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Leave a comment Posted on January 7, 2020 16th Century, 17th Century, 18th Century, 19th Century, Art, Death, Religion
Divine Inspiration: How Rome's Unknown Dead Became Catacomb Saints
Copyright Paul Koudounaris
On May 31st, 1578, vineyard workers in Rome found a passageway that led into an extensive network of long-forgotten catacombs beneath the Via Salaria. The Coemeterium Jordanorum (Jordanian Cemetery) and surrounding catacombs were burial sites from the earliest days of Christianity, dating from between the first and fifth centuries AD.
By the time these catacombs were found, the Catholic Church had been struggling with the Reformation for decades. While certain human remains had been venerated as sacred relics for centuries*, Protestant Reformers rejected the practice of keeping relics as idolatry. Bodies were to return to dust, and that included the bodies of saints as well. Throughout the Reformation, countless relics were interred, vandalized, or destroyed.
With relics under scrutiny from Reformers, the issue was addressed at the Twenty-Fifth Session of the Council of Trent in 1563. The Council maintained that relics were an essential part of Catholic life, and they had a point—kept in local churches, relics were still important to communities. Though they were viewed as sacred, their origins were rightly questioned. Forgeries—random bones or other found items sold as sacred—were common and undermined the value of the remains as religious artifacts. To combat the sale of forgeries, the Council decided that going forward, all relics would have to be authenticated by the Church.
Relics had always been popular among the laity, and the transportation of new holy relics into German-speaking countries became a strategy of the Counter-Reformation. They needed to replace what had been destroyed, but where were they going to find more saints?
The discovery of the catacombs under the Via Salaria must have felt like an answer to a prayer. The catacombs held the remains of an estimated 750,000 people, including early Christians, Jews, and some pagan Romans. While cremation was more common among pagan Romans, Christians wanted to be buried to allow for the possibility of resurrection; though thousands were resurrected following their discovery, not one of them could have predicted what awaited them after death.
The Church needed relics, and they found them. The bodies of those believed to be Christian martyrs became known as the Katakombenheiligen, the Catacomb Saints. While they had not been canonized and their identities were unknown, these bodies were used to show the connection between the earliest Christians and the post-Reformation Church. They were to symbolize the essential truth of the Catholic doctrine through that connection, and to boost morale among the Catholic communities hurting following the looting of their churches.
But if their identities were unknown, how could they prove they were martyrs? Because they had died during a time of persecution, many were assumed to be martyrs, but depending on who was asked, there were some other signs as well—some believed the bones of martyrs smelled sweeter, while others claimed they had an otherworldly glow. Though the Church had resolved to use more scientific methods of identification following the Council of Trent, conditions in the catacombs were less than ideal. The newest bones were still more than a thousand years old at that point, and any identifying plaques or stones were long gone. Worse, many bodies had been moved over the years to protect them from looting invaders.
The bones that were found could not be positively identified as Christian, much less martyrs, so they relied on largely illegible engravings on the surrounding stones. Anytime they found a capital M—which could be there for any reason from names to common inscriptions—or a depiction of a palm frond, they took this as evidence they had found a martyr's grave. During one investigation of another catacomb in the 1560s, an Augustinian monk concluded there were at most three identifiable martyrs down there, but by the following century, there were said to be up to 200,000.
As soon as they were found, the remains began to make their way north. It's impossible to estimate just how many skeletons and individual bones were shipped to the German-speaking countries affected by the Reformation in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but demand was so high that the Church had to create a new office to manage the excavation of the catacombs as well as starting the Sacred Congregation of Rites and Ceremonies to oversee the whole process. The saints' popularity increased following the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648); churches wanted to replace the relics that had been ransacked, and wealthier families also purchased them as symbols of piety.
They were certainly symbols of status. The skeletons were given Latin names and decorated from skull to metatarsal in gold and jewels. Decoration varied, but it was often extravagant. The jewels were real or expensive imitations, and the skeletons were dressed in robes of velvet and silk embroidered with gold thread. A few were even given silver plate armor.
As striking as the end result was, there was more to constructing the catacomb saints than decorating dead bodies. Bones that old required expert handling and reconstruction, so they were given to nuns who specialized in the preservation of relics. Many of their convents were known for their mastery of decorative arts, and the state of the Katakombenheiligen today is a testament to their skill and devotion.
Restoration and decoration was a delicate process that could take years to complete. Bones were strengthened with glue, painted, and protected with layers of nearly transparent silk gauze or tulle. Missing pieces were reconstructed with wax, wood, or papier-mâché. In the cases where skulls were missing or too badly damaged, they were replaced with ceramic or wood and plaster.
Given the time, resources, and dedication it would have taken to construct the saints, it is devastating to consider how few have survived to the present day. Viewed as morbid and embarrassing during the nineteenth century**, many were stripped of their jewels and hidden or destroyed. Of all of the catacomb saints that once filled Europe, only about ten percent remain, and few can be viewed by the public. Quite aside from their religious significance, they are stunning works of art and represent a part of history that, while potentially controversial to some, is nevertheless worth remembering.
On August 15th of every year, Roggenburg does just that. Every year, it holds a Leiberfest (Celebration of the Bodies) in order to display and honor the catacomb saints. Once common among towns that had them, Roggenburg's annual Leiberfest is the last one in the world. During this festival, Roggenburg's four Katakombenheiligen are brought out of storage and paraded through town on litters decorated with flowers. The three female saints–Laurentia, Severina, and Valeria–are carried by young women wearing white, and St Venatius is carried by young men in top hats and tails.
*This practice also occurs in many other world religions
**Yes, even the nineteenth century found them morbid
For more on the Katakombenheiligen, be sure to check out Paul Koudounaris's Heavenly Bodies: Cult Treasures & Spectacular Saints from the Catacombs. Atlas Obscura also has a fun post about Roggenburg's Leiberfest here.
Art History Catacomb Saints Catacombs Catholicism Death Katakombenheiligen Macabre Reformation Religious Art Rome
1 Comment Posted on December 16, 2018 19th Century, Art, Beauty, Death, France, Medical History, Persons of Interest
"The Most Kissed Face in the World": The Curious Case of l'Inconnue de la Seine
La Vierge inconnue du canal de l'Ourcq. Photo by Albert Rudomine, 1927
In the late 1880s, the body of an unidentified young woman was pulled out of the Seine at the Quai du la Louvre, not far from the museum of the same name. While the Louvre houses the Mona Lisa, the river offered up an enigmatic smile of its own, and the woman—only the latest in a string of presumed suicides—became a beauty icon in her own right.
Dubbed l'Inconnue de la Seine (the Unknown Woman of the Seine), her body quickly became the star attraction of the already popular public morgues in Paris. People turned out in droves to see her, moved not only by her young age—she was thought to be about sixteen—but by the curiously peaceful expression on her face. She was beautiful, yes, but what struck them was that she appeared to be happy.
A wax plaster death mask was cast so early, it faithfully reproduced her wet, matted hair and the droplets of water in her eyelashes. Her death was a mystery that remains unsolved to this day, and she was never identified. It has been argued that no one who had drowned—let alone a suicide—could have died with such a relaxed, almost joyful look on their face, leading many to speculate that her cause of death was not drowning at all.
Finding a young woman in the river was a heartbreakingly common occurrence. Bodies of sex workers were pulled out of the Seine almost daily, all of them assumed suicides unless there was clear evidence to the contrary. Because no injuries could be found on her body, l'Inconnue was presumed to be another sex worker who had tragically taken her own life.
The mask of l'Inconnue became an obsession of Bohemian Paris, inspiring art and literature for decades after her death. Albert Camus pointed out the parallel to the Mona Lisa, and women were all too happy to emulate her. While her life was presumably difficult and tragically short, she was a muse in death, and bizarrely, an erotic ideal. Copies of the death mask were mass produced and sold as spectacularly morbid household decorations through the early twentieth century, and there is a workshop that still makes masks from the same mold to this day.
Even if you haven't heard of her before today, chances are, you've kissed her yourself. In the 1950s, Norwegian company Laerdal Medical gave l'Inconnue a new life that would become her most enduring legacy. When they were developing the first CPR doll, they decide they needed a non-threatening face people wouldn't mind kissing. L'Inconnue was perfect—beautiful, widely known, and there was already a mold of her face. As Resusci Anne (CPR Annie), the face of l'Inconnue reached an even wider audience as a staple of CPR courses around the world. Though most don't know about the macabre origins of the doll, it's a fitting legacy for the Unknown Woman of the Seine that in death, she saves others from drowning.
Albert Camus Art History Bohemian Paris CPR Death Fin de Siecle L'Inconnue de la Seine Morgues Paris Prostitution Seine Unsolved Mystery
1 Comment Posted on November 14, 2018 19th Century, 20th Century, Art, Death, Disease, France, Religion, Sex, The Occult, Victorian
Ghouls' Night Out: Sex, Death, and Damnation in Fin de Siècle Paris
The Cabaret du Ciel (left) beside the Cabaret de l'Enfer (right) on the Boulevard de Clichy
Every generation likes to think they're the first to invent counterculture, but today's goths and Murderinos are part of a tradition of gleeful creepiness that goes back centuries. We'll be looking into more of this in future posts, but tonight we're going to start in Montmartre.
In Bohemian Paris of Today (1899), William Chambers Morrow describes Montmartre as "that strange Bohemian mountain with its eccentric, fantastic, and morbid attractions," and that's a good start. It was home of the Moulin Rouge, Le Chat Noir, the famous stairs of the Rue Foyatier, and the Sacré-Coeur. Now one of the most recognizable parts of Paris, Montmartre was (and continued to be) the red light district, inhabited by countless sex workers as well as some of the most influential writers, musicians, and artists of the late nineteenth century.
So much of Western art and literature can be traced back to Montmartre in the 1890s that it's really worth of a blog of its own. We already looked at Toulouse-Lautrec and some of the famous figures who appeared in his art, so today we're looking a bit closer at some of Montmartre's hottest nightspots–the magnificently goth heaven and hell nightclubs the Cabaret du Ciel, l'Enfer, and the Cabaret du Néant.
Cabaret du Néant
At the Cabaret du Néant (Cabaret of Nothingness), the morbid nihilism sweeping fin de siècle Paris found its natural home. If you were thirsty after a long day of morgue tourism*, you could pull up a bench at a coffin of your own in their Salle d'Intoxication, a bar decorated with human bones.
Every aspect of the décor had been chosen to make an impact. The entrance was draped in heavy black curtains with white details, the same ones that hung in the houses of the dead around the city. Even the iron lanterns gave off a sickly green light, giving anyone who passed beneath them the pallor of a corpse. The drinks themselves were named after poisons and diseases and served in cups shaped like skulls**, and the waiters dressed as monks and pallbearers.
After a glass of "spitting tuberculosis", you could proceed into the adjoining room for entertainment of another kind. With the Pepper's Ghost illusion, the bar used light and a series of carefully angled mirrors to create some very alarming effects. While Pepper's Ghost is great at simulating apparitions, Néant took it a bit further. Seated on coffins, the guests would watch as a young woman wrapped in a shroud appeared to fully decompose into a skeleton then slowly come back to life. How they managed it, we can only guess, but they did recreate the experience for their guests; anyone could pass through the coffin, decompose, and be brought back to life in Néant's "Cave of the Dead."
Néant's chandelier
First established in Paris on the Boulevard Rochechouart as the Cabaret de la Mort (Cabaret of Death) in 1892, it relocated to the Boulevard de Clichy and took the name Néant, because apparently it was the name frightening the residents and not the chandeliers. (right)
In spite of the grim theme, contemplation of one's own mortality was not the aim—or it didn't stop there, at least. Néant was above all else a place to hook up. Whether sipping "Asiatic cholera" in the Salle d'Intoxication or taking in a show in the "Cave of Gay Ghosts" or "Cave of Sad Specters," guests were known to engage in a fair bit of PDA. Secret Montmartre explains it thus:
"It is a constant of eroticism to be bound to the ephemeral and to death. (…) The show does not discourage the libido of spectators who do not forget that in Pigalle, sex has the last word. We kiss each other, we caress each other under the empty gaze of the skeletons."
Cabaret du Ciel
After passing through the coffin and being dramatically reanimated at Néant, you could stagger a bit farther down the Boulevard de Clichy to the Cabaret du Ciel (Cabaret of Heaven, "the sky") or l'Enfer (Hell) just beside it. If you'd been good—or didn't mind a fairly blasphemous drinking session—you might make it up the stairs to le Ciel, where you would be greeted by angels, priests, and St. Peter dripping holy water on you from above.***
Angels surround the Golden Porcus. That's not weird.
If the nearly naked angels cavorting to harp music wasn't enough to keep you entertained, you could listen to their naughty confessions or watch them perform scenes from Dante's Inferno. It must have been quite a scene–some of them were also dancers at the Moulin Rouge.
Bizarrely, le Ciel also had a massive golden pig ("the Golden Porcus") that was worshiped like a deity, decorated in flowers, and surrounded by candles. (right)
Like Néant, le Ciel had their own names for common drinks. Morrow describes his experience:
"Brothers, your orders! Command me, thy servant!" growled a ferocious angel at our elbows, with his accent de la Villette, and his brass halo a trifle askew.
Mr. Thompkins had been very quiet, for he was Wonder in the flesh, and perhaps there was some distress in his face, but there was courage also. The suddenness of the angel's assault visibly disconcerted him,–he did not know what to order. Finally he decided on a verre de Chartreuse, green. Bishop and I ordered bocks.
"Two sparkling draughts of heaven's own brew and one star-dazzler!" yelled our angel.
"Thy will be done," came the response from the hidden bar.
Throughout the night, they would invite guests to become "angels" and suspend them on wires from the ceiling, allowing them to fly above the other patrons until Father Time appeared with his scythe to collect tips and send them on their way to l'Enfer.
Cabaret de l'Enfer
As over the top as Néant and le Ciel must have seemed, l'Enfer was another story altogether. Just downstairs from le Ciel, it couldn't have been more different:
"We passed through a large, hideous, fanged, open mouth in an enormous face from which shone eyes of blazing crimson. (…) Red-hot bars and gratings through which flaming coals gleamed appeared in the walls within the red mouth. (…) Near us was suspended a cauldron over a fire, and hopping within it were half a dozen devil musicians, male and female, playing a selection from "Faust" on stringed instruments, while red imps stood by, prodding with red-hot irons those who lagged in their performance.
A cauldron at l'Enfer. Note the devils lighting the fire beneath it. You can see the walls and ceilings were covered in sculptures of the damned.
"Crevices in the walls of this room ran with streams of molten gold and silver, and here and there were caverns lit up by smouldering fires from which thick smoke issued, and vapors emitting the odors of a volcano. Flames would suddenly burst from clefts in the rocks, and thunder rolled through the caverns.
"Numerous red tables stood against the fiery walls; at these sat the visitors. Mr. Thompkins seated himself at one of them. Instantly it became aglow with a mysterious light, which kept flaring up and disappearing in an erratic fashion; flames darted from the walls, fires crackled and roared. One of the imps came to take our order; it was for three coffees, black, with cognac; and this is how he shrieked the order: 'Three seething bumpers of molten sins, with a dash of brimstone intensifier!'"
The glasses glowed with "phosphorescent light," and dapper man dressed as the devil would make the rounds and tell the guests which of their sins had led them to eternal damnation. From there, you could go to "the hot room," where a contortionist would change from snake to devil and back again. Morrow writes that he was disappointed to find that although the walls appeared to be half melted, the hot room was disagreeably chilly.
Antonin Alexander, professor turned devil, owner of literally the hottest club in Paris. Dapper AF.
If it seems like these clubs go together a little too well, it might not surprise you to hear that le Ciel and l'Enfer were owned by the same man, former literature professor Antonin Alexander. Alexander himself appeared as the devil in l'Enfer. (right)
After Néant was moved to the Boulevard de Clichy in 1892, le Ciel and l'Enfer joined it in 1896. Jules Claretie, then director of the Théâtre Français, viewed the clubs as essential to understanding Belle Epoque Paris and described them as "Putting Dante's poem within walking distance."
Even after its heyday at the turn of the century, l'Enfer continued to be a place of interest. André Breton's Surrealists met above it in the 1920s. Eerily enough, serial killer Guy Georges was caught at the site in 1998 and confessed inside the same building where a costumed devil once confronted visitors with lists of their sins.
In case you're curious, le Ciel and l'Enfer were at 53 Boulevard de Clichy, and Néant was at number 34. Today, 53 is a Monoprix, and 34 is a "fully naturist swinger sauna." Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose…
Bohemian Paris of To-Day by William Chambers Morrow and Édouard Cucuel (1899)
*Yes, really.
**You thought you were so original.
***I really hope it's holy water.
alcohol Antonin Alexander Belle Epoque Bohemian Paris of Today Cabaret de l'Enfer Cabaret du Ciel Cabaret du Neant Death Fin de Siecle Gothic Heaven and Hell Nightclubs Montmartre nightlife Nihilism Paris Subcultures
9 Comments Posted on May 16, 2018 December 5, 2018 18th Century, 19th Century, America, Art, Beauty, Death, Disease, Georgian Britain, London, Medical History, Sex, The Regency, Victorian
Drop Dead Gorgeous: 19th Century Beauty Tips for the Aspiring Consumptive
Picture the ideal nineteenth century English beauty: pale, almost translucent skin, rosy cheeks, crimson lips, white teeth, and sparkling eyes. She's waspishly thin with elegant collarbones. Perhaps she's prone to fainting.
It shouldn't be difficult to imagine; numerous depictions survive to this day, and the image is still held up as the gold standard for Caucasian women. At this point, it's so embedded in the Western psyche as beauty that it doesn't occur to us to question it. Of course that's beautiful. Why wouldn't it be?
By the nineteenth century, beauty standards in Britain had come a long way from the plucked hairlines of the late Middle Ages and the heavy ceruse of the Stuart period. Fashionable women wanted slimmer figures because physical fragility had become associated with intelligence and refinement. Flushed cheeks, bright eyes, and red lips had always been popular, particularly among sex workers (they suggested arousal), and women had been using cosmetics like belladonna, carmine, and Spanish leather for years to produce those effects when they didn't occur organically.
Bright eyes, flushed cheeks, and red lips were also signs of tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis—known at the time as consumption, phthisis, hectic fever, and graveyard cough—was an epidemic that affected all classes and genders without prejudice. Today, an estimated 1.9 billion people are infected with it, and it causes about two million deaths each year. At the time, it was mainly associated with respectable women (although there are no few depictions of sex workers dying of it*) and thought to be triggered by mental exertion or too much dancing.** Attractive women were viewed as more susceptible to it because tuberculosis enhanced their best features. It was noted to cause pale skin, silky hair, weight loss, and a feverish tinge to the face (along with less desirable symptoms including weakness, coughing up blood, GI upset, and organ failure), and it was treated with little to no effect with bleeding, diet, red wine, and opium.
Although having an active (rather than latent) case of consumption was all but a death sentence, it didn't inspire the revulsion of other less attractive diseases until the end of the 19th century when its causes were better understood.
In 1833, The London Medical and Surgical Journal described it in almost affectionate terms: "Consumption, neither effacing the lines of personal beauty, nor damaging the intellectual functions, tends to exalt the moral habits, and develop the amiable qualities of the patient."
John Keats. Joseph Severn, 1819.
Of course it didn't only affect women. The notion that it was caused by mental exertion—along with the high number of artists and intellectuals who lost their lives to it—also led to its association with poets. John Keats died of it at 26. His friend Percy Shelley—also infected—wrote tributes to Keats that attempted to explain consumption not as a disease, but as death by passion. Bizarrely, a symptom that is unique to consumption is spes phthisica, a euphoric state that can result in intense bursts of creativity.*** Keats' prolific final year of life has been attributed to his consumption, and spes phthisica was viewed by some as necessary for artistic genius.
As Alexandre Dumas (fils) wrote in 1852: "It was the fashion to suffer from the lungs; everybody was consumptive, poets especially; it was good form to spit blood after any emotion that was at all sensational, and to die before reaching the age of thirty."
Because of its association with young women and poets, the disease itself came to represent beauty, romantic passion, and hyper sexuality. As far as illnesses went, it was considered to be rather glamorous, and in a culture half in love with death, it inspired its fair share of tributes. There are numerous romantic depictions of young women wasting away in death beds at the height of their beauty. Women with consumption were regularly praised for the ethereal loveliness that came from being exceptionally thin and nearly transparent.
Picture that ideal nineteenth century beauty again: that complexion is almost a pallor, and you can see her veins through it. Those lips, eyes, and cheeks are all indicative of a constant low-grade fever. Her teeth are so white they're almost as translucent as her skin. And her figure? She's emaciated due to the illness and the chronic diarrhea that comes with it. If she faints, it's more to do with the lack of oxygen in her blood than the tension of her corset. The sicker she gets, the more beautiful she becomes, until she's gone; the beauty is all the more poignant because of its impermanence. This beauty can't last, and it's as deadly as it is contagious.
Only a fool would wish for it, so what's a healthy girl to do?
If you didn't have consumption but wanted the look, there were two things you could do: wait (at its peak between 1780 and 1850, it is estimated to have caused a quarter of all deaths in Europe. Statistically, you would have had a fair chance of getting it), or fake it. Corsets could be made to narrow the waist and encourage a stooped posture, and necklines were designed to show off prominent collar bones. As for the rest, people could try:
Arsenic Complexion Wafers
Although arsenic was known to be toxic, it was used throughout the nineteenth century in everything from dye to medication. Eating small amounts of arsenic regularly was said to produce a clear, ghostly pale complexion. Lola Montez reported that some women in Bohemia frequently drank the water from arsenic springs to whiten their skin.
Stop Eating
In The Ugly-Girl Papers, S.D. Powers offers her own advice for achieving consumptive skin: "The fairest skins belong to people in the earliest stages of consumption, or those of a scrofulous nature. This miraculous clearness and brilliance is due to the constant purgation which wastes the consumptive, or to the issue which relieves the system of impurities by one outlet. We must secure purity of the blood by less exhaustive methods. The diet should be regulated according to the habit of the person. If stout, she should eat as little as will satisfy her appetite."
