We provide the expert carpet cleaning and water damage services you need 24/7. We utilize just the most safe and reliable products to get your carpets looking brand-new and smelling fresh again.
Before we do anything we take a look at what damages have been done and how best to restore them. We will make an honest recommendation based upon how long the carpets have been wet and how the damage was developed. Carpets that have been exposed to sewage-contaminated waters for more than 24 hours should be dealt with as soon as possible as they will be beyond repair.
We will eliminate stagnant water from your carpet utilizing an innovative extraction approach with our powerful vacuums. We will then utilize wetness detection tools to discover any further wetness concerns to guarantee there is no possible risk of more moisture damage.
We offer professional Carpet Cleansing services including complimentary Sanitisation & free Deodorising with 100% client's fulfillment. Our specialised carpet cleaning solution consists of carpet steam cleansing, carpet dry cleansing, carpet stain elimination, carpet mould remediation, family pet stain removal from carpet, family pet hair elimination from carpet, end of lease carpet cleansing, carpet sensitisation, carpet deodorising, carpet repair work, carpet shampooing and more.
With many years of experience in cleansing industry. Its extremely important to expert clean your carpets instead of cleaning your own. DIY carpet vacuum just take off dust from the surface area leaving germs, fungis and bacteria behinds under the carpet layers. Book the specialist carpet steam cleaning service today to secure your household & animals from unwanted harm from allergies & include charm to your residential & commercial residential or commercial properties.
Carpet cleansing is not just an essential part of healthy living but often a lawfully binding part of the end of lease cleaning and home inspections too. Our cleaning services in Laverton North cover all these aspects and assist you live a healthy and peaceful life.
Harmful irritants and covert discolorations hide in even the most well-vacuumed carpets. This is why it is recommended to get your carpets expertly cleaned a minimum of once a year depending on the frequency of use. We do that without asking for a fortune for our services.
No one likes the looks of unclean carpets, particularly when you face an up and coming assessment. First impressions constantly last, and it is essential to prepare beforehand. Why not engage our specialist, licensed carpet cleaners in Laverton North to do the task for you?
That's where we can assist you. With a wide range of customers across the Melbourne area, our specialists have the right understanding to execute a set action on your carpets. We'll get them looking excellent as brand-new with our specialist service and licensed cleaner team of specialists with collective decades of experience.
No matter the cause of your carpet problem, our market best practice approach to dealing with carpets will leave you pleased!
We can then conduct a thorough drying and cleaning of your carpets utilizing pulleys to lift and remove your carpet. We can then sterilize, pressure and steam tidy your carpets to guarantee they are tidy and safe to be gone back to your house.
With our 24/7 professional services we encourage you to call as quickly as the damage happens so we can get our group out to your home and get started before more damage can happen.
When your home is victim to a flood, you are filled with sadness at the loss of lots of beloved items. We offer 24/7 flood restoration services to assist your household resume their lives as rapidly as possible.
We provide complete water extraction services in Laverton North as part of our remediation procedure. We utilize just the current and most efficient treatment to penetrate to the inmost layer of your carpet and under cushioning to eliminate every ounce of destructive liquid. This is important to get rid of the hazards of mould and other harmful germs.
The anti-microbial and anti-browning sprays are then pushed into the carpet to guarantee they totally penetrate utilizing a carpet buffing system. As soon as this is complete, the water and cleaners are then drawn out and drying can happen.
Depending upon how damp your carpet is we might also use blowers and dehumidifiers to help the carpet to dry more quickly.
As you can see we take every preventative measure to ensure your carpet is returned to its original state and avoid any possibility of later issues that can emerge as a result of mould and bacteria. When you are faced with flood damage you can depend on us to bring your house back to its original state as a welcoming and comforting safe house.
Water extraction is a significant step when any form of water damage has occurred. Whether from flood, leakages or perhaps an over flown bath or sink, water extraction should happen quickly. That is why we provide a 24/7 water extraction service.
Moisture is an offender for triggering all sort of damage from mould and mildew to buckling baseboards. We will draw out every ounce of wetness from your carpet to ensure wetness damage does not take place.
We can assist with water damage not just from flooding or leaks, we can also help determine wetness issues such as water collecting in your window wells. It is crucial to identify all sources of wetness to eliminate the risk of mould. We treat impacted areas to not just eliminate existing mould issues, however to also prevent additional growth.
We use just the most powerful vacuum systems to extract water from your carpets. We also utilize dehumidifiers and blowers to guarantee your carpets are entirely dry to prevent future moisture damage.
If you have struggled with water damage, flooding or leakages or have noticed an uncommon smell or misty windows in your home, give us a call. We will inspect the locations in question, recognize the concerns and proceed with our water extraction and mould preventing procedures to keep your home free from moisture damage and the risks of mould.
Do you have water damaged carpet in Laverton North? We can help with water damage remediation and repair work. Whether your job is a big one or a small one, we pride ourselves in being able to complete any job quickly and professionally. We use competent professionals to your home to repair carpet water damage in Laverton North and surrounds.
Having actually been in business for a long time now, we understand that if water damage is one thing, it is unpredictable. Your dishwasher, washing machine, sink pipeline, roof gutter, or bath all of a sudden decide to catastrophically stop working, leaving you with a massive clean-up job.
The problem is, there is no one available to take your call at that time; that's what is so excellent about us, we have 24/7 service, meaning that water damage repair work in Melbourne can be started right now, offering less chance for mould and mildew to get a foothold.
If you wish to acquire a quote or arrange a booking, please do not think twice to give us a call or you can utilize our contact us page and send us a message.


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Expectations low for Moneysupermarket
By Michael Clarke
Updated: 11:52 EST, 6 August 2007
Moneysupermarket's share price will debut at the lower end of expectations, according to one of the UK's largest spread-betting companies.
Unconditional trading of the price comparison website is expected to begin on Monday, and a price range of between 170p and 210p has been set.
However, Cantor Index says trading on the 'grey market' is in the 171p to 178p range. The grey market is an unofficial market where new issues of shares are bought and sold by institutions and brokers before they become officially available for trading on the stock exchange.
David Buik of Cantor said: 'The current climate of sentiment does not seem to lend itself to a strong debut next week at anything above the bottom end of the range. The appetite for risk in IPOs is low. Public IPOs in the UK have had mixed fortunes in recent times and many feel that there is a spirit of adventure attached to this company.'
The stock market has wobbled in recent days and Buik feels that could be having an impact on grey market trading. 'Sentiment in stock markets has taken a step for the worst today and this has been reflected in this grey market. It is just possible that fund managers are more enthusiastic than retail investors - they seem sceptical at the moment.'
However, others are a little more confident. IG Index currently has the spread at between 192p and 196p, for example.
Moneysupermarket's float is the first major online listing that allows private investors to subscribe for shares since Lastminute.com floated in 2000. However, it is still difficult for investors to measure the company against other rivals as no other price comparison service listed.
'The market has little to measure its performance against,' said Buik. 'Confused.com is fairly close but Admiral, its main shareholder, has pulled out from selling its stake for £160m.
'This is a huge valuation for a company with a limited track record – however profitable it is at the moment.'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Лукаш Брозь (; 17 декабря 1985, Гижицко) — польский футболист, защитник футбольного клуба «Легия» и сборной Польши.

Биография
Воспитанник футбольной школы клуба «Багбуд» из Гижицко. Профессиональную карьеру начал в клубе «Мамры», также из Гижицко. В составе клуба провёл сезон 2004/05 в Окружной лиге. Команда заняла пятое место, а Лукашом заинтересовался клуб Третьей лиги «Кмита» из Забежува, в составе которого он и провёл следующий сезон. В 2006 году игрок перешёл в состав клуба высшего дивизиона, «Видзев» из Лодзи. В составе команды Лукаш отыграл семь сезонов и дважды подряд выиграл первенство Первой лиги. Из-за коррупционного скандала, победитель Первой лиги сезона 2008/2009, клуб «Видзев», не был допущен в Экстраклассу и был вынужден провести следующий сезон, опять, в Первой лиге. В 2013 году Лукаш подписал контракт с варшавской «Легией». За пять лет в составе столичной команды, футболист четыре раза становился чемпионом Польши и три раза становился обладателем кубка. С 2018 года выступает в составе «Шлёнска» из Вроцлава.

Карьера в сборной
За сборную Польши, сыграл 3 матча, голов не забивал. Дебютировал 14 декабря 2012 года в матче против сборной Македонии. Все матчи, в которых принимал участие Лукаш Брозь, были товарищескими.

Достижения
 Чемпион Польши (4): 2013/14, 2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18
 Обладатель кубка Польши (3): 2014/15, 2015/16, 2017/18

Примечания

Ссылки

Игроки ФК «Видзев»
Игроки ФК «Легия»
Игроки ФК «Шлёнск»

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We can enable the WriteBack mode for flashcaches without shutting down the ASM or any instance on the Exadata. This will be done in a rolling fashion one cell disk at a time. You have to make sure you finish one cell before starting the operation on the next cell.
I will follow the following document to change the flashcache mode in a Exadata Database Machine X3-2 Eighth Rack System. Also you can find why we need to use WriteBack mode and other useful information in that document.
4. How to determine if you have write back flash cache enabled?
5. How can we enable the write back flash cache?
Before proceeding any further, make sure all the griddisks are online and there are no problems on the cells.
On the 1/8th Rack system flashcache is reduced to half size. Becuase of that the size appears to be 744 GB.
Repeat the following procedure for all the cells. We have 3 cells on 1/8 the rack exadata. Operate only on one cell at a time. Before proceeding the next cell, make sure the cell is operational. I will follow the Support ID but I prefer to use the cellcli commands in the cellcli command prompt.
Also I prefer to do any disk operation during off peak hours.
All disk groups are synchronized now we can proceed on the next cell.
After changing the flashcache modes on all cells, check if flashcache modes are changed to write-back for all cells.
[root@testdbadm01 ~]# dcli -g ~/cell_group -l root cellcli -e "list cell attributes flashcachemode"


BEIJING -- Volvo Car, owned by China's Geely Holding Group, aims to sell 50,000 cars in China this year, a senior executive said.
Richard Snijders, president and CEO of Volvo's China distribution unit, made the forecast in comments to reporters in Beijing on Tuesday.
The new target would mark an increase from slightly more than 30,000 cars sold in the country last year. Sales in China rose 62 percent in the second-quarter, Volvo reported last week.
Geely, parent of Geely Automobile Holdings, took over Volvo from Ford Motor Co. in August 2010, marking China's largest overseas auto acquisition.
In February, Volvo CEO Stefan Jacoby unveiled a plan to invest up to $11 billion globally in new product development and facilities over a five-year period.
Last week, Volvo reported higher earnings for the second quarter, boosted largely by increased new-car sales in China, Europe and North America.
The automaker said operating EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) was 600 million kronor ($95 million), an improvement of 170 million kronor compared to the same period last year.
Revenue was 33 billion kronor, up 3.5 billion kronor from the year before period. Second-quarter retail sales rose 26.6 percent to 123,919 cars.
Earlier this year, Volvo announced plans to boost capacity and add 600 blue collar workers.


