text:
Harry Woodburn Chase
Henry Groves Connor, Jr.
T.T. Martin
Angus W. McLean
J.R. Pentuff
D. Scott Poole
William Louis Poteat
Opinions: In Favor of the Poole Bill
D.Scott Poole, "Why the Opposition"
After D. Scott Poole, sponsor of the bill to ban the teaching of evolution in North Carolina's public schools, canceled a scheduled speech at the University of North Carolina, he sent this copy of his speech to the university magazine.
[Source description: D. Scott Poole. "Why the Opposition." Carolina Magazine 57 (October 1926), pp. 19-20. About this source.]
Why the Opposition
Prevented by illness from making a scheduled address before the student body of the University, Mr. D. Scott Poole, originator of the famous "Poole Bill," replied to a request for the manuscript of his address with the brief presented on this page.
In printing this article, which should represent the candid opinions of the fundamentalists of this state as held by their acknowledged leader, there has been no attempt at editing. The brief was printed as it came to the office.
I object to a mode of creation being taught in the public schools of this state for the following reasons:
1. Because parents, not the state, have the right to teach their children religion. Parents are responsible for the religious training of their children.
2. Because Evolution as taught in the schools, teaches a mode of creation, of the Creator, the Bible, and the philosophy of life, may be classed as religion.
3. Because state schools have no right to teach religion.
4. Neither the Evolutionist, nor the Christian Fundamentalist has a right to teach his peculiar views at public expense.
5. Because debarring Evolution from the public schools will not infringe upon the right of any Evolutionist from teaching or writing at his own expense.
This is the reasons for debarring evolution, legally, and now as further reasons, it is not fair to taxpayers to defray the expense of teaching their own peculiar doctrine, and then by a state supported educational system have all their work undone, and that also at their expense.
It is plain to be seen, that this conflict of view will amount to a menace of the welface of the Commonwealth if allowed to go on.
From the writings of evolutionists we make the following deductions:
1. All gods and devils are the creations of human imaginations.
2. There never has been a divine relation of God's will to man.
3. No extant moral code possesses Divine authority.
4. The Christian's hope of heaven is based on myth.
5. The fall of man is mythical.
6. Conscience is the product of group opinion.
7. Christianity is wrong in its basic purpose of moral conduct.
8. Christian teaching as to purity and modesty is wrong, based on mysticism and superstition.
9. Christianity has degraded woman, and retarded progress.
10. The world has no true code of morals.
In reviewing these extreme views, you may call them, is it any wonder that Church has arisen to oppose such teaching? Scientists say the Bible was not given to teach science. I grant this. Neither should scientists undertake to teach the Bible. The Bible is supernatural. It must be what it is believed to be, the revelation of God's will to man. The Scriptures teach what a man is to believe concerning God, and what duties God requires of man.
By following the teaching of the Bible a man does not become a worse citizen; but rather, he who follows more closely the teaching of this wonderful Book is the highest specimen of the race. The Bible is the only source of light that shines across the cold, dark silence and shadow of the death. Surely none would extinguish this.
About this Source:
The Dialectic Society, one of the campus debating groups at the University of North Carolina, invited Representative Poole to speak on campus about the anti-evolution bill that he had introduced. Poole accepted, agreeing to address the students in a talk at Memorial Hall on May 18, 1926. On the morning of the 18th, Poole canceled, writing to the Dialectic Society that he was unable to keep the engagement due to the serious illness of his brother. The Tar Heel, the campus newspaper, reported that Poole "hopes to be here and speak on the subject of evolution at a later date." It does not appear that Poole ever spoke on the UNC campus.
The article here appears to be working notes for the speech that Poole would have given. The Carolina Magazine is careful to note that the piece appears exactly as it was given to them, an important point to make for a journal that was at the time much more likely to reflect the views of the faculty and administration of the University, which opposed the Poole Bill.
J.R. Pentuff, "Pentuff on the Poole Bill"
Rev. J.R. Pentuff of Concord, N.C., follows up on his testimony before the House Committee on Education in this letter to the Biblical Recorder.
[Source description: J.R. Pentuff, "Dr. Pentuff on Poole Bill." Biblical Recorder, 4 March 1925, p. 10. About this source.]
Excerpts from the article:
"Dr. Pentuff on Poole Bill"
Dear Dr. [Livingston] Johnson:-- In the main I agree with you in what you say about the Poole Bill in your historical sketch. But there are two points on which I do not agree. To my mind the Poole Bill was not and is not in any sense a religious Bill and that is the main reason I spoke in favor of the Bill. The Bill, so far as I observed, made no reference to religion, no reference to the Bible, no word about any body's faith. To claim "blood kin" to the lower animals places the one who claims it out side the Bible, for it makes no such claims. It is begging the whole question to say that the Legislature cannot bar the teaching of such "blood kin" without infringing on somebody's religion, on the Bible, or on Christianity.
The Darwinian Theory of Organic Evolution and Descent of Man from the animals is Scientific, or it is pseudo-scientific and has no connection with the Bible, except that it was invented as a weapon with which to fight the Bible . . . Mr. [D. Scott] Poole's aim was to try to stop the State from teaching things that are against the Bible, and irreligious propaganda . . . .
Dr. [Harry W.] Chase endeavored to twist the whole discussion over to his fallacious interpretation of the freedom of speech and over on religious grounds . . . That is a favorite dodge of Evolutionists when asked to give a sensible argument for their theory. They at once pose as martyrs to the cause of science. And they begin to call us "pious hoodlums," "religious bigots," "suspicious," "prejudiced," and "uninformed," while they are the wise, good, and the persecuted . . .
. . . In the second place, the legislators were made to believe that the passage of such as Bill would violate the freedom of speech measure in the Federal Constitution. The good men of those days when the Constitution was made, probably did not dream that the time would ever come in our country when Agnostics, Atheists, or traitors, or others who would destroy our homes, subvert our government, destroy peoples' faith in the Bible, would invoke the protection of the Constitution and Stars and Stripes while doing such work . . . .
J. R. Pentuff
Concord, N. C.
James Robert Pentuff, pastor of McGill Street Baptist Church in Concord, N.C. wrote this letter to Livingston Johnson, editor of the Baptist state paper, the Biblical Recorder, in response to a previous article by Johnson about the Poole Resolution debates of January and February 1925. An anti-evolutionist, Pentuff takes this opportunity to explain his view of the deliberations and arguments in the General Assembly and at the resolution's public hearing, the methodology of the Poole Resolution's opponents, and the "pseudo-scientific" nature of the Darwinian theory evolution.
J. Sherwood Upchurch, "I Did Not Come from Him, Neither Did You!" (opens in a new window).
In this campaign poster, J. Sherwood Upchurch, Democratic candidate for the state legislature, makes his stance on the evolution debate clear.
I Did Not Come From HIM
NEITHER DID YOU!
I May Look Like Him, But
I Refuse To Claim Kin
On This I Stand!
J. Sherwood Upchurch
They are Going to Talk About Him in the Next
So They Say
I WANT TO BE THERE!
For House of Representatives
DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY
SATURDAY, JUNE 5TH
If you will vote for me, in return I will give you action. 14 years member Board of Aldermen; 2 years City Auditor; 3 years in charge of Sanitary Department, City of Raleigh. During the 14 years as Alderman I never cast one vote against the people. I will thank you for your support.
P.S.--I am positively against the Salary and Slave Commission.Mitchell Printing Co., Raleigh, N.C.
Biblical Recorder, "Some Comments on the Poole Bill"
After the Poole Bill is voted down in the House Committee on Education in 1927, the Biblical Recorder weighs in on the two year struggle.
"CURRENT TOPICS"
The Poole Bill-- The Poole Bill has gone through several stages, but we have reserved comment until it was finally disposed of, in order to let our people know just what disposition was made of it. There was a public hearing on the bill in the House of Representatives on February 10 [1927] . . . A young man came to the front stating that he was never so badly scared in his life, but felt it his duty to speak a word in behalf of the young people. His name is Paul J. Ranson, of Huntersville. He said he was reared in the A. R. P. [Associate Reformed Presbyterian] Church. He believed the bitter discussions among Christian people was doing far more harm than the teaching of evolution. He did not know anything about evolution and never expected to know anything about it, but he knew he was a Christian, and pleaded for more of the spirit of Christ among our people, which would settle all our difficulties . . . .
The Committee Report--The committee met on Tuesday 15 [February 1927], and after a short speech by Mr. Poole, who was crowded out at the public hearing, Mr. Townsend of Harnett moved that the bill be reported unfavorably. This motion was adopted by a vote of 25 for and 11 against . . . The vote of the committee this year was quite a surprise. Many thought there might be a favorable report, and none, perhaps, thought the majority against the bill would be so large--more than two to one . . . .
Some Comments on the Poole Bill--The defeat of the bill does not mean that the people of North Carolina do not believe in the Bible as strongly as they ever did. It is safe to say that most, if not all, of those who opposed the bill are as firm believers in the Bible as those who favored it. They simply thought that it was a dangerous thing to begin to legislate on matters of religion, as that is a long step toward union of church and state. So let no one interpret the action of the Legislature as an endorsement of Modernism. The people of the State are true to the old faith, and the Bible is the most popular book here, as it is everywhere it is known.
While the Legislature defeated the bill for the reason given above, the teachers in our schools must not take this action as giving them license to teach anything that denies the Bible--not the interpretation that men may put on the Bible--but the Bible itself. Teachers of science have no business attempting to teach theology, any more than a theologian has business teaching science, unless he has studied the subject sufficiently to treat it intelligently . . . .
The Biblical Recorder usually took an editorial stance firmly against the teaching of evolution in public schools, however, this summary of the legislative actions regarding the Poole bill is very even-handed. The author of the article suggests that the failure to ban the teaching of evolution in schools does not suggest that the majority North Carolinians supported Darwinism. On the contrary, most North Carolinians remained staunchly conservative, but were discouraged by the tenor of the debate over the Poole Bill and were uncomfortable with the idea of legislating what could and could not be taught in schools.
Opinions: Against the Poole Bill
Frank Porter Graham, "Evolution, The University and the People."
In this article in the Alumni Review, published in April 1925, faculty member Frank Porter Graham, who would later become president of the University of North Carolina, states his case for opposing the Poole Bill.
[Source Description: Frank Porter Graham, "Evolution, The University and the People." Alumni Review 13 (1924-1925), pp. 205-207. About this source.]
Excerpt from article: ". . . Evolution was taught at the University by North Carolinians before President Chase was born. Though modified from time to time with the increase of knowledge, the theory of evolution has moved from conquest to conquest and is now an important part of the teaching of geology, physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, and sociology. It is taught in most of the colleges in every civilized nation in the world. It is taught by Christian missionaries in the colleges of Asia and Africa. Today students in many of the high schools in both hemispheres accept the theory as freely as they do the Copernican system and the circulation of the blood. By papal edict it was handed down that the earth did not move around the sun and by solemn law it was enacted that the blood did not circulate from the heart through the body. But fortunately for the human race the earth continued on its celestial course and the blood went on its arterial way. Despite reports to the contrary, ex cathedra in medieval times and ex lege in modern times, the earth revolves, the blood circulates, and life evolves not only biologically, from simpler to more complex organisms, but also socially, with restless searchings of men for the kingdom of God. The great evolutionary process wins its way to acceptance around the world in accordance with laws higher than the constitution, whether joined or opposed by the misconceptions of men and the laws of states.
"The Poole Bill raises issues older than the State of North Carolina. The inquisition, the index, and the stake are the unclaimed ancestors of the Poole Bill. Bruno chose to be burned to death rather than be saved on ecclesiastical terms. The teachers and the youth of North Carolina today would revolt against this ancient tyranny in its latest form. A tyranny that commanded them to be dishonest with themselves is not their idea of the way of salvation. All honor to President Chase for speaking clearly and standing squarely to the issues raised. May we also salute with equal respect President William Louis Poteat, who, by his stand at Wake Forest, as been, for all our colleges, the buffer state against unreason, the shock absorber of intolerance, and the first line trench against bigotry lo! these many years. President Chase, confronted with the issue, went out to meet it - 'God helping him, he could do no other.' Then and there he revindicated his leadership and holds more tightly to his side the fighting loyalty of university men. Let us all close ranks solidly about him. He has raised the University standard to be seen of all our people. Freedom to think, freedom to speak, and freedom to print are the texture of that standard. That freedom the great Virginians led the way in writing into the first amendment to the constitutions of the United States. It was one of the conditions of North Carolina's ratification of the federal instrument. Upon this three-fold freedom Thomas Jefferson founded our oldest national political party. It is the cornerstone of the motto of the first American university to open its doors in the name of the people - in a little North Carolina village one hundred and thirty years ago. . . ."
Frank Porter Graham, a popular faculty member at the University of North Carolina, wrote this article for the UNC Alumni Review, published in April 1925. Graham has a couple of objectives in this piece. He is strongly opposed to restrictions from the legislature on what may or may not be taught in the classroom, particularly in the case of evolution, which he regards as a well-established fact. Graham also comes to the defense of Harry Woodburn Chase, who was at the time the President of the University of North Carolina, and who had been sharply criticized after speaking out in opposition to the Poole Bill.
Frank Porter Graham would later succeed Chase as President of the University of North Carolina, serving in that role for nearly twenty years, becoming one of the most beloved figures in UNC history.