How little? Writing in the third person, she uses herself as an example: "Breakfast was usually a small saucer of strawberries and one Graham cracker, and was not infrequently dispensed with altogether. Lunch was half an orange—for the burden of eating the other half was not to be thought of; and at six o'clock a handful of cherries formed a plentiful dinner. Once a week she did crave something like beef-steak of soup, and took it."
Olive-Tar
For "fair and innocent" skin that mimics the effects of consumption, The Ugly-Girl Papers offers the following recipe: "Mix one spoonful of the best tar in a pint of pure olive oil or almond oil, by heating the two together in a tin cup set in boiling water. Stir till completely mixed and smooth, putting in more oil if the compound is too thick to run easily. Rub this on the face when going to bed, and lay patches of soft old cloth on the cheeks and forehead to keep the tar from rubbing off. The bed linen must be protected by old sheets folded and thrown over the pillows. The odor, when mixed with oil, is not strong enough to be unpleasant—some people fancy its suggestion of aromatic pine breath—and the black, unpleasant mask washes off easily with warm water and soap. The skin comes out, after several applications, soft, moist, and tinted like a baby's. The French have long used turpentine to efface the marks of age, but olive-tar is pleasanter."
White Lead
Madame X. John Singer Sargent, 1883-4
Lead had been used as the primary ingredient for ceruse and other forms of foundation and powder for centuries. It was known to cause skin problems over time (and, you know, lead poisoning). In the nineteenth century, it was still used for the same purpose and appeared in paints and skin enamels in Europe and the United States.
Lavender Powder
If the pallor of consumption didn't occur naturally or with the aid of arsenic, it could be imitated with the use of lavender colored powder. Usually applied over ceruse or other foundation made from white lead, it gave the skin a bluish, porcelain shade. Perhaps the best known example of this is John Singer Sargent's Madame X. The model, Virginie Gautreau, was known to use lavender powder to create her dramatically pale complexion. She was said to be a master of drawing fake veins on with indigo, and she painted her ears with rouge to add to the illusion of translucence.
Commonly sold and sometimes made at home, rouge was everywhere. Made from toxic bismuth or vermilion, or carmine from cochineal beetles, it was applied to cheeks, lips, ears, and sometimes even nostrils to make them appear transparent. It came in liquid, cream, and powder forms, and Napoleon's Empress Josephine is said to have spent a fortune on it. The Ugly-Girl Papers offers this recipe for Milk of Roses, which sounds rather nice:
"(Mix) four ounces of oil of almonds, forty drops of oil of tarter, and half a pint of rose-water with carmine to the proper shade. This is very soothing to the skin. Different tinges may be given to the rouge by adding a few flakes of indigo for the deep black-rose crimson, or mixing a little pale yellow with less carmine for the soft Greuze tints."
The Ugly-Girl Papers recommends ammonia for use as both a hair rinse and, worryingly, a depilatory. For healthy hair, Powers recommends scrubbing it nightly with a brush in a basin of water with three tablespoons of ammonia added. Hair should then be combed and left to air dry without a night cap.
Lemon Juice and Eyeliner
To achieve the ideal feverish "sparkling eyes," some women still used belladonna (which could cause blindness) while others resorted to putting lemon juice or other irritants in their eyes to make them water. Eyes, eyelashes, and eyebrows could also be defined. Powers advises: "All preparations for darkening the eyebrows, eyelashes, etc., must be put on with a small hair-pencil. The "dirty-finger" effect is not good. A fine line of black round the rim of the eyelid, when properly done, should not be detected, and its effect in softening and enlarging the eyes is well known by all amateur players."
Day, Carolyn. Consumptive Chic: A History of Beauty, Fashion, and Disease. (2017)
Dumas, Alexandre (fils). La Dame Aux Camélias. (1852)
Klebs, Arnold. Tuberculosis: A Treatise by American Authors on its Etiology, Pathology, Frequency, Semeiology, Diagnosis, Prognosis, Prevention, and Treatment. (1909)
Meier, Allison. How Tuberculosis Symptoms Became Ideals of Beauty in the 19th Century. Hyperallergic. January 2nd, 2018.
Montez, Lola. The Arts of Beauty: or Secrets of a Lady's Toilet. (1858)
Morens, David M. At the Deathbed of Consumptive Art. Emerging Infectious Diseases, Volume 8, Number 11. November 2002.
Mullin, Emily. How Tuberculosis Shaped Victorian Fashion. Smithsonian.com, May 10th, 2016.
Pointer, Sally. The Artifice of Beauty: A History and Practical Guide to Perfumes and Cosmetics. (2005)
Powers, S. D. The Ugly-Girl Papers, or Hints for the Toilet. (1874)
Zarrelli, Natalie. The Poisonous Beauty Advice Columns of Victorian England. Atlas Obscura, December 17th, 2015.
*Depictions of sex workers dying of tuberculosis: La Traviata, Les Misérables, La Bohème, and now Moulin Rouge, etc. In the 19th century, consumption was portrayed as a kind of romantic redemption for sex workers through the physical sacrifice of the body.
**Although dancing itself wouldn't have done it, the disease was so contagious that it could be contracted anywhere people would be at close quarters—dancing at balls with multiple partners could have reasonably been high-risk behavior.
***You know what else does that? Tertiary syphilis. How do you know which one you have? If you're coughing blood, it's consumption. If your skin is falling off, it's syphilis. Either way, you're going to want to call a doctor.
19th Century Beauty consumption History of Cosmetics John Keats Madame X Percy Shelley The Ugly Girl Papers Tuberculosis Virginie Gautreau
2 Comments Posted on March 16, 2017 March 5, 2019 16th Century, 17th Century, Art, Crime, Death, Excess, London, Politics, Religion, Sex, The Restoration, Vice, Violence
The "Poor-Whores Petition" and The Shrove Tuesday Riots of 1668
You can't read as much about sex work as I do without coming across mention of the Shrove Tuesday Riots. They're little more than a footnote now, but for years they were the terror of every working girl in greater London. Apprentices turned up in droves to participate in the "sport" of whore-bashing, which EJ Burford assures us was an ancient tradition.
The Riots
For many years* in London, it was an annual tradition for the local apprentices to attack sex workers and forcibly tear down brothels on Shrove Tuesday. It's difficult to pinpoint exactly how many years, as these riots were so commonplace they were rarely mentioned unless the property damage was particularly notable.
The Shrove Tuesday Riots of 1668 were notable for a few reasons. They lasted for several days, involved thousands of people, and the damage was so extensive that eight apprentices were actually hanged for it. When two of Elizabeth Cresswell's brothels were destroyed, she sponsored a satirical pamphlet beseeching Lady Castlemaine, Charles II's then-mistress, to intercede on their behalf to protect them and their property from future attacks.
Samuel Pepys describes it in his diary entry from March 25th, 1668:
The Duke of York and all with him this morning were full of the talk of the 'prentices, who are not yet [put] down, though the guards and militia of the town have been in armes all this night, and the night before; and the 'prentices have made fools of them, sometimes by running from them and flinging stones at them. Some blood hath been spilt, but a great many houses pulled down; and, among others, the Duke of York was mighty merry at that of Damaris Page's, the great bawd of the seamen; and the Duke of York complained merrily that he hath lost two tenants, by their houses being pulled down, who paid him for their wine licenses 15l. a year. But here it was said how these idle fellows have had the confidence to say that they did ill in contenting themselves in pulling down the little bawdyhouses, and did not go and pull down the great bawdy-house at White Hall.
The official reason for the riots was a general displeasure at the decadence of the Charles II's court and disapproval at the immorality of London as a whole.
But was that it? Let's take a closer look.
By 1660, it is estimated that there were 20,000 apprentices working in London. The whole city only had about 105,000 people at this point. Boys were apprenticed around age eleven, and would remain that way until about age twenty-four. During this thirteen-year period—almost half of the average lifespan—they worked without pay under masters obliged to monitor their behavior and see to their moral instruction as well as their vocational training. They were frequently beaten and relied on their masters for all of their basic necessities, including food, clothing, and shelter. They were forbidden from fornication, marriage, visiting taverns, or displaying immoral behavior such as violence or drunkenness.
In spite of the outrageously strict guidelines they had to agree to, London's apprentices were notoriously rowdy. It's not difficult to see why. One fifth of London's total population and almost half of its men were essentially indentured servants forced to endure beatings and work long hours with no pay, little rest, and no accepted outlet for their energy short of attending church once a week. They were energetic, hormonal, and their systematic repression was so well established and legislated that it was an unquestioned aspect of society. Indeed, London's commerce was largely dependent on the free labor provided by these boys in the name of training them in what amounted to one of history's longest, most thankless internships.
However, guidelines are written not because everyone follows them, but because people don't. London's apprentices were not the models of sober, moral industry they were meant to be.
According to Peter Ackroyd, apprentices were known for heavy drinking, overindulgence, laziness, and starting fights with servants, foreigners, sex workers, and random passersby. Additionally, they frequently rioted after football matches they attended in Cheapside (yes, really), proving once again that the more things change, the more they stay the same.
In addition to the annual Shrove Tuesday Riots during which apprentices assaulted sex workers, looted, and physically pulled down brothels, they rioted over food shortages, out of drunkenness, or because of xenophobia. During the May Day riots of 1517, apprentices, artisans, and children looted the houses of foreigners in the city. In June of 1595 alone, apprentices rioted twelve times against the Lord Mayor over inflated food prices.
Apprentices were overworked, underfed, often abused, and rarely paid. Not only were they not allowed to visit sex workers, but they couldn't afford them. When business suffered, they were the first to be sacked, so they did not even have the security of a steady job. With no money to spend and no way to vent their frustrations, it's no wonder they were so prone to fighting and crime. Many apprentices were executed at Tyburn for crimes from petty theft to even murder.
In this plate from Hogarth's Industry and Idleness, we can see an apprentice has turned to highway robbery and is betrayed to the law by a prostitute
Of London's 105,000 people, an estimated 3,600 were female sex workers operating out of their own premises. That doesn't sound like much until you consider the female population was only about 50,000 people, and a large number of them were children. The average person didn't live to see their forties, and the vast majority of people in London were under thirty. This figure also does not include streetwalkers, casual sex workers, or those operating primarily in the alleys and parks, of which there were many. It would not be an outrageous estimate to suggest that as many as thirty percent London's women were employed as sex workers in the latter half of the seventeenth century. Even with this generous estimate, apprentices would have outnumbered them at least two- or three-to-one.
Apprentices were badly behaved and sex workers were frequently blamed for it. In his Industry and Idleness series, Hogarth uses a sex worker as shorthand for the apprentice's depravity (above). Ladies of ill repute were to be resisted at all costs: when apprentices assaulted the women, it was accepted, if not seen as completely justified. By tacitly encouraging vice with their very presence, what else could poor, impressionable boys do but resist with violent force?
When apprentice Thomas Savage was hanged at Tyburn in 1668 for murdering a fellow servant, he used his "last dying confession" to lay his fall from grace at the feet of a lewd woman:
"The first sin…was Sabbath breaking, thereby I got acquaintance with bad company, and so went to the alehouse and to the bawdy house: there I was perswaded to rob my master and also murder this poor innocent creature, for which I come to this shameful end."
That escalated quickly.
While it's not impossible to believe a woman could have persuaded Savage to rob his master, there's no motive to wish her would-be paramour a murderer. It's far more likely the unnamed woman was a convenient excuse. Sex workers were seen as particularly toxic to apprentices and servants—a kind of gateway drug into all manner of immorality—so accusations of any misdeeds on their part would have gone unquestioned.
The Poor-Whores Petition
It's not difficult to see why London's sex workers were not overfond of apprentices. After the Shrove Tuesday Riots of 1668—a particularly bad year—Elizabeth Cresswell took action. She was a successful madam, and while her brothels had survived both the Great Plague and the Great Fire two years before, they were destroyed by apprentices in 1668. Cresswell co-sponsored a pamphlet addressed to Charles II's mistress, Lady Castlemaine, asking her to intercede on their behalf as the highest-ranking whore in the country. I have transcribed it here:
The Poor-Whores Petition.
To the most Splendid, Illustrious, Serene and Eminent Lady of Pleasure, the Countess of CASTLEMAINE, & c.
The Humble Petition of the Undone Company of poor distressed Whores, Bawds, Pimps, and Panders, & c.
Humbly showeth,
That Your Petitioners having been for a long time connived at, and countenanced in the practice of our Venerial pleasures (a Trade wherein your Ladyship hath great Experience, and for your diligence therein, have arrived to high and Eminent Advancement for these last years), But now, We, through the Rage and Malice of a Company of London-Apprentices, and other malicious and very bad persons, being mechanic, rude and ill-bred Boys, have sustained the loss of our habitations, Trades and Employments; And many of us, that have had foul play in the Court and Sports of Venus, being full of Ulcers, but were in a hopeful way of Recovery, have our Cures retarded through this Barbarous and Un-Venus-like Usage, and all of us exposed to very hard (shifts), being made uncapable of giving that Entertainment, as the Honour and Dignity of such persons as frequented our Houses doth call for, as your Ladyship y your won practice hath experimented the knowledge of.
We therefore being moved by the imminent danger now impending, and the great sense of our present suffering, do implore your Honour to improve your Interest, which (all know) is great, That some speedy relief may be afforded us, to prevent Our Utter Ruine and Undoing. And that such a sure Course may be taken with the Ringleaders and Abetters of these evil disposed persons, that a stop may be put unto them before they come to your Honours Pallace, and bring contempt upon your worshipping of Venus, the great Goddess whom we all adore.
Wherefore in our Devotion (your Honour being eminently concerned with us) We humbly judge it meet, that you procure the French, Irish, and English Hectors, being our approved Friends, to be our Guard, Aid, and Protectors, and to free us from these ill home bread slaves, that threaten your destruction as well as ours, that so your Ladyship may escape our present Calamity, Else we know not how soon it may be your Honours Own Case: for should your Eminency but once fall into these Rough hands, you may expect no more Favour then they have shewn unto us poor Inferior Whores.
Will your Eminency therefore be pleased to consider how highly it concerns You to restore us to our former practice with Honour, Freedom, and Safety For which we shall oblige ourselves by as many Oaths as you please, To Contribute to Your Ladyship, (as our Sisters do at Rome & Venice to his Holiness the Pope) that we may have your petition to the Exercise of all our Venerial pleasures. And we shall endeavor, as our bounden duty, the promoting of your Great Name, and the preservation of your Honour, Safety and Interest, with the hazard of our Lives, Fortunes, and HONESTY.
Needless to say, Lady Castlemaine did not take this well.
In case you skimmed it, there was some top-notch seventeenth century shade in that petition. Yes, London's sex workers had suffered violence and the destruction of their property at the hands of several thousand frustrated apprentices with more testosterone than sense, but the petition was firmly tongue-in-cheek. It was a satire, and possibly written by Cresswell's lover, Sir Thomas Player, an anti-Catholic MP who detested Lady Castlemaine.
He wasn't the only one, it so happens. Castlemaine was Catholic in a time when anti-Catholic sentiment was rife in England, with many suspecting Charles II of being Catholic himself. Castlemaine was known to be Charles' mistress, but her elevated status as a married countess did not make her less of a whore in the eyes of London's working girls. You may have noticed a few digs in there about Catholicism and the Pope—these were not idle comments, but pointed sedition. The concern expressed that the apprentices might be coming for her next is not only an insult to Castlemaine, but to Whitehall as a whole—the biggest, most debauched brothel of them all.
Interestingly enough, the official reason for the apprentices' rioting was anger over the decadence of Charles' court and London in general; the petition does not refute this, but drives it home by addressing it to the king's mistress. If we accept that the riots were political protest as opposed to natural frustration boiling over and that the petition was moral criticism rather than just an elaborate burn on Lady Castlemaine, it would seem apprentices and sex workers were in agreement with each other with regards to the shortcomings of the court.
Although Lady Castlemaine did not intercede on behalf of London's sex workers as requested, the damage was such that eight apprentices were executed for rioting. Rioting was akin to treason at this point, and the penalty was likewise severe, if infrequently carried out.
While these riots are a thing of the past, Shrove Tuesday is not the only Spring holiday that has resulted in exuberant violence and sexual assault. You consider Mardi Gras and now Holi in India, which has made the news this week for the extremes one school in Delhi has gone to to keep their female students from being groped and it makes you wonder if maybe sexual repression is not the healthiest policy.
Ackroyd, Peter. London: The Biography.
Arnold, Catharine. The Sexual History of London.
Brooke, Alan and Brandon, David. Tyburn: London's Fatal Tree.
Burford, E. J. Bawds and Lodgings: A History of the London Bankside Brothels c. 100 – 1675
Pepys, Samuel. Diary entry for March 25th, 1668.
Picard, Liza. Restoration London.
The header image is not from this riot. It illustrates sailors rioting in a brothel some years later in The Strand. Madam Damaris Page, coincidentally co-sponsor of The Poor-Whores Petition, was said to have press ganged dock workers visiting her brothel into the navy, which made her understandably unpopular.
*At least throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Apprentices Barbara Villiers Bawdy House Riots Prostitution Samuel Pepys Shrove Tuesday Riots The Poor Whores Petition William Hogarth Youth
4 Comments Posted on March 1, 2017 18th Century, 19th Century, 20th Century, America, Ancient History, Art, Beauty, France, Georgian Britain, Medieval History, Sex, Violence
History Carnival 163: Around the World in Fifteen Blog Posts
A map of Cherokee country from History Imagined
Good morning, everybody! Today on DSH, we are thrilled to be hosting this month's History Carnival, a moving showcase of some of the best new history posts from the previous month. We have a lot of great stuff for you from the ancient world to modern Britain, so grab a cup of coffee, sit back, and travel around the world with us in fifteen fascinating history posts.
On History in the Margins, Pamela Toler has a timely post about defensive walls in history, in particular, The Great Wall of China. While The Great Wall we know today was mostly constructed by the Ming dynasty in the Middle Ages, the walls' first defenses were actually erected some fifteen hundred years earlier to keep out "barbarians" from the steppes.
On Military History and Warfare, Alexander Clark has an excellent review of Peter Frankopan's The First Crusade: The Call from the East. While there are many history books about the Crusades, Frankopan adds to the discussion by considering the Byzantine perspective through analysis of Anna Komnene's The Alexiad, a history of Alexios' reign through the eyes of his daughter. The review is an informative history post in itself, and I will be adding both Frankopan's book and Military History and Warfare to my reading list.
Theresa Phipps has a fantastic post on law as it was applied to violent women in medieval England on The Dangerous Women Project. While it is still surprisingly difficult to find solid resources on the legal status of women in the Middle Ages, Phipps uses primary legal documents and court records to examine specific cases of women misbehaving and explains why women were viewed as particularly dangerous. "Law, Violence, and 'Dangerous Women.'"
In "The Otherness of Now: Contemporary History via Berger & Sontag," George Campbell Gosling continues the discussion of storytelling and the particular challenges of writing modern and contemporary history started by John Berger and Susan Sontag on Channel 4 in 1983. Where do we as historians start, if we don't know how the story ends? How do we analyze events that are still taking place? https://gcgosling.wordpress.com/2017/01/30/berger-sontag/
Mucha, La Dame aux Camelias (1896)
Ever wonder where the SS went for their vacations? No, me either. However, the story of the Wannsee villa is not just a bizarre look at a former Nazi holiday resort. The history of the villa is also intertwined with the fortunes of the Nazi party, from failed Putsch, to Final Solution, to Holocaust museum and archive. Sometimes walls can talk… The Wannsee Conference on Art and Architecture, Mainly
Paris & Prague
Brand new art blog Vermillion Goldfish made a splash (sorry) this month with its first post, an in-depth look at In Quest of Beauty, the latest exhibition of Alphonse Mucha's work that explores the theory of beauty that inspired the artist's iconic portraits that still grace stationary and paper the walls of dorm rooms the world over. So much more than a teaser, this post offers valuable insight into Mucha's work and explains his personal perception of beauty. We may associate his models with theatrical costumes and gravity-defying hair, but for Mucha, beauty was all about idealized femininity and serenity of expression.
J.K. Knauss stopped by Unusual Historicals with the story of Maria de Padilla, the mistress of King Pedro of Castile. While Pedro was obliged to marry for political advantage, Maria was the love of his life. Often overlooked by historians due to her (ahem) position as mistress, Maria gave Pedro four children during his two failed marriages and spent her time founding convents and monasteries before she died of plague at the ripe old age of twenty-seven.
Catherine Kullman looks at the extraordinary notebook of British naval Commander Charles Haultain R.N. on My Scrap Album. Over a twelve year period, Haultain filled the book with newspaper clippings, pop up pictures, poetry, and personal stories of his adventures in the Mediterranean from ages twenty-four to thirty-six, such as the time he thought he found the grave of Hannibal in Malta…
Psyche at Venus' feet from "Love is a Monster"
Zenobia Neil guests on Writing the Past with "Love is a Monster," a delightful post about love in the ancient world. Love in Rome was anything but romantic, where marriages were made and ended for the sake of political alliance and love was a debilitating madness. She uses the story of Cupid and Psyche from Apuleius' The Golden Ass to argue that the dual love/fury aspects of Venus were effectively the same thing to a society that did not view love as a benevolent force, but rightly feared its potentially devastating power.
Sardinia…and Cherokee Country
On History Imagined, Caroline Warfield traces the Jacobite succession following Bonnie Prince Charlie to the House of Savoy in Sardinia. On the same blog, Linda Bennett Pennell writes about the daily lives of the Cherokee during the colonization of the United States in "When Being Civilized Was Not Enough." History Imagined has years' worth of fascinating social history archives and it's well worth having a browse.
If you're out and about in upstate New York, you might consider stopping by Johnson Hall State Historic Site in Johnstown. Chris Clemens has an interesting post on Exploring Upstate about Sir William Johnson's life from his position as British Superintendent of Indian Affairs and his relations with the Mohawk tribe (he learned their language and married a Mohawk woman) to his being awarded a baronetcy and constructing Johnson Hall. Lots of great photos of a lovingly preserved Colonial mansion.
Michelle Cox is writing the history of Chicago, one person at a time. Her latest post, "I Wanted to Be With People," tells the life story of Erna (Hager) Lindner, an Austrian woman who immigrated to Chicago in 1925 at the age of nineteen. Erna moved to America on her own in pursuit of a boy from her church she had fallen in love with; three months after arriving in Chicago, she found him and married him. Michelle Cox's blog is packed with compelling stories of the everyday people that make up Chicago's colorful past and is a goldmine for anyone interested in early twentieth century social history, and may also be useful for those tracing their family history through Chicago.
Anna Castle takes a look at the postures of monarchs throughout history from an ergonomic perspective in "How to Sit on a Throne." See right, Elizabeth Russell looks a bit too comfortable with that footstool she has found…
Alphonse Mucha Byzantine empire Chicago China Constantinople History Carnival Law Maria de Padilla Medieval History The Crusades Throne Sitting for Dummies WWII


