text:
package com.opengamma.bbg.config;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Set;

import org.joda.beans.Bean;
import org.joda.beans.BeanBuilder;
import org.joda.beans.BeanDefinition;
import org.joda.beans.JodaBeanUtils;
import org.joda.beans.MetaProperty;
import org.joda.beans.Property;
import org.joda.beans.PropertyDefinition;
import org.joda.beans.impl.direct.DirectBeanBuilder;
import org.joda.beans.impl.direct.DirectMetaBean;
import org.joda.beans.impl.direct.DirectMetaProperty;
import org.joda.beans.impl.direct.DirectMetaPropertyMap;

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.common.collect.LinkedHashMultimap;
import com.google.common.collect.SetMultimap;
import com.opengamma.bbg.loader.SecurityType;
import com.opengamma.core.config.Config;
import com.opengamma.core.config.ConfigGroups;
import com.opengamma.id.MutableUniqueIdentifiable;
import com.opengamma.id.UniqueId;
import com.opengamma.id.UniqueIdentifiable;
import com.opengamma.util.ArgumentChecker;

/**
 * The mapping of Bloomberg security types description to OG security types.
 */
@Config(description = "Bloomberg security type definition", group = ConfigGroups.MISC)
@BeanDefinition
public class BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition implements Bean, Serializable, UniqueIdentifiable, MutableUniqueIdentifiable {

  /**
   * Serialization version.
   */
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
  /**
   * Name for the default configuration document.
   */
  public static final String DEFAULT_CONFIG_NAME = "DEFAULT_BBG_SEC_TYPE_DEFINITION";

  /**
   * The map of security types.
   */
  @PropertyDefinition(get = "manual", set = "manual")
  private final SetMultimap<SecurityType, String> _securityTypes = LinkedHashMultimap.create();
  /**
   * The unique identifier.
   */
  @PropertyDefinition
  private UniqueId _uniqueId;

  /**
   * Creates an instance.
   */
  public BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition() {
  }

  //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /**
   * Gets the map of security types.
   *
   * @return the map, not null
   */
  private SetMultimap<SecurityType, String> getSecurityTypes() {
    return _securityTypes;
  }

  /**
   * Gets the map of security types.
   *
   * @param map  the map to set, not null
   */
  private void setSecurityTypes(SetMultimap<SecurityType, String> map) {
    ArgumentChecker.notNull(map, "map");
    _securityTypes.clear();
    _securityTypes.putAll(map);
  }

  //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /**
   * Looks up a security type.
   *
   * @param bbgSecurityType  the security type, not null
   * @return the security type enum, null if no match
   */
  public SecurityType getSecurityType(String bbgSecurityType) {
    ArgumentChecker.notNull(bbgSecurityType, "bloomberg security type");
    for (Entry<SecurityType, String> entry : _securityTypes.entries()) {
      if (entry.getValue().equals(bbgSecurityType)) {
        return entry.getKey();
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  /**
   * Gets the valid types.
   *
   * @param securityType  the security type, not null
   * @return the set of valid types, not null
   */
  public ImmutableSet<String> getValidTypes(SecurityType securityType) {
    ArgumentChecker.notNull(securityType, "security type");
    return ImmutableSet.copyOf(_securityTypes.get(securityType));
  }

  /**
   * Gets all the enum types.
   *
   * @return the enum types, not null
   */
  public ImmutableSet<SecurityType> getAllSecurityTypes() {
    return ImmutableSet.copyOf(_securityTypes.keySet());
  }

  /**
   * Adds a security type mapping.
   *
   * @param bbgSecurityType  the bloomberg type, not null
   * @param type  the enum type, not null
   */
  public void addSecurityType(String bbgSecurityType, SecurityType type) {
    ArgumentChecker.notNull(bbgSecurityType, "bloomberg security type");
    ArgumentChecker.notNull(type, "security type");
    _securityTypes.put(type, bbgSecurityType);
  }

  //------------------------- AUTOGENERATED START -------------------------
  ///CLOVER:OFF
  /**
   * The meta-bean for {@code BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition}.
   * @return the meta-bean, not null
   */
  public static BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition.Meta meta() {
    return BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition.Meta.INSTANCE;
  }

  static {
    JodaBeanUtils.registerMetaBean(BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition.Meta.INSTANCE);
  }

  @Override
  public BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition.Meta metaBean() {
    return BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition.Meta.INSTANCE;
  }

  @Override
  public <R> Property<R> property(String propertyName) {
    return metaBean().<R>metaProperty(propertyName).createProperty(this);
  }

  @Override
  public Set<String> propertyNames() {
    return metaBean().metaPropertyMap().keySet();
  }

  //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  /**
   * Gets the the {@code securityTypes} property.
   * @return the property, not null
   */
  public final Property<SetMultimap<SecurityType, String>> securityTypes() {
    return metaBean().securityTypes().createProperty(this);
  }

  //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  /**
   * Gets the unique identifier.
   * @return the value of the property
   */
  public UniqueId getUniqueId() {
    return _uniqueId;
  }

  /**
   * Sets the unique identifier.
   * @param uniqueId  the new value of the property
   */
  public void setUniqueId(UniqueId uniqueId) {
    this._uniqueId = uniqueId;
  }

  /**
   * Gets the the {@code uniqueId} property.
   * @return the property, not null
   */
  public final Property<UniqueId> uniqueId() {
    return metaBean().uniqueId().createProperty(this);
  }

  //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  @Override
  public BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition clone() {
    return JodaBeanUtils.cloneAlways(this);
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object obj) {
    if (obj == this) {
      return true;
    }
    if (obj != null && obj.getClass() == this.getClass()) {
      BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition other = (BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition) obj;
      return JodaBeanUtils.equal(getSecurityTypes(), other.getSecurityTypes()) &&
          JodaBeanUtils.equal(getUniqueId(), other.getUniqueId());
    }
    return false;
  }

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    int hash = getClass().hashCode();
    hash = hash * 31 + JodaBeanUtils.hashCode(getSecurityTypes());
    hash = hash * 31 + JodaBeanUtils.hashCode(getUniqueId());
    return hash;
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(96);
    buf.append("BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition{");
    int len = buf.length();
    toString(buf);
    if (buf.length() > len) {
      buf.setLength(buf.length() - 2);
    }
    buf.append('}');
    return buf.toString();
  }

  protected void toString(StringBuilder buf) {
    buf.append("securityTypes").append('=').append(JodaBeanUtils.toString(getSecurityTypes())).append(',').append(' ');
    buf.append("uniqueId").append('=').append(JodaBeanUtils.toString(getUniqueId())).append(',').append(' ');
  }

  //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  /**
   * The meta-bean for {@code BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition}.
   */
  public static class Meta extends DirectMetaBean {
    /**
     * The singleton instance of the meta-bean.
     */
    static final Meta INSTANCE = new Meta();

    /**
     * The meta-property for the {@code securityTypes} property.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes" })
    private final MetaProperty<SetMultimap<SecurityType, String>> _securityTypes = DirectMetaProperty.ofReadWrite(
        this, "securityTypes", BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition.class, (Class) SetMultimap.class);
    /**
     * The meta-property for the {@code uniqueId} property.
     */
    private final MetaProperty<UniqueId> _uniqueId = DirectMetaProperty.ofReadWrite(
        this, "uniqueId", BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition.class, UniqueId.class);
    /**
     * The meta-properties.
     */
    private final Map<String, MetaProperty<?>> _metaPropertyMap$ = new DirectMetaPropertyMap(
        this, null,
        "securityTypes",
        "uniqueId");

    /**
     * Restricted constructor.
     */
    protected Meta() {
    }

    @Override
    protected MetaProperty<?> metaPropertyGet(String propertyName) {
      switch (propertyName.hashCode()) {
        case -714180327:  // securityTypes
          return _securityTypes;
        case -294460212:  // uniqueId
          return _uniqueId;
      }
      return super.metaPropertyGet(propertyName);
    }

    @Override
    public BeanBuilder<? extends BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition> builder() {
      return new DirectBeanBuilder<BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition>(new BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition());
    }

    @Override
    public Class<? extends BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition> beanType() {
      return BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition.class;
    }

    @Override
    public Map<String, MetaProperty<?>> metaPropertyMap() {
      return _metaPropertyMap$;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * The meta-property for the {@code securityTypes} property.
     * @return the meta-property, not null
     */
    public final MetaProperty<SetMultimap<SecurityType, String>> securityTypes() {
      return _securityTypes;
    }

    /**
     * The meta-property for the {@code uniqueId} property.
     * @return the meta-property, not null
     */
    public final MetaProperty<UniqueId> uniqueId() {
      return _uniqueId;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Override
    protected Object propertyGet(Bean bean, String propertyName, boolean quiet) {
      switch (propertyName.hashCode()) {
        case -714180327:  // securityTypes
          return ((BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition) bean).getSecurityTypes();
        case -294460212:  // uniqueId
          return ((BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition) bean).getUniqueId();
      }
      return super.propertyGet(bean, propertyName, quiet);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    protected void propertySet(Bean bean, String propertyName, Object newValue, boolean quiet) {
      switch (propertyName.hashCode()) {
        case -714180327:  // securityTypes
          ((BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition) bean).setSecurityTypes((SetMultimap<SecurityType, String>) newValue);
          return;
        case -294460212:  // uniqueId
          ((BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition) bean).setUniqueId((UniqueId) newValue);
          return;
      }
      super.propertySet(bean, propertyName, newValue, quiet);
    }

    @Override
    protected void validate(Bean bean) {
      JodaBeanUtils.notNull(((BloombergSecurityTypeDefinition) bean)._securityTypes, "securityTypes");
    }

  }

  ///CLOVER:ON
  //-------------------------- AUTOGENERATED END --------------------------
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In trading on Friday, cigarettes & tobacco shares were relative leaders, up on the day by about 1.1%. Leading the group were shares of Pyxus International, up about 11.3% and shares of Philip Morris International up about 0.3% on the day.
Also showing relative strength are rental, leasing, & royalty shares, up on the day by about 0.6% as a group, led by San Juan Basin Royalty Trust, trading higher by about 8.1% and Chesapeake Granite, trading higher by about 1.7% on Friday.


