Product Name "Rotate Pendant "Cross Gear"".
This pendant is made of multiple parts.
You can be assembled easily.
Want to know more product detail? Watch movie.
The material of movie is Polished Nickel Steel.
Available in either stainless steel.
Please also see other designs.
Rotate Pendant "Dolphin and Moon"


In 2015 San Gwann evacuated the Italian Embassy from Tripoli, Libya to Augusta in Sicily.
During the height of the Libya crisis, between February and August 2011, Virtu Ferries vessels Maria Dolores, San Gwann and San Pawl evacuated thousands of expatriates of various nationalities as well as Libyans, many of whom suffered horrendous war injuries and ferried them to Malta and Tunisia for life saving medical treatment. These voyages were undertaken on behalf of the Governments of Malta and United States of America, The International Red Cross, Medecins Sans Frontieres and Libya Relief Agency as well as international corporations such as Hyundai, Daewoo, WesternGeco and Odebrecht.
During the height of the Lebanese Civil War the only ferry operating out of the Christian enclave of Beirut was Virtu's SES Santa Maria. Virtu Ferries were back in Beirut in June 2006 as the peak of the Second Lebanese War reached its peak. San Gwann was chartered by the Government of Australia to evacuate Australian nationals from Beirut to Larnaca.


text:
Q: Reflection Exception in parameterized JUnit test using array parameter I tried to setup a parameterized test in JUnit 4.11 which generates a single parameter. This parameter, however, needs to be an array itself.
The expected behavior for the following code snippet would be that test() is run twice while arguments holds an array {"test1", "test2"} in the first run and an array {"test3", "test4"} in the second run.
@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public class Tester {

    @Parameter
    private String[] arguments;

    @Parameters
    public static Iterable<Object[]> data() {
        return Arrays.asList(
                new Object[][]{
                    {new String[] {"test1","test2"}},
                    {new String[] {"test3","test4"}}
                }
        );
    }

    @Test
    public void test() {
        fail();
    }
}

When I execute the test, however, a SlowCheckMemberAccess Exception is thrown. Google delivered no results for that kind of problem.
Can anyone explain what is going wrong here?
The unfiltered JUnit trace is:
java.lang.IllegalAccessException: Class org.junit.runners.Parameterized$TestClassRunnerForParameters can not access a member of class org.mafagafogigante.dungeon.entity.creatures.Tester with modifiers "private"
at sun.reflect.Reflection.ensureMemberAccess(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject.slowCheckMemberAccess(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject.checkAccess(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Field.set(Unknown Source)
at org.junit.runners.Parameterized$TestClassRunnerForParameters.createTestUsingFieldInjection(Parameterized.java:201)
at org.junit.runners.Parameterized$TestClassRunnerForParameters.createTest(Parameterized.java:179)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner$1.runReflectiveCall(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:244)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:12)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.methodBlock(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:241)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:70)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:50)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:238)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:63)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:236)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:53)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:229)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:309)
at org.junit.runners.Suite.runChild(Suite.java:127)
at org.junit.runners.Suite.runChild(Suite.java:26)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:238)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:63)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:236)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:53)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:229)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:309)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:86)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:459)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:678)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:382)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:192)

A: The field that is annotated with @Parameter has to be public.
JUnit 4.13 will have an improved error message:
Cannot set parameter 'arguments'. Ensure that the field 'arguments' is public.

A: I do not think you need Arrays.asList() as arrays are Iterable, too.
Also Arrays.asList() can be fooled if you specify a single array argument to it. If you want to use it, add explicit cast.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Vinse la Palma d'oro al Festival di Cannes 1962 per il film La parola data che fu anche nominato all'Oscar al miglior film straniero.

Ebbe 4 figli, nati dal matrimonio con l'attrice Ilka Soares.

Morì nel 2009 in seguito a un ictus, ma le sue condizioni di salute erano già molto precarie da diversi anni a causa della malattia di Alzheimer e di un tumore alla vescica.

Filmografia

Attore

Cinema
Querida Susana, regia di Alberto Pieralisi (1947)
Inconfidência Mineira, regia di Carmen Santos (1948)
Terra Violenta, regia di Edmond F. Bernoudy (come Edmond Francis Bernoudy), Paulo Machado (1949)
Pinguinho de Gente, regia di Gilda de Abreu (1949)
Não Me Digas Adeus, regia di Luis Moglia Barth (1949)
O Caçula do Barulho, regia di Riccardo Freda (1949)
Carnaval no Fogo, regia di Watson Macedo (1949)
 Aviso aos Navegantes, regia di Watson Macedo (1950)
 A Sombra da Outra, regia di Watson Macedo (1950)
 Maior Que o Ódio, regia di José Carlos Burle (1951)
 Tico-Tico no Fubá, regia di Adolfo Celi (1952)
Appassionata, regia di Fernando De Barros (1952)
 Veneno, regia di Gianni Pons (1952)
 Sinha Moca, la dea bianca (Sinhá Moça), regia di Tom Payne e Oswaldo Sampaio (1955)
 Carnaval em Marte, regia di Watson Macedo (1955)
 Sinfonia Carioca, regia di Watson Macedo (1955)
 Depois Eu Conto, regia di José Carlos Burle, Watson Macedo (1956)
 O Diamante, regia di Euripides Ramos (1956)
 Absolutamente Certo, regia di Anselmo Duarte (1957)
 Arara Vermelha, regia di Tom Payne (1957)
 O Cantor e o Milionário, regia di José Carlos Burle (1958)
 Marisol la piccola madrilena, regia di Luis Lucia (1960)
 As Pupilas do Senhor Reitor, regia di Perdigão Queiroga (1961)
 O Caso dos Irmãos Naves, regia di Luiz Sérgio Person (1967)
 A Espiã Que Entrou em Fria, regia di Sanin Cherques (1967)
 A Madona de Cedro, regia di Carlos Coimbra (1968)
 Juventude e Ternura, regia di Aurélio Teixeira (1968)
 Independência ou Morte, regia di Carlos Coimbra (1972)
 O Marginal, regia di Carlos Manga (1974)
 Noiva da Noite - o Desejo de 7 Homens, regia di Lenita Perroy (1974)
 A Casa das Tentações, regia di Rubem Biafora (1975)
 Ninguém Segura Essas Mulheres, regia collettiva (1976) - (episodio: Marido Que Volta Deve Avisar)
 Já Não Se Faz Amor Como Antigamente, regia di Anselmo Duarte, John Herbert, Adriano Stuart (1976) - (episodio: Oh! Dúvida Cruel)
 Paranóia, regia di Antonio Calmon (1977)
 Embalos Alucinantes, regia di José Miziara (1978)
 Tensão no Rio, regia di Gustavo Dahl (1982)
 Brasa Adormecida, regia di Djalma Limongi Batista (1987)

Televisione

 Feijão Maravilha - serie TV, 1 episodio (1979)

Sceneggiatore
Carnaval no Fogo, regia di Watson Macedo (1949)
Amei um Bicheiro, regia di Jorge Ileli, Paulo Wanderley (1953)
Carnaval em Marte, regia di Watson Macedo (1955)
Depois Eu Conto, regia di José Carlos Burle, Watson Macedo (1956)
Absolutamente Certo, regia di Anselmo Duarte (1957)
As Pupilas do Senhor Reitor, regia di Perdigão Queiroga (1961)
 La parola data (O Pagador de Promessas), regia di Anselmo Duarte (1962)
 Vereda de Salvação, regia di Anselmo Duarte (1965)
 Quelé do Pajeú, regia di Anselmo Duarte (1969)
 O Impossível Acontece, regia di C. Adolpho Chadler, Anselmo Duarte, Daniel Filho (1969)
 Um Certo Capitão Rodrigo, regia di Anselmo Duarte (1971)
 Independência ou Morte, regia di Carlos Coimbra (1972)
 O Descarte, regia di Anselmo Duarte (1973)
 Ninguém Segura Essas Mulheres, regia di Anselmo Duarte, José Miziara, Jece Valadão, Harry Zalkowistch (1976)
 Já Não Se Faz Amor Como Antigamente, regia di Anselmo Duarte, John Herbert, Adriano Stuart (1976)
 O Crime do Zé Bigorna, regia di Anselmo Duarte (1977)
 O Caçador de Esmeraldas, regia di Oswaldo de Oliveira (1979)

Regista
 Absolutamente Certo (1957)
 La parola data (O Pagador de Promessas) (1962)
 Vereda de Salvação (1965)
 Quelé do Pajeú (1969)
 O Impossivel Acontece (1969)
 Um Certo Capitao Rodrigo (1971)
 O Descarte (1973)
 Ninguém Segura Essas Mulheres (1976)
 Ja Nao Se Faz Amore Como Antigamente (1976)
 O Crime do Zé Bigorna (1977)
 Os Trombadinhas (1979)