-Lance Zierlein.Foles is entering the offseason as the backup to Case Keenum St.After getting knocked out by , he promptly retired.Meanwhile, Harbaugh gave the Ravens ' fan base a dose of hope when he announced linebacker be placed on injured reserve with the designated to return tag.And the five-fight winning streak that Edwards bring into the bout has made believe that the British striker earn the biggest victory of his UFC career on Saturday.Atlanta Falcons – Peerless Price suffered bruised ribs and a mild concussion Atlanta's game against Tennessee over the weekend.
has received expansive treatment on his knee.It's been a throwback for Staal, and he's now collected 14 tallies and 13 helpers through his past 18 games.Don't sweat the small stuff and enjoy life!The Titans took Mariota with the No.
During a 1-on-1 interview with JP Finlay on Saturday at training camp, Finlay asked Thompson to describe Derrius Guice with one word.There was Slater, three or four other surfers and was just vomiting up water like flat out.Bledsoe went 1 of 2 from 3-point range.He was sidelined by right knee inflammation, then appeared seven minor league games during his rehab assignment.We kinda go the whole nine yards now.
The good news is that it's not really the end.averaged -high 29 points to go with 9 assists and 9 rebounds 22 games, earning Eastern Conference Player of the Month honors for the fourth time this .I like him.Episodes will be released every Wednesday.Better yet, suggests the Texans have the third-best passing schedule this .
scored 25 points on 10-for-16 shooting, posted 17 points and 10 rebounds and totaled 16 points and seven assists.Detroit made it 6 the sixth when Ronny Rodriguez hit RBI double and scored on Iglesias's single over a drawn- infield.13 – premiere of Hard Knocks.
2005 the sleepers from ORV were West Virginia , Notre Dame , and UCLA while the Out of Nowhere teams were Penn State , TCU and Clemson .October, cooperation with the Sager Strong Foundation, TNT Bleacher Report and Auction Cause, NIKEiD auctioned off 100 pairs of Air Force One's designed by the fashion icon himself, complete with paisley print panels, a seersucker tongue tab and multi-colored laces.This could all get mitigated out .Leason, who hails from Calgary, AB, has played 81 career WHL games, picking up nine goals and 10 assists.And even if you throw out Manning as anomaly, the averages are still 293 of 450,589 and 12.
But Athanasiou has been cold .I 't know, manager Servais said of a potential return.