1. Evaluates patient's speech, language and swallowing abilities in order to formulate and conduct treatment plan designed to improve communicative efficiency of patients with communication problems. Establishes patient treatment goals tailored to each patient's needs and capabilities.
2. Demonstrates competency in understanding the growth and development of infant, child, adolescent, and geriatric patients as measured by specific performance standards and as described by department/unit policies and procedures. Demonstrates the ability to interpret growth and development related information to assure patient needs are met.
3. Reviews patient's chart, interviews patient/family and consults with physicians, audiologists and other relevant clinical professionals in order to evaluate patient condition according to standard procedures.
4. Counsels patients, family members/significant others regarding communication deficits and instructs them in proper management techniques.
5. Monitors patient progress, re-establishes goals and revises treatment plan as necessary. Alerts physicians to changes in patient's condition.
6. Maintains clinical records including writing diagnostic reports, progress reports, discharge summaries, re-evaluations and rechecks, summarizing family and professional contact and logging daily statistics and other clinical data.
7. Attends patient team conferences, clinics, inservice education classes and meetings as necessary in order to gather and exchange patient/treatment information. Keeps informed of developments in the field in order to maintain and enhance professional expertise.
8. Adheres to the Code of Ethics established by the American Speech-Language Hearing Association.
9. Completes successfully the SRALab IS training programs and utilizes SRALab IS in performing job duties, as needed.
1. Requires knowledge in diagnoses and types of treatment for speech, language, swallowing and behavior problems of neurologically impaired at a level generally acquired through completion of a Master's or doctoral degree in Speech-Language Pathology from a program accredited by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
4. Current Illinois license as Speech-language Pathologist or Temporary license as Speech-Language Pathologist if in Clinical Fellowship Year.
5. Approximately six to twelve months on-the-job experience necessary in order to gain full knowledge of Speech/language techniques and objectives to be able to develop and administer treatment programs.
7. Interpersonal skills necessary in order to communicate effectively with patients and families in providing treatment and with physicians, audiologist and other closely related clinical professionals in order to gather and exchange patient information.
8. Analytical skills necessary in order to administer and evaluate standardized speech/language tests, evaluate patient capabilities, develop treatment plans and monitor patient progress.


Last Autumn I reviewed a phenomenal book called 'The Father's Kiss' (Tracy Williamson), which communicated so well the depth of God's love for us. It was reassuring and challenging in equal measure! With Valentine's Day approaching, I thought it would be great to revisit the idea of God's love, and what better way to do that than to invite Tracy to share with us?
Welcome Tracy! It's great to have you here on Desertmum. Can you tell us a bit about yourself?
Hello, thank you for having me on here. I am single and live near Tonbridge in Kent, sharing a home with my blind friend and ministry partner, gospel singer Marilyn Baker. I am deaf and partially sighted myself so we make quite a team!
We both have assistance dogs, mine being a hearing dog called Goldie and Marilyn's being a guide dog called Saffie. I have always loved dogs so our two bring me great joy and a good excuse to get out walking. Other things I love are reading, chocolate, meals out with friends, hot baths, the beauty of creation. I have lots of loves….!
What do you do in your work life?
Marilyn and I work together for the charity MBM Trust travelling around the country giving concerts and leading conferences and renewal days. I also write, and my latest book The Father's Kiss was released in September 2018.
When and how did this book start to come about?
The idea came to me in 2013. I was away on a retreat and was praying for guidance as to whether I should try to write another book. I had written some previously about listening to God, but had lost my confidence. On the second day the Lord put in my heart, 'receive the Father's kiss.' What did that mean?
As I continued to pray I felt God was saying He wanted me to go deeper into what it means to be loved by Him, to open myself to experience His affection and delight. I knew this was needed as I still had many barriers in my heart because of deep struggles in my childhood.
I started to pray along those lines and God spoke again saying that He wanted me to share my discoveries of His Father love in a book. I felt daunted, I didn't even know if I should still be writing let alone writing about something so emotive. I prayed He would confirm it.
I was stunned! There was my confirmation that I should go ahead with trying to write another book, but what about the theme? Did God really want me to write about the Father's Kiss? I prayed again for confirmation and a few days later when I was back at home and attending my church I was shocked when my pastor who also leads worship suddenly came back to the front mic and said that God wanted us all to experience the Father's kiss!
He talked for about 15 minutes about how the Father loves us and wanted to kiss us with His affection and deep care. I was astounded and overwhelmed and knew that God had answered my prayer for confirmation in a way that I couldn't ignore.
Can you tell us a bit about the journey to publication?
It took me approximately four years to write it plus another year waiting for its publication. I didn't have a publisher until 2017 so didn't have a deadline to aim at – and, to be honest, still found the idea of writing it emotionally demanding.
The whole process became a roller coaster of memories exposed amidst new discoveries about God's love. It was exciting yet scary too and I didn't know if I would even find a publisher and felt too daunted to try to self publish.
Months went by without me writing but then God gently nudged me to start again. I became friends with another deaf writer called Emily Owen who had just released her wonderful memoir, Still Emily [Desertmum says: This is on my to-read list!]. As I read it and chatted via texts with Emily I felt inspired to persevere with mine. I prayed the Lord would help me to find a publisher and felt Him encouraging me to try Authentic who publish Emily's devotional books. And that was it, the door was opened and they accepted my manuscript. I was amazed and so thankful to the Lord for His guidance and that he'd provided a wonderful friend in Emily too.
In some ways the idea that God loves us seems very basic. Why write a book on it?
It is basic but for so many, what we know in our heads doesn't go down to our hearts, often because of past hurts. There are unlimited things we can teach on from God's Word but the heart of the Gospel is love, God's love for us and His desire for us to know we are His beloved children.
How can we get to that place, especially if we have been hurt in life? It can seem impossible, but God can do it and is always working to break down our barriers and heal our hearts. I believe His love is one of the most important things we can ever focus on in our lives.
Why do we struggle to accept God's love?
Our childhood hurts, our wrong choices, the negative things we've done or experienced including words we've heard about ourselves, all affect our sense of identity and self esteem. We feel worthless and, despite it being clear in God's word that He forgives us unconditionally through Jesus, the old lies and negative feelings are like strongholds within us. And we can't just look in God's face to see His smile or hear Him chatting to us like our friends so we have to accept His love by faith which can seem impossible.
But once we take that step, it's amazing how He enables us to hear His voice and to experience His love as a reality not just an idea. This is what the book is all about, that all of us can experience His love, whatever has happened in our lives and however impossible it may seem. If He has enabled me to know He loves me He will do the same for us all as He has no favourites and longs for each of us to know we are His beloved child.
Your book is really prophetic – not that it felt unplanned, but that there were regular interjections to share prophetic pictures and words which were refreshing and often challenging. Can you tell us a bit more about the prophetic nature of your writing?
I love to hear God's heart for people and often share prophetic words and pictures at the events I lead with Marilyn, but this book was a new experience in that I kept sensing Him giving me words and insights as I was actually writing.
So, for example, I would share a teaching point or tell a story and suddenly have this overwhelming sense of God's compassion filling my heart and as I prayed into that, it would become a prophetic word or picture that I knew He wanted me to include.
It made me feel very humble that He would choose to speak through me in this way and also made me realise how important the writing process is, that He is in the actual process of creating the book, not just in the overall message or the finished product but in the whole. It made writing the book a real journey of faith and experience of His love because the words spoke to me and brought me healing as much as to any possible readers.
What is your prayer/dream for this book and those who read it?
I long that it might help many people discover how deep and personal Father God's love is and that they will be enabled to go deeper into their heart, knowing of His love and also experience healing and transformation of inner hurts and wrong beliefs about themselves.
I am praying that those who read it and are blessed will pass the word on about it and that its message will be spread and it will get into the hands of all who need its message. I also long that more and more will be empowered to give His love away to others – that there will be a domino effect of people receiving God's kiss of love.
It probably seems hard to look past this book right now but do you have any more ideas for future writing?
Since the book's publication, I have written a series of Bible notes for Day by Day with God (BRF) which will be in the Winter 2020 edition. In January, I started writing a 40 day devotional for River Publishing which was agreed before The Father's Kiss was accepted for publication.
Now that's complete, I hope to write more for Authentic and am toying with a few ideas, even possibly a follow-up to The Father's Kiss from the perspective of the child – but that is just an idea, so nothing concrete yet. I would love to write my own story and would also love to try writing a novel, but all in His time! I would appreciate prayer to know the right way to go and for things to fall into place just like they did with this book.
Thank you so much Tracy for sharing some of the 'behind-the-scenes' work of your writing! You can read my review here and order The Father's Kiss here.
I'm running a Valentine's giveaway this Friday exclusively for my Desert Tribe email list, and a copy of The Father's Kiss will be included in the goody bag. If you'd like to win, make sure you sign up here so you don't miss the email about how to enter – you'll even get my free ebook '15 Spiritual Practices Every Tired Parent Needs To Know' when you do!
If you're already part of the Tribe, look out for Friday's email!


