A record is presented of the auroral observations made by Giuseppe Toaldo and his assistant Vincenzo Chiminello in Padua, Italy, in the second half of the 18th century. The historical sources consulted include the original manuscripts containing the meteorological records made by those two observers. A small catalogue is constructed with the 148 auroral observations. The characteristics of these observations are analysed. The main feature of this data set is that the annual number of auroral observations presents an intense peak at around 1779 and an abrupt decline at around 1790.
Aurorae are a manifestation of the interaction between solar winds and the Earth's magnetosphere. They have been recorded for millennia. Many auroral catalogues have been constructed over the years, e.g., Mairan (1733), Lovering (1866), Fritz (1873), Angot (1896), Tromholt (1902), Link (1962, 1964), Krivsky & Pejml (1988), Loysha et al. (1989), and Yau et al. (1995). These catalogues provide information for the study of the temporal variability of these phenomena. Also, the auroral dates and descriptions can be used as a proxy for solar and geomagnetic activity (Schove 1979; Krivsky 1984; Legrand et al. 1991; Schlamminger 1991; Schröder 1994a, 1994b; Willis & Stephenson 2001; Vázquez et al. 2014, 2016).
Most of these catalogues were made without any evaluation of the documentary sources to ensure their homogeneity and usefulness. Some common problems are: (i) the geographic coverage is usually excessive in the sense that the differing concentrations of documentary sources over the wide area are not taken into account; (ii) similarly, the temporal coverage is too long to take account of the different concentrations of documentary sources, and (iii) secondary documentary sources are used (not contemporary with the event recorded). For these reasons, such catalogues need to be analysed with some care because of the difficultly in evaluating the quality of the auroral series compiled in them (Vaquero & Vázquez 2009).
Silverman & Blanchard (1983), who analysed the auroral observations made by Wilson Bentley in Vermont, United States of America, covering the period 1883–1931.
Harrison (2005), who analysed the auroral records made by Thomas Hughes in Stroud, United Kingdom, covering the period 1771–1813.
Vaquero & Trigo (2005), who analysed the auroral observations made by the German engineers Praetorius and Schulze in Lisbon, Portugal, covering the period 1781–1793.
Vaquero et al. (2010), who analysed the aurorae recorded by Francisco Salvà (a doctor) in Barcelona covering the period 1780–1825.
Most of these catalogues were extracted from weather diaries. Indeed, weather diaries constitute a primary source providing first-hand information in a continuous way, with precise dating and frequently with sub-daily resolution. The temporal coverage varies from a few months to almost a lifetime. The use of this kind of documentary source enhances the quality of an auroral catalogue. Nonetheless, it remains difficult to quantify how other factors, such as observation conditions or cloudiness, might affect the homogeneity of these aurorae catalogues.
The present paper describes the reconstruction and analysis of a catalogue of aurorae observed at La Specola (The Observatory) in Padua (Italy) (45°24′07.5″ N, 11°52′06.8″ E). The catalogue has principally been extracted from the handwritten meteorological log maintained by Giuseppe Toaldo, director of La Specola and professor of astronomy and meteorology at the University of Padua. Toaldo was assisted by his nephew, Vincenzo Chiminello, who followed the same professional career as his uncle and operated following the same observation protocols. Each year, Toaldo published a summary of the log in the form of a journal entitled Giornale Astro-Meteorologico in which weather averages and events were commented on in terms of agriculture, health, and other aspects. This annual journal was considered for the catalogue as well as a study about aurorae that was published by Toaldo (1780). The period covered by the catalogue is 1766–1797 (31 years). This period is particularly interesting in terms of solar activity because there are few 18th century sunspot observations, especially for the years from 1777 to 1795 (Vaquero 2007). Moreover, the catalogue covers the first years of the Dalton Minimum in solar activity and almost all of the unusual Solar Cycle 4 (1784–1798) (Usoskin et al. 2009; Zolotova & Ponyavin 2011).
It is important to establish who the observers were, what expertise they had, and which methodology they followed, but also to analyse the documentary sources from which the auroral catalogue has been obtained. After those considerations, we present the methodology to analyse the reliability of the auroral record collected. This analysis is focused on comparing the auroral register with physical phenomena and other concepts known in order to correlate them with auroral activity.
