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Disputed borders on your maps
Petra Duriancikova
Border disputes often represent complex geopolitical disagreements as well as a challenge for cartographers. It is problematic to ensure that maps reflect the borders without any bias towards either side of the conflict. To ease this issue, MapTiler Cloud enables users to display the borders according to the selected country's policy. In this article, we will show you the way how this is done.
To change disputed borders on your maps, you need to have a MapTiler Cloud account created. If you don't have one yet, please register for free at MapTiler Cloud or directly purchase at MapTiler Cloud - Plans.
Disputed borders
A boundary or territorial dispute is a disagreement over an area of land claimed by two or more political entities. Each involved party would publish its own maps where the area would be within their state territory. The conflicts can originate from historical background, different religious or ethnic perspectives, the possession of strategic natural resources or of a complex combination of a variety of these factors. What makes the mapping of border disputes even more difficult is the fact, that every conflict is unique and has its own geopolitical issues.
Border disputes have significant meaning in international law as they disrupt its very basis – the state territory. There are a few terms widely used in relation: border dispute, occupied territory and irredentism. Occupied territory, however not accepted by the sovereign states, is usually in control of the occupied state by the military force. Irredentism has a deep basis in history. It is an ideological movement wanting to reclaim lost populations and territories that once declared the independence of their former state.
Now that we know an important theory behind it, we can get a bit more insight into some of the most discussed border disputes of today's world.
Kashmir conflict dates back to the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947, the year when the countries split. Both India and Pakistan claim the area of the formerly independent state Kashmir and Jammu with China being involved as a third party.
Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and West Bank are territories disputed by Israel and Palestina who did not reach peace even after the 54 years of struggles. In May 2021 the situation escalated again resulting in rocket attacks from Gaza and airstrikes by Israel. The ceasefire was agreed upon on 21 May.
Western Sahara is a disputed territory over which the Polisario Front and the Kingdom of Morocco are arguing. The territory's sovereignty is considered as unresolved by the United Nations. The conflict originated from an insurgency against Spanish colonial forces in 1973 and the subsequent Western Sahara War.
South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan in 2011 following the results of a referendum, making it the most recent sovereign state in the world. Despite that, the disputes over areas such as Abyei or Heglig stayed, as most of the oil reserves come from these regions. This eventually lead to a Civil War which was ended in 2020 by a peace deal and new government. As of July 2021, the implementation of the peace deal was however delayed.
Crimea crisis started in 2014 when the Crimean Peninsula was annexed by the Russian Federation. Following the events of 2014, a conflict erupted between Russian-backed separatists of the self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk republics and Ukrainian forces. On 24th February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine and thus broke international law. The Russian aggression is still ongoing and presents the biggest threat to Europe's security since the Cold War.
Armenia-Azerbaijan border crisis is an ongoing standoff between the military forces of the two countries since the last clashes over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict originated in the early 1920s when both countries were taken over by the Red Army. Although the majority of Nagorno Karabakh's population is Armenian, the territory was officially a part of Azerbaijan. Following the collapse of the USSR, tensions escalated into the First Nagorno-Karabakh war. In September 2020 a new war erupted in the area resulting in Azerbaijan gaining most of the territories held by Armenia after the first war.
The majority of these border disputes are already included in MapTiler Cloud making it easy for you to adjust the boundaries as you wish. More updates are soon to come, so stay tuned!
Tagging in OpenStreetMap
Displaying the disputed borders according to your preference is enabled by the OpenStreetMap specialized tags such as disputed_name or claimed_by. These tags, however not officially approved, are widely used among users. There were several initiatives proposing the proper tagging of the border disputes, but none of them is active as of July 2021. MapTiler Planet and OpenMapTiles schema used in MapTiler Cloud maps have similar tags that are in compliance with the OSM ones.
Disputed_name tag contains the name of the disputed area without spaces and is valid for country boundaries only (admin_level = 2).
Claimed_by tag consists of the ISO2 country code and specifies the country according to which's policy the borders will be displayed. A list of the ISO2 country codes can be found for example here.
There is also the basic disputed tag which defines whether the border is (value = 1) or is not disputed (value = 0).
Change disputed borders in one click
MapTiler Cloud allows you to quickly create a map that would be in line with the selected country's policy.
Log in to your Cloud account and select a map either from your maps or Standard maps section: MapTiler Cloud - Maps, then click on Customize a copy.
Select from the Preferred country borders drop-down menu in Global settings.
That's it! Now you have a map with the borders according to your preferred point of view. Don't forget to save it.
You can choose from the following countries' points of view: Abkhazia, Armenia, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Guyana, India, Israel, Italy, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi, Nagorno Karabakh, Nepal, Pakistan, Palestine, Russia, South Ossetia, South Sudan, Spain, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Turkey, Ukraine and Western Sahara.
Advanced changing of disputed borders
If you want to dig a bit deeper into the disputed borders mapping, use the Advanced Editor. To access it, you can either click on the Edit a copy button under any of your map styles or go via the Customize tool and the button Advanced editing.
Once you are in the editor, you should focus on the boundary or border layers. In the Filter properties, you can work with the disputed tags: disputed, disputed_name and claimed_by.
For highlighting just the borders that are disputed use the disputed == 1 expression and adjust the line styling in the Paint properties. This is the way the global map of disputed borders in this article was created.
To change the borders according to your preference, work with the claimed_by tag and country codes. For example, if you want to see Kashmir from India's point of view, add the filter claimed_by == IN, if you want to display it from the perspective of Pakistan, you have to add the filter claimed_by == PK. The default value is unset and therefore shows the whole territory as a disputed area.
Removal of disputed borders
Some claims (such as Moroccan over Western Sahara) require hiding the disputed borders between the two territories. This can be also achieved with the Advanced Editor. You can filter out the border with claimed_by tag as in the previous example and then use the "eye" icon next to the layer name to hide it.
The map design of the disputed borders is often being discussed by cartographers. A dashed line is the most commonly used style. This can be achieved in the Advanced Editor in Paint properties under Dasharray. There are two fields to fill – the lengths of the alternating dashes (later scaled by the line width) and the gaps that form the dash pattern. Another way to add a bit of uncertainty is a blur or adjustment of opacity. Both can be found under the Paint properties as well to make your maps look more professional. If preferred, you can also edit the whole layer design in the JSON code.
Border disputes are difficult and complex situations requiring deeper thinking when creating a map. MapTiler Cloud allows every user to easily adjust the borders according to their preferred point of view using Customize tool or Advanced Editor. MapTiler team carefully checks and maintains the disputed borders in MapTiler Planet. If you would like to add a new country point of view or adjust the existing ones, please don't hesitate to contact our support team.
Documentation - Boundaries in MapTiler Cloud
MapTiler Support – Display disputed borders according to the official country's policy
OpenMapTiles Vector Tile Schema – Boundary
How to display disputed borders according to the official country policy
How to highlight specific country on your map
How to create and export your own map style in MapTiler Cloud
Satellite 2021 distribution


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Y'man 'Dog Eat Dog' Album
Y'man Dog, DMV's seasoned and celebrated artist releases a new album titled 'Dogma (Dog Eat Dog)'. The solo 15-track project is said to be his top release to date.
Y'man Dog shows off his skill set as an emcee and eclecticism as an artist throughout the album's entirety, which is brimming with street records, anthems, and even something for the ladies.
The Oxon Hill, Maryland based native engages listeners through impeccable wordplay and aggressive yet truth-based lyricism detailing his life and what's made him and continues to empower his shine. Y'man Dog pays homage to his hood, depicts personal dog eat dog world survival tactics, and embodies the impact of mental and physical warfare.
The "Gangsta Humanitarian" also switches up the tempo, anthem style, with a focus on his grind, ability to keep his eyes on the prize, and the brush of wildfires when he shuts the scene down! If that's not enough, Y'man Dog reveals a vulnerable side and shares about his lustful desires and yearning to please the right woman.
Overall, Y'man Dog delivers a diverse selection of records that emulate his growth as both a man and an artist. The production which includes distinct piano keys, hard beats, soulful tones, and a perfect arrangement of classic and modern cadences heightens his lyrical deliverance and raw emotion. One thing is evident, after listening to 'Dogma' it's almost impossible to shake the name "Gangsta Humanitarian."
Stream 'Dogma (Dog Eat Dog)' on Apple Music and Spotify
Connect with Y'man Dog on Twitter & the Web