I was in a cab going to work. I was sitting by the window side. Seated beside me was my husband.
I was plugged in and was listening to "Mirrors" by Justin Timberlake. It's one of my favourite songs. I love the lyrics of the song.
You know how you sit by the window side listening to music and pretend(mentally) to be in that music video?
It was something like that.
And I was overwhelmed for the first time by the entire lyrics meaning which I already knew by heart.
I looked at my husband and all our happy memories flashed inside my over-imaginative brain. I had this sudden surge of love for my husband.
I took an earphone and plugged it into my husband's ear so that he can also listen to Mirrors. I replayed the song.
Half way till the song, my husband was listening intently to it. I was wondering if he is also feeling the same way I was.
Yep, men will be men.
After that, I snatched my earphone from him.
I switched to Macarena and enjoyed mindless lyrics till our journey came to an end.


So core losses in transformer which is alternatively known as iron loss in transformer can be considered as constant for all range of load. Hysteresis loss in transformer is denoted as, Eddy current loss in transformer is denoted as, Where, K h = Hysteresis constant.
Most transformers with iron cores can be considered as ideal when you use them. An ideal transformer has no losses, an aim that is closely attained in practice, so the energy transfer from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit is perfect.
The iron core of a transformer is normally a complete ring with two coils wound on it. One is connected to a source of electrical power and is called the 'primary coil'; the other supplies the power to a load and is called the 'secondary coil'.
Other articles where Iron core transformer is discussed transformer Iron core transformers serve analogous functions in the audio frequency range.
Electrical Transformers Symbols. The electrical transformer is a component consisting of two or more coils coupled by magnetic induction. It is used to transfer electrical energy, and to increase or decrease the tension in an AC circuit, keeping the frequency.
The iron core in a transformer channels the magnetic flux created by the current flowing around the primary coil to link as much of it as possible to the secondary coil connected to it. Transformers can thus step up or step down the voltage of alternating electric currents.
Find great deals on eBay for Transformer Core in Electrical Transformers. Shop with confidence.
As far i know, torodial transformers have core of other iron, cobalt, manganese alloy. So, i can't comment about current density for that currently. Anyhow, That cores requires less energy to energize with higher current densities to handle exact figure, i can't comment at moment.
Purpose of Transformer Core In an electrical power transformer, there are primary, secondary and may be tertiary windings.The performance of a transformer mainly depends upon the flux linkages between these windings. For efficient flux linking between these windings, one low reluctance magnetic path common to all windings should be provided in the transformer.
The iron core transformer provides better power transfer than does the air core transformer. A transformer whose core is constructed of laminated sheets of steel dissipates heat readily; thus it provides for the efficient transfer of power. The majority of transformers you will encounter in Navy equipment contain laminated steel cores.
The International Magnetics Association . An operating group of The Transformer Association . using lamination or iron powder cores, were no longer efficient or cost effective. ferrite cores were the material of choice for the high voltage transformer and the picture tube deflection system.
Find great deals on eBay for transformer core. Shop with confidence.
The permeability of iron can be many hundreds, so having a magnetic circuit path of iron rather than air greatly increases the flux, which is why iron is a common choice of material for inductor and transformer cores.
Apr 23, 20150183;32;if we have a transformer with an open iron core (U shaped iron core) If the core is closed, the magnetic flux will circulate inside this core, as the permeability is about 1000 times better here, than outside the core.
usually you want a closed core, for example a ring of iron (or steel), and you wind the two windings on this core and get a good coupling. you will have very small percentage of the magnetic field escaping so you get almost all of the energy out through the transformer.
dered iron, Kool [email protected], and Perrnalloy powder cores do store considerable energy, and are therefore used in inductor and flyback transformer applications.
Ferrite core Edit. Ferrite core power transformers are widely used in switched mode power supplies (SMPSs). The powder core enables high frequency operation, and hence much smaller size to power ratio than laminated iron transformers.
Core of Transformer and Design of Transformer Core on 24/2/2012 Updated on Friday 4th of May 2018 at 081525 PM. Purpose of Transformer Core In an electrical power transformer, Reduction in iron loss in transformer and magnetizing current. Lowering material cost and labor cost.
Practical Considerations Transformers Chapter 9 Transformers. The main strategy in mitigating these wasteful eddy currents in transformer cores is to form the iron core in sheets, each sheet covered with an insulating varnish so that the core is divided up into thin slices.
A transformer consists of a soft iron core with two coils of insulated wire wrapped separately around it. Each coil has a different numbers of turns, or loops.


plug & pray is an interactive artwork that allows believers to pray through their computer. plug & pray makes the search for God easier, with the help of the internet. plug & pray works as if you were praying. Believers use the pray device that activates a google image search for the word "God" on the act of praying. plug & pray believers see the results of their prayers as spiritualized video, projected before their very eyes.


Birdland - The Jazz Corner of the World - An Illustrated Tribute [sullivan birdland] : Jazz Record Center, Rare and out-of-print books, records and more.
Birdland was a legendary nightclub in New York City and from 1949 to 1965 was the scene for the greatest jazz music and musicians in the world. This illustrated book offers a history of this legendary jazz club and presents the greats who played its stage in capsule biographies, vintage photos, and rare memorabilia. Named after legendary jazz saxophonist Charlie "Yardbird" Parker, the club showcased memorable double and triple bills lasting until dawn. Many classic live recordings were made at the "Jazz Corner of the World." Greats such as Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Bud Powell, Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk, Count Basie, John Coltrane, Ella Fitzgerald, Stan Getz, and Sonny Rollins, to name only a few, graced its stage.


Grand Canyon North Rim, Grand Canyon South Rim.
So which is my hands-down favorite? Lassen, in north central California, miles away from Interstate 5 chock-a-block with cars and big rigs, off the well-trodden national park path, and far from the madding crowd of tourists you'll encounter in those better known parks I just mentioned.
Here's what Lassen is all about.


Chart Symbols: I Inspect These Items And Their Related Parts. If Necessary, Correct, Clean, Refill, Adjust Of Replace. R Replace Or Change L Lubricate.
Superior Refer To The Maintenance Schedules On The Following Pages For The Required Maintenance Intervals.
Figure 2. Keep Tools On Hand, Especially When Going Off Roading.


I've not blogged about Palace for a long time so you'll have to excuse this post. Though in reality it's not entirely about Palace.
So what triggered the memory? Well six years ago Palace played Norwich at home and this afternoon we have a repeat of the fixture, though sadly we have no repeat of our attendance.
Hopefully this time Palace will run out with all three points rather than the draw we had to settle for in 2008.


Chicken with RamenIt tastes wonderful either way. Everyone that has tasted this loves it. It takes more time to tell how to make it than it does to do it!
Easy Crock Pot Beef StewOn the bottom of the crock, first throw in a bag of baby carrots. Then throw in some peeled and cubed up potatoes. On top of the vegetables add some cubed beef (stew meat).
Buy Baby Clothes in Neutral ColorsIf you have a baby or young child still in diapers, purchase clothes in shades of yellow, orange, or red.
Towel Bar HangerMy daughter had a very small bathroom with no room for storage. She hung a towel bar from the ceiling, attached to the studs. Then hung from it a hanger organizer that is meant to hang in a closet, but it worked very well.
Prescription Drug Assistance ProgramsSome links for pharmaceutical drug assistance.
Cut Onions Wearing Swimming GogglesI keep a cheap pair of swimming goggles in the kitchen and wear them when chopping onions. No more tears!
Ready.govGreat information to help keep your family prepared in case of a disaster.
Citrus Vinegar Cleaning RecipesFill a glass quart jar with the peelings (remove any of the white pulp) of any citrus fruit-grapefruit, orange, lemon, lime, etc. Cover the peelings with white vinegar, cover and allow it to sit for about 2 weeks, occasionally shaking the jar.
Lemon Juice and Vinegar for Soap ScumWhen your dishes have soap scum on them from the dishwasher, use lemon juice on a sponge to wipe them off. Vinegar also works.
Converting Muffin RecipesWhen I tried to bake a batch of mini chocolate chip muffins this past weekend, they came out overdone. Does anybody know how long I should bake the mini muffins and at what temp?
Keeping Pet Cats Out of the HouseI would like to request someone to tell me how to keep pet cats out of the house.


