text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}

Nucleon structure is a natural laboratory to understand QCD and is
worth to study for its own sake. The nucleon strange
quark-antiquark asymmetry is an interesting feature predicted as a
natural consequence of the non-perturbative aspect of the
nucleon~\cite{bm96,sig87,bur92}. Recently, the nucleon strange
asymmetry has been
suggested~\cite{oln03,kre04,dm04,alw04,dxm04,wak04} as a promising
mechanism to explain the NuTeV anomaly~\cite{NT1,NT2} within the
framework of Standard Model.

While the experimental evidence for such an asymmetry is still
inconclusive, there are some approaches such as the global
analysis of deep inelastic scattering (DIS)
data~\cite{oln03,bar00}, which show a favor for an asymmetric
strange sea, in agreement qualitatively with the intrinsic sea
theory. On the other hand, the CCFR next-to-leading-order (NLO)
analysis of the neutrino induced dimuon production result favors a
symmetric strange sea~\cite{CCFR95}, which is also the case of a
recent NuTeV analysis~\cite{NTmas04}. It seems that more precise
and dedicated research is needed to address the problem in a clear
way.

The measurement of the strange quark distribution relies on
charged current (CC) DIS processes. One method is through parity
violating structure functions for isoscalar target in CC DIS:
$F_3^\nu -F_3^{\bar{\nu}}=2[s(x)+{\bar s}(x)-c(x)-{\bar c}(x)]$,
which gives the total distribution of the strange sea. Another way
is through the combination of CC parity conserving structure
function $F_2^\nu$ with the charged lepton DIS structure function
$F_2^\mu$, for isoscalar target, ${5\over
6}F_2^\nu-3F_2^\mu=x[{4\over 3}s(x)-{1\over 3}{\bar s}(x)-c(x)]$.
Such an idea has been applied using high statistic neutrino and
charged lepton nucleon DIS data, and the result at low $x$ shows a
sizable disagreement with the direct measurement from the CCFR
dimuon result~\cite{con98}. The extraction of a small quantity
from the difference of two large quantities may suffer from
systematic uncertainties, which also seems to be the case for the
extraction of the strange asymmetry by CC parity conserving
structure functions: $F_2^\nu-F_2^{\bar\nu}=2x[s(x)-{\bar s}(x)]$.

A method free from the above drawback is to use the charged
current charm production process, which is the main idea of the
CCFR and NuTeV dimuon experiments~\cite{CCFR95,CCFR93,NTdimu01},
with its leading order (LO) subprocesses being $\nu_\mu s
\rightarrow \mu^- c$ and $\nu_\mu d \rightarrow \mu^-  c$. The
latter subprocess is Cabibbo suppressed, thus the charm production
in $\nu$-induced process is most sensitive to the strange quark
distribution in the nucleon. Similarly, the anticharm production
in $\bar\nu$-induced process is sensitive to the antistrange quark
distribution, as the corresponding partner subprocesses are
$\bar{\nu}_\mu \bar{s} \rightarrow {\mu}^+  \bar{c}$ and
$\bar{\nu}_\mu \bar{d} \rightarrow {\mu}^+ \bar{c}$, with the
latter subprocess being Cabibbo suppressed.

The oppositely charged dimuon signature is easy to identify and
measure in massive detectors, which allow for the collection of
high statistics data samples, {\it e.g.}, the CCFR experiment has
a sample of data with 5030 $\nu_\mu$ induced events and 1060
$\bar\nu_\mu$ induced events, and the NuTeV has 5102 $\nu_\mu$
induced events and 1458 $\bar\nu_\mu$ induced
events~\cite{NTdimu01}. However, these two experiments neither
show strong support for an asymmetric strange sea, nor can they
rule it out~\cite{bm96,kre04,bar00}. There are uncertainties in
the estimation of the semi-muonic decay of the charmed
hadrons~\cite{CCFR95,CHOR02}, {\it e.g.}, the average
semi-leptonic branching ratio for $\nu$ and $\bar\nu$ induced
events was only constrained by ${{{\bar B}_c-{\bar B}_{\bar
c}}\over {\bar B}_c}={{0.011\pm0.011}\over 0.1147}\sim
0-20\%$~\cite{CCFR95}. Besides, the interplay of strange asymmetry
and the light quark fragmentation (LQF) effect, as will be
discussed in section~4, can only be drawn more clearly in
inclusive measurement of charged and neutral charm productions.
Thus a direct measurement of charmed hadrons produced in $\nu$ and
$\bar\nu$ induced CC DIS will provide more valuable information to
probe the s and $\bar s$ distributions of the nucleon. It is the
purpose of this work to show that inclusive charm productions in
neutrino and antineutrino induced CC DIS processes will be a
promising way to detect the strange quark-antiquark asymmetry.

\section{Charged current charm production}

The differential cross section for charmed hadron $H^+$ production
in neutrino induced CC DIS can be factorized as
\begin{eqnarray
{d^3\sigma_{\nu_{\mu}N\rightarrow \mu^-H^+X}\over d\xi dy dz}
=\sum_q{d^2\sigma_{\nu_{\mu}N\rightarrow \mu^- q X}\over d\xi dy}
D_q^{H^+}(z)\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where the function $D_q^{H^+}(z)$ describes the fragmentation of a
quark q into the charmed hadron $H^+$, with $z$ being the momentum
fraction of the quark $q$ carried by the produced hadron $H^+$.
For the purpose of this article, the charmed hadron $H^+$ is taken
to be $D^+(c\bar d)$ or $D^0(c\bar u)$ meson, with $H^-$ denoting
its antiparticle $D^-({\bar c} d)$ or ${\bar D^0}({\bar c} u)$.

It is generally believed that the possibility for light quark
fragmentation into charmed hadrons is very small. For example, the
Lund string model implemented in some popular Monte Carlo programs
predicts a suppression proportional to $\exp(-bm_q^2)$ for $q\bar
q$ production in the process of hadronization~\cite{string81}.
With a knowledge of the strange suppression $\lambda\sim
0.3$~\cite{laf95,SLD97}, the suppression for charm will be lower
than $10^{-4}$, which can be safely neglected.

In this case, at leading order, only the $\nu_\mu s\rightarrow
c\mu^-$ and $\nu_\mu d\rightarrow c\mu^-$ subprocesses contribute
to charmed hadron production. For isoscalar target and neglecting
target mass effects, the leading order differential cross section
for charm production is given by~\cite{CCFR95,CCFR93}:
\begin{eqnarray
{d^2\sigma_{\nu_{\mu}N\rightarrow \mu^- c X}\over d\xi dy}
&=&{2G^2ME_\nu\over \pi(1+Q^2/M_W^2)^2}\left(1-{m_c^2\over
2ME_\nu\xi}\right) \nonumber
\\& \times&
\xi\left[{d(\xi)+u(\xi)\over 2}|V_{cd}|^2 +
s(\xi)|V_{cs}|^2\right] ,\label{nucharm}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\xi$ is the momentum fraction of the struck quark in the
infinite momentum frame. It is introduced with the consideration
of a non-negligible charm quark mass, and is related to Bjorken
scaling variable $x$ through (neglecting light quark mass):
$\xi\approx x(1+m_c^2/Q^2)$, referred to as slow-rescaling. The
term $(1-m_c^2/2ME_\nu\xi)$ in Eq.~(\ref{nucharm}) is introduced
as an energy threshold for charm production and is supported by
experiments~\cite{NOM00}.

\section{Probing the nucleon strange asymmetry}

The differential cross sections for charmed hadrons, namely, $H^+$
($D^+$ or $D^0$) and $H^-$ ($D^-$ or $\bar D^0$), produced in
$\nu$ and $\bar\nu$ induced CC DIS respectively, are closely
related to the $s$ and $\bar s$ distributions of the nucleon, and
their difference, as can be seen in the following, is quite
sensitive to the nucleon strange asymmetry.

Neglecting the light quark fragmentation effect, and using
Eq.~(\ref{nucharm}) and its corresponding partner process for
${\bar c}$ production ${\bar\nu}_\mu N \rightarrow {\bar
c}\mu^+X$, we can write the difference between $H^+$ and $H^-$
production cross sections in CC DIS:
\begin{eqnarray
f_{H^+}-f_{H^-}&\equiv& {d^3\sigma_{\nu_{\mu}N\rightarrow \mu^-
H^+ X}\over d\xi dy dz}- {d^3\sigma_{\bar\nu_{\mu}N\rightarrow
\mu^+ H^- X}\over d\xi dy dz} \nonumber \\ &=&{2G^2ME_\nu\over
\pi(1+Q^2/M_W^2)^2}\left(1-{m_c^2\over 2ME_\nu\xi}\right)
\nonumber
\\ &\times&
\bigg{\{}{1\over 2}\xi[d_v(\xi)+u_v(\xi)]|V_{cd}|^2
\nonumber\\
&& ~+ \xi[s(\xi)-\bar
s(\xi)]|V_{cs}|^2\bigg{\}}D_c^{H^+}(z)\;,\label{csd}
\end{eqnarray}
where charge symmetry $D_c^{H^+}(z)=D_{\bar c}^{H^-}(z)$ for
fragmentation process is assumed, and $u_v(\xi)\equiv u(\xi)-{\bar
u}(\xi)$ and $d_v(\xi)\equiv d(\xi)-{\bar d}(\xi)$ are valence
quark distributions of the proton.