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Wilks: Cards to be more creative with David Johnson
Published: Sept. 18, 2018 at 09:44 a.m.
Updated: Sept. 18, 2018 at 06:09 p.m.
Fantasy football fans of David Johnson are beginning to freak out after just two weeks. The consternation has been understandable.
The Arizona Cardinals running back entered the season aiming for a 1,000/1,000 rushing and receiving season. At his current pace (42.5 rush yards per game, 16.5 receiving yards per game) Johnson wouldn't crack 1,000 total yards.
In his first two weeks under offensive coordinator Mike McCoy, the Cardinals have utilized Johnson more as a between-the-tackles early-down runner than a do-it-all mismatch in space.
Hopefully that faulty usage begins to change. Coach Steve Wilks said the Cards need to be more "creative" in getting Johnson the ball in space.
"We talked about that," Wilks said Monday, via the team's official website. "We've got to utilize David from the standpoint of getting him out of the backfield, putting him in the slot, putting him out there to try and create that matchup that we need.
"David is very effective when he is out in space, so we have to start utilizing him in those particular matters."
Johnson's struggles to open the season have been manifold, from the team's overall suckage, to the lack of total plays, to reduced workload, to the running back's inefficiency when he does get changes. Scott Barrett of Pro Football Focus has a good thread on the topic if you care to delve further.
While Wilks resists a quarterback change, at least he's willing to correct one problem and give his best offensive weapon more chances to make a difference.


God, the Shepherd and Guide of all the faithful, entrusts his pilgrim Church through the ages, to those whom he himself has established as Vicars of his Son. Among these, Paul VI shines out as one who united in himself the pure faith of Saint Peter and the missionary zeal of Saint Paul. His consciousness of being the Successor of Peter is evident when we recall that on 10 June 1969, during a visit to the WorldCouncil of Churches in Geneva, he introduced himself by saying "My name is Peter". Nevertheless, he also acknowledged by the name he chose the mission for which he had been elected. Like Saint Paul he spent his life for the Gospel of Christ, crossing new boundaries and becoming its witness by proclamation and dialogue, a prophet of a Church facing outwards, looking to those far away and caring for the poor. The Church was always, indeed his constant love, his principal concern, the object of constant reflection, the first and most fundamental thread of his whole pontificate. He wished nothing other than the Church would have a greater knowledge of herself in order to be ever more effective in proclaiming the Gospel.


Thanks for visiting our site. Let me tell you a little about our group. We are a Christian, parent taught cooperative that meets on Tuesday afternoons from 12:00 p.m. to 4:10 p.m. at Northside Christian Church in Springfield, MO. We have 3 classes for elementary students and 4 classes for youth students with a 30-minute lunchtime before the first class. We have activities for all ages. The mission and vision of H.I.S. is to be Homeschoolers in Service. That description has a two-part meaning. The first is that we, as an administrative team, want to be in service to the families that are a part of our group. The second is that we, as a co-op, will be in service to our community and to the rest of the world. We will accomplish this by having by-monthly service projects as a group. Our group will also have Field Trips, Mom's Nights Out, Holiday Parties, and Family Picnics. We are currently full for the 2018/2019 school year, but if you are interested in joining our group, please click here to be added to our waiting list. Please take a look around our site. If you have questions that weren't answered on this site, please click here to e-mail questions to Jackie O'Connor. Have a blessed day!
The 7th grade and up classes may have additional fees. If the fees will be a burden to your family, please click here to contact Jackie O'Connor to see if arrangements can be made. We want to do our best to make this co-op a blessing to your family. Registration fees are due at signup and are nonrefundable. Fees include a background check of the teaching parent.


It's been one week since a massive 7.5-magnitude earthquake reverberated throughout Sulawesi, Indonesia, followed by a destructive tsunami that swept through towns and neighborhoods with stunning force.
With much of the region's infrastructure destroyed, local groups have been going to heroic lengths to care for survivors.
One of Direct Relief's longtime partners in Indonesia is the Bumi Sehat Foundation, based in Bali, Indonesia. The group was working to help the community recover from the August earthquakes on the neighboring island of Lombok when last week's earthquake in Sulawesi struck.
Bumi Sehat founder Robin Lim told Direct Relief that her son-in-law's family is in Sulawesi, trying to make their way to safety in Bali. Lim's family isn't alone.
Communication lines are largely down in Sulawesi and the fuel supply is critically low, further impeding relief efforts and compounding logistical hurdles to getting aid to the area.
Lim and her staff are working with Budi Agung Hospital in Palu. Many hospital employees are still unaccounted for and the building is structurally compromised after the quake, according to Lim. As a short-term solution, tents outside the hospital will provide shelter to patients receiving care.
"Bumi Sehat's focus will be to care for the pregnant, birthing and postpartum mothers," Lim said.
Lim's group is also working to provide tents, solar lights and water filters, and has drawn from their operational budget to respond.
Direct Relief is also supporting the Muhammadiyah Disaster Management Center, which is conducting medical outreach throughout the affected area.
The group established a medical outpost at Muhammadiyah University in Palu, which served over 300 patients over 48 hours, according to a post by the organization.
Dr. Zuhdiyah Nihayati, a medical volunteer from Muhammadiyah Hospital in Lamongan, said that patients, many of whom are sleeping outdoors, are suffering physical effects caused by exposure to extreme heat in the day and frigid cold at night. They lack sufficient access to clean water, food and health services, the doctor said.
Muhammadiyah is also operating emergency shelters, providing meals, offering psychosocial support to survivors, and conducting urban search and rescue operations, including in the collapsed Roa Roa Hotel, where numerous bodies were found.


I was helping on a Windows Phone application where the requirement was to cache the images the phone downloads on the isolated storage for offline viewing.
Load image from web (http + https), and persist it to isolated storage.
In case of network connectivity issues can load the same image from isolated storage. It does that by mapping the http url to a isolated storage location.
In case the network is down and the image is neither there in cache, loads a default image, passed as parameter to converter.
Here is the gist for the implementation.
Declare the converter as resource.


A half hour rated classic boarded white primed door in the Internal Door Range. A traditional cottage style interior boarded door. A matching Suffolk glazed door is available for a complementary look in the home. Also ready for a final coat of finishing.


I find that by having too many sites going I don't post to any of them nearly as much as I want to. Determining what content goes where results in no content going anywhere. My hope is by creating this new site I'll post more often and while it may be eclectic it will be me. All of the relevant posts from Exquisite Dystopia have already been migrated.
I hope to make this space a bit more active going forward. We'll see.
Well my computer is taking the new year off so far. Posting from my phone. Will hopefully be back up soon.
So, I have finally just redesigned the site. It's my first time using Dreamweaver, but I like how it turned out. The mail order catalog isn't posted yet, but I will be working on going through and counting everything and putting a merch list back together over the next couple of weeks hopefully.
The only addresses or emails I have are people who I talked to regularly, if I talked to you irregularly your information is probably gone. Feel free to get back in touch.


The most common whale species off Andenes are male Sperm whales. Up to 20 meters long and 60 tons heavy they are the largest toothed whales of the planet. Now it is possible to combine whales and midnight sun with a visit to one of Northern Norways most important bird cliffs, Bleiksøya. There you will see thousands of Puffins, White-tailed eagles and other species under the midnight sun. Have your camera ready to capture this spectacle of nature.
Combined midnight sun trip: Whales and birds.
Our midnight sun trips take place between end of May and end of July, and are weather dependent. It is a combined whale and bird watching tour and is offered at specific dates, if the weather conditions allow for and last about 4 hours. Contact us for more information and read the FAQs.
Arrival: Please be at Sea Safari Brygga (reception and guesthouse) 30 minutes prior to departure.
Reception: Check-in and informative introduction about whales and the sea as well as a safety briefing. When necessary, information is given in different languages (English, Norwegian, German, Dutch, Spanish).
Getting ready for the sea: We provide a thermo-floatation suit and a life-vest which is mandatory. Please, wear warm and comfortable woolen or fleece clothes and water proof boots.
Tour: Off we go! Depending on where the whales are, we drive between 15 - 50 minutes to their position. When we approach the whales we do operate very respectfully in their proximity, following our code of conduct for whale watching.
The tours last appr. 4 hours and take place from end of May to end of July (weather-dependent). Please, contact us beforehand for whale watching in October and April.


