with gcc 12.2 and Visual Studio 2022 (17.3.6) (the latter when enabling experimental features)
https://godbolt.org/z/89jb7cP5G
I think gcc has been fixed since then and I think your code is correct too.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Universal rural broadband connectivity in Ireland would generate 2,600 new direct and indirect jobs, Engineers Ireland has claimed.
In its latest report – 'The State of Ireland 2017 – A Review of Infrastructure in Ireland' – Engineers Ireland also calls on the Irish Government to establish a single infrastructure unit to embrace fresh ideas on policy.
Currently, Eir, Siro and Enet are shortlisted for the tender for the National Broadband Plan (NBP), which could amount to an overall spend of €1.5bn to bring fibre connectivity to around 1.9m people. Other countries around Europe are eagerly watching the development as it could form the blueprint for similar roll-outs in rural areas in the EU.
The NBP was changed in April when the Government agreed a deal with Eir to grant the incumbent operator access to 300,000 homes in the intervention area.
This reduced the number of homes in the NBP intervention area to 542,000 premises, including an additional 84,500 identified for the Department of Communications' Broadband Map, much to the displeasure of the other bidders vying against Eir.
In the Engineers Ireland report, the NBP is seen as an urgent measure to breathe life into Ireland's rural economy, and it urged that the contract be awarded without further delay.
Commenting on Ireland's communications infrastructure, the president of Engineers Ireland, Dr Kieran Feighan, stated that while networks overall were of an acceptable standard, the national broadband roll-out was critical to rural development and overall national competitiveness.
"The installation of Ireland's nationwide broadband infrastructure is akin to the electrification of rural Ireland in the last century in terms of scale, ambition and the socioeconomic benefits it will deliver.
Feighan said that the arrival of the NBP would pave the way for the development of the 'internet of farm' concept and applications to support more efficient farming techniques. These include the deployment of rural broadband to support activities such as: soil and crop management (temperature/humidity sensors), autonomous tractors that can plough/sow 24 hours a day, and the monitoring of livestock health remotely.
He also said that all new housing developments should include provisions for infrastructure to support broadband roll-outs.
Other suggestions in the report include the acceleration of the development of Metro North, the DART Expansion Programme, the M20 and Luas line extensions.
It urged the Government to find ways to enable consumers and private car operators to purchase electric vehicles and plan for the electrification of the heavy rail network.
The report also called for new ways to encourage car-sharing to discourage multi-car households and on-street urban parking, and to improve connectivity of the north-west and the Atlantic Corridor to Ireland's seaports.


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Recruiting Times, Recruiter News, HR News, Recruitment Supplier Directory, Recruitment Courses, HR Courses.


text:
German E-Government: Details About Critical Vulnerabilities In Core Communication Library
30.06.2017 vulnerability
In this blog post we will go into some of the technical details of the vulnerabilities we identified in the OSCI Library version 1.6.1.
German readers can find a less-technical version of the article here.
The OSCI-transport protocol is used for data exchange between public agencies. It is the obligatory communication protocol for public administrations and therefore the basis for e-government in Germany [1]. It attempts to provide a secure channel [2] for communication between government agencies [3]. Right now the protocol is used in many different areas such as the population registration [4], the public health system [5] and the justice system (currently migrating to version 2.0) [6]. OSCI-transport claims to provide confidentiality, integrity, authenticity and non-repudiation for content exchanged even over insecure channels such as the Internet [1]. This, among other things, means that an attacker should not be able to read or manipulate messages.
A commonly used implementation of this protocol is the "OSCI-Transport" Java library [1]. It is mantained by the publisher of the protocol. This library has existed at least since 2004 [8].
In our latest advisory [9] we describe how we broke some of the security claims of the OSCI library. We demonstrate that an attacker can conduct an external XML Entity Injection (XXE) attack that allows him/her to read local files from systems of the communication partners. Moreover, an attacker with access to the communication channel can decrypt certain parts of a message and under specific circumstances potentially even forge messages. A full security audit has not been performed and it cannot be excluded that further vulnerabilities exist.
The OSCI Protocol
In order to understand the vulnerabilities, we have to go a little into the technical details of the OSCI communication.
The OSCI protocol (version 1.2) is an XML-based protocol that is typically transferred over HTTP. It is a content-agnostic transport protocol for communication between government agencies. The communication is always routed through a central component called the Intermediary. In order to communicate, a Sender has to send a message to the Intermediary. In order for this message to then reach the Recipient, two scenarios are defined:
The Intermediary actively transmits the message to the server (passive recipient).