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It was a warm and sunny Thursday at the Harsham refugee camp in Erbil, Iraq, and bright and balmy outside the shipping container in an area of downtown Los Angeles between the Performing Arts Center and City Hall. All that separated the three students – Lulu, Liam and Helena – and the two men was a flickering screen and 7,450 miles. As the students settled into their seats and oriented themselves to the jarring effect of distance in proximity, 19-year-old Muhammad, dressed in a white shirt and black pants, asked the young students about their favorite sports.
Lulu, a blond-haired girl wearing a black beret and a chain around her neck, said she liked soccer. Liam said he did too. There were smiles all round as the teenagers talked about their favorite teams from Spain's top division, La Liga.
"Real Madrid," Lulu chimed in.
The gold containers are the creation of Brooklyn-based artist, former law school student and Washington Post reporter Amar Bakshi. He wandered bleary-eyed around the installation last week, at regular intervals giving interviews to broadcasters, including the local Fox affiliate and CNN.
Dressed in a loose cream top and black jeans, Bakshi sat at a pink picnic table close to his installation on Thursday morning during a break. He scanned his smartphone and registered shock as he learned the United States had just dropped the most powerful conventional weapon in its arsenal, the MOAB or "mother of all bombs," on a cave complex used by Islamic State militants in Afghanistan.
As news of the U.S. action filtered through, Fazeel Chauhan, 53, an analyst from Pomona, and his friend Karen Dinehart emerged from the darkness of the gold container into the mid-morning sun.
They had just been talking to three young men at the Harsham camp who were in a portal that had been converted from a disused pumping station. Some 1,500 Iraqi families who fled Mosul live at the camp.
Pakistani-born Chauhan gestured to two bulletin boards in the park where people had left post-it notes. One of them struck a chord. The writer noted that if people talked more often it could lead to world peace.
Bakshi built the portal in 2014, and the political climate since has drastically changed. The election of President Donald Trump has provoked fear among communities in Los Angeles where according to recent Pew study, 375,000 unauthorized immigrants live.
The same populist wave that swept Trump to power had already touched Britons, who voted to leave the European Union in part because of anxieties over migration. In mainland Europe, there is a growing intolerance as Syrian refugees have fled their war-torn country for the continent.
As French voters go to the polls in the first round of voting in the presidential election on Sunday, far-right politician Marine Le Pen is expected to enter a runoff with Emmanuel Macron. The vote comes after the shooting of a Paris police officer on the Champs Élysées on Thursday night.
While the shifting political landscape seems to some to be driving people farther apart, the portals project is all about bring people together.
Bakshi, however, seemed preoccupied with adding "something beautiful to the world" rather than making a bold political statement. He said in an interview that he wanted to create a space where people can converse freely with little purpose, or even make music. He is, however, aware of the timeliness of his work.
Kim Noonan is a 44-year-old teacher and filmmaker who lives in Highland Park and talked with the Iraqi refugees at the camp last week. He came to the United States from Vietnam as a refugee, and said he was curious about what the refugees had been through in the Middle East. But he said he understood when the two teens he talked were more eager to discuss their favorite foods: pizza and sandwiches.
"I think they preferred to keep it simple and I understand that. But there's also more part of me that's interested in what the perception of America is as well," Noonan said.
Julia Diamond, the director of programming for Grant Park, said the beauty of the exhibit is that it allows people to bond over everyday concerns like a mutual love of Oreos.
"Some of it is so mundane. And I think what's really great is this can very easily take people in faraway places who feel like they have nothing in common and help them very quickly find common ground," she said.
During his time as a Post reporter, Bakshi traveled around the world and – unencumbered from his iPhone or laptop – found himself having carefree conversations with strangers during bus rides and on the road. He heard the story of a Filipino woman in search of her lost father and a dying Mexican revolutionary making his final pilgrimage.
"When I came home, every conversation I had was for work or to get a job or get a date, and there was not that experience of just basic human curiosity and connection," Bakshi said.
His reporting sent him to Pakistan in 2007 during the George W. Bush years. His grandmother Shashi Chopra had fled by train at night from Lahore in 1947 during the Partition of India, watching as fires lit up the city. His grandmother read all of his stories but wanted to know more. He said the project was both a meditation on his "Nanny," who passed away in 2009 at 76, and a desire to capture what was so special about the conversations he had while on his travels.
After buying a used shipping container and knocking down his parents' fence to place it in their backyard, Bakshi enlisted the help of a 75-year-old handyman named Ed to build the portal.
The container attracted some unwanted attention. Bakshi's neighbors suspected that Bakshi was living in the shipping container and called local law enforcement. They notified the FBI when he spray-painted it gold and stenciled "Tehran" on the exterior. Bakshi suddenly found himself being interrogated by a federal agent.
Since launching the portal in a gallery in New York and in Tehran in 2014, Bakshi's organization Shared Studios has placed portals in 17 nations, including the Templehof building in Berlin, the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington and a tech incubator in Gaza City.
The Portals Project opened in Los Angeles Grand Park on April 10 and has captured the imagination. Reservations were snapped up quickly. Diamond said part of its appeal is that it is more than just an art installation.
Bakshi said part of the portals' adaptability is bringing people from different walks of life and political ideologies together. He said people wearing Trump hats had entered the portal to talk to refugees in Berlin, and drone operators talked to Afghans in 20-minute conversations.
Celebrities and politicians have given the portal experience a whirl too. Ewan McGregor, Dutch Foreign Minster Bert Koenders and Iraqi Prime Minister Haider Al-Abadi have spoken to refugees in Erbil as has President Barack Obama, who talked to a young Iraqi entrepreneur named Ali.
Bakshi has not yet extended an invitation to Trump, but said he would love for the 45th president to try it out.
After his experience in the portal, Noonan summed up the project in one word: empathy. He said the installation reminds him that the world does not revolve around Los Angeles and the United States.
LA Voices Portals Project is at Grand Park until April 23.


Most weeks I check the planning applications recently validated, via the weekly/monthly list search option on the council's 'planning access' pages. Some weeks I don't get around to it and miss things. I didn't get around to it last week, but the Press has drawn attention to one of the applications just submitted, a rather surprising request to fell a large number of trees at the edge of the Clifton Moor retail park, because they're obscuring the view of the shops.
Though 103 trees is a lot, it is only part of the 'tree offer' next to Clifton Moor's 'retail offer'. There are a lot of trees on the boundary, the very long boundaries of this massive place, once large enough to contain an airfield. Now it's a sprawl of shops, out here on its northern part, nearest the ring road. The application relates to a particular section of tree planting, near to Matalan, Iceland, Dunelm, etc. See the 'Further information' below for links to the plans.
In considering the application it is important to recognise that the original landscape scheme was designed to be low key and to be maintained at a low level to enable customers to enjoy views of the retail units.
I know from previous excursions that Clifton Moor retail park is a horribly unfriendly place to any visitor not in a car. I've tried to navigate it a couple of times by bike (with bits of walking when I came across frightening roundabouts and decided to dismount) and I have to say that it's probably the most cyclist-unfriendly and pedestrian-unfriendly place I've visited in my wanderings/cycling around York.
So I hoped I could illustrate this piece with images from Google Street View, and not have to visit it.
But, that proved inadequate. So, dear readers, I went the extra mile (or several), gathered all my courage and fortitude, and set off on Old Bikey, up the pothole-filled roads of outer York, towards the outer fringes of the retail park, to bring you the photos on this page of the actual trees under threat.
The photos were all taken yesterday, as I dodged the cars on a Clifton Moor retail park access road, unprotected by pavement or cycle lane, while the ring road traffic whizzed by on the other side of the trees. I don't want a medal but please feel free to express appreciation for my ongoing endeavors in citizen journalism in a supportive financial way, should this page inspire you.
Perhaps many readers will have admired these trees while sitting in traffic on the ring road. Or perhaps not. We tend to take trees for granted until they're under threat of being felled, or, as is more usual, until we see them being felled, having not realised they were going to be. Anyway, let's appreciate them now.
They're a mix of species, some of them with thick trunks and interesting bark, and they're all looking robust and healthy. They're not those usual town trees, small rowans and the like, the kind we plant now in tight spaces. We have oaks in here. Yes, oaks.
The planting also includes poplar, alder, ash and birch.
There's evidence that a few of the trees have been felled in the past, stumps remaining.
And also evidence that perhaps it isn't that easy to kill them, that nature so often surges back, defiant.
Trees apparently regrowing from stumps. Middle one is an oak.
Growth was sprouting from the ground again on this patch. Perhaps this kind of low growth is preferred by the shop owners, as it doesn't obscure the view of the retail offer.
This photo including a car gives a better idea of scale — how tall many of these trees are. They're fairly lofty, but just getting going really, doing their tree thing.
Letters to the Press and other online comments have referred to 'our' trees. There appears to be a sense of ownership, perhaps because they're in a public place, near roads.
A hedge between them and the ring road looked like it was the boundary of the retail park, which is private property, as this sign on one of the photos I took makes clear (in a blurry way, apologies for the quality).
'Is the applicant the owner of the tree(s)?' it asks. The answer is 'yes'.
So it could be said that we the public have no right to tell the owners of the land what to do with their trees. And we might also think about how vulnerable 'our trees' are in other publicly visible/accessible places, where they're probably not 'ours' at all.
The belt of trees located between the access roads for Clifton Moor Retail Park and the outer ring road (A1237) are considered to be an essential component of the highly visible landscape infrastructure of the retail development, and the setting of the city. The trees (and hedge) can be suitably managed to allow views in to the development whilst retaining a suitable landscape setting. Potentially the trees are no longer protected by conditions of planning consent, therefore it is felt expedient to serve a tree preservation order to protect the integrity the tree belt and the public amenity that it affords.
But a TPO isn't a guarantee that trees will be protected, as previous experience shows. Tree Preservation Orders can be revoked.
The proposed dualling of the ring road, which I keep hearing mention of every now and then, would presumably wipe out a lot of the wildlife-friendly vegetation now well-established alongside the existing road, and destroy a habitat we'd then have to recreate again, around the wider road.
And as always, I'd like to be helpful and include direct links to the most interesting documents included in the above, but the creaky online system often refuses to display documents. So if the following links don't work either try again later or try the main link above and scroll down the list.
The objections/comments are also viewable either on the main link or this link, under 'Comments', depending on your device.
Providing information like this takes many hours of work — research, thought, writing, photography, and in this case, cycling. It's all created by one person, who receives no public funding to provide this valuable online resource. The site's continuation with regularly updated content is more likely if more people support it financially. I have bills to pay just like everyone else. If you'd like to say thank you for this labour of love, here's a link for that, and more information on this page.
Your first sentence 'recently validated' hits the nail on the head. Without an Arborocultural report on each and every tree to be felled, along with valid reasons why they need to be felled, this application shouldn't have even got this far. As for not been able to see the shops for the trees, I'm still laughing now.