text:
With international growth, master franchising usually fails
Why 2023 will be a year of weaker sales and higher margins
Laxman Narasimhan gets $8.8M to take the Starbucks CEO job
Citing controversy over ServSafe, Hakeem Jeffries is said to reject National Restaurant Association contributions
OPINIONFinancing
A Mizuho analyst finds the vast majority of master franchising commitments go unfulfilled, and 40% fail altogether, says RB's The Bottom Line. By Jonathan Maze on Mar. 22, 2019
Photograph courtesy of Wendy's
Companies looking to develop internationally might want to reconsider handing over control of a country to a single operator.
That is the lesson from an analysis earlier this week by Mizuho analyst Jeremy Scott, confirming a previous study by Cornell University that found the vast majority of international master franchise deals go unfulfilled. And many of them fail altogether.
Scott said that current international growth estimates for Taco Bell, Tim Hortons, Popeyes and Wendy's are "too aggressive relative to historical outcomes." He then downgraded their respective parent companies' stocks.
The study brings to mind a common issue in franchising: Development projections are usually too aggressive because many franchisees don't fulfill their agreements. Sometimes the market doesn't work. Other times the brand doesn't work, and the operator shifts its attention to another brand.
Or maybe the operator is substandard or can't find financing. Any number of things can result in a failed development agreement.
But failed international agreements can be a real problem, hurting a brand's reputation in an entire market. It can take years for a concept to recover when a deal fails, and the problem can set back chains' international growth strategies.
That's an important consideration, because international development is important for many brands' futures given the challenges of growing in the U.S.
The Mizuho analysis focused on 360 master franchising or whole-country development agreements signed by brands between 1999 and 2016. In a master franchising deal, a franchisor hands over the keys to the brand to an operator for a specific area, and the operator can sign subfranchisees.
The Mizuho analysis found that only 6% of such deals are ultimately fully satisfied. And 40% of these deals fail entirely. Overall, Scott wrote, operating partners opened less than half of their committed stores in 80% of the agreements studied.
Of the 27,000 units committed under development agreements, only 8,400 were ultimately built.
Scott noted that many brands have successfully used master franchise partnerships to grow in international markets—Domino's, for instance, along with Burger King, KFC and McDonald's. But these agreements usually work when the brand has already proven itself in international markets, he wrote.
Brands are better off developing international markets through conventional franchising, joint ventures or as operating markets.
High-quality international brands aren't interested in long-term brand building, Scott wrote, but are instead focused on quality returns. When brands don't perform well, operating partners will simply shift focus to other brands.
There are many stories of failed international deals.
Papa John's entered India in 2011 with a master franchisee, and in 2014 acquired another brand, Pizza Corner, with plans to build out the market.
By 2018, Papa John's had shut down its operations in India. Rival Domino's took some credit for that. Russell Weiner, the chain's chief operating officer, told analysts in January that the chain built more locations in the country, effectively "fortressing" the market and pushing out its competitor. "We have one less major competitor than we did in the past," he said.
Wendy's entered Japan through a development agreement in 1980, and dozens of stores were built around Tokyo. But the brand struggled to compete there, and in 2009 ended the operator's franchise agreement and closed 71 restaurants in the process.
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Taste Tracker: Breakfast booms at Tim Horton's, Another Broken Egg, Eggs Up Grill and Huddle House
Casa Bonita is hiring 500 for planned reopening in May
Amid inflation, restaurants should place focus on menu innovation, customer feedback
Building a sustainable operation in today's climate
Prepare for college basketball watch parties with top tech investments
Try LTOs starring beer cheese and maximize craveability on the menu
Cook-and-serve options deliver consistently great taste with less labor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Q: Do I have to wear shoes?
Q: Is there any other dress code for me?
A: Nope. We suggest shorts & casual beach attire, maybe with a jacket, beach towel, or serape for those sensitive to uber-efficient AC.
Q: Will I feel at home and be happy that I came?
Q: How will I meet new people?
A: Easily. Everyone will have HUGE name tags and all will be called by their first name or nickname. No titles here.
Q: Will I meet other people with jobs like mine?
A: YES. Sessions focus on narrow, practical topics which will attract your cohorts from other courts. We can all learn from each other.
Q: Will there be folks there dumber than I?
A: Dozens. Your self-esteem will be heightened during the drive home.
Q: Will I ever be uncomfortable?
A: Not unless your shorts are too tight. We believe EVERYONE has valuable information to offer and are respectful of both talkers and listeners.
Q: Who does not value Nuts and Bolts?
A: Only people who have never attended.
Q: What if I want a particular topic covered and/or I want to be a speaker?
A: The program is in the "process of being processed" right now. Contact Billie Tripp ASAP at cctripp@eatel.net. If at all possible, your request will be honored.


text:
Q: Registering for capacitor Push Notifications I am trying to set up Push Notifications for my React Ionic project via Firebase. I have done everything based on the documentation and I am able to receive push notifications both in foreground/background and in both IoS & Android.
Below is the snippet I use to register:
PushNotifications.requestPermissions().then(result => {
            console.log(result)
            if (result.receive === 'granted') {
                // Register with Apple / Google to receive push via APNS/FCM
                PushNotifications.register();
            } else {
                // Show some error
            }
        });

My question is; where should this code live?

*

*Does it need to be on my App component and thus being called every singe time it is re-rendering?

*Does it need to be in the index.js component and thus (I assume) only runs when the app is reloading?

*Do I need to register once and then keep checking if the device is still registered? If yes, how do I do so?

*Something else I am missing?

I have the feeling that I am missing something obvious here, but I cannot pinpoint what. Everything works fine, I just want to make sure I have a good understanding on how this is supposed to work in order to get it right.
Thanks in advance for any responses, I am just trying to get my head around how things work/should work and the documentation isn't doing the trick.
P.S. I would love if someone could also explain the differences/benefits between capacitor/push-notifications and ionic-native/fcm.
P.S2 Any kind of resources that explain these things in detail would be very welcome.

A: PushNotifications.requestPermissions() is the function that opens the iOS system prompt that asks the user "Do you want to receive notifications from this app?"
For this reason, you must carefully choose when to call it.
If you put it in index.ts, for example, then the user will be immediately prompted to enable push notifications as soon as they open your app for the first time.  Many users do not want to give permission to send notifications as soon as they install an app (they want to check out the app first), so if you do it this way, you will probably have more users block your notifications.
If your app has an onboarding (getting started) flow, one normal pattern is to have a step in onboarding that lists the benefits of getting notifications from your app and then provides a "next" link which calls PushNotifications.requestPermissions(), which will prompt the user to enable notifications.
Note that you can only ever ask users on iOS ONCE to enable notifications.  So no matter how many times you call this function, your app only gets one chance!  That's why it is so important that you call it at a timing when the user is likely to say yes.
At present, none of this is relevant to Android because Android enables notifications for apps by default.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Bungie Splits with Activision but Manages to Keep Control of Destiny
A surprise announcement from Activision has revealed that they have separated from Bungie. Bungie is the developer who is most known for making the Destiny games – fortunately for Bungie, they have managed to keep control of the Destiny IP that they are so known for.
There has reportedly been some tensions between Activision and Bungie for some time. Along with the slightly disappointing sales for Destiny 2: Forsaken may have been enough to cause the split.
The Game director for Destiny, Luke Smith, responded publicly by saying:
We are not disappointed with Forsaken. We set out to build a game that Destiny players would love, and at Bungie, we love it too.
Activision have also released a statement about the situation:
Today, we're announcing plans for Bungie to assume full publishing rights and responsibilities for the Destiny franchise. Going forward, Bungie will own and develop the franchise, and Activision will increase its focus on owned IP and other projects.
Activision and Bungie are committed to a seamless transition for the Destiny franchise and will continue to work closely together during the transition on behalf of the community of Destiny players around the world.
Source: WCCFtech
Bungie has put out a statement of their own around the whole situation:
With Activision, we created something special. To date, Destiny has delivered a combination of over 50 million games and expansions to players all around the world," it said. "More importantly, we've also witnessed a remarkable community – tens of millions of Guardians strong – rise up and embrace Destiny, to play together, to make and share memories, and even to do truly great things that reach far beyond the game we share, to deliver a positive impact on people's everyday lives.
The planned transition process is already underway in its early stages, with Bungie and Activision both committed to making sure the handoff is as seamless as possible.
Bungie then went on to say that they were continuing with their Destiny 2 roadmap and that they have "exciting announcements about what lies beyond"
We will have to see how good this is for Bungie and Destiny in the long term. Do you think this is a good step for Destiny?
Destiny destiny 2
Will Pell
Survey Reveals That Game Developers Prefer PC