SPOOKY images have revealed the inside of a mysterious Doctor's home and surgery which is still littered with belongings and surgical equipment almost thirty years after his death.
The haunting series of pictures show the lower floor of the building which was used by Urologist, Doctor Klaus Kraft. Dusty tubes of human kidney samples, rusting utensils and a mouldy treatment chair remain in the dilapidated surgery and medical scrubs still hang on the walls.
In contrast, images of the upper floors feature a grand piano with discoloured sheet music and a guitar propped against it. Other snaps show a glamourous spiral stair case with wallpaper peeling from the walls and a taxidermist's stuffed fox.
In other photographs, beautiful dresses adorn the walls and a spooky black and white portrait of a woman sits on a filthy windowsill.
The images were taken by urban explorer, Sascha Jung in Nord Hessen, Germany. Sascha used a Canon EOS 70D camera to capture the shots.
"My favourite photo is the one with the four glass containers of kidneys," said Sascha.
"I find it fascinating that these were left but it's disgusting at the same time.
It is speculated that the building was the home and private workplace of Urologist, Doctor Klaus Kraft who lived and worked there with his wife. After his death in 1988, it is unknown whether the building was used as a surgery again.
"I love being in deserted locations, the atmosphere, the smell and the silence is incredible," said Sascha.
"Nature eventually brings back what was once hers and makes you look at it relentlessly.
"When I show people my pictures they are so excited and can't believe that these places exist.