Viral Outbreak is a new soundware product based on the sounds of the Virus TI hardware synthesizer.
Viral Outbreak is now available both as a VSTi plugin, and a Reason 4.0 Refill.
No sampler required. Viral Outbreak is powered by a full copy of the WusikEngine V4 by Wusik.com. You can use this engine to load other Wusikstation libraries.
Sampled at 32-bit 96khz. Downsampled to 24-bit 48khz.
Comes loaded with around 950 presets by Pro-Sounds, Teksonik, Tim Conrardy, Jeremy Janzen, rsmus7 and others.
A TI-inspired skin by Vera Kinter.
235 unique Reason Combinators included by a variety of Reason sound designers included Adam Fielding, Tom Pritchard, Nick Hutton, and Shaun Wallace.
A variety of additional individual patches for Reason's modules.
Programmed for Reason 4, and as such makes use of Thor and RPG-8.
Viral Outbreak is available now, priced at $99.95 CAD delivered electronically. A free demo Plugin and Refill are also available as well as a variety of demo MP3 content.
Big Fish Audio Jazz Drums Big Fish Audio is shipping Jazz Drums, which features over 1000 drum loops from 50 to 200bpm.
VSL Updates VSL has released updates for the Vienna Instruments and Vienna Ensemble.
DBU Announces Prometheus and Fortuity Dangerous Bear Underground (DBU) has announced the recent release of its 2008 product line of soundware libraries and sample-based VST instruments.


You will be fighting another battle against one of Belgemine's Aeons again very shortly in another one of the "Belgemine's challenges". Similar to last time, it doesn't necessarily matter whether you win or lose as the items that are on the line for winning are insignificant.
That being said, you may as well try to win the battle if you can. You can prepare for this battle in the same way as before: add Yuna into your party and begin charging (and saving) her Overdrive for the battle.
There are also a lot of Ochu enemies that you will be fighting in this area. They are not too difficult but the battles can be made much easier by equipping armor that has the Poisonward or even a Consfuseward ability if you happen to have them.
Weapon and armor drops are random in Final Fantasy X which is why some players may have armor with these abilities and some may now.
Just off to the right side of where Shelinda is standing is a small pathway that leads to a treasure chest. The chest contains three Lv. 1 Key Spheres.
Continue along the pathway until you run into the two Ronso. Biran and Yenke will make fun of Kimahri and his team again. There is a chest behind the entire group of them that contains an X-Potion.
There is another part of the pathway that goes off to the right. Follow it along to find a treasure chest that contains three more Lv. 1 Key Spheres.
Keep going until you come across Belgemine. Speak to her to initiate the second challenge.
Make sure that you charge Yuna's Overdrive before you initiate this battle.
The tactics for the fight are fairly straightforward. Initiate your attack by using Hellfire and then use Ifrit's Fire attack on Ifrit which will actually heal the Aeon for a significant amount of HP.
Belgemine's Ixion will use Haste on itself which means that you are going to be subjected to a barrage of attacks relatively quickly.
The goal of this fight is to keep yourself healed up while storing up Overdrive attacks to unleash Hell Fire on Ixion as often as you can. Two Hell Fire attacks will usually defeat Ixion depending on your level and how much you have trained up Yuna.
If Ifrit is defeated you will have an opportunity to summon Valefor in order to complete the fight.
The prize for successfully defeating Belgemine is two Dragon Scales. You will receive six Smoke Bombs if you lose the fight.
You will also receive a Summoner's Soul no matter what the outcome of the battle. Dragon Scales can be used to teach your Aeons new abilities (as per the explanation given once you receive the Summoner's Soul).
Just past Belgemine is a trail that goes off to the left. There is a treasure chest at the end of the path that contains a Magic Def Sphere.
Continue down the pathway until you reach the banks of the Moonflow. There is a cutscene that takes place as Tidus observes the Moonflow for the first time. Take a left heading west after the Moonflow cutscene.
Start off by grabbing the treasure chest for two free Phoenix Downs and the talk to O'aka XXIII if you need to refill any items. Continue left and you will find the rest of your team next to the Shoopuf.
Go west past Auron to meet up with the Crusaders. Talk to Maechen for information and stories about the Shoopufs. Grab the treasure chest behind Lulu to snag a free 5,000 gil.
Save your game at the Save Sphere and then head back to the Shoopuf docking station. In preparation for an upcoming fight, you may wish to equip Tidus and Wakka with any weapons that have the Lightningstrike ability if you have them.
Talk to the Hypello (the little blue person) to ride the Shoopuf across the Moonflow. The Shoopuf will take the team to the other side of the Moonflow.
As the team are crossing the Moonflow in the Shoopuf they will be ambushed by another Al Bhed Machina. This is the next boss fight.
Tidus and Wakka will be thrust into battle against the Extractor after Yuna gets hauled overboard.
Start off by having Tidus use his special abilities. Have him use Cheer and Haste on both characters (use Haste on Tidus first so that he can use Haste again faster and get rolling with attacks).
If you do enough damage to Extractor when it goes up to deploy depth charges you can stop it from releasing any. Other than that there really is no strategy to this fight.
Use healing items such as Potions and Hi-Potions to keep Tidus and Wakka's HP up during the battle.
Save your game again at the Save Sphere once you arrive at the opposite shore. There is a group of people surrounding Yuna in the lodge area but you don't need to speak to her to keep the story going.
One screen west of this area is an Al Bhed Primer (Vol. XII) which you should pickup. You can speak to O'aka XXIII again if you need to purchase any items. This time he only sells items and not any weapons or armor.
Go west one more screen to find a treasure chest that contains an Ether.
Continue to head westward on the North Bank of the Moonflow until you're interrupted by another cutscene at the end of the path. Tidus and the crew will come across the Al Bhed that Tidus met at the beginning of the game - Rikku! She now joins your team as a playable character.
She is a great addition to your team and it is highly recommended that you use her regularly. You can get away without using some characters (like Kimahri) but Rikku adds a ton of utility to the team. Click on the Characters section for more information.
Head northward and you will enter into the next scripted battle. Rikku can use her Steal ability to open up treasure chests in the middle of a battle.
You will also get a quick explanation regarding Rikku's Overdrive ability which is called Mix. For a more in-depth explanation check out the Overdrive section.
Grab the next treasure chest off to the right of the screen for four Antidotes. Continue northward until you reach the next screen.
This first trail provides a good opportunity to train Rikku up a few levels and many of the fights will utilize the mid-battle treasure chests that you just received an explanation about.
There is one more treasure chest at the end of the pathway that contains a Mega-Potion. Just past the entry way up ahead is the entrance to Guadosalam which is where the story continues.