From Eq.~(\ref{csd}), one sees that two terms, ${1\over
2}\xi[d_v(\xi)+u_v(\xi)]$ and $\xi[s(\xi)-\bar s(\xi)]$,
contribute to the cross section difference $f_{H^+}-f_{H^-}$, with
$|V_{cd}|^2\simeq 0.05$ and $|V_{cs}|^2\simeq 0.95$~\cite{PDG04}
being their respective weights. The strange asymmetric part of
Eq.~(\ref{csd}) can be estimated from an integral on variable
$\xi$, to contribute a fraction
\begin{eqnarray}
P_{\mathrm{SA}}\approx{2S^-|V_{cs}|^2\over
Q_V|V_{cd}|^2+2S^-|V_{cs}|^2}\;,
\end{eqnarray}
to the integral of the cross section difference $\int
d\xi(f_{H^+}-f_{H^-})$. Here, $S^-$ and $Q_V$ are defined as
$S^-\equiv\int \xi[s(\xi)-\bar
 s(\xi)]d\xi$ and $Q_V\equiv \int  \xi[d_v(\xi)+u_v(\xi)]d\xi$.

In Table~1, results of the strange asymmetry from some models
accounting for the NuTeV anomaly are listed, together with our
estimations of the contributions due to strange asymmetry to the
the cross section difference $f_{H^+}-f_{H^-}$, namely, the $\xi$
integrated fraction $P_{\mathrm{SA}}$.

\begin{table*}
\caption{Contributions of s/${\bar s}$ asymmetry to NuTeV anomaly
and to $f_{H^+}-f_{H^-}$}
\label{tab:1}
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
 Models & $Q^2$ &
To NuTeV anomaly & $2S^-/Q_V$ & To $f_{H^+}-f_{H^-}$  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
Ding-Ma\cite{dm04} & $Q_0^2$ &
 $30\%\sim 80\%$ & $0.007\sim 0.018$ & $12\%\sim 26\%$ \\
Alwall-Ingelman~\cite{alw04} & 20~GeV$^2$& $30\%$ & $0.009$ &
 $15\%$ \\
 Ding-Xu-Ma \cite{dxm04} & $Q_0^2$ &
 $60\%\sim 100\%$ & $0.014\sim 0.022$ & $21\%\sim 29\%$ \\

Wakamatsu~\cite{wak04} & 16~GeV$^2$& $70\%\sim 110\%$ & $0.022\sim
0.035$ &
$30\%\sim 40\%$ \\
\noalign{\smallskip}\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

As shown in Table~1, from the model
calculations~\cite{dm04,alw04,dxm04,wak04} that can explain the
NuTeV anomaly, the strange asymmetry contributes a sizable
proportion $(12\%\sim 40\%)$ to the cross section difference. Note
that the distribution functions $\xi[d_v(\xi)+u_v(\xi)]$ and
$\xi[s(\xi)-\bar s(\xi)]$ may evolve with $Q^2$, turning flatter
and shifting towards smaller $\xi$ region as $Q^2$ increases.
However, their relative feature will remain and the proportion of
$S^-$ to $Q_V$, will be of the same order in larger $Q^2$ and in
$Q_0^2$. Thus, as to their relative feature, it does not matter
much whether the parton distributions are taken at $Q_0^2$ or at
larger $Q^2$. Since the peak of $\xi[s(\xi)-\bar s(\xi)]$ is
confined in narrower $\xi$ region than $\xi[d_v(\xi)+u_v(\xi)]$,
its contribution is expected to be more prominent than the
integrated one in Table~1. Thus it is promising to measure the
strange quark-antiquark asymmetry from $f_{H^+}-f_{H^-}$.

Compared to the sum of the cross sections $f_{H^+}+f_{H^-}$, the
cross section difference $f_{H^+}-f_{H^-}$ is not a very small
quantity, as can be seen from the ratio of their integrals,
\begin{eqnarray
R\equiv{\int d\xi(f_{H^+}-f_{H^-})\over\int d\xi(f_{H^+}+f_{H^-})}
\approx {Q_V|V_{cd}|^2+2S^-|V_{cs}|^2\over
(Q_V+2Q_S)|V_{cd}|^2+2S^+|V_{cs}|^2}\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where
 $Q_S\equiv\int\xi[{\bar
u}(\xi)+{\bar d}(\xi)]d\xi$ and $S^+\equiv\int\xi[s(\xi)+{\bar
s}(\xi)]d\xi$. With a calculation of the $Q_V$, $Q_S$ and $S^+$
from CTEQ5 parametrization at $Q^2=16$GeV$^2$, together with
$|V_{cd}|^2=0.05$ and $|V_{cs}|^2=0.95$, the ratio $R$ is
estimated to be about $20\%$ ($25\%$) for $2S^-/Q_V$ being 0.007
(0.022) from Table~1. Thus the cross section difference
$f_{H^+}-f_{H^-}$ is a significant quantity that can be extracted
from the semi-inclusive differential cross sections.

Neutrino experiment with emulsion target, like the CHORUS
detector, is ideal for the study of charmed hadron production.
Compared to dimuon studies, it has a much lower level of
background and is free from the uncertainties that exist in charm
muonic weak decay processes~\cite{CHOR02}. And for statistics,
CHORUS reported in total about 94000 neutrino CC events located
and fully reconstructed, in which about 2000 charm events were
observed~\cite{CHOR04,lel04}. This has been compatible with dimuon
statistics. If such (or higher) statistics can be achieved with
both neutrino and antineutrino beams of high energies in future
experiments, the question about strange asymmetry is promising to
be settled.

\section{Light quark fragmentation}

The possibility that a light quark fragments into charmed hadrons
(associated charm production) can be an interesting effect of
non-perturbative QCD, and it has been explored~\cite{god8489} to
explain the unexpected high rate of like-sign dimuons production
from many neutrino experiments~\cite{CDHSW,CCFR93LSD,CHARM}.
Although the field has been inactive for years, and in practice
people generally assume the light quark fragmentation (LQF) to be
negligible, the physical possibility of a small contribution is
not ruled out. In fact, as to our consideration, neutrino
experiments can be slightly different from $e^{+}e^{-}$
experiments in this respect. The scattered light quark with high
momentum can pick up a charm quark or antiquark from nucleon sea
to form a $D$ meson, and the larger the energy of the light quark,
the more the ability that it can pick up a charm from the sea.
This energy dependence is apparent in prompt like-sign dimuons
production rates in many experiments~\cite{CDHSW,CCFR93LSD,CHARM}.
Since the scattered quark has most of the energy in the collision,
it is much more promising to pick up the charm quark from nucleon
sea than other produced quarks in fragmentation process. Thus as
to our consideration such fragmentation as $u\rightarrow {\bar
D}^{0}(\bar{c}u)$, $d\rightarrow{D^{-}}(\bar{c}d)$ can possibly be
non-negligible in high energy neutrino experiments.

In case that light quark can fragment into charmed hadrons, the
process can manifest itself in a number of observables, such as
the prompt like-sign dilepton and trimuon productions in high
energy neutrino experiments~\cite{smi83}, direct observations of
two charmed hadrons in nuclear emulsion target~\cite{CHOR02ONE},
and charm production in hadron collisions~\cite{E791D96,dia00}.
Among these, the prompt like-sign dimuon productions have been the
most seriously studied and we will use some of the data for a
quantitative estimate of light quark fragmentation function and
its influence on the extraction of strange asymmetry from CC charm
production processes.

Prompt like-sigh dimuons (${\mu^-}{\mu^-}$) can be produced
through the process: $\nu+d\rightarrow\mu^-+u$, with the scattered
$u$ to fragment into ${\bar D}^0 ({\bar c}u)$ or ${\bar
D}^{*0}({\bar c}u)$ meson. Its differential cross section can be
expressed as:
\begin{eqnarray
{d^3\sigma_{\nu N\rightarrow\mu^-\mu^-X}\over dx dy
dz}={2G^2ME_\nu|V_{ud}|^2\over \pi(1+Q^2/M_W^2)^2} x
{u(x)+d(x)\over 2}D_q(z)B_{{\bar D}^0}\;,\label{nn}
\end{eqnarray}
where $D_q(z)$ is the total fragmentation function for a light
quark to fragment into charmed hadrons, defined as $D_q(z)\equiv
D_q^D(z) +D_q^{D^*}(z)$, with $D_q^D(z)\equiv D_u^{\bar
D^0}(z)=D_{\bar u}^{D^0}(z)=D_d^{D^-}(z)=D_{\bar d}^{D^+}(z)$ and
$D_q^{D^*}(z)\equiv D_u^{\bar D^{*0}}(z)=D_{\bar
u}^{D^{*0}}(z)=D_d^{D^{*-}}(z)=D_{\bar d}^{D^{*+}}(z)$ simply
assumed. Note here that $D_q(z)$ is energy dependent in analogous
to containing an energy suppression factor for charm production.
$B_{{\bar D}^0}$ is the inclusive muonic decay ratio for ${\bar
D}^0$ meson decay ${\bar D}^0\rightarrow\mu^-X$, which is the same
for ${\bar D}^{*0}$ meson, since all ${\bar D}^{*0}$ will decay
into ${\bar D}^{0}$ at first.