text:
Toorak Burnside Bowling
Club Subscriptions
Pennant Bowls Competition
At the beginning of the season, around September, teams are entered in Bowls SA pennant competition on Saturdays, Wednesdays (Men's team) and Thursdays (Women's team). Currently we have four teams entered on Saturdays, three on Wednesdays and one on Thursdays.
Selection for Saturday's teams is carried out on Tuesday afternoon by the selectors for each division, with Wednesday Men's teams selected on Friday afternoon and Thursday Women's team selected on a Monday. The names of the players selected for each team are displayed on the selection board outside the selector's office. The teams are also emailed to members and available on the club website.
In addition to skills training/learning sessions held on Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday, the Club Coach, Les "Bushy" Carter is also available for one-on-one coaching sessions. Details of available time slots are posted on the notice board – bookings essential!
The greens are available 6 days a week for members to practice with access to mats and jacks via the coded rear door of the club rooms. Code supplied to members on request.
All greens are closed for general maintenance on a Monday.
Wednesday Division 1 Winners
The most favoured evenings for practice for most players are Thursday and Friday when members will make an evening of it by enjoying a couple of drinks at the bar and particularly on Friday during Happy Hour. When you arrive for practice please don't hesitate to ask to join a practice group. You don't need to practice by yourself unless you choose to do so. You can still work on your game when practicing in a group.
Pennant games are played on a home and away basis and we do ask members to return to the club after an 'away' match to share in the excitement of the day's play. Games are 21 ends playing in teams of four on Saturday (open gender), commencing at 1.00pm. Wednesday's (men only) play consists of a variety of formats, eg pairs, triples and fours with games commencing at 12.15pm. The games on each day usually finish around 4.30 – 5.00pm which allows a little time for socialising before the finish of the day. On Thursday (women only) games commence at 9.45am and finish around 1.30pm, followed by lunch supplied by individual players.
Saturday and Wednesday 'home' pennant games cost $5.00 per person per match. This pays for sandwiches provided during the afternoon tea break for yourself and your opponent. Division 1 players do not have a mid-way break on Saturday, however their $5 goes to providing nibbles, etc. at the completion of the match.
Pennant availability: There is a sheet placed outside the selector's office that provides for notification to the selectors of player unavailability for all pennant games. If a player has not indicated in the booklet provided then it is assumed that they are available for selection.
If at all possible players should meet at the club before travelling to an Away game to minimise car parking difficulties at the 'away' venue.
A sheet is also located outside the selector's office that provides information on the day of an away match for members to indicate if they are travelling directly to the 'away' venue. This is also to ensure team mates are not left waiting.
Email: tbbclub@adam.com.au
25 Giles Street
Toorak Gardens SA 5065
We're always looking for new members so get in touch and come on down.
Selection Policy
Copyright © 2019 Toorak Burnside Bowling Club. All rights reserved | Web Design by Anomaly


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SportsLine's Top Weekend Picks: NBA Conference Finals Heating Up
Filed Under:MLB, NBA, NHL
Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Washington Nationals
Friday, May 18, 2018, 7:05 pm ET
WASHINGTON -205
I'm not going against the Nationals when Max Scherzer is pitching. The guy is lighting the world on fire — he's 7-1 with a 1.69 ERA and 91 strikeouts in 58.2 innings. His WHIP is a ridiculous 0.82. On Friday, he faces a Dodgers offense that's a lifetime .176 against him (15-of-85), a Dodgers team that's lost 9-of-11 and a Dodgers spot starter — Ross Stripling — that has a 4.05 ERA in his three starts. L.A. has yet to win when Stripling starts. The Nats have won 13 of 15, including four straight, and I don't think Scherzer is going to be on the hill when the streak ends. Take the Nats, even at the high money-line price.
SportsLine Expert: Adam Thompson (45-19 in last 64 MLB ML picks)
Max Scherzer (Photo Credit: Jennifer Stewart/Getty Images)
Baltimore Orioles vs. Boston Red Sox
BOSTON -175
Baltimore is a terrible road team, winning just three of 20 all season. The Orioles are 0-4 against the Red Sox and 0-6 when pitcher Alex Cobb starts. Drew Pomeranz hasn't been great for Boston, but the team wins 72 percent of my simulations, so even at this price it's worth taking the home favorite.
SportsLine Expert: Stephen Oh (20-14 in last 34 MLB picks)
Milwaukee Brewers vs. Minnesota Twins
MILWAUKEE +125
The Brewers are coming off a West Coast trip that saw them go 5-2 against the Rockies and Diamondbacks — they're 16-9 on the road this season and surging. They're also winning 54 percent of my simulations, which for a team at this price presents a great value against a Twins team that's lost three of four and has a sub-.500 home mark. Back the Brewers.
>>MORE: See all MLB picks
Al Horford (Photo Credit: Maddie Meyer/Getty Images)
Boston Celtics vs. Cleveland Cavaliers
Saturday, May 19, 2018, 8:30 pm ET
BOSTON +6.5
Let's grab this number now while we're getting the best of it with the value-added hook, because it's likely to go down. Whether Cavaliers can respond with a win on their home floor in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Finals remains to be seen, but one thing is clear — they haven't been able to separate from anyone. They have one home cover in the playoffs, which came against a fragile Raptors club that had mailed it in. Barring an unlikely no-show from the Celtics, this should go to the wire, and there's clear value with the underdog.
SportsLine Expert: Larry Hartstein (18-8 in last 26 NBA ATS picks)
Houston Rockets vs. Golden State Warriors
Sunday, May 20, 2018, 8:00 pm ET
GOLDEN STATE -7
The Warriors have been giving way too many points this season, which is a big reason why they're among the worst teams against the spread. But Game 2's result is at least keeping it at a respectable spread. We've seen great adjusting from each coach so far, resulting in two impressive wins. Now what? Look for the Warriors to take advantage of the home court and reclaim the series lead with yet another double-digit result in this series. Lay the points.
>>MORE: See all NBA picks


The glorious antiphonal Renaissance sound of Giovanni Gabrieli's famous double-choir canzon comes to life in this arrangement for ten brass.
4 Bb tpts, 2 hns, 3 tbns, tuba. Optional percussion parts for timpani, sus. cymbal, snare drum, bass drum, and glockenspiel.
4 Bb trumpets, 2 horns, 2 trombones, bass trombone, and tuba.
Bass trombone is the solo instrument in this work composed to honor Vic Steelhammer, a Los Angeles bass trombonist and friend of the composer who died in 2006 in a solo plane crash.
3 Bb Trumpets, Bb Flugelhorn, Horn in F, 2 Trombones, Solo Bass Trombone (opening cadenza provided), Euphonium, and Tuba.
A virtuosic whirlwind for Ten Brass commissioned in 2006 by the San Francisco Bay Area brass ensemble Brazzissimo.
Great as an opener, closer, or encore.
This is a toughy, but playable by advanced brass players.
Piccolo trumpet, 3 trumpets (Bb or C), horn in F, 2 trombones, bass trombone, euphonium, and tuba.
4 Bb tpts, 2 hns, 3 tbns, tuba.
Begins tenderly, becomes jaunty, and ends with big bell tones and ripping trumpet scales. Very exciting. Original version was for the Disneyland Fanfare Trumpeters (Nine Trumpets).
G. F. Handel's La Rejouissance is well known and appropriate for concerts and special events.
4 Bb Trumpets, 2 Horns in F, 3 Trombones, Tuba.
A resetting and amplification for ten brass of an arrangement for nine trumpets formerly played by the Disneyland Fanfare Trumpeters. Declamatory and edgy.
A classical-style setting with piccolo trumpet obbligato. If you've never played O Tannenbaum in 7/4 feel, you can now!
4 Bb trumpets (1st doubles on piccolo trumpet), 2 horns, 2 trombones, bass trombone, and tuba.
A festive and jubilant work for double brass quintet. Great concert opener or closer, and excellent for prelude/processional and recessional/postlude for those big academic occasions.
The brass, organ, and percussion version of Rejoice! was performed in the Dallas Symphony Orchestra's Big Brassy Christmas concert in 2013. Shorter versions were used in advance to promote that concert. Then in 2014, recordings of the 2013 performance were used in videos that promoted the 2014 Big Brassy Christmas. View these videos HERE and HERE.
4 Bb trumpets (4th doubles on piccolo trumpet), 2 horns, 2 trombones, bass trombone, and tuba.
Three 15th-century English carols find new life in this stylistically varied brass octet.
John Stanley's Trumpet Voluntary is one of the finest and most interesting works from the English Baroque. Two trumpeters are featured.