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NBA does cynical LeBron James' bidding, suspends Draymond Green
I'm not sure if LeBron James watches Survivor, but he understands the theme: "Outwit, Outlast, Outplay." James couldn't outplay the Warriors or Draymond Green. A few minutes after Green came through with a weakside block on a James layup attempt, in the midst of a turnover-laden and thoroughly ineffective game from James, the two forwards became entangled near the top of the key.
What happened is up for interpretation, and the NBA interpreted the skirmish as worthy of a technical foul for James and a flagrant 1 foul for Green. Let's take a look at what happened.
https://youtu.be/cxlThiXNNjg
James pulled a fairly subtle martial arts move, taking Green's arm and using his own left leg to trip Green.
I only took Jiu Jitsu classes until sixth grade, so other than how to fall properly I don't remember a whole lot. But my friend, Jon, stuck with it, earned his black belt several years ago, and still practices and teaches Jiu Jitsu. He teased me for not remembering "deashi harai," which is known as a Judo throw but is also practiced in Jiu Jitsu.
Then, James had a decision. He could either run around Green, wait for him to get up and jaw at him, or step over him like an old sleeping dog in the living room or a passed out homeless person on 6th and Mission (that may sound harsh, but if you ever find yourself in that godforsaken area of San Francisco, it's sometimes necessary to take such measures).
James looked down at Green …
… and stepped over him. He didn't just step over Green, either. He lingered, just a little.
Oh, and he teabagged him. That's kind of important here.
Mo a national treasure via @SherwoodStrauss pic.twitter.com/qMXr0zYaoE
— warriorsworld (@warriorsworld) June 12, 2016
(Yes, I realize how ridiculous this is. But hey, this is the life we've chosen. Might as well keep rolling and see how this goes.)
James is no dummy. From the moment Green kicked Steven Adams in the groin a couple weeks ago and somehow escaped a suspension after a much more egregious act than the one he committed on Friday night, we all thought it possible that a player would bait Green into something. Someone like Adams, Matthew Dellavedova or Dahntay Jones. But the so-called King?
But James knew that in case of emergency he could try to break Green's composure, and he took it upon himself to do so when his team's season was in jeopardy. The best way to do that? Taunt him. "Son" him. Put his manhood in question with a move that doesn't just feel unpleasant physically, but mentally as well. No one wants to be dominated, and James came as close as a player can to urinating on another man.
THAT BEING SAID, Green is far from blameless. A smart player like him should keep the bigger picture in mind at all times. Instead, he fell directly into James' trap.
James surely couldn't believe his luck when Brian Windhorst showed him a clip of the incident after the game. All he wanted was for Green to retaliate in a way that would keep him out of one NBA Finals game, perhaps two. But Green's reputation as a nut-seeker already placed him on millimeter-thin ice with the NBA, who James gently prodded after the game.
"Well, I don't know what should happen. It's not my call. That's the League Office. They'll take a look at it. We all saw it in the locker room," said James, who was either not hit in the genitals, or possesses a titanium scrotum and a penis made of cast iron, because he didn't react like Adams or Bismack Biyombo did when they were struck in their respective packages in previous playoff games. He barely reacted at all to the smack, but he sure didn't like being called a naughty word.
Also, Green also flung his right arm toward James one more time. That's when it became obvious that James' ploy worked. Green was beyond upset, and couldn't help himself.
The two players slammed into each other, argued, and soon a double foul was called. Green infuriated James by calling him a "bitch," and if my lip-reading skills are decent, it looked like James said, "Don't call me a bitch again," or something similar.
Seriously, who cares about that. Players in contact sports have been calling each other that and worse for decades. Doesn't make it right, but it's not like Green called him a racial epithet or disrespected his children.
But James' mind wasn't focused on Game 4 throughout the final minutes. He tried to horsecollar Steph Curry a little while later, and spent the final minute padding his stats with layups, even though the Cavs' deficit called for 3-pointers. But his decision to target Green was a calculated baiting with an eye toward Game 5.
"A guy does something like that, you kind of lose respect for him. I had a lot of respect for LeBron over his career, since he was in high school. But, do things like that to get a guy suspended? That kind of disrespectful," said Mo Speights.
Speights isn't alone. Just about everyone realizes that Green made mistakes of his own, but only staunch James supporters and Cavs fans see James' actions as anything other than petty.
Yet one could contend that what James did isn't different from any of the other foul play(s) that occur in the heat of battle and are later justified with oft-said quotes like "it's the playoffs" or "it's the NBA Finals." Green showed a weakness throughout this postseason, when he tossed Michael Beasley to the deck at the end of Game 3 of the Warriors' first round series with the Rockets (one flagrant foul point), as well as the flailing kick to Adams (two points after his flagrant 1 was upgraded to a flagrant 2).
But there's something unique about James, one of the best players of all time, resorting to political tactics during the NBA Finals, and then claiming to "take the high road" when he was told that Klay Thompson said the NBA is a "man's league" and maybe James' feelings were hurt. James knows the rules, both in the NBA's rulebook and the unwritten ones for the most supreme of superstars — the latter set of rules says he can choose his teammates, angle for a new coach, and point toward his amazing stature (he's found of saying "as the leader of this team …") at every opportunity.
Cynical? Sure, but James knows that if any player in the league has enough sway to convince the NBA to suspend a key player for a move that didn't appear to actually hurt the "victim," it's him.
Warriors bracing for a Draymond Green suspension (if LeBron play is upgraded to Flagrant 1), & it seems best hope might be a tech instead.
— Sam Amick (@sam_amick) June 12, 2016
NBA could go that route, levying discipline w/out triggering suspension that's result of past Draymond flagrants. LeBron factor looms large.
The league seethes when concept of star treatment is brought up, but no way that isn't part of political discussion. This isn't Steven Adams
James and Green were battling in a game of high-stakes poker, and James (the mayor's or police chief's pampered son in this case) knew Green was on probation. When Green's stacks grew toward the sky and James' chips dwindled to almost zero, James picked a fight — not with the intention of fighting, but with the intention of convincing the police to haul Green away before James was forced to admit total defeat.
Is it Green's fault for being on probation in the first place? Absolutely. The NBA's point system seems ridiculous for the playoffs, since officials (and the league) call a lot of flagrants and the points keep accumulating over the course of, in Green's case, 21 games. Plus, a large fine seems more sensible than removing a guy with no more than three games remaining in the entire season. However, Green knew just as much about the point system as James (he was surely reminded of his status on a near-daily basis by his coaches, teammates, GM and PR staff), and his job in the last four games of the Western Conference Finals, and the entirety of the NBA Finals, was to refrain from fouling someone in a way that either hurt an opposing player, or (like in this case), looked awful given his recent history.
In all, it's a sad situation. Green's passion and pride overcame his ability to survive just one more game. James' cynical and opportunistic nature overshadows a series with more than enough stories to tell without this soap opera-esque turn. Well, for now. James outwitted Green this time, but that doesn't mean his team won't get outplayed — even when facing a team without its second-best player — tomorrow. And with two more games left to play IF the Cavaliers win Game 5, James still faces quite the uphill battle if he wants to outlast the Warriors.
Related Items:2016 NBA Finals, Cleveland Cavaliers, Draymond Green, Draymond Green suspension, Golden State Warriors, LeBron James, NBA Finals, zzzfeatured
NBA shouldn't suspend Draymond Green for what happened last night
Without Draymond Green, Warriors need huge Game 5 performance from this player


The MF Box mod is Stainless Steel and feels quite nice in the hand, shaped edges rather than blunt corners make it quite comfy to hold. There is a small screen on the side with up and down buttons, set into a wood grain effect panel. This is the panel that you will remove if you want to switch out the board. On the top plate next to the spring loaded 510 you have the wording Luxotic MF Box, and on the bottom manufactured by Wismec. It's worth mentioning that you can remove the top plate and get to the 510 to give it a clean.
On the back panel you have a smaller removable panel that is held on inside with magnet, and this covers the squonk hole when you're using the mod as a twin battery device rather than a squonk device.
MF Box Battery's, Buttons & Screen.
I mentioned earlier that there are a couple of battery configurations for the MF Box, Single 20700/21700 squonk, or dual 18650 after removing the squonk bottle and popping the adapter in. The adapter is nothing special, just a plastic plate with battery connectors that sits above the batteries and connects to the battery terminals inside the mod. The actual batteries will hold this in place, there is no way to clip it in or fix it into the MF box.
When using dual 18650's, you can also use a sleeve on the battery that sits to the left hand side to make it nice and tight in the space. I haven't used this and I don't get any battery rattle, but the choice will be yours… use it, don't use it.
There is no charging port, so your batteries 'must' be charged in an external charger.
The fire button is stainless steel to match the mod, a square slightly raised button that is set into the side of the mod in the wood grain panel. It gives a nice (quite loud) click when pressed, feels nice and solid, and this can actually be removed when fitting the direct output board, so you can clean it if you wish.
The up and down buttons are smaller oblong shaped stainless steel, again a good audible click. And they are nice and easy to press so shouldn't be a problem for people with dexterity issues in fingers and hands.
When you change boards for the direct output, the up and down buttons and screen get swapped out for basic black plastic, the buttons do light up though when the fire button is pressed.
The menu is fairly much what you would expect, no real hidden extras or surprises. 3 clicks will take you into the mode selection and you get the basics, Ni, Ti, SS, Wattage and Bypass, and then you also have Temperature M1,2 &3. To alter the wattage in temp mode click the fire button 4 times.
Fire and down is 'Stealth mode'. Fire and up gives the option of Amps, draw count and draw time. Pressing up and down together enables the key lock. And then you have the 5 click on and off.
When altering the Watts the MF Box will count in increments of 0.1w from 1.0w right up to 20w, and then it adjusts in increments of 1.0w. This is great for fine tuning those higher ohm coils.
Temp range adjust in increments of 5 on C, and 10 on F.
How does the Wismec Luxotic MF Box Vape?
In squonk mode it's pretty decent, I have been using a different RDA on top as I mentioned before, I'm really not keen on the guillotine 2. The 7ml squonk bottle is silicone and works well, the only thing that I found to be a bit of a pain is the position of the plastic tube that fits onto the metal spike from the 510, I say spike because its really short (you can just see it at the back of the double prongs) The bottle needs to be fitted with the tube at the back (its offset on the lid) and then you have to make sure that it fits over the spike.
I found I always have liquid inside the MF box, not sure if it leaks as I'm fitting the bottle, or if the pipe and spike are not fitting together as well that they should.
To change from squonk to dual battery mode, just remove the bottle, give the inside a wipe over. Then to use the adapter hold it in place at the top of the mod and pop your batteries in. Both batteries should face positive down.
In VW and Temp mode it works as you would expect. I've had no problems with the fire button, or the menu. The one thing I do want to mention is that the hit doesn't seem instant, it feels as if it takes a second for the power to hit the coil, maybe it needs a faster ramp up. With all of the instant fire power and hard medium soft wattage modes that can be found on newer mods I think it's more noticeable that this doesn't have it.
Moving away from the headache of two boards, the fact that the MF Box can be a single battery squonk or a dual battery VW mod is fantastic! A super bit of innovation from Wismec. They are catering for the vapers that don't want endless different mods sitting on the coffee table, and those vapers that perhaps can't afford different mods for each style of vaping.
Will the Wismec MF Box be retired to the shelf? – I can see me using it with an RTA on top in dual battery configuration, in fact that seems to be how I mainly find myself using it, no so much as a squonking device though.
Do pop over and check out our sponsor – Vapesourcing.com They stock a huge range of branded products at fantastic prices.
Want to tell us your thoughts on the Wismec Luxotic BF Mod? Just comment below or pop over to our forum.


Campbell Smith are a well established firm in the centre of Edinburgh. Over the years they have grown to incorporate several other firms. While their traditional business was in good health, they felt it was time to update their image and make it bolder and more striking.
Discarding their existing brand colour and introducing a set of new colours – one to represent each of the different areas of law in which they operate. Using the existing shape of their logo as a starting point, we adapted it with the new colours, allowing slightly different branding for each area. The property department was branded in magenta, allowing things such as For Sale Boards and brochures to stand out in a crowded marketplace. Coupled to the same branding applied to their car, they now have a unified brand across their business, while having an individual, striking and modern appearance for their property department.


When frothing milk, you need to maintain the milk at the right temperature. White N Two offers you the milk thermometer you need to help you keep your milk at the right temperature so it will be able to maintain the froth better when making cappuccinos and lattes. We specialise in everything you need for your café and restaurant so you can make the coffee drinks your guests want. You will find everything in one place so you will not have to go shopping everywhere to find the items you need to make better coffee drinks.
White N Two offers you the milk thermometer you have been looking for to make the best coffee products. Just browse through our catalogue and you will be able to find the items you have been looking for so you will be able to make the best coffee drinks every time. You will discover quality products at affordable prices so you can get the most out of your coffee.
Even after being washed several times, these thermometers will remain calibrated correctly so you can remain confident that you are getting the right reading for foaming your milk. Discover the difference it makes in your milk when you use these thermometers to foam milk with.
While you are buying your milk thermometer from White N Two, you can buy all of the other accessories and barista tools you need to create the coffee drinks that are so popular. You can keep them coming back for more by stocking up on all the supplies you need to keep making consistently great coffee drinks.