Collegamenti esterni

Nati nello stato di San Paolo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
All posts by Dr John Douillard
About Dr John Douillard
Dr. John Douillard, DC, CAP, is a globally recognized leader in the fields of natural health, Ayurveda, and sports medicine. He is the creator of LifeSpa.com, the leading Ayurvedic health and wellness resource on the web. LifeSpa.com is evolving the way Ayurveda is understood around the world, with over 700 articles and videos proving ancient wisdom with modern science. Dr. John is the former Director of Player Development for the New Jersey Nets NBA team, author of 6 books, a repeat guest on the Dr. Oz show, and featured in Woman's World Magazine, Huffington Post, Yoga Journal and dozens of other publications. He directs LifeSpa, the 2013 Holistic Wellness Center of the year, in Boulder, CO. For more information visit www.lifespa.com.
8 Tips for a Healthy Spring Diet
Reprinted with permission from Dr. John Douillard, DC © March 6, 2015 I'd like to share a story with you of a patient of mine, "Mary." I had seen Mary a couple of times early in the...
Tea for your Psychic Bugs: A Slippery Elm Prebiotic Tea Formula
Reprinted with permission from Dr. John Douillard, DC © February 12, 2015 The relationship between the microbes in the gut and one's mental and emotional state of mind is called the gut-brain axis. New studies suggest that...
Re-Grow Your Brain Cells
Reprinted with permission from Dr. John Douillard, DC © February 3, 2015 Perhaps one of the most exciting fields of research today is called the "gut-brain axis." While it is not completely understood by any means, researchers...
5 Tips to Stop Cravings
Reprinted with permission from Dr. John Douillard, DC © December 8, 2014 According to Ayurveda, a craving is the body sending an urgent message to the brain requesting a specific nutrient, chemical constituent, or hormone to turn...
5 Spices to Rock Your Digestion
Reprinted with permission from Dr. John Douillard, DC © October 9, 2014 According to a recent survey as reported by Fox News, a whopping 74% of Americans are living with digestive discomfort. The common symptoms are gas,...
How Stress is Carried for Generations
Reprinted with permission from Dr. John Douillard, DC © October 11, 2014 According to Ayurveda, physical, behavioral, mental and emotional traits can be carried from one generation to the next. If mom or dad carries a specific...
Freedom from Fatigue
Reprinted with permission from Dr. John Douillard, DC © October 2, 2014 Everyone experiences fatigue – this is a natural response to overexertion or stress. But for many people in our culture, the unabating experience of fatigue...
Euphoria: Get the Rush without the Risk
In my first book, Body, Mind, and Sport, I discussed techniques to experience the co-existence of opposites, also referred to as the zone or the flow during exercise. I called it "the hurricane effect"– the principle by...
What the Hell Should We Eat Anyway?
It seems we never run out of new diets in America. Ten years ago when I wrote The 3-Season Diet, I listed the many crazy, yoyo, unsustainable diets we have endured over the years. Today, while one...
Moody Painful Menstrual Cycle?
Reprinted with permission from Dr. John Douillard, DC © 2017 My female patients often express concerns about their menstrual cycles. Many of them are confused. They have gotten the message that it is normal to feel some...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Really serious bicyclists measure their performance not in speed, but in watts, with power meters integrated with their bikes. The problem is, those power meters come with really serious price tags. The soon-to-be-released iBike Powerhouse makes it possible to measure your power output much more cheaply.
The Powerhouse, which will cost $269 when it's released later this spring, consists of a special case for your iPhone that attaches to your handlebars, along with the company's own app. As you ride along, the Powerhouse not only measures your speed (through standard sensors attached to your bike and wheel), it also measures the forces you're contending with: wind, hills, etc.
By measuring what you're pushing against and the speed you manage to achieve, the Powerhouse can calculate the wattage you're putting out.
Bike nerds will find that data useful in itself, but the folks at iBike don't want to limit the benefit to those who study watt levels obsessively. The system lets cyclists choose a goal: losing weight, improving their looks or getting faster. Then it tailors workouts to help them meet that goal.
In fact, cyclists don't need to know about watts at all. Their phone display will simply tell them to ride with the needle in a certain range on a dial. If they do that, they'll be at the perfect power setting to reach their goal. The Powerhouse will measure their improvement and make their workouts correspondingly tougher to ensure they continue to improve.


Bangkok is the capital and most populous city of the Kingdom of Thailand. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand, and has a population of over 8 million, or 12.6 percent of the country's population. The city is now a major regional force in finance and business. It began as a small trading centre and port community on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River some 200 years ago. Today, while the city is up to speed with modern times, the grandeur and glory of its illustrious past still prevails.
The city is always among the world's top tourist destinations, which is a true tourist paradise, proved by the growing number of travelers coming each year. The historic Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the nightlife scenes of Khaosan Road and Patpong.


Use this link to save $25 off your first Turo Rental - https://turo.com/c/brettc175 Please text me to inquire about special single day rates - 954-242-4231 Please see My other Car - 2006 Mini Cooper Convertible - 5 Star Rated Service!! Please watch this video to learn about how to operate the convertible top. https://youtu.be/RZ_IIUY7gD0 Audi A4 Quattro Convertible S-Line. Diamond Silver with Dove Grey interior. This car is in stunning condition with Ice Cold Air conditioning and all the power options to making cruising out to the keys or along Ocean Drive a lot of fun. The car has new tires and brakes for safety. A USB port for charging and an audio input for Ipods and other music devices is provided. Completely automatic top drops and stows itself with one button. The 2.0L Turbo engine is quick yet very fuel efficient. I now offer self checkout at Fort Lauderdale Airport at No charge. The car is waiting for your at the airport and the key is in a lockbox on the window. No waiting in the rental car lineup for hours. And Lately the lineup has been hours and hours at Fort Lauderdale. When choosing your booking time, this is the time I will meet you curbside or the time the car will be ready in the parking lot. If you have checked bags you should give 30-45 minutes after arrival to get your bags and meet curbside. If you have carry on luggage only you should give 15-30 minutes to meet curbside after arrival. This car has SunPass so all tolls are automatic. You can go through the SunPass lane at all toll roads in South Florida. Tolls are added up after the rental and sent to you for payment. SunPass is well worth the small amount of cost as it saves a lot of time traveling when traffic gets busy and you do not have to carry cash. Also, the SunPass rate is discounted so you save money on tolls with the program also. Please note the operation of this car is for South Florida only. I have a service loaner car should there be any mechanical issues with my cars. I can only substitute cars in south Florida. Leaving the state of Florida or South Florida is not allowed. Please ask any questions about where you plan to visit. Please note that this car has very low profile tires and wheels. Extra care is needed when parking as the wheel rims will make contact with most curbs. Also the front spoiler of the car is very low and when parking you must ensure you park back from the curb as the front of the car will contact the curb. Do not leave the car unattended with the top down. Rain Storms can develop in Florida very quickly. If the car is rain flooded the fine is $1000. Trip Rules - - No Hard Accelerations - No deliberate Hard Braking - No Racing - No burnouts (Tire tread depth is measured before each rental. Burnt tires is a fine of $500) - No off roading - No Speeds over 85 MPH - No smoking of any kind If these rules are broken the rental will end early and fines will be applied. If you do not like these rules please do not rent my cars. I provide excellent service to my customers. I ask that you enjoy the cars but not abuse the cars. Thank you.
Do not leave the car unattended with the top down. Rain Storms can develop in Florida very quickly. If the car is rain flooded the fine is $1000. Trip Rules - - No Hard Accelerations - No deliberate Hard Braking - No high engine rpm - No Racing - No burnouts (Tire tread depth is measured before each rental. Burnt tires is a fine of $500) - No off roading - No Speeds over 85 MPH - No smoking any products. If these rules are broken the rental will end early and fines will be applied. If you do not like these rules please do not rent my cars. I provide excellent service to my customers. I ask that you enjoy the cars but not abuse the cars. Thank you.
Brett has awesome customer service and we loved the trip to the keys in his Audi A4. Nothing like getting picked up with the top down at the airport and dropping it off to him at departures. This was my first Turo experience and I hope this is the standard.
Brett provided us with everything that was needed and was very helpful. The car was great and I would definitely rent again from Brett. Highly recommend this car!!


Book taxis with the touch of a button. This prototype was so simple, it's hard to believe Uber turned it into a real business.
The screenflow was used to communicate the flow of the different screens in the prototype, and was printed in A3 for everyone on the team to see.
A range of animations were chosen when animating pages in this prototype, including flips and slides. A blur effect from the iOS library was also included.


Full wood pulp paper with good formation and high tensile strength.
Paper color ivory white, quietly elegant, quiet.
Paper scalability is small, bulk is 1.3, high opacity.
Ordinary price, high-grade quality, good printing performance.
Suitable for all kinds of high-grade printing books.


text:
De vergelijking van Freundlich of de adsorptie-isotherm van Freundlich is een isotherme adsorptiecurve waarmee een verband wordt gelegd tussen de concentratie van een opgeloste stof op het oppervlak van een adsorbens en de concentratie van de oplossing waarmee dit adsorptie-oppervlak in contact staat. Het geeft met andere woorden de beladenheid van een adsorptie-oppervlak weer. De vergelijking werd vernoemd naar Freundlich, die in 1909 een empirisch verband legde tussen de isotherme variatie van een hoeveelheid geadsorbeerd gas en de druk van het gas. Een vergelijkbaar verband is de adsorptie-isotherm van Langmuir.

Wiskundige voorstelling
De adsorptie-isotherm kan wiskundig worden uitgedrukt als:

Of in logaritmische vorm:

Hierbij is:
  de massa van de geadsorbeerde stof
  de massa van het adsorbens
  de evenwichtsdruk van een geadsorbeerd gas

 en  zijn constanten die eigen zijn aan het adsorbens en de temperatuur. Bij hoge druk wordt  gelijk aan 0, zodat de adsorptie onafhankelijk is van de druk.