Xemnas pouted, his shoulders slumping due to his lack of Saix. He frowned, walking over to Aerith and pointing a thumb at Sephiroth, "Am I supposed to get him to leave?...Or can I turn him into a nobody?"
Sephiroth stood on top of one of the tables, "MWAHAHAHAHAHA DIE CAKE DIE!!!" He jumped up in the air, did a flip and stabbed through the cake and the table, "Oh....I'm stuck."
Aerith slapped her forehead. "Sephiroth, I didn't need your help cutting the cake. I did just fine with a normal knife." She glanced at Xemnas. "If you think you can, go for it. I won't say know. ...Just make sure he pays for the damages. Otherwise, I'll have to sick a friend of mine on him."
Xemnas calmly climbed on top of the table and ushered Sephiroth down by posturing himself amd using a bit of magic, he loosened the blade. He carried it outside and then proceeded to chuck it with an Aero spell as far as Xemnasly possible.
Sephiroth let out a girlish scream, "MASAMUNE!!! NOOOOOOO!" He dove out, not noticing Xemnas pocketing his change purse, after his blade. The sound of a wing flapping was heard and all went silent as black feathers fell from the sky lightly.
"So, you're very beautiful compared to any normal human girl," He said smiling, "So I suppose your not, righ?"
"Hector," He said slightly frowning, "It's not actually the politeist thing to do, identifying before even knowing one well, and then saying this. I apologize for my friends lout like actions."
Aerith nodded approvingly to Xemnas and then turned her focus back to the conversation. "Well, I'm sort of not human, technically," she admitted. "But that doesn't really matter, now does it?" She smiled sweetly, hoping that would banish all thoughts of the subject.
"Nah, I was just saying so because where we come from, it's common for a decent amount of non-humnas around, it doesn't bother me, I just figured I'd ask, to see if I was right," He said, eating more of the cake, even though there was a hole in it, "Man, this stuff is addicting, I'm going to get real fat quick."
"We've had so many issues with barocs not accepting this numerous times however," He thought out loud, "It gives me a headache.."
"Really? That's terrible," Aerith said with a sigh. "People need better things to do than to cause non humans trouble." She sliced another piece of cake and set it before Hector. "Eat as much as you like. It's nice to see people enjoy my cooking."
"Yes! I'm going to be so overstuffed with goodness that I won't be able to wield my axe!" He said in a cheery tone, eating more. He however, almost never gained weight. No matter how much he stuffed himself.
"That was very tasty, and you have my thanks. I would love to eat more, but I'm currently on a diet. Soon I'm going to go on a exploration, and I need to be healthy so I can travel further it in a day." Eliwood was never a hearty one, if he traveled for too long he would collaspe, so he wanted to be in shape so that chance decreases.
The Organization's ninth member watched as the strange and mildly disturbing scene played out and the Sephy-guy flew off leaving a trail of his ummmm...featheres all the way outside. Demyx walked back to the back for what seemed like the umpteenth time that day and returned with the broom and dustpan. The blond swept up all the strange feathers and emptied them into the waste basket in the part of the cafe that was for EMPLOYEES ONLY if the sign was anything to go by. Once that was done the nocturne turned waiter poured himself a cool glass of water, waiting for any new customers to serve or messes to clean.
Aerith giggled at Hector's words. "Surely someone as strong as you can weild an ax, even after eating a hundred cakes." She then stood. "Could I interest you in anything to drink? Some tea, perhaps?"
"Let's go!" He said, dragging him out of the shop.
Eliwood before being completely dragged out, gratefully thanked her for her service.
"Thank you for coming," she called after them before breathing a sigh and going back to the counter. They were without customers. Hopefully, this wouldn't continue.
"Hi! I'm My Melo," She said with a cute smile, "You have a lot of dreams! I got your note in my Melody box! I'm glad your dream wasn't taken yet!" She said smiling adorably.
Aerith stared at the small creature before her and tilted her head. "Huh?" She knelt down to get a better look at the plushie creature. "My note?" she repeated. "I don't believe I sent you anything. Are you sure you have the right person?"
"My name is My Melody. But Everyone calls me My Melo."
Aerith still wasn't quite sure what the plush toy was talking about, but it made as much sense as anything else she'd seen today. "It's nice to meet you, My Melo," she said with a smile. "Since you came all this way, would you like a piece of cake?" The plush creature was just too cute for words. It would be like having a teaparty.
"You like sweets too! They're a lot of sweet scents in here." She said, she looked over at a table, they were huge for her. So she pulled out her umbrella and floated up to one, until she landed on top of one.
Xemnas stared at the living stuffed animal in wonder, he leaned down, hovering over it, "Are you a nobody?..OR a heartless?"
"Why do you not have a dream?"
Xemnas frowned, pondering the question, "Well, that is perhaps due to myself and others being nobodies. Nobodies are just the remnants of a human, the shell if you would; the body left behind after the heart was extracted. We are no longer human, we no longer feel emotions, thus we no longer dream, for there is nothing to dream of other than regaining our hearts and our humanity."
"I like you. Because you have a dream now."
Aerith slapped her forehead at Xemnas's speech. Why oh why did she hire a nut, again? Oh right, because no one but he and Demyx had applied. Well, until they got more customers, there was no need for more servers.
She smiled at My Melo. "Do you think my dream will come true soon?" she asked, cutting a slice of cake for the little creature and setting it before her.
Xemnas looked at the little creature with puzzlement, "I suppose that's acceptable, don't expect me to return the affection, because I can't." He did not notice Aerith's previous facepalm, or maybe he was so used to that reaction he ignored it, who knows?
"It tastes good, I know it will come true, lettme help you," She said pulling out what looking like a pink wand. She waved it a few times before swirling it around in the air, "Meeelllooooddyyyyyy Mark!" She said, and a sticker with a heart on it landed on a wagon full of fliers. The wagon came to life and stared at My Melody for a moment, wondering what to do.
"A-fec-tion? My Melo doesn't know what that means."
"Oh, thank you My Melo!" Aerith said, too happy to be stunned by the wagon coming to life. The only thing that worried her was that the animated wagon might frighten some people away.


One of the aims of species protection is to maintain the vital populations and areas of distribution of the native and established species. From the approximately 45,000 species found in Finland 21,400 are well enough known that it possible to assess their status. Every tenth of the assessed species was evaluated as threatened according to the evaluation made in 2010.
According to the Nature Conservation Act a species can be protected, or it can be defined as threatened or as in need of specials protection.
The white-lipped snail (Cepaea hortensis) is rare in continental Finland, but common in Åland. © Ulla-Maija Liukko.
The European Community has provisions regarding species protection, the Habitats Directive concerning the protection of wild fauna and flora and the Birds Directive. The Directives demand that species and their habitats are protected, and their hunting and other exploitation is regulated.
The environmental administration has to act if needed to achieve the favourable conservation status of a species. The conservation status is favourable when a species remains in the long term in its natural habitat, and its natural distribution is not reduced. In addition there must be enough habitats for the species to ensure the survival of the species' population in the long term.
The Finnish Environment Institute SYKE collects and evaluates information on the changes in species together with the the Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment (ELY Centres), Metsähallitus, universities and other research institutes as well as NGOs.


Assault is a violent crime that is heavily penalized in Connecticut. If you have been charged with assault, you will need effective and strong defense each step of the way. As an experienced Connecticut criminal defense firm, we are here to protect your rights as you pursue justice.
Don't be falsely accused, and don't let anyone infringe upon your rights. To protect your freedom, contact Attorney Michael Dolan at Dolan Law Firm. We draw upon a variety of valuable experiences, connections, and skill sets to fight hard and produce optimal results for your case.
In Connecticut, most cases of assault are considered felonies. Connecticut laws concerning assault charges are often very complex and nuanced. The way that the crime was committed, the harm that was done, and the identity of the victim are some of the primary factors considered when the charge is being examined.
If you are facing assault charges for being involved in a fight, this means that you may even be sentenced for bringing fear to the other participant. Without even laying a hand on the other individual, you can face life-altering penalties. Our criminal defense attorney can assist you throughout your case to ensure you receive the proper legal representation and guidance.
(a) they injure a targeted person or third party using a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument, with intent to cause serious injury.
(b) they injure a targeted person or third party, with intent to seriously and permanently disfigure, destroy, amputate, or disable some part of the person's body.
(c) they cause serious physical injury to another person by engaging in reckless conduct that creates a risk of death for that person, demonstrating an extreme indifference to human life.
(d) they injure a targeted person or third party and are aided in the deed by 2 or more people present, with intent to cause serious physical injury.
(e) they injure a targeted person or third party by discharging a firearm, with intent to cause physical injury.
(f) the victim of the assault is at least 60 years old, is blind or physically disabled, or is pregnant.
(g) the victim of the assault has an intellectual disability and the perpetrator does not have an intellectual disability.
(h) the victim of such assault is pregnant.
(i) such assault terminates the pregnancy in that it does not result in a live birth.
(j) the perpetrator is in the custody of the Commissioner of Correction or being held in any facility of the Department of Correction.
(k) they commit assault in the first degree as defined above in (a) through (e).
(l) the victim of the assault is an employee of the Department of Corrections and performing his/her duties as an employee.
(a) they injure a targeted person or third party, with intent to cause serious physical injury to the target.
(b) they injure a targeted person or third party using a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument that is not a discharged firearm, with intent to cause physical injury.
(c) they recklessly cause physical injury to another by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument.
(d) they administer a drug or substance (or preparation resulting in the same effect) to a non-consenting victim, intentionally creating stupor, unconsciousness, or other physical impairment to the victim or a third party.
(e) they are a parolee from a correctional institution and they intentionally injure an employee or member of the Board of Pardons and Paroles.
(f) they cause serious injury to another person by striking them on the head, without provocation, with intent to render the person unconscious.
(g) they cause serious injury to another person by striking or kicking them in the head while the person is in a lying position, with intent to cause physical injury.
This offense is distinguished from general assault in the second degree. It is still a Class D felony, except with a 1 year non-suspendible, mandatory minimum prison sentence. A person is guilty of assault in the second degree with a firearm if they commit assault in the second degree, as described in (A) through (G), and while committing the offense they are armed with, threaten the use of, or use a firearm.
This is a Class D felony for which a mandatory minimum of 3 years in prison is non-suspendible. A person may be guilty of this offense if they commit second degree assault with a firearm, where the victim is as described in (H) and/or (I).
A person may be guilty of assault in the second degree with a motor vehicle if, while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs, they cause serious physical injury to another person as a consequence of the effect of such substances. This is a Class D felony. The sentence for this offense is typically a one year suspension of one's license. In addition, for a period of two years after one's driving privileges are restored, the offender will not be able to drive any vehicle that is not equipped with an approved ignition interlock device.
Sentencing for assault can be very complex, with charges altering based on the nature of the violence, the identity of the victim, and even the amount of information at the perpetrator's disposal. If you are not sure where to turn after being arrested for criminal assault in Connecticut, and are seeking to get your charges reduced or dropped, Dolan Law Firm will provide you with the defense you need. Contact Attorney Dolan today for a free case evaluation.


