text:
Q: How How to add annotations to plots AND keep the boxes on the top (by ggplot2)? I want to add annotations to each plot, but when I use tag_facet() the grey box on top of plots disappears. How to add annotations to plots AND keep the boxes on the top?
Thanks for any help.

A: The source code for egg::tag_facet() from here is:
tag_facet <- function(p, open = "(", close = ")", tag_pool = letters, x = -Inf, y = Inf,
                      hjust = -0.5, vjust = 1.5, fontface = 2, family = "", ...) {

  gb <- ggplot_build(p)
  lay <- gb$layout$layout
  tags <- cbind(lay, label = paste0(open, tag_pool[lay$PANEL], close), x = x, y = y)
  p + geom_text(data = tags, aes_string(x = "x", y = "y", label = "label"), ..., hjust = hjust,
                vjust = vjust, fontface = fontface, family = family, inherit.aes = FALSE) +
                theme(strip.text = element_blank(), strip.background = element_blank())
}

you could alternatively define a function that doesn't change the theme as:
tag_facet2 <- function(p, open = "(", close = ")", tag_pool = letters, x = -Inf, y = Inf,
                      hjust = -0.5, vjust = 1.5, fontface = 2, family = "", ...) {

  gb <- ggplot_build(p)
  lay <- gb$layout$layout
  tags <- cbind(lay, label = paste0(open, tag_pool[lay$PANEL], close), x = x, y = y)
  p + geom_text(data = tags, aes_string(x = "x", y = "y", label = "label"), ..., hjust = hjust,
                vjust = vjust, fontface = fontface, family = family, inherit.aes = FALSE)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
BP Diaz Kicks-Off Bronx Week 2017
Prince Royce, Funkmaster Flex, Selenis Leyva & Dr. Manny Villafaña
Make Up the 20th Class of the Bronx Walk of Fame
Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz Jr. was joined by hundreds of proud Bronxites and Bronxites-at-heart today for the official kick-off of "Bronx Week 2017" at The Bronx County Building's Veterans' Memorial Hall.
During the celebration, Borough President Diaz announced that Prince Royce, Funkmaster Flex, Selenis Leyva and Dr. Manny Villafaña would be honored as the newest members of the Bronx Walk of Fame, which is also celebrating its 20th year.
"Bronx Week is a celebration of everything that makes our borough such an amazing place, and nothing is more important to that celebration than the people who are proud to call The Bronx their home," said Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz Jr. "Every year, we are proud to welcome back the sons and daughters of The Bronx to celebrate their accomplishments and induct them to the Bronx Walk of Fame. This year we have four amazing honorees, and I am thrilled to join the people of The Bronx in congratulating them on this tremendous honor."
"This is the time of year when the entire borough comes together to exhibit pride and show the rest of the world what a great place The Bronx truly is. We give our honorees a big hometown welcome as we celebrate their accomplishments!" says Olga Luz Tirado, executive director of The Bronx Tourism Council.
Since releasing his triple-platinum self-titled debut album in 2010, Bronx-born singer and songwriter Prince Royce has become a bona fide Latin music superstar by bringing a mix of Bachata music and contemporary R&B to the Spanish-speaking world. He has scored fifteen No. 1 hits collectively on Latin radio charts, won 22 Latin Billboard Awards, 19 Premio Lo Nuestro Awards (Univision), 19 Juventud Awards and nine Latin Grammy nominations. His current hit single Déjà vu, a duet with Shakira, is his fifteenth #1 on Billboard's Tropical Songs chart and has ranked him at number three among artists that have garnered the most number ones in the history of this chart, earning him a new record as the fastest artist to achieve this milestone.
Funkmaster Flex is one of hip-hop's most recognizable DJs and a legend in the industry. In 1992, as the genre was enjoying a resurgence in popularity, he launched the first-ever hip hop radio show on New York City's HOT97 radio station. Today, Funkmaster Flex's show is so influential that you are said to have made it in the hip-hop world when he plays one of your tracks. In addition to his radio career he has released numerous mixtapes and has worked with the likes of 50 Cent, Fat Joe, Remy Ma, Ja Rule, Mary J. Blige, LL Cool J and more.
Born and raised in The Bronx, New York, Selenis Leyva is a proud Latina of Cuban and Dominican descent and a world-renowned actress. She is earning critical praise as one of the breakout stars of the Netflix hit series "Orange Is the New Black", which recently won its third consecutive Screen Actors Guild Award for "Best Ensemble Cast in a Comedy Series." Leyva will reprise her role as series regular (and fan favorite!) Gloria Mendoza when the hit series returns for a fifth season on June 9th. In addition to Orange, Selenis will star as Peter Parkers teacher Ms. Warren in the blockbuster franchise film "SPIDERMAN HOMECOMING," premiering in July.
Manny Villafaña, PhD, was born and raised in the South Bronx and is a graduate of Cardinal Hayes High School. As a young professional, he began his career in medical devices in the 1960's as a salesman, and has since launched seven public companies. He has been granted multiple pacemaker, heart valve and stent patents that have completely transformed the industry of cardiac surgery. Dr. Villafaña's innovative designs have saved and enhanced countless lives and have earned him the nickname "Cardiac Kahuna." He is also globally recognized as a "Living Legend of Medicine," a title awarded to him in 2006 by the World Society of Cardio Thoracic Surgeons.
In addition, the event served as the official unveiling of the newly restored historic murals depicting key moments in Bronx history that hang on the wall of Veterans' Memorial Hall.
"These murals depict important events in the history of The Bronx, and they've never looked better than they do today," said Borough President Diaz. "I am especially grateful to the Department of Citywide Administrative Services for their wonderful work they did to make these repairs."
The celebration featured music by "Everything Covered" and samples of some of the best food and drink The Bronx has to offer, including the Bronx Brewery, Kingsbridge Social Club, Port Morris Distillery, Gino's Pastry Shoppe, Bronx Drafthouse, Woops!, Chelsea Craft Brewing Company, Delicioso Coco Helado and Made in Puerto Rico.
Bronxnet hosted a video booth asking attendees to record a brief video answering "Why I Love The Bronx," and the entire event was streamed live by The Blox TV. The Bronx County Historical Society was also be on hand to educate attendees about borough history and the newly restored murals.
Now in its 46th year, Bronx Week is the annual celebration of everything that makes The Bronx a great place to live, work and raise a family.
For more information about Bronx Week 2017, visit www.ilovethebronx.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Danse de Bondt is a PhD researcher and lecturer at Tilburg University. She is a member of the European Joint Doctorate Program in Law and Development (EDOLAD) for which she is partly supervised by the Centre of African Studies at the University of Edinburgh. Danse has been teaching the EDOLAD pre-CC week and the PhD Research Skills Module (spring 2018), Bachelor course Law in Society (fall 2018) and the TOPKLAS course Anthropological perspectives on the state (spring 2019).
Her PhD research is situated within larger debates surrounding law, culture, local customs and trade in East-Africa. Specifically, she is studying how multiple legal and normative orders set (overlapping and contradicting) rules for alcohol practices in West Uganda, and vice versa, she studies the role that alcohol plays in governing everyday life in West Uganda. Her research interests are legal anthropology, anthropology of the state, moral economy and border studies.