The unbroken series of meteorological observations in Padua was begun in 1725 by Marquis Giovanni Poleni (1683–1761), a leading scientist and professor of astronomy and meteorology at the University of Padua. He was a member and correspondent of the Royal Society, London. His log reported two observations a day from 1725 to 1764, with notes about the weather observations and main astronomical events, e.g., eclipses and aurorae (Camuffo 2002). Poleni was especially interested in meteorology, hydrology, and construction engineering. His notes about aurorae seem reliable, although he may have missed a number of events because he did not spend all his nights observing the sky.
Giuseppe Toaldo (1719–1797) started his studies at the Seminario Vescovile of Padua, gaining a degree in Theology in 1742. He edited the works of Galileo (Galilei 1744). In 1764, he was appointed to teach astronomy and meteorology at the University of Padua. He planned La Specola astronomical observatory and he also was its first director. One of his interests was astrometeorology, trying to find links between astronomical and meteorological events. Toaldo made invaluable daily observations in both fields (astronomy and meteorology), and was recognized internationally for his studies. For a review of Toaldo's life and studies, see Pigatto (2000), and for his observations, see Camuffo (2002).
Vincenzo Chiminello (1741–1813), Toaldo's nephew and co-worker, was also a meteorologist and astronomer. He collaborated in the observations from 1776 until Toaldo's death from an apoplectic stroke on 11 November 1797. Toaldo took measurements until 3 days before his death, thus making his dedication clear (Camuffo 2002). On Toaldo's death, Chiminello was appointed Director of La Specola and he held the chair of Astronomy and Meteorology at the University of Padua. Chiminello also suffered an apoplectic stroke in 1807 that limited his mobility and hence ability to climb the astronomy turret. Despite his engaging an assistant, Francesco Bertirossi-Busatta, the scientific activity of Chiminello clearly declined, decreasing the details in the records and the quantity and quality of the publications.
The scientific method requires making observations, recording data, and analysing data in a form that can be duplicated by other scientists. The apparatus and or method for conducting scientific observations have to be based on well-known scientific principles. Both Giuseppe Toaldo and Vincenzo Chiminello were leading astronomers, renowned in Europe, professors of the University of Padua. Their articles were published, translated or summarized in the journals of the main scientific societies, e.g. Royal Society, London, Societé Royale des Sciences, Paris, and similarly in Germany, Portugal and Russia. They had advanced notions of mathematics, geometry, arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry and theoretical knowledge in disciplines like astronomy and geography with the essential ideas of modern cosmology, general physics and mechanics clearly overcoming the old Aristotelian notions. First, Toaldo and then Chiminello held since 1765 the chair of Astronomy and Meteors at the Padua University. Toaldo however had created a background of technical expertise in meteorology and a tradition in astronomical observations, all these skills contributed to his experience in practical observations and to the idea of establishing an Astronomical Observatory in Padua: the Specola. First Toaldo and then Chiminello were Directors of the Specola. The same theoretical and practical background was taught and the same methodological approach in the observations was assigned with the time by Toaldo to his nephew Chiminello. Observation and insight were a key part of their scientific inquiry and they were internationally known for their work (e.g. Toaldo was cited several times in the Philosophical Transactions and Chiminello won the Prize of the Societas Meteorologica Palatina in Mannheim for his hygrometer). The other step in the scientific method, i.e., the inductive reasoning (hypothesize and to come up with an explanation) was also well established by the university studies of Logic and Mathematics performed by the two scientists. Moreover Toaldo and Chiminello, after their observations, always made a comparative analysis of characteristics of aurorae searching for other observers, in Italy and in Northern Europe that could have observed the same phenomenon. Finally if we look at the possible bias of the scientific method used by Toaldo and Chiminello in their observations of aurorae, we can estimate it as minimum as they used to perform daily observations when the weather allowed it (i.e., observations can be considered complete). These observations were performed to the naked eye and/or with the same (for both Toaldo and Chiminello) reliable and modern instruments for that time, and using the same methodology.