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it follows that if a certain magnitude of effect is observed when the telescope points in a given direction, exactly the same effect will be obtained when the interferometer has been rotated 180� and the telescope points in the opposite direction. The interferometer observations determine the line in which the motion takes place but do not distinguish between the plus and minus directions of the motion in this line; the choice between the plus sign, northward, and the minus sign, southward, must be determined from the consistency of the result when this motion is combined with the known orbital motion of the earth. For simplicity in the presentation of the formulae, they will be given for an apex having a north declination and for an observatory located in the northern hemisphere. If the final solution requires a motion to the southward, the new apex will be diametrically opposite the one first determined; its right ascension will be the right ascension of the first apex minus 12 hours and its declination will have the same numerical value as that for the first apex but with the minus sign. For an observatory located in the southern hemisphere there would be certain systematic differences in the formulae which need not be given here.
The apex of the absolute motion determined from the magnitude of the ether-drift effect
It is shown in the paper by Nassau and Morse, what is also evident from a study of the model, Fig. 17, that the sidereal time, when the component of motion in the plane of the interferometer is a minimum, θv=min, measures the right ascension of the apex; that is
α = θv=min.
It is evident that the component of motion in the plane of the interferometer is
υ = V sin z,
V being the velocity of the absolute motion and z the zenith distance of its apex.
If δ ≥ 90� � φ, it may be seen from the model that the minimum value of v occurs when z is equal to δ � φ, that its maximum value occurs when z is equal to 180� � (δ +φ) and that the maximum and minimum values occur at times separated by twelve sidereal hours. If the
observations cover the entire sidereal day, the maximum and minimum effects may be obtained. Let R be the ratio of minimum to maximum observed velocities; then
R = vmin / vmax = sin (δ � φ) / sin (δ +φ),
from which the declination of the apex of the absolute motion is derived:
tan δ = [(1 +R) / (l � R)] tan φ.
If δ < 90� � φ, the line of motion will coincide with the plane of the interferometer twice in each day and the maximum observed velocity, vmax, will be equal to the actual velocity V. As the minimum velocity occurs when the apex crosses the meridian of the observer, its zenith distance will be φ � δ and hence the observed velocity will be the velocity V multiplied by the sine of φ � δ. Therefore:
vmin / vmax = V sin (φ � δ) /V = sin (φ � δ)
δ = φ � sin �1 (vmin/vmax).
Since the apex dips below the horizon, the observed velocity will have two maximum values during the sidereal day and two minimum values. The maxima occur when the apex crosses the horizon of the observer and the minima when it crosses the meridian. The two maxima coalesce when δ = 90� � φ.
The apex of the absolute motion determined from the azimuth of the ether-drift effect
For δ ≥ φ. From the manner in which the motion of the earth is projected on the plane of the interferometer, Fig. 17, it is evident that the rotation of the earth on its axis from west to east will cause the azimuth of the apex to oscillate back and forth, crossing the meridian twice in each sidereal day at times twelve hours apart. The sidereal time, θE�W, when the apex crosses the meridian from east to west, is the right ascension of the apex. Then
α = θE�W
If the time, θW�E, when the apex crosses the meridian from west to east is also determined, then
α = (1/2)(θE�W +θW�E) +6h.
As the azimuth of the effect in the interferometer, which corresponds to the azimuth of the apex, oscillates across the meridian, it reaches a maximum displacement, first to the east and then to the west in each sidereal day. When δ ≥ φ, this maximum azimuth may be treated as the azimuth of a circumpolar star at its eastern or western elongation. It is shown in treatises on spherical and practical astronomy that the azimuth of elongation depends in a very simple way upon the declination of the star and upon the latitude of the observatory. The relation is:
sin Amax = cos δ /cos φ,
whence
cos δ = sin Amax cos φ.
When δ ≤ φ, the azimuth of the apex swings completely around the horizon in a sidereal day. If θE is the sidereal time when the azimuth is due east, then
tan δ = tan φ cos (θE �α).
Presuming that the orbital velocity of the earth is known, the formulae now provided are sufficient for the determination in general of the apex and velocity of the absolute motion of the earth, from observations of the relative motion of the earth and ether as made with the interferometer. These observations, giving simply the maximum displacement of the interference fringes as the apparatus turns on its axis, together with the azimuth at which this maximum displacement occurs, must adequately cover the period of one sidereal day for a given epoch. A complete set of such observations gives one determination of the velocity of the absolute motion and two independent determinations of the apex of the motion.
The determination of the direction of the earth�s absolute motion is dependent only upon the direction in which the telescope points when the observed displacement of the fringes is a maximum; it is in no way dependent upon the amount of this displacement nor upon the adjustment of the fringes to any particular width or zero position. The actual velocity of the earth�s motion is determined by the amplitude of the periodic displacement, which is proportional to the square of the relative velocity of the earth
and the ether and to the length of the light path in the interferometer. The two effects, magnitude and azimuth of observed relative motion, are quite independent of each other.
Harmonic analysis of the fringe displacements
The records of the actual interferometer observations for the Mount Wilson cycle consist of three hundred and sixteen pages of readings of the positions of the interference fringes, of the form shown in Fig. 8. Each set contains readings for twenty or more turns of the interferometer. The twenty or more readings for each of the sixteen observed azimuths are averaged and the averages are compensated for the slow linear shift of the whole interference system during the period of observation, as explained previously in connection with Fig. 9. The average readings for each set are then plotted on coordinate paper, to a large scale, for the purpose of harmonic analysis. The graphs, I, II, III, and IV, Fig. 21, show the readings for four successive sets of observations made on April 2, 1925. The plotted points are positions of the central black fringe of the interference pattern with respect to the fiducial point, as the interferometer makes one complete turn. The unit for the scale of ordinates is one-hundredth of a fringe width, while the abscissae correspond to azimuth intervals of 221/2�, beginning at the north point and proceeding clockwise around the horizon. A chart of this kind is plotted for each set of observations. These charted �curves� of the actual observations contain not only the second-order, halfperiod ether-drift effect, but also a first-order, full-period effect, any possible effects of higher orders, together with all instrumental and accidental errors of observation. The present ether-drift investigation is based entirely upon the second order effect, which is periodic in each half revolution of the interferometer. This second-order effect is completely represented by the second term of the Fourier harmonic analysis of the given curve. In order to evaluate precisely the ether-drift effect, each curve of observations has been analyzed with the Henrici harmonic analyzer for the first five terms of the Fourier series. The first-order effect in the observation is shown by the fundamental component, which is drawn under the corresponding curve of observa


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IP Telecom recruits Nokia to expand Portuguese fibre network
17 January 2022 @ 12:57
IP Telecom has enlisted kit vendor Nokia to extend its fibre optic network around metro areas in Portugal, with a key emphasis on quantum security.
Nokia will supply IP Telecom with networking equipment to build an encrypted optical data centre interconnect (DCI) solution. The network will use 100Gbps and 200Gbps data rates and will apparently be ready to deliver 400GE services in the future.
Nokia claims there has been a rise in sophisticated data theft and the line encryption is supposed to protect against unauthorized data tapping in the fibre optic network.
The kit it will provide as part of the deal includes the 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS), 1830 Photonic Service Interconnect – Modular (PSI-M) optical transport platforms and the 1830 SMS secure management server.
The 1830 SMS platform is where the security number crunching happens. Running the encryption of the optical links from central location, Nokia says the solution gives 'immediate protection against highly sophisticated brute-force attacks, including threats from emerging quantum computers.'
IP Telecom has data centres in Lisbon, Porto and Viseu, and this network expansion will allow it to reach out to additional nodes throughout Portugal.
"Nokia's modular optical networking solution allows us to easily upgrade each customer's cloud DCI as needed and at the same time, ease any concerns about data protection," said Pedro Mendonça, IP and Telcos Director at IP Telecom. "The encryption capabilities are a differentiator for us."
Luis Bueno, Head of Enterprise for Spain and Portugal at Nokia, added: "This deal underlines Nokia's role as a major player in the Portuguese ICT ecosystem with a growing footprint in the country. IP Telecom is a stand-out service provider in Portugal, delivering a range of services to business and government alike. We are excited that the operator has selected us to expand capacity in its cloud DCI network, connecting Portugal in an economical manner while also providing a high degree of security. This truly sets IP Telecom apart from its peers."
Like any new technology, the development of quantum computing presents both opportunities and threats. The enormous processing speeds that could help solve any number of problems, whether its cracking scientific and engineering conundrums or mapping the stars, could also be used offensively to run roughshod over less sophisticated security measures.
Last month, an EU-backed consortium said it now has a blueprint for quantum network architecture that will secure the bloc's critical comms infrastructure. The commission said: "The EuroQCI will safeguard sensitive data and critical infrastructures by integrating quantum-based systems into existing communication infrastructures, providing an additional security layer based on quantum physics. It will reinforce the protection of Europe's governmental institutions, their data centres, hospitals, energy grids, and more, becoming one of the main pillars of the EU's new Cybersecurity Strategy for the coming decades."
On one level it's the same arms race cyber security has always been, with hackers and security/tech firms trying to stay on top of each other's methods. However the potential step change of a significantly more powerful computational model rendering existing defences in many ways obsolete represents something beyond the usual cat and mouse games of hackers and cyber security types. The dangers and the possibilities quantum computing represents is bound to be an ever more important aspect of security strategies going forwards, both in the private and public sectors.
Tags: IP Telecom, Nokia, Quantum Computing
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Katie Price reveals she's moving to Australia for three months and hints at new job on TV appearance
The former glamour model changed into two outfits for her morning TV appearance and dropped quite the bombshell
Kate Price has revealed she's moving Down Under for more than three months for a mystery new job.
The former glamour model stunned in two separate outfits as she dropped the bombshell on Australian TV this morning - but what's the job?
Speaking on Channel Seven's The Morning Show today, she said: "I've got something big coming up in Australia, so I'm going to be in Australia for, I think, around three months."
What could she mean?
Stunner (Image: Instagram)
She refused to say exactly what it was, but added: "I have a big job happening. I have a project over there and so I can't wait to come over for three or four months."
And she was relaxed and up for a laugh with the hosts, as Larry Emdur suggested to fellow co-host Kylie Gillies that they do a 'house swap' - but she wasn't up for it, saying Katie's five children would be too much for her to handle.
But Kate DID drop a few hints she'd be up for the Aus version of CBB, after her recent victory, but when she asked the hosts about it, the response was simple: "I'm not sure, it's not on this channel so I'm not really sure."
A Channel Nine spokesperson told Daily Mail Australia later: "We've got nothing to do with Katie Price."
Appearing on TV (Image: Instagram)
Katie made sure she was prepared for the early morning appearance as she topped up her botox - posting a snap of the finished result.
Katie was keen to show fans her fresh look after undergoing the cosmetic procedure.
She went makeup free for the selfie, and hinted that she saw a famous face as she finished the procedure.
Posting the image on YouGossip , she wrote: "Make up off and just had botox...
"A pop star went in clinic after ;) (sic)"