Similarly, the differential cross section for prompt ${\mu^+}
{\mu^+}$ production in $\bar\nu$ induced DIS on isoscalar target
is
\begin{eqnarray
{d^3\sigma_{\bar\nu N\rightarrow\mu^+\mu^+X}\over
dxdydz}={2G^2ME_\nu|V_{ud}|^2\over \pi(1+Q^2/M_W^2)^2} x {\bar
u(x)+\bar d(x)\over 2}D_q(z)B_{D^0}\;.\label{pp}
\end{eqnarray}

Many experimental groups have reported positive results on prompt
like-sign dimoun production. Among them the CDHSW~\cite{CDHSW} and
CCFR~\cite{CCFR93LSD} data have a high precision and show much
consistency with each other. Another high precision experiment
CHARM~\cite{CHARM}, which has reported a much higher
$\mu^{-}\mu^{-}$ production rate, received doubts on their
estimate of $\pi/K$ decay background~\cite{CDHSW}. Besides, their
kinematic cut $p_{\mu}>4$ GeV, which is lower than other
experiments ($p_{\mu}>9$ GeV), can permit more $\mu^{-}\mu^{-}$
events and thus can produce a higher rate. Since kinematic cut on
the second $\mu$ reduces event number and thus the rate of
like-sign dimuons in CC events: $\mu^{-}\mu^{-}$/$\mu^{-}$, it
will probably underestimate the light quark fragmentation (LQF)
effect to use the $\mu^{-}\mu^{-}$/$\mu^{-}$ data. On the other
hand, the ratio of prompt like-sign dimuons to opposite-sign
dimuons $\mu^{-}\mu^{-}$/$\mu^{-}\mu^{+}$ is expected to be less
influenced by kinematic cut, as both second muons receive the same
kinematic cut. Thus, we consider it appropriate to use the
$\mu^{-}\mu^{-}$/$\mu^{-}\mu^{+}$ data other than
$\mu^{-}\mu^{-}$/$\mu^{-}$ data to estimate the LQF effect.

The differential cross section for $\mu^{-}\mu^{+}$ production in
$\nu$ induced CC DIS on an isoscalar target is given by
\begin{eqnarray}%
{d^3\sigma_{\nu N\rightarrow\mu^-\mu^+X}\over d\xi dydz}
&=&{2G^2ME_\nu\over \pi(1+Q^2/M_W^2)^2}f_c\bar B_c(z)\nonumber\\
&\times&\left[\xi{d(\xi)+u(\xi)\over 2}|V_{cd}|^2 + \xi
s(\xi)|V_{cs}|^2\right] \nonumber\\
 &+&\delta\left({d^3 \sigma_{\nu
N\rightarrow\mu^-\mu^+X}\over d\xi dydz}\right)_{\mathrm{LQF}}
\;,\label{np}
\end{eqnarray}
where $f_c$ is the charm suppression factor $f_c\equiv
1-{m_c^{2}}/{2ME_{\nu}\xi}$, and $\bar B_c(z)$ is the average
muonic decay ratio for the charmed hadrons produced in CC DIS,
$\bar B_c(z)=\sum_H D_c^H(z) B_H$, with H being $D^0$, $D^{*0}$,
$D^+$, $D^{*+}\cdots$. The last term marked with LQF is the light
quark fragmentation contribution to $\mu^{-}\mu^{+}$ production
($\nu\bar{u}\rightarrow\mu^{-}\bar{d}\rightarrow
\mu^{-}D^{+}(D^{*+})X'\rightarrow\mu^{-}\mu^+X$),
\begin{eqnarray}%
\delta\left({d^3\sigma_{{\nu}N\rightarrow\mu^-\mu^+ X}\over d\xi
dy dz}\right)_{\mathrm{LQF}} &=&{2G^2ME_\nu|V_{ud}|^2\over
\pi(1+Q^2/M_W^2)^2}D_q(z)\bar B_{D^{(*)+}}\nonumber\\
 &\times& \left[x{\bar d(x)+\bar
u(x)\over 2}\right](1-y)^2\;,~~~\label{nplqf}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\bar B_{D^{(*)+}}$ is the average muonic decay ratio of the
$D^+$ and $D^{*+}$ mesons produced from $\bar d$ quark
fragmentation, $\bar B_{D^{(*)+}}={1\over D_q}(D_q^D B_{D^+}
+D_q^{D^*} B_{D^{*+}})$. Since $D^{*+}$ decays to $D^0$ with
branching ratio $B\simeq67.7\%$~\cite{PDG04}, and to $D^+$ with
ratio $1-B$, we have $\bar B_{D^{(*)+}}=b B
B_{D^0}+(1-bB)B_{D^+}$, with $b\equiv D_q^{D^*}/D_q$.

Similarly, the differential cross section for $\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$
production in $\bar\nu$ induced CC DIS on isoscalar target reads
\begin{eqnarray}%
{d^3\sigma_{\bar\nu N\rightarrow\mu^+\mu^-X}\over d\xi dydz}
&=&{2G^2ME_\nu\over \pi(1+Q^2/M_W^2)^2}f_c\bar B_{\bar c}(z) \nonumber\\
&\times&\left[\xi{\bar d(\xi)+\bar u(\xi)\over 2}|V_{cd}|^2 + \xi
\bar s(\xi)|V_{cs}|^2\right] \nonumber\\
 &+&\delta\left({d^3 \sigma_{\bar\nu
N\rightarrow\mu^+\mu^-X}\over d\xi dydz}\right)_{\mathrm{LQF}}
\;,\label{pn}
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{eqnarray}%
\delta\left({d^3\sigma_{{\bar\nu}N\rightarrow\mu^+\mu^- X}\over
d\xi dy dz}\right)_{\mathrm{LQF}} &=&{2G^2ME_\nu|V_{ud}|^2\over
\pi(1+Q^2/M_W^2)^2} D_q(z)\bar B_{D^{(*)-}} \nonumber\\
&\times&\left[x{d(x)+ u(x)\over
2}\right](1-y)^2\;.~~~~~\label{pnlqf}
\end{eqnarray}

CDHSW has reported prompt dimuon rates
$\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}$/$\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{+}}$ and
$\sigma_{\mu^{+}\mu^{+}}$/$\sigma_{\mu^{+}\mu^{-}}$ in $\nu$ and
$\bar\nu$ induced DIS. As mentioned previously, these data are
less influenced by kinematic cut and thus are better suited for
the extraction of the LQF effect. The prompt dimoun rates from
CDHSW with visible energy $E_{\mathrm{vis}}$ in range $100\sim200$
GeV are listed in Table~2.
\begin{table*}
\caption{Prompt dimuon rates for $100<E_{\mathrm{vis}}<200$
GeV~\cite{CDHSW}}
\label{tab:2}
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
  &
$\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}/\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{+}}$
         &$\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}/\sigma_{\mu^{-}}$
         &$\sigma_{\mu^{+}\mu^{+}}/\sigma_{\mu^{+}\mu^{-}}$
         & $\sigma_{\mu^{+}\mu^{+}}/\sigma_{\mu^{+}}$ \\
          \noalign{\smallskip}\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
$p_{\mu} > 6$ GeV  & $(3.5\pm 1.6)\%$ & $(1.6\pm
0.74)\times10^{-4}$&
 $(4.5\pm 2.0)\%$ & $(2.2\pm 1.0) \times 10^{-4}$ \\
$p_{\mu} > 9$ GeV &
 $(2.9\pm1.2)\%$  & $(1.05\pm 0.43)\times 10^{-4}$&
 $(4.4\pm 1.8)\%$ & $(1.7\pm 0.7) \times 10^{-4}$ \\
$p_{\mu} > 15$ GeV &
 $(2.3\pm 1.0)$\% & $(0.52\pm 0.22)\times 10^{-4}$ &
$(4.1\pm 2.3)\%$  & $(0.8\pm 0.45)\times 10^{-4}$
\\
\noalign{\smallskip}\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

As can be seen from Table 2, the prompt dimuons rate
$\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}$/$\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{+}}$ still show a
slight dependence on kinematic cut, though much smaller than the
$\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}$/$\sigma_{\mu^{-}}$ data do. Thus we can
only estimate the order of magnitude for the LQF effect with the
reported data.