text:
.. _missing_data:

Dealing with missing data
*************************

When running any statistic in TurbuStat on data set with noise, there is a question of whether or not to mask out noisy data. Masking noisy data is a common practice with observational data and is often crucial for recovering scientifically-usable results.  However, some of the statistics in TurbuStat implicitly assume the map is continuous.  This page demonstrates the pros and cons of masking data versus including noisy regions.

We will create a red noise image to use as an example::

    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    >>> from turbustat.simulator import make_extended
    >>> img = make_extended(256, powerlaw=3., randomseed=54398493)
    >>> # Now shuffle so the peak is near the centre
    >>> img = np.roll(img, (128, -30), (0, 1))
    >>> img -= img.min()
    >>> plt.imshow(img, origin='lower')  # doctest: +SKIP
    >>> plt.colorbar()  # doctest: +SKIP

.. image:: images/missing_data_image.png

After creating the image, we centered the peak of the map to be near the centre. We also subtracted the minimum value from the image to remove negative values to better mimic observational data.

We will compare the effect of noise and masking on two statistics: the :ref:`PowerSpectrum <pspec_tutorial>` and the :ref:`Delta-variance <delvar_tutorial>`. The power-spectrum relies on a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which implicitly assumes that the map edges are periodic. This assumption presents an issue for observational maps with emission at their edge and requires an :ref:`apodizing kernel <apodkerns>` to be applied to the data prior to computing the power-spectrum. The delta-variance relies on convolving the map by a set of kernels with increasing size.  While the convolution also uses a Fourier transform, noisy or missing regions in the data are down-weighted so this method can be used on observational data with arbitrary shape (`Ossenkopf at al. 2008a <https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2008A&A...485..917O/abstract>`_).

.. note:: Throughout this example, we will not create realistic WCS information for the image because we will be altering the image in each step.  For brevity, we pass `fits.PrimaryHDU(img)` which creates a FITS HDU without complete WCS information. For a tutorial on how TurbuStat creates mock WCS information, see :ref:`here <simobs_tutorial>`.

First, we will use both statistics on the unaltered image::

    >>> from astropy.io import fits
    >>> from turbustat.statistics import PowerSpectrum, DeltaVariance
    >>> pspec = PowerSpectrum(fits.PrimaryHDU(img))
    >>> pspec.run(verbose=True)  # doctest: +SKIP
                                OLS Regression Results
    ==============================================================================
    Dep. Variable:                      y   R-squared:                       1.000
    Model:                            OLS   Adj. R-squared:                  1.000
    Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                 3.239e+05
    Date:                Thu, 14 Feb 2019   Prob (F-statistic):          1.61e-293
    Time:                        17:08:19   Log-Likelihood:                 610.32
    No. Observations:                 181   AIC:                            -1217.
    Df Residuals:                     179   BIC:                            -1210.
    Df Model:                           1
    Covariance Type:                  HC3
    ==============================================================================
                     coef    std err          z      P>|z|      [0.025      0.975]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    const          2.3594      0.003    755.971      0.000       2.353       2.366
    x1            -2.9893      0.005   -569.096      0.000      -3.000      -2.979
    ==============================================================================
    Omnibus:                      150.694   Durbin-Watson:                   1.634
    Prob(Omnibus):                  0.000   Jarque-Bera (JB):             5853.912
    Skew:                          -2.593   Prob(JB):                         0.00
    Kurtosis:                      30.374   Cond. No.                         4.15
    ==============================================================================

.. image:: images/missing_data_pspec.png

The power-spectrum recovers the expected slope of :math:`-3`. The delta-variance slope should be :math:`-\beta -2`, where :math:`\beta` is the power-spectrum slope, so we should find a slope of :math:`1`::

    >>> delvar = DeltaVariance(fits.PrimaryHDU(img))
    >>> delvar.run(verbose=True)  # doctest: +SKIP
                           WLS Regression Results
    ==============================================================================
    Dep. Variable:                      y   R-squared:                       0.999
    Model:                            WLS   Adj. R-squared:                  0.999
    Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                     1741.
    Date:                Thu, 14 Feb 2019   Prob (F-statistic):           3.50e-23
    Time:                        17:13:16   Log-Likelihood:                 48.412
    No. Observations:                  25   AIC:                            -92.82
    Df Residuals:                      23   BIC:                            -90.39
    Df Model:                           1
    Covariance Type:                  HC3
    ==============================================================================
                     coef    std err          z      P>|z|      [0.025      0.975]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    const         -1.8780      0.017   -113.441      0.000      -1.910      -1.846
    x1             0.9986      0.024     41.723      0.000       0.952       1.046
    ==============================================================================
    Omnibus:                        6.913   Durbin-Watson:                   1.306
    Prob(Omnibus):                  0.032   Jarque-Bera (JB):                6.334
    Skew:                           0.535   Prob(JB):                       0.0421
    Kurtosis:                       5.221   Cond. No.                         12.1
    ==============================================================================

.. image:: images/missing_data_delvar.png

Indeed, we recover the correct slope from the delta-variance.

To demonstrate how masking affects each of these statistics, we will arbitrarily mask low values below the 25 percentile in the example image and run each statistic::

    >>> masked_img = img.copy()
    >>> masked_img[masked_img < np.percentile(img, 25)] = np.NaN
    >>> plt.imshow(masked_img, origin='lower')  # doctest: +SKIP
    >>> plt.colorbar()  # doctest: +SKIP

.. image:: images/missing_data_image_masked.png

The central bright region remains but much of the fainter features around the image edges have been masked.::

    >>> pspec_masked = PowerSpectrum(fits.PrimaryHDU(masked_img))
    >>> pspec_masked.run(verbose=True, high_cut=10**-1.25 / u.pix)  # doctest: +SKIP
                                OLS Regression Results
    ==============================================================================
    Dep. Variable:                      y   R-squared:                       0.993
    Model:                            OLS   Adj. R-squared:                  0.993
    Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                     2636.
    Date:                Thu, 14 Feb 2019   Prob (F-statistic):           3.45e-19
    Time:                        17:19:21   Log-Likelihood:                 27.859
    No. Observations:                  18   AIC:                            -51.72
    Df Residuals:                      16   BIC:                            -49.94
    Df Model:                           1
    Covariance Type:                  HC3
    ==============================================================================
                     coef    std err          z      P>|z|      [0.025      0.975]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    const          3.5321      0.080     44.347      0.000       3.376       3.688
    x1            -2.6362      0.051    -51.344      0.000      -2.737      -2.536
    ==============================================================================
    Omnibus:                        0.336   Durbin-Watson:                   2.692
    Prob(Omnibus):                  0.845   Jarque-Bera (JB):                0.445
    Skew:                           0.259   Prob(JB):                        0.800
    Kurtosis:                       2.429   Cond. No.                         14.6
    ==============================================================================

.. image:: images/missing_data_pspec_masked.png

Masking has significantly flattened the power-spectrum, even with the restriction we added to fit only scales larger than :math:`10^{1.25}\sim18` pixels. In fact, flattening the power-spectrum is similar to how noise effects the power-spectrum. Why is this? FFTs cannot be used on data with missing values specified as `NaNs`. Instead, we have to choose a finite value to _fill_ the missing data; we typically choose to fill these regions with :math:`0`.  When large regions are missing, the fill value leads to a large region with constant values that, by itself, would have a power-spectrum index of :math:`0`.

The delta-variance avoids the filling issue for masked data by introducing weights. Places with missing data have a very low weight or remained masked. The `astropy convolution <http://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/convolution/>`_ package has routines for interpolating over masked data, which is useful when small regions are missing data but is not typically useful when the missing data lies at the edge of emission in a map. With the masked image, the delta-variance curve we find is::

    >>> delvar_masked = DeltaVariance(fits.PrimaryHDU(masked_img))
    >>> delvar_masked.run(verbose=True, xlow=2 * u.pix, xhigh=50 * u.pix)  # doctest: +SKIP
                                WLS Regression Results
    ==============================================================================
    Dep. Variable:                      y   R-squared:                       0.999
    Model:                            WLS   Adj. R-squared:                  0.999
    Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                     1860.
    Date:                Thu, 14 Feb 2019   Prob (F-statistic):           5.52e-18
    Time:                        17:30:29   Log-Likelihood:                 52.504
    No. Observations:                  18   AIC:                            -101.0
    Df Residuals:                      16   BIC:                            -99.23
    Df Model:                           1
    Covariance Type:                  HC3
    ==============================================================================
                     coef    std err          z      P>|z|      [0.025      0.975]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    const         -1.8679      0.015   -120.680      0.000      -1.898      -1.838
    x1             0.9520      0.022     43.128      0.000       0.909       0.995
    ==============================================================================
    Omnibus:                        4.484   Durbin-Watson:                   1.339
    Prob(Omnibus):                  0.106   Jarque-Bera (JB):                2.180
    Skew:                           0.694   Prob(JB):                        0.336
    Kurtosis:                       3.991   Cond. No.                         11.7
    ==============================================================================

.. image:: images/missing_data_delvar_masked.png

When restricting the fit to scales of less than 50 pixels (about a quarter of the image), we recover a slope of :math:`0.95`, significantly closer to the expected value of :math:`1.0` relative to the power-spectrum.