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text:
Insect faunal succession on buried goat carcass in Aligarh Region of Uttar Pradesh, India, with implications in forensic entomology
Swaima Sharif1 &
Ayesha Qamar ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2285-82541
Studies on the insect fauna of animal corpses, used as a vertebrate model, may help forensic investigation cases to estimate the post-mortem-interval (PMI), cause of death, and crime-scene location. Likewise, entomofauna of buried corpses can assist in determining the post-burial-interval (PBI), movement of the body or hiding of the crime. The bodies buried under the soil decompose at a slower rate than the body exposed. Also, there are fewer insects that can go underground to locate the corpse. Such types of studies on the insect fauna of buried carrion can help in forensic investigation cases. The current study aims to determine the succession of a goat carcass buried shallowly in an outdoor habitat of the Aligarh Region, North India.
In the present study, we examined a goat carcass buried at a depth of nine inches to determine the type of insects capable of colonizing buried animal carcass in the study area of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. We have found five species of Diptera, three species of Coleoptera, one Hemipteran species, and one Hymenopteran species. Adult Dipterans found during different samplings were Megaselia scalaris (Loew 1866), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius 1794), and Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830). Dipterans' immature stages were found to be of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (van der Wulp, 1883) and Hydrotaea capensis (Wiedemann, 1830) Megaselia scalaris. Adults of Saprinus quadriguttatus (Fabricius, 1798), Saprinus splendens (Paykull, 1811), and Onthophagous quadridentatus (Fabricius, 1798) of order Coleoptera. Adult Cydnus species (Fabricius, 1803) of Hemiptera and Dorylus species (Fabricius, 1793) of Hymenoptera have also been recorded. During the sampling, the authors reported the stages of carcass disintegration and the insects associated with it.
Flies, beetles, and ants have been recorded in association with the buried goat carcass, which may add to the knowledge of colonization of buried bodies in India and around the globe. S. nudiseta, H. capensis, and M. scalaris, which are found on the goat carrion in the current study, have also been reported on human corpses in the past. Furthermore, M. scalaris found consistently on two sampling dates beneath the ground on the goat carcass and was also seen running on the grave's surface. In addition, authors have reported several species belonging to different order and families, corresponding to various stages of decomposition of corpse which were earlier not known from buried corpses from India. So, it is crucial and may have implications in medicolegal cases.
The present study aims to analyze the insect succession and decomposition rate of a shallowly buried goat carcass in North Indian climatic conditions for two years. During putrefaction, corpses undergo considerable physical, chemical, and biological changes. Each decomposition stage is attractive to a group of arthropods, predominantly sarcosaprophagous insects such as Dipterans, Coleopterans, Hemipterans, Hymenopterans, and numerous others. Amongst these, Dipterans are the first ones to arrive on dead and decaying animal or human corpses, followed by Coleopterans, Hymenopterans, and Hemipterans.
Physical barriers such as soil cover or burial, body enclosed in containers/suitcases/drums, wrapped in clothing or sacs, and various others may hamper the insect activity. Time taken by insects to colonize the carrion placed above ground would be less than the carrion buried underground. Often, it has been seen that criminals bury the dead in shallow graves in haste, as digging requires much time and effort. Shallow grave entomofauna may also vary from the deep graves as some insects which can reach the thin soil cover may not locate the corpse buried deep (cited by Lundt, 1964).
Forensic entomology is a wide field of science that uses insect shreds of evidence in medicolegal investigations. The field has not only been confined to death investigations but also includes its broader aspects like in child/elderly neglect cases (Beneckea et al. 2009), unfit stored food products (Hagstrum and Athanassiou 2019), poor hygienic conditions of restaurants, and wildlife poaching cases (Anderson 1999). A thorough knowledge about insects can provide essential and valuable information regarding the cause and time of death. The diversity and succession of insects depend on several factors such as physical barriers, chemicals or toxins (Keshavarzi and Rassi, 2020), size, indoor/outdoor (Keshavarzi et al. 2019) and body mass of the corpse. Experiments conducted on flesh or animal tissue pieces may be misleading as the whole carcass has more surface area and body mass, resulting in a greater assemblage of insects than on an amount of animal tissue (LeBlanc et al., 2021). In addition, seasonal variations also influence the species richness and diversity of insects colonizing a corpse (Keshavarzi and Rassi 2020). In cases of pertinent death investigations, it requires the combined testimonies from various disciplines- from autopsy surgeon to forensic pathologist and other medical non-medical professionals. When a body is infested with insects, they must be collected in congruency with other biological evidence. These creatures could prove to be a vital parameter to many unanswered questions to the case mysteries.
Study site
The study was conducted in India, West of Uttar Pradesh, district Aligarh, microlocality Dhorra mafi. 27o54′ 41.96′′ N and 78o4′25.4′′ E, comprising a land area of 60' × 37' with vegetation of mulberries, brinjal, papaya, and mango on loamy soil. The average annual rainfall is 75.4 cm, and the average annual maximum and minimum temperatures are 31.30 oC and 17.90 oC, respectively. Relative Humidity (RH) values are about 61 to 84% in the morning and 46% to 75% in the afternoon during the southwest monsoon season (data retrieved from http://www.imdpune.gov.in/caui/smartcities/ALIGARH.pdf). It has three distinct seasons in terms of temperature conditions.
Study time
The period of the study is from early February 2018 to late March 2020.
A fresh female, dead goat Capra hircus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae), was found on the 9th of February 2018. The death occurred due to the wound at its neck caused by the attack of some stray dogs. The goat age was about 3 months, the length was 2'2.5" from head to the start of tail, weight 8.6 kg, and body temperature 27 oC at the time of burial.
Examination procedure and taxonomic identification
The body was buried in a rectangular grave of dimensions 3'9" × 2'9" × 9" (Length × Breadth × Depth). The soil temperature of the lowermost depth of the grave was found to be 15 oC. The air temperature was 24 oC maximum and 8 oC minimum. The grave was in direct contact with the sunshine. The grave was opened and sampled every week from fresh to the late dry stage for collection and observation of insects. Afterward, it was sampled after 3 months, then followed by 6 months. Immature stages of insects were collected gently by using forceps and brushes and preserved in 70% ethanol. Adults were collected with the help of a small sweep net, particularly the Dipterans. Adult Coleopterans and Hemipterans were collected by handpicking with forceps and by sieving the soil. In addition, some of the immature stages of flies were reared in the laboratory at 27 ± 2 oC on goat meat up to the adult stage for identification purposes. The collected fauna was identified with the help of the taxonomic keys (Sawaby et al. 2018 and Carvalho, 2008) and later confirmed by the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.
The current study documented that the insects found on buried goat carcass which belong to four orders—Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera; seven families—Phoridae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae of Diptera, Histeridae, and Scarabaeidae of Coleoptera, Cydnidae of Hemiptera, and Formicidae of Hymenoptera. Diptera includes adults of Chrysomyia megacephala (Calliphoridae) and Calliphora vicina (Calliphoridae), adults, and cocoons of Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae), larvae of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Muscidae), and Hydrotaea capensis (Muscidae) (clips 1 and 2 in additional/Supplementary files). Coleoptera includes adults of Saprinus quadriguttatus (Histeridae), Saprinus splendens (Histeridae), and Onthophagous quadridentatus (Scarabaeidae). Adult Cydnus sp. of Hemiptera and Dorylus sp. of Hymenoptera have also been reported.
Decomposition stages of goat carcass and insects associated
The carcass had undergone five stages of decomposition—fresh, bloated, active decay, post-decay, and dry stage. It took around 5 weeks from the fresh stage to reach to dry stage. The fresh phase lasted for about 1 week. Insects found to be associated with this stage during the first sampling (1 week after burial) were adults of Megaselia scalaris, Onthophagous quadridentatus, and Cydnus sp. During the second sampling (2 weeks after burial), the body was in the bloated stage. The fauna collected were adults of Megaselia scalaris, Saprinus quadriguttatus, and Cydnus sp. When the grave was opened and the carcass was exposed during sampling, Chrysomyia megacephala and Calliphora vicina were observed visiting the dead but could not oviposit. Immature stages of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Muscidae) and larvae of Hydrotaea capensis (Muscidae) were found in large numbers in the deflated abdominal region, the active decay stage inside and outside of the abdomen within the grave.
Furthermore, adults of Dorylus sp., Saprinus quadriguttatus, and Saprinus splendens were also collected during the third sampling (3 weeks after burial). In the active-decay stage, aggregation of ants (Dorylus sp.) was observed on the goat where maggots were found feeding. In the post-decay stage during the fourth sampling (4 weeks after burial), most of the body mass had been decomposed, larvae of H. capensis were still observed with cocoons of S. nudiseta inside the grave. From the fifth sampling onwards, the body was in the dry stage. Very few larvae of H. capensis and many cocoons of H. capensis and S. nudiseta were found during the fifth sampling. Live cocoons and empty puparial cases were collected during the sixth sampling. Empty puparia were found on seventh and eighth sampling. From the ninth sampling onwards, no fauna was detected till the last sampling (thirteenth).
The summary of results with the date of sampling, fauna collected, site of collection during sampling has been provided in Table 1. The images of stages of decomposition of goat carcass and insects collected during sampling have been provided in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. A pie chart showing the number of species collected per order is shown in Fig. 3.
Table 1 Summary of results with date of sampling, fauna collected, site of collection of insects, temperature, and RH of air
Stages of decomposition of buried goat carcass. a Fresh carcass. b Carcass placed inside the grave. c Top view of the grave. d Bloated stage of carcass. e Deflated carcass. f Active decay. g Dry stage. h Late dry stage. i Enlarged view of the bones (no skin or hairs). j, k Maggots inside the grave. l Aggregation of ants inside the grave
Insects collected during sampling
Pie-chart showing number of insects species collected per order
Insects are attractive to body fluids like urine, saliva, and fecal material oozing from natural openings and blood from wounds. However, the presence of larvae in these locales is a common phenomenon in exposed bodies lying above the ground (Beneckea et al. 2009). In the current study, it has been observed that no maggots were found on the wounded region of the neck and the other natural orifices of the goat (video clip 2 in supplementary files). This is probably due to the obliteration of bodily fluid and blood from wounds and natural orifices by the soil cover. The presence of maggots on the body beneath the ground is presumably due to the reasons that:
The flies oviposited on the grave's surface, and after hatching, larvae crawled and reached the target.
The adults had access to the corpse by burrowing through the soil.
The flies oviposited during brief exposure of goat carcass at the time of sampling.
Meanwhile, many calliphorids were found visiting the carcass during the sampling and exploring the resource but could not oviposit as no eggs or larvae were recorded on/in the body. It was also observed that at optimal temperature between 28 oC and 32 oC, the insect activity was maximum. As the temperature progressed, we found that immature stages have completed part of their life cycle.
The usual fly families that are considered as a typical carrion fauna are Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Muscidae. In the current study, Dipterans of Muscidae, Calliphoridae, and Phoridae families were collected. The larvae of two muscid species, i.e., Hydrotaea capensis and Synthesiomyia nudiseta, are recorded, dominant in the decay process. Megaselia scalaris, was found consistently on two sampling dates beneath the ground on the goat carcass and was also seen running on the grave's surface. M. scalaris, H. capensis, and S.nudiseta can be critical forensic indicators in the cases of buried bodies. The two species mentioned above have also been found inside the coffin and mummified bodies (Morrow et al. 2015).
Necrophagous beetles are either predatory on the larvae feeding on the carcasses or associated with the feeding on hairs and skin. Saprinus spp. of Histeridae, collected, is of forensic relevance and reported from most carcasses (Shayya et al. 2018). It has also been reported on the goat carcass above ground at Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India (Singh and Bala 2019) and on a buried piece of pork at 60 cm in Punjab, India (Bala and Kaur, 2015). Dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae are a functionally important group of invertebrates that use both dung and carrion (Vernes et al. 2005). The scarabaeid beetle Onthophagous sp. reported from the current study has also been reported from other carrion resources such as the chicken liver and dead goat (Tshikae et al. 2008; Singh and Bala 2019).
Hymenoptera, particularly ants, associated with exposed carrion and are generally represented by Pheidole megacephala or Dorylus species, although others may also occur (Ekanem and Dike 2010). In the current study, Dorylus sp. were found beneath the ground, feeding on the maggots and decaying flesh. This ant species has also been reported from a decaying rabbit at Patiala (Singh and Bharti, 2001). Ants also have a burying behavior of covering the carcass by soil with soil particles, preventing flies and beetles from colonizing the corpse (Singh et al. 2020).
Others have reported species from buried corpses such as Fannia canicularis, Muscina stabulans, Ophyra aenescens, and Megaselia scalaris on an exhumed infant skeleton in Argentina (Mariani et al. 2017). Calliphora vicina, C.vomitoria, Lucilia sericata, Muscina stabulans, and Muscina prolapsa have been reported to colonize buried remains at different depths (Gunn and Bird 2011). C. vicina and C. vomitoria were found to be attracted and oviposited through different zips of various gauge sizes of suitcases enclosing bait (Bhadra and Hart, 2014). Clothing also affects carcass decomposition and the pattern of insect succession. In a study in Western Australia, clothed pig carcass has more larval masses of L. sericata and Australophyra rostrata widely distributed than unclothed ones (Voss et al. 2011). In addition, the researches dealing with the seasonality of succession patterns in the same region reported that different dominant species and their arrival time vary in different seasons (Watson and Carlton 2005). There is little known about the buried corpse entomofauna from India. A study on a buried piece of pork from the state of Punjab is the only study reported from India, which reported only beetles (Bala and Kaur 2015). There are more studies on open lying carcasses than buried ones. There should be more exploration of buried corpses to get a more comprehensive data of insects that are able to colonize at different depths of burials and at different geographical regions of India.
Buried forensic entomology needs more exploration, especially in India, as the data is scanty. And more extensive studies need to be performed to develop a geographical database on arthropod succession from different habitats with applications in forensic and ecological fields. The current study provides basic information in the field of buried forensic entomology. However, we conclude that some insects can colonize buried carcasses, which requires more exploration and research in this direction.
Calliphora
Hydrotaea
Lucilia
Megaselia
RH:
Synthesiomyia
Sp.:
Anderson GS (1999) Wildlife forensic entomology: determining time of death in two illegally killed black bear cubs. J Forensic Sci. 44(4):856–859
Bala M, Kaur P (2015) Insect faunal succession on buried piece of pork in the state of Punjab (India): a Preliminary Study. J Forensic Res 6:252. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000252
Beneckea M, Josephib E, Zweihoffb R (2009) Neglect of the elderly: forensic entomology cases and consideration. Forensic Sci Int 146:S195-S199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.061.
Bhadra P, Hart AJ, Hall MJR (2014) Factors affecting accessibility to blowflies of bodies disposed in suitcases. Forensic Sci Int 239:62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.020
De Carvalho C, Mello-Patiu C (2008) Key to the adults of the most common forensic species of Diptera in South America. Rev Bras Entomol. 52:390–406. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000300012
Ekanem MS, Dike MC (2010) Arthropod succession on pig carcasses in South Eastern Nigeria. Pap Avulsos Zool (Sao Paulo) 50(35):561–570. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0031-10492010003500001
Gunn A, Bird J (2011) The ability of the blowflies Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus), Calliphora vicina (Rob-Desvoidy) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and the muscid flies Muscina stabulans (Fallén) and Muscina prolapsa (Harris) (Diptera: Muscidae) to colonise buried remains. Forensic Sci Int 207:198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.10.008
Hagstrum D, Athanassiou C (2019) Improving stored product insect pest management: from theory to practice. Insects. 10(10):332. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100332
Keshavarzi D, Rassi Y (2020) Diversity of public health and forensic important flies using three measures of hill numbers in Iran. Open Public Health J 13:497–502. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010497
Keshavarzi D, Zaimy MA, Yusuf MA, Shahriarinamadi M, Parkhideh S (2019) Insect succession on carrion in Fars Province, southwestern Iran. Egypt J Forensic Sci 9(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-019-0124-8
LeBlanc K, Boudreau DR, Moreau G (2021) Small bait traps may not accurately reflect the composition of necrophagous Diptera associated to remains. Insects 12(3):261. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12030261
Mariani R, García-Mancuso R, Varela G, Kierbel I (2017) New records of forensic entomofauna in legally buried and exhumed human infants remains in Buenos Aires, Argentina. J Forensic Leg Med 52:215–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2017.09.012
Morrow JJ, Baldwin DA, Higley L, Piombino-Mascali D, Reinhard KJ (2015) Curatorial implications of Ophyra capensis (Order Diptera, Family Muscidae) puparia recovered from the body of the Blessed Antonio Patrizi, Monticiano, Italy (Middle Ages). J Forensic Leg Med 36:81–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.005
Sawaby RF, Hamouly HE, Abo-El Ela RH (2018) Diagnosis and keys of the main dipterous families and species collected from rabbit and guinea pig carcasses in Cairo, Egypt. JoBAZ 79:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-018-0018-6
Shayya S, Dégallier N, Nel A, Azar D, Lackner T (2018) Contribution to the knowledge of Saprinus Erichson, 1834 of forensic relevance from Lebanon (Coleoptera, Histeridae). ZooKeys 738:117–152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.738.21382
Singh D, Bharti M (2001) Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with decaying rabbit carcasses. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 21:93–94
Singh N, Bala M (2019) Succession study on forensically important Coleoptera from India: a preliminary study and its forensic implications. Egypt J Forensic Sci 9:66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-019-0168-9
Singh S, Abdullah NAB, Carbaugh J, Heo CC (2020) Ants associated with a rat carcass: its implications in forensic entomology with special emphasis on Carebara diversa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Int J Trop Insect Sci 40:703–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00110-1
Tshikae B.P, Adrian L. V. Davis, Clarke H. Scholtz, (2008) Trophic associations of a dung beetle assemblage (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in a Woodland Savanna of Botswana. Environ Entomol 37(2):431–441. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/37.2.431
Vernes K, Pope LC, Hill CJ, Barlocher F (2005) Seasonality, dung specificity and competition in dung beetle assemblages in the Australian Wet Tropics, northeastern Australia. J Trop Ecol 21(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026646740400224X
Voss SC, Cook DF, Dadour IR (2011) Decomposition and insect succession of clothed and unclothed carcasses in Western Australia. Forensic Sci Int 211(1-3):67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.018
Watson EJ and Carlton CE (2005) Insect succession and decomposition of wildlife carcasses during fall and winter in Louisiana. J Med Entomol 42:193–203. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2005)042[0193:isadow]2.0.co;2
We gratefully acknowledge the Diptera Section of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for its support to confirm the identified species of Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera mentioned in the article.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies.
Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P, India
Swaima Sharif & Ayesha Qamar
Swaima Sharif
Ayesha Qamar
SS performed the experiment and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. AQ analyzed and interpreted the data, finalized the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Ayesha Qamar.
We procured a dead goat at Dhorra mafi, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, for this experiment. Hence, ethical consideration was not required.
Video clip 1.
Sharif, S., Qamar, A. Insect faunal succession on buried goat carcass in Aligarh Region of Uttar Pradesh, India, with implications in forensic entomology. Egypt J Forensic Sci 11, 21 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-021-00235-5
Buried goat carcass
Faunal succession
Forensic Entomology
Decomposition stages