Voor oplossingen kan de vergelijking worden herschreven als (met  de evenwichtsconcentratie opgeloste stof):

Zie ook
 Adsorptiechromatografie

Chromatografie
Fysische chemie


text:
Group: CCAMP
RSVP-TE Extensions in Support of End-to-End Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Recovery
Network Working Group                                     J.P. Lang, Ed.
Request for Comments: 4872                                         Sonos
Updates: 3471                                            Y. Rekhter, Ed.
Category: Standards Track                                        Juniper
D. Papadimitriou, Ed.
RSVP-TE Extensions in Support of End-to-End
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Recovery
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
This document describes protocol-specific procedures and extensions
for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Resource
ReSerVation Protocol - Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) signaling to
support end-to-end Label Switched Path (LSP) recovery that denotes
protection and restoration.  A generic functional description of
GMPLS recovery can be found in a companion document, RFC 4426.
1. Introduction .....................................................3
2. Conventions Used in This Document ...............................5
3. Relationship to Fast Reroute (FRR) ..............................5
4. Definitions .....................................................6
4.1. LSP Identification .........................................6
4.2. Recovery Attributes ........................................7
4.2.1. LSP Status ..........................................7
4.2.2. LSP Recovery ........................................8
4.3. LSP Association ............................................9
5. 1+1 Unidirectional Protection ...................................9
5.1. Identifiers ...............................................10
6. 1+1 Bidirectional Protection ...................................10
6.2. End-to-End Switchover Request/Response ....................11
7. 1:1 Protection with Extra-Traffic ..............................13
7.3. 1:N (N > 1) Protection with Extra-Traffic .................16
8. Rerouting without Extra-Traffic ................................17
8.2. Signaling Primary LSPs ....................................19
8.3. Signaling Secondary LSPs ..................................19
9. Shared-Mesh Restoration ........................................20
10. LSP Preemption ................................................23
11. (Full) LSP Rerouting ..........................................25
11.1. Identifiers ..............................................25
11.2. Signaling Reroutable LSPs ................................26
12. Reversion .....................................................26
13. Recovery Commands .............................................29
14. PROTECTION Object .............................................31
14.1. Format ...................................................31
14.2. Processing ...............................................33
15. PRIMARY_PATH_ROUTE Object .....................................33
15.2. Subobjects ...............................................34
15.3. Applicability ............................................35
16. ASSOCIATION Object ............................................37
17. Updated RSVP Message Formats ..................................39
20. Acknowledgments ...............................................43
22. Contributors ..................................................45
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) extends MPLS to
include support for Layer-2 Switch Capable (L2SC), Time-Division
Multiplex (TDM), Lambda Switch Capable (LSC), and Fiber Switch
Capable (FSC) interfaces.  GMPLS recovery uses control plane
mechanisms (i.e., signaling, routing, and link management mechanisms)
to support data plane fault recovery.  Note that the analogous (data
plane) fault detection mechanisms are required to be present in
support of the control plane mechanisms.  In this document, the term
"recovery" is generically used to denote both protection and
restoration; the specific terms "protection" and "restoration" are
only used when differentiation is required.  The subtle distinction
between protection and restoration is made based on the resource
allocation done during the recovery phase (see [RFC4427]).
A functional description of GMPLS recovery is provided in [RFC4426]
and should be considered as a companion document.  The present
document describes the protocol-specific procedures for GMPLS RSVP-
TE (Resource ReSerVation Protocol - Traffic Engineering) signaling
(see [RFC3473]) to support end-to-end recovery.  End-to-end recovery
refers to the recovery of an entire LSP from its head-end (ingress
node endpoint) to its tail-end (egress node endpoint).  With end-to-
end recovery, working LSPs are assumed to be resource-disjoint (where
a resource is a link, node, or Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG)) in the
network so that they do not share any failure probability, but this
is not mandatory.  With respect to a given set of network resources,
a pair of working/protecting LSPs SHOULD be resource disjoint in case
of dedicated recovery type (see below).  On the other hand, in case
of shared recovery (see below), a group of working LSPs SHOULD be
mutually resource-disjoint in order to allow for a (single and
commonly) shared protecting LSP, itself resource-disjoint from each
of the working LSPs.  Note that resource disjointness is a necessary
(but not sufficient) condition to ensure LSP recoverability.
The present document addresses four types of end-to-end LSP recovery:
1) 1+1 (unidirectional/bidirectional) protection, 2) 1:N (N >= 1) LSP
protection with extra-traffic, 3) pre-planned LSP rerouting without
extra-traffic (including shared mesh), and 4) full LSP rerouting.
1) The simplest notion of end-to-end LSP protection is 1+1
unidirectional protection.  Using this type of protection, a
protecting LSP is signaled over a dedicated resource-disjoint
alternate path to protect an associated working LSP.  Normal
traffic is simultaneously sent on both LSPs and a selector is used
at the egress node to receive traffic from one of the LSPs.  If a
failure occurs along one of the LSPs, the egress node selects the
traffic from the valid LSP.  No coordination is required between
the end nodes when a failure/switchover occurs.
In 1+1 bidirectional protection, a protecting LSP is signaled over
a dedicated resource-disjoint alternate path to protect the
working LSP.  Normal traffic is simultaneously sent on both LSPs
(in both directions), and a selector is used at both
ingress/egress nodes to receive traffic from the same LSP.  This
requires coordination between the end-nodes when switching to the
protecting LSP.
2) In 1:N (N >= 1) protection with extra-traffic, the protecting LSP
is a fully provisioned and resource-disjoint LSP from the N
working LSPs, that allows for carrying extra-traffic.  The N
working LSPs MAY be mutually resource-disjoint.  Coordination
between end-nodes is required when switching from one of the
working LSPs to the protecting LSP.  As the protecting LSP is
fully provisioned, default operations during protection switching
are specified for a protecting LSP carrying extra-traffic, but
this is not mandatory.  Note that M:N protection is out of scope
of this document (though mechanisms it defines may be extended to
cover it).
3) Pre-planned LSP rerouting (or restoration) relies on the
establishment between the same pair of end-nodes of a working LSP
and a protecting LSP that is link/node/SRLG disjoint from the
working one.  Here, the recovery resources for the protecting LSP
are pre-reserved but explicit action is required to activate
(i.e., commit resource allocation at the data plane) a specific
protecting LSP instantiated during the (pre-)provisioning phase.
Since the protecting LSP is not "active" (i.e., fully
instantiated), it cannot carry any extra-traffic.  This does not
mean that the corresponding resources cannot be used by other
LSPs.  Therefore, this mechanism protects against working LSP(s)
failure(s) but requires activation of the protecting LSP after
working LSP failure occurrence.  This requires restoration
signaling along the protecting path.  "Shared-mesh" restoration
can be seen as a particular case of pre-planned LSP rerouting that
reduces the recovery resource requirements by allowing multiple
protecting LSPs to share common link and node resources.  The
recovery resources are pre-reserved but explicit action is
required to activate (i.e., commit resource allocation at the data
plane) a specific protecting LSP instantiated during the (pre-)
provisioning phase.  This procedure requires restoration signaling
along the protecting path.
Note that in both cases, bandwidth pre-reserved for a protecting
(but not activated) LSP can be made available for carrying extra
traffic.  LSPs for extra-traffic (with lower holding priority than
the protecting LSP) can then be established using the bandwidth
pre-reserved for the protecting LSP.  Also, any lower priority LSP
that use the pre-reserved resources for the protecting LSP(s) must
be preempted during the activation of the protecting LSP.
4) Full LSP rerouting (or restoration) switches normal traffic to an
alternate LSP that is not even partially established until after
the working LSP failure occurs.  The new alternate route is
selected at the LSP head-end node, it may reuse resources of the
failed LSP at intermediate nodes and may include additional
intermediate nodes and/or links.
Crankback signaling (see [CRANK]) and LSP segment recovery (see
[RFC4873]) are further detailed in dedicated companion documents.
2.  Conventions Used in This Document
In addition, the reader is assumed to be familiar with the
terminology used in [RFC3945], [RFC3471], [RFC3473] and referenced as
well as in [RFC4427] and [RFC4426].
3.  Relationship to Fast Reroute (FRR)
There is no impact to RSVP-TE Fast Reroute (FRR) [RFC4090] introduced
by end-to-end GMPLS recovery i.e., it is possible to use either
method defined in FRR with end-to-end GMPLS recovery.
The objects used and/or newly introduced by end-to-end recovery will
be ignored by [RFC4090] conformant implementations, and FRR can
operate on a per LSP basis as defined in [RFC4090].
4.  Definitions
4.1.  LSP Identification
This section reviews terms previously defined in [RFC2205],
[RFC3209], and [RFC3473].  LSP tunnels are identified by a
combination of the SESSION and SENDER_TEMPLATE objects (see also
[RFC3209]).  The relevant fields are as follows:
IPv4 (or IPv6) tunnel endpoint address
IPv4 (or IPv6) address of the egress node for the tunnel.
Tunnel ID
A 16-bit identifier used in the SESSION that remains constant
over the life of the tunnel.
Extended Tunnel ID
A 32-bit (or 16-byte) identifier used in the SESSION that
remains constant over the life of the tunnel.  Normally set to
all zeros.  Ingress nodes that wish to narrow the scope of a
SESSION to the ingress-egress pair MAY place their IPv4 (or
IPv6) address here as a globally unique identifier.
IPv4 (or IPv6) tunnel sender address
IPv4 (or IPv6) address for a sender node.
LSP ID
A 16-bit identifier used in the SENDER_TEMPLATE and FILTER_SPEC
that can be changed to allow a sender to share resources with
The first three fields are carried in the SESSION object (Path and
Resv message) and constitute the basic identification of the LSP
tunnel.
The last two fields are carried in the SENDER_TEMPLATE (Path message)
and FILTER_SPEC objects (Resv message).  The LSP ID is used to
differentiate LSPs that belong to the same LSP Tunnel (as identified
by its Tunnel ID).
4.2.  Recovery Attributes
The recovery attributes include all the parameters that determine the
status of an LSP within the recovery scheme to which it is
associated.  These attributes are part of the PROTECTION object
introduced in Section 14.
4.2.1.  LSP Status
The following bits are used in determining resource allocation and
status of the LSP within the group of LSPs forming the protected
entity:
- S (Secondary) bit: enables distinction between primary and
secondary LSPs.  A primary LSP is a fully established LSP for which
the resource allocation has been committed at the data plane (i.e.,
full cross-connection has been performed).  Both working and
protecting LSPs can be primary LSPs.  A secondary LSP is an LSP
that has been provisioned in the control plane only, and for which
resource selection MAY have been done but for which the resource
allocation has not been committed at the data plane (for instance,
no cross-connection has been performed).  Therefore, a secondary
LSP is not immediately available to carry any traffic (thus
requiring additional signaling to be available).  A secondary LSP
can only be a protecting LSP.  The (data plane) resources allocated
for a secondary LSP MAY be used by other LSPs until the primary LSP
fails over to the secondary LSP.
- P (Protecting) bit: enables distinction between working and
protecting LSPs.  A working LSP must be a primary LSP whilst a
protecting LSP can be either a primary or a secondary LSP.  When
protecting LSP(s) are associated with working LSP(s), one also
refers to the latter as protected LSPs.
Note: The combination "secondary working" is not valid (only
protecting LSPs can be secondary LSPs).  Working LSPs are always
primary LSPs (i.e., fully established) whilst primary LSPs can be
either working or protecting LSPs.
- O (Operational) bit: this bit is set when a protecting LSP is
carrying the normal traffic after protection switching (i.e.,
applies only in case of dedicated LSP protection or LSP protection
with extra-traffic; see Section 4.2.2).
In this document, the PROTECTION object uses as a basis the
PROTECTION object defined in [RFC3471] and [RFC3473] and defines
additional fields within it.  The fields defined in [RFC3471] and
[RFC3473] are unchanged by this document.
4.2.2.  LSP Recovery
The following classification is used to distinguish the LSP
Protection Type with which LSPs can be associated at end-nodes (a