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Tulsa vice unit changes tactics to fight prostitution, human trafficking
Backpage.com (File)
May 05, 2018 at 4:24 am CDT
By Michael Purdy
KRMG has told you for years about Tulsa undercover officers using Backpage.com to arrest prostitutes and pimps.
The FBI seized the website about a month ago, so that avenue has dried up. However, the vice unit has learned to adapt their methods.
A supervisor tells us the public has been learning about human trafficking and that has helped their cause.
"The more education people get about this issue, the more it will be reported to us, rather than us having to go out and find it in an undercover investigation," the supervisor said.
Undercover officers have also been targeting local massage parlors.

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Home / News / Hatchbacks
2021 Honda Civic Type R gets price bump, Limited Edition model
Stephen Edelstein January 6, 2021 Comment Now!
The 2021 Honda Civic Type R gets a $440 price bump before the launch of a redesigned 2023 model.
CarsDirect gained access to a dealer-pricing guide, which showed a $400 increase in the base price of the Type R, plus a $40 increase in the mandatory destination charge for all Honda cars (the destination charge for SUVs, pickup trucks, and minivans goes up $55 for 2021). The changes were subsequently confirmed by updated pricing information published on Honda's media website.
The 2021 Honda Civic Type R has a base price of $37,895, but the $995 destination charge brings the total price up to $38,890. The base model doesn't get any significant changes. It sticks with a 2.0-liter turbocharged inline-4 that churns out 306 horsepower and 295 pound-feet of torque. That power flows exclusively to the front wheels through a 6-speed manual transmission.
2021 Honda Civic Type R Limited Edition
The big change for 2021 is the addition of a new Limited Edition model to the lineup. Starting at $44,990 (including destination), it doesn't feature any changes under the hood, but gets lighter forged aluminum BBS wheels, less sound-deadening material (saving 28.2 pounds, according to Honda), Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 tires, retuned dampers, recalibrated steering, and a serialized number plate. Production is limited to 600 units.
A Limited Edition Type R set a lap record for front-wheel drive cars at Japan's Suzuka Circuit last year. However, the car used was a European-spec model, which gets additional weight-saving measures compared to the U.S.-market version.
Honda is working on a new Type R based on the redesigned 2022 Civic. This model will use a more rigid version of the current-generation Civic's platform, which dates back to the 2016 model year. While Honda has only shown a prototype 2022 Civic sedan, the hatchback body style is expected to return as well—and be the foundation for the next Type R.
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FORT SILL, Oklahoma (Dec. 20, 2018) -- One of the unique missions of the National Guard was its Agri-Business Development Team that worked in Afghanistan in 2009-2010, said Brig. Gen. Frank Rice, Fires Center of Excellence and Fort Sill deputy to the commanding general Army National Guard Air Defense Artillery.
These teams were made up of National Guard Soldiers with backgrounds in agriculture, who then worked with local Afghan farmers; and provided advice to local universities and connected them to American agricultural schools.
"We taught 360 folks there how to bee-keep. It worked out good," said Rice, who was mobilized to be on the team. "From what I hear it's still working."
The nation celebrated the 382nd birthday of the National Guard Dec. 13, and at Fort Sill a cake cutting ceremony by the post's youngest and oldest National Guard Soldiers highlighted the event.
Commanders, service members, Department of Army civilians, families and friends joined in the celebration at Snow Hall. Rice was the guest speaker.
In his invocation, Fort Sill Installation Chaplain (Col.) Jimmy Nichols said, God, from the formation of the militia in 1636 to the fighting in the longest war in U.S. history, the National Guard has stood the test.
During the ceremony, Rice along with Pvt. Dustin Ellis, age 17, and Chief Warrant Officer 5 Earnest Metcalf, 54, cut the cake. Ellis is a basic combat trainee in D Battery, 1st Battalion, 40th Field Artillery; and Metcalf, is the FCoE senior warrant officer adviser for field artillery.
Guests were first treated to a short video about the National Guard's many state and federal missions.
In his remarks, Rice gave a chronological history of the Army National Guard and Air National Guard.
He detailed the range of their missions from disaster response to border security to fighting alongside active-duty forces.
The National Guard traces its origins to the militias of the 13 orginal colonies, Rice said. The oldest units were organized Dec. 13, 1636, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony Militia.
The founding fathers recognized the importance of the militia by writing it into the Constitution, he said. In the militia's case, power was divided between individual states and the federal government.
"Throughout its history, the National Guard has often been an invisible, but vital force," the general said. "Most days, we are among you in the community.
When a domestic crisis hits, or the call to arms is declared, the National Guard transforms to serve as citizen Soldiers and Airmen.
When called upon, the National Guard stands up to its motto, "Always Ready, Always There," said Rice.
, the National Guard has over 22,000 mobilized Soldiers and Airmen, with nearly 15,000 of those deployed overseas, Rice said. In addition, there are over 5,300 National Guard Soldiers and Airmen on duty supporting domestic operations.
The ceremony ended with a playing of "The Army Song." Most guests stayed and enjoyed refreshments including the cake.