Another scholar, a contemporary of Toaldo, the abbot Giuseppe Gennari (1721–1800), in his diary entitled "Notizie giornaliere di quanto avvenne specialmente in Padua dall'anno 1739 all'anno 1800" [Daily news about events in Padua from 1739 to 1800] reported social and political happenings, extreme meteorological events, and some aurorae, often quoting Toaldo as an authoritative source.
The meteorological log contains weather observations from 1 May 1766 to 7 November 1797 (the last observation made by Toaldo). The manuscript reports the meteorological observations made by Toaldo and Chiminello in the Astronomical Observatory of Padua. The log was maintained by Toaldo, except when he was away and Chiminello made the observation instead. Each page shows the daily observations of one month (Fig. 1). The columns are, from left to right: the day, lunar point (here Toaldo registers the Novilunio (NL; new moon), Plenilunio (PL; full moon), Primo Quarto (PQ; first quarter), Ultimo Quarto (UQ; last quarter), Perigeo (P; perigee), Apogeo (Ap; apogee), Lunistizio Australe (A; minor standstill) Lunistizio Boreale (B; major standstill), Equinozio ascendente (EA; ascending equinox), Equinozio descendente (ED; descending equinox), quartale (q; quarter)), barometer, thermometer, wind, meteorological description, and rainfall. Toaldo had a theory about the influence of the moon in the weather (for details see Toaldo 1781). The meteorological information in this manuscript has been studied by Camuffo and collaborators in various papers (Camuffo 1984, 2002; Cocheo & Camuffo 2002; Camuffo et al. 2014). The information about the auroral observations appear in the column devoted to the meteorological description, annotated as "aurora boreale", "chiaror boreale", or similar. A more detailed description of the auroral event frequently appears at the bottom of the page, with information about the time, position, colour, or duration of the event. A total of 136 references to aurorae appear during the 31 years studied for the present catalogue. From an in-depth analysis, all these observations (except one) appear reliable according with the date, time and description of the event. The exception was the description of the event of 14 November 1790, in which the auroral features are unclear. Toaldo's annotation is that in the sky there appeared "un auro d'aurora boreale… un chiaro no commune" (an aurora borealis light… an uncommon brightness). This is not a clear description. Moreover, the time of this observation (20 h Italian Time) is a very improbable time to see an aurora. Toaldo used the so-called "Italian Time" that had been in use in Europe since the Middle Ages. This style was typical of the Army of Rome, and followed the Church's liturgical services. The new day began at twilight, about 30 min after sunset when darkness was dominant. Church bells would then announce the end of the day and the call to Compline or Night Prayer (Camuffo 2002; Camuffo & Bertolin 2012). The day was divided into 24 h, with all nights starting at hour 0, but noon falling at different times over the calendar year. This style was useful in astronomy because all the observations made during the same night had the same date. The use of the present-day style with the day starting at midnight began in 1789, imposed by the French Revolution. Therefore, the aurora of 14 November 1790, visible 4 h before the dark nocturnal sky, has been flagged as dubious.
A manuscript sheet of Toaldo's astrometeorological observations carried out in January 1780, today preserved in the historical archive of La Specola in Padua (courtesy of the Historical Archive of the Astronomical Observatory in Padua).
Giornale Astro-Meteorologico: This publication was an annual astronomical and meteorological journal that Toaldo founded and edited in 1778. It was a publication with astronomical ephemerides, scientific articles, meteorological observations, and weather events from the previous year (Camuffo 2002). The references to aurorae appear in the section of meteorological observations, and in some scientific articles. This historical source has more errors in the dates than the other two sources. The journal registered 33 aurorae from 1778 to 1790. The aurora recorded on 11 March 1788 is probably a misprint for that of 11 February 1788 (registered with the correct date in the meteorological log and confirmed in other places of Europe: Spain, Eoehelle, Montmorency, Brussels, Middelburg, Mannheim, Geneva, Buda, Munich, Peissenberg, Tegernsee, Eatisbon, Erfurt, Lena, Sagan, Berlin,…). Therefore, the event on 11 March is flagged as being dubious. Another 2 events, on 22 March 1787 and 3 November 1788, appear in the Giornale of 1805 and 1806 respectively but not in the Giornale of 1788 and 1789, and are not mentioned in the meteorological log. However, reference to these two observations reported by Toaldo appears in the Angot catalogue (Angot 1896) for places below latitude 55°, so that we have considered them to be real aurorae.