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Your Boating Home on Port Jefferson Harbor
Sail & Power Boats
The Port Jefferson Yacht Club (formerly The Setauket Yacht Club) is located in the picturesque Village of Port Jefferson, New York, is a club devoted to the interests of boating. It provides social, educational, cruising and racing programs. The programs extend throughout the year encompassing both the boating season and the off season.
We have reciprocal guest privileges with over 65 yacht clubs along the east coast, and frequently are hosts to yachts from all over the world.
A comprehensive sailing education program is open to the general public, and includes sailing lessons for juniors as well as adults.
A sail racing program open to Long Island boaters is held through out the summer.
In September of 2015 the Yacht Club Membership voted to change the club's name from the Setauket Yacht club to the Port Jefferson Club in recognition of the clubs home town and home port since 1960!
Port Jefferson is one of the most popular deep-water harbors on Long Island Sound. For yacht club cruises and other visiting sailors, this is the last major port on the Long Island shore as you head eastward. An extensive waterfront and development of the bustling village during the past several decades has made "Port Jeff" a must visit port of call. For the visiting sailors who want to go ashore for supplies or a good meal and stretch their legs, The Port Jefferson Yacht Club provides transient facilities which include use of moorings (up to 600 lbs), showers, ice, the use of club house BBQ grills and beverages at our Tell-Tales Bar. Port Jefferson has an extensive assortment of shops, fine restaurants, and several mini-food markets for resupply within a short walking distance from our dock. There are also two commercial fuel docks a short distance away.
The attraction of idyllic protected coves totally within the Port Jefferson harbor complex for overnight and weekend anchoring adds to the reason why many cruising sailors have selected the Port Jefferson Yacht Club for their home port. Furthermore, because of it's central location on Long Island Sound, Port Jefferson is a convenient jumping off point to sailors heading west to ports on Long Island, NYC and Connecticut and east for the extended cruises to points such as Block Island, Narragansett Bay and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket off Cape Cod and beyond!
Here's what some of our members have shared about PJYC
"I love that PJYC is located in the most desirable deep water port on Long Island with an unusually long free launch service to your boat. At PJYC we believe neither time nor tide should keep you from your boat!"
CC, Harvest Moon, Catalina 445
"Over the years Judy and I have developed lifelong friendships and we have come to regard the yacht club as our home away from home and the members as an extended family."
VS, Surprise, Catalina 34
"I love keeping my sailboat in the PJ Harbor with the PJYC. In my mind, I start a mini-vacation every time I head to the harbor."
KK, Whimsy, Dolphin 24
"I joined less than two years ago because it was a very friendly and welcoming club, and in the best harbor on Long Island Sound!"
DH, Clara J, Herreshoff 27.50
I have made lifelong friends who I would not have met if I did not join PJYC. I have become a better sailor in getting to know fellow members and sailing enthusiasts!
KJ, Bluemoon, Pearson Rhodes 41
Reserve Your Mooring


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Dallas Observer Mixtape with DJ S.O.U.L.Jah: SXSW Mix
Wanz Dover
| Mixtape |
Wanz Dover | March 24, 2016 | 4:00am
S.O.U.L.Jah has been an ever-present force in Dallas DJ culture over the past decade, holding down a string of residencies in a variety of genres at some of Dallas' most beloved DJ haunts. S.O.U.L.Jah has deep roots in Dallas drum and bass, but has never been one to play it safe genre-wise. Pulling from a diverse palette of music, he is well studied in the sometimes lost DJ art of reading the crowd. For this week's Mixtape, S.O.U.L.Jah recorded his set live at SXSW.
Dallas Observer Mixtape #82: S.O.U.L.Jah by DC9 at Night Mixtape on hearthis.at
Dallas Observer: How did you get started DJing?
S.O.U.L.Jah: My DJing adventure started in the late '90s when I was living in Puerto Rico, where I'm originally from. I started getting involved in the underground rave scene in Puerto Rico during '98 and through to 2000. The first time I stepped into the DJ booth at a party and saw what the DJs were actually doing, I was instantly hooked; I knew right then and there that that's what I wanna do for the rest of my life.
How long have you been at it?
My DJ career started in 1999. I became a full-time, self-employed musician in 2005.
How was this mix made?
I wanted to do something different from the other mixes you've posted throughout the years. I recorded this live at the DJI Showcase at SXSW this year. I tried to incorporate the aggressive style of bass music I like to present when I perform.
Is there a particular theme for the track selection?
My theme for this mix was to take heavy influences from one of my current favorite artists, Mr. Carmack. All the tracks are pretty much unheard of artists that deserved the spotlight. I tried telling a story with all the different bass lines I threw in there. For me, this sound is what I wish more clubs and parties would start delving into.
How did you start getting involved with Dallas DJ culture?
It all started the first night I walked to into the now defunct Royal Rack Club on a random Tuesday night in 2000 for the famous Battletech drum and bass weekly... After a couple of years of proving myself and doing the rounds I decided to start my own drum and bass weekly, Two:Tone, with the help of Thomas Allen and Alyx C. I'm glad to say it's going on its eighth year.
You dabble in a lot of areas genre-wise. Do you have any genres that you prefer spinning most?
I love the future bass sound that's been put out these days. In my perfect world I would have a two-hour DJ set where I would start nice and slow with instrumentals and new music people have never heard of, then I build up progressively to a point where you can't help but dance and sing along.
Where do you like to dig for tracks?
I'm a music ninja! I dig for music all the time. Whether it's going to Half Price Books and buying a bunch of cheap vinyl or sitting in front of my computer and doing the download olympics where I go to my routine sites and blogs to see what other people are bumping. My greatest, secret digging weapon the last couple of years has been Soundcloud. Ninety percent of my DJ sets consists of music I've discovered surfing Soundcloud. And the best part: Most of them if not all of them are free downloads.
What was the most profound musical experience you have had in the past year?
Easy: It was our performance at South Side Music Hall. I performed with my new project, theDJvsViolin, and was able to truly show what my team has been working on. Seeing people just in awe and partying [along] was truly one of the greatest gifts I've ever been given. We have an amazing production act that finally this year will see the light of day
What gigs do you have in the near future?
You can catch me weekly every Friday and Saturday at Nickel & Rye and every Sunday for Too Futuro at The Whippersnapper. I have a huge drum and bass show featuring Commix on April 8 at The Drugstore Cowboy. If you're a golf fan you can catch me at this year's AT&T Byron Nelson where I'll be the featured performer on May 19.
1) Cray - Infinity Signs
2) Senojnayr - Fluster
3) Singularis - Wowowo
4) DJ Shadow - Swerve
5) DieMantle - Damagement
6) Noer The Boy Ft. Zero Tep - Send Help
7) Enschway - Papercut
8) Gylzey - Repose
9) Oshi - Pink
10) Zephyr - Soul Trumpet
11) Dr. Derg - Vol. 130
12) Rage Logic - Green Hat
13) SoySauce Ft. Lil Aaron - Bout Time
14) Herzeloyde - Damn
15) tails.- 100Hammers
16) Blanda - Sinquistive
17) Big Makk - Jenga Ft. City Tucker
18) ??? - Give it to the moment skirp remix
19) Rockwell Ft. Breakage - Technoir
20) Rockwell - Me
21) Enschway Ft. Tsuki - Trust Me
22) Sweater Beats - Young In Love


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Christ Church, Hampstead, is a Church of England church in Hampstead, London.  It is a church with particular connections to the old village of Hampstead and the Heath.

Former Prime Minister Clement Attlee was married to his wife, Violet Attlee, at Christ Church, Hampstead.

History

The present church was erected between 1850 and 1852 to designs by the architect Samuel Daukes in the Early English Gothic style. In 1860 a timber gallery was erected by Sir Gilbert Scott (this was dismantled in the 1960s). In 1881–82 the north porch and aisle were added to designs by Ewan Christian. The church is constructed of Kentish ragstone with Portland stone dressings and slate roofs.

In 1855 the church built a primary school adjacent, originally for infants. By the post-World War II period the school catered to kindergarten (ages 3 – 5) and primary (ages 5 – 11) mixed gender students, organized as one class per year. This was one of many such church-associated schools in the area.

Vicars

John Pelham 1852 - 1855
Edward Bickersteth 1855 - 1885
George Frederick Head 1885 - 1897
George Sidney Streatfeild 1898 - 1901
Alfred Edwin Deacon 1901 - 1917
Thomas Brocas Waters 1917 - 1922
Osmond Ralph Maude Roxby 1923 - 1936
John Farquhar Richardson 1936 - 1941
Frank Hay Gillingham 1941 - 1942
Sydney James Nisbet Wallace 1942 - 1953
David Thomas Jarvis 1953 - 1969
John Alfred Sampford 1969 - 1979
Christopher John Fairfax Scott 1979 - 1995
Paul Derick Conrad 1995 - current

Bells
The church has a ring of eight bells, the heaviest of which weighs in at 24cwt.  They were installed in 2005 after Michael Royalton-Kisch, the current tower captain, single-handedly raised £100,000 to replace the old, unsafe bells.  The current band practices on a Wednesday evening at 7pm, and rings for most Sunday services.

The treble, tenor, third and fifth bells were the work of Gillett & Johnston, adopted from St Luke's in Cowley, Oxford.  The remaining four bells were cast by Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 2005.