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«Код Орбе́ли» — армяно-российский документальный фильм об известной династии учёных, армянской семье Орбели. Премьера фильма состоялась 12 марта 2012 года

История
Фильм был снят Ашотом Джазояном и Викторией Грудинской, при поддержке Министерства культуры Республики Армения, компании Realjet и продюсерского центра «4 формата». Фильм снимался на протяжении семи месяцев. Съёмки фильма велись в Грузии, Армении и России. Премьера фильма состоялась 12 марта 2012 года в Москве, в кинотеатре «Ролан».

Сюжет
Фильм о знаменитых братьях Орбели, выдающихся деятелях науки и культуры, каждый из которых выбрал в науке своё направление, а также об их вкладе в армяно-российское взаимодействие в области культуры и науки. Старший из братьев, Рубен, был профессором, основоположником подводной археологии в СССР. Средний, Леон, являлся одним из создателей эволюционной физиологии, академиком и вице-президентом советской Академии наук. Младший из братьев, Иосиф, почти двадцать лет возглавлял Государственный Эрмитаж, основал Академию наук Армении и был её первым президентом

Показы по ТВ
 20 марта 2012 года — телеканал «Культура». Первый показ фильма. Приурочен к 125-летию со дня рождения младшего из братьев Орбели — Иосифа.
 5 июня 2012 года — телеканал «Культура». Второй показ. Посвящён 130-летию со дня рождения среднего брата — Леона Орбели

Примечания

Фильмы-биографии Армении
Фильмы-биографии России
Документальные фильмы Армении
Документальные фильмы России
Фильмы Армении 2012 года
Фильмы России 2012 года
Документальные фильмы 2012 года
Фильмы Ашота Джазояна