Descrizione dell'aurora boreale del di'XXIX Febrajo MDCCLXXX: dal signor abbate Guiuseppe Toaldo (Description of the aurora borealis on 29 February 1780 by the abbot Guiuseppe Toaldo): Article published by Toaldo in the Saggi Scientifici e Letterari dell'Accademia di Padova (Tome I, pages 178–194). In this text, Toaldo explains the phenomena of the aurorae borealis, and presents a list of the aurorae observed in Padua or nearby areas during the period 1768–1780 (54 aurorae in total). He states that no reference to this phenomenon being observed in Padua can be found for the period 1629–1707. In fact, aurorae at low latitudes were very infrequent during these years of reduced solar activity, years which mostly correspond to the Maunder minimum (Maunder 1894; Eddy 1976). Toaldo continues with the famous aurorae of 1716, 1726, and 1737, noting that, at the time when he was publishing the article (the paper is dated 2 March 1780), aurorae become "frequent and familiar". Indeed, the year 1780 was one of maximum solar activity in Solar Cycle 3. Toaldo described in detail the aurora on 29 February 1780: "vidi a tramontana un segmento de luce candidissima, similissima all'Alba chiara. Il candor di questa luce era rilevato da un arco, o ponte di fosca nuvola… Erano le ore 7:30 della sera (ore astronomiche) l'ampiezza dell'arco che trovai di 120 gradi, e la sua freccia o altezza non era piú che di 10…" ("I saw in the north a segment of very white light, similar to a clear sunrise. This light was revealed to be an arch or a bridge of hazy cloud… It was 7:30 in the evening (astronomical time), the amplitude of the arch was 120°, and its arrow or height was not more than 10…"). He also gave information about the observation of this aurora in France (Languedoc, Béziers, and Montpellier) and Rome. References to this aurora are found also for Madrid "… a las 8h de la noche, estendiendose por toda la region septentrional, pasando algunas nubecitas luminosas sobre el cenit hacia la region austral, esta se repitió el 1 de marzo pero con menos intensidad" (… at 8 p.m. extending over the whole northern region, some luminous clouds crossed over the zenith towards the austral region. This was repeated on the 1st of March but with less intensity) (Rico Sinobas 1855; Vaquero et al. 2003).
In sum, all the documents consulted allowed 148 auroral events to be identified, 2 of which we perceived to be dubious. For this reason, those two events were removed from further consideration, and the following analysis will be based on the 146 reliable auroral events. Nonetheless, all the information recovered has been incorporated into the Supplementary Material of this article, including the two dubious events.
In order to evaluate the reliability of the Toaldo catalogue, we studied the visibility conditions of the aurorae in terms of the time of observation and the illuminated fraction of the moon. We evaluated the Toaldo catalogue in accordance with the knowledge of the geomagnetic activity, studying the month of observation, and the auroral direction. We made a comparison between two regional auroral catalogues (Angot 1896 and Krivsky & Pejml 1988) and the Toaldo catalogue (observations from a single place taken by observers who applied the same methodology and compiled from primary documentary sources). Finally, we evaluated the relationship between the Sunspot Number and the Toaldo auroral catalogue.
Figure 2 shows the times of the observations (in the original Italian Time) of the aurorae. Note that only 75 records have this information. The observations are more frequent during the 5 h after sunset. It should be noted that each aurora was labelled with the time of its first observation. The duration of the event is not always provided, although many events lasted for various hours. For example, Toaldo's annotation for the aurora on 22 March 1786 is "started at four and lasted all night", but this aurora is represented in Figure 2 only at 4 h. The observations at the earliest 0 h in Italian Time were affected by the twilight, and hence are fewer in number than those of 1 h. Depending on the season, these earliest observations would have been at around 18:00–19:00 WET in autumn and winter and around 20:00–21:00 in spring. The aurora on 3 June 1790 is recorded "a 20 h sera" ("at 20 h evening" in Italian Time, equal to about 16:30 in WET), too early to see an aurora. Thus we think that this is an error in the register, and probably corresponds to 2 h (i.e., 22:30 WET). For this reason, this aurora has been excluded from Figure 2.