2006-05-22 Assigned to TRU VUE, INC. reassignment TRU VUE, INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: VIRATEC THIN FILMS, INC.
2011-02-03 Assigned to WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT reassignment WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: APOGEE ENTERPRISES, INC., APOGEE WAUSAU GROUP, INC., TRU VUE, INC., TUBELITE INC.
The present invention provides a device in the form of a filter which is useable in conjunction with a plasma display panel, which is applied to the front face of a display, and which functions to reduce reflection after assembly to acceptable levels, to increase contrast enhancement ratios, to reduce EMI emissions to levels which comply with consumer safety or other governmental or other regulations or standards and to reduce infrared transmission in the 800 nm-1000 nm range to a level which does not interfere with IR remote control operation. The present invention also relates to a method of making such a plasma display panel filter and device.
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/116,562 filed Jan. 21, 1999.
The present invention relates generally to a display panel filter, and more particularly to a filter having particular application for use with a plasma display panel or flat panel display. The present invention also relates to an IR/EMI filter film applied to a substrate for use in a display panel filter or otherwise and a method of making such a film and a display panel filter. The invention also relates to applying the display panel filter directly to a display panel and laminating the optical film between a pair of substrates in which one is a thin plastic film such as PET or other optical film.
Visual display panels commonly known as plasma display panels or flat panel displays have been recently introduced for the purpose of displaying visual images or information on relatively large, flat screens. Plasma display panel technology utilizes selectively energized gas ions to bombard phosphors on a display screen, similar to an electron beam bombarding phosphors on a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen. Plasma display panels are similar to CRT displays in that both provide a means for visually displaying information or images from an input signal; however, important differences exist. First, a CRT display requires a significant depth dimension relative to the size of its display screen to accommodate a generally funnel shaped rearward portion for generation and deflection of the electron beam. Second, most CRT screens are curved. In contrast, the energization of the ions in a display panel using plasma display technology occurs in a relatively thin vacuum chamber adjacent to the display screen, resulting in a relatively thin display panel with a flat view face. Thus, plasma display panels are currently used primarily for relatively large display panels where CRTs are impractical or where a display panel with a significantly reduced depth dimension is necessary or desirable.
Although plasma display panels provide significant advantages and improvements by facilitating relatively large visual displays with a reduced panel depth and by otherwise facilitating the use of displays in environments with space restrictions which preclude the use of conventional CRT displays, new problems have arisen. These problems relate to the quality of the visual display, increased infrared (IR) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) emissions, low contrast ratio and consumer safety issues. For example, photopic reflection from many plasma display panels is in excess of 15%. This adversely affects the quality of the display. Further, operation of the plasma display panel produces or has the potential of producing infrared (IR) emissions which are capable in some cases of interfering with a remote control of the panel or other devices utilizing infrared signaling. Still further, operation of the plasma display panel results in the generation and emission of electromagnetic interference (EMI). Accordingly, many plasma panel displays fail to meet governmental TCO and FCC requirements for EMI emissions and the stricter standards for various military, aircraft and other uses. The above problems necessary limit the applicability and desirability of using plasma display panels.
Accordingly, there is a critical need in the art for a device or a filter, and in particular a multi-layer filter film, useable in conjunction with plasma display panels for addressing and solving the above problems and limitations. A need also exists for a method of making such a device, filter or film.
To satisfy the need in the art, the present invention provides a device in the form of a single filter which is useable in conjunction with plasma display panels or other applications and which functions to reduce reflection after assembly to acceptable levels, to increase contrast enhancement, to maintain transmission integrity, to assist in reducing EMI emissions to levels which comply not only with consumer safety regulations, but preferably with various stricter standards, and to reduce infrared emissions in the 800 nm-1000 nm range to a level which does not interfere with remote control operation.
Generally, the present invention comprises a substrate with a filter film (preferably an optical IR/IEMI shielding film) applied thereto for use in a display panel filter. One embodiment of a filter device in accordance with the invention includes a filter film comprised of one or more conductive layers and one or more dielectric layers applied to a substrate which is then laminated to a second substrate. This second substrate may comprise a piece of transparent glass, plastic or other material, a thin flexible film such as PET or other optically clear film or the front face of the display device itself. The combination of the conductive and dielectric layers functions to provide the desired EMI and IR shielding and assists in reducing reflection and increasing contrast enhancement. This combination of layers may be provided as a single film containing both conductive and dielectric layers. Because lamination of the substrates necessarily requires use of an adhesive or other bonding agent and exposure of the same to at least one surface of the shielding film or filter, a layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2) or other material may be applied to the filter or film, if desired, to improve compatibility with and/or limit possible reactions between the outer layer of the filter or film and the adhesive. The outer surfaces of one or both substrates is also preferably an anti-reflective (AR) coating. The filter further includes an electrical connection member electrically connected to conductive layers within the EMI/IR shielding film. Grounding means is also provided in the form of an electrical wire or the like for electrically connecting the electrical connection member to a grounded terminal. Other means, however, may also be utilized.
The preferred embodiment of the shielding film comprises one or more layers of a conductive material and one or more alternating layers of a dielectric. The conductive material may include various conductive metals or other materials such as silver, copper, gold and indium tin oxide, among others, although silver metal is preferred. The dielectric may include various materials such as niobium pentoxide, titanium dioxide and tin oxide, among others, although niobium pentoxide is preferred. Additionally, a thin protective layer is provided between adjacent conductive/dielectric layers to eliminate or limit undesirable oxidation or other deterioration of the conductive layer during formation of the film or otherwise. Such a protective layer is desirable when the conductive layer is subject to oxidation or other deterioration and/or the manufacturing conditions result in the film being exposed to high temperatures. Such conditions exist when the film is manufactured using sputtering or various other thin film deposition techniques, particularly for multiple layer films of two or more conductive material layers. In some cases, the protective layer is comprised of two or more layers of different materials.
In the preferred embodiment, the transparent substrates comprise view side and panel side substrates with the panel side substrate being the substrate closest to, or adjacent to, the display screen. Similarly, each of the substrates includes a view side facing away from the display screen and a panel side facing the display screen. In one embodiment, the EMI/IR shielding film or filter is applied directly to one side of one of the substrates and is then laminated to a second substrate by a urethane or other adhesive with the optical shielding film positioned therebetween. The laminated substrates are then mounted in front of a display with the first substrate preferably adjacent to the display. This embodiment further includes an environmental degradation barrier for the conductive layers within the EMI/IR shielding layer. This barrier extends around the edge of the laminated filter and is constructed of a conductive material. This barrier is electrically connected both with the electrical connection member or busbar and with a grounding terminal.
In a further embodiment, the EMI/IR shielding film or filter is applied to the panel side of the view side substrate (the substrate furthest from the display). Subsequently, such substrate, with the film applied thereto, is laminated onto, or otherwise applied directly to, the front face of the display with the optical film positioned therebetween.
In a still further embodiment, the optical film is applied to a first substrate, with a second substrate in the form of a thin transparent plastic film such as, but not limited to, polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) laminated to the first substrate with a thickness preferably less than about 0.06 inches (60 mils). Subsequently, the laminated structure is applied directly to, or mounted in front of, the front face of a display unit.
One aspect of the method of the present invention relates to a method of making a film or filter of the type described above for use in conjunction with a plasma display panel. Such method generally includes providing a transparent substrate, applying an EMI/UIR shielding film or filter to such substrate and then laminating such substrate to a second substrate. A further aspect of the method is to apply such substrate, with the film thereon, directly to the front face of the flat panel or other display. A still further aspect of the method is to laminate a coated substrate to a second substrate comprised of a plastic film such as PET and then applying it to, or mounting it in front of, a display unit.
Accordingly, an object of present invention is to provide a film or filter for use in conjunction with a plasma display panel.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a plasma display panel filter which provides anti-reflective, EMI shielding, contrast enhancement and infrared shielding capabilities and which also complies with consumer safety requirements.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a plasma display panel filter having one or more conductive layers and one or more dielectric layers formed on a transparent substrate for subsequent lamination to a second substrate.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a plasma display panel filter with an improved film providing both EMI and IR shielding capabilities.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a plasma display panel filter with an improved means for electrically connecting the EMI shielding layer to a grounding terminal.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a plasma display panel filter with an electrically conductive material around the edge of the filter to prevent environmental degradation of the EMI shielding layer and to maximize the EMI shielding efficiency of such layer.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a plasma display panel as described above which includes a layer to prevent or minimize possible reactions between the lamination adhesive and the shielding film and/or to improve compatibility with the adhesive and promote the adhesive strength.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a substrate with an optical EMI/IR shielding film thereon which is applied directly to the front face of a display or display panel.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide an optical filter comprised of an optical film laminated between a first substrate and a second substrate comprised of a plastic film such as PET.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of making a film and plasma display panel filter of the type described above.
A still further object of the present invention is a method of making a substrate with an EMI/IR shielding film as described above and applying the same directly to the front face of a display.
FIG. 1 is an isometric, exploded view of a plasma display panel and associated filter in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view, partially in section, of one embodiment of a plasma display panel filter as viewed the section line 2—2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of the EMI/IR shielding film in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a view similar to that of FIG. 2 of a further plasma display panel filter.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view, partially in section, and similar to that of FIG. 2, of a further embodiment a plasma display panel filter.