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Collection: MODIS Image of the Day
Fire Marches Across the Okavango Delta
Amid seasonal flooding, satellites observed a burn scar growing in Botswana.
33 MB - GIF
An Eye-Catching Circle of Cloud
Sometimes the atmosphere churns up peculiar-looking cloud formations that are as notable for aesthetic reasons as they are for scientific ones.
West Coast Panorama
Stunning natural phenomenon in the water and atmosphere are revealed in this wide view of the western coastline of the United States.
8576 x 11398
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Sediment Plume off the Louisiana Coast
A pulse of flood water from the central United States spilled into the Gulf of Mexico.
An Intersection of Land, Ice, Sea, and Clouds
Cold winter winds helped paint a lovely scene off the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland.
Snow Drought in the Rockies
A below-normal snowpack in the Southern Rockies could spell trouble for water managers if the deficit continues into late winter and spring.
Gita Batters the South Pacific
The tropical cyclone was one of the strongest on record to make a direct hit on Tongapatu.
Curvy Contrails
An aircraft sketched designs in the sky over Florida and Georgia.
Waves in the Sky Behind the Auckland Islands
This distinctive V-shaped wave pattern can emerge behind mountains, ships, and ducks.
Dust in the Dasht-e Kavir
Winds lofted sand and dust particles over northern Iran's Great Salt Desert.
Autumn Colors in North America
Peak autumn colors have arrived in some parts of the eastern United States and Canada.
Explosive Fires in Northern California
Blazes that started on a few hundred acres around Napa Valley were fanned by strong northeasterly winds into more than 100,000 acres of burned land in just two days.
Plankton Abloom in Washington's Hood Canal
Water in this Pacific Northwest fjord resembles the color of the Caribbean Sea.
Cyclonic Rotation off Portugal
In summer, the slow-moving systems often form clouds without any precipitation.
Raised by Fire, Felled by Ice
Events on Earth's surface can affect the development and shape of clouds in the sky.
Hurricane Matthew Hits Haiti
At the time of landfall on October 4, 2016, Hurricane Matthew became the strongest storm to hit Haiti in more than 50 years.
The Evolution of Hurricane Hermine
After hitting Florida as a tropical cyclone, Hermine transitioned into a very different type of storm.
Stubble Burning in Punjab, India
As they do every fall, farmers in northern India burned crop residue following the harvest.
Canadian Wildfires Produce River of Smoke
Smoke from fires in Canada streamed into the United States.
At the Intersection of Coastal Peru and a Cloud Bank
Tendrils of fog outline river valleys as the Andes Mountains block advancing banks of ocean clouds.
Cyclone Ita Approaching Australia
At the time of this image, the potent storm was headed for landfall in Queensland.
Swirls in the Waters off France
An ongoing phytoplankton bloom has painted the sea surface in jewel tones.
8 MB - GeoTIFF
An Australian "Anti-storm"
A high near Tasmania left a gaping hole in the clouds.
Sunny Skies over the Antarctic Peninsula
Acquired April 24, 2012, these images show part of the Antarctic Peninsula, enjoying sunny skies and warm temperatures after a bout of cloudy weather.
Spring Paints the Piedmont Green
The timing of seasons in North America is changing.
Clould-free skies allowed a view of the entire peninsula along Mexico's Pacific Coast.
Ship Wave Clouds over the North Sea
An intricate interaction of waves shapes the clouds in the North Sea, making patterns that echo basic principles of nature.
Fires in Eastern China
Streaks of thick haze were draped over the North China Plain when the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) captured this photo-like image on June 4, 2006, from NASA's Terra satellite. Though it is not possible to tell the source of the haze from a photo-like image like this one, there are several likely contributors. First, dozens of fires, marked in red, are scattered across the southern edge of the plain. A light pall of gray haze lingers over the largest cluster of the fires below the center of the image (more clearly seen in the large image), hinting that smoke may be contributing to the haze. The Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) expected China's winter grain harvest to peak during the first two weeks of June, and it's likely that the fires were started by farmers burning the stubble off their fields after harvest. Dust may also be mingling in the mix of haze. In the lower-left corner and right of the center of the image, the haze is opaque with the earthy tan tone that is common for wind-blown dust. Eastern China experienced an unusual number of severe sand storms in the spring of 2006, when weather patterns in Siberia swept powerful winds across the Gobi Desert and carried dust over Eastern China. The dust shown in this image, however, appears to originate from the North China Plain. Mild drought settled over the Yellow River Basin, the area immediately north of the band of fires, after a dry spring, reported the FAS. Since dry soil is easily lifted on the wind, the likelihood of dust storms on the plain increases during drought. Finally, urban and industrial pollution could be adding to the haze, particularly in the north. Here, the haze is lighter in color, resembling the white-gray air that sometimes lingers over cities. Several of China's largest cities are in or near the area shown in this image (Beijing is just beyond the top edge of the image), and much of China's industry is in this region as well.
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Mount Merapi
This is an image of Mount Merapi, acquired by the MODIS on the Terra satellite on June 6, 2006. A red square marks the volcano's summit; this "hotspot" is where the satellite sensor detected unusually warm surface temperatures. A gray plume emerges...


AWD SUV w/ HEATED FRONT SEATS, BLIND-SPOT MONITORING SYSTEM, HEATED REAR SEATS, TINTED GLASS, BLUETOOTH AND SO MUCH MORE!! Did you know?.....ORegans offers 3M film protection to protect the hood, door handles and mirrors of this car.
This vehicle is $1,550 BELOW MARKET (5%) in the Halifax area. It is analyzed against similar 2018 Hyundai Tucson's and is based on kilometers, transmission, trim, and options.


The shock of discovering that a trusted employee has secretly robbed the company often leads to an equally troubling aftershock: finding that the limit of coverage on the current crime insurance policy appears insufficient. Many policyholders, like the hungry children in Charles Dickens' "Oliver Twist," meekly accept their meager lot, unaware that they may well deserve more from their standard commercial crime insurance policies, because multiple limits may apply. Insurers may deride this approach as "stacking," but that term does not appear in commercial crime insurance or any other policies. Instead, the policies often provide coverage up to stated limits for each "occurrence," perhaps subject to "policy period," "non cumulation" and "extended discovery" clauses. Courts construing these provisions recognize that multiple limits may apply to employee dishonesty losses that continued undetected over several successive policy periods. While the current policy is likely to cover the concealed losses from prior policy periods (under "discovery" and "superseded suretyship" provisions), if such losses exceed the limit of the current policy, prior policies provide additional coverage, subject to their own separate limit.


Residential complex is located in cadastral area Bratislava – Petržalka. Complex is situated on south from Panónska road and north from newly built zone C1. The building is a continuation of construction project "Južné mesto – zone B1". Together with 2 more following residential buildings (BII and BIII) will form the second line of residential buildings zone from the side of Panónska road.
The residential building BI will consist of 2 blocks with 1 underground and 8 above ground floors, out of which the top 2 floors are receding. The construction will create together 241 new 1- to 4- room flats.


Living in Swindon for over 50 years, I have worked as a Senior Engineer in the building industry for much of that time. Working in partnership with my son Adam, we are a local family run business. We pride ourselves on providing our customers with the best service in the Swindon, Newbury and Marlborough area.


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Stewart L. Blusson (b. 1938)
Few events in mining history have generated as much excitement or public attention as the Lac de Gras diamond discoveries in Canada's North during the early 1990s. Stewart (Stu) Blusson was an intellectual catalyst for this transformative event, which led to development of Ekati, Canada's first diamond mine, and other significant discoveries.
Ross J. Beaty (b. 1951)
The career achievements of Ross Beaty are as multi-dimensional as the man and the companies he founded and led over almost four decades. He is first and foremost a geologist with a passion for exploration and a discerning eye for projects with economic potential.
Edward G. Thompson (b. 1936)
For more than half a century, Edward Thompson has contributed to the progress and prestige of the Canadian mining industry as an explorer, mine developer, company builder, and dedicated supporter of industry causes and associations.
John Zigarlick, Jr. (1937 – 2011)
John Zigarlick, Jr. was a visionary mine-maker and company-builder who left an enduring legacy in Canada's North through innovative infrastructure development and the formation of progressive Aboriginal business partnerships.
John C. MacIsaac (1906 – 1991)
Minefinders get the glory, but it is the minebuilders who get the ore. For 65 years, while others discovered and financed the deposits, John Maclsaac applied his energies to breaking the first rock, sinking the first shafts and preparing the mines for their first production.
Matthew James Boylen (1907 – 1970)
Sometimes referred to as "the King of the Minemakers" at the height of his career, James Boylen was best known for the discovery and development of the volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the Bathurst area of New Brunswick in the early 1950s.
Mervyn Arthur Upham (1917 – 1999)
The list of mines in which Mervyn Arthur Upham played a significant role developing is considerable - 22 in Canada alone, several more internationally.
James Gerald McCrea (1898 – 1953)
James McCrea was instrumental in building Dome Mines into one of the giants of the Canadian mining industry. He was responsible for acquiring and developing Dome's Sigma mine in northwestern Quebec in the early 1930s, which has been producing gold for 56 years, and the Campbell Red Lake gold mine, one of Canada's premier gold producers and also still in production.
John Kostuik (1911 – 2004)
John Kostuik exemplified the rough and ready ways of the hard-rock miner. A mining engineer, he cut his teeth by somehow managing to eke out of profits for what was in the late 1930s the lowest-grade mine in Canada. Howey Gold Mines, in fact, proved to be a training ground for low-cost mining methods.
Sir Harry Oakes (1874 – 1943)
Adventure, fame and fortune all came the way of Sir Harry Oakes, the self-made prospector and mine-finder who transformed Ontario's Kirkland Lake district into one of the world's most famous gold camps.


