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Additional References on Grass Growth
References about Plant Development, Growth, Physiology, and Defoliation Compiled by: Brad Schultz, Extension Educator, Winnemucca, Nevada
Book Chapters – Review/Synthesis Chapters
Briske, D. D. 1991. Developmental Morphology and Physiology of Grasses. Pp 85-108. In: Grazing Management: An Ecological Perspective. R. K. Heitschmidt and J. W. Stuth (eds). Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 259 pp. Available at: http://cnrit.tamu.edu/rlem/textbook/Chapter4.htm
Briske, D. D. and J. H. Richards. 1994. Physiological Responses of Individual plants to Grazing: Current Status and Ecological Significance. Pp 147-176. In: M. Vavra, W. A. Laycock, and R. D. Pieper (eds). Ecological Implications of Livestock Herbivory in the West. Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado. 297 pp.
Briske, D. D. and J. H. Richards. 1995. Plant Responses to Defoliation: A Physiological, Morphological, and Demographic Evaluation. Pp 635-710. In: Wildland Plants: Physiological Ecology and Developmental Morphology. D. J. Bedunah and R. E. Sosebee (eds). Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado. 710 pp.
Caldwell, M. M. 1984. Plant Requirements for Prudent Grazing. Pp 117-152. In: Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management. A report prepared by the Committee on Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management, National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. 2022 pp.
Coyne, P. I., M. J. Trlica, and C. E. Owensby. 1995. Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Range Plants. Pp 59-167. In: Wildland Plants: Physiological Ecology and Developmental Morphology. D. J. Bedunah and R. E. Sosebee (eds). Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado. 710 pp.
Dahl, B. E. 1995. Developmental Morphology of Plants. Pp. 22-58. In: Wildland Plants: Physiological Ecology and Developmental Morphology. D. J. Bedunah and R. E. Sosebee (eds). Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado. 710 pp.
Hyder, D. N. 1972. Defoliation in Relation to Vegetative Growth. Pp 304-317. In: V. B. Youngner and C. M. McKell (eds). The Biology and Utilization of Grasses. Academic Press, New York, New York. 426 pp.
Hyder, D. N. 1974. Morphogenesis and Management of Perennial Grasses in the United States. Pp 89-98. In: Plant morphogenesis for scientific management of Range Resources. USDA Miscellaneous Publication 1271.
Sims, P. L., R. E. Sosebee, and D. M. Engle. 1982. Plant and Vegetation Responses to Grazing Management. Pp 4-31. In: D. D. Briske and M. M. Kothman (eds.) Proceedings: A National Conference on Grazing Management Technology. November 10-12, 1982. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 228 pp.
Valentine. J. F. 2001. Grazing Management (2nd Edition). Academic Press. New York, New York. 659 pp.
Youngner, V. B. 1972. Physiology of Defoliation and Regrowth. Pp 292-303. In: V. B. Youngner and C. M. McKell (eds). The Biology and Utilization of Grasses. Academic Press. New York, New York. 426 pp.
Review/Synthesis Papers from the Dickinson Research/Extension Facility, Dickinson, North Dakota
Manske, L. L. 1998. General Description of Grass Growth and Development and Defoliation Resistance Mechanisms. North Dakota State University Dickinson Research Extension Center. Range Management Report DREC98-1022. Dickinson, North Dakota. 12 pp. Available at: http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/grassland/1022.htm
Manske, L. L. 1999. General Description of Grass Growth Development. North Dakota State University Extension Summary Report. Dickinson Research/Extension Center. 6 pp. Available at: http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/research/1998/range98a.htm
Manske, L. L. 1999. Biological Effects of Defoliation on Grass Plants. North Dakota State University Extension Report. Dickinson Research/Extension Center. 8 pp. Available at: http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/research/1998/range98b.htm
Manske, L. L. 2000. Defoliation Applied at Some Phonological Growth Stages Negatively Affects Grass Plants. Annual Report. Dickinson Research Extension Center. North Dakota State University. 5 pp. Available at: http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/research/1999/range99a.htm
Manske, L. L. 2000. Defoliation Effects on the Structure and Dynamics of Grassland Ecosystems. Annual Report. Dickinson Research Extension Center. North Dakota State University. 13 pp. Available at: http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/research/1999/range99f.htm
Manske, L. L. 2000. Range Plant Growth and Development Are Affected by Environmental Factors. Pp 44-48. In: L. L. Manske. Grazing Handbook.com. Available at: http://www.chaps2000.com/bin/ch2r4.pdf
Manske. L. L. 2000. Effects of Grazing Management Treatments on Rangeland Vegetation. Pp 70-75. In: L. L. Manske. Grazing Handbook.com. Available at: http://www.chaps2000.com/bin/ch2r8.pdf
Manske, L. L. 2000. Grazing Handbook.com. Available at: http://www.chaps2000.com/grazing.asp
Extension/Agricultural Experiment Station Publications
Cook, C. W. 1977. Effects of Season and Intensity of Use on Desert Vegetation. Bulletin 483 (Reprinted March 1977). Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. Utah State University, Logan, Utah. 57 pp.