text:
Q: Is there a way to tell (intercept) modification of a class attribute? New to Python, trying to solve a problem where I need to implement a class decorator that will keep track of changes to its class and instance attributes. The decorator needs to add a get_change attribute to all class and instance attributes to track their status (INIT, MODIFIED, DELETED) corresponding to initial value, modified value and deleted attribute. For the most part I solved it with the exception of one edge case: modifying, deleting a class attribute.
@change_detection
class Struct(object):
    x = 42

    def __init__(self, y=0):
        self.y = y

a = Struct(11)

a.x == Struct.x == 42 # True
a.y == 11 # True

a.x.get_change == Struct.x.get_change == "INIT" # True
a.y.get_change == "INIT" # True

a.x = 100
a.x.get_change == "MOD" # True

del a.x
a.x.get_change == "DEL" # True

I am stuck with the class attribute like changes:
Struct.x = 10
Struct.x.get_change == "MOD" # False - I don't know how to intercept setting the class attribute
del Struct.x
Struct.x.get_change == "DEL" # False - same as before

So, how do you intercept class setting, deleting of attributes? For the instance level you have __setattr__ and __delattr__, but what is the equivalent for class level, if any?
Thank you!

A: There is no magic method (from my knowledge -- perhaps there is a hack that might work here) that deals with class attributes. You can instead do something like so:
class Verifier:
    def __init__(self, obj):
        self.obj = obj
        self.init = obj.__dict__.copy()

    def get_change(self, var):
        if var not in self.obj.__dict__:
            return "DEL"
        elif self.obj.__dict__[var] == self.init[var]:
            return "INIT"
        elif self.obj.__dict__[var] != self.init[var]:
            return "MOD"

class Struct:
    x = 42

verifier = Verifier(Struct)

This will allow the following:
Struct.x = 42
print(verifier.get_change("x")) # INIT

Struct.x = 43
print(verifier.get_change("x")) # MOD

del Struct.x
print(verifier.get_change("x")) # DEL

However, note that this will break:
Struct.y = 40
print(verifier.get_change("y"))

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 26, in <module>
    print(verifier.get_change("y"))
  File "test.py", line 9, in get_change
    elif self.obj.__dict__[var] == self.init[var]:
KeyError: 'y'

Since our Verifier only has access to an older Struct that did not have a the y variable.