Another issue that could be encountered with observational data are large empty regions in a map, either due to masking (similar to the above example) or when we want to investigate a single object and have masked out all others. This situation could arise when the data are segmented into individual _"blobs"_ and we want to study the properties of each blob. To mimic this situation, we will pad the edges (following the `numpy example <https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.15.0/reference/generated/numpy.pad.html>`_) of the image with empty values as::

    >>> def pad_with(vector, pad_width, iaxis, kwargs):
    ...    pad_value = kwargs.get('padder', 0.)
    ...    vector[:pad_width[0]] = pad_value
    ...    vector[-pad_width[1]:] = pad_value
    ...    return vector
    >>> padded_masked_img = np.pad(masked_img, 128, pad_with, padder=np.NaN)

We are also only going to keep the biggest continuous region in the padded image to mimic studying a single object picked from a larger image::

    >>> from scipy import ndimage as nd
    >>> labs, num = nd.label(np.isfinite(padded_masked_img), np.ones((3, 3)))
    >>> # Keep the largest region only
    >>> padded_masked_img[np.where(labs > 1)] = np.NaN
    >>> plt.imshow(padded_masked_img, origin='lower')  # doctest: +SKIP
    >>> plt.colorbar()  # doctest: +SKIP

.. image:: images/missing_data_image_masked_padded.png

The unmasked region is now surrounded by huge empty regions. How does this affect the power-spectrum and delta-variance?::

    >>> pspec_masked_pad = PowerSpectrum(fits.PrimaryHDU(padded_masked_img))
    >>> pspec_masked_pad.run(verbose=True, high_cut=10**-1.25 / u.pix)  # doctest: +SKIP

                                OLS Regression Results
    ==============================================================================
    Dep. Variable:                      y   R-squared:                       0.985
    Model:                            OLS   Adj. R-squared:                  0.985
    Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                     1166.
    Date:                Fri, 15 Feb 2019   Prob (F-statistic):           1.41e-29
    Time:                        13:43:42   Log-Likelihood:                 35.094
    No. Observations:                  39   AIC:                            -66.19
    Df Residuals:                      37   BIC:                            -62.86
    Df Model:                           1
    Covariance Type:                  HC3
    ==============================================================================
                     coef    std err          z      P>|z|      [0.025      0.975]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    const          3.4746      0.123     28.245      0.000       3.233       3.716
    x1            -2.6847      0.079    -34.144      0.000      -2.839      -2.531
    ==============================================================================
    Omnibus:                        1.962   Durbin-Watson:                   2.222
    Prob(Omnibus):                  0.375   Jarque-Bera (JB):                1.840
    Skew:                          -0.489   Prob(JB):                        0.399
    Kurtosis:                       2.580   Cond. No.                         12.2
    ==============================================================================

.. image:: images/missing_data_pspec_masked_pad.png

The power-spectrum is similarly flattened as in the non-padded case. However, the sharp cut-off at the edges of the non-masked region lead to the Gibbs phenomenon (i.e., ringing) evident from the horizontal and vertical stripes in the 2D power-spectrum on the right. The ringing can be minimized by utilizing an :ref:`apodizing kernel <apodkerns>`.

    >>> delvar_masked_padded = DeltaVariance(fits.PrimaryHDU(padded_masked_img))
    >>> delvar_masked_padded.run(verbose=True, xlow=2 * u.pix, xhigh=70 * u.pix)  # doctest: +SKIP
                                WLS Regression Results
    ==============================================================================
    Dep. Variable:                      y   R-squared:                       0.999
    Model:                            WLS   Adj. R-squared:                  0.999
    Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                 1.120e+04
    Date:                Fri, 15 Feb 2019   Prob (F-statistic):           3.37e-24
    Time:                        13:48:37   Log-Likelihood:                 48.777
    No. Observations:                  18   AIC:                            -93.55
    Df Residuals:                      16   BIC:                            -91.77
    Df Model:                           1
    Covariance Type:                  HC3
    ==============================================================================
                     coef    std err          z      P>|z|      [0.025      0.975]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    const         -1.8663      0.004   -425.902      0.000      -1.875      -1.858
    x1             0.9501      0.009    105.823      0.000       0.933       0.968
    ==============================================================================
    Omnibus:                       26.283   Durbin-Watson:                   1.593
    Prob(Omnibus):                  0.000   Jarque-Bera (JB):               41.814
    Skew:                          -2.253   Prob(JB):                     8.32e-10
    Kurtosis:                       8.953   Cond. No.                         11.6
    ==============================================================================

.. image:: images/missing_data_delvar_masked_pad.png

The delta-variance is similarly unaffected by the padded region. Because of the weighting functions, the convolution steps in the delta-variance do not suffer from ringing like the power-spectrum does. We note that this delta-variance curve extends to larger scales because of the padding. What is notable on these larger scales is the lack of emission, which causes the delta-variance to decrease. This is the expected behaviour when large regions of an image are masked and the user can either (i) limit the lags to smaller values, or (ii) exclude large scales from the fit (as we do in this example).

Now, we will compare the masking examples above to when noise is added to the image (without padding). We will add noise to the image drawn from a normal distribution with standard deviation of 1.::

    >>> noise_rms = 1.
    >>> noisy_img = img + np.random.normal(0., noise_rms, img.shape)
    >>> plt.imshow(noisy_img, origin='lower')  # doctest: +SKIP
    >>> plt.colorbar()  # doctest: +SKIP

.. image:: images/missing_data_image_noisy.png

Since the noise distribution is spatially-uncorrelated, the power-spectrum of only the noise will be 0. We expect then that the power-spectrum will be flattened on small scales due to the noise::

    >>> pspec_noisy = PowerSpectrum(fits.PrimaryHDU(noisy_img))
    >>> pspec_noisy.run(verbose=True, high_cut=10**-1.2 / u.pix)  # doctest: +SKIP
                                OLS Regression Results
    ==============================================================================
    Dep. Variable:                      y   R-squared:                       0.999
    Model:                            OLS   Adj. R-squared:                  0.999
    Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                     7447.
    Date:                Fri, 15 Feb 2019   Prob (F-statistic):           4.08e-26
    Time:                        13:58:28   Log-Likelihood:                 47.231
    No. Observations:                  21   AIC:                            -90.46
    Df Residuals:                      19   BIC:                            -88.37
    Df Model:                           1
    Covariance Type:                  HC3
    ==============================================================================
                     coef    std err          z      P>|z|      [0.025      0.975]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    const          2.4964      0.048     51.948      0.000       2.402       2.591
    x1            -2.9054      0.034    -86.298      0.000      -2.971      -2.839
    ==============================================================================
    Omnibus:                        3.284   Durbin-Watson:                   2.477
    Prob(Omnibus):                  0.194   Jarque-Bera (JB):                1.493
    Skew:                           0.450   Prob(JB):                        0.474
    Kurtosis:                       3.948   Cond. No.                         13.3
    ==============================================================================

.. image:: images/missing_data_pspec_noisy.png

The power-spectrum does indeed approach an index of 0 on small scales due to the noise. By excluding scales smaller than :math:`10^{1.25}\sim18` pixels, however, we recover a index of :math:`-2.9`, much closer to the actual index of :math:`-3` than the masking example above. The extent that the power-spectrum index will be biased by the noise will depend on the level of noise relative to the signal. An alternative approach to model the power-spectrum would be to include a noise component (e.g., `Miville-Deschenes et al. 2010 <https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2010A&A...518L.104M/abstract>`_) but this is not currently implemented in TurbuStat.