Gates, D. H., G. A. Harris, and J. Johnson. 1980 (reprinted). Pacific Northwest Range: Its Nature and Use. PNW Bulletin 73. A Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension Publication. Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 28 pp.
Parker, K. G. 1978. The Nature and Use of Utah Range. Utah State University Extension Service. EC 359. 64 pp.
Trlica, M. J. 1999. Grass Growth and Response to Grazing. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. Fact Sheet No 6.108. 5 pp. Available at: http://drought.unl.edu/portals/2/documents/droughtbasics/plantgrowth_quick_facts.pdf
USDA Technical Bulletins
Crider, F. J. 1955. Root Growth Stoppage Resulting from Defoliation of Grass. USDA Technical Bulletin 1102. 23 pp.
McCarty, E. C. and R. Price. 1942. Growth and Carbohydrate Content of Important Mountain Forage Plants in Central Utah as Affected by Clipping and Grazing. USDA Technical Bulletin No 818. 51 pp.
Original Research Papers – Journal of Range Management
Available through: http://www.rangelands.org (click on publications, Journal of Range Management Archive)
Branson, F. A. 1953. Two new factors affecting resistance of grasses to grazing. Journal of Range Management 6:165-171.
Branson, F. A. 1956. Quantitative effects of clipping treatment on five range grasses. Journal of Range Management 9:86-88.
Busso, C. A., J. H . Richards, and N. J. Chatterton. 1990. Nonstructural carbohydrates and spring regrowth of two cool-season grasses: Interaction of drought and clipping. Journal of Range Management 43:336-343.
Cook, C. W. and L. A. Stoddart. 1953. Some growth responses of crested wheatgrass following herbage removal. Journal of Range Management 6:267-270
Cook, C. Wayne and R. Dennis Child. 1971. Recovery of desert plants in various states of vigor. Journal of Range Management 24:339-343.
Coyne, P. I. and C. Wayne Cook. 1970. Seasonal carbohydrate cycles in eight desert range species. Journal of Range Management 23:438-444.
Daer, T. and E. E. Willard. 1981. Total nonstructural carbohydrate trends in bluebunch wheatgrass related to growth and phenology. Journal of Range Management 34:377-379.
Donart, G. B. 1969. Carbohydrate reserves of six mountain range plants as related to growth. Journal of Range Management 22:411-415.
Menke, J. W. and M. J. Trlica. 1981. Carbohydrate reserve, phenology, and growth cycles of nine Colorado range species. Journal of Range Management 34:269-277.
Olson, B. E. and J. H. Richards. 1989. Crested wheatgrass growth and replacement following fertilization, thinning and neighbor removal. Journal of Range Management 42:93-97.
Orodho, A. B. and M. J. Trlica. 1990. Clipping and long-term grazing effects on biomass and carbohydrate reserves of Indian ricegrass. Journal of Range Management 43:52-57.
Peterson, R. A. 1962. Factors affecting resistance to heavy grazing in needle and thread grass. Journal of Range Management 15:183-189.