Edit (3.0): Current progress. Decided to add it here in case you want to check out what I've currently have, as it might help you solve your own issue:
def Proxy(val):
    try:
        class Obj(type(val)): pass
    except:
        class Obj(): pass

    class Proxy(Obj):
        def __init__(self, val):
            self.val = val
            self.old = val

            self.modified = False
            self.deleted = False

        @property
        def get_change(self):
            if type(self.val) == type(NONE):
                return ""
            elif self.deleted:
                return "DEL"
            elif self.val is not self.old or self.modified or self.val != self.old:
                return "MOD"
            elif self.val is self.old  or self.val == self.old:
                return "INIT"

        def __getattr__(self, attr):
            return getattr(self.val, attr)

        def __repr__(self):
            return repr(self.val)

        def __eq__(self, val):
            if self.val == val:
                return True
            else:
                return super(Proxy, self).__eq__(val)

        def __bool__(self):
            if self.val == None:
                return False
            else:
                return not self.val

    return Proxy(val)

def change_detection(cls):

    class cls_new(cls):
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        def __getattribute__(self, attr):
            return super(cls_new, self).__getattribute__(attr)

        def __getattr__(self, attr):
            return Proxy(NONE)

        def __setattr__(self, attr, val):
            if not attr.startswith("__"):
                value = Proxy(val)

                # Checks if attr in instance dictionary.
                if attr in self.__class__.__dict__:
                    value.old = self.__class__.__dict__[attr].old
                elif attr in self.__dict__:
                    value.old = self.__dict__[attr].old

                    if self.__dict__[attr] != val and val is None:
                        value.modified = True

            else:
                value = val

            super(self.__class__, self).__setattr__(attr, value)

        def __delattr__(self, attr):
            if attr in self.__class__.__dict__:
                self.__class__.__dict__[attr].val = None
                self.__class__.__dict__[attr].deleted = True

            if attr in self.__dict__:
                self.__dict__[attr].val = None
                self.__dict__[attr].deleted = True

    try:
        # Copies class attributes to cls_new.__class__.__dict__ as Proxy objects.
        for attr in dir(cls()):
            if not callable(getattr(cls(), attr)) and not attr.startswith("__") and attr in cls.__dict__:
                setattr(cls_new, attr, Proxy(cls.__dict__[attr]))

        for attr in dir(cls):
            if not attr.startswith("__") and callable(cls.__dict__[attr]) and cls.__dict__[attr].__name__ == (lambda: 0).__name__:
                setattr(cls_new, attr, Proxy(cls.__dict__[attr]))
    except:
        pass

    return cls_new

A: Thanks to pointers from @Felipe, managed to solve all issues. Again, this is not a practical problem, rather is the code challenge described here.
The idea was to subclass dynamically the decorated class and return proxy objects containing the get_change attribute in addtion to the attributes of the proxied object.
def change_detection(cls):
    class NonExistentAttribute(object):
        pass

    class JNoneMeta(type):
        def __subclasscheck__(currentCls, parentCls):
            return currentCls == JNone and parentCls == type(None)

    class JBoolMeta(type):
        def __subclasscheck__(currentCls, parentCls):
            return currentCls == JBool and parentCls == type(bool)

    class JInt(int):
        pass

    class JString(str):
        pass

    class JBool(object, metaclass = JBoolMeta):
        def __init__(self, value):
            self._value = value

        def __bool__(self):
            return type(self._value) == type(bool) and self._value

        def __eq__(self, value):
            return self._value == value

    class JNone(object, metaclass = JNoneMeta):
        def __bool__(self):
            return False

        def __eq__(self, value):
            return value == None

    class Journaled(cls):
        @staticmethod
        def createAttribute(value, state):
            if value == None:
                value = JNone()
            elif isinstance(value, bool):
                value = JBool(value)
            elif isinstance(value, int):
                value = JInt(value)
            elif isinstance(value, str):
                value = JString(value)

            try: # for functions/methods but allows for lambda
                value.get_change = state
            except AttributeError:
                pass

            return value

        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            super().__setattr__("__modified__", set())
            super().__setattr__("__deleted__", set())
            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        def __getattribute__(self, name):
            try:
                v = super().__getattribute__(name)
            except AttributeError:
                v = NonExistentAttribute()

            if not name.startswith("__"):
                if name in self.__deleted__:
                    s = "DEL"
                elif name in self.__modified__:
                    s = "MOD"
                else:
                    s = "INIT" if type(v) != NonExistentAttribute else ""
                return Journaled.createAttribute(v, s)

            return v

        def __setattr__(self, name, value):
            if not name.startswith("__") or name not in self.__modified__:
                try:
                    v = self.__getattribute__(name)
                    if type(v) != NonExistentAttribute and (v != value or typesAreDifferent(type(v), type(value))):
                        self.__modified__.add(name)
                except AttributeError:
                    pass
            super().__setattr__(name, value)

        def __delattr__(self, name):
            if name in self.__modified__:
                self.__modified__.remove(name)
            if hasattr(self, name):
                self.__deleted__.add(name)
                super().__setattr__(name, None)

    def typesAreDifferent(subClass, parentClass):
        return not (issubclass(subClass, parentClass) or issubclass(parentClass, subClass))

    #copy original class attributes to Journaled class
    for clsAttr in filter(lambda x: not x.startswith("__"), dir(cls)):
        setattr(Journaled, clsAttr, cls.__dict__[clsAttr])

    return Journaled

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
YouTube TV New Channels added TNT, Adult Swim, TBS, CNN, Cartoon Network and sports
Posted by Waseem Ahmed February 14, 2018
YouTube live TV is adding TNT, Adult Swim, TBS, CNN, Cartoon Network and a lot of sports. Now you can watch live sports, as well as TNT, Adult Swim, TBS, CNN, Cartoon Network, truTV and Turner Classic Movies through the Google TV streaming service cable cutting service.
YouTube TV channels
YouTube is adding more content to YouTube TV, the company's annual paid subscription service that allows it to watch cable networks and live streaming tv over the Internet, and is expanding service availability to 100 US markets from 80, by offering it to 85% of Homes in the United States.
In a welcome move to cordon cutters, starting February 14, YouTube TV users will be able to play TNT, Adult Swim, TBS, CNN, Cartoon Network, truTV and Turner Classic Movies, as well as existing key channels such as ESPN, ABC, USA UU., FX, Fox News, E! and the CW, among others.
YouTube TV is also strengthening its sports offer. Users can watch nationally televised NBA games, NBA All-Star weekend, NBA playoff games, MLB postseason games, the PGA Championship and soccer. UEFA. He is also adding NBA TV, the league's 24-hour network and MLB Network owned by Major League Baseball. For an additional fee, users can also add NBA League Pass, the league's live game service or MLB.TV to their monthly package.
Although YouTube live TV is a new and relatively small service, the additional offers make it more competitive against rival services such as Dish's Sling TV, PlayStation Vue from Sony, DirecTV Now from AT & T and Live TV from Hulu. Cable cutting services are becoming a popular alternative to traditional cable, which many users consider too expensive. YouTube TV supposedly has more than 300,000 subscribers.
Google tv streaming service also includes access to YouTube Red Originals, premium content without advertising created by YouTube stars, a service that is usually offered through a separate subscription. It also allows you to record and store live TV programs in the cloud and play them anywhere.
To enter the current rate of $35 per month, users must subscribe to YouTube TV before March 13. After March 13, any new Google tv streaming service subscriber will pay $40 per month.
New markets that include YouTube live TV include Lexington, Dayton, Honolulu, El Paso, Burlington, Plattsburgh, Richmond, Petersburg, Mobile, Syracuse, Champaign, Springfield, Columbia, Charleston, Harlingen, Wichita, Wilkes-Barre and Scranton.
google streaming service google tv service google tv streaming service streaming tv tv listings youtube live tv youtube streaming tv youtube tv channels youtube tv new channels
DTH TV Services Will Have to Share Feed With DD National for Live Cricket Match
Now you can watch DD National Live Cricket Match on all DTH and cable TV services without paying for expensive sports TV packs. DTH will have to share cricket with DD. The proposal would allow sports viewers to avoid subscribing to expensive channels. In a bonanza for citizens who love cricket in the country, the government of India is considering to introduce some regulations to allow the transmission of cricket matches on Doordarshan channels offered by DTH TV service providers and cable TV service in India.
Currently, only cricket matches of national importance are allowed in Doordarshan and that only in the terrestrial network of the Doordarshan national station and on DD free dish.
The sources stated that the Union's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has sought the opinion of the law and the Ministry of Justice regarding the issue.
It is believed that the high officials of the ministry are studying the proposal to necessarily share the provision of food by television for …
Geo Super Geo Kahani Geo TV FTA on Asiasat 7 frequency
Geo TV Network Geo Super, Geo Kahani and Geo TV free to air on AsiaSat 3s/ AsiaSat 7 at 105 degrees East. It is good satellite TV update that some television channels of top Pakistan Geo TV Network is currently available FTA free to air TV mode on Asia sat 3s/ Asia sat 7 at 105.5 degrees East.
It is not yet confirmed that whether these TV channels of Geo TV Network that is Geo Super, Geo Kahani, and Geo TV will remain fta or these are temporarily free to air TV channels on AsiaSat.
Asia Sat fleet of TV satellites is very famous in Asia which provides large quality of content in different regions and from different TV service providers. AsiaSat provides televisions channels in both C band and KU band and offers a large number of TV content ranging from music, news, movies and sports.
So, currently GEO super, Geo Kahani and Geo tv are fta on asiasat 7. Besides these channels, other television channels of Geo TV network like GEO News and Geo TEZ are available free to air on Asia Sat 7.