Square Enix promised new information on Shadow of the Tomb Raider and they delivered. Yesterday, the different editions of the game set to be released on September 14th were leaked. And earlier today a new trailer was shown along with a playable demo. Now I was not fortunate enough to be one of the lucky ones to play the roughly hour long demo so I can't really say anything about that. I can only base what the game will be like on the trailer but, man does it look great.
As would be expected at this point, the visuals are amazing. I have a thing for water graphics that I am aware is not shared by all. However if that is something you are into then you already know the Tomb Raider games deliver, and this one is no exception. We have also been promised underwater pieces of the game which also means physics of how things move in water. Before I go on for too long about random things I want to see floating underwater, just suffice it to say that the game looks beautiful.
The real thing that we all want the hear about is the story. We still don't know a lot but what is known at this point is that Lara is attempting to put a stop to a Mayan apocalypse in Peru. Surely Trinity will have a hand in this somehow but that hasn't been confirmed by the trailer. The people we see besides Lara seem intent on sacrificing some poor, unfortunate soul. This could be to stave off an apocalypse, prepare for the afterlife, or something else entirely that my brain simply cannot conjure.
The trailer has also told us a few new things we would be able to do within the game. The developers promised that stealth would become a more important part to this game over the previous two. The trailer shows that this may be the case with Lara sneaking up behind people and brutally stabbing them with an unpleasantly large knife. We also see Lara hiding in the trees and using a grappling hook type of gizmo that in combat using to string people up from trees like Batman. Except these people die because Lara's no bloody pacifist.
Now that we have talked about why you want to buy this game, the PlayStation and Xbox stores have shared how you can buy it. There is of course the regular, standard edition with no frills along with two other editions that release on the same day. The Deluxe Edition has a the soundtrack and a new weapon and outfit for Lara. If you preorder this edition, then you get both of those along with a skill pack, theme (PS4), Avatar outfit (Xbox One), wallpaper (Steam) and early access to the game. 48 hours early to be exact so while everyone else has to wait until the 14th, you can begin your journey on the 12th. Last is the Croft Edition which has all of those things plus more weapons and outfits and the season pass.
Shadow of the Tomb Raider will release for all on the 14 September, 2018 on Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and PC.
It sounds like it will be pretty good! The Batman statement is so true, because he would have a much better time if he killed mofos!


New Sizes of the 2 Finger Angular Gripper SWG Fast fingers for assembly automation Sizes 10 and 12 complete the efficient spectrum of pneumatic angular grippers type SWG by two more sizes.
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From lubrication basics to comprehensive air audit strategies, these free whitepapers will help you optimize your compressed air system.
Uncompromising on quality With a robust compressor block and piston rings made from wear resistant special plastic Durable and robust Thanks to oil cooling in the final compressor stage.
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Barbara Falowski - Barbara is the founder of Barbara Falowski Funeral & Cremation Services, and is a Licensed Funeral Director in Florida. She is a graduate of the W. L Philbrick School of Funeral Science at Miami Dade College, and has served as treasurer of Pi Sigma Eta, the Honor Society of Morticians. She is a member of Independent Funeral Directors of Florida.. Barbara moved to South Florida in 1962 and has been married to Steve Falowski, a local businessman, since 1977. They have two sons. Jason and Patrick. She was a member of the Central District Advisory Board for Broward County Schools , and was active in the PTA. She was a member of the Ft Lauderdale Cemetery Board, and the Croissant Park Civic Association Barbara has been active in the Federal Little League, children's soccer, football and scouts.
Barbara enjoys gardening, outdoor activities, and spending time with her family.
Barbara's passion has always been caring for others, especially when they have suffered the loss of a loved one.
Lizbeth E. Frenier (Liz) - Liz is the owner of Barbara Falowski Funeral & Cremation Services and is a Licensed Funeral Director in Florida. Liz has a B.S. in Business Administration from CSUB and after re-locating to Ft Lauderdale from California, she graduated from St Petersburg College Funeral Services program. Liz has a love for the ocean and loves to Scuba Dive, the outdoors, traveling and cooking. Liz dedicates herself to serve families, and offer exceptional service.
Allen Powell - Allen has been a Licensed Funeral Director/Embalmer for 34 years and a former owner of funeral homes in Virginia. Allen has a B.A, in English from Asbury University, a M.Div in Theology from Wesley Theological Seminary, a Th.M in Psychology a D.Min in Formal Counseling from Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and an A.S. in Funeral Service from John Tyler Community College. For the last 16 years he was Program Director and Professor of Funeral Service Education at Miami Dade College.
Allen has dedicated himself to serving others, and it is his personal mission that every family receives the highest level of quality service available.
Allen enjoys traveling and spending time with friends, gourmet cooking, fine dining and loves the beach.
Carrie Hernandez - Carrie Hernandez has been a licensed funeral director for 20 years. She is a graduate of W. L. Phillbrick School of Funeral Service, Miami- Dade, Florida. She enjoys most winter outdoor activities and has a passion for traveling. Carrie has a love for animals and is involved with local animal rescue agencies. I am compassionate, caring and dedicated to the families that we serve.
Robert Rose - Robert Rose (Bob) re-located to Fort Lauderdale, FL from Rochester, NY nine years ago. Bob's background includes 20 years of medical experience with emphasis on the Technical Aspects of Dialysis. The last 4 years prior to joining our team, Bob was doing private duty as a live in caregiver.
Bob is truly our "Helping Hands" and assists in all aspects of the daily operations of the funeral home.


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For-Profits
One Million Mentors
One Million Mentors is a bold initiative to ensure that every young person in the country has access to a trained mentor as they transition into adulthood. I have advised founders Rushanara Ali, MP, and Alveena Malik, and served on the Advisory Board.
Jon has been an invaluable adviser to myself, my Co-Founder and the team, as we took an ambitious idea and turned it into a reality. Jon's constant support and encouragement as well as challenge to 'think big' whilst also making sure we focussed on the detail has been integral to our start up phase. Jon has provided strategic advice on our business plan, introduced us to a wide network of partners and has made himself available during every key phase of our project. In actual fact Jon is the mentor to One Million Mentors!
Alveena Malik, Chief Executive and Co-Founder
e: info@huggett.com
© Copyright 2013 Jon Huggettt
Made at The House


Our specialties include 55 years of experience, bonded, insured, licensed, oh lic # 18732 and your full service electrical contractor. Bonded, insured, licensed. Our preferred brands include commercial and residential. We can assist you with 24 hour emergency service, construction, electrical contractor and your full service. We do not offer emergency service. 55 years of experience. We've served industrial, residential and commercial customers. Open for business 24 hour emergency service.
If you have used the services of Murray Electric CO we'd love to hear from you! Use the form below to review and comment on your experience.


Officials from the Department of Education in Washington, D.C. sent letters to eight universities this week informing them they are under investigation.
On Monday the department sent letters to presidents of Yale University, Wake Forest University, the University of San Diego, Stanford University, Georgetown University, the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Southern California and the University of California at Los Angeles, notifying them of a "preliminary investigation" into their admissions practices.
Education Department officials declined to provide a copy of the letters, but the Dallas Morning News obtained a copy sent to the University of Texas at Austin's president, Gregory Fenves, and officials at the university confirmed receiving it.
The letter referenced allegations made public earlier this month that federal prosecutors charged nearly 50 people in an admissions-fraud scheme in which a college counseling firm bribed college athletics officials to gain preferential treatment for some students' applications.
"The allegations made and evidence cited by the Department of Justice raise questions about whether your institution is fully meeting its obligations under the HEA, the Department's regulations, and the PPA," the letter said, referring to the Higher Education Act and the Program Participation Agreement.
The letter notes that if colleges cannot prove they are following federal guidelines in their admissions and financial aid practices, they risk losing eligibility for federal financial aid. It added that the law requires universities that are eligible for federal aid to show that no one involved in admissions "may have engaged in fraud, misrepresentation, conversion or breach of fiduciary responsibility, or other illegal conduct" related to the process.
The letter to the University of Texas at Austin asks the university to provide a long list of details and documents, including the names, social security numbers, academic transcript and all other records about UT students mentioned in the DOJ investigation, including whether or not the students or parents received federal financial aid. The education department also asked the university to provide any documents that were subpoenaed by the Department of Justice in its investigation, and even marketing materials including admissions brochures and websites "regarding the selective nature of the institution's programs and the standards employed in the admissions process.
The university was given 30 days to send in the required information.
A spokesperson for the university, J.B. Bird, said in a statement that an internal review is ongoing. "The university has a thorough admissions process," he added. "Integrity in admissions is vital to the academic and ethical standards of the university. The actions alleged by federal prosecutors against this one UT employee do not reflect the university's admissions process. Current information, including an overview of the admissions process, is posted online at our website on "Questions and Answers Related to the Federal Investigation of Admissions Fraud."
The university has already fired Michael Center, the tennis coach who was named by federal investigators as accepting bribes as part of the admissions scheme.
Texas Governor Greg Abbott has also called on the university to reexamine its admissions process. "It's important for every university to go back and re-evaluate, to study and to investigate, their admissions processes to make sure that nothing like this either is happening or can happen," Abbott said at a news conference in Austin, according to The Dallas Morning News.
Yale withdrew admission of a student who was admitted as part of the scheme.


hello everyone out there....my name is vic..lives here in california, working at comcast. im here hoping to seek friends.
Single hard working male . Very short on time no kids non smoker drug free light drinker. Very open mind person just bought my 1st home. If you have question please ask.
My friend and I are planning to move to Makati city and purchasing a condo there. I would like to make friends first.
I'm piscis, work as a daily trader in the stock market, I like to travel and my next destination is going to be philipines, I like to make friends and enjoy life with my family, and friends.
Fit, Charming, open to adventure, no drugs, non smoker, social drinker.
70 years young Jeans and Boots type of guy. Sports car enthusiast, Love gaming/casinos. Long Drives and sunsets.
I'm happiest when I'm in a loving relationship. I enjoy romance and i am very giving in a relationship and completely loyal to my partner.