Organ

The church had an organ installed in 1857 by the celebrated builder Henry Willis who also became the church's first organist. The organ has since been replaced. In about 1968 dry rot was found directly above the organ and to repair the damage the organ had to be partly dismantled. It was stored in the church but was never re-assembled. At some point after this it was taken away and stored (possibly by the organ builders Mander). After some trials of the Allen computer organ, a smaller 2 manual tracker action instrument was installed at the rear of the church.
The BBC visited the church and chose to broadcast their Morning Service soon after, however the Willis organ that they heard on their 'scouting' visit had been dismantled by the time they came to broadcast live.

There have been a number of famous organists including:

Walter Brooks
Henry Willis 1852 - 1859
Henry Parratt 1859 – ???? (formerly organist of St. Paul's Church, Huddersfield)
John Charles Ward 1863 - 1868
Dr. Marshall of Kidderminster 1868
Charles John Vincent  1883 – 1891 (formerly organist of St Eustachius' Church, Tavistock)
Henry Walford Davies 1891 - 1898
Cyril Rootham  1898 - 1901
 Ian Graham ? - 1964
 Gordon Whittard c 1964 - 1974?

References

Hampstead
Grade II listed churches in London
Churches completed in 1852
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Diocese of London
Buildings and structures in Hampstead
1852 establishments in England
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden
Ewan Christian buildings

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Philadelphia reorganizes development-related agencies into single Department of Planning and Development
Jake Blumgart
(Steve Ives, EOTS Flickr Group)
In a reorganization this week, most of Philadelphia's distinct housing, development, and planning agencies have been officially united under a single Department of Planning and Development.
The department will be divided into three divisions. One will include the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, the Historical Commission, the Art Commission, and staff for the Zoning Board of Adjustment. The Development Services agency, formerly housed in the Commerce Department, will be expanded and housed in its own division. Finally, the city's housing agencies will have their own silo comprised of the Division of Housing and Community Development, which will facilitate coordination with the independent Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority, the Philadelphia Housing Development Corporation, and the Philadelphia Land Bank.
City Council president Darrell Clarke began promoting this reshuffle back in 2015 and voters officially approved the measure later that year. To lay the groundwork for the new department, Mayor Jim Kenney created a precursor Office of Planning and Development in early 2016.
The idea to consolidate the agencies into a single department "comes out of where we are in our growth as a city, in this new stage of our history," said Anne Fadullon, director of Planning and Development. "This is the first time Philadelphia has considered how planning and development are being coordinated."
As part of the reorganization, Development Services, the Historical Commission, and the land bank will increase staff, but none of the other agencies will grow.
The land bank's staffing will be a special priority, said Fadullon. Created in 2013, the land bank still isn't fully staffed and it currently lacks an executive director, as the interim director recently left city government.
"We are fullforce interviewing for several positions at the land bank and we hope to have it staffed up in 60 to 90 days," said Fadullon. "There's definitely a focus on getting that up and truly operational by the end of the year."
According to Fadullon, the learning curve for creating a new municipal body like the Philadelphia Land Bank is steep, especially given the immense complexities of the land bank's mission. The agency has begun amassing land from other public entities and private owners. But four years in, its acquisition powers still aren't formalized. It takes a lot of time to get the deeds and titles to its newly held land cleared.
"I think it's just that the land bank has a lot of moving parts," said Fadullon. "And we were hoping that the staffing we put in place on an interim basis would be permanent, but that didn't happen."
Development Services will increase staff by a small, but not-yet-determined, number. In its prior role within the Commerce Department, the division focused mostly on large-scale development. Under the Department of Planning and Development, they will expand their purview to provide services to smaller developers, community development corporations, and even the Philadelphia Housing Authority.
The Historical Commission, meanwhile, will get two new staffers.
While the Planning Commission won't add staff, two new seats are being added to the Commission itself. Ariel Vazquez of Blackney Hayes Architects will be joining the commission at next week's meeting. The former executive director of the Planning Commission, Gary Jastrzab, retired this week and is being replaced by Eleanor Sharpe. It is unclear who will be taking the 11th seat on the expanded commission.
The City Planning Commission staff, meanwhile, are coming to the end of the district planning process that consumed a significant amount of their attention for the past seven years.
Within the next year, staff will complete the final three district plans under the Philadelphia2035 city planning process. According to Fadullon, staff will now focus more on implementation of the goals in the district plans, although she is also considering devoting resources to updating the older plans.
For now, agency offices won't physically move, making the relocations merely metaphysical. The Historic Commission has shared quarters moved from City Hall in 2015 and now shares quarters with the Planning and Art Commissions on the 13th floor of 1515 Arch Street since 2015. The housing agencies will remain at 1234 Market Street for the foreseeable future. In the next three months, the Zoning Board of Adjustment will move from the Municipal Services Building to the 18th floor of 1515 Arch Street, where their hearings are already held.
Moving forward, a comprehensive housing plan will be another priority for the new Department of Planning and Development. Although the exact scope of the effort is yet to be defined, Fadullon hopes that by this time next year the nascent process will be complete.
Many of the distinct agencies now comprising the new department have had their hands full with the Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing requirement and other federally-required reports. But she says these plans mandated by Department of Housing and Urban Development focus on low-income housing and housing subsidies.
Fadullon would like to see the forthcoming report broadened to cover market-rate housing as well and to additionally focus on the the preservation of Philadelphia's "naturally occurring" affordable housing. That would entail both improving the condition of the city's aged housing stock and incentivizing landlords to keep their rents affordably low. When it comes to the subsidized housing stock, a worrying percentage of which is reaching the end of its compliance period, Fadullon wants to find creative ways to extend the affordability of units.
"I'd rather try to figure out these issues now, as opposed to be in the situation San Francisco is in—they are at a crisis point," said Fadullon. "We have pressures, and some are more severe in certain areas, but the city as a whole isn't at a crisis point. It's the time to have this conversation."
Philadelphia aims to bring Black and brown advisers into next city master plan
The Kenney administration hopes a new committee can help center Black and brown voices in the city's next comprehensive planning process.
Philadelphia Housing Authority vows to send 240 vacant properties to nonprofit developers
With an eye to avoiding that fate in the historically Black and brown North Philly community, Quiñones-Sánchez said her goal is to shape the development that happens next.
West Philly's new council rep blasts West Park tower sale
New West Philly Councilmember Jamie Gauthier is challenging a Philadelphia Housing Authority plan to sell two of the last public housing high-rises in her district.
About Jake Blumgart


A mother needs to have a specified nutritional intake as she is the one not only feeding herself but also her child. They need balanced vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and fluid intake to improve their energy levels.
There is actually no strict restriction on diet during breast feeding. It is just following the diet during pregnancy. Fruits and vegetables intake has lower risks of certain cancers and obesity risks. A child usually eats a certain fruits or vegetables based on whether he or she likes the taste and so it is important to let the babies know about the tastes and feed them with quality nutritional fruits for a healthy start. A baby understands the flavor from a mother's diet because the amniotic fluid which carries the food and its taste is transmitted through mother's milk. Thus a baby understands to like a certain taste when the mother consumes the food.
High calorie diet is not the aim but high carbohydrate and nutritional diet is. a hungry mother need to add less sugar and lower fat content intake and should always prefer high carbohydrate foods which boost up the energy levels like starch foods such as cereals during breakfast, pasta, vegetables like potatoes , rice, bread which provide the energy one would require for the day.
Vitamin D is vital for a mother during breast feeding. Iron supplements like meat and pulses should be added to the diet.
Intake of calcium and protein from the food products like those of milk products, cheese, yogurt, meat, egg, pulses, cereals, less fat white fish and oil fish are few options for a healthy and low fat diet.
It is also important to add fiber to the meal. Cereal fiber can be found in those starchy food items as mentioned above. Few fruits and vegetables like peas, lentils, corn, coconut, beans, mango also has fiber content.
Always have dry raisins, apples, almonds, water packed fruits, soups, beans. Whole grains like cereals, oatmeal, pasta, nuts should be available in the kitchen.
Boiled egg's have high protein content.
A salad of vegetables eaten raw or cooked or dipped in little fruit salad or sprinkles of nuts will make a nutritional diet.
Intake of milk, fruit juices or water will avoid dehydration. Drinking fluids every time even after meals would increase the fluid, water content in the body and keep the mother healthy consequently she will have the energy to breast feed her baby.
Intake of vitamin C through water melon's, strawberries, citrus fruits like oranges, grapefruit are compulsory. Other sources of vitamin C include green peppers, small tomatoes and potatoes.


Editor Chris Bramley looks forward to judging the Insight Astronomy Photographer of the Year awards with the rest of the adjudicating panel.
Light pollution – or night pollution?
The City Dark is a thought-provoking new film about the disappearance of darkness that asks, what do we lose, when we lose the night?