The server connects to the Intermediary to collect its messages (active recipient).
To protect the transmitted messages, the OSCI protocol defines the following mechanisms:
The payload (the actual content of the message) is signed (content signature) with the author's private key. This allows the recipient to verify the authenticity of the message.
The payload is encrypted (content encryption) with the final recipient's public key. This assures that the payload can only be read by the actual recipient (not by the intermediary).
The OSCI message including the payload is signed (order signature) using the sender's (or the Intermediary's) private key. This allows the intermediary or recipient to authenticate the sender and confirm that the message and metadata has not been altered.
The signed OSCI message is encrypted (order encryption) with the public key of the communication partner the message is directly sent to (i.e. the Intermediary or the final recipient). This assures that the communication between the sender and the intermediary or the Intermediary and the recipient cannot be read by an attacker.
All of these security mechanisms are optional.
Test Setup
We conducted our tests against the version 1.6.1 of the Java OSCI library. This library's source code can be obtained freely from the vendor page [10]. Unfortunately, this library does not contain all code necessary to create a complete test setup (i.e. the code for the Intermediary is not included). We therefore had to write dummy code to model the missing component. We tested our attacks against a slightly modified1 sample implementation of a passive recipient that is also provided with the library (de.osci.osci12.samples.PassiveRecipient).
SEC Consult did not test production systems or applications using OSCI. Mitigating factors might exist in some environments. We did not conduct a full security review but rather a superficial check. We therefore cannot rule out that further vulnerabilities or attack scenarios exist.
From the point of view of an attacker, there are two main approaches for an attack:
Attacks against the communication partners: An attacker tries to send manipulated OSCI-messages to the communication partners in order to compromise them.
Attacks on the communication: An attacker has access to the encrypted and signed OSCI-messages. An attacker tries to decrypt or manipulate them.
SEC Consult found vulnerabilities in version 1.6.1 of the OSCI-transport library. These vulnerabilities were verified in at least one OSCI communication scenario4. Since the vulnerabilities may affect critical e-Government infrastructure, we will refrain from providing exploit code.
The following section refers to version 1.6.1 of the OSCI-transport Java library.
Attacking OSCI servers
The XML standard, which the OSCI message format is based on, includes a feature allowing the inclusion of external content ("external entities"). Parsers that have this feature turned on are usually vulnerable to external entity injection (XXE). The OSCI library has this feature explicitly enabled and is therefore vulnerable to this attack. Besides other security impacts such as denial-of-service, this vulnerability could allow an attacker to read files from the system. However, as with any XXE vulnerability there are restrictions: If the file contains specific characters (e.g. &, non-printable characters) an attacker cannot retrieve them.
For this attack to work, the attacker does not need to have access to an original message. For the passive recipient scenario, the attacker just needs to reach an OSCI participant over the network.
In order to conduct an XML External Entity Injection (XXE) attack we used the OSCI Challenge-Response feature. This feature allows a sender to specify an arbitrary value in the Challenge element. The recipient has to specify this value in the Response element of the OSCI response. Naturally, this behavior is perfect for in-band XXE attacks since we can use an external entity reference in the Challenge element and get the referenced data (e.g. a local file) in the Response element2.
In the passive recipient sample code, we verified that an attacker could send an unencrypted unsigned message to an OSCI service to read arbitrary files from the OSCI service's file system.
One practical limitation we considered is that an OSCI service might respond with an error message if the incoming message is neither signed nor encrypted. If an unsigned message is received while a signed message was expected, the specification defines that the service has to respond with an error code 9600 [11]. However, when this error occurs, according to the specification, the service still has to respond to a Challenge element, therefore reflecting our external entity inclusion. The specification does neither specify that implementations should check whether the client chose to encrypt a message ([11] section 5) nor does it define an error code for this case. When the request is not encrypted, the library does not encrypt response messages. The attacker is therefore always able to read the response.
Moreover, an external entity resolving XML parser is also exposed in a Java deserialization gadget. This means that the XXE vulnerability might be exploitable through completely different channels. The requirements for an application to be vulnerable are:
that it deserializes data from untrusted sources and
that the vulnerable OSCI library is in the application's classpath
If these conditions are met, an attacker could conduct an out-of-band XXE attack by sending crafted serialized data to the application. More information on vulnerable deserialization methods can be found here.