Hourly distribution of aurorae on the original time scale (i.e., Ora Italica).
Figure 3 shows the number of aurorae as a function of the percentage illuminated fraction of the Moon. As expected, as the reflected fraction of the Moon increases, the number of aurorae observed decreases. Most aurorae were seen close to the New Moon, and almost 50% were observed with less than 20% of the Moon's disk illuminated.
Number of aurorae as a function of the illuminated fraction of the Moon.
Figure 4 shows the monthly distribution of the auroral events. October was the month with most aurorae observed (the autumn equinox). Seasonally, autumn (32.2%) and spring (28.8%) have more aurorae than summer (17.7%) and winter (23.3%), following the semi-annual variation of geomagnetic activity. There are three proposed mechanisms to explain this seasonality of geomagnetic activity. They are the equinoctial hypothesis (McIntosh 1959), the axial hypothesis (Cortie 1912), and the Russell-McPherron effect (Russell & McPherron 1973).
Since the Toaldo's observations cover a few decades, we calculated the variation of the geomagnetic latitude in Padua (45°24′ N) during the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. To this aim we used the geomagnetic model gufm1 (Jackson et al. 2000). Using the centered dipole approximation, we obtained the geomagnetic latitude of Padua from the distance of this city to the geomagnetic pole. The results reveal that the geomagnetic latitude of Padua varied almost linearly from 49.5° in 1700 to 46.8° in 1850. Information about the direction or azimuth of the aurorae is available only for 27 events (Fig. 5). The preferential directions are north-west (NW) and north (N) (70% of the aurorae). This is physically coherent with the position of magnetic north at these dates (Legrand et al. 1991).
Direction of the aurorae. In italics are reported the commonest wind-direction names Toaldo uses for all his astrometeorological observations.
All the factors considered here (time, lunar phase, monthly distribution, and directions) agree with what one expects for quality observations. We therefore conclude that Toaldo's observations are reliable.
We compared the data in the present study with other two widely used catalogues (Angot 1896; Krivsky & Pejml 1988). Such a comparison is interesting because these catalogues are limited to aurorae observed below 55° N latitude.
During the period studied, and especially from 1776 to 1798, the Krivsky & Pejml (1988) and Angot (1896) catalogues are similar (Fig. 6a). Nevertheless, this strong coincidence is only found for those decades. For the previous years, Angot recorded more aurorae than did Krivsky & Pejml, with the reverse being the case for the subsequent years (until 1850) (data not shown). Two maxima in the numbers of recorded aurorae, in 1779 and 1787, are identified in all three catalogues. Nevertheless, in the Toaldo's catalogue the 1779 maxima is greater than that of 1787 (1779: 26 aurorae; 1787: 16 aurorae), while both Krivsky & Pejml (112, 128) and Angot (117, 126) show similar numbers in both years. Furthermore, the 1787 maxima in the Toaldo's catalogue has a clearly identifiable peak, whereas the maxima in the other two catalogues are in the form of a plateau that covers a four-year period (1786–1789). In addition, the number of aurorae after this maximum declines sharply in the Toaldo's catalogue, but not in the Krivsky & Pejml or and Angot catalogues. Some of these differences are surely due to the fact that the two catalogues being compared cover aurorae observed anywhere below 55° N latitude, whereas Padua is at a latitude 10° further south than this upper limit. Therefore, once solar activity decreased, and the aurorae disappeared in Padua, they might still be observed at higher latitudes, i.e., from 46° N to 55° N.
(a) Comparison of the Toaldo, the Krivsky & Pejml (1988), and the Angot (1896) catalogues. (b) Comparison of the Toaldo and the Angot (1896) catalogues considering only the aurorae observed in Padua.
During Toaldo's observation period, Angot (1896) recorded 50 aurorae in Padua (Fig. 6b). Although 38 of these events were also recorded by Toaldo, 9 are not in the Toaldo catalogue and 3 differ by one day.