text:
Catalog The Knock at the Door » eBook »
The Knock at the Door: A Mother's Survival of the Armenian Genocide
(Adobe EPUB eBook, OverDrive Read)
Ahnert, Margaret
Beaufort Books 2007
Adobe EPUB eBook, OverDrive Read
In 1915, Armenian Christians in Turkey were forced to convert to Islam, barred from speaking their language, and often driven out of their homes as the Turkish army embarked on a widespread campaign of intimidation and murder. In this riveting book, Margaret Ajemian Ahnert relates her mother Ester's terrifying experiences as a young woman during this period of hatred and brutality.
At age 15, Ester was separated from her family during a forced march away from her birth town of Amasia. Though she faced unspeakable horrors at the hands of many she met, and was forced into an abusive marriage against her will, she never lost her faith, quick wit, or ability to see the good in people. Eventually she escaped and emigrated to America.
Ahnert's compelling account of her mother's suffering is framed by an intimate portrait of her relationship with her 98-year-old mother. Ester's inspiring stories, told lovingly by her daughter, will give you a window into the harrowing struggle of Armenians during a terrible period in human history.
Margaret Ahnert. (2007). The Knock at the Door: A Mother's Survival of the Armenian Genocide. Beaufort Books.
Margaret Ahnert. 2007. The Knock At the Door: A Mother's Survival of the Armenian Genocide. Beaufort Books.
Margaret Ahnert, The Knock At the Door: A Mother's Survival of the Armenian Genocide. Beaufort Books, 2007.
Margaret Ahnert. The Knock At the Door: A Mother's Survival of the Armenian Genocide. Beaufort Books, 2007.
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bioText:
Margaret Ahnert was born in New York City in 1938. Growing up, she loved to hear her mother's stories about her own childhood during the Armenian genocide in Turkey. She has a BA from Goddard College, and an MA from Goucher College. She has pursued a variety of careers: producing television documentaries, co-owning a hotel in Pennsylvania, acting as a docent at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and teaching art appreciation in high schools and elementary schools.
value: Politics
Ahnert's compelling account of her mother's suffering is framed by an intimate portrait of her relationship with her 98-year-old mother. Ester's inspiring stories, told lovingly by her daughter, will give you a window into the harrowing...
premium: True
This personal, homespun account by an American of Armenian descent interweaves two narratives in alternating chapters: Ahnert's mother Ester's firsthand description of coming-of-age during, and miraculously surviving, the Turkish-sponsored Armenian genocide of 1915, and the middle-aged author's own tender yet urgent reflections on her connection to the distant world of her 98-year-old mother. Ester's formidable personality, humor and abiding religious faith pervade Ahnert's debut, while the latter's fluid transcription of Ester's story provides a frank and searing testimony, as well as a vivid depiction of Armenian village life. While Ahnert's oral history doesn't offer a rigorous historical account or analysis of the systematic slaughter, but rather supplements works like Peter Balakian's The Burning Tigris
and Taner Akcam's A Shameful Act
, its force lies in the interplay between the narratives of mother and daughter. Together, their stories realize in intimate but accessible terms the vagaries of historical memory and Ester's determination to tell the truth despite the understandable urge among some victims to forget in the face of an official policy of denial from Turkey that continues today..
Ahnert writes of her relationship with her mother, Ester, as she approaches 99 in an Armenian nursing home in New York, integrating the experience of an adult daughter connecting with her elderly mother into the story of her mother's early years in Armenia. In the pre-World War I Ottoman Empire, Armenians, like other ethnic and religious minorities, lived a stable life defined by family, community, and religious ties. Ester's childhood in a rural town was characterized by hard work and enriched by traditional and seasonal customs and celebrations. That life was destroyed in 1915 when the Ottoman government expelled Armenians from their homes and confiscated their property. Once-friendly Turkish neighbors watched as thousands of Armenians were killed by soldiers or died of exhaustion or starvation during the forced evacuations. Ester survived by "marriage" to a Turk that included harsh treatment and heavy labor. She eventually escaped and emigrated to the United States. This memoir puts the tragic Armenian experience in personal terms and reminds us Americans of one early genocide as we try to respond to repeated global disasters. Recommended for its deft balance between personal story and historic tragedy.Elizabeth R. Hayford, formerly with Associated Coll. of the Midwest, Evanston, IL
Copyright 2007 Library Journal, LLC Used with permission.
Beaufort Books
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text:
Lindzi continues her ride into 'The Bachelor's' heart
By Rick AllenStaff writer
Ocala-connected Lindzi Cox moved another step closer to capturing "The Bachelor" Ben Flajnik's heart Monday, surviving the all-important "hometown date.
Ocala-connected Lindzi Cox moved another step closer to capturing "The Bachelor" Ben Flajnik's heart Monday, surviving the all-important "hometown date." Though shown Monday night, the visit actually took place months ago.
The episode of the popular reality show began with Flajnik visiting Cox at her parents' home in Morriston, where she conceded to him and the show's cameras that she's finally opening up to the possibility of love with the California vintner, making herself "vulnerable" again.
"Absolutely, I'm ready for marriage," she said. "I've only brought one guy home before to meet my family and a year ago he broke my heart."
An equestrian champion and horsewoman most of her life - "I could ride before I could walk," she told Flajnik - Cox added, "if Ben ends up with me, horses are going to always be a part of our lives." While growing up, Cox frequently trained in the Ocala area and still has friends here.
After taking part in a "Cox family tradition" of a carriage race, Flajnik spent the evening getting to know her parents, John and Margy Cox. "I have strong feelings for your daughter," he told her dad. "She's humble and grounded, and I like that."
John Cox, meanwhile, told Flajnik, "she's the only daughter we have; we want her to have a happy life."
After the visit to the Ocala area, Flajnik spent a day with each of the other three remaining hopefuls. Then back in Los Angeles, he ended up sending Kacie Boguskie back home to Tennessee. Flajnik and the remaining three women - Cox, Nicki Sterling and Courtney Robertson - now head to Switzerland for the remaining two episodes. The finale, and Flajnik's final choice, should air on March 12.
"The Bachelor" is presented Mondays at 8 p.m. on ABC.


text:
Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Hugo Höffert (* 25. Oktober 1832 in Stralsund; † 8. April 1901 in Wiesbaden) war ein deutscher Fotograf, der in zahlreichen deutschen Städten Ateliers betrieb.

Leben
Die Eltern von Wilhelm Höffert waren Schauspieler. Er kam während eines Theaterengagement seiner Eltern in Stralsund zur Welt. Die Mutter war die Schauspielerin Emilie Wilhelmine Johanna Louise Höffert (1808–1857), geb. Devrient, die Tochter des Schauspielers Ludwig Devrient. Der Vater war der Schauspieler und Regisseur Wilhelm David Höffert. Als Kind war Wilhelm Höffert vermutlich in Begleitung seiner Mutter, seines Bruders Louis und der Schwester Elise gewesen. 1840 war seine Mutter am Großherzoglichen Hoftheater in Schwerin engagiert. Von 1845 bis 1851 war sie Hofschauspielerin am Oldenburgischen Hoftheater.

Von Oldenburg ging der 16-jährige Höffert 1848 an die Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, um von Karl Ferdinand Sohn und Theodor Hildebrandt in Malerei unterrichtet zu werden, die ihn insbesondere an die Porträtmalerei heranführten. Hildebrandt beurteilte seine Leistungen mit der Note "sehr gut". 1850 verließ Wilhelm Höffert die Kunstakademie.

Ob Wilhelm Höffert sich anschließend tatsächlich als Photograph in Warschau und Russland aufgehalten hatte, wie seine Mutter vermutet hatte, ist nicht bekannt.

Im Jahr 1860 ging er in Göteborg eine Geschäftspartnerschaft mit dem Fotografen und Maler Moritz Unna ein. Unna hatte 1853 als Daguerreotypist in Göteborg ein Atelier eröffnet, ab 1855 lautete die Adresse Drottninggatan 68. Das gemeinsame Unternehmen firmierte unter "Unna & Höfferts Fotografiska Atelier" mit der Adresse Södra Hamngatan 41. Im Jahr 1863 wurde die Partnerschaft aufgelöst und Unna ging nach Kopenhagen, wo er das fotografische Atelier von Peter Ludwig Rudolph Striegler (1816–1876) kaufte.

Wilhelm Höffert kehrte vermutlich im selben Jahr nach Deutschland zurück und eröffnete unter seinem Namen ein fotografisches Atelier in Dresden. Wilhelm Höffert war einer der ersten Fotografen, die unternehmerisch tätig waren, indem er fotografische Ateliers unter dem Namen W. Höffert in mehreren Städten betrieb und/oder betreiben ließ. Die Namen der Betreiber/Atelierbesitzer wurden vielfach nicht bekannt, die geschäftlichen Verhältnisse scheinen nicht eindeutig gewesen zu sein. Nur der Fotograf Georg Brokesch nannte sich von 1872 bis 1875 Geschäftsführer des Leipziger Ateliers.

Von 1872 bis 1884 wohnte Höffert in Dresden in der Prager Straße 32 und bis 1889 in der Lüttichaustr. 18. Laut Eintrag in den Dresdner Adressbüchern hatte er seiner Frau Mila Höffert 1876 Prokura erteilt. Erstmals in den Berliner und Dresdner Adressbüchern von 1895 wird sie als Mitinhaberin geführt. Welchen Aufgabenbereich sie im Besonderen zu verantworten hatte, ist nicht bekannt.

1892 war Wilhelm Höffert über New York in die USA eingereist. Er war ein zweites Mal verheiratet und lebte in Chikago. Es ist nicht bekannt, wann er die USA wieder verließ.

Auch wenn heutzutage noch eine große Anzahl an Fotografien existieren, auf denen der Name W. Höffert gedruckt wurde, ist weder viel über das Leben und die Aufenthaltsorte W. Höfferts bekannt, noch wie lange er selber fotografierte oder porträtierte.

Wilhelm Höffert war verheiratet mit Bohumila (genannt Mila) Wehle. Sie war die Tochter des sorbischen Schriftstellers Jan Radyserb-Wjela / Johann Wehle (1822–1907). Aus dieser Ehe stammte der Sohn Ludwig, mit dem sie nach dem Tode von Wilhelm Höffert im April 1901 das Geschäft fortführte. Gleichzeitig wurde der bisherige Hauptsitz der Gesellschaft von Dresden nach Berlin verlegt. Im Jahr 1903, vermutlich im Sommer meldete Mila Höffert Insolvenz an. Im Juli 1904 wurde gegen sie vor dem Dresdner Landgericht wegen Betrugs verhandelt. Der Sohn hatte sich dem Verfahren durch Flucht ins Ausland entzogen.

W. Höffert – Ateliers und Filialen
 in Dresden von 1864 bis 1877 in der Marienstraße 10, von 1874 bis 1890 in der Seestraße 10 im Kaufhaus Herzfeld, von 1891 bis 1899 in der Prager Straße 49 und von 1900 bis 1903 in der Hausnummer 7.
 in Leipzig von ca. 1869 bis April 1876 im Thomaskirchhof 24 und ab 15. April 1876 bis 1905 in der Schlossgasse 16 im Kaufhaus August Polich
 in Chemnitz von ca. 1872 bis 1878 in der Zwickauerstraße 1 im Garten und ab 1879 bis 1893 mit der Adresse Langestraße 18.
 in Bad Ems (Beginn und Zeitraum unbekannt),
 in Karlsruhe in den Jahren 1875 und 1876 in der Hirschstraße 36.
 in Nizza in der Rue du temple No. 5. (1876–1881)
 in Berlin sind von 1885 bis 1897 das Atelier am Leipziger Platz 12 nachgewiesen und von 1892 bis 1900 das Unter den Linden 24
 in Breslau am Tauentzienplatz 11 (Beginn und Zeitraum unbekannt),
 in Hamburg von 1881 bis 1899 in der Poststraße 5b / Jungfernstieg 6 (ab 1885 Jungfernstieg 12) / Stadtwassermühle 5 und von 1900 bis 1902 in der Esplanade 47, Alsterthor 14/16
 in Hannover in der Georgstraße 9, erster Eintrag im Einwohnerverzeichnis des Adressbuches im Jahr 1879 mit dem Hinweis "Prok.: Ehefr. Höffert, Mila, geb. Wehle", ab 1885 "Archit. Wilh. Sültenfuß (allein. Vertr.)", ab 1889 in der Hausnummer 14, ab 1901 Hausnummer 8, ab 1892 "Inh. Photogr. Jul. Benade", ab 1894 Wilhelm Höffert und Ehefrau Mila, ab 1897 anstelle der Ehefrau der Sohn "Ing. und Photogr. Paul Ludw. Höffert", ab 1902 "We.[Witwe] Mila Höffert, geb. Wehle" und Sohn, ab 1904 Lemförderstraße 1, ab 1905 Wilhelm Höffert Nachf. Alfred von Carlowitz-Hartitzsch,
 in Magdeburg in der Breiteweg 196/197, (Beginn und Zeitraum unbekannt)
 in Bonn, vom 30. Juli 1900 bis 1901 in der Coblenzerstr. 8,
 in Düsseldorf, Alleestraße 40, erster Eintrag im Adressbuch (Gewerbe) von 1897. Der Eintrag "Höffert, Wilhelm Ehefr., geb. Wehle", ab 1899 "Höffert, Wilhelm, Hofphotograph", später Inhaber Julius Staegemann.
 in Köln von 1896 bis ca. 1906 in der Hohestraße 55 (später Hohestraße 111a).
 in Potsdam, Humboldtstr. 1, späterer Inhaber C. Wohlatz
Auf den Rückseiten einiger Fotografien ist noch München als Atelierstandort angegeben.

