text:
Illustrated Building Pocket Book
_For my parents
with gratitude and love_
Illustrated Building
Pocket Book

Second Edition

Roxanna McDonald

Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Ltd
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
30 Corporate Road, Burlington, MA 01803

First edition 1999
Reprinted 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004
Second edition 2007

Copyright © 1999, 2007, Roxanna McDonald. Published by Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved

The right of Roxanna McDonald to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher

Permission may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at <http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions>, and selecting _Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material_

Notice
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made

**British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data**
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

**Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data**
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 13:978-0-75-068015-8
ISBN 10:0-75-068015-6

For information on all Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

About the author

I. GENERAL ARCHITECTURE

Design

Module proportions

Dimensional coordination

Drawing representation

Volumes and shapes

Drawing techniques

Drawing practice – dimensions, grid lines

Drawing practice – scale and representation

Drawing equipment

Drawing instruments

Computer drawing

Building types

Classical temple

The Classical orders

Classical ornament and enrichment

Mediaeval ornament

Mediaeval castle

Styles compared

Timber framed buildings

Typical parish church

Gothic cathedral

Traditional house

Mass-produced house

Residential buildings

Rural buildings

Traditional farm buildings

Elements

Entrances

Outside/inside

Traditional windows

II. CONTROLS

Legal aspects

English land law

Sunlight and daylight

Administration

Planning control

Planning approvals

Construction control

Building control in London

III. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Financial aspects

Development

Development funding methods

Estimating and cost control

Project execution

Project design

Project construction

Building contracts

IV. THE BUILDING SITE

General

Setting out

Accurate survey

Survey equipment

Non-destructive survey: method 1

Non-destructive survey: method 2

Plant and equipment – cranes

Plant and equipment – excavation

Scaffolding – patent

Scaffolding – independent

Concrete plant

Power tools

Soldering

Tools

V. THE BUILDING FABRIC

Foundations

Strip foundations

Stepped foundations

Continuous column foundations

Piled foundations

Retaining walls

Steel column foundations

Shoring and underpinning

Superstructure – external walls

Brick wall construction

Brickwork

Bonding of brickwork

Brick arcade

Brick types

Effects of damp

Stone

Stone façade

Stone walling

Ashlar

Cladding

Curtain wall cladding

GRC cladding

Superstructure – internal walls

Partitions

Interior

Superstructure – roofs

Construction:

Pitched roof construction

Types of pitched roofs

Traditional timber roof types

Trusses

Bolt and connector trusses

Lean-to half truss

Truss rafter assembly

Carpentry joints

Cross timber joints

Traditional scarf joints

Timber mouldings

Flat roofs

Roof coverings:

Roof covering types

Slate

Plain tiling

Pantiling

Thatch

Traditional timber shingles

Roof openings and weatherproofing:

Roof openings

Dormer windows

Skylights

Chimneys

Weatherproofing – lead sheet

Weatherproofing – flashings and aprons

Lightning conductor

Rainwater pipes

Superstructure – stairs

Types of staircases

Traditional timber staircases

Special stairs and escalators

Lifts

Superstructure – chimneys

Fireplaces

Fireplace accessories

Superstructure – floors

Timber floor construction

Timber floors – trimmed opening

Trimming to timber floors

Panel and angle joints

Concrete floors

Reinforced concrete floors

Ceilings – timber joists

Suspended ceilings

Space for services

Raised floors

Superstructure – openings in walls

Doors

Traditional windows – sash

Traditional windows – casement

Ironmongery – knobs and latches

Ironmongery – bolts and handles

Ironmongery – locks

Ironmongery – hinges

Superstructure – fixings

Metal fixings – ties

Metal fixings – joist hangers

Metal components – expanded steel mesh

Metal components – lintels

Nails and screws

Bolts and plugs

Finishes

Plasterwork tools

Wattle and daub

Stucco

Decorative plasterwork

Interior walls – dry lining

Timber finishes

Panelling

Carpets

Glazing

Stained glass

Flat glass

Glazing systems

Services – drainage and plumbing

Drainage

Underground drainage

Plumbing, water supply and waste systems

Sanitary pipework

Lavatory pans and cisterns

Plumbing connections

Water heating

Services – electrical

Electricity – supply and wiring

Electricity – accessories

Electricity – track wiring

Outdoor lighting

Electrical fitting

Electricity – lightbulbs

Services – heating

Heating systems

Central heating – hot water

Radiators

Air conditioning

External works/landscaping

Earthworks – kerbs

Irrigation and screening

Fencing

Trees

Grading, turf laying

Plant care, outbuildings

VI. THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Global warming and the Greenhouse effect

Global warming and the Greenhouse effect

Sustainable 'Green' buildings

Sustainable 'Green' buildings

Bioclimatic design

Materials efficiency – waste management

Energy efficient design: alternative sources of energy

Building at risk: natural disasters

Earthquake

Extreme weather: hurricanes, lightning

Mass movement: subsistence, landslides

Floods

Volcanoes

REFERENCES

INDEX
Foreword

Since this book was published six years ago under its original title ' _An Illustrated Building Glossary_ ' changes in the priorities of approach to design and management have accelerated, and an understanding of the need for broadly-educated professionals with an understanding of their interdisciplinary responsibilities is increasingly accepted. The areas in which the book has been extended witness this change.

Certainly, concern for the protection of the environment has been on the agenda of the specialist for twenty years but the public have finally accepted the seriousness of the situation we have made for ourselves from the profligate use of our natural inheritance. It is now recognised that only around a quarter to a third of the energy and resource expended in buildings with a fifty year life span is used in their construction. Consequently, the whole life cycle of a building becomes a critical consideration from the inception of a project. To achieve an environmentally sustainable building environment, every professional must have an understanding of the development process if they are to be able to contribute to it in a balanced way. The computer has presented a way not only of drawing our ideas but also of coordinating the process of design, of anticipating a building's performance and monitoring the results. The computer is now a central tool in procurement as design is increasingly moved directly from the computer model to smart manufacture.

In 1966, when I joined Arup Associates at No. 8, Fitzroy Street, London W1, a basement wall some twenty-five feet long was required to crunch the numbers, hour after hour, in Ove Arup and partners' design of the Sydney Opera house shells; one is reminded of scenes in the epic silent film 'Metropolis'. I now sit in front of a laptop with vastly more potential and, if I were clever enough, I could swallow the problem in one bite! This revolution now allows ideas to be shared and tested from their myriad facets and, from it, we are able to optimise solutions within a new four-dimensional freedom.

But what further updates will be needed to the _Illustrated Building Pocket Book_ in ten years time? Here optimism clashes with pessimism as we are in the hands of politicians who may well push in the contrary direction to the needs of 'Everyman'. Maybe I can be permitted to speculate about changes to any future edition.

An accelerating move away from a carbon-based economy towards sustainable sources will sharpen our need for renewables: This change will materialise in a number of ways but most dramatically, as the price tumbles, the use of photovoltaics will become universal and will require ingenious transformations to our designs. As the impact of a building's life cycle permeates the professions, not only will elements within buildings be chosen to minimise maintenance but also, increasingly the house-buying public will start to judge a potential purchase in terms of the likely life-cycle running costs as well as the capital investment. Lastly, but sadly decades away, when the penny finally drops, that endless economic growth will eventually lead to our demise rather than our redemption; there will be a massive change which will touch every part of our build environment and our means of achieving it.

Back to the present content of the Pocket book: having been both a practitioner and a university teacher, I am acutely aware of the tendency to treat the young student and the practitioner as different beings. Of course, the student's knowledge will be less rounded, but the act of learning is a continuing process, and to revisit words describing hard fact, presented in a new and illuminating way, is to be in a position not only to re-evaluate those facts but also to explore the ideas that stem from them.

The range of knowledge and skill required to operate in architecture and construction is immense, and in studying one page of the new pocket book, this is all too obvious. Each _word_ related to an item in an illustration is simply a flag marking the tip of an iceberg. Each carefully chosen word is filled with potential; it introduces one piece, one aspect, of one element of the process of building. In turn, the process of building is but the beginning of defining the place for a society to function; a place where the buildings gain a symbolic presence. So the volume you are holding is a book with many resonances.

The new volume may have changed its title but it is still a glossary and a very unusual one. Here, refreshingly, the explanation is visual, and through the clarity and completeness of the 'visual paragraph', meaning is given and a context described, in a form normally thought to require words. Indeed, the only piece of written text by the author is her five hundred word preface: an admirable achievement.

What of the presentation of this book? The structure and presentation themselves are worth study as a piece of design. A large quantity of material has been explored, digested and synthesised to present a core of information clearly without becoming simplistic. Each illustration is from the same hand and must have taken hours to draw, never mind the weeks of research, assimilation and evaluation involved. Anyone who has tussled with a small design problem and who has attempted to present a solution in a simple line drawing is all too aware of the time taken in graphical study before undertaking the drawing itself.

A book of this kind is only useful if it presents the possibility of relating a term to a subject area and referring from there to an in-depth bibliography. The author's bibliography is short but all the reference books are in common use, and from those, further channels can be explored.

In summary, the value of such a book for the experienced professional or crafts person is that it has much good straightforward information about the processes themselves, communicated in an attractive way. It contains much for the student to learn; and for the experienced, it contains much that we once knew and are ashamed to admit we have forgotten!

_Richard Frewer_

Director of Arup Associates 1977-2001

Chair Professor of Architecture, University of Bath 1991-2000

Chair Professor of Architecture, University of Hong Kong 2000-2005
Preface

It is not the intention of this book to provide an exhaustive list of building terms or to attempt a comprehensive teaching of building technology. There are many specialist encyclopedias, dictionaries and construction manuals which supply ample information in this respect. The book sets out to be primarily a _communication tool_ using the _visual reference_ as vocabulary.

The creation of a building is the result of a complex process of interaction between people of different professions, views, even nationalities, with varying technical knowledge and motivation. Architects, who at the centre of it all, often find themselves as 'interpreters' between the participants, use image as the safest interface.

The language we each use grows from our own personal experience and, sometimes, the same word can mean different things to different people depending on the circumstances in which they have learnt it. The same can apply to building terms.

Images on the other hand leave little room for ambiguity, and many a time a site query or dispute has been sorted out with the aid of a sketch scribbled on a wall! Words express ideas we have of tangible objects and can be classified into a system such as an alphabetical dictionary or be placed in context as in a thesaurus. The same can apply to images – they can be attached to words arranged in alphabetical order or they can be placed in the context to which they are relevant.

It is the later system this book has adopted, attempting to present the terms in the context in which they are likely to apply. The main building terms that form the language of construction are set out to follow the logical sequence of the building process. If one can't remember the right word or wants to know what a specific part is called, it should be simple enough to locate it on the sketch in the relevant section. Similarly, by placing something visually in context it should be much easier to learn terms rather than to memorize their abstract definition. At the same time, the index permits the reverse to take place making it possible to find the context of a given word.

The drawings are simple line sketches concerned mostly with descriptive clarity rather than comprehensive accuracy. The diagrams are intended to identify the sequence and relationships as well as particular terminology.

Compiled primarily as a visual checklist for students and early stages of practice building professionals, the book is also meant to help communication with the other participants to the building industry.