FIG. 6 si a schematic sectional view of a further embodiment of the shielding film in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a view showing application of a coated substrate directly to the front face of a display.
FIG. 8 is a view showing lamination of a coated substrate to a second substrate comprised of a plastic film.
The present invention relates to a plasma display panel filter, or shielding film for use therein, which functions to provide EMI and IR shielding capabilities. Preferably the filter also provides anti-reflective (AR) capability. Various features of the present invention have possible application other than for display panel filters. However, the description of the preferred embodiment will be for use in a plasma display panel filter.
Reference is first made to FIG. 1 illustrating an exploded, isometric view of a plasma display panel 10 and associated filter 14 in accordance with the present invention. The display panel 10 as illustrated in FIG. 1 in accordance with the preferred embodiment is a generally rectangular configured device having a front viewing or display screen 11 and a recessed area 12 for receiving a display panel filter 14. It should be understood, however, that the possible relationships between a plasma display panel and a filter in accordance with the present invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 1. If desired, the display panel 10 can be assembled with the filter 14 being an integral part of the panel 10. Alternatively, the panel 10 and filter 14 can be separate, stand alone items which are purchased separately. In such case, means may be provided for suspending the filter 14 from a portion of the panel 10 or connecting the filter 14 to the panel 10 so that the filter 14 is directly in front of and substantially adjacent to the display screen 11. It is also contemplated that the filter can be bonded or laminated directly to the display screen 11, if desired.
With continuing reference to FIG. 1, the filter 14 of the preferred embodiment includes a generally flat, planer filter lamination 15 having a view side 16 facing away from the display screen 11 and an opposite panel side 17 facing the display screen 11. The filter 14 further includes an electrically conductive element 18 in the form of a strip of conductive material applied to the peripheral edge of the filter lamination 15. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the electrically conductive material 18 of the preferred embodiment extends around the periphery of the lamination 15 and for a limited distance inwardly on both the view side 16 and the panel side 17. As will be described in greater detail below, the conductive element 18 functions in conjunction with electrically conductive layers within the lamination 15 to provide EMI and other shielding capability to the filter. Grounding means comprised of one or more grounding clips 19 with an electrical lead 20, or some other means, is commonly electrically connected with the conductor 18 for electrically connecting the conductor 18 to a ground terminal 21.
Reference is next made to FIG. 2 which is a partial sectional view of the filter lamination 15 as viewed along the section line 2—2 of FIG. 1. In general, the filter lamination 15 includes a pair of transparent substrates 22 and 24. In the preferred embodiment, the substrate 22 is the view side substrate and the substrate 24 is the panel side substrate. Each of the substrates 22 and 24 is provided with an anti-reflective coating 25 and 26, respectfully, which is applied to the outer surfaces of the substrates, namely, to the view side of the view side panel and the panel side of the panel side panel. An EMI/IR shielding film 27 comprised of a combination of dielectric and conductive layers is applied to the view side of the panel side substrate 24 and between the substrate 22 and 24 to reduce and limit EMI emissions and to provide infrared shielding and contrast enhancement. The film 27 is thus laminated between the substrates 22 and 24 via the adhesive or lamination layer 30 after being applied to the substrate 24 by sputtering.
In the preferred embodiment, the transparent substrates 22 and 24 are comprised of generally flat, planer sheets of glass. It is contemplated, however, that the transparent substrates 22 and 24 could, if desired, be constructed of a transparent plastic or other synthetic material or a composite glass/synthetic material. The thicknesses of the substrates 22 and 24 should be selected to be as thin as possible while still being thick enough to provide the necessary and desirable safety and strength characteristics. In the preferred embodiment, the thickness of the substrates is preferably in the range of about 1.0 mm to about 6.0 mm or less for a filter having a viewing surface of about 2-10 square feet. However, it is contemplated that at least one of the substrates 22,24 could also be a thin film synthetic material such as polyethylene terapthalate (PET) on the order of 0.010 inches thick, however, other film thickness would work as well. of the substrates could also be the front face of a display device if the one substrate with film thereon is laminated directly to the display device.
The anti-reflective coating 25 applied to the view side of the substrate 22, is similar to the anti-reflective coating 26 applied to the panel side of the substrate 24, and can be any anti-reflective coating known in the art. Preferably, the anti-reflective coatings 25 and 26 in accordance with the present invention are comprised of a plurality of individual layers which are applied to the respective surfaces of the substrates 22 and 24 via sputtering or reactive sputtering in accordance with processes known in the art. The particular makeup of these anti-reflective coatings should be effective to reduce the photopic reflection from the view side 16 and panel side 17 of the filter 15 to an acceptable level. In a structure incorporating the filter of the present invention, the photopic reflection normally exhibited by the display screen 11 (FIG. 1) is significantly reduced in some embodiments by as much as a factor of 10 or more, from a reflection of over 15% to a reflection of about 4 or 5% to 1.0% or less.
The specific structure of the anti-reflective coatings 25 and 26 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,874, the substance of which is incorporated herein by reference, and is currently sold by Viratec Thin Films, Inc. of Faribault, Minn. under the trademark CDAR. Other anti-reflective coatings, however, can also be used.
The film 27 is comprised of a combination of dielectric and conductive layers and is primarily designed to reduce the EMI and IR emissions to acceptable levels, while at the same time minimizing any adverse affect on the transmission of visible light through the filter. The film 27 is transparent and each of its dielectric and conductive layers is transparent. In the preferred embodiment, the film 27 is applied to the view side of the panel substrate 24 by sputtering or reactive sputtering and comprises a series of dielectric layers separated by layers of an electrically conductive material. Specifically, the film 27 includes four dielectric layers 50, 54, 58 and 61 and three interleaved electrically conductive layers 51, 55 and 59.
With reference to FIG. 3, the layers 50, 54, 58 and 61 are layers of relatively high refractive index dielectrics having a refractive index of at least 1.7 and preferably about 2.2 to 2.8. The layers 51, 55 and 59 are layers of electrically conductive materials such as conductive metals. In some film 27 structures, layers 52, 56 and 60 of a further metal or other material are added adjacent to the conductive layers 51, 55 and 59 to prevent oxidation of the conductive layers during deposition of the dielectric layers 54, 58 and 61.
The electrically conductive layers 51, 55 and 59 function primarily to reduce IR and EMI emissions generated in the plasma display panel. Preferably, EMI emissions are reduced to levels which comply with various governmental or other regulations or standards. In general, the thicker the conductive layers 51, 55 and 59, the more effective they are in reducing IR and EMI emissions. However, increasing the thickness of the conductive layers 51, 55 and 59 also lowers the transmission of visible light. Thus, to obtain the desired shielding capability, two or more, and preferably three, conductive layers of limited thickness are preferred. In the preferred embodiment, the conductive material layers 51, 55 and 59 are silver; however, various other conductive materials can be used as well including materials such as copper, gold and indium tin oxide, among others. Preferably, each of the layers 51, 55 and 59 has a thickness of about 5 mn to 20 nm and more preferably a thickness of about 10 nm to 15 nm. Most preferably, the thicknesses of the layers 51, 55 and 59 are 12 nm, 13 nm and 12 nm, respectively. The conductive layers are preferably applied by sputtering, reactive sputtering, or other thin film deposition techniques.
The dielectric layers 50, 54, 58 and 61 are high refractive index materials and function primarily to reduce reflectivity, and thus improve transmission of visible light in the regions of about 380 nm to 800 nm. In the preferred embodiment, the dielectric material of the layers 50, 54, 58 and 61 may include materials such as niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and tin oxide (SnO2), among others. Preferably, however, the dielectric material is niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5).
The outer dielectric layers 50 and 61 have a preferred optical thickness of between about 0.4 to 0.8 at a wavelength of about 450 nm to 650 nm, while the inner dielectric layers 54 and 58 have an optical thickness between about 0.7 to 1.5 at a wavelength of about 450 nm to 650 nm. As used above and throughout this application, the term "optical thickness" shall mean the "quarter wave optical thickness" or QWOT as it is known in the art. Preferably, the physical thickness of the outer layers 50 and 61 is about 20 nm to 50 nm and most preferably is about 30 nm to 40 nm. The physical thickness of the inner dielectric layers 54 and 58 is preferably about 50 nm to 90 nm and is most preferably about 60 nm to 70 nm.
In some structures where the film 27 is formed by sputtering or reactive sputtering, the various film layers and the conductive material is reactive to one or more of the materials making up the adjacent layer. In such cases, it is necessary to first provide a thin protective or sacrificial material layer next to the conductive material layer to prevent its oxidation or other reaction to the reactive materials of the dielectric layers. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the layers 52, 56 and 60 perform such a function. In the preferred structure of FIG. 3, a thin layer of titanium or some other sacrificial material is applied adjacent to the conductive material layer so that when the Nb2O5 or other dielectric material is applied by sputtering or reactive sputtering, the oxygen oxidizes the titanium layer 52, 56 and 60 to TiO2 rather than the conductive layer 51, 55 and 59. The oxidized titanium layer then forms part of the adjacent dielectric layer. In the preferred embodiment, the thickness of the protective layers 52, 56 and 60 are about 0.5 nm to 5 nm and most preferably about 3 nm to 5 nm.
The preferred embodiment of the film 27 is a seven layer film comprising three conductive material layers and four dielectric material layers. It is contemplated, however, that films with different total layers can also be utilized. Preferably, however, the number of dielectric layers should exceed the number of conductive layers by one. Thus, where n equals the number of conductive layers, the number of dielectric layers is preferably n+1.
Accordingly, the film 27 of FIG. 2 comprises a plurality of conductive and dielectric layers including a pair of end dielectric layers and alternating conductive and inner dielectric layers disposed therebetween. The end dielectric layers have an optical thickness of between about 0.4 to 0.8 and preferably 0.6 at a wavelength of about 450 nm to 650 nm, the inner dielectric layers have an optical thickness of about 0.7 to 1.5 at a wavelength of about 450 nm to 650 nm and the conductive layers have a physical thickness of about 5 nm to 15 nm.
In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the film 27 is applied by sputtering the various film layers to the view side of the panel side or film carrying substrate 24, with the layer 50 sputtered first and then followed by the layer 51, the layer 52 and sequentially by the layers 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60 and 61. The film carrying substrate 24 is then laminated to the substrate 22 via the adhesive or lamination layer 30, with the film 27 facing the substrate 22. The lamination material 30 in the preferred embodiment comprises a sheet of polyurethane adhesive. As shown, the adhesive sheet 30 is positioned between the film 27 and the panel side of the substrate 22. Many adhesives or laminations such as PVB, acrylic and/or others can, of course, be used to laminate the substrates 22 and 24 together; however, the particular adhesive or lamination materials selected should be capable of exhibiting substantially transparent properties upon completion of the lamination. The adhesives may also be tinted or otherwise be provided with IR shielding capabilities, if desired. In accordance with the present invention, the layer 30 is positioned between the substrates 22 and 24 as shown and then placed in an autoclave under appropriate heat and pressure conditions for approximately three to four hours to laminate the layers together.