Rechenthin, C. A. 1956. Elementary morphology of grass growth and how it affects utilization. Journal of Range Management 9:167-171.
Trlica, M. J. and C. Wayne Cook. 1971. Defoliation effects on carbohydrate reserves of desert species. Journal of Range Management 24:418-425
Trlica, M. J., M. Buwai, and J. W. Menke. 1977. Effects of rest following defoliations on the recovery of several range species. Journal of Range Management 30:21-27.
White, L. M. 1973. Carbohydrate reserves of grasses: a review. Journal of Range Management 26:13-18.
Original Research Papers – Other Journals
Brown, R. F. 1985. The effect of severe defoliation on the subsequent growth and development of five rangeland pasture grasses in south-western Queensland. Australian Journal of Ecology 10:335-343.
Busso, C. A., R. J. Mueller, and J. H. Richards. 1989. Effects of drought and defoliation on bud viability in two caespitose grasses. Annals of Botany 63:477-485.
Busso, C. A. and J. H. Richards. 1995. Drought and clipping effects on tiller demography and growth of two tussock grasses in Utah. Journal of Arid Environments 29:239-251.
Caldwell, M. M., J. H. Richards, D. A. Johnson, R. S. Nowak, and R. S. Dzurec. 1981. Coping with herbivory: Photosynthetic capacity and resource allocatin in two semiarid Agropyron bunchgrasses. Oecologia 50:14-24.
Gold. W. G. and M. M. Caldwell. 1989. The effects of the spatial pattern of defoliation on regrowth of a tussock grass. Oecologia 80:289-296.
Gold, W. G. and M. M. Caldwell. 1990. The effects of spatial pattern of defoliation on regrowth of a tussock grass. Oecologia 82:12-17.
Hendrickson, J. R. and D. D. Briske. 1997. Axillary bud growth of two semi-arid perennial grasses: occurrence, longevity, and contribution to population persistence. Oecologia 110:584-591.
Hyder, D. N. and F. A. Sneva. 1963. Morphological and physiological factors affecting the grazing management of crested wheatgrass. Crop Science 3:267-271.
Nowak. R. S. and M. M. Caldwell. 1984. Photosynthetic activity and survival of foliage during winter for two bunchgrass species in a cold-winter steppe environment. Photosynthetica 18:192-200.
Nowak, R. S. and M. M. Caldwell. 1984. A test of compensatory photosynthesis in the field: implications for herbivory tolerance. Oecologia 61:311-318.
Olson, B. E. and J. H. Richards. 1988. Annual replacement of the tillers of Agropyron desertorum following grazing. Oecologia 76:1-6.
Olson, B. E. and J. H. Richards. 1988. Spatial arrangement of tiller replacement in Agropyron desertorum following grazing. Oecologia 76:7-10.
Richards, J. H. 1984. Root growth response to defoliation in two Agropyron bucnchgrasses: field observations with an improved root periscope. Oecologia 64:21-25.
Richards, J. H. and M. M. Caldwell. 1985. Soluble carbohydrates, concurrent photosynthesis, and efficiency in regrowth following defoliation: a field study with Agropyron species. Journal of Applied Ecology 22:907-920.
Richards, J. H., R. J. Mueller, and J. J. Mott. 1988. Tillering in tussock grasses in relation to defoliation and apical bud removal. Annals of Botany 62:173-179.
St-Pierre, J. C. and M. J. Wright. 1972. Distribution of 14C photosynthates in timothy (Phleum pretense L.) during the vegetative stage of growth. Crop Science 191-194.
Wandera, J. L., J. H. Richards, and R. J. Mueller. 1992. The relationship between relative growth rate, meristematic potential, and compensatory growth of semiarid-land shrubs. Oecologia 90:391-398.
Ward, C. Y. and R. E. Blaser. 1961. Carbohydrate food reserves and leaf area in regrowth of orchardgrass. Crop Science 1:366-370.