Its spirit, I hope, echoes the intentions of a much older introduction from which I quote below as it is as valid today as it was when it was first written.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the following people and organisations for their supportive help during the preparation of the first edition of this book:

Rob Dark, Architect, UK
B. Goilav, Structural Engineer, France
Dan S. Hanganu, Architect, Montreal, Canada
Claude and Anca Lemaire, Architects, France
Biblioteque Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
The RIBA Library, London, UK
Veronique Thierry, Isabelle Mathieu, Monique Beranger, Architects, Paris, France
Beatrice Jubien, France
Special thanks to Jane Fawcett whose generous advice and personal example were an inspiration.

My further thanks for help in preparing this edition to:

Dominic Hailey (CAD director) of WORK OR PLAY for his advice on the computer drawing chapter. A London based multi-disciplinary organisation, WORK OR PLAY (www.workorplay.org) specialise in CAD data management systems for the construction industry advising and training architects in the UK and Europe.

Jason Dunn DSc (Hons) MB Eng Tech RICS MAIBS – for his help in updating the Construction Control and Building Control in London chapters.

Finally, my most grateful thanks to my editor Alex Hollingsworth for his help, advice and staunch support in completing this new edition.
About the Author

Roxanna McDonald is a practising architect. She works in the UK, France and Eastern Europe advising on a wide range of professional issues ranging from the conservation of historic buildings to the re-building of infrastructure damaged by natural and man-made disasters and building-related environmental issues.

Other books written by Roxanna McDonald:

_The Fireplace Book_ \- Architectural Press 1984

_Illustrated Building Glossary_ \- Butterworth Heineman 1999

_Introduction to Natural and Man Made Disasters and their effects on Buildings -_ Architectural Press 2003
  |  |

I. General Architecture

Design

Drawing techniques

Building types

Elements
---|---|---
Module Proportions

Dimensional Coordination

Drawing Representation

Volumes and Shapes

Drawing Practice – Dimensions, Grid Lines

Drawing Practice – Scale and Representation

Drawing Equipment

Drawing Instruments

Computer Drawing

Computer Drawing

Computer Drawing

Computer Drawing

Computer Drawing

Classical Temple

The Classical Orders

Classical Ornament and Enrichment

Mediaeval Ornament

Mediaeval Castle

Styles Compared

Timber Framed Buildings

Typical Parish Church

Gothic Cathedral

Traditional House

Mass-Produced House

Residential Buildings

Residential Buildings

Residential Buildings

Residential Buildings

Rural Buildings

Traditional Farm Buildings

Entrances

Entrances

Entrances

Outside/Inside

Traditional Windows

  |  |

II. Controls

Legal aspects

Administration

---|---|---
English land Law

Sunlight and Daylight

Planning Control

Construction Control

Building Control in London

  |  |

III. Construction Process

Financial aspects

Project execution

---|---|---
Development

Development Funding Methods

Estimating and Cost Control

Project Design

Project Construction

Building Contracts

  |  |

IV. The Building Site

General

---|---|---
Setting Out

Accurate Survey

Survey Equipment

Non-Destructive Survey: Method 1

Non-Destructive Survey: Method 2

Plant and Equipment – Cranes

Plant and Equipment – Excavation

Scaffolding – Patent

Scaffolding – Independent

Concrete Plant

Power Tools

Soldering

Tools

Tools

  |  |

V. The Building Fabric

Foundations

Superstructure – external walls

internal walls

roofs

stairs

chimneys

floors

opening in walls

fixings

---|---|---
Finishes

Glazing

Services – drainage and plumbing

electrical

heating

External works/ landscaping
|  |
Strip Foundations

Stepped Foundations

Continuous Column Foundations

Piled Foundations

Retaining Walls

Steel Column Foundations

Shoring and Underpinning

Brick Wall Construction

Brickwork

Bonding of Brickwork

Brick Arcade

Brick Types

Effects of Damp

Stone

Stone Façade

Stone Walling

Ashlar

Cladding

Curtain Wall Cladding

GRC Cladding

Partitions

Partitions

Partitions

Interior

Pitched Roof Construction

Types of Pitched Roofs

Traditional Timber Roof Types

Trusses

Trusses

Bolt and Connector Trusses

Lean-to Half Truss

Truss Rafter Assembly

Truss Rafter Assembly

Carpentry Joints

Cross Timber Joints

Traditional Scarf Joints

Traditional Scarf Joints

Timber Mouldings

Flat Roofs

Roof Covering Types

Slate

Plain Tiling

Pantiling

Thatch

Traditional Timber Shingles

Roof Openings

Dormer Windows

Skylights

Chimneys

Weatherproofing – Lead Sheet

Weatherproofing – Flashings and Aprons

Lightning Conductor

Rainwater Pipes

Types of Staircases

Traditional Timber Staircases

Special Stairs and Escalators

Lifts

Fireplaces

Fireplace Accessories

Timber Floor Construction

Timber Floors – Trimmed Openings

Trimming to Timber Floors

Panel and Angle Joints

Concrete Floors

Reinforced concrete floors

Ceilings – Timber Joists

Suspended Ceilings

Space for Services

Raised Floors

Doors

Doors

Doors

Doors

Traditional Windows – Sash

Traditional Windows – Casement

Ironmongery – Knobs and Latches

Ironmongery – Bolts and Handles

Ironmongery – Locks

Ironmongery – Hinges

Metal Fixings – Ties

Metal Fixings – Joist Hangers

Metal Components – Expanded Steel Mesh

Metal Components – Lintels

Nails and Screws

Bolts and Plugs

Plasterwork Tools

Wattle and Daub

Stucco

Decorative Plasterwork

Interior Walls – Dry Lining

Timber Finishes

Panelling

Carpets

Stained Glass

Flat Glass

Glazing Systems

Drainage

Underground Drainage

Plumbing, Water Supply and Waste Systems

Sanitary Pipework

Lavatory Pans and Cisterns

Plumbing Connections

Water Heating

Electricity – Supply and Wiring

Electricity – Accessories

Electricity – Track Wiring

Outdoor Lighting

Electrical Fitting

Electricity – Lightbulbs

Heating Systems

Central Heating – Hot Water

Radiators

Air conditioning

Earthworks – Kerbs

Irrigation and Screening

Fencing

Trees

Grading, Turf Laying

Plant Care, Outbuildings

  |  |

VI. The Environmental Conditions

Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect

Sustainable 'Green' Buildings

Building at Risk: Natural Disasters
---|---|---
Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect

Bioclimatic Design

Materials Efficiency – Waste Management

Energy Efficient Design

Energy Efficient Design

Earthquake

Earthquake

Earthquake

Extreme Weather: Hurricanes, Lightning

Extreme Weather: Hurricanes, Lightning

Extreme Weather: Hurricanes, Lightning

Mass Movement: Subsistence, Landslides

Mass Movement: Subsistence, Landslides

Mass Movement: Subsistence, Landslides

Mass Movement: Subsistence, Landslides

Mass Movement: Subsistence, Landslides

Floods

Volcanoes

References

_Architect's Data_ , Ernst Neufert, Crosby Lockwood Staples (1970).

_Architect's Legal Handbook_ , Anthony Speaight and Gregory Stone, Architectural Press (1998).

_Building Construction Vols I, II, III and IV, W.B. McKay_ , Longmans (1995).

_The Building Design Easy Brief_ , Henry Haverstock, Morgan Grampain (1987).

_Building Construction Handbook_ , R. Chudley, Laxton's (1988).

_The Care and Conservation of Georgian Houses_ , Architectural Press with Edinburgh New Town Conservation Committee, Paul Harris Publishing (1978). Architectural Press (1980).

_Dicobat_ – Editions Arcature (1990).

_Dictionaire_ – Librarie Larousse (1981).

_Drawing Office Practice for British Standard 1192_ , Architects and Builders (1953).

_Ecohouse a design guide_ – Sue Roaf, Architectural Press (2002).

_English Historic Carpentry_ , Cecil A. Hewett, Phillimore (1980).

_Farms in England_ , Peter Fowler, Royal Commission on Historic Monuments, HMSO (1983).

_Handbook of Urban Landscape_ , Cliff Tandy, Architectural Press (1975).

_History of the English House_ , Nathaniel Lloyd, Architectural Press (1975).

Mitchell's Building Series,

_Structure and Fabric 1_ , Jack Stroud Foster (1973).

_Structure and Fabric 2_ , Jack Stroud Foster and Raymond Harrington (1976).

Components, Harold King (1983) Batsford Academic and Education.

_Modern Practical Masonry_ , E.G. Warland, Sir Isaac Pitman Sons Ltd., 2nd edn (1953).

_Modulor Le Corbusier_ , Faber & Faber (1951).

_New Metric Handbook_ , Edited by P. Tutt and D. Adler, Architectural Press (1979).

_The Parish Churches of England_ , Charles Cox, B.T. Batsford (1954).

_The Penguin Dictionary of Building_ , John S. Scott, Penguin (1982).

_Repair Manual_ Reader's Digest (1976).

_Sewage solutions_ – Nick Grant, Mark Moodie, Chriss Weedon – Centre for Alternative Technology Publications (2000).

_Specification 1 – 6_ Architectural Press (1987).

_Sustainable Architecture_ – Brian Edwards, Architectural Press (1999).

_Traditional Farm Buildings_ Richard Harris, Arts Council Exhibition Catalogue (1982).
Index

Abutment,

Account (final),

Accuracy,

Accurate survey,

Acroterion,

Acts,

Adaptor,

Air brush,

Air conditioning plant,

Air handling unit,

Aisle (church), ,

Aisle (cattle),

Altar,

Alternative sources of energy,

Ambulatory,

Angle,

Angle bead,

Angle cleat,

Angle joint,

Angle of obstruction,

Angle of acceptance,

Angle poise lamp,

Appraisal (development),

Appraisal (financial),

Approved documents (building regulations),

Approximate (quantities estimating),

Apron flashing,

Apse,

Arcade (brick),

Arch (flat),

Arch (semicircular),

Arch (Gothic),

Arch braced roof,

Architect, ,

Architrave, ,

Arris,

Ashlar, ,

"A" sizes,

Assembly truss,

Assembly rafter,

Astragal,

Automatic pencil,

Axonometric projection,

Baffle,

Baluster,

Balustrade,

Ballast,

Balleting,

Ball valve,

Bar (reinforcement),

Bar (pressure),

Barbican,

Bark,

Barn shapes, ,

Barn (cruck framed),

Barn (threshing),

Barrel bolt,

Bartizan,

Base,

Base bed,

Base line,

Basement (dry area),

Basic module,

Bat,

Battens,

Batter,

Bay (cart),

Bayonet cap,

Bay open front,

Bay window,

Beam compass,

Beam (threshing),

Beam (interior),

Beam (vault),

Bellows,

Bench mark,

Bevelled (bat closer),

Bevelled housed joint, ,

Billet,

Bills of quantity,

Binder,

Binding,

Bioclimatic design,

Birds mouth joint,

Bitumen,

Blade (scalpel),  Blinding, ,

Blockboard,

Blocking course,

Block of fIats,

Boards (blockboard laminboard),

Boarding,

Boaste finish,

Boiler, ,

Bole,

Bolster,

Bolt (panic),

Bolts,

Bolt and connector truss, ,

Bond (brick),
(English, Flemish, rat trap, reverse, half bond, quarter bond, third bond, broken bond)