Running delta-variance on the noisy image gives::

    >>> delvar_noisy = DeltaVariance(fits.PrimaryHDU(noisy_img))
    >>> delvar_noisy.run(verbose=True, xlow=10 * u.pix, xhigh=70 * u.pix)  # doctest: +SKIP
                                WLS Regression Results
    ==============================================================================
    Dep. Variable:                      y   R-squared:                       0.999
    Model:                            WLS   Adj. R-squared:                  0.998
    Method:                 Least Squares   F-statistic:                     842.9
    Date:                Fri, 15 Feb 2019   Prob (F-statistic):           9.52e-12
    Time:                        14:17:20   Log-Likelihood:                 41.456
    No. Observations:                  13   AIC:                            -78.91
    Df Residuals:                      11   BIC:                            -77.78
    Df Model:                           1
    Covariance Type:                  HC3
    ==============================================================================
                     coef    std err          z      P>|z|      [0.025      0.975]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    const         -1.8245      0.041    -45.005      0.000      -1.904      -1.745
    x1             0.9480      0.033     29.034      0.000       0.884       1.012
    ==============================================================================
    Omnibus:                        7.660   Durbin-Watson:                   1.670
    Prob(Omnibus):                  0.022   Jarque-Bera (JB):                3.768
    Skew:                          -1.137   Prob(JB):                        0.152
    Kurtosis:                       4.336   Cond. No.                         20.7
    ==============================================================================

.. image:: images/missing_data_delvar_noisy.png

The delta-variance slope is flatter by about the same amount as in the masked image example above (:math:`0.95`). Thus masking and noise (at this level) have the same effect on the slope of the delta-variance.

From these examples, we see that the power-spectrum is more biased by masking than by keeping noisy regions in the image. The delta-variance is similarly biased in both cases because of how noisy regions are down-weighted in the convolution step.

.. note:: We encourage users to test a statistic with and without masking their data to determine how the statistic is affected by masking.

Where noise matters
*******************

Noise will affect all the statistics and metrics in TurbuStat to some extent. This section lists common issues that may be encountered with observational data.

* The previous section shows an example of how noise flattens a power-spectrum. This will effect the spatial power-spectrum, MVC, VCA, VCS (at small scales), the Wavelet transform, and the delta-variance. If the noise level is moderate, the range that is fit can be altered to avoid the scales where noise severely flattens the power-spectrum or equivalent relation.

* Fits to the PDF can be affected by noise. These values will tend to cluster the low values in an image to around 0. If the noise is (mostly) uncorrelated, the noise component will be a Gaussian. A minimum value to include in the PDF should be set to avoid this region. Furthermore, the default log-normal model cannot handle negative values and will raise an error in this case.

* Many of the distance metrics are defined in terms of the significance of the difference between two values. For example, the power-spectrum distance is the absolute difference between two indices normalized by the square root of the sum of the variance from the fit uncertainty (:math:`d=|\beta_1 - \beta_2|\, /\, \sqrt{\sigma_1^2 + \sigma_2^2}`). If one data set is significantly noisier than the other, this will _lower_ the distance. It is important to compare all distance to a common baseline. This will determine the *significance* of a distance rather than its value. `Koch et al. 2017 <https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2017MNRAS.471.1506K/abstract>`_ explore this in detail.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Stephanie Kay – Page 3 – A craft and art blog dedicated to looking for happiness through a passion for creating.
My latest acrylic on canvas is a silvery and eclectic blend of colours that reminds me of a space nebula.
Deeply layered, and complex fields exhibit depth. A black underpainting supports a thick metallic ocean of iridescent silver.
On the outer edges, blue and violet are blended; creating an intense and chaotic scene of the cosmos.
There are so many colours present that the size of this piece does not do it justice.
Finally, the stripes in the lower right quadrant remind me of of a tiger's paw reaching out and across the nebula. As it reaches, I can only imagine the distances it will cross.
Making a pom pom tree.
Materials: Cone shaped foam figure, yarn pom poms of various size, glue gun with glue sticks, sharp scissors.


Fugitive bribery suspect Pei Zhanrong has returned to China and turned herself in almost two years after fleeing overseas, China's top anti-graft authority announced on Monday.
"Pei, a former human resources and social security official in northeast China's Jilin Province, was suspected of taking bribes and fled overseas in March 2017,'' the anti-graft authority said.
The 65-year-old was also a former chief of the division for demobilised military officers' placement and deputy inspector at the human resources and social security department in Jilin Province.
"In June 2017, Jilin provincial prosecutors launched an investigation into Pei's suspected crimes, before she was added to an online wanted list by the authorities,'' the statement said.
According to officials, Pei is cooperating in returning her illegal gains.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The outdoor recreation areas maintained by the state are areas designed for outdoor pursuits and invigorating experiences in nature. These areas have everything that is needed for outdoor excursions from marked trails to campfire spots, lean-to shelters and wilderness cabins. Whether you are looking to take a day trip excursion or longer hikes, these areas cater to your demands.
Lapland has two recreational areas: Arctic Circle and Inari. These regions are not official recreational areas, but are founded on the basis of resolutions made by Metsähallitus (formerly the Finnish Forest & Park Service). However, these areas have services that correspond to official recreational areas.