Return to Basics of Grass Growth
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3 Questions to Consider When Buying A Second Home
The global COVID-19 pandemic, with its lockdowns and the rise of remote work and virtual schooling, has driven many families to consider both temporary and permanent moves to suburban areas. In fact, the purchase of second homes is now so prevalent in the United States that the trend is accelerating the current housing boom.
In October 2020, demand for second homes increased 100 percent over a year earlier, which was the fourth triple-digit increase in five months, according to Redfin data. The same body of research shows the demand for second homes dwarfed the 50 percent increase in demand for primary homes.
"A lot of people, especially in metropolitan areas, are much more interested in second homes due to COVID," said Angie O'Leary, head of wealth planning at RBC Wealth Management-U.S. "Friends who downsized to get a more metropolitan experience are now looking to get out of downtown. A friend in San Francisco told me, 'I'm buying a house because I will never be locked down in this apartment ever again. I want a yard, a pool, a street to walk on.'"
Even for those who wanted second homes before the pandemic, the ability to work remotely now makes the option even more appealing. O'Leary, for instance, was able to spend several months this year with her husband at their lake cabin in Minnesota. "The ability to work remotely allowed us the luxury of a lovely summer on the lake," she said. "It was a blessing, something we never expected to get to do until retirement."
But the pandemic won't last forever, and those who would like to purchase a second home now may want to consider long-term plans for the home, how to choose the right location and how to pay for it before taking the leap.
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Why invest in more property?
Instead of focusing on travel savings in 2021, many Americans are setting aside their extra money to purchase vacation homes to which they can return again and again, O'Leary said.
For instance, while some homeowners are looking for second homes as investments, others are seeking second homes to help them meet their purposeful planning goals, which might include a large property where kids and grandkids can gather year after year.
Before making a purchase, it's important to think through the personal reasons for investing in a second home. The right home may check more than one box for you, but understanding your goals will help you select the right property and financing plan.
"What's really important is that your second home fits within your financial plan," O'Leary said. "Have a well-thought-out plan that allows you to successfully own a second home."
What's the best location for a second home?
The newfound freedom of remote work means you can buy a home on the beach in Florida or in the mountains of Colorado, but neither of those options may be the most practical for your long-term situation.
For instance, it might make more sense for you to buy a home closer to family, or in an area that's close enough to drive for short weekend trips.
"Think about how often you want to use the home," said Bill Ringham, director of private wealth strategies at RBC Wealth Management-U.S. "You're a lot more likely to use a home that's an hour away than eight hours away. And the further you live from the second home, the more likely you'll need to hire someone to maintain it for you."
If you plan to use the home to generate short-term rental income, think about which locations might draw more visitors. And if you hope to make the home a place where kids and grandkids can gather, consider locations that are convenient to most of your family members.
Finally, you may want to consider access to resources, such as childcare, restaurants and medical clinics, and even reliable high-speed internet for remote work.
How does one finance a second home?
There are various options you can select for financing your purchase, such as paying in cash, getting or refinancing a mortgage or using a securities-based line of credit (SBL).
If you want to have instant liquidity on hand to make a quick purchase, especially in a competitive market for second homes, an SBL may be an option. As a line of credit against your brokerage account, an SBL may offer lower rates than a mortgage and limited underwriting, said Fred Rose, head of credit and liquidity solutions at RBC Wealth Management-U.S.
To qualify for an SBL, most borrowers need at least $100,000 in non-qualified assets. Lenders usually allow credit lines of 50-70 percent of the value of your equities and 60-90 percent of the value of bonds. For example, if you have $1 million in equities, you might be able to borrow up to $700,000, potentially making it easier to quickly close on a $600,000 condo in Florida and later refinance with a traditional mortgage loan.
Unless you have a plan to pay off the SBL in the near term, such as with a mortgage, Rose doesn't recommend borrowing up to the available amount.
"If you're planning to hold on to the line of credit for a long time, we recommend staying below 50 percent of your available borrowing capacity," he said. That's because even though an SBL can offer flexibility and liquidity—since it's based on market securities—the collateral is likely to fluctuate.
"If the value of the securities goes down significantly and you've borrowed against them, you may have a collateral call," Rose said, which may require you to pay down your loan or bring in additional assets to your account to stay within your loan's required maintenance ratio.