Boom, ,

Bore hole cooling,

Bossed lead roll,

Boundary line,

Bow window,

Box spanner,

Brace, ,

Braced roof,

Bracing:

chevron,

diagonal,

longitudinal,

Bracket (gutter),

Bradawl,

Branch piece,

Brattice,

Braye,

Break line,

Brick:

arcade,

bonding,

footing,

joints,

types,

wall,

Brickwork bonding,

Brief,

Broached finish,

Building contracts,

Building fabric,

Building line, ,

Building regulations,

Building site,

Building types:

detached, ,

high rise,

large, high

residential, , , ,

rural,

semi-detached,

terraced,

traditional farm,

Bulbs (light), ,

Bulldozer,

Bull nose (double),

Bundles (thatch),

Bungalow,

Burl,

Burlap (wrapping),

Burner,

Burr,

Busbar system,

Bush and follower,

Butt end,

Butterfly roof,

Butt joint,

Byre, ,

Cabin hook,

Cable,

Cable (mains electric),

Cable looped,

Camera (metric),

Candle bulb,

Canopy (hipped, with cheeks),

Cap,

Capital,

Car,

Carpentry joints,

Carpet (pile, fibre, yarns),

Carriage,

Cart bay,

Casement window,

Cast iron fittings (knuckle joint, swept bent, tee),  Castle (mediaeval), ,

Cavetto,

Cavity wall, , , , ,

Ceiling (level),

Ceiling (interior),

Ceiling (lath and plaster),

Ceiling (timber),

Ceiling (suspended),

Ceiling (liner),

Ceiling (rose),

Cellar,

Cellular core,

Central heating (hot water),

Centre line,

Certificate (making good defects, practical completion, final),

Cesspool,

Chamber,

Chancel,

Change of use (material),

Channelled joint,

Channels, ,

Chantry,

Chapel, 20,23

Chateau,

Cheek,

Chevet,

Chevron,

Chimney breast, ,

Chimney crane,

Chimney piece,

Chimney pot,

Chimney stack, , ,

Chimneys,

Chippings (solar reflective),

Chisel,

Choir,

Church (parish),

CiII (stone), ,

City of London Corporation,

Cistern (low/high level, slim),

Cladding types, ,

Cladding fixing,

Clamp,

Classical orders, ,

Classical ornament,

Classical style,

Classical temple,

Claw hammer,

Claytiles,

Cleat,

Clerestory,

Clerk of Works,

Client, ,

Clip (lead),

Clip (truss),

Cloche,

Closed string,

Closer (brick),

Coal scuttle,

Coat (backing, render, setting), ,

Coffer,

Collar beam (root),

Collateral warranty,

Collective car control (lift),

Column,

Column base, ,

Compartment floor,

Component (working size),

Composite order,

Compression gasket,

Compressor,

Concrete floors (suspended, preonst, solid),

Concrete slab,

Concrete mixer,

Condensation,

Cone (truncated),

Connections (plumbing — valves, traps),

Connector (fixing),

Connector (electrical),

Conservatory,

Construction process,

Construction regulations (building acts),

Consultants,

Continuous foundation,

Contract, ,

Contractor,

Controlling dimension,

Controls:

admin,

construction,

cost,

legal,

planning,

Convector (natural, fan),

Convention (line),

Conveyancing,

Coordination (dimensional),

Coordinatograph,

Coping, , , ,

Corbel,

Core (honeycomb),

Corinthian order,

Corner tower,

Corn hole,

Cornice, 11,83,104

Cornice ornamentation,

Cornice (running in situ),

Corona,

Corner locking joint,

Cost (study, planning, check, monitoring, information),

Cottage,

Council (district, county, borough),

Countersallied cross joint,

Courses (lacing),

Covenant (restrictive),

Cover meter,

Cover strip,

Cramp (fixing),

Crane,

Cranked hinge,

Crenel,

Cross timber joints,

Crown (brick arch),

Crown post roof,

Cruck:

frame,

roof,

Cube,

Cubicle (proprietary),

Cupboard (built-in),

Curtain (castle),

Curtain wall (cladding),

Curve (French, flexible),

Cylinder (truncated),

Cylinder locks (rim, latch), ,

Cyma,

Cyma reversa,

Dado, , ,

Damp (effects of),

Daylight,

Daytime absorbtion,

Deadmen (timber),

Debt financing,

Deck (timber for roof, metal, concrete),

Deep void floor,

Defects,

Defects liability period,

Demountable partitions,

Dentils,

Detached (building),

Developer,

Development:

appraisal,

funding,

permitted, ,

Diameter (column base),

Dichroic reflector,

Dig and fill,

Dimension (controlling),

Dimension (ratio of antiquity),

Dimensional coordination, ,

Dimmer switch,

Dipper arm,

District surveyor,

Dog-leg (brick),

Dog-leg (stair),

Door:

bell,

buffer,

case,

closers, ,

hood,

knob,

lining,

selector,

spring,

stop,

Door types, , , ,

ledged and braced,

interior flush,

panelled, ,

selfclosing,

Doorway,

Doric order,

Dormer,

Dormer windows (external, internal, gabled, partial, polygonal, piended, bowed, rectangular, lead roofed), ,

Double bull nose,

Double cone,

Double hammer beam,

Double lap sandwich truss,

Dovetail:

housing,

joint,

lap,

Dowel, , ,

Dowelled mitred joint,

Downpipe, 25,125,171

Downstand,

D.P.C. (damp proof course), ,

D.P.M. (damp proof membrane),

Drainage (land),

Drainage, ,

Drainage underground,
(fittings — UPVC, cast iron, vitrified clay, spigot and socket, polypropylene)

Drainpipe,

Draughting machine,

Drawbridge,

Drawing board (sizes, types), ,

equipment,

instruments,

pen,

practice,

representation,

Drill (rawtool power),

Drive cable,

Druidical style,

Drum (mixing),

Dry lining,

Duct wiring,

Dumper (highway), ,

Earthquake, -

Earth works (graphic presentation),

Easement,

Eaves,

Eaves gutter,

Efflorescence,

Egg and dart,

Electricity accessories,

fittings,

light bulbs,

supply and wiring,

track wiring,

Elevation,

Elliptic,

Embattled,

Engaged (columns),

English bond (brick),

English land law,

Energy efficient design, -

Enrichment (classical),

Entablature,

Entrance, , ,

Equipment (site),

Equity (shared),

Escutcheon,

Escalator (types),

Espagnolette bolt,

Estimate (approximate, comparative),

Estimating,

Excavation plant,

Excavator,

Expansion tank,

Express grant,

External works,

Extrados,

Extreme weather, -

Façade (stone),

Face (brick),

Facing stone,

Facings,

Farm building (traditional),

Farm house,

Farm yard,

Fascia (board),  Feasibility,

Feathered end,

Fees:

letting,

professional,

sale,

Felt (upstand), ,

Fencing types,
(bar (vertical/horizontal), cleftchestnut, closeboarded, chainlink, palisade, woven wire/wood)

Fender,

Fibre,

Field house,

Final account, ,

Final certificate,

Financial appraisal,

Financial aspects,

Finial,

Finger joint,

Finishes:

plasterwork,

timber,

Fire back, ,

Fire bed,

Fire dogs,

Fireplace accessories,

Fireplace recess,

Fireplaces,

Fireproofing,

Fire surround, ,

FFL (finished floor level),

Fixings (metal), ,

Flanking tower,

Flashing (metal cover), , ,

Flat arch,

Flat roof,

Flat roofs,

concrete,

green,

metal deck

on timber deck,

refurbished,

Flaunching,

Flemish bond,

Flex (two/three core),

Flex (lampholder),

Flexible curve,

Flint, (split, knapped),

Float (metal, wood),

Floating mark,

Floods,

Floodlight projector,

Floor boards, ,

Floor drain,

Floor board sawing,

Floors:

ground,

RC/concrete, ,

raised,

timber, , ,

upper,

Flooring (mitred herringbone parquet wood strip),

Flue,

Flue terminal,

Fluorescent (tube, compact bulb),

Flush joint,

Flying buttress,

Flying shore,

Footing (concrete),

(brick),

Foundation, ,

Foundation:

continuous,

isolated pad,

raft,

stepped,

strip,

trench fill,

wall pier,

Frame and panel (partition system),

Franklin point,

French curve,

French windows,

Frieze, , ,

Front door,

Frog,

Functional (tolerance, space),

Funder (development),

Funding methods,

Furring channels,

Furrowed finish,  Gable,

Gabled (barn, porch),

Gantry mast,

Gargoyle,

Gaskets, ,

Gasket fir cone,

compression,

Gate house,

Gate (postern),

Gateway,

Gather,

Gauge (marking),

Gauge (tiling),

Gazebo,

G.D.V. (gross development value),

G.E.A. (gross external area),

Generator set,

Georgian wire glass,

G.I.A. (gross internal area),

Gland (adjusting screw),

Glass (bullet proof, flat, float, laminated, patterned, plate, rough cast, solar control, sound control, toughened, wired),

Glazing,

Glazing panel,

Glazing systems (bead, gasket, patent),

Global warming and greenhouse effect,

Going,

Golden number,

Golden section,

Gooseneck,

Gothic arch,

Gothic cathedral,

Grading,

Graduation markings (metric, imperial),

Granary,

Granules (ceramic),

Grant (express, implied),

Grating,

Gravel (path),

Greenhouse,

Greenhouse staging,

Green house gases,

Green roof,

Grid (structural, planned),

Grid (dimensionally coordinate),

Grid (setting out),

Grid lines,

Groove,

Ground,

Ground beam,

Ground floor,

Guiloche,

Gulley (trapped),

Gusset (plywood),

Gutter, ,

Hacksaw,

Half bat,

Half bonding,

Half hipped barn,

Half face housing joint,

Half grid ceiling,

Halt lap joint,

Hall house (timber framed),

Handrail,

Hanger:

joist,

steel,

timber,

Hanging (of windows),

Haunch,

Hayloft, ,

Header,

Heading course,

Heart (timber),

Hearth,

Hearth (front, back),

Heat exchanger,

Heat exchange pipe,

Heat radiation, trapped,

Heating systems,

Herringbone strutting,

Herringbone mitred timber flooring,

High rise building,

Highway (central line),

Hinges (T-hinge, hook and band, butt, helical spring, loose pin, lift-off, cranked, parliament, offset), ,