distinct value is associated with each Protection Type in the
PROTECTION object; see Section 14):
- Full LSP Rerouting: set if a primary working LSP is dynamically
recoverable using (non pre-planned) head-end rerouting.
- Pre-planned LSP Rerouting without Extra-traffic: set if a
protecting LSP is a secondary LSP that allows sharing of the pre-
reserved recovery resources between one or more than one
<sender;receiver> pair.  When the secondary LSPs resources are not
pre-reserved for a single <sender;receiver> pair, this type is
referred to as "shared mesh" recovery.
- LSP Protection with Extra-traffic: set if a protecting LSP is a
dedicated primary LSP that allows for extra-traffic transport and
thus precludes any sharing of the recovery resources between more
than one <sender;receiver> pair.  This type includes 1:N LSP
protection with extra-traffic.
- Dedicated LSP Protection: set if a protecting LSP does not allow
sharing of the recovery resources nor the transport of extra-
traffic (implying in the present context, duplication of the signal
over both working and protecting LSPs as in 1+1 dedicated
protection).  Note also that this document makes a distinction
between 1+1 unidirectional and bidirectional dedicated LSP
protection.
For LSP protection, in particular, when the data plane provides
automated protection-switching capability (see for instance ITU-T
[G.841] Recommendation), a Notification (N) bit is defined in the
PROTECTION object.  It allows for distinction between protection
switching signaling via the control plane or the data plane.
Note: this document assumes that Protection Type values have end-to-
end significance and that the same value is sent over the protected
and the protecting path.  In this context, shared-mesh (for instance)
appears from the end-nodes perspective as being simply an LSP
rerouting without extra-traffic services.  The net result of this is
that a single bit (the S bit alone) does not allow determining
whether resource allocation should be performed with respect to the
status of the LSP within the protected entity.  The introduction of
the P bit solves this problem unambiguously.  These bits MUST be
processed on a hop-by-hop basis (independently of the LSP Protection
Type context).  This allows for an easier implementation of reversion
signaling (see Section 12) but also facilitates the transparent
delivery of protected services since any intermediate node is not
required to know the semantics associated with the incoming LSP
Protection Type value.
4.3.  LSP Association
The ASSOCIATION object, introduced in Section 16, is used to
associate the working and protecting LSPs.
When used for signaling the working LSP, the Association ID of the
ASSOCIATION object (see Section 16) identifies the protecting LSP.
When used for signaling the protecting LSP, this field identifies the
LSP protected by the protecting LSP.
5.  1+1 Unidirectional Protection
One of the simplest notions of end-to-end LSP protection is 1+1
unidirectional protection.
Consider the following network topology:
A---B---C---D
\         /
E---F---G
The paths [A,B,C,D] and [A,E,F,G,D] are node and link disjoint,
ignoring the ingress/egress nodes A and D.  A 1+1 protected path is
established from A to D over [A,B,C,D] and [A,E,F,G,D], and traffic
is transmitted simultaneously over both component paths (i.e., LSPs).
During the provisioning phase, both LSPs are fully instantiated (and
thus activated) so that no resource sharing can be done along the
protecting LSP (nor can any extra-traffic be transported).  It is
also RECOMMENDED to set the N bit since no protection-switching
signaling is assumed in this case.
When a failure occurs (say, at node B) and is detected at end-node D,
the receiver at D selects the normal traffic from the other LSP.
From this perspective, 1+1 unidirectional protection can be seen as
an uncoordinated protection-switching mechanism acting independently
at both endpoints.  Also, for the LSP under failure condition, it is
RECOMMENDED to not set the Path_State_Removed Flag of the ERROR_SPEC
object (see [RFC3473]) upon PathErr message generation.
Note: it is necessary that both paths are SRLG disjoint to ensure
recoverability; otherwise, a single failure may impact both working
and protecting LSPs.
5.1.  Identifiers
To simplify association operations, both LSPs belong to the same
session.  Thus, the SESSION object MUST be the same for both LSPs.
The LSP ID, however, MUST be different to distinguish between the two
LSPs.
A new PROTECTION object (see Section 14) is included in the Path
message.  This object carries the desired end-to-end LSP Protection
Type -- in this case, "1+1 Unidirectional".  This LSP Protection Type
value is applicable to both uni- and bidirectional LSPs.
To allow distinguishing the working LSP (from which the signal is
taken) from the protecting LSP, the working LSP is signaled by
setting in the PROTECTION object the S bit to 0, the P bit to 0, and
in the ASSOCIATION object, the Association ID to the protecting
LSP_ID.  The protecting LSP is signaled by setting in the PROTECTION
object the S bit to 0, the P bit to 1, and in the ASSOCIATION object,
the Association ID to the associated protected LSP_ID.
After protection switching completes, and after reception of the
PathErr message, to keep track of the LSP from which the signal is
taken, the protecting LSP SHOULD be signaled with the O bit set.  The
formerly working LSP MAY be signaled with the A bit set in the
ADMIN_STATUS object (see [RFC3473]).  This process assumes the tail-
end node has notified the head-end node that traffic selection
switchover has occurred.
6.  1+1 Bidirectional Protection
1+1 bidirectional protection is a scheme that provides end-to-end
protection for bidirectional LSPs.
The LSPs [A,B,C,D] and [A,E,F,G,D] are node and link disjoint,
ignoring the ingress/egress nodes A and D.  A bidirectional LSP is
established from A to D over each path, and traffic is transmitted
simultaneously over both LSPs.  In this scheme, both endpoints must
receive traffic over the same LSP.  Note also that both LSPs are
fully instantiated (and thus activated) so that no resource sharing
can be done along the protection path (nor can any extra-traffic be
transported).
When a failure is detected by one or both endpoints of the LSP, both
endpoints must select traffic from the other LSP.  This action must
be coordinated between node A and D.  From this perspective, 1+1
bidirectional protection can be seen as a coordinated protection-
switching mechanism between both endpoints.
Type -- in this case, "1+1 Bidirectional".  This LSP Protection Type
value is only applicable to bidirectional LSPs.
It is also desirable to allow distinguishing the working LSP (from
which the signal is taken) from the protecting LSP.  This is achieved
for the working LSP by setting in the PROTECTION object the S bit to
0, the P bit to 0, and in the ASSOCIATION object, the Association ID
to the protecting LSP_ID.  The protecting LSP is signaled by setting
in the PROTECTION object the S bit to 0, the P bit to 1, and in the
ASSOCIATION object the Association ID to the associated protected
LSP_ID.
6.2.  End-to-End Switchover Request/Response
To coordinate the switchover between endpoints, an end-to-end
switchover request/response exchange is needed since a failure
affecting one of the LSPs results in both endpoints switching to the
other LSP (resulting in receiving traffic from the other LSP) in
their respective directions.
1. If an end-node (A or D) detects the failure of the working LSP
(or a degradation of signal quality over the working LSP) or
receives a Notify message including its SESSION object within
the <upstream/downstream session list> (see [RFC3473]), and the
new error code/sub-code "Notify Error/ LSP Locally Failed" in
the (IF_ID)_ERROR_SPEC object, it MUST begin receiving on the
protecting LSP.  Note that the <sender descriptor> or <flow
descriptor> is also present in the Notify message that resolves
any ambiguity and race condition since identifying (together
with the SESSION object) the LSP under failure condition.
Note: (IF_ID)_ERROR_SPEC indicates that either the
ERROR_SPEC (C-Type 1/2) or the ERROR_SPEC (C-Type 3/4,
defined in [RFC3473]) can be used.
This node MUST reliably send a Notify message, including the
MESSAGE_ID object, to the other end-node (D or A, respectively)
with the new error code/sub-code "Notify Error/LSP Failure"
(Switchover Request) indicating the failure of the working LSP.
This Notify message MUST be sent with the ACK_Desired flag set
in the MESSAGE_ID object to request the receiver to send an
acknowledgment for the message (see [RFC2961]).
This (switchover request) Notify message MAY indicate the
identity of the failed link or any other relevant information
using the IF_ID ERROR_SPEC object (see [RFC3473]).  In this
case, the IF_ID ERROR_SPEC object replaces the ERROR_SPEC
object in the Notify message; otherwise, the corresponding
(data plane) information SHOULD be received in the
PathErr/ResvErr message.
2. Upon receipt of the (switchover request) Notify message, the
end-node (D or A, respectively) MUST begin receiving from the
MESSAGE_ID object, to the other end-node (A or D,
respectively).  This (switchover response) Notify message MUST
also include a MESSAGE_ID_ACK object to acknowledge reception
of the (switchover request) Notify message.
This (switchover response) Notify message MAY indicate the
using the IF_ID ERROR_SPEC object (see [RFC3473]).
Note: upon receipt of the (switchover response) Notify message,
the end-node (A or D, respectively) MUST send an Ack message to
the other end-node to acknowledge its reception.
Since the intermediate nodes (B, C, E, F, and G) are assumed to be
GMPLS RSVP-TE signaling capable, each node adjacent to the failure
MAY generate a Notify message directed either to the LSP head-end
(upstream direction), or the LSP tail-end (downstream direction), or
even both.  Therefore, it is expected that these LSP terminating
nodes (that MAY also detect the failure of the LSP from the data
plane) provide either the right correlation mechanism to avoid
repetition of the above procedure or just discard subsequent Notify
messages corresponding to the same Session.  In addition, for the LSP
under failure condition, it is RECOMMENDED to not set the Path_State_
Removed Flag of the ERROR_SPEC object (see [RFC3473]) upon PathErr
message generation.
After protection switching completes (step 2), and after reception of
the PathErr message, to keep track of the LSP from which the signal
is taken, the protecting LSP SHOULD be signaled with the O bit set.
The formerly working LSP MAY be signaled with the A bit set in the
ADMIN_STATUS object (see [RFC3473]).
Note: when the N bit is set, the end-to-end switchover request/
response exchange described above only provides control plane
coordination (no actions are triggered at the data plane level).
7.  1:1 Protection with Extra-Traffic
The most common case of end-to-end 1:N protection is to establish,
between the same endpoints, an end-to-end working LSP (thus, N = 1)
and a dedicated end-to-end protecting LSP that are mutually link/
node/SRLG disjoint.  This protects against working LSP failure(s).
The protecting LSP is used for switchover when the working LSP fails.
GMPLS RSVP-TE signaling allows for the pre-provisioning of protecting
LSPs by indicating in the Path message (in the PROTECTION object; see
Section 14) that the LSPs are of type protecting.  Here, working and
protecting LSPs are signaled as primary LSPs; both are fully
instantiated during the provisioning phase.
Although the resources for the protecting LSP are pre-allocated,
preemptable traffic may be carried end-to-end using this LSP.  Thus,
the protecting LSP is capable of carrying extra-traffic with the
caveat that this traffic will be preempted if the working LSP fails.
The setup of the working LSP SHOULD indicate that the LSP head-end
and tail-end node wish to receive Notify messages using the NOTIFY
REQUEST object.  The node upstream to the failure (upstream in terms
of the direction an Path message traverses) SHOULD send a Notify
message to the LSP head-end node, and the node downstream to the
failure SHOULD send an Notify message to the LSP tail-end node.  Upon
receipt of the Notify messages, both the end-nodes MUST switch the
(normal) traffic from the working LSP to the pre-configured
protecting LSP (see Section 7.2).  Moreover, some coordination is
required if extra-traffic is carried over the end-to-end protecting
LSP.  Note that if the working and the protecting LSP are established
between the same end-nodes, no further notification is required to
indicate that the working LSPs are no longer protected.
Consider the following topology:
The working LSP [A,B,C,D] could be protected by the protecting LSP
[A,E,F,G,D].  Both LSPs are fully instantiated (resources are
allocated for both working and protecting LSPs) and no resource
sharing can be done along the protection path since the primary
protecting LSP can carry extra-traffic.
The LSP ID, however, MUST be different to distinguish between the
protected LSP carrying working traffic and the protecting LSP that
can carry extra-traffic.
message used to set up the two LSPs.  This object carries the desired
end-to-end LSP Protection Type -- in this case, "1:N Protection with
Extra-Traffic".  This LSP Protection Type value is applicable to both
uni- and bidirectional LSPs.
The working LSP is signaled by setting in the new PROTECTION object
the S bit to 0, the P bit to 0, and in the ASSOCIATION object, the
Association ID to the protecting LSP_ID.
The protecting LSP is signaled by setting in the new PROTECTION
switchover request/response is needed such that the affected LSP is
moved to the protecting LSP.  Protection switching from the working
to the protecting LSP (implying preemption of extra-traffic carried
over the protecting LSP) must be initiated by one of the end-nodes (A
or D).
new error code/sub-code "Notify Error/LSP Locally Failed" in
the (IF_ID)_ERROR_SPEC object, it disconnects the extra-traffic
from the protecting LSP.  Note that the <sender descriptor> or
<flow descriptor> is also present in the Notify message that