Nach der Insolvenz von "W. Höffert" haben an einigen Standorten die Betreiber die Ateliers unter Verwendung des Namens "W.[ilhelm] Höffert Nachf.[olger]" fortgeführt, so beispielsweise in Leipzig die Fotografen E. & M. Foerstner (oder Förstner) anfangs in der Schloßgasse 1/Ecke Petersbrücke, von 1906 bis 1907 unter der Adresse Barfußgasse 15, in Düsseldorf und in Hamburg Johann Kagel von 1903 bis 1906 im Alstertor 14/16. Das Adressbuch der Stadt Bonn von 1903 verzeichnet den Fotografen Ferd[inand] Bauer in der Coblenzerstr. 8a als Inhaber von "W. Höffert".

Bekannte Gehilfen und Lehrlinge
Der Fotograf Nicola Perscheid ist vor der Eröffnung seines eigenen Ateliers 1891 zwei Jahre lang in Höfferts Dresdner Atelier in der Seestraße als Fotografengehilfe angestellt gewesen.

In den Jahren 1894/95 absolvierte der später erfolgreiche Fotograf Hugo Erfurth eine einjährige Lehre im Hause Höffert.

Hof-Photograph
 Als Kronprinz verlieh der spätere König Albert von Sachsen Wilhelm Höffert (um 1872, genaues Datum nicht bekannt) den Titel eines königlich sächsischen Hoffotografen.
 Einige Jahre später (Datum unbekannt) zeigte Höffert durch die Abbildung des Wappens an, dass er auch zum königlich preußischen Hoffotografen ernannt worden war.
 Später (Datum unbekannt) bildete er auch das Wappen des Prinzen von Wales und späteren Königs Eduard VII. ab, das ihn als Lieferanten des Hofes für Fotografien auswies.
 Das vierte abgebildete Wappen weist W. Höffert als Hoflieferanten des Hauses Mecklenburg-Schwerin aus.
 Prinz Friedrich Leopold von Preußen
 Prinz Maximilian von Baden

Literatur
 Adressbücher div. Städte
 Horst Milde: Dresdner Atelier-Fotografie. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1991, ISBN 3-364-00217-7.
 Christina Ossowski (Bearb.): Historische Kameras und Leipziger Photographie 1840–1950. Katalog zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung im Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig vom 12. März bis zum 1. Mai 1983, hrsg. im Auftrag des Rates des Bezirkes Leipzig, Museum der bildenden Künste, Leipzig 1983.

 Jürgen Matschie (Hrsg.): Wótmólowane – Mit Licht gemalt. Historische Fotografien in der sorbischen/wendischen Niederlausitz. Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 2017, ISBN 978-3-7420-2419-0, Rezension:
 Maria Mirtschin: Visuelle Identifikationen. Aspekte der Bildnisfotografie bei den Sorben vom 19. Jahrhundert bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Kleine Reihe des Sorbischen Instituts 22, Bautzen 2014, ISBN 978-3-9813244-9-5.

 Die einzige Tochter Ludwig Devrient's. In: Anna Löhn-Siegel: Vom Oldenburger Hoftheater zum Dresdner. letzte Theatertagebuchblätter, Schulzesche Hof-Buchh. und Hof-Buchdr., Oldenburg 1885, S. 53 ff., , (ähnlicher Text in "Die Gartenlaube")

Weblinks

 Wilhelm Höffert in musdeum-digital.de

  In: Rheinische Zeitzeugen. Harald Hacker,

Anmerkungen und Einzelnachweise

Maler (Deutschland)
Maler (Düsseldorfer Malerschule)
Porträtmaler
Fotograf (19. Jahrhundert)
Fotograf (20. Jahrhundert)
Porträtfotograf
Fotograf (Berlin)
Unternehmer (Berlin)
Fotograf (Dresden)
Unternehmer (Dresden)
Fotograf (Hamburg)
Fotograf (Hannover)
Unternehmer (Leipzig)
Unternehmer (Breslau)
Person (Nizza)
Person (Göteborg)
Fotograf (Köln)
Unternehmer (Bonn)
Königlich Sächsischer Hoflieferant
Königlich Preußischer Hoflieferant
Deutscher
Geboren 1832
Gestorben 1901
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Patrick Logan (* 1791 in East Renton, Berwickshire, Schottland; † 17. Oktober 1830 nahe Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australien) war ein britischer Offizier und Kommandant der Sträflingskolonie Moreton Bay in Queensland, Australien. Kommandant der Strafkolonie war er von 1826 bis 1830, als er auf einer Expedition von Unbekannten ermordet wurde. Er war ein sehr guter Verwalter, Kommandant und Forscher, aber bekannt ist er vor allem für seine Brutalität im Umgang mit Gefangenen.

Patrick Logans Weg nach Moreton Bay
Patrick Logan wurde 1791 als jüngster Sohn von Abraham Logan und Janet Johnstone in East Renton, Schottland, geboren und am 15. November 1791 in Coldingham getauft. Sein Vater war Landbesitzer und Bauer. 1810 trat er als Ensign des 57th Regiment of Foot in die British Army ein, diente im Krieg auf der Iberischen Halbinsel und wurde nach wenigen Jahren zum Lieutenant befördert. Nach dem Sieg über Napoleon in Waterloo und dem Ende der Kriege in Europa hatte das britische Militär zu viele junge Offiziere und wie viele wurde auch Logan 1815 unter Halbsold vom Dienst freigestellt. 1819 nahm er wieder den Dienst auf und wurde in Irland stationiert. Er erkaufte er sich 1823 den Rang eines Captain und heiratete im selben Jahr Letitia O'Beirne, mit welcher er zwei Kinder hatte, Robert Abraham Logan und Letitia Bingham Logan. 1824 wurde das 57th Regiment of Foot mit der Überwachung diverser Sträflingstransporte nach Australien beauftragt. Im April 1825 kam Patrick Logan mit seiner Familie an Bord der Hooghly in Sydney an. Die ersten beiden Jahre verliefen ereignislos, bis sein Regiment im November 1825 nach Moreton Bay, nahe Brisbane, beordert wurde, um das 40th Regiment of Foot abzulösen und Patrick Logan vom Gouverneur Thomas Brisbane zum dortigen Kommandanten ernannt wurde.

Captain Patrick Logan verändert Moreton Bay
Captain Patrick Logan traf im März 1826 in Moreton Bay ein. Als er die Leitung von Morton Bay übernahm, war die Moreton-Bay-Strafkolonie nicht mehr als ein paar Hütten und zählte 200 Sträflinge. In den nächsten vier Jahren verfünffachte sich jedoch diese Zahl und Patrick Logan stellte seine Fähigkeiten als Administrator des Lagers unter Beweis. Er errichtete eine Siedlung aus Ziegelsteinhäusern, komplett mit Schule und Spital. Auf Forschungsexpeditionen entdeckte er einen Großteil der Umgebung um sein Straflager, heute trägt der Logan River seinen Namen. Nach seinem Tod wurde auch eine Siedlung nach ihm benannt, heute bekannt als Logan City.

Die Brutalität Logans
Die Schattenseite seines persönlichen Erfolges und den langen Jahren im Militär war sein skrupelloser Umgang mit den Sträflingen. 150 Peitschenhiebe oder Tod durch langsames Hängen waren als normale Bestrafung keine Seltenheit und nicht selten wurden Gefangene zu Tode geprügelt. Moreton Bay war unter Patrick Logan ein Höllenloch, viele der Gefangenen sahen sich dazu gezwungen, sich gegenseitig umzubringen, um seinen Bestrafungen auszuweichen.
Nicht einmal seine Soldaten waren vor ihm sicher, sie wurden auch häufig ausgepeitscht und bekamen den Spitznamen "The Steelbacks" (die Stahlrücken).
Patrick Logan selbst bekam den Beinamen "Der Tyrann von Brisbane Town" und wurde von den Unterdrückten in Liedern verewigt. Auch 1999 wurde noch ein Lied über Logan und Moreton Bay geschrieben:

Es war seine Brutalität, die ihm in den australischen Geschichtsbücher einen Platz schuf und nicht seine Erfolge als Kommandant und Forscher.

Sein Tod
Ende 1830 sollte sein Kommando in Moreton Bay enden. Doch bevor er mit seiner Familie nach Sydney zurückkehrte, unternahm er noch eine letzte Expedition in der Region Brisbane River und Stanley River. Die Forschungsreise war eigentlich schon beendet, als Patrick Logan sich vom Rest der Gruppe absetzte und noch einige letzte Forschungen alleine ausführen wollte. Man sah ihn nie wieder lebend. Vier Tage später, als er immer noch nicht aufgetaucht war, wurde ein Suchtrupp entsandt, doch sie fanden nur noch seine Leiche, nackt, in einem flachen Grab, mit eingeschlagenem Kopf und einer Speerwunde am Rücken. Bis heute ist man sich nicht einig, wer für seinen Tod verantwortlich war. Es gibt zwei Theorien: Entweder haben ihn geflohene Sträflinge aus Rache für seine brutale Behandlung ermordet oder australische Ureinwohner, Aborigines, welche Land und Jagdgründe an ihn verloren hatten, haben ihn getötet.