Hinged partition,

Hip,

Hip rafter,  Hipped (barn, porch, canopy),

Hipped roof, ,

Hob grate,

Hog back ridge tile,

Hoist (block, rope),

Hollow brick,

Honeycomb core,

Hook (slate fixing),

Hopper,

Hopper head,

House:

detached,

(field),

mass produced,

stately,

traditional,

Hot water (supply, cylinder),

Hot water circulation principle,

Human dimensions (Le Corbusier),

Hurricane development,

Hybrid power system,

Hydraulic (lift),

Hyperbolic,

Imbrex,

Immersion heater,

Immersion heater circuit,

Imperial (scale),

Impost,

Indented,

Indicator bolt,

Infil panel,

Inlet,

Inspection chamber (drainage),

Instructions (architect's),

Integral boss connector,

Integrated ceilings,

Interceptor,

Interim certificates,

Interior,

Interstitial condensation,

Ionic order,

lonizing point,

Ironmongery, –

hinges,

knobs and latches,

locks,

Irregularity (notice of),

Irrigation system,

Isometric projection,

Jack (stabilising),

Jamb, ,

Jetty,

Joggled flat arch,

Joints:

bed, vertical, struck, recessed, projecting, flush, keyed, tuck rusticated, vee, channelled,

carpentry,

cross timber,

joggle,

panel, angle, lapped and tongued,

stepped, angle, open drained baffle sealant filled,

traditional scarf, ,

J.C.T, (joint contracts tribunal) forms of contract,

Joist, , ,

Joist hanger,

Keep,

Kerb (built-up timber),

Kerb (earthworks — precast, timber),

Keyed joint,

Keystone (crown), ,

King closer,

King post,

King post roof, , ,

Knapped flint,

Knob (door),

(ironmongery), ,

Knuckle joint fitting,

Lacing courses,

Lags,

Lamp holder (pendant, cover, flex),

Lancet,

Land chain,

Land drainage,

Land law,

Lap, , , ,

Lath, ,

Lathing,

Latches:

cylinder, rim,

lever,

Lattice frame,

Lead (flat, round),

Leadburned saddle,

Lead cutting knife,

Lead sheet,

Leaf and dart,

Lean-to roof,

Lean-to half truss,

Lease back guarantee,

Le Corbusier,

Ledger (scaffold), ,

Levelling staff,

Lever latch,

Lever springs,

Lierne,

Light fitting,

Lighting (outdoor),

Light track,

Lightening conductor,

Line (centre, break, section),

L.V.D.T. (linear variable differential transducers),

Lines (axial),

Lime (in lime and cement stucco)

Lintels (steel),

Loan (repay, service),

Local authority,

(officers),

Lock (spring loaded, blocking pins),

(horizontal mortice),

Loft,

Log,

Loggia,

Long term interest,

Loop (carpet — plain, cut, sculptured),

Loop hole,

Loose box,

Lorry,

Lozenge,

Luffing (arms, rope),

Lynch gate,

Machicolations,

Magnetic field,

Magnetometry,

Mains (supply water),

Maintenance manual,

Mallet,

Manhole (brickcover),

Mansarded roof,

Mantle,

Marking gauge,

Masking tape,

Mass movement

Creep,

Effect on buildings,

Fall,

Flow,

Heave effect,

Slide,

Structural damage,

Topple,

Materials efficiency – waste management,

Measuring tape, ,

Mediaeval castle,

Mediaeval ornament, ,

Meetings (progress),

Merlon,

Mesh reinforcement,

Mesh (expanded steel),

Metal:

components, ,

fixings,

lath,

ties,

Meter (cover),

Meter (transducer),

Metope,

Metric scale,  Microwave analysis,

Mitred closer,

Mitred slates,

Modilion and patera,

Module,

Module (basic),

Modulor,

Monopitched roof,

Mortice and tenon joint,

(twin slot, open, mitred),

Motor pump room,

Mouldings (timber),

Mulch (peat),

Mullion,

Multiple ownership,

Multi point lock,

Muntin,

Nails,

Nave, ,

N.l.A. (net internal area),

Newel,

Nib (tile),

Nondestructive survey methods, ,

Non-metropolitan (county council),

Nosing,

Notice of irregularity,

Nozzle piece,

Oblique projection,

Offset bend,

Ogee,

Ogive (arch),

Openings:

roof,

walls,

Oriel window,

Ornament (classical),

Ornament (mediaeval),

Orthographic projection,

OS (ordinance survey),

Outdoor lighting (fittings),

Outlet (rainwater),

Outside/Inside,

Overage,

Overdoor panel,

Overflow outlet, ,

Owner occupier,

Oxyacetilene set,

Pad foundation,

Padlock,

Pan (lavatory),

Panel:

(glazing infil),

(joint),

(moulding),

(overdoor),

Panelled door,

Panelling

Pantile, ,

Parabolic,

Parallelepiped,

Parallel motion,

Parish church,

Parquet floor,

Partitions:

demountable, sliding/folding hinged, frame and panel,

internal non-load bearing, timber/metal stud,

laminated, lightweight,

Party fence,

Party structure,

Party waIl,

Patch of sky,

Patent scaffolding,

Paving:

concrete,

pattern,

Pedestal,

Pediment, ,

Peg, ,

Pendant (lamp holder),

Permitted development,

Perpends,

Perspective (view),

Photogrammetry,

Photographic measurement,

Pick,

Picked panel finish,

Picture rail, ,

Pier,

Pile (carpet) types of construction,

Piled foundations,

Piles (shortbored, percussion, flush bored),

Pillar,

Pincers,

Pinfitting (electrical),

Pinning (dry),

Pipe (flush),

Pipes:

expansion,

rainwater,

soil, ,

Pipework (sanitary),

Pitch,

Pitched roof (construction),

Pitched roof (types),

Pitching hole (barn),

Pivot,

Plan,

Planning:

approvals,

control,

permission, ,

Plane,

Plant, ,

Plant care,

Plaster (levelling, scoring),

Plasterboard, , , , ,

Plaster stop,

Plasterwork (tools),

Plate, (wall, head, sole, stay), , ,

Plate (pin, top, bearing, cover),

Plate (switch),

Pliers,

Plinth, , , ,

Plot ratio,

Plug:

electric, safety, ,

partition,

Plugs (fixings), nylonframe anchor, fibre, nailable,

Plunger, (disc, hook),

Plungers,

Pointed arch,

Pointed style,

Pointing (tuck),

Poker,

Poles (ranging),

Porch, , ,

Porch and chamber,

Portal,

Porte-cochere,

Portico,

Post, ,

Postern gate,

Pot hook,

Power socket,

Power tools,

Power track,

Practical completion,

Precast cladding (panel fixing),

Prescription,

Pressed brick,

Priority yield,

Prism,

Profit erosion,

Project:

design,

management,

Projecting joint,

Projection (axonometric, isometric, oblique, orthographic),

Projector (floodlight),

Proportions (module),

Proprietary cubicles,

Protactor,

P-trap,

Pulley wheel,

Punch,

Punched finish,

Purlin, , ,

Pyramid (truncated),

Quadrant moulding,

Quaripartite (vault),

Quality indicator,

Quantities (approximate),  Quarry:

bottom, limestone,

glass,

Quarterbonding,

Quarter circle,

Queen closer, , ,

Quoin:

brick,

headers,

picked pane),

Rabbet,

Radiators (panel, column, oil filled, storage, heater), ,

Radiography,

Radius,

Raft foundation,

Rafter, , , , ,

Rail (door, lock, frieze), ,

Rail (picture),

Raised floors,

Raking shore,

Ram, ,

Rammer,

Random coursed,

Rat-trap bond,

Ready-mix concrete (truck),

Rainwater pipes,

Rebate (glazing),

Recessed joint,

Reflector bulb,

Reinforcement (bar, mesh),

Relief, (decorative),

Rent,

Rental income,

Rental growth,

Representation (drawing),

Reservation,

Retaining walls, (small, medium, basement),

Retention,

Reticulated finish,

Reverse bond,

Rib:

lightweight precast,

longitudinal/transverse,

ridge,

tierceron,

Ridge (beam), , , ,

Rights of: way, light, support,

Rings (arch),

Rise,

Riser,

Rivet,

Roach,

Rod,

Rodding eye,

Roll (lead),

Roman tiles, ,

Roof:

cover, structure,

covering types,

pitched construction,

run, span, rise,

Root, system, bare, balled,

Rose window,

Rubble:

backing,

bottom,

random, coursed, square,

work,

Rusticated joints,

Saddle bar,

Safety plug,

Sanctuary,

Sandwich joint,

Sanitary pipework,

Sap (log),

Sash:

movable,

window,

Saw,

Sawing (rift, tangential),

Scaffolding:

board,

independent,

patent,

tower,  Scale (metric, imperial),

Scale rule,

Scalpel,

Scarf joints (traditional timber), ,

Scissor (beam roof),

Scoring nails,

Scotia,

Scratcher,

Screening (landscape),

Screw cap,

Screwdriver,

Screws (thread cutting, self drilling, head types),

Scull cap,

Sea breeze principle,

Seasoning (timber),

Semidetached (building),

Septic tank,

Set-square (adjustable),

Setting out grid,

Shaft (column),

Shallow void floor,

Shapes,

Shared equity,

Shed (open fronted),

Shelter shed,

Shelter (wind),

Shingle,

Shingles (roof covering):

felt, edge grained, flat sawn,

traditional timber,

Shoe, ,

Shoring,

Shoulder,

Side hung window,

Sill, ,

Simplified planning zone,

Siphonage,

Site (building),

Site visits,

Skirt,

Skirting, , ,

Skirting types,

Sky, angle, factor,

Skylights (proprietary)

Slat,

Slate, 112,113

Sleeper wall,

Sleeve,

Slewing rig,

Sliding/folding partition,

Sliding sash,

Smoke detector,

Snib,

Soakaway,

Socket:

circuit, double,

cover,

outlet,

Soffit, ,

Soffit cleat,

Soil fittings (UPVC),

Soil and vent stack,

Solar power,

Solar radiation,

Soldering (iron),

Sole plate anchor,

Space for services,

Span,

Spandril,

Spanish tiling,

Spanner, (box),

Spar, ,

Sphere (segment),

Spigot and socket soil fitting,

Spike,

Spindle:

locks,

plumbing,

Wilk's, Duce's, patented, slotted, floating, Pitt's candle,

Spire, ,

Spirit level,

Splay:

door,

header, stretcher,

Splayed and rounded skirting,

Splayed roof,

Splayed shouldered lap joint,

Split end tie,

Split hazle,

Spot (low wattage),

Spotlight,

Springing line,  Sprinkler,

Sprocketted roof,

Square (adjustable),

Square housed joint,

Staircases:

special (samba, cat, ladder, retractable, Ioft),128

timber,

types (straight, flight, dog-leg, open well, spiral, bifurcated, quarter turn),

Stable, ,

Stable, (lofted),

Stack (chimney),

Staff, ,

Stained glass,

Stake,

Stanchion,

Stand (drawing board),

Stanley knife,

Star,

Starter,

Statutory (undertakers),

Stave,

Stave socket,

Steel:

beams,

column foundation,

grillage foundation,

wedge,

Stencil,

Stepped foundations,

Steps,

Stereo plotter,

Stile (door),

Stone,

Stone facing,

Stone surface finish,

Stone tiles,

Stone walling,

Stool,

Stop cock,

Stop end,

Stop valve,

Storage heater,

Storage tank, , ,

Storm clouds,

Straightening rule,

Strainer flow control,

Stretcher,

String course, ,

Strip foundation,

Struck joint,

Structural grid,

Strut, , , ,

Strutting (herringbone),

Stucco,

Stud partition,

Stump (tree),

Styles compared,

Stylobate,

Sub-structure,

Sun light,

Sun light indicator,

Sun light spacing criteria,

Sun shades,

Survey (accurate),

Sustainable 'Green' buildings,

Swan neck,

Switch (electric — dimmer, one-way),

Swivel coupler,

Swivel handle,

Tally,

Tamping board (vibrator),

Tank:

cold water,

expansion,

Tape measure,

Tee square,

Tegula,

Template,

Temple (classical),

Temporary bench mark,

Tender documents,

Tender stage, ,

Tenon,

bare faced,

double shouldered,

oblique,

Tenement (Scottish),

Terraced building,

Tetrahedron,

Thatch, ,

Theodolite, ,

Third bonding,

Three cell (plan type),

Threshing barn,

Throating,

Tie:

beam, , , , , ,

diagonal,

metal — stainless steel, bow,

Tierceron rib,

Tiling (roof plain),

Timber:

batten,

conversion,

deadmen,

door frame,

floor construction,

framed buildings,

roof construction,

seasoning,

stud,

Tolerance (functional),

T&G (tongue and groove) joint,

Tools, ,

Tools (plasterwork),

Tooth,

Toothing,

Top cap,

rubble

soil, ,

Torus, 18,110

Tower (flanking, corner, watch),

Tower (church),

Track (wiring, power),

Traditional:

scarf joints, ,

timber roofs,

Transept,

Transom, ,

Transducer monitoring,

Trap outlets (U, bottle, P, S), , ,

Tree:

forms,

guying,

nursery,

Tread,

Trellis,

Trench-fill foundation,

Triforium,

Triglyph,

Trimmed openings,

Trimmer, , , ,

Trimming of floors,

Trivet,

Truncated (pyramid, prism, cylinder, cone),

Truss (bolt and connector),

Truss (lean-to half),

Truss (nailed timber),

Trusses, , , , , ,

Truss clip,

Truss-out scaffold,

Trussed rafter,

Trussed purlin roof,

Trysquare,

Tungsten halogen bulb,

Turf (laying of),

Turnbuckle

Turret,

Tuscan order,

Tusk,

Typanum,

U.D.P. (unitary development plan),

Underpinning (legs, wall),

Unitisation,

Urban development area,

Use classes, ,

Valley,

Valley (rounded), ,

Valve:

control, stop, drain,

diaphragm,

Portsmouth, Croydon, sequencing,

thermostatic (radiator),

Vapour barrier,

Vault:

quadripartite,

ribbed,

Vee joint,

Verge board,

Vermiculated finish,

Vertical plane,

V groove,

Vibrator tamping,

View direction,

Vitrified clay (drainage fittings),

Vitruvius,

Volcano eruption,

Volumes,

Voussoir, ,

Wall:

cavity, ,

interior,

plate, , , ,

pier foundation

retaining,

Waste systems,

Water heating (electric storage/instant, gas instant, indirect, immersion),

Water:

leaf,

main,

supply (hot and cold, plumbing),

tank,

Warranty (collateral),

Watch tower,

Wattle and daub,

Wave energy,

Weather bar,

Weathering,

Weather proofing,

Weep holes,

Weights (sash),

Welt,

Welted strip,

Wheelbarrow,

Whitbed,

Wind effect on buildings,

Wind effect on roof shape,

Winders,

Window board,

bay, bow,

casement,

cill,

dormer, ,

frame, ,

French,

leaded,

oriel,

rose,

sash,

traditional, , ,

Wire-cut brick,

Wire hanger,

Woodblock,

Wood strip flooring,

Work (removed or hidden),

Working size (component),

X-ray source,

Yarn types (carpet),

Zinc:

flashing,

sheet liner

soaker,

Zone,

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaBook


Saracens will host Munster Rugby in the semi-final of the Champions Cup on Saturday 20th April at 3:00 p.m. at the Ricoh Arena , Coventry.
The closing date to apply for tickets is this coming Friday 5th April.
Please note that no applications can be received after this deadline.


At the time, Lake Placid was a town with a population of fewer than 4,000 people. Faced with major obstacles to raising money in the midst of a depression, Mr Godfrey Dewey, President of the Organising Committee, donated a plot of land belonging to his family for the construction of the bobsleigh track.
Norway's Sonja Henie and the French pair of Andrée and Pierre Brunet successfully defended their figure skating titles. American Billy Fiske won a second gold medal in the four-man bobsleigh. However, Gillis Grafström of Sweden was thwarted in his attempt to win his fourth gold medal, placing second behind Austrian Karl Schäfer.
For the first and only time in Olympic history, the American group race method was used in the speed skating competition. This involved mass starts and athletes racing against all other competitors, in contrast to the European system of heats where two participants compete against each other and the clock.
American Eddie Eagan achieved a unique feat by winning gold medals in both summer and winter sports. In 1920 in Antwerp, he had won the light-heavyweight boxing category at the Olympic Summer Games. In Lake Placid, 12 years later, he won in the four-man bobsleigh.
A small, all female team of just four figure skaters from Great Britain meant that for the first time it was a woman, Mollie Phillips, who had the honour of carrying the British flag into the stadium at the Opening ceremony.
For the first and only time in Olympic history, the European system of heats with two participants each was not used in the speed skating competition. Instead, the American group race method with its mass start and athletes racing against all other competitors and not just the clock and only one other athlete was used to determine the Olympic champions.
Hockey was played in a covered hall.
Warm weather conditions caused the holding of the four-man bobsled competition to be delayed until two days after the closing ceremony for the Games had already taken place.
Lake Placid 4 February 1932. Opening Ceremony. Speechs of the Officials.
It represents a ski jumper in the foreground. In the background, a map of the United States with Lake Placid indicated.
On the obverse, in the top half, a winged goddess above the clouds holding a laurel crown in her right hand. In the background, the Adirondack mountains with, at their feet, a winter sports stadium, ski jump and the Lake Placid landscape.
The curved shape of the medal symbolizes the ridges of ancient columns.
On the reverse, in the top half the Olympic rings, under which can be seen a laurel crown. In the middle, the inscription " III OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES LAKE PLACID 1932".
The work: "III Olympic Winter Games, Lake Placid 1932: official report" provides a very full report on the organisation and running of the Olympic Games and a detailed history of the pioneering role of Lake Placid in the development of winter sport. It consists of one 291-page volume, published in English.


The Milwaukee Police Department responded to the scene in the 2900 block of North 39th Street Saturday around 2:15 p.m.
A man died Saturday afternoon in a car crash after his vehicle was chased and shot at by another driver, police said.
The preliminary investigation found that one vehicle chased and shot at a second vehicle, police said. The driver of the chased car crashed into a tree, was ejected from the vehicle and died at the scene, police said. His 41-year-old male passenger sustained a serious gunshot wound. A 28-year-old woman in the rear seat sustained serious injuries in the crash.
MPD continues to seek the suspects and a motive. The investigation is ongoing.


text:
COVID-19 Luxury Travel Airports + Flying Travel Budget Travel Where to Stay Road Trips
Middle East & Africa to get data-free Wikipedia
Jason Wire
The world's freest encyclopedia just got even freer.
IN A PRESS RELEASE today by the Wikimedia Foundation and Orange, it was announced that mobile users across Africa and the Middle East will soon have access to the entirety of Wikipedia — without incurring a single data charge (so long as they're using Orange).
Back in December, I interviewed Wikipedia programmer, designer, and all-around-knowledge-lover Brandon Harris about Wikipedia's mission to bring all of the world's knowledge to every part of the world in as many languages as possible — and he mentioned the idea of Wikipedia pushing for free access to its data across mobile servers. The way he explained it (I think — I'm not positive on this) was that there are these satellites in space, they have a massive amount of bandwidth, and the Wikipedia information could be piggybacked through that extra bandwidth without costing the telecom companies anything.
The service will be released to Orange's 70 million users in the Africa/Middle East region gradually throughout 2012.
"Wikipedia is an important service, a public good – and so we want people to be able to access it for free, regardless of what device they're using," said Sue Gardner, Executive Director of the Wikimedia Foundation. "This partnership with Orange will enable millions of people to read Wikipedia, who previously couldn't. We're thrilled to be Orange's partner in this important endeavour."
I don't think I need to even touch on the most important part of this whole deal:
Location, location, location.
* Read the Wikimedia/Orange press release.
I traveled to South Africa during Omicron. This is what it was like.
Travelers are sharing the biggest culture shocks they experienced in the US
The optimal itinerary for a US national park road trip, mapped
The best Airbnbs in Nashville for a bachelorette getaway
11 of the deadliest concert disasters in recent history
Aug 2, 2021 Morgane Croissant
Jan 11, 2022 Katie Scott Aiton
8 Seattle Airbnbs close to fresh seafood, Pike Place, and the Space Needle
Jan 3, 2022 Tim Wenger
Jan 14, 2022 Olivia Harden
Discarded face masks and gloves are posing a serious risk to marine life
How to get a visa to visit Saudi Arabia and what to do once you get there
Jan 10, 2022 Amelia Hagen
The 22 places you need to travel in 2022
Dec 31, 2021 Alex Bresler
This service gives you phone data abroad with no charge to your phone plan
Jan 4, 2022 Olivia Harden
3 mindful ways to experience Asheville, NC
Oct 13, 2021 Molly Harris
10 tips for safe and comfortable winter hiking
Dec 9, 2021 Haley January

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
require 'arelx_test_helper'

module ArelExtensions
  module Nodes
    describe ArelExtensions::Comparators do
      before do
        @conn = FakeRecord::Base.new
        Arel::Table.engine = @conn
        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::ToSql.new @conn.connection
        @table = Arel::Table.new(:users)
        @attr = @table[:id]
        @date = Date.new(2016, 3, 31)
        @price = Arel::Table.new(:products)[:price]
      end

      def compile node
        @visitor.accept(node, Arel::Collectors::SQLString.new).value
      end

      it '< is equal lt' do
        _(compile(@table[:id] < 10)).must_be_like('"users"."id" < 10')
      end

      it '<= is equal lteq' do
        _(compile(@table[:id] <= 10)).must_be_like('"users"."id" <= 10')
      end

      it '> is equal gt' do
        _(compile(@table[:id] > 10)).must_be_like('"users"."id" > 10')
      end

      it '< is equal gteq' do
        _(compile(@table[:id] >= 10)).must_be_like('"users"."id" >= 10')
      end

      it 'should compare with dates' do
        _(compile(@table[:created_at] >= Date.new(2016, 3, 31)))
          .must_be_like %{"users"."created_at" >= '2016-03-31'}
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Many Hampstead people ponder the best places to invest their hard-earned savings.
While there is a consensus that Brexit has been having an impact on the property market, especially in London, a new piece of research suggests that those investing in buy to let are not put off.
The number of first-time buyers purchasing mortgages through broker channels increased at the end of 2018..
It feels like it has dominated the headlines for years now, affecting virtually every aspect of life in the UK and will undoubtedly be one of the most debated topics to go down history.
Getting your home sale ready requires planning, preparation and more than a lick of paint.
There are so many things West Hampstead is famous for. From the iconic Railway Pub where Hendrix and The Stones once played right through to the quirky restaurants and much loved Hampstead Heath.