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Home Automobiles Role of Mahindra Tractor in Farming
Role of Mahindra Tractor in Farming
In farming, all the practices or activities play an important. In ancient times these farming practices are done with the help of animals and old farming machines that waste too much time and money. To develop the structure of agriculture nowadays, modern farming machines are used to perform all farming activities, and it consumes your time and money also.
Introduction to India's No. tractor Brand:
Mahindra stands on the first position in manufacturing various kinds of tractors and other farming implements all over the nation. Tractor of Mahindra is the most used tractor by Indian farmers in their fields, and it is also used for other commercial activities. Mahindra provides a large variety of different varieties of tractors in all states of India. Mahindra is the largest tractor provider as compared to any tractor brands in India. Tractor of Mahindra gives all characteristics and qualities that are essential for farmers of India to perform work related to farming. Mahindra is the most popular tractor brand, which is located in India. Mahindra takes care of its extreme users by providing them a well-established tractor at a more reasonable price. It's specially designing their product for the farmers and other citizens of India. Mahindra all tractor are popular and most broadly used in India because of their long expectancy and all new and advanced specifications of tractors.
General Information About Mahindra:
Mahindra provides a tractor of various kinds that starts from 15 HP and ends at 75hp. Mahindra and Mahindra tractor gives opportunity and feeding over 50 crore people in India. It is the most committed brand in India because of its all terminal facility and availability of service centers in most towns and cities. Mahindra matches the importance and diversity of Indian farmers. Mahindra's Tractors comes according to India's land conditions and includes all essential tools of farming. Mahindra & Mahindra is an internationally accepted largest farm equipment manufacturer. Mahindra became a tractor company in the world that sells the most significant amount of tractor in 2010. The most extensive consumer base of Mahindra is in India, North America, China, and Australia. Mahindra producing capacity is 1.5 lakhs tractors in a year.
The Developer of Mahindra:
In 1945, J. C. Mahindra, K. C. Mahindra, and Malik Ghulam Muhammad were the developer or founders of Mahindra. Firstly it was established as Muhammad & Mahindra; then, in 1948, it was named Mahindra & Mahindra.
Factors that make it the Best Tractor company
Mahindra tractors India is the largest and most prominent tractor brand that produces tractors for all purposes. Tractors of Mahindra is the first choice of every Indian farmer due to its fantastic performance at the least expenditure. Mostly it is seen that in a tractor of Mahindra, there is no deficiency and also in shallow consumer complaints are arises. Mahindra is the number one tractor brand in India, due to its large manufacturing plant and an automation system. By using a tractor of Mahindra, every person can improve the farming experience and other commercial practices. In the limited or particular price segment, any tractor can't compete with tractor Mahindra, and its performance is unusually excellent.
Some essential factors are listed in the below section, which makes it the best tractor brand.
Mahindra Frequently launches New Tractors Models
Mahindra continuously makes new and advanced machines to fulfill all the needs and desires of the farmers of Indi. Mahindra tractor new model is fully loaded with all required tools and features in all small agriculture activities. In this row of launching new tractors models, Mahindra tractor Yuvo is launched with all essential elements and components. Mahindra also provides a mini tractor to perform all minor activities of farming. If any person wants to increase their farming productivity, then tractors of Mahindra are the best option. Mahindra tractor model is available on all the offline Mahindra centers. Anyone wants to buy a tractor of Mahindra from a well trusted online platform at an affordable price then visit Tractorjunction.com.
What is the Price of Mahindra Tractor?
In this modern era, all farming machines are available at a high price. Mahindra is only one tractor brand that provides an all-new tractor at the economical rate that fits all farmers' budgets. The new tractor price starts from Rs. 2.50 lakh and it will go to 12.50 lakh. All the needed tools and features are inbuilt in the tractors of Mahindra that are helpful for all kinds of exercise in agriculture. For all Indian farmers, money values the most to improve or start farming, so Mahindra's tractor is a classic choice to go ahead in agriculture.
The durability of Tractors of Mahindra:
Tractors of Mahindra is used by most of the farmers because it has a healthy body, and it is made up of good quality. Its internal machinery is also durable and made with excellency. In the Indian land, it can easily face every one of your environmental conditions and various property surfaces.
High Performance in The least Expense:
As we all know, India is a Developing country, and Indian farmers want the best performance as the least expenses are possible. Farmers of India wants to increase their farming productivity in the minimum expenditure. The production of tractors of Mahindra is high as per the expectance. Tractors of Mahindra are the best machine for farming according to all conditions of the Indian filed, and its performance is also excellent as compared to other tractor brands. At various landscapes, its performance remains the same, and it also consumes low fuel and gives more mileage in the filed.
Are you Interested to Buy a New/Used Mahindra Tractor?
If you are tired of searching for a perfect price range for a New/Used Mahindra tractor and want to buy a tractor at a more reasonable price, visit our official website Tractorjunction.com. On this online platform, you will get all brands of the tractor at a more affordable price.
Mahindra Tractor
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Switzerland's new national carrier, SWISS, is focusing on building strong brand awareness at the ATM.
The newly designed SWISS stand will incorporate the airline's recently launched logo and branding, as well as concepts associated with Swiss values.
The stand, which was designed in Zurich especially for the ATM, will be found in the European Quarter, stand 923.
The stand is to be staffed by representatives dressed in the new SWISS uniforms and feature innovative red and transparent cube modules and wood detailing to emphasise the corporate identity and the Swiss values of reliability, friendliness and elegance.
Commenting on plans for this year's ATM, SWISS marketing manager for the Middle East & Asia, Werner Rohrer, said: "We have created a new airline and a new brand that we hope will reaffirm regional confidence in Swiss aviation. The values of Switzerland are as relevant now as they were before and we hope to demonstrate these here at ATM 2002."
SWISS brought in the respected design consultant Tyler BrulŽ, Creative Director of Wink Media in London, to create the new brand concept and update the airline's visual appearance.
"Our focus is on building a carrier that is profitable and sustainable in the long-term, but the brand itself is also important because it shows not only who we are and what our values are but where we intend to go in the future," added Rohrer.
SWISS, which was officially launched on March 26, operates a total of 31 weekly flights from the Middle East, including daily flights from Dubai, six weekly flights from Cairo, four weekly flights from Karachi, three weekly flights from Riyadh, Muscat, Tehran and Abu Dhabi, and two weekly flights from Jeddah.
"The ATM is an excellent opportunity to promote SWISS as it falls just before the summer, which is the most popular time of the year for Middle East holidaymakers to travel abroad. This year we plan to launch several new promotions - especially focusing on families and the Arab traveller - and hope that our passengers can enjoy the new experience of flying to Europe or the USA with SWISS," concluded Rohrer.
The airline now has a total fleet of 128 planes operating to 122 destinations in 60 countries, and is focused on providing excellent service in an innovative and cosmopolitan atmosphere.