resolves any ambiguity and race condition since identifying
(together with the SESSION object) the LSP under failure
end-node (D or A, respectively) MUST disconnect the extra-
traffic from the protecting LSP and begin sending/receiving
normal traffic out/from the protecting LSP.
Note: since the Notify message generated by the other end-node
(A or D, respectively) is distinguishable from the one
generated by an intermediate node, there is no possibility of
connecting the extra-traffic to the working LSP due to the
receipt of a Notify message from an intermediate node.
3. Upon receipt of the (switchover response) Notify message, the
end-node (A or D, respectively) MUST begin receiving normal
traffic from or sending normal traffic out the protecting LSP.
This node MUST also send an Ack message to the other end-node
(D or A, respectively) to acknowledge the reception of the
(switchover response) Notify message.
Note 1: a 2-phase protection-switching signaling is used in the
present context; a 3-phase signaling (see [RFC4426]) that would imply
a notification message, a switchover request, and a switchover
response messages is not considered here.  Also, when the protecting
LSPs do not carry extra-traffic, protection-switching signaling (as
defined in Section 6.2) MAY be used instead of the procedure
described in this section.
Note 2: when the N bit is set, the above end-to-end switchover
request/response exchange only provides control plane coordination
(no actions are triggered at the data plane level).
the PathErr message, to keep track of the LSP from which the normal
traffic is taken, the protecting LSP SHOULD be signaled with the O
bit set.  In addition, the formerly working LSP MAY be signaled with
the A bit set in the ADMIN_STATUS object (see [RFC3473]).
7.3.  1:N (N > 1) Protection with Extra-Traffic
1:N (N > 1) protection with extra-traffic assumes that the fully
provisioned protecting LSP is resource-disjoint from the N working
LSPs.  This protecting LSP thereby allows for carrying extra-traffic.
Note that the N working LSPs and the protecting LSP are all between
the same pair of endpoints.  In addition, the N working LSPs
(considered as identical in terms of traffic parameters) MAY be
mutually resource-disjoint.  Coordination between end-nodes is
required when switching from one of the working to the protecting
LSP.
Each working LSP is signaled with both S bit and P bit set to 0.  The
LSP Protection Type is set to 0x04 (1:N Protection with Extra-
Traffic) during LSP setup.  Each Association ID points to the
protecting LSP ID.
The protecting LSP (carrying extra-traffic) is signaled with the S
bit set to 0 and the P bit set to 1.  The LSP Protection Type is set
to 0x04 (1:N Protection with Extra-Traffic) during LSP setup.  The
Association ID MUST be set by default to the LSP ID of the protected
LSP corresponding to N = 1.
Any signaling procedure applicable to 1:1 protection with extra-
traffic equally applies to 1:N protection with extra-traffic.
8.  Rerouting without Extra-Traffic
End-to-end (pre-planned) rerouting without extra-traffic relies on
the establishment between the same pair of end-nodes of a working LSP
and a protecting LSP that is link/node/SRLG disjoint from the working
LSP.  However, in this case the protecting LSP is not fully
instantiated; thus, it cannot carry any extra-traffic (note that this
does not mean that the corresponding resources cannot be used by
other LSPs).  Therefore, this mechanism protects against working LSP
failure occurrence.
Signaling is performed by indicating in the Path message (in the
PROTECTION object; see Section 14) that the LSPs are of type working
and protecting, respectively.  Protecting LSPs are used for fast
switchover when working LSPs fail.  In this case, working and
protecting LSPs are signaled as primary LSP and secondary LSP,
respectively.  Thus, only the working LSP is fully instantiated
during the provisioning phase, and for the protecting LSPs, no
resources are committed at the data plane level (they are pre-
reserved at the control plane level only).  The setup of the working
LSP SHOULD indicate (using the NOTIFY REQUEST object as specified in
Section 4 of [RFC3473]) that the LSP head-end node (and possibly the
tail-end node) wish to receive a Notify message upon LSP failure
occurrence.  Upon receipt of the Notify message, the head-end node
MUST switch the (normal) traffic from the working LSP to the
protecting LSP after its activation.  Note that since the working and
the protecting LSPs are established between the same end-nodes, no
further notification is required to indicate that the working LSPs
are without protection.
To make bandwidth pre-reserved for a protecting (but not activated)
LSP available for extra-traffic, this bandwidth could be included in
the advertised Unreserved Bandwidth at priority lower (means
numerically higher) than the Holding Priority of the protecting LSP.
In addition, the Max LSP Bandwidth field in the Interface Switching
Capability Descriptor sub-TLV should reflect the fact that the
bandwidth pre-reserved for the protecting LSP is available for extra
traffic.  LSPs for extra-traffic then can be established using the
bandwidth pre-reserved for the protecting LSP by setting (in the Path
message) the Setup Priority field of the SESSION_ATTRIBUTE object to
X (where X is the Setup Priority of the protecting LSP), and the
Holding Priority field to at least X+1.  Also, if the resources pre-
reserved for the protecting LSP are used by lower-priority LSPs,
these LSPs MUST be preempted when the protecting LSP is activated
(see Section 10).
[A,E,F,G,D].  Only the protected LSP is fully instantiated (resources
are only allocated for the working LSP).  Therefore, the protecting
LSP cannot carry any extra-traffic.  When a failure is detected on
the working LSP (say, at B), the error is propagated and/or notified
(using a Notify message with the new error code/sub-code "Notify
Error/LSP Locally Failed" in the (IF_ID)_ERROR_SPEC object) to the
ingress node (A).  Upon reception, the latter activates the secondary
This requires:
(1)  the ability to identify a "secondary protecting LSP" (hereby
called the "secondary LSP") used to recover another primary
working LSP (hereby called the "protected LSP")
(2)  the ability to associate the secondary LSP with the protected
(3)  the capability to activate a secondary LSP after failure
occurrence.
In the following subsections, these features are described in more
To simplify association operations, both LSPs (i.e., the protected
and the secondary LSPs) belong to the same session.  Thus, the
SESSION object MUST be the same for both LSPs.  The LSP ID, however,
MUST be different to distinguish between the protected LSP carrying
working traffic and the secondary LSP that cannot carry extra-
A new PROTECTION object (see Section 14) is used to set up the two
LSPs.  This object carries the desired end-to-end LSP Protection Type
(in this case, "Rerouting without Extra-Traffic").  This LSP
Protection Type value is applicable to both uni- and bidirectional
8.2.  Signaling Primary LSPs
The new PROTECTION object is included in the Path message during
signaling of the primary working LSP, with the end-to-end LSP
Protection Type value set to "Rerouting without Extra-Traffic".
Primary working LSPs are signaled by setting in the new PROTECTION
the Association ID to the associated secondary protecting LSP_ID.
8.3.  Signaling Secondary LSPs
signaling of secondary protecting LSPs, with the end-to-end LSP
Secondary protecting LSPs are signaled by setting in the new
PROTECTION object the S bit and the P bit to 1, and in the
ASSOCIATION object, the Association ID to the associated primary
working LSP_ID, which MUST be known before signaling of the secondary
With this setting, the resources for the secondary LSP SHOULD be
pre-reserved, but not committed at the data plane level, meaning that
the internals of the switch need not be established until explicit
action is taken to activate this secondary LSP.  Activation of a
secondary LSP is done using a modified Path message with the S bit
set to 0 in the PROTECTION object.  At this point, the link and node
resources must be allocated for this LSP that becomes a primary LSP
(ready to carry normal traffic).
From [RFC3945], the secondary LSP is set up with resource pre-
reservation but with or without label pre-selection (both allowing
sharing of the recovery resources).  In the former case (defined as
the default), label allocation during secondary LSP signaling does
not require any specific procedure compared to [RFC3473].  However,
in the latter case, label (and thus resource) re-allocation MAY occur
during the secondary LSP activation.  This means that during the LSP
activation phase, labels MAY be reassigned (with higher precedence
over existing label assignment; see also [RFC3471]).
Note: under certain circumstances (e.g., when pre-reserved protecting
resources are used by lower-priority LSPs), it MAY be desirable to
perform the activation of the secondary LSP in the upstream direction
(Resv trigger message) instead of using the default downstream
activation.  In this case, any mis-ordering and any mis-
interpretation between a refresh Resv (along the lower-priority LSP)
and a trigger Resv message (along the secondary LSP) MUST be avoided
at any intermediate node.  For this purpose, upon reception of the
Path message, the egress node MAY include the PROTECTION object in
the Resv message.  The latter is then processed on a hop-by-hop basis
to activate the secondary LSP until reaching the ingress node.  The
PROTECTION object included in the Path message MUST be set as
specified in this section.  In this case, the PROTECTION object with
the S bit MUST be set to 0 and included in the Resv message sent in
the upstream direction.  The upstream activation behavior SHOULD be
configurable on a local basis.  Details concerning lower-priority LSP
preemption upon secondary LSP activation are provided in Section 10.
9. Shared-Mesh Restoration
An approach to reduce recovery resource requirements is to have
protection LSPs sharing network resources when the working LSPs that
they protect are physically (i.e., link, node, SRLG, etc.) disjoint.
This mechanism is referred to as shared mesh restoration and is
described in [RFC4426].  Shared-mesh restoration can be seen as a
particular case of pre-planned LSP rerouting (see Section 8) that
protecting LSPs to share common link and node resources.  Here also,
the recovery resources for the protecting LSPs are pre-reserved
during the provisioning phase, thus an explicit signaling action is
provisioning phase.  This requires restoration signaling along the
LSP, available for extra-traffic this bandwidth could be included in
X (where X is the Setup Priority of the protecting LSP) and the
reserved for the protecting LSP are used by lower priority LSPs,
(see Section 10).  Further, if the recovery resources are shared
between multiple protecting LSPs, the corresponding working LSPs
head-end nodes must be informed that they are no longer protected
when the protecting LSP is activated to recover the normal traffic
for the working LSP under failure.
/         \
H---I---J---K
The working LSPs [A,B,C,D] and [H,I,J,K] could be protected by
[A,E,F,G,D] and [H,E,F,G,K], respectively.  Per [RFC3209], in order
to achieve resource sharing during the signaling of these protecting
LSPs, they must have the same Tunnel Endpoint Address (as part of
their SESSION object).  However, these addresses are not the same in
this example.  Resource sharing along E, F, and G can only be
achieved if the nodes E, F, and G recognize that the LSP Protection
Type of the secondary LSP is set to "Rerouting without Extra-Traffic"
(see PROTECTION object, Section 14) and acts accordingly.  In this
case, the protecting LSPs are not merged (which is useful since the
paths diverge at G), but the resources along E, F, G can be shared.
When a failure is detected on one of the working LSPs (say, at B),
the error is propagated and/or notified (using a Notify message with
the new error code/sub-code "Notify Error/LSP Locally Failed" in the
(IF_ID)_ERROR_SPEC object) to the ingress node (A).  Upon reception,
the latter activates the secondary protecting LSP (see Section 8).
At this point, it is important that a failure on the other LSP (say,
at J) does not cause the other ingress (H) to send the data down the
protecting LSP since the resources are already in use.  This can be
achieved by node E using the following procedure.  When the capacity
is first reserved for the protecting LSP, E should verify that the
LSPs being protected ([A,B,C,D] and [H,I,J,K], respectively) do not
share any common resources.  Then, when a failure occurs (say, at B)
and the protecting LSP [A,E,F,G,D] is activated, E should notify H
that the resources for the protecting LSP [H,E,F,G,K] are no longer
The following subsections detail how shared mesh restoration can be
implemented in an interoperable fashion using GMPLS RSVP-TE
extensions (see [RFC3473]).  This includes:
(3)  the capability to include information about the resources used
by the protected LSP while instantiating the secondary LSP.
(4)  the capability to instantiate during the provisioning phase
several secondary LSPs in an efficient manner.
In the following subsections, these features are described in detail.
-- in this case, "Rerouting without Extra-Traffic".  This LSP
signaling of the primary working LSPs, with the end-to-end LSP
signaling of the secondary protecting LSPs, with the end-to-end LSP
LSP.  Moreover, the Path message used to instantiate the secondary
LSP SHOULD include at least one PRIMARY_PATH_ROUTE object (see
Section 15) that further allows for recovery resource sharing at each
intermediate node along the secondary path.
action is taken to activate this LSP.  Activation of a secondary LSP
is done using a modified Path message with the S bit set to 0 in the
PROTECTION object.  At this point, the link and node resources must
be allocated for this LSP that becomes a primary LSP (ready to carry
normal traffic).
during the secondary LSP activation.  This means that, during the LSP