Attacking OSCI messages
SEC Consult does not have a holistic view on the impact, since only the OSCI-transport library, but no applications using it were available for testing. Mitigating factors or even security features that we did not consider might exist in OSCI-applications or their infrastructure to prevent successful exploitation. However, we were able to verify the vulnerabilities using a slightly modified version1 of the passive recipient sample code. A full security audit has not been performed and it cannot be excluded that further vulnerabilities exist.
In this section, we describe a scenario where an attacker is able to sniff encrypted OSCI messages. Since the communication channel is considered to be insecure, this is a legitimate attack assumption.
The following diagram illustrates the attack scenario we refer to in this section:
Breaking order encryption
The first security layer to circumvent is the transport encryption. Let's have a look at the supported encryption schemes:
3DES-CBC
AES-128-CBC
We can see that OSCI only supports block ciphers in CBC mode. When this mode is used incorrectly, several attacks are possible (the W3C no longer recommends to use those ciphers [7]). The most straight-forward attack against CBC is a padding oracle attack. To conduct such an attack the attacker has to send invalid encrypted data to the recipient. The recipient is vulnerable to padding oracle if it reveals whether the decrypted message has the correct format (i.e. has a valid padding). A successful exploitation would allow an attacker to decrypt any encrypted messages.
As the OSCI standard specifies and the OSCI library implements, there is a special error code for failed decryption (in this case indicating that the padding is invalid). So in order to break the transport encryption, we were able to implement a simple padding oracle attack.
Practical applicability
Since roughly 128 requests are required to decrypt a single byte, one might assume that this attack cannot be applied in practice. However, we have created an optimized version of this script that runs significantly faster:
It prefers more common bytes (i.e. digits, letters, printable characters).
It tries to predict the contents of blocks based on previous blocks (e.g. the block xmlns:ds="http:/ is very likely followed by the block /www.w3.org/2000)
In our test setup we were able to decrypt an OSCI processDelivery message on a local machine within half an hour.
Bypassing order signature verification
OSCI uses XML signatures to provide authenticity. In the past, the go-to attack against XML signatures has been XML signature wrapping. Naturally, this was the first attack we tried.
To do so, we first examined which parts of the XML content are signed and how the verifying application accesses signed content. If the recipient application can be tricked into verifying one part of the XML message, while actually using another part for further processing, it is vulnerable to XML signature wrapping. The OSCI library uses a plain SAXParser, which means that a lot of parsing logic is implemented by the library itself. This might provide more flexibility and better performance, but this approach is also prone to implementation errors.
The following shows a schematic representation of a signed OSCI order:
<soap:Envelope>
<soap:Header>
<osci:ControlBlock>...</osci:ControlBlock>
<osci:ClientSignature>
<ds:Signature>
<ds:Reference URI="#body">...</ds:Reference>
</ds:Signature>
</osci:ClientSignature>
<osci:DesiredLanguages />
<osci:processDelivery />
<osci:IntermediaryCertificates>...</osci:IntermediaryCertificates>
<osci:NonIntermediaryCertificates>...</osci:NonIntermediaryCertificates>
</osci:Header>
<soap:Body Id="body">(original content here)</soap:Body>
The message header contains an XML signature (the ds:Signature element). The ds:Reference element's URI attribute describes which parts of the XML document are signed. In this case it refers to the element with the id "body" which is in this case the soap:Body element. To forge the contents of the SOAP Body we need to create a request with two SOAP Bodies. We need to make sure the parser checks the signature of the original SOAP body while the code that actually processes the contents of the SOAP Body uses our second manipulated body.
The library shows the following behavior:
All elements underneath the SOAP header except for the ClientSignature element3 have to be signed.
The SOAP Body has to be signed too.
The library is supposed to check that IDs within the document are unique – there is a bug that renders this check ineffective. In practice this means that the last element with a given ID is used for signature verification.
For further processing the SOAP Body is expected to be just below the SOAP Envelope element. For signature verification, the SOAP Body can be anywhere in the document.
We were able to abuse this bug to successfully conduct an XML signature wrapping attack.