An SBL can be a valuable bridge solution or partial financing solution for a second home, but "the best financing for homes over the long term is a mortgage," Rose explained.
Beyond the purchase price, don't forget about the hidden costs of a second home.
Your property taxes will depend on the state, but they may be higher than the taxes on primary homes because second homes don't get the homestead tax exemption, Ringham said.
"Take a look at the expenses on your primary house, such as utilities, insurance, taxes and maintenance to get a basic idea of the costs of ownership," he said. "But also consider new expenses. If you buy a lake property, for example, you may want a boat, too."
If you plan to make your second home a family legacy and leave it to children or grandchildren as part of your estate, you may also want to consider how to prepare for future expenses now in order to minimize conflict.
For instance, to make it easy to leave their lake cabin to their children, O'Leary and her husband plan to put the cabin in a trust and fund the trust to cover expenses for a number of years.
Considering such factors is an important part of planning for a second home. If a second home fits into your financial plan, it can be a rewarding way to accomplish your goals, providing income, years of memories and a legacy for your family.
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This article is for general information and education only. It is provided as a courtesy to the clients and friends of City National Bank (City National). City National does not warrant that it is accurate or complete. Opinions expressed and estimates or projections given are those of the authors or persons quoted as of the date of the article with no obligation to update or notify of inaccuracy or change.
This article is a republication of content originally published by RBC Wealth Management, a division of RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Member NYSE/FINRA/SIPC. © 2020, Royal Bank of Canada, used with permission. This article may not be reproduced, distributed or further published by any person without the written consent of RBC Wealth Management. Please cite source when quoting.
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El Dorado (1966)
May 23, 2021 admin Comments 1 comment
"Since when did hired guns get choosy?"
An aging gun-for-hire (John Wayne) returns to the town of El Dorado with a young knife-throwing sidekick named Mississippi (James Caan), ready to help the town's alcoholic sheriff (Robert Mitchum) fight against the henchmen supporting a land-grabbing tycoon (Ed Asner).
Howard Hawks Films
James Caan Films
John Wayne Films
Robert Mitchum Films
Sheriffs and Marshalls
Response to Peary's Review:
Peary writes that "director Howard Hawks and writer Leigh Brackett reworked their 1959 western Rio Bravo, coming up with a film that just misses equaling that masterpiece." He notes that "like in other Hawks films, this one deals with professionalism, friendship, [and] grace under pressure; like Rio Bravo and Rio Lobo (1970), it ends with all the good guys still alive." He adds that "Christopher George, who plays a gunfighter working for bad-guy rancher Ed Asner, is Hawks's most sympathetic villain":
… given that "he and Wayne respect each other, since both are professionals with a code of honor." Finally, Peary points out that the "picture has exciting action sequences and a great deal of humor," with "Caan… particularly funny."
There's not much more to say about this remake of Rio Bravo (yes, that's essentially what it is) except that it's competently filmed and handles aging and infirmity with aplomb, not shying away from showing how much harder life is in the rugged west when your body starts failing you. Mitchum's character is played for laughs rather than pathos, but undergoes a refreshing transformation; and it's interesting seeing Caan in one of his earliest films, bridging the era of classical filmmaking with a burgeoning new sensibility in cinema. However, this one isn't must-see other than for Hawks fans.
Harold Rosson's cinematography
Fine performances by the ensemble cast
No, though of course fans of John Wayne or Howard Hawks will want to check it out.
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Cleveland Press Review
Response Reviews
Rio Bravo (1959)
Raging Bull (1980)
One thought on "El Dorado (1966)"
Not must-see. (Rewatch 11/22/20.)
Fans of Hawks, Wayne or Mitchum will probably want to check it out – but I'm not sure why.
Frankly, it's tired. As Hawks' next-to-last movie, it doesn't look or feel anything like what he is most-known for. The script is way too talky, and often the talk is not interesting. The way the film is lit, it looks made-for-tv.