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The latest issue of Luxury Portfolio International magazine has been published with 160 pages of homes and lifestyle. This magazine is available online and on newsstands (including Barnes and Noble) in more than 60 countries.
In this issue find stories about affluent U.S homebuyers investing abroad (with a majority heading to the Caribbean) and wealth management and how that type of "family office" is impacting high-net-worth people. Also see magnificent homes from all parts of the world.
Two Sibcy Cline listed properties are promoted in this magazine on page 160. View a digital version of the magazine here.
The luxury face of Leading Real Estate Companies of the World, Luxury Portfolio International is a global real estate network comprised of the most powerful independent luxury brokerages. The program markets over 50,000 luxury homes to over three million high-net-worth visitors annually on its award-winning website, LuxuryPortfolio.com. Sibcy Cline Realtors is the only local member of Luxury Portfolio International. See Sibcy Cline's Luxury Portfolio listings here.
This entry was posted in Buying A Home, News, Real Estate, Selling A Home and tagged Cincinnati luxury homes, Dayton luxury homes, Luxury homes, Luxury Portfolio International, Luxury Portfolio International Magazine, Northern Kentucky luxury homes, Southeastern Indiana luxury homes by susanaknabe. Bookmark the permalink.


"In this work, a novel architecture of Ln2NiO4+d (LnNO; Ln ¼ La, Pr) cathodes is prepared on the Ce0.9Gd0.1O2d (CGO) electrolyte by sequentially using screen-printing (SP) and electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) techniques for the first time. Both LnNO samples crystallize into a single Fmmm orthorhombic layered Ruddlesden–Popper structure. The role of the electrode/air and electrode/electrolyte interfaces has been evaluated by impedance spectroscopy. A drastic reduction in polarization resistance (Rpol) from 3.33 to 0.42 U cm2 and from 0.83 to 0.08 U cm2 is obtained at 600 C for LaNO and PrNO, respectively, when the ESD electrode (with a dense thin, 100 nm, LnNO sub-layer) is topped by a SP current collector. A further Rpol reduction down to 0.16 and 0.04 U cm2 is successfully obtained for LaNO and PrNO, respectively, when the LnNO sub-layer is replaced by a thicker (3 mm) porous CGO/LnNO composite sub-layer. This composite sub-layer plays a main role in obtaining the best electrochemical properties of nickelates available in the literature, to the best of our knowledge.
Moreover, the values of polarization resistance for both electrodes are constant at 650 C for 15 days in air, proving their suitability as SOFC cathodes at this intermediate temperature. "