text:
Girl We Heart: Larry Leong Of LZL
The designer takes us through her fall collection and NYC favorites
We don't know what we're currently obsessing over more: Australian accessories label LZL or the brains, Cool Girl Larry Leong, behind it.
With more indie and emerging handbag lines making waves in the industry, we must say that Leong's LZL has to be one of our favorites. We took on lower Manhattan with her to talk about her brand, touching on everything from its very beginning stages to its current fall collection.
Leong's story is pretty inspiring. After a successful run as a stylist and DJ—working with the likes of Adidas, Sofia Coppola, and Louis Vuitton—the Aussie native decided to make a career change and move on to a brand-new endeavor: designing. After realizing that she wasn't into any handbags on the market, she decided she would make her own. "I didn't really like what was available, so I ended up going out and buying all of the materials and sewed my very first bag at a friend's studio," she tells us. From there, the rest is history.
If there's one way to describe LZL, it's that it's unique; there's just nothing else like it out there. Its latest geometric-themed collection includes everything from perfectly rectangular crossbody bags to cylindrical and pyramid-shaped party clutches. In addition to the usual black- and jewel-toned fall color palette, you'll also find pops of neon yellow and bubblegum pink—refreshing shades for a typically dreary season.
While Leong's roots may be in Australia, she spends almost half of her time here in New York each year, a city she credits as having a strong influence on her designs. But, all in all, her design inspiration comes from taking something typical—such as a shape—and presenting it in a way that's unexpected.
Above, watch Leong as she takes us through her new offering, as well her favorite parts of New York City this time of year. Then, take a closer look at the latest styles, below.
Produced and Directed by Tina Vaden
Shot by Daniel Huskey & Tina Vaden
Music: "Smokey Goodbye" by Daniel Gunnarsson via Epidemic Sound
Photo courtesy of LZL
LZL, Pyramid Bag, $495, available at LZL.


text:
Q: SetOnClickListener in a ViewHolder in Kotlin Adapter I am trying to write my first RecyclerView custom adapter in Kotlin. Each View is pretty simple, it is a CardView with picture + name on it.
I am facing two problems:
ERROR 1 - fun bindItems is giving me error when i try the following to assign the name:
// THIS DOES GIVE ME ERROR, IT MARKS txvW_recycItem_userName IN RED
itemView.txvW_recycItem_userName = user.name

// HOWEVER THIS WORKS
val tvw_name = itemView.findViewById(R.id.txvW_recycItem_userName) as TextView
tvw_name.text = user.name

ERROR 2 - onBindViewHolder does not let me add a listener like this:
holder.bindItems(user[position])
holder.setOnClickListener{
        //do whatever
}

And here it is the complete code for the adapter:
 class CustomRecyclerAdapter(var user : ArrayList<Users>) : RecyclerView.Adapter<CustomRecyclerAdapter.MyViewHolder>(){

        override fun onCreateViewHolder(parent: ViewGroup, viewType: Int): CustomRecyclerAdapter.MyViewHolder {
            val v = LayoutInflater.from(parent.context).inflate(R.layout.recycler_item, parent, false)
        return MyViewHolder(v)
    }

    override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: MyViewHolder, position: Int){
        holder.bindItems(user[position])
    }

    override fun getItemCount() = user.size

        class MyViewHolder(itemView: View) : RecyclerView.ViewHolder(itemView) {

            fun bindItems(user : Users){

                // HERE IT IS THE LINE DESCRIBED ON ERROR 1
                //itemView.txvW_recycItem_userName = user.name

                val image = itemView.findViewById(R.id.imgvW_mainPic) as ImageView
                val tvw_name = itemView.findViewById(R.id.txvW_recycItem_userName) as TextView

                tvw_name.text = user.name
                image.setImageResource(user.image)
            }
        }

    }

----> EDIT <----
I am not sure if that is an answer for my ERROR 2 but...the following seems to be working:
holder.itemView.setOnClickListener({
            // do something here
        })

A: I am using setOnClickListener in adapter like this :
holder.itemView.setOnClickListener(){

}

its perfectly working for me.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Johannes Franciscus  Osten (1920 - Valparaiso, Chili, 22 september 2010) werd bekend als een van de laatste Engelandvaarders. Hij werd John genoemd en was de zoon van vice-admiraal Johannes Osten.

Overtocht
John Osten was student geologie toen de Tweede Wereldoorlog uitbrak. Op 29 september 1943 probeerde Osten met elektrotechnisch ingenieur Edzard Moddemeyer vergeefs de Noordzee over te steken. In november kochten ze een zuiderzeevlet van 7 meter door bemiddeling van de gebroeders Pier en Joop Meyer. Via deze broers ruilden ze tevens de 17pk-motor in voor een 60pk-truckmotor van Chevrolet uit 1931. Op de werf van de Gebroeders Thijssen in Leidschendam werd de boot zeewaardig gemaakt en de organisatie volgde grotendeels de succesvolle operationele vluchtroute van ir. Anton Schrader.

Minerva-leden Flip Winckel, Hein Fuchter en Henk Baxmeier sloten zich bij hen aan en betaalden ieder 1000 gulden om de kosten te dekken. Winckel en Fuchter zorgden voor benzine, Osten kreeg via zijn vader goede zeekaarten, en een kompas mochten ze ophalen bij Feike de Boer, directeur van de Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland.

Goed voorbereid maakten deze vijf studenten de enige en laatste geslaagde overtocht in 1944 naar Engeland. Osten had van het verzet documenten meegekregen om in Londen af te geven. Op 24 februari om 12:30 haalde Flight Lieutenant Sidney Spencer Bates, schipper van RAF High Speed Rescue Launch 185, hen 65 km ten oosten van Great Yarmouth uit zee op, en de Amerikaanse filmer Captain Anthony J. Hardy legde de redding op film vast omdat hij dacht dat het om neergeschoten Amerikaanse piloten ging. Toen bleek dat het 'maar Hollanders' waren, kregen zij later in de oorlog de film mee. In opdracht van de RAF Coastal Command brachten ze met het Oerlikon-boordgeschut hun bootje zelf tot zinken.

Engeland

Bij aankomst in Lowestoft, 24 uur na hun vertrek, werden de vijf Engelandvaarders formeel gearresteerd door de lokale politie en een dag later per trein en onder militaire bewaking naar de Royal Victoria Patriotic School in Londen gebracht voor intensieve ondervraging door MI5 van de Britse geheime dienst. Vervolgens werden ze alle vijf nog eens door majoor Oreste Pinto onder handen genomen namens de Nederlandse Regering. De geslaagde overtocht werd op 4 april via Radio Oranje gemeld. Daarna gingen de vijf varensgezellen gezamenlijk naar Stubbings House voor een kopje thee met koningin Wilhelmina. Osten werd bij de Prinses Irene Brigade ingedeeld.

John Osten kreeg het Bronzen Kruis en het Oorlogsherinneringskruis.

Na de oorlog
In 1982 is Osten naar Chili geëmigreerd, Hein Fuchter ging naar Australië, Winckel bleef in Wassenaar wonen en is in 2009 overleden.

Reünie
In 2007 hebben Osten, Fuchter en Winckel elkaar na 63 jaar weer ontmoet. Ze zijn naar Gorleston, gegaan om hun redding te herdenken bij het 'RAF Air Sea Rescue Memorial' aan de Brush quay in Gorleston. Moddemeyer en Baxmeier hebben ze niet kunnen traceren. Winckels zoon Borre Winckel nam contact met de RAF Air Sea Rescue en de reünie werd georganiseerd in het kader van de Slag om Engeland-herdenking. Het laatst nog levende bemanningslid van HSL 185, John Scowes, was bij de reünie aanwezig.

John Osten overleed thuis in september 2010.

Onderscheidingen

Zie ook
 Lijst van Engelandvaarders

Externe link
 Verslag mislukte overtocht

Engelandvaarder
Prinses Irene Brigade

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Letterman: We're Already Tired of Christie Story
By Andrew Johnson
About Andrew Johnson
Follow Andrew Johnson on Twitter
The media's obsessive coverage of the Bridgegate controversy surrounding Chris Christie is getting to be a bit too much for David Letterman. Contrasted with Rod Blagojevich's bribery convictions, the bridge closure amounts to "Justin Bieber-level stuff," the late-night host said on Thursday night.
"We're already tired of it — I don't know how you are in the news business, but we're getting tired of it," Letterman told NBC News's anchor Brian Williams on Thursday night. "We'll continue to beat it to death, of course, but we're getting tired of it."
Letterman doubted that people outside of New Jersey care about the story, and that it wouldn't affect Christie in the primary states in 2016. "I think that this doesn't hold up the farther west you go," he said.
Via Breitbart.
Andrew Johnson — @AndrewE_Johnson