But the major problem is its tone. Early in his career, Hawks was famous for allowing his actors to talk over each other – some of that might have helped here, but everybody waits for everyone else to say what they have to say; tension is consistently sapped out of the conversations. Members of the cast rarely seem genuinely engaged but more like they're going through the motions, or just not making a convincing effort.
The effect is that of a bunch of uncommitted people making a movie simply because they wouldn't know how to spend their time otherwise.


A 37-year-old San Francisco man may want to consider a career change after he was arrested for a string of bank robberies. According to Reuters, police used the resume he'd accidentally left at the scene of the crime to track him down. "Here's the story: You shouldn't drink or take drugs and drive," San Francisco police Lt. Bruce Marovich told the Chronicle. "You shouldn't rob banks and do the same thing. That's what he was doing."


The Ferrari 330 GTC (Gran Turismo Coupé) was unveiled at the Geneva Salon in March 1966 and was designed to complement Ferrari's sporting berlinetta, the 275 GTB, in much the same way that the 250 GT Pininfarina Coupé had complemented the 250 GT Tour de France. The 330 GTC combined many design elements from the most beautiful Ferrari automobiles, and it offered the latest development of Colombo's legendary V-12 engine, with a chassis closely patterned after the 275 GTB. Legendary racing drivers Phil Hill and Paul Frère both proclaimed the model to be the best Ferrari built to date and one of the finest GT cars ever made.
In 1968, the 330 GTC received a batch of modest upgrades, including an increase in engine displacement, good for an additional 20 horsepower, resulting in the 365 GTC. This new model was instantly identifiable by the relocation of its front wing vents to the bonnet. The improved engine featured greater power at a lower range of the rpm band, with strong torque developing at as low as 2,500 rpm.
In addition to offering better mechanical performance than its predecessor, the 365 GTC was built in far smaller quantities, with only 168 examples produced between 1968 and 1970. As with all limited-production Ferraris, the small number built has made the 365 GTC valuable as much for its power and dashing good looks.
This 365 GTC, chassis number 12055, was dispatched by the Ferrari factory to the Assistenza Clienti at Modena for finishing work and the preparation for delivery on 17 February 1969. Later that month, the car, finished in Grigio Ortello (2.443.813) over Beige (VM 3218) upholstery, was delivered to dealer M. Gastone Crepaldi S.a.s. in Milan and sold to a local resident, Mr Amadori. Records of well-known Ferrari historian Marcel Massini show that the Assistenza Clienti continued to maintain the car for Amadori until well into the early 1970s.
In the following years, the 365 GTC was exported to the United States, where it was owned by Carl Walsten, of Greenwich, Connecticut. Mr Walsten displayed the car at the Ferrari Club of America's regional meeting on Long Island in September 1976.
By 1982, the car was advertised for sale with new black Connolly leather, which remains within it today. It was subsequently owned by Jules Levine, of Stamford, Connecticut, who maintained it for some five years. Thereafter, it was in the collection of Boston doctor David Allegra, M.D., who later relocated to California with the car and displayed it at the Rosso Rodeo Concours in Beverly Hills in June 1995.
More recently, chassis number 12055 was imported and registered in the United Kingdom. It is presented today as a largely original car that has always been well cared for. Importantly, it still retains the original engine, as can be clearly seen from the stamping on the engine block.
The paint is fresh, and the black leather has achieved the nice worn-in condition that can only be obtained through regular use and proper care. The engine bay shows proper maintenance, and the original Veglia metric instrumentation displays some 3,200 kilometres, likely post-restoration. The car is also equipped with air conditioning and an AM/FM stereo/cassette tape entertainment system.
In many ways, the 365 GTC represents the late 1960s "sweet spot" for Ferrari enthusiasts, as it offers everything that one seeks: two seats, V-12 power, well over 300 horsepower, a five-speed gearbox, classic Pininfarina good looks, Borrani wire wheels, a luxurious interior, and the classic thin, wood-rimmed Nardi steering wheel.
All in all, this is a well-cared-for, substantially original car that is bound to delight any aficionado of the marque. As a member of a very small constituency, only 168 examples, it is to be particularly prized.