There are different types of baby cribs for infants available in the market today. This makes it quite a challenge for parents to choose ones that is best for their baby. Before making a choice, you should determine what you really desire in a cot, and how you intend your baby to sleep. It is advisable that you purchase a cot that your baby will use until they are ready to move to their own bed, or you can purchase several beds as the baby grows. Whatever cot you choose, it should provide your child with the comfort that he/she needs.
Convertible cribs are also called lifetime cribs because they have the ability to adjust the mattress height in the cot. In addition, it eventually becomes a toddler bed for older infants, and can ultimately be used as a day bed. Convertible baby cribs tend to be more costly compared to other types of cribs. However, they will adapt to the age range of your child until adulthood, which makes them a great investment.
Round baby beds are a new style that is ideal for a room that has limited space. This is because it offers the child an additional playing space that they can use as they grow. Round cribs are uniquely designed and they have a modernized and classical appearance, complete with canopies and posters. When you invest in round cribs, you will need round accessories, for example, round mattress, round bumpers, and crib beddings. These bedding supplies tend to be more expensive compared to the standard sheets and beddings for cribs.
These types of cribs are referred to as canopy because of the canopy that is found on top of them. Canopy cots are quite popular because they are comfortable and offer a cute and cozy environment for the child to sleep in. Furthermore, the canopy gives this crib a unique appearance that will make you fall in love with the design instantly. Make sure that you remove the canopy when your baby is about four months old because he/she can easily hang on it and fall.
The sleigh style crib is increasingly becoming popular, and it is designed to appear like a sleigh. Sleigh cribs have a unique design that will boost the curb appeal of your nursery. Most sleigh cribs are manufactured using solid footboards and headboards instead of the customary slats. As a result, these solid wood pieces make them more expensive than most standard cribs.
Drop-side cribs were quite popular for many years. This is because of the drop side that makes it easy for parents to get their babies in and out of the crib. Most parents find the ability to lower part of the rail quite convenient and friendlier to their backs. However, the drop-side crib may not be safe for kids because it can result in injury or even death if the child falls off the cot.
There are different designs and styles of baby cribs to suit the needs and desires of every parent. Take time to research on the internet for the different designs available. This will help you make an informed purchase. Irrespective of the crib that you eventually buy for your baby, safety should always be your first priority.


text:
Philip van Dijk (Oud-Beijerland, 10 januari 1683 - Den Haag, 2 februari 1753) was een Noord-Nederlandse schilder, tekenaar en kunsthandelaar.

Leven en werk
Van Dijk werd 1683 in Oud-Beijerland geboren en aldaar op 31 januari 1683 gedoopt. Als zoon van lakenverkoper Adriaan Jacobs.van Dijk en Elisabeth Melsse van Wijngaarden. Hij werd als schilder opgeleid door Arnold Boonen in Amsterdam en door Adriaen van der Werff in Rotterdam. Naast schilder en tekenaar was Van Dijk ook kunsthandelaar. Van 1726 tot 1736 was hij hofschilder aan het hof van landgraaf Willem VIII van Hessen. Na 1747 werd hij hofschilder van prins Willem IV van Oranje. Hij was lid van het Sint-Lucasschildersgilde in Middelburg en van het genootschap Pictura in Den Haag.

Van Dijk schilderde behalve schilderijen ook miniaturen en decoreerde met zijn schilderwerk interieurs van woningen. Hij schilderde portretten, historische en allegorische voorstellingen en genrestukken. Hij leidde diverse schilders en tekenaars op, zoals Jan Augustini, J.H. Bernards, P.M. Brasser, Jan George Freezen, Philip van de Linden van Dijk, Louis de Moni en Hendrik Pothoven. Deze laatste maakte een portret van hem als een voorstudie voor een prent van Jacob Houbraken.

Van Dijk trouwde op 5 december 1708 met Geertruyd van Beekhuysen. Hij overleed in februari 1753 op 70-jarige leeftijd in zijn woonplaats Den Haag. Enkele maanden na zijn overlijden werd zijn verzameling schilderijen geveild. Ook de schilderijenverzameling van zijn echtgenote werd tien jaar later na haar overlijden in 1763 geveild.
In 2015 heeft de gemeente Oud-Beijerland, op voorstel van de historische vereniging, besloten om een straat naar Philip van Dijk te vernoemen, de "Philip van Dijk Hof".

Enkele werken van Van Dijk

Nederlands kunstschilder


text:
Tim Noakes
Born 1949.
Tim Noakes is a sports scientist from Cape Town in South Africa and an emeritus professor in the Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine at the University of Cape Town.
Known for his low carb high fat "Noakes Diet", he has made numerous advances in the field of sports science, pushing the limits of human performance in different sporting fields.
Early Life and Education
Timothy Noakes was born on July 2 in 1949 in Harare, Zimbabwe and moved to South Africa with his family as a young child. He attended Monterey Preparatory School in Constantia, Cape Town and then enrolled at Diocesan College, Cape Town, an all-boys independent school. At school Tim enjoyed sport, particularly cricket.
Leaving school, he continued his education and studied at the University of Cape Town obtaining a medical degree in 1974, an doctorate in 1981 and a DSc (Med) in Exercise Science in 2002.
In 1980 the University of Cape Town asked Noakes to create a sports science course and he went on to become head of the Bioenergetics of Exercise Research Unit of the Medical Research Council.
Noakes recognized in 1984, exercise-related hyponatremia (EAH), a fluid-electrolyte disorder caused by a decrease in sodium levels, in four endurance athletes and his research was published the following year. His research and subsequent studies showed that endurance athletes may become ill due to excessive fluid consumption during exercise.
In the 1990s Noakes co-founded the Sports Science Institute of South Africa (SSISA), together with former South African rugby player Morne du Plessis. Its ethos is to research factors influencing physical performance and health and to disseminate knowledge and skills through education. The center has published over 370 scientific articles since the mid-1990s.
Noakes research led him to propose and elaborate on a Central governor model of exercise in 1997 in which the brain is the main organ that controls fatigue and so dictates how fast, how long, and how hard humans can exercise. A similar idea was initially suggested in 1924 by Nobel Prize winner Archibald Hill.
Still interested in EAH, in 2005 Noakes hosted the 1st International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference in Cape Town.
The same year Noakes began a series of ground-breaking experiments on endurance swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh in the Arctic and Antarctic, to better understand the body's reaction to extreme cold. He discovered that Pugh had the ability to increase his body's core temperature before he entered the water, to better prepare for the cold. Noakes called this effect "anticipatory thermo-genesis."
In 2007 Noakes was the medical doctor for Pugh's one kilometer swim at the Geographic North Pole.
Noakes went on to write several books, including his first book "Lore of Running" published in 1986. Mainly used by runners to enjoy, understand, and improve their running performance, it provides incomparable detail on physiology, training, racing, injuries, world-class athletes, and races.
He also published "Waterlogged: The Serious Problem of Overhydration in Endurance Sports" in 2012 where he takes people on a very informative journey into the world of hydration for athletes. He also states that drinking too much water after a marathon can have negative effects on the body and on the recovery of the athlete.
Noakes worked with a nutritionist and other chef-athletes for his most famous work "The Real Meal Revolution" in 2014, a nutritional science book endorsing a low carbohydrate and high fat diet.
Running Injuries: How to Prevent and Overcome Them (1990)
Bob Woolmer's Art and Science of Cricket (2008)
Challenging Beliefs: Memoirs of a Career (2012)
Raising Superheroes (2015)
Lore of Nutrition (2017) (co-authored with Marika Sboros)
Noakes was awarded the International Cannes Grand Prix Award for Research in Medicine and Water in 2002.
In 2008 he also received the Order of Mapungubwe, Silver, from the President of South Africa for his "excellent contribution in the field of sports and the science of physical exercise".
In 2012, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Research Foundation for his contribution to sports science research.
In 2014 he was awarded the Southern African Association for the Advancement of Science (S2A3) Gold Medal.