What Can You Do with XMPP?
The following is an excerpt from the book XMPP: The Definitive Guide by Peter Saint-Andre, Kevin Smith, and Remko Tronçon. It has been adapted for the Web.
"XMPP is the secret weapon of the most groundbreaking websites, as well as the infrastructure behind hte fastest growing instant messaging systems. Not only is this sorely needed bible written by a dream-team of XMPP experts, the facts are interesting, the jokes are amusing, and quite honestly, I really wish I'd written it."
-Dave Cridland, XMPP Lead, Isode Ltd.
The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is an open technology for real-time communication, using the Extensible Markup Language (XML) as the base format for exchanging information. In essence, XMPP provides a way to send small pieces of XML from one entity to another in close to real time.
XMPP is used in a wide range of applications, and it may be right for your application, too. To envision the possibilities, it's helpful to break the XMPP universe down at a high level into services and applications. The services are defined in two primary specifications published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) at http://ietf.org/ (the "RFC" series), and in dozens of extension specifications published by the XMPP Standards Foundation at http://xmpp.org/ (the "XEP" series); the applications are software programs and deployment scenarios that are of common interest to individuals and organizations, although the core services enable you to build many other application types as well.
As of this writing, RFC3920 and RFC3921 are under active revision to incorporate errata, clarify ambiguities, improve their readability, define additional error codes, etc. These documents, called rfc3920bis and rfc3921bis in the terminology of the IETF, provide the most accurate definition of XMPP and might have been published as replacement RFCs (with new numbers) once you read this book. For the latest versions of the revised specifications, visit http://xmpp.org.
This service, defined in RFC3920 and explained in Chapter 12 of this book, provides encryption of the connection between a client and a server, or between two servers. Although channel encryption is not necessarily exciting, it is an important building block for constructing secure applications.
This service, also defined in RFC3920 and explained in Chapter 12 of this book, is another part of the foundation for secure application development. In this case, the authentication service ensures that entities attempting to communicate over the network are first authenticated by a server, which acts as a kind of gatekeeper for network access.
This service, defined in RFC3921 and explained in Chapter 3 of this book, enables you to find out about the network availability of other entities. At the most basic level, a presence service answers the question, "Is the entity online and available for communication, or offline and not available?" Presence data can also include more detailed information (such as whether a person is in a meeting). Typically, the sharing of presence information is based on an explicit presence subscription between two entities in order to protect the privacy of user information.
This service, also defined in RFC3921 and explained in Chapter 3 of this book, enables you to store a contact list, or roster, on an XMPP server. The most common use for this service is an instant messaging "friend list," but any entity that has an account on a server can use the service to maintain a list of known or trusted entities (e.g., it can be used by bots).
This service, defined in RFC3920 and explained in Chapter 4 of this book, enables you to send messages to another entity. The classic use of one-to-one messaging is personal IM, but messages can be arbitrary XML, and any two entities on a network can exchange messages--they could be bots, servers, components, devices, XMPP-enabled web services, or any other XMPP entity.
This service, defined in XEP-0045 and explained in Chapter 7 of this book, enables you to join a virtual chat room for the exchange of messages between multiple participants, similar to Internet Relay Chat (IRC). The messages can be plain text, or can contain XML extensions for more advanced functionality, such as room configuration, in-room voting, and various session control messages.
This service, defined in XEP-0060 and explained in Chapter 8 of this book, enables you to generate a notification and have it delivered to multiple subscribers. This service is similar to multi-party messaging, but it is optimized for one-to-many delivery with explicit subscriptions to specific channels or topics (called "nodes").
This service, defined in XEP-0030 and explained in Chapter 5 of this book, enables you to find out which features are supported by another entity, as well as any additional entities that are associated with it (e.g., rooms hosted at a chat room service).
This service, defined in XEP-0115 and explained in Chapter 5 of this book, is an extension to the presence service that provides a shorthand notation for service discovery data so that you can easily cache the features that are supported by other entities on the network.
This service, defined in XEP-0004 and explained in Chapter 6 of this book, enables you to exchange structured but flexible forms with other entities, similar to HTML forms. It is often used for configuration and other tasks where you need to gather ad-hoc information from other entities.
This service, defined in XEP-0050 and explained in Chapter 11 of this book, enables you to engage in a structured workflow interaction with another entity, with support for typical workflow actions, such as moving to the next stage of a business process or executing a command. It is often used in conjunction with data forms.
This service, defined in XEP-0166 and explained in Chapter 9 of this book, enables you to negotiate and manage a media session with another entity. Such a session can be used for the purpose of voice chat, video chat, file transfer, and other real-time interactions.
These are some of the core services available to you (or your application) as a participant in an XMPP network. The XMPP developer community has defined additional features in various XMPP extensions, but here we focus on the services that we think you will find most useful in building real-time applications.
The classic instantmessaging systems that most people are familiar with combine three of the core services: presence, contact lists, and one-to-one messaging. Such systems can and often do include more services and features, but if you have these three services, you can build a bare-bones IM application.
The multi-party messaging service enables you to build groupchat systems similar to IRC. Often, groupchat systems are used for more specific applications, such as real-time trading systems in the financial industry, situation rooms for first responders and military personnel, and virtual classrooms.
Combined with custom extensions, both one-to-one messaging and multi-party messaging enable you to build simple gaming systems. For example, the Chesspark service (http://www.chesspark.com/) is built entirely using XMPP. Other game developers are using XMPP to add presence and contact list features to existing multi-party games.
The combination of one-to-one messaging and data forms makes it possible to deploy lightweight systems for control of and interaction with remote systems. Deployed applications in this domain include network management, scientific telemetry, and robotic control.
The XMPP notification service is payload-agnostic. One defined payload format is geolocation, which enables you to build fascinating location-based applications, such as vehicle tracking.
A number of companies and research groups are actively working on XMPP-based systems for computation services, lightweight middleware, and management of cloud computing infrastructures. While the use of XMPP may be surprising here because such applications have traditionally relied on heavyweight messaging technologies, we have seen XMPP begin to nibble away at the lower end of this market. It appears that companies that already have an XMPP infrastructure in place figure they might as well use it for non-IM use cases. These systems often use the workflow extensions we explore in Chapters Chapter 6 and Chapter 11 for structured message exchange. Specific applications include bioinformatics.
Popular social networking applications are increasingly using the XMPP notification service to solve a particular problem they have: constant polling for updated information. Existing HTTP-based deployments have been found not to scale, because quite often a particular feed has not changed since the last time it was polled. By contrast, the XMPP notification service sends out an update only when a feed has changed, saving a significant amount of bandwidth and server resources that otherwise would be wasted on polling.
The Google Talk application that launched in August 2005 first popularized the use of XMPP for voice chat. Since then, the XMPP extensions for media session services (called Jingle) have been formalized through the XSF, and have been implemented and deployed by the likes of Nokia and the One Laptop Per Child project. The same extensions can also be used to negotiate a wide range of media session types, including video, file transfer, whiteboarding, and collaborative editing.
Given the existence of stable identifiers (JabberIDs) and a robust authentication service, it is possible to use XMPP in building identity and authorization services such as OpenID and OAuth.
Other application examples include data transfer, live chat integrated into websites, mobile device communications, and presence-enabled directories. We will mention relevant applications throughout this book to illustrate the most popular and interesting uses of XMPP.
Although we highlight many applications of XMPP, unfortunately we can't cover all of them. Not only do we lack the space and time, but the list keeps growing every day. Moreover, the most cutting-edge uses of XMPP are not standardized yet, which makes them too much of a moving target to describe in a book. Examples of ongoing work at the time of this writing include collaborative document editing, whiteboarding, calendar integration, file sharing, and personal media networks. If you want to learn more about these topics, we suggest that you get involved with the XMPP community (see Chapter 13) as we define new ways of using XMPP.
What does the future hold for XMPP technologies? Although we don't know for sure, the trends seem clear: deployment of XMPP systems at more organizations and service providers, XMPP interfaces to more web applications, use of XMPP features to solve more business problems, and continued growth in the XMPP developer community. It's an exciting time to be working on XMPP technologies, and we invite you to join the conversation!
Jabber/XMPP technologies were invented by Jeremie Miller in 1998. Jeremie was tired of running four different clients for the closed IM services of the day, so in true open source fashion, he decided to scratch an itch, releasing an open source server called jabberd on January 4, 1999. Before long, a community of developers jumped in to help, writing open source clients for Linux, Macintosh, and Windows; add-on components that worked with the server; and code libraries for languages such as Perl and Java. During 1999 and early 2000, the community collaboratively worked out the details of the wire protocols we now call XMPP, culminating in the release of jabberd 1.0 in May 2000.
As the community grew larger and various companies became interested in building their own Jabber-compatible (but not necessarily open source) software, the loose collaboration evident in 1999 and 2000 became unsustainable. As a result, the community (spearheaded by a company called Jabber, Inc., acquired by Cisco in late 2008) formed the Jabber Software Foundation in August 2001. Ever since, this nonprofit membership organization, renamed the XMPP Standards Foundation in early 2007, has openly documented the protocols used in the developer community, and has defined a large number of extensions to the core protocols.
After several years of implementation and deployment experience, members of the developer community decided to seek a wider review of the core protocols by formalizing them within the IETF, which has standardized most of the core technologies for the Internet (including TCP/IP, HTTP, SMTP, POP, IMAP, and SSL/TLS). Given that most good protocols seem to be three- or four-letter acronyms ending with the letter "P," the relevant IETF working group labeled its topic the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). After less than two years of intensive work (mostly focused on tightening communications security), the IETF published the core XMPP specifications in its Request for Comments (RFC) series as RFC3920 and RFC3921 in October 2004.
Publication of these RFCs has resulted in widespread adoption of XMPP technologies. In August 2005, the Google Talk IM and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service was launched on a basis of XMPP. Thousands more services have followed. Prominent and emerging software companies use XMPP in their products, including the likes of Apple, Cisco, IBM, Nokia, and Sun. Countless businesses, universities, and government agencies have deployed XMPP-based instant messaging systems for their users. Many game developers and social networking applications are building XMPP into their services, and a number of organizations have used XMPP as the "secret sauce" behind some of their most innovative features.
Although XMPP was originally developed in the Jabber open source community, the protocol itself is not an open source project like Apache, but rather an open standard like HTTP. As a result, XMPP is an open technology that is not tied to any single software project or company. The XMPP specifications define open protocols that are used for communication among network entities. Much as HTTP and HTML define the protocols and data formats that power the World Wide Web, XMPP defines the protocols and data formats that power real-time interactions over the Internet. The protocols are as free as the air, which means they can be implemented in code that is licensed as free software, open source software, shareware, freeware, commercial products, or in any other way. This open standards model is different from the open source or free-software model for software code, wherein the code is often licensed so that modifications must be contributed back to the developers.
That said, XMPP emerged from an open source developer community, specifically the community that formed around the open source jabberd server that Jeremie Miller released. Thus there are many open source implementations of XMPP, which can be downloaded for free by end users, system administrators, and developers alike. Much of this software is focused on instant messaging, as befits a technology that started as an open alternative to closed IM silos that did not interoperate. There are open source clients for just about every operating system and device; as a result, millions of end users communicate using XMPP-based services. There are open source servers that can be deployed at companies, schools, and service providers; as a result, tens of thousands of XMPP services inter-connect every day. There are open source libraries for all the major programming languages, which can be used to write bots, components, and other real-time applications; as a result, there are thousands of active developers in the XMPP community. Much of this software is linked to from http://xmpp.org/, and we provide an overview of some of the most popular codebases in Appendix C.
The original Jabber developers were focused on building an instant messaging system. However, the extensible nature of XML has made XMPP attractive to application developers who need a reliable infrastructure for rapidly exchanging structured data, not just IM features. As a result, XMPP has been used to build a wide range of applications, including content syndication, alerts and notifications, lightweight middleware and web services, whiteboarding, multimedia session negotiation, intelligent workflows, geolocation, online gaming, social networking, and more.
Over the years, the developer community defined a large number of extensions to the core protocols. These extensions are developed through an open, collaborative standards process and published in the XSF's XMPP Extension Protocol (XEP) series at http://xmpp.org/. As you'll discover, the core protocols and various extensions provide a long "runway" for just about any feature you might need in developing real-time applications. But if you find that a feature is missing from the XMPP protocol stack, it is easy enough to extend the protocol for your own purpose, and (optionally) work with the community in standardizing these new features, as we discuss in Chapter 13.
Or, visit our complete archives.