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3D Printing Helps to Animate Cyborgs for "Ghost in the Shell"
Originally a manga series released in 1989 in Japan, Ghost in the Shell was then reproduced in anime, and now in 2017, the movie is finally coming. The main struggle with Ghost in the Shell is that all the action takes place in the future, where the world is full of cyborgs and highly advanced technologies. Thanks to 3D printing, however, the Weta Workshop in New Zealand was able to make amazing geisha masks for the actors. Adam Savage from Mythbusters, along with his Tested team, was invited for behind the scenes look at the making of the film and shared the experience with the world.
How the Geishas were Born
Creating the cyborg geishas from Ghost in the Shell was no easy task: they had to be futuristic and look artificially like robots while at the same time also be flexible and graceful in their dance. So, the team decided to make costumes for actors, including masks. Rila Fukushima, the Japanese actress, became a model – her face was 3D scanned, head cast and digitalized. In every mask, there are square fans and slits in the "hair" portion to allow the actors to breathe, and the eyes are made as sunglasses. Masks were 3D printed, milled, and there was also some handcrafting involved. As for the hair part, it was 3D printed, molded and cast to achieve the final effect.
The "Hacked" Mask
One of the most impressive moments of the film is when the geishas are hacked, so they transform into scary cyborg creatures with wires coming out of their throats. There is a breathtaking animatronic mask for this scene, which opens and shows the inside mechanisms of cyborg with working gears. The panels are held by magnets to fit each other perfectly when the mask closes. It took the collaboration of engineers, artists, and craftsmen to make the final product using modern technologies. As Richard Taylor puts it: "We would have struggled to make this movie in the time we had to make it two years ago, because neither was the technology around nor was the chemistry within the technology around…the materials weren't even in existence two years ago so that we couldn't have built it, but we can build it today because technology is iterating and growing."
Our blog is also available for anyone with interesting story or useful life hacks, just write to us: press@treatstock.com


The First Congregational Church, Williamstown, is pleased to announce the inaugural program of the Markgraf Memorial Organ Series. The series is designed to feature the church's fine pipe organ and to honor the memory of Hodge and Nancy Markgraf, long-time dedicated members of the congregation and supporters of music at the church. This year's recital will be held on Sunday, October 30 at 3:00 p.m. at the church, and will feature organist Timothy Pyper.
An accomplished recitalist, Pyper has won First Prize in numerous regional and national organ competitions including the Arthur Poister Memorial Competition (2008), and the Royal Canadian College of Organists' National Competition (2001). He was a featured performer at the 2002 R.C.C.O National Convention and was described by The American Organist as possessing "effortless technique and sensitive musicality." His solo recitals have been broadcast by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and by National Public Radio's Pipedreams.
From 2010-2015, Tim Pyper was Director of Music at the Cathedral Church of the Redeemer in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Under his leadership, the choir developed into a highly refined ensemble, giving the North American premiere of David Briggs' Messe pour Saint Sulpice with the composer at the organ. Both CD recordings made at the cathedral under his leadership were nationally broadcast and in 2013 the choir spent a highly successful week as choir-in-residence at Exeter Cathedral. Dr. Pyper's previous church appointments include tenures as Assistant Organist at St. James' Cathedral, Toronto and Organist of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Rochester, New York.
For the 1914 remodeling of the sanctuary of the First Congregational Church, the choir loft was moved to a position at the back of the room, traditional in Colonial New England design. The original organ in this configuration was by the Hall Company, of New Haven. In 1956, the Andover Organ Company was brought in to design the current instrument. In this excellent acoustical environment, they created an organ that sounds full, yet clear and bright. According to Minister of Music, Edwin Lawrence, the sound quality would have been surprising in its day, different from the "orchestrally designed" American organs and pointing to a move back to an older ideal. In fact, Charles B. Fisk, who joined the Andover Company on this project, went on to found his own organ-building company which has been at the forefront of this movement over the past 60 years.
Mr. Pyper's program will include music by Baroque masters Dietrich Buxtehude and J. S. Bach, as well as 19th century composers Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann and César Franck. Continuing to demonstrate the versatility of the organ, music by the British 20th century composer, Herbert Howells will be offered, as well as a transcription from an opera by American composer, Philip Glass.
J. Hodge and Nancy Markgraf were long time members of First Church, joining shortly after they moved to Williamstown in 1959 when Hodge began a distinguished teaching career in the chemistry department at Williams. Hodge served the College in many capacities including membership on the Angevine Committee which recommended dropping fraternities, as provost and as vice president for alumni and development. The stone bench in the science quad, designed by Jenny Holzer, is Hodge's iconic memorial. It features many of the chemical equations he taught for so many productive years.
After raising their daughters Carrie and Sarah, Nancy Hart Markgraf headed the Visiting Nurse Association while serving on multiple church committees and being an active College hostess. Nancy and Hodge always sat and listened to the organ postlude at church while most of the congregants were scrambling for the exits. Their practice eventually became incorporated into the church service. Now everyone remains seated for the organ postlude.
The organ recital is open to all, with a suggested donation of $10, students free. The church is handicapped accessible. For more information, contact the office of the First Congregational Church, 413-458-4273.


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Published: September 2017
+ £3.60 VAT
What is the relationship between the strength of a country's democracy and the ability of its courts to address deficiencies in the electoral process? Drawing a distinction between democracies that can be characterised as 'dominant-party' (for example Singapore, Malaysia, and Hong Kong), 'dynamic' (for example India, South Korea, and Taiwan), and 'fragile' (for example Thailand, Pakistan ,and Bangladesh), this book explores how democracy sustains and is sustained by the exercise of judicial power.
In dominant-party systems, courts can only pursue 'dialogic' pathways to constrain the government's authoritarian tendencies. On the other hand, in dynamic democracies, courts can more successfully innovate and make systemic changes to the electoral system. Finally, in fragile democracies, where a country regularly oscillates between martial law and civilian rule, their courts tend to consistently overreach, and this often facilitates or precipitates a hostile take-over by the armed forces, and lead to the demise of the rule of law.
Other Jurisdictions , Asia
Part I. Dominant-Party Democracies:
2. Supreme Court of Singapore and the promise of enforceable constitutional conventions
3. Malaysian courts and electoral fraud
4. Hong Kong Courts and constitutional contradictions
Part II. Dynamic Democracies:
5. Supreme Court of India and criminality in politics
6. Constitutional court of Taiwan and calibrated judicial review
7. Constitutional court of Korea and systemic electoral barriers
Part III. Fragile Democracies:
8. Constitutional court of Thailand and partisan judges
9. Supreme Court of Pakistan: accommodation and defiance of military authority
10. Supreme Court of Bangladesh and defensive judicial review
Part IV. Democratic Values and Courts in Comparative Perspective:
1. Democratic values and the conundrum of unconstitutional constitutional amendments