Literatur
 Louis R. Cranfield: Logan, Patrick. In: Australian Dictionary of Biography. Band 2, Melbourne University Press, 1967 (Online-Ausgabe 2006).

Weblinks
 Patrick Logan and the early Explorers (PDF-Datei; 243 kB)
 Morton Bay; Folk Song; lyrics
 The Volunteers - Moreton Bay; lyrics

Captain (British Army)
Person in den Koalitionskriegen (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Australienforscher
Kolonialgeschichte Australiens
Brite
Schotte
Geboren 1791
Gestorben 1830
Mann


A progesterone deficiency involves a number of unpleasant complaints for the women affected because progesterone has many positive characteristics. Studies show that progesterone is a natural antidepressant, has a calming effect, and can help counteract fears. Additionally, a low progesterone level is often accompanied by depressive moods, fatigue and anxiety attacks. Progesterone also has a natural dehydrating effect and counteracts breast tenderness, it strengthens the immune system, protects our bones, and reduces cravings for sweets.
As a healthy balance between estrogen and progesterone is important for female well-being, when suffering from a progesterone deficiency, it is essential to determine not only the absolute values but also the ratio between estrogen and progesterone.
Our Progesterone Deficiency Test gives you more information about the ratio of progesterone to estrogen in your body and allows you to identify the underlying cause for your complaints.
I'm having a variety of health issues and symptoms such as depression. Did this test to find out whether the cause was progesterone, which wasn't the case. Then I did the more comprehensive Female hormone check and the results showed a severe cortisol and dhea deficiency. Could have saved myself time and money if I did that test right from the start.


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Home/World/USA/Former Atlanta police Chief Erika Shields named Louisville's top cop
Former Atlanta police Chief Erika Shields named Louisville's top cop
Former Atlanta police Chief Erika Shields was named the new police chief of Louisville, Kentucky, on Wednesday after nearly one year of the department in the national spotlight in the wake of the Breonna Taylor case.
Shields resigned as Atlanta's chief in June 2020, hours after a Black man, Rayshard Brooks, was shot and killed by police at a Wendy's drive-thru.
Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms said at the time, "because of her desire that Atlanta be a model of what meaningful reform should look like across this country Chief Shields has offered to immediately step aside as police chief so that the city may move forward with urgency and rebuilding the trust so desperately needed."
Shields said Wednesday that Atlanta "needed to move forward," and said if she stayed, it would've been a distraction.
Shields "believes in the role of policing but also knows that the practice of policing must evolve with the times that we live in," Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer said Wednesday.
Shields "will focus on the steps necessary to restore confidence of residents," especially those who are traditionally marginalized, Fischer said.
"She was the unanimous choice of our diverse selection committee," the mayor added.
"There is much healing to do across the country and here in Louisville," Shields said Wednesday. "Louisville and LMPD have the opportunity to get this right and create a model for other cities to follow. And I believe when LMPD identifies the path in which they can be responsive to their communities in a manner that is consistent with what the public should expect and shows the ability to hold their officers accountable — then we will have hit that success."
"I commit to begin my work here with a focus on rebuilding community trust" and tackling gun violence, she said.
"The last year has shown that we in law enforcement have a long way to go," she said. "Regardless of a person's skin color, gender, sexual orientation or economic status, we have an obligation to police consistently, fairly and equitably."
Shields will be Louisville's second female chief and first openly gay chief, according to The Louisville Courier-Journal.
Shields will start on Jan. 19, taking over for interim police Chief Yvette Gentry who started on Oct. 1.
Former chief Steve Conrad was fired in June after officers didn't have body cameras turned on at the fatal shooting of Black restaurant owner David McAtee. Robert Schroeder, who became interim police chief after Conrad's firing, retired, leading to interim chief Gentry.
Taylor, a 26-year-old emergency room technician, was shot dead on March 13 when officers arrived at her door in the middle of the night trying to execute a search warrant as part of an investigation into a suspected drug operation allegedly linked to her ex-boyfriend.
Taylor's boyfriend, who said he thought intruders were trying to break in, fired a shot. The officers returned fire, fatally shooting Taylor.
At first, one officer, Brett Hankison, was fired, but initially no charges were brought against the officers, igniting protests across the country.
Kentucky State Attorney General Daniel Cameron said the officers were justified in their use of deadly force because Walker fired the first shot.
Months later, Cameron convened a grand jury that indicted Hankison on three counts of first-degree wanton endangerment for firing into the apartment directly behind Taylor's, where three people were inside. Hankison pleaded not guilty.
Officer Myles Cosgrove, who fired the shot that killed Taylor per ballistics analysis, and Det. Joshua Jaynes, who prepared the search warrant, were fired from the department on Tuesday.
None of the officers were charged in connection with Taylor's death.
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Marriage is hard. There. You're finally getting the truth.
Is it a beautiful thing when you find the person you can't imagine not being with even though they don't load the dish washer correctly? Absolutely. But having a successful partnership is work. Hard work. It's not all glitz and cute Instagram moments. It's about putting in the time and effort because you love that person more than anyone else on the planet, and their happiness means more to you than your own.
I saw this series of tweets from Ryan Stephens on Twitter (@ryanstephens), and I thought he did a fantastic job with his and his wife's 6 rules for a success marriage.
If you feel like you're in some sort of a rut, or maybe you're about to get married, or maybe you think your relationship is going just swell, you need to read all of these and start incorporating them asap.


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Free parking for how many?
Opinion // Chron Quiz
Marshall Kilduff
July 18, 2014 Updated: July 18, 2014 5:39 p.m.
1. There are 29,200 metered parking spots in San Francisco. How many disabled placards, which allow free parking, are there?
A: Same number
B: Way less, only 5,600
C: A tad more, 35,400
D: Way extra, 60,700
2. The Wilberforce Act is under hot review in Washington. What does it deal with?
A: Continuing the Import Export Bank
B: Curbing climate change
C: Sending back immigrant kids
D: Setting rules for net neutrality
3. What is Microsoft's new head doing to improve the business?
A: Introducing new software to replace Windows
B: Designing another line of smartphones and tablets
C: Laying off 15 percent of the company
D: Changing the name to Majorsoft
4. Tesla's planning a new model that will:
A: Run on oxygen, not electricity
B: Cost $35,000 to go after BMW buyers
C: Compete on Formula One racetracks
D: Be built entirely of wood
5. Jefferson is one of the six states proposed to replace California. Where is it?
A: Farthest north, next to Oregon
B: Los Angeles and beach coastline
C: Central Valley and southern Sierra
D: Bay Area nine counties
Answers: 1-D, 2-C, 3-C, 4-B, 5-A.
By Marshall Kilduff. E-mail: mkilduff@sfchronicle.com Twitter @marshallkilduff
Reach Marshall on
Marshall Kilduff has worked at the San Francisco Chronicle as a reporter and editor since 1971. As a general assignment reporter, he has covered courts, police, education, City Hall and urban affairs. He has also worked as a city desk assignment editor and most recently as an editorial writer. He writes an occasional column and the weekly Chronicle Quiz in the Sunday Insight section. He is the co-author of "Suicide Cult," a book on the Peoples Temple and leader Jim Jones. He is a San Francisco native and attended Stanford University.