I was very recently admonished by an old friend, Wali Mohammad for ignoring the prominent figures of the right-wing in my writings, which, he says, otherwise are reasonably good.
This reminded me of how before Partition, although politicians had formed a right and a left wing by then, they were judged for their political actions and leanings, and not for their religious characters; someone espousing secularism would not automatically become a left-wing politician or vice versa.
Shaikh Adbul Majeed Sindhi too, is among those politicians who are remembered for their political position rather than religious manifestations.
"O Sultan bin Sultan, currently the Emperor of Pakistan, General Ayub Khan, Field Marshall (without fighting a single war) Time and Earth, and the Inventor of the sham Basic Democracies, may God bless both your victory over Pakistan and your tyrannical rule, because it was you who had originally carved out this country by defeating both the British and Hindus on the battlefield with your sharpest scimitar (when the politicians and the Muslim voters of India had only been talking nonsense).
This 85-year-old man faced persecution until circumstances forced Ayub Khan to quit as president, though the people of the country still didn't get their rights. It was only a change of face: Yahya Khan replaced Ayub.
Shaikh Abdul Majeed Sindhi's ancestors had left Sehwan Sharif to settle down in Thatta. His family belonged to the Noyani clan of the Amil Hindus, who were known for their bookkeeping skills.
Shaikh sahib had a good grasp of the politics of Sindh and India; he was also a keen observer of international political issues. More often than not, his political analyses would turn out to be accurate. Sindhi's in-depth knowledge of politics earned him a prominent status amongst his contemporary politicians, who held him in high esteem as their guru.
He understood the inner-workings of electoral politics, and his electoral strategies always guaranteed success.
Once, he decided to run in the provincial assembly elections against Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto from Larkana – a stronghold of the Bhutto family and won. Sindhi had a close association with, and a public appeal among, the working class. His supporters campaigned by traveling on ox-carts, while those backing Sir Shah Nawaz drove around in jeeps, the popular off-road vehicles.
However, Sir Shah Nawaz's great-granddaughter Fatima Bhutto narrates the same event differently in her memoir Songs of Blood and Sword. On page 43 of the book, she eulogises her great-grandfather Sir Shah Nawaz Butto, and uses some unsavoury epithets for Adul Majeed Sindhi, such as a "complete-unknown" and an "outsider".
Fatima Bhutto adds that "Sir Shahnawaz was an old-fashioned man. He felt betrayed by the loss of what should have been an automatic win, but did not push the issue further. He simply packed up his family and left Sindh" in 1938.
Mohammad Ayub Khuhro, Shaikh Abdul Majeed Sindhi and G. M. Syed.
It is unclear which criterion Miss Bhutto has applied to declare Shaikh Abdul Majid Sindhi a "complete-unknown"; on the contrary , he was well known among his contemporaries for his acumen, and as one of the leading politicians of the time, he had presided over an All Parties Conference.
Sindhi was active in the provincial politics and subsequently, became a member of the Bombay Council.
Moreover, working as a journalist, he edited the Al-Waheed, Sindh's sole daily newspaper at the time, and played a key role in the movement to separate Sindh from the Bombay Presidency.
Shaikh sahib was a simple person, with an emotional attachment to the Muslim League, which he truly wanted to see well organised. He decided to establish the Sindh branch of the All India Muslim League and invited some political leaders to his home to discuss his initiative.
Pir Ali Mohammad Rashidi writes in his book Ohaydeenhan, Ohayseehan that at the 1938 Karachi Muslim League Conference, Shaikh sahib presented a historic resolution that paved the way for the Pakistan Movement in the region.
Nonetheless, once Pakistan had come into being, he was subjected to political victimisation.
The man who had converted to Islam, added his voice to that of his Muslim brethren, and joined in their efforts for a separate homeland, instead of being rewarded for his services was declared a political outcast.
Shaikh Abdul Majeed Sindhi's multifaceted personality cannot be fully captured in a book let alone a blog; my attempt to highlight just one of its aspects is but a barely adequate one.
Mr. Akhtar baloch"s articles are always good for reading, and source of enhancing history knowledge. Dawn too is great website for us indians to surf every day.
I befriended one of his sons, Sheikh Zubayr during my college days. Through Zubayr, once I had the honor of meeting Sheikh Abdul Majeed. He was frail and in ill health. However, his bright eyes were full of energy and determination. What I noticed that few Dignitaries were also in his audience and sitting very respectfully in front of him. One person I vividly remember was a big and tall man; and he was Mr. Kohati, the famous Principal of SM College. At that time, I simply met him as the father of my friend, however after leaving the country and while reading articles and books about history of Pakistan; I realized what a Man of Pakistan History he was. Unfortunately, I also lost touch with my friend. Thank you Sheikh Abdul Majeed Sindhi for your no so recognized services for Pakistan.
Thank you Mr Akhtar Balouch for making my day.
The difference between Abdul Majeed Sindhi and Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto -- at that divisive time in Sindh's history -- was that Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto had opposed the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, until it became inevitable. Abdul Majeed Sindhi had led the Sindh Azad Party. That may explain why Abdul Majeed Sindhi won the election. Unbiased accounts, such as Allen Keith Jones's 2002 book "Politics in Sindh, 1907-1940: Muslim Identity and the Demand for Pakistan" based on his PhD work at Duke University, suggest that Abdul Majeed Sindhi and other communal leaders in Sindh of the time were more interested in an independent Sindh, and less interested in Sindh joining Pakistan. The author actually bemoans the number of opportunities lost by Sindhi leaders to join Muslim League's struggle. They were just not interested.
Thank you Mr. Akhtar Baloch good piece of writing, I learnt so much about my great grandfather.
Same fate as GM Syed.
Your articles are extremely informative and educational. Keep it up.
Shaikh Saheb was a simple,humble,honest politician.He did not own any property,no bank account but was rich with character.He is buried at Makli hill near Thata. Akhtar Balouch has done a very good job on describing Shaikh Abdul Majeed Sindhi. Thank you.
This is the fate of the people who invested there life for the making of pakistan.Not only he, but the other notorious Personality like Fatima Jinnah and Liyaqat Ali Khan etc. have been humiliated and tortured by corrupt elite of this country.Every Body Knows,what happened to Quaid Azam in his last times.Now it is cristal clear that Pakistan have been made by some greedy, Power hungry and corrupt people who have only one intention to rule the country and not to serve it.Like Iskerder Mirza, Ayub Khan and yahya Khan and so on.Now the greed of these power hungry people came to such a level that the complete country is in a mess.
@saleem Ayub Khan's martial law (or rather, technically, Iskander Mirza's) had nothing to do with religiosity. One can actually argue that the purpose of the martial law was to curb the religiosity of Muslim League. Which, being a political party, had to cater to the wishes of the populace.
One of his sons (late) major Khalid joined Sind police after retiring from army and died at karachi.
A very thoughtful article that fills us with inspiration and enthusiasm to feel proud of our people like SHAIKH sahib and Mr.Baloch .Such writers give us hope that there will be someone in future to highlight your efforts through the writings. I wish all media persons could start portraying positive side of our country; they should reach out to nook and corner of Pakistan to know and show the real talent.
A thoughtful and inspiring story.However, the late Mr. Majeed has been duly recognised by the people as it I found from the main story and and subsequent comments.The story mentions:at the 1938 Karachi Muslim League Conference, Shaikh sahib presented a historic resolution that paved the way for the Pakistan Movement in the region.But what is that? May I request Mr Balouch to write about another great politician Khawaja Nazimuddin as holding a ministerial post from Muslim League, who among the Bengali politician first officially pleaded for an independent Bengal to Bengal Governor Richard Kasey (1944-46) and during his prime ministership of East Bengal (those days they are called ) he initiated the resolution of agri reform which dictated that per family will hold 100 Bigha or 33 acre of land as highest slab.That created the initial misconception about the Bengali leaders at the minds of the then West Pakistani leaders.


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text:
# Grind Support

Grind Support is a support package for [Grind](http://grind.rocks) that provides various helpers and utilities used throughout the various Grind packages.

## Documentation

Full documentation for Grind is available on the [Grind website](https://grind.rocks/).

## License

Grind was created by [Shaun Harrison](https://github.com/shnhrrsn) and is made available under the [MIT license](LICENSE).