text:
Alterations in Motor Cortical Representation of Muscles Following Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury in Humans
Early Identification of Fragile X Syndrome through Expanded Newborn Screening
Update on Insomnia after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Clinical Development of Targeted Fragile X Syndrome Treatments: An Industry Perspective
Brain Sciences
10.3390/brainsci8120224
Erickson, C. A.
Kaufmann, W. E.
Budimirovic, D. B.
Lachiewicz, A.
Haas-Givler, B.
Miller, R. M.
Weber, J. Dixon
Abbeduto, L.
Hessl, D.
Hagerman, R. J.
Berry-Kravis, E.
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available at MDPI Books....
Open AccessCommentary
Best Practices in Fragile X Syndrome Treatment Development
Craig A. Erickson
1,2,*,
Walter E. Kaufmann
Dejan B. Budimirovic
Ave Lachiewicz
Barbara Haas-Givler
Robert M. Miller
Jayne Dixon Weber
Leonard Abbeduto
David Hessl
Randi J. Hagerman
10 and
Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
MIND Institute, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Behavioral Sciences-Child Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Duke Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
National Fragile X Foundation, McLean, VA 22102, USA
MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
Departments of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Brain Sci. 2018, 8(12), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8120224
Received: 21 November 2018 / Revised: 10 December 2018 / Accepted: 12 December 2018 / Published: 15 December 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Mechanism-based Treatments for Fragile X Syndrome)
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Preclinical studies using animal models of fragile X syndrome have yielded several agents that rescue a wide variety of phenotypes. However, translation of these treatments to humans with the disorder has not yet been successful, shedding light on a variety of limitations with both animal models and human trial design. As members of the Clinical Trials Committee of the National Fragile X Foundation, we have discussed a variety of recommendations at the level of preclinical development, transition from preclinical to human projects, family involvement, and multi-site trial planning. Our recommendations are made with the vision that effective new treatment will lie at the intersection of innovation, rigorous and reproducible research, and stakeholder involvement. View Full-Text
Keywords: fragile X syndrome; clinical trials; treatment development; best practices fragile X syndrome; clinical trials; treatment development; best practices
Erickson, C.A.; Kaufmann, W.E.; Budimirovic, D.B.; Lachiewicz, A.; Haas-Givler, B.; Miller, R.M.; Weber, J.D.; Abbeduto, L.; Hessl, D.; Hagerman, R.J.; Berry-Kravis, E. Best Practices in Fragile X Syndrome Treatment Development. Brain Sci. 2018, 8, 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8120224
Erickson CA, Kaufmann WE, Budimirovic DB, Lachiewicz A, Haas-Givler B, Miller RM, Weber JD, Abbeduto L, Hessl D, Hagerman RJ, Berry-Kravis E. Best Practices in Fragile X Syndrome Treatment Development. Brain Sciences. 2018; 8(12):224. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8120224
Erickson, Craig A., Walter E. Kaufmann, Dejan B. Budimirovic, Ave Lachiewicz, Barbara Haas-Givler, Robert M. Miller, Jayne D. Weber, Leonard Abbeduto, David Hessl, Randi J. Hagerman, and Elizabeth Berry-Kravis. 2018. "Best Practices in Fragile X Syndrome Treatment Development" Brain Sciences 8, no. 12: 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8120224
Brain Sci., EISSN 2076-3425, Published by MDPI Disclaimer
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This Carrot Apple and Walnut Salad is quick and easy; my kind of salad! My husband and I both kept going back to the bowl for refills and nearly finished the entire batch between the two of us, but you know what? It. felt .good!
This salad is loaded with healthy ingredients. The lemony dressing and plump raisins make it irresistible.
There's something about sunflower oil that gives any salad a Slavic kick. It's that secret little ingredient that makes salads taste more "authentic" to my Ukrainian taste buds (afterall, Ukraine and Russia are two of the largest producers of sunflower oil).
It's so aromatic and adds great flavor. If you haven't tried it, I think you should give it a whirl. P.S. If you have the option, it's best to buy un-refined sunflower oil – it tastes better and is a little better for you.
1. Toast walnuts on a dry skillet until golden then remove from heat to cool (keep an eye on them; they can burn quickly).
2. Soak raisins in 1 cup boiling hot water for about 1 minute to soften them up. Drain well and set aside.
3. Cut carrots into matchsticks and place them in a large mixing bowl. P.S. We recommend this Borner Julienne Grater – these julienne slicers are hard to find, but we bought ours on Amazon.
4. Cut apples into matchsticks and toss them with 1 Tbsp lemon juice right away to prevent browning. I used a granny smith apples but most apples will work well.
5. Add soaked raisins and toasted walnuts to the bowl.
6. In a small bowl or measuring cup, combine 2 Tbsp lemon juice, 3 Tbsp sunflower oil, 1/2 tsp salt and 1/8 tsp black pepper. Pour the dressing over salad and stir until combined. This salad stores really well in the refrigerator for several hours and the tiny bit that was leftover was still good the next day.
This carrot and apple salad is quick and easy; my kind of salad! It is loaded with healthy ingredients. The lemony dressing and plump raisins make it irresistible. There's something about sunflower oil that gives any salad a Slavic kick. It's that secret little ingredient that makes salads taste more "authentic" to my Ukrainian taste buds (afterall, Ukraine and Russia are two of the largest producers of sunflower oil). It's so aromatic and adds great flavor. If you haven't tried it, I think you should give it a whirl. P.S. If you have the option, it's best to buy un-refined sunflower oil - it tastes better and is a little better for you.
Toast walnuts on a dry skillet until golden then remove from heat to cool (keep an eye on them; they can burn quickly).
Soak raisins in 1 cup boiling hot water for about 1 minute to soften them up. Drain well and set aside.
Cut carrots into matchsticks and place them in a large mixing bowl.
Cut apples into matchsticks and toss them with 1 Tbsp lemon juice right away to prevent browning (I used a granny smith apples but most apples will work well.
Add soaked raisins and toasted walnuts to the bowl.
In a small bowl or measuring cup, combine 2 Tbsp lemon juice, 3 Tbsp sunflower oil, 1/2 tsp salt and 1/8 tsp black pepper. Pour the dressing over salad and stir until combined.
This salad stores really well in the refrigerator for several hours and the tiny bit that was leftover was still good the next day.
Hmmm, that is my kind of salad. I will give it a try tomorrow! "Our" classic carrot salad is with garlic, red pepper and chilli. Maybe you know what I mean… I forgot the name.


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Kayden leaving Austin Peay to coach at Mercer
Austin Peay golf coach Kirk Kayden is going to Mercer after a successful 10-year run
Kayden leaving Austin Peay to coach at Mercer Austin Peay golf coach Kirk Kayden is going to Mercer after a successful 10-year run Check out this story on theleafchronicle.com: http://leafne.ws/1n8HqxL
Luke Thompson, The Leaf-Chronicle Published 7:12 p.m. CT July 31, 2014
Kirk Kayden (Photo: APSU sports information )
CLARKSVILLE, Tenn. – Kirk Kayden only expected to stay in Clarksville for three to five years when he took the job as Austin Peay's men's golf coach in August 2004.
Nearly 10 years later, he's won two Ohio Valley Conference titles, taken two players to the NCAA Championships and raised a six-year-old daughter in a city that became home to him. All of that success earned Kayden several job offers, and he announced Thursday he's finally accepted one to become the head coach at Mercer University in Macon, Georgia.
"I was always pretty picky over the years," Kayden said in a phone interview. "You're trying to look for a great opportunity, and this was one."
Mercer contacted him shortly after the departure in early July of new South Florida coach Steve Bradley, who guided the Bears to the Atlantic Sun Championship in 2014. They were ranked as high as No. 30 in the country and finished eighth at the NCAA's Raleigh Regional behind the play of junior All-American Trey Rule, the A-Sun Golfer of the Year.
The Govs couldn't duplicate the success of 2013, when they won a school-record six tournaments and a conference title before nearly breaking into the top 5 and qualifying for the national tournament at the NCAA Tempe Regional. Still, three seniors – including standouts Marco Iten and Anthony Bradley – carried APSU to a second place finish at the OVC Championships last April.
Kayden said their departures didn't really play a factor in his decision to leave, and he's confident the next coach will still have plenty of talent. The team learned of the change before the announcement, and Kayden said he's willing to work to make sure none of the golfers leave Austin Peay.
Even though the Govs will begin practicing at the new River Club Golf and Learning Center just 10 minutes from campus this season, the allure of a strong program with access to two private clubs proved too good to pass up for the former Penn State assistant and Toledo graduate. He also noted Mercer's competitive schedule next season, which includes the Brickyard Collegiate at its home course as well as a tournament the Bears co-host near Atlanta.
Austin Peay went through a rebuilding period during the first part of Kayden's tenure, and he said they basically had to start over again after winning the OVC title in 2009. But each time Kayden's ability to find and develop talent from both the United States and Europe made the Govs among the conference's best.
"It's been a roller coaster ride this week and a tough decision between the two schools," said Kayden, a standout prep golfer in Ohio who went on to play at Toledo. "I've had a great run here. Mercer just has a phenomenal program, and they really have a great athletic department."
APSU athletic director Derek van der Merwe said in a release the university would evaluate its options for a successor both on an interim and full-time basis, since classes start in less than a month and the Govs are scheduled to open their fall season at the Golfweek Conference Challenge in Burlington, Iowa, in September.
Luke Thompson, Austin Peay beat writer 931-245-0221 lukethompson@theleafchronicle.com Twitter: @lc_luket
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A versatile sportsman, Ogier was a ski instructor and professional boules player before he embarked on a rallying career at the age of 22.
Ogier's path to success mirrored that of nine-time champion Sébastien Loeb: both made their mark in two-wheel-drive, 1600cc Citroëns before stepping up to the big league with the French manufacturer.
Ogier stormed to the FIA Junior World Rally Championship crown in 2008 and a six-round WRC programme with the Citroën Junior Team followed a year later. Despite a succession of accidents, Citroën chiefs stuck by their man and Ogier took victories in Portugal and Japan in 2010.
A place in the main Citroën team was Ogier's reward for 2011, and he took the fight to team-mate Loeb by winning three rounds early on. However, the season turned sour in Germany where he was instructed not to challenge Loeb for the lead. Unwilling to accept a supporting role in the team, he signed to Volkswagen's fledgling WRC squad in 2012, driving an S2000-spec Skoda in preparation for a World Rally Car programme the following year.
It was a move that paid off. At the conclusion of the 2013 season, Ogier was crowned as the new World Rally Champion after taking nine rally wins and smashing the team's modest expectations at the same time.
The success story continued in 2014, when eight wins secured him a second title and made him only the eighth driver to lift the WRC title more than once.
2015 WRC 13 8 2 0 263 1.
2014 WRC 13 8 2 0 267 1.
2013 WRC 13 9 2 0 Volkswagen Polo R WRC 290 1.
2012 WRC 11 0 0 0 Skoda Fabia S2000 41 10.
2011 WRC 12 5 0 2 Citroen DS3 WRC 196 3.
2010 WRC 13 2 2 2 Citroen C4 WRC 167 4.
2009 WRC 12 0 1 0 Citroen C4 WRC 24 8.
2008 WRC 8 0 0 0 Citroen C2 R2 1 21.
2008 JWRC 5 0 0 0 Citroen C2 R2 42 1.


40% off Storewide Sale at The Prairie Fibers Company this percentage does not include online classes or artwork.
I'm wanting to get back into my studio and my students (which I dearly miss), and move away from the retail side of the business, I'm selling off my remaining invetory, when it's gone it's gone, so come on by and take a peak. Some one-of items have been further reduced to help move them along to a good home.
Please note that because this is a one woman business orders can be slow in being filled.


Muhammad in Year 2 raised over £1200 for the Lupus charity at the weekend.
Super-fit six year old Muhammad raised £1210 to donate to the charity which supports sufferers of Lupus by running 5km . Running in Milton Keynes at the weekend, Muhammad joined other charity fun runners and said he really enjoyed the experience and it was the second time he had completed the run.
Very well done and congratulations to Muhammad.


AUSTIN, TX (CelebrityAccess) — Ian Patrick McLagan, a British keyboardist who collaborated with the Rolling Stones and was a member of the English rock bands Small Faces and Faces died after suffering a stroke in Austin. He was 69.
In a statement on his official webpage, former bandmate Kenny Jones wrote "I am completely devastated by this shocking news and I know this goes for Ronnie and Rod also. Ian's artistry, generosity and warmth of spirit touched countless other musicians and music fans around the world. His loss will be felt by so many."
McLagan of the British band Small Faces, which changed names to Faces when Rod Stewart and Ron Wood joined in 1969.
After Faces parted ways in 1975, McLagan worked backing artists such as The Stones, Jackson Browne, Bruce Springsteen, John Mayer, Melissa Etheridge, and Bob Dylan. He was also a member of The Bump Band, serving as bandleader, performing regularly, including gigs opening for the Stones and at Austin City Limits.


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