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Answers hard to come by in hot air balloon disaster
'Very long' investigation will move to Washington
Zeke MacCormack Aug. 1, 2016 Updated: Aug. 2, 2016 9:39 a.m.
1of20Workers remove debris, Monday Aug. 1, 2016, at the site of a hot air balloon crash that killed 16 people on Saturday July 30, 2016 near Maxwell, Texas in Caldwell County.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas, Staff / San Antonio Express-News
4of20An impromptu memorial stands outside the home of Tresa and Joe Owens in Brookshire, Texas, on Monday, Aug. 1, 2016. Family members told the Associated Press the couple died in the hot air balloon crash that killed 16 people on Saturday near Lockhart, Texas, about 60 miles northeast of San Antonio. (AP Photo/John Mone)Photo: John Mone, STF / Associated Press
5of20Robert Sumwalt, board member with the National Transportation Safety Board, speaks during a press conference, Monday Aug. 1, 2016, near the site of a hot air balloon crash that killed 16 people on Saturday July 30, 2016 near Maxwell, Texas in Caldwell County.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas, Staff / San Antonio Express-News
10of20Robert Sumwalt, board member with the National Transportation Safety Board, speaks during a press conference, Monday Aug. 1, 2016, near the site of a hot air balloon crash that killed 16 people on Saturday July 30, 2016 near Maxwell, Texas in Caldwell County.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas, Staff / San Antonio Express-News
11of20Caldwell County Justice of the Peace Pct. 1 Matt Kiely (left) speaks during a press conference, Monday Aug. 1, 2016, near the site of a hot air balloon crash that killed 16 people on Saturday July 30, 2016 near Maxwell, Texas in Caldwell County as Caldwell County Sheriff Daniel C. Law listens.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas, Staff / San Antonio Express-News
12of20Caldwell County Justice of the Peace Pct. 1 Matt Kiely (center left) speaks during a press conference, Monday Aug. 1, 2016, near the site of a hot air balloon crash that killed 16 people on Saturday July 30, 2016 near Maxwell, Texas in Caldwell County as Caldwell County Sheriff Daniel C. Law (right) and others listen.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas, Staff / San Antonio Express-News
13of20Kathy Stephens, of Kyle, Tx., pauses at a memorial, Monday Aug. 1, 2016, at the site of a hot air balloon crash that killed 16 people on Saturday July 30, 2016 near Maxwell, Texas in Caldwell County.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas, Staff / San Antonio Express-News
14of20Edgar Sanchez, of Maxwell, Tx., pauses at a memorial, Monday Aug. 1, 2016, at the site of a hot air balloon crash that killed 16 people on Saturday July 30, 2016 near Maxwell, Texas in Caldwell County.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas, Staff / San Antonio Express-News
15of20Kathy Stephens of Kyle views the site of what's now the worst hot air balloon tragedy in U.S. history.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas /San Antonio Express-News
16of20Items sit at a memorial near the site of Saturday's deadly hot air balloon crash near Lockhart.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas /San Antonio Express-News
17of20A view of the hot air balloon crash site, Monday Aug. 1, 2016, where 16 people were killed on Saturday July 30, 2016 near Maxwell, Texas in Caldwell County.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas, Staff / San Antonio Express-News
18of20Family members of those who died in Saturday's hot air ballon crash near Lockhart leave the crash site in school buses.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas /San Antonio Express-News
19of20Caldwell County Sheriff Daniel C. Law removes his hat, Monday Aug. 1, 2016, as family members in school buses leave the site of a hot air balloon crash that killed 16 people on Saturday July 30, 2016 near Maxwell, Texas in Caldwell County.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas, Staff / San Antonio Express-News
20of20A view of the memorial, Monday Aug. 1, 2016, at the site of a hot air balloon crash that killed 16 people on Saturday July 30, 2016 near Maxwell, Texas in Caldwell County.Photo: Edward A. Ornelas, Staff / San Antonio Express-News
MAXWELL — Federal authorities, concluding the initial phase of their inquiry into Saturday's hot air balloon crash that killed all 16 on board, said that no clear answers had surfaced as to why the craft apparently hit high-voltage power lines.
"This is the very beginning of what will be a very long and comprehensive investigation," Robert Sumwalt of the National Transportation Safety Board said Monday before a battery of cameras assembled for the final press briefing near the crash site in farmland off Jolley Road.
Later Monday evening, numerous family members were taken to the crash site in four school buses.
"They have a lot of questions that still need to be answered that I don't know that we'll ever be able to get to answer," said Caldwell County Sheriff Daniel Law. "It's very sad."
Earlier, Sumwalt said the craft owned by Heart of Texas Air Balloon Rides had a passenger weight limit of 4,400 lbs and did not appear to have been overloaded, nor did the balloon portion, known as the envelope, show any evidence of failures or malfunction.
He also said weather conditions appeared acceptable when the balloon lifted off from Fentress Air Park about 7 a.m. for the airborne sight-seeing trip that ended in a fiery heap of tangled rubble less than an hour later.
He said the vent was found in the open position atop of the envelope — which landed about a half mile away from the gondola — which is consistent with the position used during landings.
Several spots on the electrical lines roughly 120 feet overhead showed evidence of arcing, Sumwalt reported, and a 30-foot stretch showed abrasions.
Asked what could have caused the balloon to fly toward the plainly visible power towers, he said, "I think that's going to be a difficult question to answer."
After the three-person ground crew lost contact with the balloon's pilot, Skip Nichols, they called the phone numbers of passengers and drove around the area for about an hour looking in vain for the craft's landing site.
Phones and other electronic personal devices recovered at the crash site will be inspected back in Washington D.C., where the investigation will officially shift Wednesday.
A memorial comprised of a hay bale, a wreath and more was erected by local emergency personnel by the crash site, from which the charred bodies of the deceased were removed Saturday and taken to an undisclosed location.
Dental records are being used to make positive identifications, said Caldwell County Justice of the Peace Matt Kiely, who said only two victims were officially known as of Monday.
He identified the latest victim as Scott Douglas, but provided no age, home town or other identifying information. Nichols is the other confirmed deceased.
"Keep the families in your prayers. It's tough," Kiely said.
While Kiely has declined to name anyone else, family and friends have identified other crash victims as couples Matt and Sunday Rowan and Brian and Tressa Neill, both of San Antonio; Paige Brabson and her mother, Lorilee Brabson, of San Antonio; and Joe and Tresa Owens, a Houston-area husband and wife.
Michele Jech, excutive pastor at CityChurch, said the Neills and their two daughters Shelby, 20, and Sarah, 16, regularly attended the church. The Neills had been married for 23 years.
"To know them was to love them," Jech said, her voice breaking. "They were the family that was 'all in.' We have a cafe in our church and for several years they volunteered as a family and all four of them taught themselves to be baristas. They saw a need in the church and did it. They gave back."
Jech said the couple worked in the recovery ministry at the church's Bandera campus.
"People tend to think of that as recovery from a chemical addiction but we think of it as life recovery," Jech said. "They had both gone through recovery within the church and then decided to lead groups together and sponsor others through their own journeys."
The pastor said the church staff as well as the congregation is grieving their loss.
"The only thing we're holding onto is that they were so incredibly strong in their faith," she said. "We know where they are now. But it's still like a kick in the stomach."
Tressa Neill had worked at CPS Energy for nearly 25 years and her co-workers are grieving, officials said.
"Tressie was known to many of our 3,000-plus employees to be a warmhearted person who was always ready to help a friend and offer words of encouragement," said Paul Flaningan, spokesman for the utility.
The Brabsons had only recently moved to San Antonio. Paige Brabson attended high school in Colorado Springs and graduated from NeeCee's Barber and Cosmetology College in Abilene in 2013.
"She was a really sweet girl," said Joyce Ayers, owner of the college, who taught Paige and remembered her fondly. "She was an awesome student. Very motivated.
"I'm still in shock," Ayers added. "It just does not, you know, seem real. It's just heartbreaking."
Paige Brabson had an 11-month-old baby.
Sunday and Matt Rowan, both 34, had just been married six months and had been posting photos of their balloon trip, from getting into the basket to photos in flight, when the photos suddenly stopped.
Back near the crash site, Sheriff Law praised investigators, whom he said would likely vacate the site Tuesday.
"It's a very difficult investigation all the way around," he said.
Law said this is likely the worst disaster that has befallen Caldwell County, but that community support is strong.
"Luckily for us, we have a very close-knit community and they really came together to help the victims' families," Law said.
"Hopefully, the healing part can start for the families," Law said. "Our prayers from this community and thoughts for the family members are what's in our hearts right now."
The worst hot air balloon tragedy in U.S. history cast a pall over the town of Lockhart, usually best known as the BBQ Capital of Texas, where stunned residents waited to learn the cause of the deadly mishap and the names of all those killed.
Caldwell County Judge Ken Schawe visited the crash site Sunday and described the scene as "horrific."
"I've never seen anything like it in my life," he said from his courthouse office. "There's a lot of people in this county who are upset and concerned."
Local resident Bernadette Lewis drove out to get a glimpse of the crash location from behind police tape strung across Jolley Road roughly a half mile away.
"It's the talk of the town. We're on the national news for a tragedy," she said, noting the sight of balloons floating majestically over the rural countryside was not uncommon.
In the distance two trailers could be seen, parked below large power lines, near the location where the balloon's basket came crashing to earth.
"It makes you appreciate life more and not take it for granted," said Lewis, 58, snapping photos with her smart phone. "One second you're here, the next second you're gone."
Betty Brown, 69, just moved to Lockhart over the weekend, but already was emotionally invested in the deadly calamity that occurred about 4 miles west of town.
"Everybody's waiting to see who was killed … and really concerned about the victims' families," she said on the steps of City Hall.
As she left Smitty's BBQ, Lockhart native Toni Mead said, "Everybody's talking about it. Nothing like that has ever happened before."
Smitty's owner, Jim Sells, said the crash reinforced his commitment to live each day to its fullest.
"It's one of those things where you never know what happened," said Sells, 70. He was doubtful that NTSB investigators will reach a rock solid cause for the crash.
Resident George Perry theorized that high ambient temperatures caused problems achieving the required lift to safely carry the balloon over the power lines.
"That's my gut feeling, but we'll see what they say," Perry, 71, said of investigators.
Staff writers Eleanor Dearman, Ed Ornelas and Bruce Selcraig contributed to this report.
zeke@express-news.net
Zeke MacCormack
Follow Zeke on:
ZekeMac
Zeke has primarily covered the Texas Hill Country since joining the San Antonio Express-News in 1996.
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Tag: Alumni
MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mit.edu
Rank: #661 Visitors: 483,000
The mission of MIT is to advance knowledge and educate students in science, technology and other areas of scholarship that will best serve the nation and the world in the 21st century.
Harvard University is devoted to excellence in teaching, learning, and research, and to developing leaders who make a difference globally.
Stanford.edu
Rank: #1,771 Visitors: 197,000
Stanford University, one of the world's leading teaching and research institutions, is dedicated to finding solutions to big challenges and to preparing students for leadership in a complex world.
Home | University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley.edu
Nyu.edu
Purdue University - Indiana's Land Grant University
Purdue.edu
Rank: #3,947 Visitors: 95,000
UCLA advances knowledge, addresses pressing societal needs and creates a university enriched by diverse perspectives where all individuals can flourish.
Cornell.edu
Cornell University is a private research university that provides an exceptional education for undergraduates and graduate and professional students. Cornell's colleges and schools encompass more than 100 fields of study, with locations in Ithaca, New York, New York City and Doha, Qatar.
OX.ac.uk
Rank: #13,779 Visitors: 12,000
The University of Oxford is one of the leading universities in the world.
Wisc.edu
The University of Wisconsin is a top-ranked research institution located in Madison, Wisconsin, providing exceptional education opportunities to undergraduates, graduate and professional students.


What cricket fans are looking for?
Fans are looking for new ways to watch cricket live and faster because they do not want to miss any ball of the cricket match. Nowadays most searched thing on the internet is Live cricket streaming HD. I thought it would be a better to write an article about the websites which are giving you the option to watch live cricket streaming hd so that you could watch all the matches on your laptop or mobile phone with ease. You would not need any cable connection to watch the match you just need internet and laptop or mobile that all. Go to the website, click live streaming and the match is on. The speed of your internet plan must be 2mp/s to watch a match without buffering and pausing again and again to buffer.
Not all the websites which provide the facility of live streaming provide the option to watch the match in HD result. Only a few websites allowtheir users to watch HD streaming, and many people can not watch HD streaming even if they want to. That is because of internet speed. You can go to a website that provides HD streaming, but your internet plan is 1mb/s than even you have the internet, you have access to the website, but you can not watch HD. If you watchHD, then you are not watching it live, because the slow internet will take to buffer and you will be far behind the live streaming. If you want to watch HD live streaming, then you need to upgrade your data plan and its speed because, with the slow speed of internet you can not enjoy High Definition video streaming of live cricket match.
What made live cricket streaming possible?
I told you earlier that live cricket streaming HD is the most searched thing on the internet nowadays because it is the season of cricket and fans are curious to watch all the matches of the team that they are sporting. In old days people were used to listening to the match commentary on Radio, and that is all, they could not see the match by their eyes. But then tv came, and people started to watch matches on tv. Then technologydid and live cricket match on tv evolved. People were amazed by the technology that who could they watch a match happening in the other corner of the world and they are watching it as it is happening in front of their eyes. After that comes the age of laptops and IT. IT improved the quality of live streaming and took it to HD. You can now watch live streaming in High Definition on your laptop. Many websites introduced their mobile apps to give their users another option of live cricket streaming HD on a mobile phone. These apps mostly work on Android system and IOS system. Science is improving the quality if entertainmentpeople get from cricket by improving to picture quality of the match so that fans can see each and every detail of the match with HD result.