text:
Top & Best Hand dryer Review 2021- How to Select Ultimate Buyer's Guide
Hand dryer: What is the best in 2021?
In today's article we will help you choose an article that brings savings and convenience to bathrooms at home, offices or commercial establishments: the hand dryer.
An alternative to using paper in bathrooms, dryers are usually found in common bathrooms, such as in shopping malls, offices, schools, universities, etc. In addition to being environmentally friendly, the hand dryer generates savings in the long run as it reduces material, staff and maintenance costs.
Follow us on this reading and check out the best product options, in addition to the features you should pay attention to in order to make the best choice of hand dryer for your bathroom.
There is a wide variety of styles, models and sizes of hand dryers. Choose according to the style of the bathroom where the product will be used and the number of people it will serve daily.
Power, model, energy consumption and activation method are some of the characteristics to be observed when purchasing.
The price of hand dryers varies greatly according to the power, make and model of the product. It is possible to find basic versions from R $ 300, the most sophisticated and powerful with automatic activation can cost over R $ 1,000.
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The best hand dryers
In addition to reducing paper consumption, the dryer can also reduce long-term expenses, for example, with labor. Check out our selection with the 4 most interesting models of the product:
WJ Automatic Hand Dryer
Super Hepa Hand Dryer
The rampant consumption of paper is already a problem in our society. To produce 1 ton of paper, 2 to 3 tonnes of wood are required, in addition to large amounts of water.
Since paper towels used in bathrooms cannot be recycled thanks to the large amount of bacteria that they carry, automatic hand dryers are the ideal solution.
We will give you a helping hand to escape from bad choices, which can make it difficult instead of making your life easier.
What is the hand dryer?
The hand dryer is an electronic device that uses mechanical air blowers – which can be heated or not – to dry your hands, eliminating the need for towels or paper.
Widely used in public restrooms such as airports, shopping malls, universities, offices, etc., hand dryers can differ greatly from one model to the next.
Some models, usually the older ones, are activated by means of buttons or levers. More modern versions have motion or infrared sensors, which activate the dryer without the user having to touch it, just as the appliance approaches.
How did the hand dryer come about?
The first patent for a hand dryer was registered in 1921 by RB Hibbard, DJ Watrous and JG Bassett for the Airdry Corporation of Groton New York. This precursor model consisted of an inverted blower, much like a hairdryer, and was operated by means of a pedal.
The product has grown in popularity around the world since then, especially since 1993, when the Mitsubishi Electric brand created a new type of U-shaped hand dryer.
Innovative, the model now reproduced by many brands emits puffs from both sides, focusing on pushing water out of the hands instead of drying it.
Is the hand dryer worth it?
The use of the hand dryer is more common at the commercial level, in public bathrooms and with a lot of movement. In this scenario, the product proves to be very efficient, since it promotes a reduction in operating expenses with energy and consumption of paper towels.
The device also contributes to the cleaning and organization of the environment, since it eliminates the accumulation of paper in the dumps and the constant need to empty them. Research indicates that the dryer is also more sustainable than paper, even using electricity.
According to data from the dryer manufacturer World Dryer, in its useful life – which is an average of 10 years – the dryer emits 3 tons of CO2 less than the production of paper towels, considering the proportional uses of the two options.
Which is the best: Manual or sensor hand dryer?
The ideal hand dryer for the bathroom is one that besides being functional and practical, is easy to maintain and hygienic. To avoid problems with contamination, choose washable and alcohol-resistant models or sanitizing products.
Some older models of dryers have caused great controversy after research found that the devices spread particles of faecal coliforms and other bacteria present in the bathroom. To escape this risk, prefer models equipped with filters or that use rays or UV light to kill germs in the environment.
It is also important that the chosen dryer requires minimal physical contact with the user for its operation.
Models with a motion sensor are the best option as they are practical and hygienic, eliminating the contact of the user's hands with any part of the device at the time of use.
Hand dryers can be found for prices that vary greatly according to the make and model. It is possible to buy the simplest models from R $ 300. The more sophisticated models, with motion sensors and sterilizing or bactericidal action can cost more than R $ 1,000.
You can buy your hand dryer in specialized stores or with products for decoration and construction for example.
However, it is on online platforms Amazon. that you can find the greatest diversity of brands and models of the product.
Purchasing Criteria: How to Compare Hand Dryer Models
Now that you have enough knowledge about hand dryers, their uses and how they work, we will list some of the features that you can use as a parameter to compare and recognize the best bathroom dryer option to ensure the organization, asepsis and operation of your bathroom. Are they:
So that there are no doubts at the time of purchase, we will detail each topic below. Check out:
The power of the hand dryer can be defined by the ratio between the speed and the air flow generated by the device, which will directly influence the drying time of the equipment.
It is important that the chosen dryer is efficient and fast, as, in general, people do not have much patience to use the appliance for more than 15 seconds.
The stronger the air generated by the dryer, and the greater the flow provided by the model, the faster the drying of the user's hands will be, therefore, the more powerful the dryer is considered.
The energy consumption of the hand dryer will vary according to the model and its power. Most dryers use, on average, 2,200 watts of power when turned on, and 2 watts when they are in stand by .
When drying your hands for 30 seconds, 0.018 kWh of electricity will be consumed. Doing this three times a day for a year will consume 19.71 kWh, which accounts for 12 kg of carbon dioxide emissions.
The mechanisms used by dryers to generate air and / or heat vary according to the model and brand of the product. Some dryers generate air through a fan, others through mechanisms similar to the hair dryer, while others use motors.
More powerful and professional models use turbines. The heating mechanism is not present in all dryer models. But, when used, it consists of an electrical resistance coupled to the blower, which can be formed by wires of nickel or chromium alloy in a spiral shape, which when heated generate the heat transferred to the dryer air.
Hand dryers are generally activated for operation from an activation button or lever or from a motion sensor. The most common type of sensor in these devices is the infrared.
Sensor-activated products can have an added value when compared to manual activation, but they are considered more hygienic, since people do not need to touch the device to put it into operation.
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Are hand dryers actually full of bacteria?
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Why you should never use hand dryers in public restroom?
Are hand dryers in public bathrooms sanitary?
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Does drying your hands kill germs?
Are hand towels sanitary?
What is the most environmentally friendly way to dry hands?
Can germs pass through toilet paper?
How does hand dryer work?
How do you dry your hands?
Why do hand dryers use hot air water instead of just air?
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If you've found your dream home and are busy working with your realtor to create an offer, the last thing on your mind may be an inspection. After all, you new home may seem perfect just the way it is! However, a home inspection should always be a condition of purchase; even when on the surface, the house couldn't look better. That's because there can always be hidden problems or issues that a lay person just isn't going to notice. Here are just a few things that a home inspector will help you catch.
Outside. There are so many things to check outside, that I just don't have the time to go over them all. That said, I'll try to give you a general idea. The five big things outside that'll need to be inspected are the grounds, the structure, the exterior surfaces, the doors and windows, and the roof. While looking over the grounds, your inspector will make sure your trees, walls, siding, fence, railing, sidewalk, pavement, and what not are all in good condition, but what they're really paying attention for is water damage. Is the drainage away from the house up to grade? Is there any evidence of leaks or standing water? Are the downspouts in good condition and facing the right way?
Inside. Once inside, your inspector will carefully look over every room, but they'll likely give extra attention to your kitchen and washroom. As with the outdoors, the inside inspection is going to involve a lot of little detail work. Checking if windows open, the walls and ceiling aren't cracked, and the flooring is in good condition. However, they'll also be looking for things homeowner's may miss. Is there heating is each habitable room? Are there enough outlets? Is there evidence of adequate insulation? The kitchen and bathroom inspection will also look at the smaller details, but mostly it will focus on water, plumbing, and the electrical work. The inspector's main goal is to make sure your home is safe to live in. That's why there's so much focus on water damage -- which can cause mould -- and other expensive but necessary elements like electricity and plumbing.
Nooks and Crannies. The final part of your inspection will include all the nooks and crannies where people rarely venture. This includes the attic, basement, crawl space, and mechanical room. While they're there, they'll give your entire plumbing, heating / cooling system, and electrical set up a good look. This is one of the most important areas for determining that your house is safe with no risk of leaks, mould, or insect problems. They'll also make sure there are enough carbon monoxide monitors in the home.
Getting an inspection is an important part of buying your home. An inspection should find any major problems and notify you of the smaller ones. Buying a house is one of the biggest investments you'll ever make so getting all the information just makes sense. By having an inspection, you can be confident in your decision to go through with your offer. Do you need a great Calgary realtor to help answer your questions and guide you through the home buying process? Call me today at (403) 660-5319.