The rate $\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}$/$\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{+}}$
(without any kinematic cut) can be deduced by Eq.~(\ref{nn}) and
Eq.~({\ref{np}) with an integral on kinematic variables to
approximate
\begin{eqnarray}
{\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}\over
\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{+}}}\approx{Q_{ud}|V_{ud}|^2\over
Q_{ud}|V_{cd}|^2+S|V_{cs}|^2} \cdot {D_qB_{D^0}\over \bar f_c \bar
B_c}\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where $Q_{ud}\equiv {1\over 2}\int x[u(x)+d(x)]dx$, $S\equiv\int
xs(x)dx$,  and $\bar f_c$ denotes the average of energy
suppression factor in Eq.~(\ref{np}). With the measured
$B_{D^0}\simeq 6.87\%$ and $\bar B_c\simeq 8.8\%$~\cite{lel04},
together with $Q_{ud}$ and $S$ from CTEQ5 at $Q^2=16$ GeV$^2$,
$D_q/\bar f_c$ is estimated to be:
\begin{eqnarray}
{D_q\over\bar f_c}\approx 0.199 {\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}\over
\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{+}}}\;.\label{Dq}
\end{eqnarray}
With the experimental data on ${\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}/
\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{+}}}$ from Table~2, one can easily estimate
$D_q/\bar f_c$ by Eq.~(\ref{Dq}).

Since we are most interested in the strange quark-antiquark
asymmetry here, we will directly address the influence of LQF
effect on the extraction of strange asymmetry. Because LQF effect
contributes differently for ${\nu}$ induced $\mu^{-}\mu^{+}$
production and for $\bar{\nu}$ induced $\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$
production, it will give different corrections to $s$ and
$\bar{s}$ distributions, and thus influence the measurement of
strange asymmetry from opposite-sign dimuon method. To illustrate
this, we will compare the contribution of LQF effect with that of
strange asymmetry on the difference between $\nu$  and $\bar{\nu}$
induced opposite-sign dimuon production cross sections. The latter
(strange asymmetry contribution) can be drawn from model
predictions in the last column of Table 1, when assuming the
average muonic branding ratio of charmed hadrons to be the same
for $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$ induced CC DIS $\bar B_c(z)=\bar B_{\bar
c}(z)$. The former (LQF contribution) can be deduced from
Eq.~({\ref{np})-Eq.~({\ref{pnlqf}) with an assumption $\bar
B_{D^{(*)+}}=\bar B_{D^{(*)-}}$, and be compared to the strange
asymmetry part with an integral on kinematic variables. The
fraction of the LQF contribution is
\begin{eqnarray}%
P_{\mathrm{LQF}}&\equiv&{\delta(\sigma_{{\nu}N\rightarrow\mu^-\mu^+
X}-\sigma_{{\bar\nu}N\rightarrow\mu^+\mu^- X})_{\mathrm{LQF}}\over
(\sigma_{{\nu}N\rightarrow\mu^-\mu^+
X}-\sigma_{{\bar\nu}N\rightarrow\mu^+\mu^- X})_{\mathrm{total}}}
\nonumber
\\&\approx& -{{1\over 3}Q_V|V_{ud}|^2\over
Q_V|V_{cd}|^2+2S^-|V_{cs}|^2} \cdot {D_q\bar B_{D^{(*)+}}\over
\bar f_c \bar B_c}\;.\label{PLQF}
\end{eqnarray}
To assess $P_{\mathrm{LQF}}$, the value of $\bar B_{D^{(*)+}}$ is
needed. Remember that $\bar B_{D^{(*)+}}=b B
B_{D^0}+(1-bB)B_{D^+}$, with $b\equiv D_q^{D^*}/D_q$. The unknown
$b$ is the fraction of vector $D^{*}$ meson in light quark
fragmentation. When we set $b$ to be ${{1}/{3}}\sim{{2}/{3}}$, and
take $B_{D^0}\simeq6.87\%$, $B_{D^+}\simeq17.2\%$~\cite{lel04}, we
get $\bar B_{D^{(*)+}}=(13.7\pm1.2)\%$. Using Eq.~(\ref{PLQF}) and
taking $2S^{-}/Q_V=0.007$ from Table~1, we get
$P_{\mathrm{LQF}}=-(1.73\pm0.15){\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}}/{\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{+}}}$.
Taking
${\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}}/{\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{+}}}=(3.5\pm1.6)\%$
from Table~2, we get
\begin{eqnarray}
P_{\mathrm{LQF}}=-(6.1^{+3.5}_{-3.1})\%\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Thus, we get an estimate of the LQF contribution to be a few
percent compared to strange asymmetry contribution
$P_{\mathrm{SA}}:12\%\sim40\%$. However, the constraint of
$P_{\mathrm{LQF}}$ can also be done with
${\sigma_{\mu^{+}\mu^{+}}}/{\sigma_{\mu^{+}\mu^{-}}}$ data, and
the result is $P^\prime_{\mathrm{LQF}}=-(33^{+19}_{-16})\%$, which
is very large compared to result from the
${\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{-}}}/{\sigma_{\mu^{-}\mu^{+}}}$ data. This
large discrepancy is difficult to explain at present, and may
imply an uncertainty in the estimate of the LQF contribution in
the opposite-sign dimuon measurements of strange asymmetry.

From the sign and size of $P_{\mathrm{LQF}}$, one sees that the
LQF effect contributes oppositely to the predicted strange
asymmetry contribution on the whole, with a rate that could be
non-negligible in opposite-sign dimuon experiments.

The LQF effect also exists in the process of inclusive charm
productions that we suggest. For $D^{\pm}$ production, the cross
section difference, $f_{D^{+}}-f_{D^{-}}$, for $\nu$ and
$\bar{\nu}$ induced CC DIS will include an additional term from
light quark fragmentation:
\begin{eqnarray
\delta (f_{D^+}-f_{D^-})_{\mathrm{LQF}}
&=&-{2G^2ME_\nu|V_{ud}|^2\over
\pi(1+Q^2/M_W^2)^2}D_q(z)(1-\varepsilon)\nonumber\\
&\times& \left[x {d_v(x)+u_v(x)\over
2}\right](1-y)^2\;,~~~~~\label{D+LQF}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\varepsilon=Bb$ is introduced with the consideration that
part of $D^{*+}(D^{*-})$ will decay into $D^{0}(\bar D^{0})$ and
will not contribute to the cross sections.

For neutral charm production, LQF contributes to $\bar D^0$
production in $\nu$ induced CC DIS ($\nu+d\rightarrow\mu^-+u$,
$u\rightarrow\bar D^0(\bar{c}u)$), and to $D^0$ production in
$\bar{\nu}$ induced CC DIS. In case that $D^0$ and $\bar D^0$ are
not distinguished by emulsion target, the $\bar D^0$ $(D^0)$
production in $\nu$ ($\bar{\nu}$) induced CC DIS from LQF will be
incorporated to $D^0$ $(\bar D^0)$ production in $\nu$
($\bar{\nu}$) induced CC DIS. Thus an additional term from LQF
will contribute to $f_{D^0}-f_{\bar D^0}$:
\begin{eqnarray
\delta (f_{D^0}-f_{\bar D^0})_{\mathrm{LQF}}
&=&{2G^2ME_\nu|V_{ud}|^2\over
\pi(1+Q^2/M_W^2)^2}D_q(z)(1-\varepsilon')\nonumber\\
&\times& \left[ x {d_v(x)+u_v(x)\over 2}\right]\;,\label{D0LQF}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\varepsilon'=(1-y)^2Bb$, which is introduced from $\bar d$
($d$) fragmentation into $D^{*+}$ $(D^{*-})$ mesons that then
decay into $D^0$ $(\bar D^0)$ and contribute to cross section
difference $f_{D^0}-f_{\bar D^0}$.

The proportion of LQF contribution to inclusive charm production
cross section difference $f_{H^+}-f_{H^-}$, namely
$P^{H^{\pm}}_{\mathrm{LQF}}$, can be estimated similarly to that
of dimuon productions. With an integral on kinematic variables of
Eq.~(\ref{csd}), Eq.~(\ref{D+LQF}), Eq.~(\ref{D0LQF}), and using
charm production fractions $\int D_c^{D^+}(z)dz\simeq 0.26$ and
$\int D_c^{D^0}(z)dz\simeq 0.66$ for $E_{\nu}>80$GeV~\cite{lel04},
$P^{H^{\pm}}_{\mathrm{LQF}}$ is estimated (in unite of
$P_{\mathrm{LQF}}$) to be: $P^{D^{\pm}}_{\mathrm{LQF}}\approx
1.6P_{\mathrm{LQF}}$ for $D^{\pm}$ meson productions, and
$P^{D^{0}}_{\mathrm{LQF}}\approx -2.6P_{\mathrm{LQF}}$ for $D^0$,
$\bar D^0$ meson productions.

If the LQF contribution $P_{\mathrm{LQF}}$ in opposite-sign
dimuons measurement is in the order of a few percent percent and
opposite to strange asymmetry contribution $P_{\mathrm{SA}}:
12\%\sim 40\%$, just as we have estimated, the LQF will contribute
to inclusive charm production with a larger proportion (in the
order of about ten percent or even larger). For inclusive
$D^{\pm}$ production, LQF contributes oppositely compared to
strange asymmetry when $x[s(x)-\bar s(x)]>0$. On the other hand,
for inclusive CC neutral charm $(D^0, \bar D^0)$ production, LQF
contributes positively compared to strange asymmetry when
$x[s(x)-\bar s(x)]>0$. A separation of the LQF effect and the
strange asymmetry effect can be made from the distinct features of
$f_{D^+}-f_{D^-}$ and $f_{D^0}-f_{\bar D^0}$ measured by nuclear
emulsion target. Thus, the inclusive measurement of charged and
neutral charm production in $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$ induced CC DIS
will shed light on both the strange asymmetry and the LQF effect.