With 2019 approaching, the Digital Marketing landscape is going to witness a dramatic change. Some of the most common trends and tactics will become outdated while innovations and practices will disrupt the market. There are many new digital marketing trends and strategies that are evolving swiftly in the current high tech, internet dominating era that businesses need to adapt to and start practicing in order to succeed in their efforts and stay ahead of the game. One such crucial and emerging movement in the business landscape is Inbound Marketing.
It's a no hidden fact that buyers have more power today when it comes to making buying decisions as compared to previous times when the internet was not much accessible. Today, people tend to gather all the information around any product or service they want before actually buying it. This is where Inbound Marketing comes in! The inbound methodology, along with technology, helps businesses adapt to fast-changing needs of customers in today's era.
Inbound Marketing is a method of attracting, engaging and delighting prospects/customers to grow a business by providing value and trust. It is a way of marketing your product/services in a personalized manner that provides real value to the customers. Unlike outbound marketing, you don't reach out to your customers through pushy content or paid ads. Instead, Inbound Marketing methodology helps you create meaningful content that addresses the problems and needs of your ideal customers and hence, attracts quality prospects on your business website by building trust and credibility for your business.
Every business aims at attracting the potential buyers, converting them into customers and then delighting them to turn them into brand advocates.
The very first step of Inbound Marketing starts with defining business goals and buyer personas. Your business goals could be spreading brand awareness, lead generation, engaging current customers for retention or upsell, increasing overall business sales, etc. Once, you have defined your business goals, you start building your buyer personas. Buyer Personas are semi-fictional representations of your ideal customers that you want to attract to your website. Obviously! You wouldn't want junk traffic that won't help you meet your business goals.
Now, you have your business goals and buyer personas in place and you can start forming your Content Marketing strategy to help you in achieving the desired business goals. Inbound content is produced keeping in mind the buyer's journey. Now, if you're thinking what a buyer journey is? Have a look at the image below.
Basis the prospect's buying stage, content is created to cater to their needs and problems at the right time in the right form. So, people who are at the awareness stage can be given information through value-driven blogs, ebooks, whitepapers that will help them identify the problem they are facing and how they can solve them. Once, the buyer has identified the problem and starts looking for potential solutions, video, podcasts or comparison-based content can be given in order to help them finalise their ultimate solution. Now, the prospect has identified the solution and has reached the decision stage of buying the solution which could be a product or a service from the brand options available in the market. Here, content forms like vendor comparison or case studies will help the buyer in finally selecting a particular brand over others.
Not only this method helps in increasing Marketing qualified and Sales qualified leads but also helps in enhancing the overall customer experience.
Now, you know what Inbound Marketing is and how it works, let's have a look at the crucial Inbound Marketing trends that are going to dominate in 2019. Obviously, what worked for businesses last year might not work this year.
We all know that with Google coming up with new algorithms now and then, the SEO tactics keep changing with time. The competition to get found in Search Engine results is so intense that SEO practices have now evolved into a new model – Topic Cluster Model. All the content focused websites have already started leveraging this technique to stay ahead in the game.
In this method, a single 'pillar' page acts as the main content for a particular topic and multiple sub-content pages related to the same pillar content are created and linked back to that pillar page and each other. This inter-linking sends signals to the search engines that the pillar page is an authority on the topic and over a period of time the probability of ranking that page higher on search engines for that particular topic – increases! It's a way of organizing a website's content in a structured manner.
Search engines have upgraded and evolved their algorithms according to customer's behavioral changes and hence, it is time for brands to adapt to the new model in order to put up with the changing market.
According to Gartner, by 2020, customers will manage 85% of their relationships without talking to a human.
Marketing Automation allows brands to reach out to and engage with customers across various digital channels like email, social media, blogs, chatbots, etc. It enables you to prospect and engage with your customer in a more personalized and targeted manner as opposed to bulk targeting. Also, the inbuilt AI-based algorithms help brands with insights that are useful when it comes to executing laser-sharp marketing campaigns. The overall analytics and information shared about leads and customers help in optimizing the marketing efforts to its fullest potential and hence, growing the business in the right direction.
Not only that! Imagine how much time it saves by automating the repetitive marketing tasks that can be performed without human intervention. And, time is money!
So, an integrated platform that allows you to execute your marketing efforts, manage your campaigns in a centralized manner and strategically integrate your marketing and sales, will certainly be the most sought-after software in 2019.
HubSpot is one such platform that enables you to execute closed loop marketing with tools such as CRM, Marketing and Sales among others.
Chatbots not only help in improving customer experience by answering real-time queries but also help in converting visitors into leads.
Automated chatbots can interact with the website visitors by answering their queries in real time and providing them with a solution or connecting them with the sales representatives right away, hence, reducing the sales lifecycle time.
Chatbots can be easily integrated with a website, social account or other apps. They also gather information that can be used later for targeted marketing campaigns.
According to research, the global chatbot market is reaching $1.2 billion with 24% annual growth rate. It's time for brands to start strategizing on how they can integrate chatbots in their overall marketing plan and reap the benefits as other market leaders have already been doing.
According to TheeDesign, approximately one-third of the 3.5 billion searches performed on Google are voice searches. With increasing adoption of Alexa, Apple Siri, Cortana, Google now as a primary source of search, brands are now focusing on Voice SEO as critically as they are on On-page SEO.
Imagine this scenario – When people search on Google or any search engine by typing a text query, a lot of options pop up for the user to select. However, when a user asks Siri, or Google Now for a search query, very few options come up. In fact many times, only one result pops up. And, if your brand happens to appear in that one search result, the CTR will potentially be much higher. Hence, brands should pay utmost importance to strategize and implement their Voice-based SEO strategies.
Newsflash! By 2020, half of all search queries will be voice-based. – (Source – ComScore). So, you must gear up to include Voice-based SEO as a part of your Inbound Marketing plan right away!
Video Marketing has been a very important part of Inbound Marketing and it's only going to grow! Of all the Inbound Marketing trends you are going to witness in the future, this one is going to stay for long.
By 2019, Videos will account for 85% of the total online traffic (source). Also, 54% of internet users watch video on a social media platform on a monthly basis, and this is expected to grow in the coming years.
With so much content available on the internet, the attention span of users has gone down considerably. Hence, people prefer to consume information about products or services through explainer videos, vlogs, etc.
Summing it up – Be it the dissemination of information about a product, promotion of new service, online education or increasing sales figures, video marketing has come up in a huge way when it comes to business growth and cannot be ignored at any level while creating a marketing plan for any brand.
According to State of Inbound 2017, social selling is rapidly gaining traction, especially in the B2B market segment.
Social selling is the process of building long-lasting relationships with potential customers through the use of social media platforms like Quora, LinkedIn, Facebook, etc. The idea is to avoid cold calling or direct purchase conversations and instead build relationships with the prospect by answering their questions, making suggestions and helping prospects by providing them with useful information till the time they actually decide to make the purchase. Not only it helps you in generating new leads, but also in nurturing existing prospects and clients by staying connected with them and providing them with meaningful support.
Social selling is one Inbound Marketing trend that picked up in the last few years and is going to grow aggressively in the upcoming ones. LinkedIn works best for the B2B market while Facebook and Instagram for the B2C market.
Guest blogging is one of the famous Off-page SEO tactics. However, when done along with PR as part of the Inbound Marketing strategy, it works wonders. How to do that?
1. Write meaningful SEO-friendly content that resonates with your buyer persona.
2. Use Digital PR to get your article published on high authority websites in your domain.
This will not only help you in increasing the traffic to your website through quality backlinks but will also help you generate higher authority for your website as Google will pass on the link juice from those high authority PR websites to yours. It's a great hack to generate quality leads and get high authority from Google. It is one of the Inbound Marketing Trends in 2019 that's going to be accepted by more brands for the value it delivers – both tangible and immense.
So, what are you waiting for? You are now aversed with the Inbound Marketing trends that can exponentially boost your marketing ROI and business growth in 2019. Add them to your Inbound Marketing 2019 plan and see them work for you!
Want to grow your business with Inbound marketing and marketing automation? Contact us!