From the considerable culture which he brings to art, (Bruce) Beasley has drawn his inspiration from natural structures, rather than the built environment. Science and the microscope have changed the modern artist's understanding of nature as shown by Beasley's explanation: "The major source materials for me are what I call the building blocks of nature. People tend to think about natural forms as tree bark, waves, the bodies of animals, or people, but much more basic forms of nature are crystalline structures, molecular building blocks and bones. I'm very interested in the way nature refines these things down to very simple forms, and how it puts things together."
In the modernist tradition, Beasley does not see sculpture's purpose as providing the viewer with things the mind already knows. The sculptor's vision is to see what could be. His sculpture adds to, rather than confirms, our knowledge of what structures can look like that perform no practical function, such as do an architect's building or chemist's molecular models. Beasley's forms are dictated by a purely intellectual and aesthetic inquiry.
His purpose and personal reward are, as he puts it, that "I want to be able to take someone to a place he is not able to get to on his own. That "place" is not social wisdom but "emotional territory." Never are the sculptures intended as political metaphors or social symbols that offer veiled commentary on a tragic human condition.
Beasley's constructions require that attention be paid to a series of sights that overall reveal the intelligence and beauty of their form. In the artist's words, "when you join a group of shapes that alone had no significance, and they sing when they're together, that is the best feeling there is. "Not for the first time in modern art's history, it is the artist affirming that this is what his art and specifically sculpture alone can do with tangible forms in light and space.
It is a given that sculptors have special aptitudes for forming and joining three-dimensional shapes. They have an affinity for tools, endless patience, and because of demands on ingenuity and time, a love/hate relation with the sculptural process. With Beasley these attributes go back to youthful experiences of building racing cars. When we met in 1963 it was in a foundry he had built that allowed 200 pounds of molten metal to be poured by him alone, a feat that would have amazed and delighted Cellini.
Beasley was later to win international fame with his optically illusory lucite sculptures for which he, and not Dupont, had to solve the problems of controlled casting of acrylic in big sizes. Within the limits of his needs, the sculptor has taught himself: mathematics, geometry, trigonometry, chemistry, physics and engineering.
For Beasley quality includes but means more than the well-made. In fact, he doesn't want to divert the viewer's concentration by the excellence of his technique. The personal standards by which he evaluates his own sculpture comprise the quality of thought as expressed in the final composition and the coordination of all the components that include material, color and the relation to the space the work occupies. Does the sculpture reflect his mind when it is most awake? Above all for the serious artist, whether or not we can define it in words, quality means esthetic durability, a sculpture not wearing out its intellectual and emotional welcome.
At this stage in his career Beasley has not re-invented his basic vocabulary but changed his grammar, and found that his visual language "is much more materially neutral," meaning that it can be expressed in many materials including stone as well as metals, but not acrylics. As with nature's "building blocks", he still relies upon an art formed from known simple geometric shapes that are then joined in complex relationships. With the Seventies acrylic pieces Beasley opened an optically rich inner life to the transparent cube. The appeal of the transparent image "was the visual ambiguity that occurred when the eye was not sure where the surfaces were." Recently the constant is the conjugation of several closed cubes by bringing them together in unpredictable conjunctions such that they seem to lose their original identity and become complex and often surprising polyhedrons. "I don't want these to be visually ambiguous. I want the viewer to know where the shapes are." In all this is a playful use of geometry for serious artistic purposes.
The originality of Beasley's personal cubism and recent contribution to the constructivist tradition lies in what he chooses to emphasize: a new means of integrating simple shapes, not by their addition to or contiguity with each other, but rather their mutual interpenetration. As will be shown, the inspiration for this grammar and the resulting fragmentation principle owes much not to the history of modern art, but also to that of technology.
Within the evolution of his own sculpture, and in the last three years, Beasley has moved from thin hexagonal sheets to cubes, to closed volumes rather than flat planes that surround and divide space. Weight wins over lightness. Continued is the art of plain flat-faced forms in unpredictable union; these perform similar sculptural gestures to those found earlier in the cast aluminum and steel pieces, for example. Such configurations include cantilevering into space, a rugged seemingly precarious arching, and the whole form springing, usually from a stance of multiple points. A continued and calculated paradox is that Beasley wants his formal structures to have a sense of dynamism, to seem animated, as if perilously poised, and having the implication of movement, something not normally associated with cubes.
The artist is playing with a co-existence of contraries, a precise kind of geometry used in what seems a casual way. These recent structures are less predictable in the round than before partly because no sides line up so that they touch a common plane. They display new curved profiles as he begins to re-engage his polyhedral forms with a sphere. (In the cast acrylic sculptures hemispherical cavities were introduced into the polyhedrons.) And then there is the use of patina. The application off acid to raw bronze offers Beasley what had been for his art a missing dimension: surface nuance of inconstant color and texture. A suggestion of sensuousness counters the touch-repelling severe rectilinearity of the shapes. All these changes add up to a more overt appeal to feeling in order to balance an art with a strong address to the mind and our inclinations to look for the measurable and resolutions of threats to balance, or to see gravity confirmed or defied.
In 1987 Beasley was invited to the International Steel Sculpture Symposium in Krefeld, Germany. He was given the opportunity of having for the first time one of his new volumetric models enlarged in Cor-Ten steel to nine feet in height. A team of skilled German steel workers and hundreds of manhours supplied by the Symposium had to be thrown into the solving of the problem of calculating all of the angles where the cubes conjoined before the steel sheets could be cut. The result was the fabricating of "Titiopoli's Arch," a descendant of "Vanguard" on the Stanford University campus. (A private homage, "Titiopoli's Arch" is named after the Greek who in the third century A.D. was the first to study the order and logic of crystals.) Lacking such human resources as were available at the Symposium, Beasley realized that he needed a dramatically different tool.
Crucial to liberation from the tedious labors of making his constructions by hand and trial and error was Beasley's turning to the use in 1988 of a computer and program that allows him to visualize from any angle the complicated cubic conjunctions that he proposes. This required eight months of research and finding a high-end solids modelling program that was developed for aerospace engineering and molecular modelling by scientists. "It lets me do something that I want to do very gracefully."
Beasley now finds it appropriate and easier to draw with the computer using it as basically a "three-dimensional drawing pad." Unlike a modeller's in clay, his configurations are linear and susceptible to being transformed into digital information.
Cubes of varying dimension and proportion, and usually tilted, do not just abutt, but are made to intersect one another. "That's where the surprises come. New shapes appear as a result of the intersection that are not known to me, or that I might not have come up with just out of my imagination. The part of a cube that is penetrating out of another one is no longer a cube." That is when the extremely difficult computation of the angles of joints becomes appropriate for the computer. The artist is not only allowed but encouraged by his new tool to treat very spontaneously with a level of geometric complexity invited by the cube. This incentive to make changes owes to the fact that adjustments come in seconds, not days.
Another radical change encouraged by the computer is to liberate the sculptor from the tendency to work on a sculpture in terms of its primary view. "When I am working on the computer, there is no front view; I'm working on it completely in the round at all times."
In his maturity and from history, Beasley has learned that each must do professionally what he or she does best. The rest is for other forms of good citizenship. An artist's humanity is evidenced not just by what he doesn't, but in all that he does. Although it may not always be their conscious intent, through their invented, austere and abstract harmonies, artists like Gabo, Mondrian, David Smith and Beasley reassure us of the constructive potential of the human mind. They have created tangible poetic analogies to the diverse balances in life that each of us seeks in our own way.


text:
Das Palais Abensperg-Traun war ein Palais an der Ecke Rennweg/Salesianergasse im 3. Wiener Gemeindebezirk Landstraße.

Geschichte
Bereits 1780 urkundlich erwähnt, stand das Palais Abensperg-Traun bis 1910 an der Ecke Rennweg und Salesianergasse und wurde dann demoliert. Der dazugehörende Garten wurde bereits ab 1863 schrittweise parzelliert und verbaut.

Weblinks

Landstraße (Wien)
Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Wien
Zerstört in den 1910er Jahren
Rennweg


APS will recognize one to three programs and departments each year.
In contrast to the successful Prize for a Faculty Member for Research in an Undergraduate Institution, this effort will recognize multiple institutions, and focus specifically on undergraduate programs. We anticipate these two awards will complement each other. The Committee on Education intends this award to recognize exemplary programs among the larger physics community.
Applicants should complete the attached data form and submit an application documenting the achievements and improvements for which the program is seeking recognition. The total length of the application, including supporting documentation, should not exceed 10 pages.
Please note that it is neither expected nor required that any given program will exhibit excellence or improvement in all of these areas. It is expected that recognized programs will have distinction in one or more of these areas. Applications should concentrate on what is novel or unique about the program.
The application should provide relevant data and documentary evidence for claims of improvement, transformation in the program, growth, impact, and other successes for which the program is seeking recognition. Data provided should show evidence that improvements have been sustained over a period of at least a few years. Supporting letters may be included but are not required.
The COE seeks to recognize improvement and success at all types of institutions, ranging from large research universities to small colleges. Applications will be judged within the appropriate context to the greatest extent possible.
Institutions may submit only one application per year. Applications should arrive from the program director or department chair. To encourage broad participation by many programs, and to encourage individual programs to commit to sustained improvement and achievement, awardees will be recognized for three years on the APS website. We encourage programs to submit new applications after the award period has ended.
Applications must be received by June 15.
Supplementary materials (of up to 10 pages) will be accepted, but the two-page narrative should describe programmatic efforts completely, independent of supplements. Institutions may submit only one application per year. Applications should arrive from the program's director or department chair. To encourage broad participation by many programs, and to encourage individual programs to commit to sustained improvement and achievement, awardees will be recognized for three years on the APS website. We encourage programs to submit new applications after the award period has ended.
The APS Committee on Education's Subcommittee on Undergraduate Education will review applications and make recommendations to the APS COE for their fall meeting. The entire committee will make final decisions based on the subcommittee's recommendations. We encourage representatives of the programs receiving an award to participate in a public recognition ceremony that will typically occur at the APS April Meeting. No travel funds are available to bring recipients to the award reception, nor is it required that they attend. A section of the APS Undergraduate website will keep a list of current and historical awardees with active links to their programs.


Senator Adeola Olamilekan, representing Lagos West, has urged state governors in South West to reject Federal Government's planned cattle colony in the region.
Olamilekan stated this while maintaining that the proposed cattle colony would not end the crisis between Fulani herdsmen and farmer in the South West.
The All Progressives Congress, APC, lawmaker urged the South East governors to be proactive in finding solutions to attacks by herdsmen in the region.
Speaking in Abeokuta, the Ogun State capital on Monday, the lawmaker explained that the Federal Government's proposed cattle colonies would destroy the sociocultural way of life of the Yoruba people.
Recall that the Nigerian Government recently said it had concluded plans to establish, "cattle colonies" across the country, in its quest for a lasting solution to the incessant clashes between farmers and herdsmen.
Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Audu Ogbe, said the project is expected to start immediately.


Minks to Sinks, the giant tag sale that benefits Family & Children's Agency, will be held May 4-6 and, as a service to consignors, the Wilton-based organization offers in-home consigning.
Anyone in Wilton with more than 10 items to consign, excluding clothing, may call 203-762-0520 between 9 a.m. and 7 p.m. to make an appointment before April 16. A Minks to Sinks volunteer will come to their home and price and tag items to be consigned. The consignor can then drop off ticketed merchandise at the Minks to Sinks sale location at their convenience during consignment/donation hours April 30 to May 2.
Tuesday, April 30 — 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Wednesday, May 1 — 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. and 4 to 6 p.m.
Thursday, May 2 — 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Saturday, May 4 — 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Sunday, May 5 (Bargain Day) — noon to 4 p.m.
Monday, May 6 (Bargain Day) — 9 to 11:30 a.m.
For more information and a list of items accepted, visit www.minkstosinks.org.