Dedicated analysis of charm productions in neutrino experiments
and in other processes will be helpful for a more precise estimate
and constraint for the light quark fragmentation effect.

\section{Conclusions}

For probing the nucleon strange asymmetry, we analyzed the charged
current charm production processes, in particular, the $\nu_\mu$
induced $H^+$ ($D^+$ or $D^0$) production and the $\bar\nu_\mu$
induced $H^-$ ($D^-$ or $\bar D^0$) production processes. The
strange asymmetry from various model calculations that can explain
the NuTeV anomaly is shown in general to contribute a sizable
proportion ($12\%\sim 40\%$) to the $H^\pm$ differential cross
section difference $f_{H^+}-f_{H^-}$. Thus, measurement of these
cross sections with high energy neutrino and antineutrino beams on
nuclear emulsion target is very promising to detect the strange
quark-antiquark asymmetry.

Meanwhile, we analyzed the possible light quark fragmentation
(LQF) effect from prompt like-sign dimuon data and studied its
influence on the measurement of strange asymmetry. Our result is
that the LQF may be an important source that reduces the effect of
strange asymmetry from opposite sign dimuon studies. And for
inclusive charged current (CC) charm production with emulsion
target, since the contributions of LQF are in opposite directions
for $D^{\pm}$ and for $D^{0}$ ($\bar D^{0}$) productions, a
separation of the LQF effect from strange asymmetry effect can be
made by the separate measurement of $D^{\pm}$ and neutral charm
differential cross sections in CC DIS. Thus the inclusive
measurement of charmed hadrons can shed light on both strange
asymmetry and the LQF effect. Further analysis and constraint for
LQF effect from various experiments will also be helpful for the
purpose of measuring the strange asymmetry more reliably.

{\bf Acknowledgments: } We acknowledge the helpful discussion with
Vincenzo Barone. This work is partially supported by National
Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.~10025523, 90103007, and
10421003), by the Key Grant Project of Chinese Ministry of
Education (No.~305001), and by the Italian Ministry of Education,
University and Research (MIUR).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


You need to enjoy the life of your retirement and this can be challenging to cope up with the transition period since there will be a different change that you will be experiencing. Having a steady income from the job that you are doing will give the purpose of going for the job irrespective of the fact that it can be stressing buy it will give you a routine of what to do. The working of at least 8 hours a day makes one be preoccupied hence you will be comfortable because you have something to do hence when you retire you find it challenging with the new life. There are ways that will make it easier hence you have to keep yourself occupied thus you participate in productive activity thus the change will be easy for you to adapt when that time comes. There are ways that will make you enjoy your retirement life this includes.
There is the guide of ensuring that at that time you will have money that is enough. You need money that you will need to be paying for your expenses that will be there either you are earning your salary or not thus need to have enough to take care of the utilities and safe for emergencies.
There is also the guide of throwing yourself to the activity of the leisure that is essential. You need to be active both physically and mentally hence you need to participate in leisure activity such as the travel and other exercises, you need also to participate in volunteer thus you will be active.
There is the guide of setting goals for yourself continuously. You need to continue to set the goals that you want to achieve in life thus when you retire it does not mean that when you focus on leisure you stop setting your life goals since you are no longer in your career ladder.
There is the tip of sharing your professional expertise. You need to mentor the young people in your life this is because you have more knowledge and skills in that job field that you have left hence you should not let go to waste thus you can train others.
There is a way of sharing life lessons with young people. You need to ensure that you spend more of your time with the younger people such as the relatives to share the life experience and life lessons hence this will help them to cope in life challenging issue. Enjoying your retirement is one of the best things that you need to experience hence you need to plan for it in advance since it is not a pipe of dreams as you can get more info.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


TSBroadcaster can generate multiple transport streams and can connect to one of more TSPlayer systems, each controlling multiple transport stream broadcasts.
A high degree of fault tolerance can be achieved by using a TSBroadcaster hot swappable spare and possibly additional TSPlayer systems. Automatic failover is supported for both ASI and GbE outputs. In the case of ASI, you may wish to use of an ASI switch, available from a number of third party suppliers, which can swap TSPlayer output from a failed system to one of the operational TSBroadcaster systems.
TSBroadcaster uses the Peer Groups feature to implement n+1 redundancy.


Dave King for Congress 2010: Who the Hell Does Obama Think He Is?
Now Obama has violated the Constitution one too many ways. First he states that he disagrees with immigration laws and will not enforce current laws duly passed by Congress (ICE employees are currently suing the administration over this violation of law, a violation of the constitution and the separation of powers). Then he offends his own executive branch by going on a tirade of several nasty speeches blaming the Republicans for the upcoming sequestration, stating that this ridiculous law (that was Obama's idea in the first place and allowed him to set the Republicans up as the fall guys long ago) will bring the nation to a stand-still because our over-spending government will be denied four percent of the 8 percent annual increase in budget planned for 2013.
Now our idiot president has violated the Judicial branch of government by releasing hundreds of duly processed, tried and convicted prisoners from jail. And don't listen to any of the lying liberal crap about these releases being done by career department employees who were concerned about the draconian budget cuts the evil Republicans are about to impose on the administration, and that Obama knew nothing about the releases. This action is a direct violation of the Constitution, Obama knew all about it and approved it, and this fool man must be impeached and convicted of this most serious act and be removed from office before he denies all Americans our liberties under the Constitution and finally establishes himself as the perpetual ruler of the nation.
Biden may be a stupid man and will absolutely be a terrible next president, but Obama is an evil, dangerous one. It appears Obama is going mental with his lust for power and he must be removed from office before he completely disintegrates.


As a Lactation Consultant it is important to me that every family have the best opportunity for breastfeeding success possible. Here are my top ten steps for breastfeeding success. Don't hesitate to reach out for support, whether you are here in the Southington / Connecticut area, or elsewhere – there is an expert certified lactation consultant near you!
1. Go to a breastfeeding support group or La Leche League meeting while you are pregnant.
Often in our communities mothers don't have the opportunity to see other mothers breastfeed. Attending a breastfeeding support group to see and talk with mothers who are breastfeeding will give you the opportunity to see how easy it can be. Learn more about our local Southington breastfeeding support group: The Village.
2. Attend a breastfeeding class before you deliver.
Knowledge is power. By learning about how easy breastfeeding can be and how to know if things are going well you can gain confidence in your ability to be successful. Also, you will then have information about resources in your community should you need them. Live in the Southington area? Join our informative breastfeeding class!
3. Choose a pediatrician and hospital which will support your choice to breastfeed.
Make sure you have chosen a pediatrician who is supportive of breastfeeding success. Making sure they have a certified lactation consultant in their office or that they have names of IBCLC's to provide to you if you are having questions or concerns assures you that they fully support mothers who are breastfeeding. As well, hospitals that follow the ten steps of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative will help you to be successful.
4. Breastfeed early and often.
You should be allowed to spend the first 1-2 hours after delivery in direct skin to skin contact with your newborn. During this time your baby and you will get to know each other and your baby will show you that they are ready to feed and you can breastfeed during this time. Once this is completed both of you will be ready to rest. Get your best start for breastfeeding success with a lactation consultant session during pregnancy!
5. Give your baby nothing to eat or drink except the breast.
Your baby needs nothing besides your breast milk and colostrum. Giving anything by mouth is one of the leading causes of mothers being unsuccessful with breastfeeding and feeling like they have an inadequate milk supply.
6. Do not give your baby a pacifier until breastfeeding is well established.
In the early days using a pacifier can prevent the baby from coming to the breast as often as he or she wants. This can keep you from making enough milk for the baby. The more time the baby spends at breast the more milk you will make. It is important for this frequent and good emptying of the breast to occur and pacifiers can interfere with this.
It is proven that mothers that keep their babies in their hospital room with them day and night are more successful with breastfeeding. Whenever we separate mothers and babies we have less opportunities for frequent feedings. The more your baby stays with you the more you can each learn from each other and the easier your first night at home will be.
If you are having difficulties or questions knowing where to get good, evidence based help is important. Most breastfeeding problems are easily solved. Live in the Southington / Connecticut area? I am available for lactation consultations in your home and my office. Book your appointment now or call me at 860-385-1655. Not in the area? A certified lactation consultant can be found at ILCA.com or breastfeeding.com.
Mothers are instinctively tuned in to their babies. If you feel there is a problem or you have questions – follow those instincts. Call for help and find an IBCLC @ ILCA.com. You can always call me at 860-385-1655.
10. Attend a support group once you and your baby are home.
It has been shown time and time again that mothers who have support and a community that applauds their efforts are more successful with breastfeeding more exclusively and for longer durations. We hope to see you at The Village breastfeeding support group soon!


Musto's Ocean Board Shorts: made to retain style and skin-safe performance over time. Superior colour fast and UV treatment safeguards the shorts eco-conscious, recycled fabric composition. Laser-cut pockets feature a concealed zip for secure storage, with a mesh pocket to the rear. A drawcord tie provides a flattering fit.