How these vulnerabilities affect OSCI security
As we have shown, we were able to completely circumvent the security mechanisms on the order level (order signature, order encryption). If all OSCI security measures are used, an attacker could decrypt the order data (metadata) and use a signature wrapping attack to modify orders (metadata).However, if certain OSCI security features are not used, we found several scenarios with a high security impact:
If content signature is not used, an attacker could exchange encrypted payload with different encrypted payload while preserving the validity of the original signature. The attacker is able to create encrypted content, because asymmetric encryption is used and the public key certificate of the recipient is included in the message. This applies similarly to order encryption. We have verified this fictitious attack scenario to work with the sample passive recipient provided with the OSCI library.
If content encryption is not used, an attacker could retrieve the plaintext payload after using padding oracle to bypass order encryption.
If a communication scenario only relies on order level security features, an attacker could retrieve and modify any transferred payload.
SEC Consult does not have quantitative data on how OSCI is used in practice (communication scenarios, utilized security features). We therefore are unable to estimate the practical impact.
Who Is Affected?
According to KoSIT, the OSCI-transport protocol is the technical foundation of e-government in Germany and was made an obligatory standard for electronic transactions in federal administration [1]. Due to a federal regulation, it is extensively used and the basis of multiple successful projects in Germany's e-government [1].
Due to the role of this protocol in Germany's e-government strategy, we assume that multiple administrations use OSCI-transport and the affected library.
The XOEV website lists public standards, some of which use OSCI-transport 1.2, for example:
XÖGD (public health care)
Xpersonenstand (civil status of persons)
Xhoheitliche Dokumente (sovereign documents)
XMeld (population registration)
XJustiz (electronic legal data-exchange) (currently migrating to OSCI 2.0)
SEC Consult does not have precise data about the exact use of the OSCI transport library in practice4.
KoSIT released a patched version (1.7.1) of the OSCI library on 2017-03-13. In the course of fixing the vulnerabilities we found, KoSIT released an update to the specification [12] that (among other changes) allows implementers to use more secure encryption algorithms.
KoSIT informed affected users of the library. SEC Consult does not have information on the patching process.
SEC Consult coordinated the release of the advisory with KoSIT, Governikus KG and the BSI. KoSIT, BSI, Governikus KG and SEC Consult recommend all affected parties to upgrade the OSCI library as soon as possible.
Moreover, SEC Consult recommends to encapsulate OSCI communication in well established and secure transport protocols (e.g. IPSec, TLS).
Since the first version of the library has been released in 2004 [8], SEC Consult assumes that vulnerable versions of the OSCI library have been used for quite a while. SEC Consult recommends to gather evidence of a potential compromise through a forensic analysis. SEC Consult does not have any information on whether attacks have already happened.
This research was done by Wolfgang Ettlinger (@ettisan) and Marc Nimmerrichter (@mnimmerrichter) on behalf of SEC Consult Vulnerability Lab.
[1] http://www.xoev.de/detail.php?gsid=bremen83.c.3355.de
[2] http://www.xoev.de/sixcms/media.php/13/XOEV-Handbuch_2_0_1.pdf
[3] http://www.xoev.de/sixcms/media.php/13/osci_entwurfsprinzipien_1_2.pdf
[4] http://www1.osci.de/standards/xmeld/xmeld_versionen/xmeld_2_3-15805
[5] https://www.sakd.de/fileadmin/egovernment/foerderung/efre/workshops/Stadt_Leipzig_XOEGD.pdf
[6] http://www.xjustiz.de/XOEV-2_0-Beschluss/index.php
[7] https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlenc-core1/
[8] http://www.osci.de/bibliothek/
[9] https://www.sec-consult.com/fxdata/seccons/prod/temedia/advisories_txt/20170630-0_KOSIT_XOEV_OSCI-Transport_library_critical_vulnerabilities_german_egovernment_v10.txt
[10] http://www.xoev.de/detail.php?gsid=bremen83.c.2316.de#Standards
[11] http://www.xoev.de/sixcms/media.php/13/osci_spezifikation_1_2_deutsch.pdf
[12] http://www.xoev.de/sixcms/media.php/13/2017-03-30_OSCI12_Korrigenda5.pdf
1 We modified the sample passive recipient to accept content encrypted messages and to disallow unsigned orders.
2 Of course an out of band XXE attack can be conducted as well. Firewall rules, however, might block outgoing traffic.
3 This element is exempt from this rule since it contains the signature; signing it too would create a chicken-and-egg dilemma.
4 The OSCI-transport protocol can be used in different communication scenarios. During our research we only looked at one of them (passive recipient). Many of OSCI's security features (e.g. content encryption) are optional.