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Slaughter & Rees Report: Our End-of-Year Holiday Wish
Are adults—in America and around the world—failing their children? Matthew J. Slaughter and Matthew Rees share an important wish for the New Year.
The U.S. Department of Education's biennial assessment found that about two-thirds of U.S. fourth-graders and eighth-graders are not proficient in reading.
by Matthew Slaughter & Matthew Rees
In the spirit of this season of anticipation and joy for so many around the world, we are going to share a single end-of-year holiday wish.
It is not a wish about our usual fare of the U.S.–China trade war, or Brexit, or immigration policy. No, it is a wish about children.
Our end-of-year holiday wish is that 2020 might bring a renewed concern about and focus on children—especially in the United States, but to some extent everywhere in the world. We say this because time and again, 2019 delivered a cadence of bleak news about how we grown-ups are failing our children. We are failing on several fronts: to provide them adequate means for their health, to build their human capital needed to thrive in tomorrow's global economy, and to bequeath them a planet with a stable climate.
Start with this sobering fact: that in the United States today—the richest country on the planet, where last year's GDP topped $20.5 trillion—over one in five children, 21 percent, live in households that are under the poverty line. A growing body of research shows all the ways that childhood deprivation tends to handicap opportunities for decades. "Children living in deep poverty have the worst outcomes among all children on important health and development indicators," according to a comprehensive report published earlier this year by the National Academies. And, sadly, this prevalence of childhood poverty has been with us far too long. In 2013, UNICEF examined the well-being of children in 28 other developed countries across five dimensions—material well-being, health and safety, education, behaviors and risks, and housing. Among the 29 countries studied, UNICEF found that U.S. children ranked 26th (children in the Netherlands were 1st).
In the United States today … over one in five children, 21 percent, live in households that are under the poverty line.
This ranking partly reflects that children in the United States have higher mortality rates and shorter life expectancy than children in many other developed countries. This, in turn, partly reflects higher incidence of health problems such as obesity. Nearly 14 percent of U.S. children aged 2 to 5 are obese; nearly 20 percent of children 6 to 19 years old are obese, up from just 5.2 percent in the early 1970s. Today, the U.S. military disqualifies nearly one in three people who wish to serve—most of them young people—because they are obese.
A complex set of factors underpins the rising obesity rate (in children and in adults). The onslaught of marketing of unhealthy food and beverages to children—documented recently by the University of Connecticut's Rudd Center—certainly doesn't help. One analyst has pointed out that, "The amount of funding spent to promote healthy foods, which is mostly via federal nutrition education dollars such as WIC and SNAP-Ed, is dwarfed by food marketing which is mostly for unhealthy and 'treat' foods and beverages. I fear we will never make a big dent in diet-related chronic disease until we level this playing field."
Just as the effects of obesity can hamstring a child for decades, so can a poor education. And this is a second critical area where America's children are not being adequately cared for. Several weeks ago, the U.S. Department of Education issued its biennial assessment of learning in America's schools. This latest assessment is, in a word, bleak. Lowlights included that about two-thirds of U.S. fourth graders and eighth graders are not proficient in reading. For both these age groups, median reading skills in 2019 were lower than in 2017—and were virtually unchanged from where they were way back in 1992. Median math abilities ticked up for fourth graders but down for eighth graders. And, beneath these averages, inequality continues to rise. "Compared to a decade ago, scores at both grades in both subjects were lower or not significantly different for lower-performing students at the 10th and 25th percentiles."
The human capital of America's children is stagnating not just over time, but relative to other countries. Last month the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development issued the 2018 results of its Programme for International Student Assessment. Starting in 2000, every three years PISA has measured how well 15-year-old students throughout the world "have acquired key knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies" in reading, science, and mathematics. Seventy-nine countries and economies participated in the 2018 wave, all the 36 OECD members (a group of high-income countries) plus another 43. How did American kids do? Yet again, decidedly mediocre.
The human capital of America's children is stagnating not just over time, but relative to other countries.
In reading and science American students scored slightly above the OECD average, but in math they were markedly below the OECD average—fully 36 countries scored higher averages in math. In all three subjects, U.S. mean scores have been flat for at least a dozen years; in reading, U.S. performance has been flat all the way back to 2000. Indeed, in 2018 in reading, only 13.5 percent of all U.S. students scored in the top two levels of what the OECD terms "top performers."
It is human capital, more than any other asset, that determines an individual's chances of thriving in the dynamic global economy of the 21st century. How can America (and so many other countries) continue to build so little human capital in so many of their children?
Finally, where our children, when adults, might fault us most is with our—and, eventually, just their—climate. There is now a strong consensus among scientists that the world's average temperature is rising and that a major force causing this rise is carbon dioxide emitted through human industrial activity. According to NASA, 2014 through 2018 marked the hottest five-year period in recorded history. Similarly, current estimates are that the Northern Hemisphere's 2019 summer was tied with 2016 for the warmest ever on record—with a mean temperature that was 2.03 degrees Fahrenheit (1.13 degrees Celsius) above the 20th-century average.
Children are particularly vulnerable to all this, as noted in a November report published by The Lancet. "A child born today will experience a world that is more than four degrees warmer than the pre-industrial average, with climate change impacting human health from infancy and adolescence to adulthood and old age," wrote the authors. "Across the world, children are among the worst affected by climate change." Indeed, the lead author of a policy brief accompanying the report told the New York Times, "Climate change, and the air pollution from fossil fuels that are driving it, threatens the child's health starting in the mother's womb and only accumulates from there."
Leaders and citizens of scores of countries are increasingly alarmed about global warming and climate change. For example, in December 2018 the U.S. government issued its Fourth National Climate Assessment, with the foreboding overview finding that, "Climate change creates new risks and exacerbates existing vulnerabilities in communities across the United States, presenting growing challenges to human health and safety, quality of life, and the rate of economic growth." In a December 2018 NBC News/Wall Street Journal survey, 66% of Americans say that either "some action should be taken" (21%) or "immediate action is necessary" (45%) to address global climate change.
So, what are the world's leaders doing about global warming and climate change? By any reasonable scientific standards, nowhere near enough. As we wrote earlier this year, in America the Green New Deal fails to include any meaningful carbon tax or cap-and-trade system to address the negative externalities of CO2 emissions, without which America and the world keep emitting carbon dioxide, day in and day out, just like before the Green New Deal resolution was submitted in the U.S. Congress. Indeed, earlier this month scientists affiliated with the Global Carbon Project projected that global CO2 emissions in 2019 will have risen yet again, by about 0.6 percent, to 36.8 gigatons. Said Rob Jackson, chair of the GCP and a professor of Earth science at Stanford, "We're blowing through our carbon budget the way an addict blows through cash."
And after a record-duration two weeks and two extensions, yesterday in Madrid the annual United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, or COP25, ended in profligate disarray with a failed attempt to establish new rules for a global market in carbon trading. The Financial Times reported that negotiations "descended into open bickering on the plenary floor in the final hours. Delegates appeared to be exhausted after all-night negotiating sessions on Friday night and Saturday night as negotiators raced to salvage a deal."
Are our children giving us credit for these inadequate efforts? Hardly. Time 2019 Person of the Year, 16-year-old Greta Thunberg, excoriated us grown-ups in September when speaking before the United Nations.
"This is all wrong. I shouldn't be up here. I should be back in school on the other side of the ocean. Yet you all come to us young people for hope. How dare you! You have stolen my dreams and my childhood with your empty words. And yet I'm one of the lucky ones. People are suffering. People are dying. Entire ecosystems are collapsing. … You are failing us. But the young people are starting to understand your betrayal. The eyes of all future generations are upon you. And if you choose to fail us, I say: We will never forgive you."
In the United States and around the world, in far too many ways we adults are failing our children. Thus, the end-of-year wish of us two Matts: that in 2020, leaders everywhere—in the private sector, in the public sector, and in civil society—devote more attention, time, and resources to children.
We have laid out the bleak context of this wish not to play Scrooge amidst Christmas, Hanukkah, and other approaching holidays. Rather, we have done so precisely because so much of the season's focus is on the sacred mysteries and joys of children. We adults—as Tiny Tim would say, "every one!"—have the opportunity in the new year to start being less intergenerationally selfish. By the close of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol, even Scrooge found that sort of spirit. Happy New Year.
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Slaughter & Rees Report: Immigrants for the Heartland
America's struggling communities are in desperate need of high-talent immigrants. We should welcome them, say Slaughter and Rees.
Slaughter & Rees Report: The Green New Deal and AOC
America should consider how to harness the earnestness of the Green New Deal—a resolution regarding climate change submitted by newly elected Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez—without wreaking economic havoc.


A treasure hunter accused of cheating his investors out of their share of one of the richest hauls in U.S. history — $50 million in gold bars and coins from a 19th-century shipwreck — was captured at an upscale Florida hotel after more than two years on the lam.
Federal marshals tracked Tommy Thompson to a Hilton in West Boca Raton and arrested him Tuesday. A warrant had been issued for him in 2012 in Columbus after he failed to show up for a hearing on a lawsuit brought by some of his backers.
The U.S. Marshals Service called him "one of the most intelligent fugitives ever sought" by the agency and said he relied on cash and employed other means to stay under the radar. Authorities gave no details on how they found him.
Thompson, 62, made history in 1988 when he discovered the sunken SS Central America, also known as the Ship of Gold.
The sidewheel steamer went down in a hurricane about 200 miles off South Carolina in 1857; 425 people drowned and tons of gold from the California Gold Rush was lost, contributing to an economic panic.
In a modern-day technological feat, Thompson and his crew brought up thousands of bars and coins, much of them later sold to a gold marketing group in 2000 for about $50 million.
The 161 investors who paid Thompson $12.7 million to find the ship never saw the proceeds. Two sued — a now-deceased investment firm president and the company that publishes The Columbus Dispatch newspaper and had invested about $1 million.
The dispute is a civil action. No criminal charges have been filed against Thompson over the gold.
Columbus attorney Rick Robol, who at one time defended Thompson's company, has said there is no proof Thompson stole anything. He said Wednesday that he has been concerned about Thompson's health, calling the arrest "the best thing that can happen for everybody."
Thompson was arrested along with his longtime companion, Alison Antekeier. The pair had been paying cash for the hotel room, rented under a fake name used by Antekeier, marshals said. The hotel is in an upscale suburban area surrounded by golf courses, country clubs and gated communities.
Federal marshals said that the pair had no vehicles registered in their names and that Antekeier used buses and taxis to get around.
After the arrest warrant was issued, Thompson vanished from his Vero Beach, Florida, mansion, where a search found prepaid disposable cellphones and bank wraps for $10,000 in cash, along with a book titled "How to Live Your Life Invisible," according to court records. One marked page was titled: "Live your life on a cash-only basis."
The couple made initial court appearances Wednesday in West Palm Beach. Authorities will seek to return Thompson to Ohio.
Gil Kirk, former director of one of Thompson's companies, told The Associated Press last year that Thompson never cheated anyone. Kirk said proceeds from the sale of the gold all went to legal fees and bank loans.