A large manufacturer of kilns for ceramics and glass, also servicing and repairing kilns.
Browse the CV and selected works of an artist whose vibrant "one-off designs" range from jewellery and decorative items to interior design projects, sometimes complemented by paintings on canvas.
http://www.caterinavarchetta.com/ In English, French & Italian.
Shop online for painting supplies ranging from brushes and Ferro paints to books and studies.
http://www.decor-porcelaine.fr/ In French & German.
Selling a range of books, plus issues of Le Troisieme Feu.
Includes comprehensive information about the artist, her publications, workshop and teaching schedule; plus an image gallery, forms and brochures.
The online shop offers supplies such as paints and lustres, brushes, and whiteware; plus some painted items. Commissions accepted.
Caverswall produces fine bone china tableware, promotional and commemorative pieces, and commissioned designs that include hand painting. An online video describes the manufacturing process, and items may be bought online.
Caverswall was acquired by Thomas Goode in 1994.
Details of teachers, subjects, etc., with a gallery from the previous seminar. Director: Doris M. Ackilli.
Held annually in June (in place of the former PPAA seminar).
This artist, known for her colourful oil paintings, also works in other media including china painting. Images from her private collection are available for licensing.
http://www.ceciliadeltoro.com/ In English & Spanish.


Some time ago, I used one of my psychics to conduct an interview with Osama bin Laden. Since some time has passed and the Pakistanis are pounding his Number Two, I thought I should check in with him again.
LB: I?ll ask the questions here.
ObL: Oh no, not you again.
LB: Remember that I said as far as you know, I am a messenger from Allah. Is that how you react to Allah?s works?
ObL: What? No, of course not. I was just caught by surprise. Please forgive me Oh Merciful Allah.
LB: I?m not Allah. Now shut up so we can get this over with. Why aren?t you in France?
ObL: I?m trying. It takes time to get Allah?s people to move. There are Americans everywhere trying to shoot us dead. It is all very terrible.
LB: Maybe it wouldn?t be so terrible if you were in France. It shouldn?t be too hard to motivate a nice Jihad against France. We convinced the French to outlaw Islamic clothing. That?s a direct attack on Islam. You still couldn?t get people to go?
ObL: We are working on it. You didn?t specify a time frame so we were going to take our time and do it right.
LB: Uh huh, right. Well, you have a time frame now. Allah wants you and all His people who will follow you to be in France before Ramadan. Notice I said France. That means not England, not Spain, not Germany, not the United States, you are to go to France. You got that?
ObL: Oh yes, Merciful One. Only France.
LB: Don?t call me ?Merciful One?. If Allah would let me, I would shave your beard and feed it to a goat. Allah might be merciful, but he doesn?t have to smell you. Just call me messenger.
ObL: Yes, Messenger. I will lead Allah?s people to France. We will be there by Ramadan.
LB: Also, stop blowing stuff up and shooting stuff. You?re going to want to have all that ammo with you when you get to France.
ObL: Oh yes, messenger. I will surely do this.
LB: If you need a little motivation to get on the move, remember this. I had a talk with Al Zawahri the other day. I instructed him to write a letter for you. He has addressed a copy to each of your hiding places. When the Pakistanis capture him in a day or two, they will find the letters and hand them to the Americans who will then know about all your hiding places. Sounds like you better skedaddle.
ObL: What! The Americans! I must go now. I must go immediately to France. France does not like the Americans. I can go there.
LB: Yea, you better get started. Isn?t that an American plane flying overhead? Maybe it?s a bomber.
At this point, bin Laden went back to his own body in Chicago. My psychic took a couple of deep breaths and then looked down, realizing that bin Laden had wet himself. Sure, it was bin Laden.


made to Palm Beach, FL a few months ago.
What a neat find! The (bug?) bench is equally intriguing!
Well, I was about to say, "Toto, it doesn't look like we're in Boston anymore."
Rubbing shoulders with the Florida Brahmins, I see.
The bug's camouflage is just not working!


text:
impactmania > Art & Culture > George Bolster: SETI Institute Artist-in-Residence
George Bolster: SETI Institute Artist-in-Residence
George Bolster (b. 1972, Cork, Ireland; lives in New York City) is an artist-in-residence at the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute in Mountain View, California.
This residency differs from a typical one because Bolster collaborates with leading scientists such as the SETI Institute's Bernard M. Oliver Chair, Jill Tarter and Laurance Doyle who discovered Tatooine (Kepler-16b). They are part of the next-generation of explorers looking for life outside of planet Earth.
In our interview, Bolster spoke about his work Archive for an Unmade Narrative (2015-2016).
Does art always respond or react to something?
A lot of art doesn't necessarily respond to anything. It has often to do with cultural constructions in the history of representation. What I do is more conceptual; I make art that addresses real problems or ideas. I try to shift the viewer's perception of what they thought about the subject before experiencing my work.
Is art your way of leaving a legacy, like some people build companies, or others are into philanthropy?
I address this theme in the piece called Self Erosion (2013), which has to do with suicide. In it I pose the question: "Is art a way to be loved in some abstract way across time or a way to leave some impression across time?" There is an immortality associated with art. Considering the environmental situation we are in, how are we going to conserve all the art that's been created, even the works created in the last century?
The new work that I've been working on with the Moon Museum and the McMoons archive project has to do with the idea that culture or even humanity is not infinite. We need to realize that we are impermanent, as are all art objects. Art is a mortal thing that we have to protect—in the same way that we need to protect our species.
Why is the McMoons archive project in a defunct McDonald's in the NASA Ames Research Center?
I think that was the available building at the time. They nicknamed it McMoons because it contains the images of the mapping of the moon by five lunar orbits before the Apollo missions.
The McMoons Archive
It was started and is managed by Dennis Wingo. Dennis was part of the LORIP Project, founded by SkyCorp and SpaceRef, to recover original images from the master tapes of the NASA Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. Nancy Evans, who was cofounder of the NASA Planetary Data System (PDS), donated the actual archive to McMoons.
It's quite funny that the archive is in a defunct McDonald's. It's a very unusual sight. It also makes it visually fascinating because you're looking at these incredible images at the height of technology at the time, being stored in a former fast food restaurant. The other reason the archive is in that building is because it is climate controlled and they can properly store the film and VHS tapes.
Fat Fryer Film Archive at McDonalds
As the artist for this project, did you have free rein within set parameters, or did the scientists have ideas on how to visualize the project?
The program was founded between Jill Tarter and Charles Lindsay, the director of the program, who is also a fantastic artist. Curator Denise Markonish is the SETI AIR advisory committee. It's a collaborative project. We have had numerous field trips to SETI, the Allen Telescope Array, in Hat Creek, which is the observatory, and NASA Ames. It's a very open program. The artists can, based on different lectures from different scientists, find a subject they want to address and determine the way in which they want to address that subject.
Sometimes that happens through more philosophical or aesthetic means. Sometimes it's more scientifically and research-based. I made three time-period film pieces, which address what we used to think, what we think in the present, and what we're facing in the future. It blends sci-fi with documentary making.
The Allen Telescope Array
Your previous residency was with the Rauschenberg Foundation. What did you learn by spending time in the Rauschenberg Residency?
I learned a lot about Robert Rauschenberg. I didn't realize before I left that he was so involved with conservation, which is incredibly important to our collective future. He bought a lot of the land on Captiva Island, Florida to stop developers getting their hands on it. He kept most of it in its natural jungle state.
What did you learn about yourself?
I went there with a film piece in mind that I had been writing for a year. It was a very, very bleak subject. It was about my ex-partner, who died in 2010. It was an examination of depression. Once I arrived on the island, being in that unspoiled nature, it helped me gain a distance from that piece, and to finish it in a way that I wouldn't have otherwise. Ultimately, it led to the next piece Un/natural History: Drowning Captiva, which was about saving and celebrating what we have in terms of our ecology.
Do you mean that the current SETI project is related to the film you made during the Rauschenberg Residency?
The previous film was called Unnatural History: Drowning Captiva (2014), Rauschenberg was invited by NASA in the '60s to watch the Apollo 11 lift off. He was given access to NASA archives at that point. His Stoned Moon series was mostly based on the images from that archive. He started Experiments in Art and Technology (EAT) around this time, and then a project called the Moon Museum, which was a little ceramic wafer, the type used on the exterior of Apollo spacecraft. In collaboration with other artists, he printed drawings from Forrest Myers, Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, John Chamberlain, and David Novros. They allegedly smuggled this aboard Apollo 12, so it is the first art object in space.
I was using that as material within the film to talk about this fascination with space, and the initial impulse to put a piece of culture into space. Also, the idea that we may not have any choice but to try and get to the next habitable planet in order to survive as a species. If we don't survive, does culture survive—if there's no one to interpret it? That became part of the film and how I ended up at SETI Institute. What I'm researching with McMoons is this idea of archival practice being a central impulse for saving culture.
What have you learned from Archive for an Unmade Narrative, (2016) this current project?
It's early-days, but it has opened new, unknown fields to me. The scientists are so brilliant, generous, and humble. I was a nervous wreck after researching them. To meet people like Jill Tarter who is at the cutting edge of science, or Charles Lindsay, who has a major science background as well as art… Laurance Doyle is a totally amazing scientist who discovered Tatooine (the planet, not the fictional one from Star Wars!) The level of their research is extraordinary. It's fantastic. It's inspiring. There are a lot of cultural implications to the SETI's research, but they're at the forefront of trying to save us, really.
Laurance Doyle discovered the first planet to orbit around two suns — similar to the fictional planet in Star Wars, Tatooine.
What is the takeaway of the SETI art residency?
Part of the point of the residency program is to make people aware of the SETI Institute's mission. It's an extremely important charge…that they have taken up. They are helping to safeguard and protect our species for the future. I'd like to help make people aware of how important this is for humanity.
With all this work in the art world, who has made an imprint on your professional DNA?
SETI has had a huge impact on me as a person, and then also in terms of how I research. A lot of the art I've made was based around an idea, which I then narrowed down to one point. Since being there my work is now more like a narrative capable of having multiple points and opinions—often contrasting opinions to open up a field of questions as opposed to having one particular point.
With all the past research and your work as an artist, what do you think is needed for social impact?
A lot of the art I made was more aesthetic-based and aesthetically appealing. This more recent work is about ideas, and it's about the conversation that can be sparked out of the ideas. A lot of people who've seen it said, "I didn't really think of it in that way before—that we're teetering on the edge of something we need to try to stop."
"We need to plan the infinity of our species" by George Bolster
Random… No matter what I'm doing I'm always passionately engaged in it, which is the point of art in a way. Passionate engagement is the point of any cultural endeavor.
And what are you not good at?
I procrastinate.
You mean you are good at that, too?
[Laughter.]
All images courtesy of the artist, George Bolster.
George Bolster's next show "Kenosis in the Supervoid" is at Station Independent Projects on Eldridge St., New York. It opens on April 8.
George Bolster's "Archive for an Unmade Narrative" with Critical Practices Inc. and 21ST.PROJECTS runs from March 24 – April 22, 2016.
Viewing is by prior appointment only. For more information or to make an appointment to view the work, please contact: [email protected].
Categories:Art & Culture, Human Interests, Science & Technology
Tags:Andy Warhol, archive, art, artist, artist-in-residence, artists, culture, earth, Florida, George Bolster, Jill Tarter, Kepler-16b, Laurance Doyle, LORIP, mc moons, Moon Museum, NASA, New York, residency, Robert Rauschenberg, scientists, SETI, SETI Institute, Skycorp, Spaceref, Tatooine, VHS
Women of Impact NYC, Spring 2019!
Women of Impact e-book is available on Amazon!
Montecito Journal covers WoI event