A further embodiment of the filter in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 3 except that it illustrates a modified film 27′. The film 27′ of FIG. 6 differs from the film 27 of FIG. 3 in two respects: First, the film 27′ includes additional protective or sacrificial layers 53 a, 53 b and 53 c adjacent to the layers 52, 56 and 60, respectively, and second, an additional layer 57 is applied over the outer dielectric layer 61 so that when the substrates are laminated together, the layer 57 is positioned between the dielectric layer 61 and the adhesive 30.
As discussed above with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 3, the protective or sacrificial layers 52, 56 and 60 are preferably titanium. The reasons, among possible others, are that titanium is easily oxidized and when oxidized, the resulting titanium oxide is clear. As also disclosed above with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 3, the dielectric layers 50, 54 and 58 and 61 are preferably niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5). The reasons, among possible others, are that niobium pentoxide has a high sputter rate and lower optical dispersion. Despite the distinct advantages of using titanium and niobium pentoxide as the sacrificial layer and the dielectric layers, respectively, certain disadvantages or limitations exist when they are used adjacent to one another or when the conductive material is highly reactive and multiple layers are necessary. These disadvantages are believed to arise from two primary factors. First, the relatively high plasma energy and deposition temperature of niobium pentoxide adversely affects the protective ability of the titanium. Thus, when both niobium pentoxide and titanium are used as in the preferred embodiment, it is necessary to increase the thickness of the sacrificial titanium layers in order to fully protect the underlying conductive layers (51, 55 or 59) from being oxidized or otherwise damaged during application of the niobium pentoxide. Second, the oxidation of titanium metal is an exothermic reaction. Because more protective titanium is needed when it is oxidized in the presence of niobium pentoxide, the level of heat caused by the exothermic reaction increases significantly. Because excess heat causes silver to agglomerate, excessive oxidation of titanium can result in damage to the underlying silver conductive layer.
To prevent, or at least minimize, the disadvantages associated with adjacent layers of titanium and niobium pentoxide as described above, and to thereby facilitate the use of both titanium and niobium in the filter of the present invention, a thin layer of a further protective material 53 a, 53 b and 53 c is applied to the titanium layers 52, 56 and 60 as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 6. Preferably these layers 53 a, 53 b, 53 c are tin oxide which is more durable than titanium and the underlying silver and which exhibits a significantly reduced difference in plasma energy level and deposition temperature relative to niobium pentoxide. Other materials such as ZnO2 and SiO2, among others, may also be used provided they are more durable than titanium and exhibit a reduced plasma energy level and deposition temperature, compared to niobium pentoxide. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the layers 52, 56 and 60 are preferably about 0.5 nm to 15 nm thick and most preferably about 3 nm to 5 nm thick, while the layers 53 a, 53 b and 53 c are preferably about 5 nm to 40 nm thick and most preferably about 10 nm to 30 nm thick.
For the same reasons as discussed above, niobium pentoxide is the preferred dielectric for the layers 50, 54, 58 and 61, including the outer dielectric layer 61. Despite being preferred, however, strength of adhesion between the niobium pentoxide outer layer 61 and many of the adhesives is less than desired. To overcome these limitations, the embodiment of FIG. 6 provides a thin layer 57 of silicon dioxide (SiO2) or other adhesive compatible layer on the outer surface of the outer dielectric layer 61 so that when the substrates 22 and 24 are laminated together with an adhesive 30, the layer 57 is positioned between the layer 61 and the adhesive 30.
This additional layer 57 improves the adhesive bond between the coated substrate 24 and the substrate 22 and thus acts as an adhesion promoter and also limits any possible reaction between the dielectric and the adhesive. Preferably this layer is silicon dioxide or some other silicon based composition. However, other materials or compositions will work as well. The layer 57 is preferably about 2 nm to 50 nm thick and more preferably about 10 nm to 30 nm thick.
Both the film 27 of FIGS. 2 and 4 and the film 27′ of FIG. 6 provide sufficient sheet resistance to reduce EMI emissions to acceptable levels. Preferably, the films 27 and 27′ function to exhibit sheet resistance of less than 5 ohms per square and more preferably less than 1.5 ohms, per square. The films 27 and 27′ also are designed to block IR emissions and thus reduce the same to acceptable levels, to optically match the adhesive used to laminate the second substrate and to generally provide desired optical performance by reducing reflection and improving contrast enhancement.
During assembly of the filter lamination 15, a busbar 32 is applied to the outer peripheral edge portion of the substrate 24. Preferably this busbar includes a first leg 34 electrically contacting the film 27 and extending inwardly from the outer peripheral edge of the substrate 24, a second leg 36 applied over the anti-reflective coating 26 and also extending inwardly from the outer peripheral edge of the substrate 24 and a third leg 35 electrically connected with the legs 34 and 36 and essentially extending over the entire peripheral edge of the substrate 24. If desired, the legs 35 and 36 can be eliminated as shown in FIG. 4.
In the preferred embodiment, the legs 34 and 36 extend inwardly from the peripheral edge of the substrate 24 for a distance of at least 1.0 mm and preferably a distance greater than or about 2.0 mm. Further, the busbar 32 in accordance with the present invention preferably extends around the entire periphery of the substrate 24 and thus the film 27. It is contemplated that the busbar 32 can be applied in a variety of ways. In the preferred embodiment, however, the busbar 32 is a solder based, electrically conductive material applied via ultrasonic soldering.
Following application of the busbar 32 to the peripheral edge portion of the substrate 24, a conductive environmental degradation barrier member 38 in the form of electromagnetic shielding tape is applied over the leg portion 35 of the busbar 32. The member 38 is applied to the outer or panel side of the anti-reflective coating 26 along the outer peripheral edge of such coating 26. The member 38 extends inwardly a limited distance from the outermost peripheral edge of the coating 26. This limited distance is greater than 5 nm and preferably equal to or greater than about 9 nm. If desired, the barrier member 38 can be applied to all three legs 34, 35 and 36 of the buss bar 32. The member 38 is preferably applied to and connected with leg 35 of the busbar 32 by an electrically conductive adhesive. Accordingly, the member 38 serves the primary function of making an electrical connection with the busbar 32 via the electrically conductive adhesive.
Grounding means is also provided for electrically connecting the member 38, and thus the busbar 32 and the conductive layers 51, 55 and 59, to a grounding terminal 21. In one embodiment as shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5, this means is in the form of a grounding clip 19 having a first leg 42 engaging the member 38, a second leg 45 with a spring contact member 46 for making electrical contact with the coating 25 of the substrate 22, and a third leg 44 joining the legs 42 and 45. An electrical lead 20 has one end connected to the connector clip 19 and a second end connected with the grounding terminal 21. Other means can of course also be provided for making this electrical grounding connection.
FIG. 4 shows an alternate embodiment for connecting the busbar 32 to the film 27 and connecting the member or tape 38 to the busbar 32. As shown in FIG. 4, the busbar is comprised only of the leg 34, with the legs 35 and 36 having been eliminated. In this embodiment a leg 41 of the tape 38 is provided directly over the busbar leg 34, with the legs 40 and 39 of the tape 38 covering the end and a portion of the face, respectively, of the substrate 24. In his embodiment, both the busbar and the tape would be applied to the substrate 24 before lamination to the substrate 22.
FIG. 7 illustrates a further embodiment in accordance with the present invention. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, the substrate to which the EMI/IR film has been applied is bonded or otherwise applied directly to the front face of a flat panel or other display. This has several advantages. First, it eliminates an additional substrate layer and thus surface reflection from such layer. This accordingly improves the optical performance of the display. Secondly, direct bonding of the coated substrate to the front face of the display eliminates the need for any mounting mechanism for a separate filter such as that illustrated in FIG. 1. Thirdly, applying the coated substrate directly to the front face of the display results in a lighter and less complex display unit.
With reference to FIG. 7, the display is illustrated generally by the reference character 65 and includes an outer frame 66 and a front face substrate 68. The coated substrate to be applied to the front face substrate 68 includes a substrate 69 preferably constructed of glass or transparent plastic. This substrate 69, in the embodiment of FIG. 7, is considered to be the view side substrate with the substrate 68 of the display 65 being considered the panel side substrate. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, the optical shielding film 70 is applied to the panel side of the view side substrate 69. This film 70, in the preferred embodiment, comprises the film 27 of FIG. 3 or the film 27′ of FIG. 6 as described above. If desired, an AR coating 71 can also be applied to the view side of the view side substrate 69. The substrate 69, with the film 70 and the coating 71 (if desired) applied thereon is laminated or otherwise bonded to the front surface of the display substrate 68. To facilitate this, an adhesive sheet 72 is positioned between the coated substrate 69 and the front face substrate 68 to bond the substrates together. The adhesive sheet 72 can comprise a polyurethane adhesive, PVB, acrylic or any other materials commonly used as adhesives in such an application.
FIG. 8 illustrates a further embodiment in accordance with the present invention. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the substrate 69 to which the optical EMI/IR shielding film 70 has been applied is laminated to a second substrate 73 comprised of a thin plastic film such as PET with a thickness less than 0.06 inches (60 mils), more preferably less than about 0.025 inches (25 mils) and most preferably less than about 0.015 inches (15 mils). While the preferred film substrate 73 is PET, other films such as polycarbonates, acrylics and others may also be used. Materials suitable for use as the film substrate 73 should preferably be optically clear so as to not adversely affect light transmission. This entire filter structure is then mounted in front of a display unit as shown in FIG. 1, or bonded or otherwise applied directly to the front face of a flat panel or other display.
With specific reference to FIG. 8, the display is illustrated generally by the reference character 65 and includes an outer frame 66 and a front face substrate 68. The coated substrate 69 is preferably constructed of glass or transparent plastic and, in the embodiment of FIG. 8, is considered to be the view side substrate. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the optical shielding film 70 is applied to the panel side of the view side substrate 69 via sputtering or the like. The second substrate 73 in the form of a thin plastic film such as PET as described above is then laminated or otherwise applied to the substrate 69 with the optical film 70 positioned therebetween.
In one embodiment, this filter structure comprised of the substrates 69 and 73 with the film 70 positioned therebetween is then mounted in front of the display 65 and display substrate 68 such as is shown in FIG. 1. In this embodiment, an anti-reflective (AR) coating 71 can be applied to the view side of the substrate 69 and an AR coating 74 can be applied to the panel side of the substrate 73 as shown in FIG. 8. If an AR coating is to be applied to the film substrate 73 by a technique such as sputtering, it is preferable to first apply an abrasion resistant coating or hard coat to the substrate 73 to facilitate adherence of the sputtered AR coating. Such abrasion resistant coatings are known in the art and can include thermally cured siloxane based coatings and UV cured acrylic based coatings, among others.
In a further embodiment, the filter comprised of the substrates 69 and 73 with the film 70 therebetween may be bonded or otherwise applied directly to the front face of the display substrate 68. This bonding can be accomplished, if desired, with the use of an adhesive sheet 72 positioned between the PET substrate 73 and the front face substrate 68 as shown. In this further embodiment, the AR coating 74 may be eliminated.