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Use of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 vs. plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in assessing the pathophysiology of patients with heart failure
Miki Imazu, Hiroyuki Takahama, Makoto Amaki, Yasuo Sugano, Takahiro Ohara, Takuya Hasegawa, Hideaki Kanzaki, Toshihisa Anzai, Naoki Mochizuki, Hiroshi Asanuma, Masanori Asakura, Masafumi Kitakaze
Recently, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a phosphate-regulating hormone, has been linked to the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF), thus encouraging us to examine which hemodynamic abnormalities of HF are linked to either serum FGF23 or plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels. We measured both the serum FGF23 and plasma BNP levels in 154 consecutive prospectively enrolled hospitalized HF patients, with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >40 ml min-1 1.73 m-2, who underwent heart catheterizations and an echocardiogram. The serum FGF23 levels correlated with the diameter of the inferior vena cava and its respiratory changes, whereas the plasma BNP levels did not. Both the plasma BNP and serum FGF23 levels were moderately correlated with the mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure. Interestingly, in patients with an above-median right-atrial (RA) pressure (4 mm Hg), FGF23 levels were correlated with both PA and PCW pressures, but the levels were not correlated in patients with a below-median RA pressure. In contrast, the plasma BNP levels were correlated with both PA and PCW pressures. Finally, serum FGF23 levels, compared with the plasma BNP levels, were more strongly associated with the clinical outcomes in patients with above-median RA pressure. These findings suggested that serum FGF23 levels are predominantly correlated with clinical outcomes, may serve as a biomarker for HF in patients with higher RA pressure, may provide beneficial information for patients with right-sided HF and may represent different clinical information than that provided only by plasma BNP levels.
Hypertension Research
https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.130
Published - 2017 2 1
循環器および心血管医学
10.1038/hr.2016.130
「Use of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 vs. plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in assessing the pathophysiology of patients with heart failure」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。
fibroblast growth factor 23 Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Brain Natriuretic Peptide Medicine & Life Sciences 79%
Heart Failure Medicine & Life Sciences 52%
Atrial Pressure Medicine & Life Sciences 43%
Pulmonary Wedge Pressure Medicine & Life Sciences 33%
Serum Medicine & Life Sciences 32%
Pulmonary Artery Medicine & Life Sciences 24%
Inferior Vena Cava Medicine & Life Sciences 9%
Imazu, M., Takahama, H., Amaki, M., Sugano, Y., Ohara, T., Hasegawa, T., Kanzaki, H., Anzai, T., Mochizuki, N., Asanuma, H., Asakura, M., & Kitakaze, M. (2017). Use of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 vs. plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in assessing the pathophysiology of patients with heart failure. Hypertension Research, 40(2), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.130
Use of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 vs. plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in assessing the pathophysiology of patients with heart failure. / Imazu, Miki; Takahama, Hiroyuki; Amaki, Makoto; Sugano, Yasuo; Ohara, Takahiro; Hasegawa, Takuya; Kanzaki, Hideaki; Anzai, Toshihisa; Mochizuki, Naoki; Asanuma, Hiroshi; Asakura, Masanori; Kitakaze, Masafumi.
In: Hypertension Research, Vol. 40, No. 2, 01.02.2017, p. 181-188.
Imazu, M, Takahama, H, Amaki, M, Sugano, Y, Ohara, T, Hasegawa, T, Kanzaki, H, Anzai, T, Mochizuki, N, Asanuma, H, Asakura, M & Kitakaze, M 2017, 'Use of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 vs. plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in assessing the pathophysiology of patients with heart failure', Hypertension Research, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.130
Imazu M, Takahama H, Amaki M, Sugano Y, Ohara T, Hasegawa T et al. Use of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 vs. plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in assessing the pathophysiology of patients with heart failure. Hypertension Research. 2017 2 1;40(2):181-188. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.130
Imazu, Miki ; Takahama, Hiroyuki ; Amaki, Makoto ; Sugano, Yasuo ; Ohara, Takahiro ; Hasegawa, Takuya ; Kanzaki, Hideaki ; Anzai, Toshihisa ; Mochizuki, Naoki ; Asanuma, Hiroshi ; Asakura, Masanori ; Kitakaze, Masafumi. / Use of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 vs. plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in assessing the pathophysiology of patients with heart failure. In: Hypertension Research. 2017 ; Vol. 40, No. 2. pp. 181-188.
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title = "Use of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 vs. plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in assessing the pathophysiology of patients with heart failure",
abstract = "Recently, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a phosphate-regulating hormone, has been linked to the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF), thus encouraging us to examine which hemodynamic abnormalities of HF are linked to either serum FGF23 or plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels. We measured both the serum FGF23 and plasma BNP levels in 154 consecutive prospectively enrolled hospitalized HF patients, with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >40 ml min-1 1.73 m-2, who underwent heart catheterizations and an echocardiogram. The serum FGF23 levels correlated with the diameter of the inferior vena cava and its respiratory changes, whereas the plasma BNP levels did not. Both the plasma BNP and serum FGF23 levels were moderately correlated with the mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure. Interestingly, in patients with an above-median right-atrial (RA) pressure (4 mm Hg), FGF23 levels were correlated with both PA and PCW pressures, but the levels were not correlated in patients with a below-median RA pressure. In contrast, the plasma BNP levels were correlated with both PA and PCW pressures. Finally, serum FGF23 levels, compared with the plasma BNP levels, were more strongly associated with the clinical outcomes in patients with above-median RA pressure. These findings suggested that serum FGF23 levels are predominantly correlated with clinical outcomes, may serve as a biomarker for HF in patients with higher RA pressure, may provide beneficial information for patients with right-sided HF and may represent different clinical information than that provided only by plasma BNP levels.",
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AU - Ohara, Takahiro
AU - Hasegawa, Takuya
AU - Kanzaki, Hideaki
AU - Anzai, Toshihisa
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N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2017 The Japanese Society of Hypertension.
N2 - Recently, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a phosphate-regulating hormone, has been linked to the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF), thus encouraging us to examine which hemodynamic abnormalities of HF are linked to either serum FGF23 or plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels. We measured both the serum FGF23 and plasma BNP levels in 154 consecutive prospectively enrolled hospitalized HF patients, with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >40 ml min-1 1.73 m-2, who underwent heart catheterizations and an echocardiogram. The serum FGF23 levels correlated with the diameter of the inferior vena cava and its respiratory changes, whereas the plasma BNP levels did not. Both the plasma BNP and serum FGF23 levels were moderately correlated with the mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure. Interestingly, in patients with an above-median right-atrial (RA) pressure (4 mm Hg), FGF23 levels were correlated with both PA and PCW pressures, but the levels were not correlated in patients with a below-median RA pressure. In contrast, the plasma BNP levels were correlated with both PA and PCW pressures. Finally, serum FGF23 levels, compared with the plasma BNP levels, were more strongly associated with the clinical outcomes in patients with above-median RA pressure. These findings suggested that serum FGF23 levels are predominantly correlated with clinical outcomes, may serve as a biomarker for HF in patients with higher RA pressure, may provide beneficial information for patients with right-sided HF and may represent different clinical information than that provided only by plasma BNP levels.
AB - Recently, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a phosphate-regulating hormone, has been linked to the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF), thus encouraging us to examine which hemodynamic abnormalities of HF are linked to either serum FGF23 or plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels. We measured both the serum FGF23 and plasma BNP levels in 154 consecutive prospectively enrolled hospitalized HF patients, with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >40 ml min-1 1.73 m-2, who underwent heart catheterizations and an echocardiogram. The serum FGF23 levels correlated with the diameter of the inferior vena cava and its respiratory changes, whereas the plasma BNP levels did not. Both the plasma BNP and serum FGF23 levels were moderately correlated with the mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure. Interestingly, in patients with an above-median right-atrial (RA) pressure (4 mm Hg), FGF23 levels were correlated with both PA and PCW pressures, but the levels were not correlated in patients with a below-median RA pressure. In contrast, the plasma BNP levels were correlated with both PA and PCW pressures. Finally, serum FGF23 levels, compared with the plasma BNP levels, were more strongly associated with the clinical outcomes in patients with above-median RA pressure. These findings suggested that serum FGF23 levels are predominantly correlated with clinical outcomes, may serve as a biomarker for HF in patients with higher RA pressure, may provide beneficial information for patients with right-sided HF and may represent different clinical information than that provided only by plasma BNP levels.
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At the minimum, a chemical equation contains the chemical symbols and formulas for the elements and compounds involved in the reaction and the + and → signs that indicate reactants and products. The term reactants refers to the substances present at the beginning of the reaction, and the term products refers to the substances formed in the reaction.
In the example above, the reactants are represented by the symbols H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. The product is represented by the formula H 2 O for water. The + sign indicates that hydrogen (H) has combined with oxygen (O) in the reaction. The → indicates that the two have reacted with each other to form water.
One of the fundamental laws of chemistry is the law of conservation of matter. That law says that matter can be neither created nor destroyed in an ordinary chemical reaction. In terms of the above reaction, the law means that there must be the same number of hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms at the beginning of the reaction and at the end of the reaction.
The coefficients in the chemical equation assure that this condition is true. The coefficients are the numbers in front of the chemical symbols or formulas: 2 H 2 and 2 H 2 O. One of the skills that beginning chemistry students need to learn is how to select the correct coefficients in order to make sure the equation obeys the law of conservation of matter. Choosing those coefficients is called balancing the chemical equation.
Balancing an equation: The process of selecting coefficients for symbols and formulas in a chemical equation to make sure that the law of conservation of matter is not violated.
Chemical reaction: Any chemical change in which one new substance is formed.
Chemical symbol: A letter or pair of letters that represent a specific quantity of a chemical element.
Coefficient: A number selected for use in balancing a chemical equation. Coefficients are placed in front of the chemical symbols and formulas in an equation.
Products: The substances formed in a chemical reaction.
Reactants: The substances present at the beginning of a chemical reaction.
Most chemical equations contain other symbols (in addition to chemical symbols) that provide further information about the reaction. The subscript 2 in the symbols for hydrogen and oxygen (H 2 and O 2 ), for example, tells that each molecule of hydrogen and oxygen consists of two atoms of the element.
The symbols g and l tell us that hydrogen and oxygen are gases and water is a liquid. Other symbols used for this purpose include (s) for solids and (aq) for substances dissolved in water (the aq ueous condition). Upward and downward pointing arrows (↑ and ↓) can also be used to indicate the formation of gases and precipitates (solids), respectively, during a chemical reaction.
The use of chemical equations is absolutely essential in dealing with any discussion of chemical reactions. It would be completely unreasonable for chemists to describe chemical reactions in English sentences, as indicated in the first paragraph of this entry. Thus, all reports of chemical research, books and articles on chemical topics, and any other written commentaries on chemistry all include chemical equations.
Excellent explanations. Can you guide me to someone who can tell me how much air expands as it is heated? Water expands 1700 times when turned to steam but I am unable to find how much air expands.


NEW YORK — MPC New York (www.moving-picture.com) has added Kathrin Lausch and Nick Haynes to its team - two senior-level talents that will help handle a surge in new assignments.
Kathrin Lausch has joined the studio as head of new business development. She will focus on the growing area of client-direct work. A seasoned production executive, Lausch was most recently EP at the New York office of Ntropic. She brings two decades of experience as an EP to her new position at MPC, having worked with a roster of production and post companies that includes B-Reel, Partizan Entertainment and Compass Films, among others. A native of Germany with advanced degrees in law and marketing, Lausch has owned and managed her own companies, as well as run multinational production projects for advertising and entertainment clients during her career.
Nick Haynes has deep roots in the New York post production and VFX arena, having moved to the city from London in 2002 to help launch the first US office of The Mill. In his ten years with the company he held a range of production and management positions that corresponded with its growth and expansion. After leaving The Mill, he joined Absolute Post as general manager and EP, where he helped build its New York office and supervised sales, VFX, motion graphic and design work, as well as sales.


Wassenaar Arrangement (WA), an elite expert control regime has decided to admit India as its new member and 42nd participating state. The decision was taken at two-day plenary meeting of grouping in Vienna, Austria. Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies, commonly known as the Wassenaar Arrangement elite club of countries subscribing arms controls similar to NSG and MTCR.
The Intergovernmental Committee for Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage under UNESCO has inscribed ´KumbhMela´ on UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The decision was undertaken after submission from member countries at 12th session of Committee held at Jeju, South Korea. KumbhMela is the 14th intangible cultural heritage from India to be listed in UNESCO's list.
The First International Conference on Sports Medicine and Sports Sciences SAICON 2017 was inaugurated in New Delhi by the Minister of State (I/C) Youth Affairs and Sports Col. Rajyavardhan Rathore.
Kacheguda Railway Station in Hyderabad under the South Central Railway (SCR) has earned the unique distinction of being the first Energy Efficient 'A1 Category' Railway Station on Indian Railways. The station has achieved 100% energy efficiency by replacing 1,312 conventional lights with light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, among other steps.
President of USA Donald Trump has announced that the US now recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital, overturning decades of official US policy. The fate of the ancient city is one of the thorniest issues between Israel and the Palestinians. Israel called Donald Trump's move "historic" but there has been sharp international criticism. Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas called Donald Trump's announcement "deplorable".
The waste management system being implemented in Kerala's coastal town of Alappuzha has been recognized by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as one of the five models across the world for fighting the pollution menace.
Nagpur's Kanchanmala Pande created history as she became the first Indian to secure pole position at the World Para-Swimming Championship in Mexico.
Cristiano Ronaldo (from Portugal) has won the Ballon d'Or for a fifth time to move level with rival Lionel Messi. Cristiano Ronaldo (from Portugal) has won the Ballon d'Or for a fifth time to move level with rival Lionel Messi.