The automative industry drives the development towards more autonomous vehicles, this because of both safety and energy conservation reasons. This thesis focuses on solutions to lower the fuel consumption for heavy duty vehicles, which is more and more requested. Both due to increasing fuel costs and to greater environmental awareness. Through extensive simulations with a vehicle model, developed at and provided by Scania CV AB, different driving strategies are evaluated and analysed. This determined how to achieve a low fuel consumption when driving heavy vehicle in an urban environment. The simulations shows that the fuel consumption can be lowered by coasting the vehicle when deceleration and thus minimize the use of the brakes. One should also when possible, select a higher gear to lower the fuel consumption due to engine friction. These strategies are used to develop a controller which lowers the fuel consumption without increasing the trip time for the vehicle. The controller is able to alter the velocity of the vehicle within a reference window which results in both a lower fuel consumption and a shorter trip time for the driving cycle used.


text:
Q: Python: Visualize duplicates rows with horizontal lines from Pandas series I would like to accomplish that the following R code does, but using Python. The idea is to visualize as horizontal black lines the duplicated rows in a dataframe. I think I can use the pandas.core.series.Series that gives df.duplicated() (with True and False values), but I don't know how to create the plot.
Here is the R code and the resultant plot:
# get the row numbers of duplicated rows
duplicated_rows <- data_frame(duplicated = duplicated(ign_data), row = 1:nrow(ign_data)) %>%
    filter(duplicated == T)

# Plot duplicated rows as black lines
ggplot(duplicated_rows, aes(xintercept = row)) +
    geom_vline(aes(xintercept = row)) + # plot a black line for each duplicated row
    ggtitle("Indexes of duplicated rows") + # add a title
    coord_flip() + scale_x_reverse() #flip x & y axis and reverse the x axis

A: You can do that using pandas and matplotlib like this ;
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

duplicated_rows = pd.DataFrame({
    'duplicated': ign_data.duplicated(),
    'row': range(1, len(ign_data) + 1)
})

duplicated_rows = duplicated_rows[duplicated_rows['duplicated']]

plt.figure()
plt.vlines(duplicated_rows['row'], ymin=0, ymax=1, colors='black')
plt.gca().invert_xaxis()
plt.title('Indexes of duplicated rows')
plt.xlabel('Row index')
plt.ylabel('Duplicated')
plt.show()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


BCAA as a nutritional supplement has flooded the market for the past few years. Above all, it is considered as a multi-millionaire business as it is believed that intake of BCAA instigates the muscle protein synthesis thus, induces an anabolic response.
Diet rich in protein with a well-balanced amino acid profile is critical for the growth of lean muscle mass. Both protein and individual amino acid components that form proteins are essential for development and maintenance of the body. Therefore, both essential amino acids supplements and BCAA supplements are streaming in the market. As our body is unable to synthesise BCAA's because of the lack of several enzymes, it becomes mandatory to consume it from outside sources.
Branched-chain amino acids are available in the supplement market by the name of BCAA. Leucine, isoleucine and valine are among the nine dietary essential amino acids for a human lifecycle. BCAA makes upto 35-40% of the dietary essential amino acids of body proteins and 14% of total amino acids found in skeletal muscles (Ferrando et al, (1995). The principal goal of consuming BCAA supplements is to augment the anabolic state by initiating the protein synthesis in muscles. Not only BCAA but the availability of all indispensable amino acids is required for the significant stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (Volpi et al, 2003). Hence, BCAA supplements are popular among the bodybuilding fraternity but people with regular or moderate physical activity are also taking this supplement. So, through this article we will try to learn about the importance of BCAA.
Unlike other essential amino acids, BCAA is directly metabolised in the skeletal muscles. Several studies showed that ingestion of BCAA to people in catabolic states (like postoperative, severe burns, sepsis, etc.) ameliorated nitrogen balance, increases amino acid concentration in the plasma, improves protein synthesis while minimising the skeletal muscle catabolism (Echenique et al,1984).
The three BCAAs either together or leucine alone has the ability to initiate protein synthesis (Tischler et al, 1982) and reduce the rate of protein breakdown (Nair & Short, 2005). Hence, BCAAs play a cardinal role in the modulation of protein synthesis and turnover. It also maintains the glutamate-glutamine level in the body (Nahid & Mahmood, 2014).
Brestensky et al. (2015) stated that raised BCAA concentration in the blood inhibits fatigue by blocking the tryptophan entrance into the brain. The same is proven by several works dealing with the effect of BCAA on fatigue. Bloomstrand et al. (1997) studies showed that the ingestion of BCAA mixture reduces the exertion and mental fatigue.
Among BCAA's, leucine stimulates the protein synthesis rate while minimising the protein degradation rate in resting state as well as during recovery phase post endurance exercises. The anabolic effect of BCAA may be mediated via changes in a signalling pathway which controls protein synthesis (Blomstrand et al, 2006).
In contrast to other amino acids, BCAAs are catabolised by extrahepatic tissues such as muscle, adipose tissues, kidney and brain. The first step includes a transamination reaction where BCAAs transfer their amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate and branched chain Keto acids. Then, glutamine synthetase carries out the conversion of glutamate to glutamine.
Howatson et al (2012) indicated in their study that administration of BCAA prior and during damaging resistance exercise decreases the muscle damage while accelerating the muscle recovery in resistance-trained males.
Additionally, results of a study conducted by Coombes & McNaughton, 2000 revealed that BCAA supplementation reduces the serum concentration of creatine kinase and Lactate dehydrogenase (Intramuscular enzymes) during prolonged exercise. Therefore, BCAA supplementation may reduce the muscle damage related to endurance exercise.
The conclusion of the study conducted by Yan-chuan et al (2015) manifested that dietary BCAA in a higher ratio is inversely related to the prevalence of obesity, postprandial glucose and inflammation status in young northern Chinese adults. Several studies showed that BCAAs administration may help prevent weight gain and increase weight loss. But additional research is required to conclude whether BCAA supplement provides any additional benefits over a high protein diet.
Nutrition plays an important role in the activation of immunity, also BCAAs are directly associated in the lymphocyte proliferation or maturation of dendritic cells (Tajiri & Shimizu, 2013). Data from Bassit et al (2000) indicated that BCAA supplementation inverses the decreased level of serum glutamine concentration, after a prolonged intense exercise like Olympic triathlon. Reduction in serum glutamine concentration is associated with an increased prevalence in symptoms of infection. Therefore, athletes who are supplemented with BCAA have a lower occurrence of infections.
The three Branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) are essential amino acids which stimulate the protein synthesis and decrease the protein degradation. Among the three, particularly leucine has a more anabolic effect. Apart from this, BCAAs supplementation can be a nutritional strategy to treat various problems like liver diseases. Footprints of several studies showed that BCAA can prevent the muscle wastage or loss and its administration accelerates the muscle growth. Additionally, it also plays a role in enhancing immunity, prevent weight gain and reduce muscle soreness. Last but not the least, it reduces the mental fatigue and maintains the glutamate-glutamine pool in the body. Besides this, more research is needed to narrow down the gap between knowledge about BCAA metabolism and the associated regulation of these amino acids. Hence, BCAA supplementation is found to be beneficial for athletes, bodybuilders and even for individuals with low physical activity level in enhancing their health.
Ferrando, A.A., Williams, B.D., Stuart, C.A., Lane, H.E., Wolf, R.R. (1995). Oral Branched‐Chain Amino Acids Decrease Whole‐Body Proteolysis. J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr., 19, 47–54.
Volpi, E., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Mittendorfer, B., Wolfe, R.R. (2003). Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 8, 250–8.
Tischler, M.E., Desautels, M., and Goldberg, A.L. (1982). "Does leucine, leucyl-tRNA, or some metabolite of leucine regulate protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscle?" Journal of Biological Chemistry, 257 (4), 1613–1621.
K. S. Nair and K. R. Short (2005). Hormonal and signalling role of branched-chain amino acids. Journal of Nutrition, 135(6), 1547S–1552S.
Coombes, J.S., and McNaughton, L.R. (2000) Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase after prolonged exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 40(3), 240-6.