The method aspect of the present invention, including the method of forming the filter film on a first substrate and subsequently laminating the same to a second substrate can be understood as follows. First, a transparent substrate preferably of glass or plastic is provided. If desired, the non-coated side surface of such substrate can be provided with an anti-reflective coating by sputtering or other deposition technologies. In some cases this ultimately may be the view side, while in other cases it may ultimately be the panel side.
Following this, the film 27 (FIG. 3) or the film 27′ (FIG. 6) comprised of the plurality of dielectric and conductive layers is applied to the side of the substrate opposite to the anti-reflective coating. If no anti-reflective coating is applied, the film 27 or 27′ can be applied to either surface. Preferably, the film 27 or 27′ and its individual layers are applied by sputtering as previously described. Although the preferred embodiment shows the film 27 or 27′ being applied directly to the substrate surface, one or more intermediate layers of a further material may also be applied to the substrate prior to application of the film. Next, for the embodiment of FIG. 2, the busbar 32 is applied to the entire peripheral edge portion of the film coated substrate 24. Preferably the legs of the busbar are applied in stages with the leg 34 first applied to the outer edges of the film 27 or 27′ and the leg 35 applied to the outer peripheral edge of the substrate 24. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the busbar is applied only in the form of the leg 34 and the tape or member 38 is then applied to the substrate.
The film coated substrate is then preferably laminated to a second substrate 22 which may also be provided with an AR coating, either before or after lamination. The lamination is preferably accomplished by positioning the adhesive sheet 30 between the side of the substrate 22 opposite the AR coating 25 and the side of the substrate 24 carrying the film 27 or 27′. The entire lamination lay-up is then placed in an autoclave under appropriately elevated heat and pressure conditions to laminate the lay-up together. In the preferred procedure, the lamination lay-up is exposed to a temperature of approximately 220° F. and a pressure of approximately 40 p.s.i. for about three hours. Alternatively, the film coated substrate 24 can be applied to a plastic film such as PET film or directly to the front face of a display device.
When the lamination is complete, the conductive member or tape 38 is applied to the outer peripheral edge portions of the filter 15 as illustrated in FIG. 2. The grounding clip or other grounding means 19 is then applied to the member 38 as shown.
In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the EMI/IR filter is provided by the layers 28 and 29. Specifically, a conductive EMI shielding material layer 28 is applied to the panel or inner side of the substrate 22 to reduce and limit EMI emissions and an infrared absorbing layer 29 is laminated between the substrates 22 and 24 via the adhesive or lamination layers 33 and 31.
In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the electrically conductive material layer 28 is applied to the panel side of the substrate 22 as shown. Although this layer 28 can be constructed of a variety of materials, it must preferably include an electrically conductive component or layer which provides sufficient electrical conductivity, and thus sufficiently low electrical resistance, while still maintaining acceptable visible light transmission. Preferably, the conductive layer 28 exhibits sheet resistance of less than 5 ohms per square and more preferably less than 1.5 ohms per square. The layer 28 provides electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and assists in reducing EMI emissions to levels which comply with consumer safety and other regulations and standards. The layer 28 also provides an IR shielding function as well to assist in reducing infrared emissions to acceptable levels. Preferably the conductive layer 28 extends over the entire panel side of the substrate 22. This layer 28 can, if desired, comprise a single layer of an electrically conductive material such as silver or indium tin oxide (ITO) and can also comprise additional layers and materials such as other metals and materials which may be conductive as well as dielectrics and materials which may not be conductive. Such additional layers and materials can be provided to assist in infrared shielding and reduction of reflection as well as to provide contrast enhancement to the filter. This may be accomplished by introducing color or tint into the coating.
The layer 28 in the present invention can be applied to the substrate 22 by any known means. Preferably, however, the layer or layers which form the electrically conductive material layer 28 is applied by sputtering or reactive sputtering one or more metals such as silver, gold or copper. The thickness of the layer 28 should preferably be in the range of less than 2500 Å and most preferably in the range of 2000-2500 Å.
The layer 29 comprises an infrared absorbing film which is a separate, free-standing film and is sandwiched between, and laminated to, the substrates 22 an 24 by the lamination material 33 and 31. The infrared shielding film 29 can comprise any film which functions to provide near infrared absorbing capability such as dyed polyethylene terapthalate (PET) or dyed polyurethane. In the preferred embodiment, the film thickness ranges from 5-10 mils and further includes contrast enhancement capability. The film 29 is effective to reduce the infrared transmission in the 800 nm-1000 nm range to a level preferably less than 20%. At these reduced levels, interference with infrared remote control transmitters either for the panel display in question or other remote control devices is eliminated.
The lamination materials 33 and 31 in the preferred embodiment comprise sheets of polyurethane adhesive. As shown, one adhesive sheet 33 is positioned between the film 29 and the coating 28, while the other polyurethane adhesive sheet 31 is positioned between the film 29 and the view side of the substrate 24. Many adhesives or laminations such as PVB, acrylic and/or others can, of course, be used to laminate the film 29 between the coated substrates 22 and 24; however, the particular adhesive or lamination materials selected should be capable of exhibiting transparent properties upon completion of the lamination. The adhesives may also be tinted or otherwise be provided with IR absorbing or shielding capabilities. Preferably, the layers 29, 33 and 31 are positioned between the substrates 22 and 24 as shown and then are placed in an autoclave under appropriate heat and pressure conditions for approximately four hours to laminate the layers together.
Alternative methods of applying the layer 29 may also be utilized. For example, a recently introduced technique involves positioning the coated substrates 22 and 24 in spaced relationship and sealing the edges so as to form a cavity for accommodating an infrared shielding or absorbing material between the spaced substrates. A liquid or flowable material such as an acrylic into which infrared absorbing material is incorporated is then introduced into the space between the substrates so that it flows over the entire substrate surfaces. This material is then allowed to cure via ultraviolet exposure or otherwise to produce the infrared absorbing layer.
The method aspect of the present invention relating to the embodiment of FIG. 5, including the method of making the plasma display panel filter, can be understood as follows. First, a pair of transparent substrates such as glass or plastic are provided. One of these substrates will ultimately form the view side substrate 22 positioned on the view side of the filter, while the other substrate will ultimately form the panel side substrate 24. Both of these substrates 22 and 24 are provided with anti-reflective coatings 25 and 26, respectively by sputtering.
Following this, the EMI shielding layer in the form of the electrically conductive coating 28 is also applied to the panel side of the substrate 22. Preferably, this coating is also applied by sputtering. Next, the busbar 32 is applied to the entire peripheral edge portion of the substrate 22. Preferably the legs of the busbar are applied in stages with the leg 34 first applied to the outer edges of the coating 28 and the leg 35 applied to the outer peripheral edge of the substrate 22.
The infrared film 29 is then laminated between the coated substrates 22 and 24 by positioning one adhesive sheet 33 between the film 29 and the conductive coating 28 of the substrate 22 and a second adhesive lamination sheet 31 between the other side of the film 29 and the view side of the substrate 24. The entire lamination lay-up is then placed in an autoclave under appropriately elevated heat and pressure conditions to laminate the lay-up together. In one procedure, the lamination lay-up is exposed to a temperature of approximately 220° F. and a pressure of approximately 150 p.s.i. for about four hours.
When the lamination is complete, the conductive member 38, comprised of the legs 39, 40 and 41, is applied to the outer peripheral edge portions of the filter 15 as illustrated in FIG. 5. The grounding clip 19 is then applied to the member 38 as shown.
With respect to the embodiment of FIG. 7, the optical shielding film 70 is first applied to one side of substrate 69. If desired, an AR coating 71 can also be applied to the other side of the substrate 69. If applied, the coating 71 is preferably comprised of a plurality of individual layers which together provide the substrate 69 with anti-reflective properties. Next, the substrate 69 is bonded to the front face of the display substrate 68 by an adhesive sheet 72 or some other bonding technique. Finally, electrical and/or grounding connections are made in a manner similar to that described above with respect to the other embodiments.
With respect to the embodiment of FIG. 8, the method involves applying an optical shielding film 70 to one side of a first substrate 69. If desired, an AR coating 71 can be applied to the other side of the substrate 69. Next, a second substrate 73 in the form of a thin plastic film such as PET or other optically clear film is laminated to the first substrate 69 with the optical film 70 positioned therebetween. Next, the entire filter structure is mounted in front of a display 65 as shown in FIG. 1, or otherwise directly bonded to the front surface of the display substrate 68 by an adhesive sheet 72 or some other bonding technique. If an AR coating 74 is to be applied to the film substrate 73, it is preferable to first apply an abrasion resistant coating.
Although the description of the preferred embodiment and method have been quite specific, it is contemplated that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit of the present invention. For example, although the preferred embodiment has been described with respect to a plasma display device, certain features have broader applications. For example, the additional protective layer for the silver or other conductive material may have applications for other than display devices. In general, any application where oxidation or other deterioration of the conductive layer is a concern, can use this feature of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the present invention be dictated by the appended claims rather than by the description of the preferred embodiment and method.
a second substrate comprised of the front face of said display wherein said first substrate is bonded directly to said second substrate with said optical film positioned therebetween.
2. The optical filter of claim 1 wherein said second layer is tin oxide.
3. The optical filter of claim 2 wherein said oxidized titanium is adjacent to said electrically conductive layer and said tin oxide is adjacent to said dielectric layer.
4. The optical filter of claim 3 wherein said electrically conductive layer is silver.
5. The optical filter of claim 4 including a plurality of electrically conductive layers and a plurality of dielectric layers alternating with said electrically conductive layers.
6. The optical film of claim 1 wherein said second protective material layer is one or more of tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO2) and a silicon dioxide (SiO2).
7. The optical film of claim 6 wherein said oxidized titanium is adjacent to said electrically conductive layer and said second protective material is adjacent to said dielectric layer.
8. The optical film of claim 7 wherein said conductive material layer is silver.
9. The optical film of claim 8 including a plurality of electrically conductive layers and a plurality of dielectric layers alternating with said electrically conductive layers.
10. The optical filter of claim 1 including a plurality of electrically conductive layers and a plurality of dielectric layers alternating with said electrically conductive layers.
securing said first substrate directly to said second substrate with said optical film positioned therebetween.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein said electrically conductive layer is silver.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein said second layer is one or more of tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2).
FR2862961A1 (en) * 2003-11-28 2005-06-03 Saint Gobain transparent substrate alternatively or cumulatively used for heat control, the electromagnetic shield and the heating pane.
FR2936510A1 (en) * 2008-09-30 2010-04-02 Saint Gobain Substrate provided with a stack having thermal properties, particularly to achieve a heating pane.