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'''
The proper divisors of a number are all the divisors excluding the number
itself. For example, the proper divisors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14. As the
sum of these divisors is equal to 28, we call it a perfect number.

Interestingly the sum of the proper divisors of 220 is 284 and the sum of the
proper divisors of 284 is 220, forming a chain of two numbers. For this reason,
220 and 284 are called an amicable pair.

Perhaps less well known are longer chains. For example, starting with 12496, we
form a chain of five numbers:

12496 → 14288 → 15472 → 14536 → 14264 (→ 12496 → ...)

Since this chain returns to its starting point, it is called an amicable chain.

Find the smallest member of the longest amicable chain with no element exceeding
one million.
'''

from __future__ import print_function
from collections import defaultdict
from math import sqrt

import timeit

try:
    range = xrange
except NameError:
    pass

def is_prime(n):
    if n == 2: return True
    if n < 2: return False
    for i in range(3, int(sqrt(n)) + 1, 2):
        if n % i == 0: return False
    return True

proper_divisors_cache = defaultdict(set)
checked = set()

limit = 10**6

def find_factors(limit):
    for i in range(2, limit + 1):
        # enumerate a range starting at the current integer x2
        # stepping by the size of the integer to the limit
        for idx, f in enumerate(range(i + i, limit, i), 2):
            # using 'f' which is the current integer along the stepped range
            # as the key, add to the factors value-list the step size
            # and its index enumerated from base 2
            proper_divisors_cache[f].update({i, idx})

def find_chain(canidate):
    chain = {canidate}
    divisors = sum(proper_divisors_cache[canidate]) + 1
    while divisors < limit:
        if {divisors} & chain:
            # not a complete chain, add starting canidate to checked
            checked.add(canidate)
            return {} # return empty set, no use checking incomplete chains
        else:
            chain.add(divisors)
        divisors = sum(proper_divisors_cache[divisors]) + 1
        # divisors equal starting canidate, is a complete chain
        if divisors == canidate:
            checked.update(chain)
            return chain
    return {} # return empty set, no use checking incomplete chains

def euler_95():
    longest_chain_len = 0
    # build a factors dict having the number and list as
    # a list of integers as the key, value respectively.
    find_factors(limit)
    for canidate in range(2, limit):
        # if canidate is in checked, it was already in another
        # chain-series or if it is prime no use checking.
        if is_prime(canidate) or checked & {canidate}: continue
        chain = find_chain(canidate)
        chain_len = len(chain)
        if chain_len > longest_chain_len:
            longest_chain_len = chain_len
            longest_chain = chain
    return sorted(list(longest_chain))[0]

if __name__ == '__main__':
    start = timeit.default_timer()
    print('Answer: {}'.format(euler_95()))
    stop = timeit.default_timer()
    print('Time: {0:9.5f}'.format(stop - start))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It's important to protect your skin with sunscreen but sometimes it's easy to spill some onto your clothes. Fortunately, it's easy to get rid of sunscreen stains so you, and your clothes, can stay safe in the sun with these simple and easy steps.
You can also use the cap to ensure you use the right amount of Tide Plus Febreze Freshness Liquid detergent. Just fill it with the correct dose of Tide laundry detergent, and pour it into the laundry detergent dispenser if you have an HE washing machine, or directly into the drum before loading the clothes if you have a non-HE washer.
Without rinsing off the detergent, place the garment into the washer with other items. Leaving Tide laundry detergent on the stain will give your wash that extra boost of cleaning power.


Pop, rock and folk with tinges of electronic and classical elements. Janina Hanify sings and plays guitar, clarinet and saxophone adding Theremin to create organic electronic beats, fusing the old with the new.
She moved back home to Wellington from London in 2008 to record and produce her album 'The Original Ending', engineering and producing the album herself, alongside brother/musician Stevie Starr, with mixing and mastering by Auckland based producer and VNZMA 2009 Tui Best Engineer Andrew Buckton (Midnight Youth, The Dukes). First single and music video 'Intentions of a Reluctant Artist' in the shop window of fashion store Rex Royale on Cuba Street. Surrounded by cupcakes, mannequins and TVs, Janina sang about the precarious relationship an artist can have with following their musical intentions within a musical industry which can at times feel like it takes more interest in the marketing surrounding an artist rather than the music itself.
NZ composer John Psathas on 'The Original Ending', 2011.
JANINA: The Original Ending – New Zealand Musician, June/July 2011.
Cover sourced from Bandcamp. Text sourced from Amplifier. Used with permission.


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Home › Analysis › The State of Defensive Sabermetrics: An Overview
The State of Defensive Sabermetrics: An Overview
By M-SABR on November 7, 2017 • ( 0 )
(Keith Allison / Flickr)
This is the first installment of the State of Defensive Sabermetrics article series, where we break down some lesser-known statistics associated with the defensive side of the game. We hope to evaluate the robustness of these statistics, identify where they might fall short, and propose new metrics that will bridge these gaps. In this article, we provide an overview of some defensive sabermetrics currently in use.
Many agree that defensive sabermetrics lag far behind their offensive counterparts in plenty of ways. They seem to lack the ruggedness and seldom questioned repeatability of offensive stats, and for good reason. In the years that many have attempted to develop vigorous defensive metrics, it has proven to be an incredibly difficult task due to the very nature of defensive play. When building a metric, you need to account for so much variability due to the range of defensive positions, the sheer size of the field, and the different actions players take to make outs. In some cases, these actions are not quantifiable. For example, Tampa Bay Rays center fielder Kevin Kiermaier reads pitch signs from the catcher and shifts his position based on what the pitcher throws next. There is no easy way to capture these skills in a single metric. Despite some overwhelming shortcomings, we have come a long way since the years of using only fielding percentage to measure a player's defensive worth. We highlight some noteworthy defensive sabermetrics below.
Defensive Runs Saved – DRS
Defensive runs saved is one of the widely known defensive sabermetrics, and it is a fairly simple statistic to read. It is read as the amount of runs that the defensive player has saved or let in based on his performance. Sample size is very important in all defensive sabermetrics, and it is a good idea to look at around two years of data to be sure of a player's true skill. Below is how to interpret a player's DRS and translate it into how much skill the player has.
While the interpretation of DRS is relatively simple, the calculation of this statistic is rather complicated. The basis of comparison of this metric comes from splitting the field in 260 directional vectors. For a batted ball, Baseball Info Solutions tracks the type of batted ball, the specific location of the ball, and how hard the ball was hit. It then tries and find balls hit with around these same metrics in the same vector. A player is credited on the play if he makes the play and at least one other MLB player that season missed that exact same ball in terms of hit speed, location of the ball, and type of batted ball. A player loses credit if he does not make the play and at least one other MLB player that season has made that play. The total is found by adding up all of the plays that are made and all the plays that are not made. Below are the top 20 players in DRS from 2015-2017.
Ultimate Zone Rating – UZR
UZR is similar to DRS in that they both use the same scales, use zone ratings, and are scored on the same basis. The biggest difference between UZR and DRS is that DRS uses batted ball timer data, which measures how hard the ball was hit and how long a flyball was in the air. UZR uses four main metrics, which Fangraphs calculates: outfield arm runs, double play runs, range runs, and error runs. Below is the top 20 players in the MLB from 2015-2017 in UZR.
One of the new stats to finally get quantified is pitch framing. It has long been known that pitch framing has been around, and some catchers excel at it. Yet, no one has been able to quantify it, until a few years ago. Baseball Prospectus has one of the more reliable framing statistics. The way they do it is by putting a probability that each pitch is called a strike, based on all the previous pitches thrown in that location. If a catcher gets a called strike that is normally a strike 40% of the time, he is awarded +.60. Vice versa if the catcher does not get a called strike that is generally a called strike. While the tendencies of the umpire play a role in this statistic, this can be accounted for as the catcher typically encounters many different umpires over the course of the season. Below are the top 10 catchers in the league from this past year at framing. A rough estimate, as seen below, is that the best catchers are worth around 15-25 runs per year.
Statcast is widely considered to be the future of defensive sabermetrics. They use doppler radar to track the movement of every player and the ball on every play. This allows us to be more accurate with the numbers of how hard the ball was hit and how far the fielder had to move.
Introduced in 2017 by Statcast, catch probability allows us to evaluate defensive plays in the outfield. It judges every play based on the probability of the ball being caught, with a grading scale as follows:
0 – 25% catch probability = 5 star play
26 – 50% catch probability = 4 star play
91 – 95 % catch probability = 1 star play
As seen above, the ball is graded based on the distance from the player and the hang time of the ball. To calculate the catch probability, it looks at every ball that was hit with the same distance from the player and the same hang time. Catch probability considers the distance of the ball from a player instead of the distance traveled by the player because it does not want to wrongfully award the player for taking a bad path to the ball. In this way, the stat attempts to correct the misconception that every diving catch is a fantastic play. The same catch would look less impressive if the fielder took a better path to the ball and made the catch with less effort. The Kevin Kiermaier example of reading pitches is what throws this off a little bit, because he is typically in better position to catch the ball to begin with and has less of a chance of making a "great" play on the ball.
Here's an example of a true 5-star play when Billy Hamilton makes a catch in which he had a 7% catch probability:
Here is where catch probability trumps the eye test. This ball had a catch probability of 75%, but due to Kemp's bad route he had to dive and made it look like a very impressive play.
This statistic was created to as a way to analyze catch probability. It is a very simple statistic in terms of how it is calculated. If a ball has a catch probability of 40% and the fielder makes the play then he is credited with +0.60. If that same ball is not caught by the fielder, then he is deducted -0.40. All of these are added up over the course of the season to get the player's season OAA. Below shows the top 20 players in OAA for the 2017 season.
The State of Defensive Sabermetrics
In short, while there are a handful of solid defensive sabermetrics, they each have their strengths and shortcomings. In the coming article series State of Defensive Sabermetrics, we at M-SABR are going to dive deeper into analyzing some of the defensive sabermetrics and potentially create our very own defensive sabermetric. Stay tuned!
‹ M-SABR Gold Glove Predictions
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