text:
Q: interpolation properties of analytic paths Assume we are given $n$ points in $\mathbb{C}^k$ can we find an analytic path
$\phi:[0,1]\to \mathbb{C}^k$ passing through these $n$ points?

A: As Harald Hanche-Olsen pointed out, there is an interpolating polynomial of degree at most $n-1$ that does the job. Namely, let $p_1,\dots,p_n$ be the given points, pick any numbers $0\le t_1<t_2<\dots<t_n\le 1$, and define
$$
\phi(t) = \sum_{j=1}^n p_j \frac{\prod_{l\ne j}(t-t_l)}{\prod_{l\ne j}(t_j-t_l)}
$$
This is a polynomial of degree at most $n-1$ such that $\phi(t_j)=p_j$ for all $j=1,\dots,n$.


text:
A few changes for 2020
I know it's been quiet around these parts for a while! Things have been going on, though unfortunately not "writing" things, for the most part. They do pertain to my books, though, so I wanted to let you know!
First of all, my health. You may have seen me mention on social media or in my newsletter that I've been having some health problems since last spring. No need to worry—it's nothing like cancer or anything like that. It's a chronic condition that's just been flaring in a particularly nasty way over the last year. It's not entirely clear why this flare has been so pernicious, but in the meantime it's absolutely eaten away at my ability to write or function in any kind of practical way.
So, in the interest of cutting back on my commitments as well as for the good of the series as a whole, I made the decision at the end of 2019 to step down as the series lead on The Pioneer Brides of Rattlesnake Ridge. The very capable Catherine Bilson, who wrote Coming from California in season one of the series, has taken over as series lead moving forward. You can look forward to several new books in the series in the second half of this year, both from returning authors and from new contributors to the series! I also am still intending to write Sailing from Scotland, though that has been pushed down on my priority list for the time being so that I can focus on the Northwest Magic books that were supposed to already be in your hands, such as Old Flames.
Speaking of Northwest Magic, my other announcement for today is that that series has found a "new" publishing home! Previously the books were published by Caleo Press; starting today, Alexandra's Riddle and future installments in the series will be published by Crimson Fox Publishing. A more detailed explanation for this (including why I say "new" in quotes) can be found here.
That's it for me for now! I don't have much writing news for now as my health has still been quite bad, but I'm hoping that once the weather starts to warm up that will improve and I can get back in the writing chair. 🙂
« A Very Hallmark Christmas 2019
Actual writing news! »


SKU: n/a. Categories: Chargers and Inverters, DC-DC Converters, Victron Energy. Tags: DC-DC Converter, Orion, Victron.
An ever increasing amount of electrical equipment is now being used in mobile applications. Most equipment has been designed for 12Vdc and therefore requires a DC-DC Converter to reduce the voltage from 24Vdc to 12Vdc. Some very sensitive equipment needs a stable 12V output so we can provide 12V-12V converters to ensure a constant voltage no matter if the battery is charged or discharged.
All models with adjustable output can be used as a battery charger. For example to charge a 12V starter or accessory battery in an otherwise 24V system. They can also be paralleled to increase output current, with the connection of a possible five units.


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text:
The Great Outdoors Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for people who love being outdoors enjoying nature and wilderness, and learning about the required skills and equipment. Join them; it only takes a minute:
Swimming in a river in England or Wales with a right of navigation
Some of the rivers in England and Wales are designated as having a "Right of Navigation". I understand that this is typically interpreted as meaning that you can travel along it in a boat or vessel. I'm interested in knowing whether this also includes the right to swim along the river, so long as one is truly travelling along the river, rather than 'loitering'. I can find no mention that 'navigation' excludes swimmers.
Here is a list of rivers that fall under this category, and some further information. I'm ideally looking for an authoritative answer as swimmers frequently find themselves being shouted at by anglers who claim that swimming is not permitted. However, I cannot find any legislation to suggest that swimming is illegal along a river with a right of navigation. I would expect to both enter and exit the river from public land, just as a kayaker would.
uk swimming england
CaptainProg
CaptainProgCaptainProg
It appears that the "Right of navigation" itself is very questionable, even in a boat. From my reading there is no law stating that right of navigation exists (on non tidal rivers). So it's difficult to interpret this for swimming, the law for boats isn't even clear! In general rivers are owned by land owners and they have the right to deny access. – user2766 Jun 19 '17 at 12:56
@Liam: That is correct, for the majority of rivers in the UK. However, a handful of them are designated as "right of navigation" (see the list beginning on page 3 of this document). My question specifically relates to rivers where a right of navigation exists. – CaptainProg Jun 19 '17 at 13:12
they all seem to be listed as "Common law". So there won't (that I can find) be any legal definition. I think they only way to find out is to try! Or mount an expensive legal test case..... – user2766 Jun 19 '17 at 13:17
The UK has quite an active wild swimming community. They must have resources on this. The kayaking analogy is reasonable but in England at least, access agreements are important (even on plenty of rivers with a historic right of navigation) and these often restrict access to outside the fishing season, which I assume isn't when you'd want to swim. – Chris H Jun 20 '17 at 6:43
Basically, the law on river swimming in England and Wales is a mess. Below the tidal limit swimming is unambiguously legal, provided you access the water from public land. In fresh water, the true answer is that nobody knows.
This is from a submission by the Outdoor Swimming Society to the National Assembly of Wales, and it's about as authoritative as you're going to get:
The laws governing rights of access to (and restrictions on the use of) inland water are immensely complex and piecemeal, being derived from a combination of very old case law, miscellaneous statutory provisions and local byelaws.
Perhaps more importantly, there is a great deal of uncertainty about what the law actually permits, even where legal advice is obtained. Much of the case law is contradictory and unclear as to its scope. There is uncertainty as to whether laws relating to commercial uses apply to recreational uses, and whether laws relating to certain types of access to inland water (for example, rights of navigation) extend to other types of access (for example, swimming).
See also Douglas Caffyn, The Right of Navigation on Nontidal Rivers and the Common Law, 2004, which comes to a similar conclusion.
In practical terms it seems to boil down to local use and practice. Land owners can allow permissive access at their discretion. On the Dart, where I swim, the situation is good and most of the best spots are accessible.
As for conflict with anglers, we should surely apply a bit of courtesy and commonsense. They have often paid for their fishing, and can be an important contributor to the local economy. As wild swimming groups are pressing for improvements to the law, it would seem best not to antagonise this large and well-organised lobby. So whenever possible it makes sense to avoid the times and places where angling is popular.
The solution, of course, would be legislation similar to the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003, which liberalised access to wild land and water in Scotland. In general, all parties agree that it has been a striking success.
TullochgorumTullochgorum
Anglers are also the people doing the lobbying for access (along with canoeists to a lesser extent). So the anglers are very much on the swimmers side when it comes to access. They have strong well funded lobbying groups, so best to keep them on side! :) – user2766 Jun 20 '17 at 9:35
I'm not a lawyer, and I'm not a Brit, but I've found two articles that strongly suggest that swimmers can travel along a river or portion of a river designated as having a Right of Navigation.
According to this article, Navigation Law and access to water on Naturenet.net:
A right of navigation where it exists is a right to use the river to its full capacity. There is no such thing as a limited right of navigation such as a right limited to canoes.
The above source appears to be neutral on the subject of Right of Navigation.
Another source, which is impassioned on the question of access, speaks at least twice of access being denied to "canoers, kayakers and swimmers". The question of access to the river is the hot issue, and is different from what is allowed on the river where access is permitted. This pro-access article assumes equal rights for swimmers.
ab2ab2
I'm not sure I'm convinced by the articles here. I think this answer is more correct in that the law simply isn't clear in this regard. – user2766 Jun 20 '17 at 9:40
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