These last 3 cases could be attributable to the dating style or time of observation. Indeed, Toaldo used Italian Time, and hence just one date for the whole night starting from twilight. Angot, however, useD French time with two dates for each night either side of midnight. We excluded the possibility that there existed other independent observers in Padua because all scientific observations were presented and commented on in Padua's Accademia Galileiana di Scienze Lettere ed Arti at periodic meetings, and the scientific and cultural living environment in Padua has been carefully investigated. Another scholar, contemporary with Toaldo, the abbot Giuseppe Gennari in his weather diary (Gennari 1984) reported 12 aurorae, all of which are also recorded by Toaldo, and indeed, for most of them, Gennari specifies that the aurorae had been observed and described by Toaldo.
Moreover, none of the 9 aurorae recorded by Angot but not by Toaldo are recorded in the independent catalogue of Aragonès & Ordaz (2010) for the Iberian Peninsula. Our opinion is that these 9 aurorae are compilation errors in the Angot catalogue, probably due to Angot being a secondary source not contemporary with the events, and to his having copied information from many documents uncritically. The same can be said for analogous comparisons of other exceptional events, e.g., extremely severe weather events with the Venice lagoon and rivers in northern Italy being frozen over that are reported by the French scientist Arago but are not supported by local documents. For the city of Padua during the Toaldo period, Angot has an error rate of 18% in the aurorae recorded. This relevant percentage suggests that it is best to be cautious when analysing catalogues based on secondary sources. Comparing only the Padua aurorae recorded by both Toaldo and Angot (Fig. 6b), one observes that, while the 1787 maximum appears similar in the two catalogues, the 1779 maximum in the Toaldo catalogue is clearly underestimated and delayed in the Angot catalogue.
In this section, we shall describe comparison we made between the sunspot number and the number of aurorae recorded by Toaldo. The period observed from 1766 to 1797 covered three solar cycles (Fig. 7). In this figure, we have used the "new" sunspot number published recently by WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory of Belgium (see Clette et al. 2014). This is an improved version of the sunspot number replacing the International Sunspot Number (Clette et al. 2007) and the Group Sunspot Number (Hoyt & Schatten 1998).
Comparison of the aurorae recorded by Toaldo with the Sunspot Number Version Nb. 2.0 (source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels).
The annual number of aurorae observed by Toaldo was related to the solar activity. Three cycles can be detected in the number of aurorae that match three solar cycles which occurred during the same period. However, the amplitude of these cycles in the auroral series is variable. The highest peak, observed in 1779, is delayed by one year with respect to the solar cycle maximum. This outstanding peak of auroral activity in Padua also appears in other series of observations at a global scale (Silverman 1992). The solar and heliospheric sources of auroral phenomena are related to the topology of the magnetic field of the solar atmosphere. Two different sources can be noted: the Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and the high-speed solar wind. The CME rate approximately follows the solar cycle (Robbrecht et al. 2009) and the long-lived coronal holes (that are the sources of high-speed solar wind) occur more frequently in the declining phase of the sunspot cycle (Verbanac et al. 2011). Therefore, the peak of auroral activity is usually delayed respect to the peak of the sunspot number. Another notable feature is the sharp decrease in auroral activity at around 1790 in Padua. This sharp decrease was also observed in the numbers of aurorae recorded by Francisco Salvà in Barcelona (Vaquero et al. 2010). The sunspot number declined more slowly, however, just at the onset of the Dalton Minimum of solar activity. Anyway, we should take into account that many years are below five aurorae, so the loss of some aurorae by cloud cover can modify significantly the shape of the auroral curve.
Some authors have suggested that a "lost" solar cycle is present in the 1790s (Usoskin et al. 2009). Unfortunately, the small number of aurorae observed by Toaldo in the 1790s cannot provide any relevant information about the existence of any such lost solar cycle in this decade.
A homogeneous long-term auroral series observed in Padua has been recovered from primary source documents written by extremely competent and dedicated observers. The series might only have missed some events due to cloud cover. In order to get an idea of how relevant this cloud-cover problem might be, during the period 1725–1800, the minimum and maximum frequency of rainy days was 79 and 147 per year, with a mean of 107 days per year (Camuffo 1984). To evaluate the reliability of the selected catalogue the auroral visibility is analysed as a function of time and month of observation, direction and illuminated fraction of the moon. Most of the aurora events were seen within the first 5 h after the sunset and around 50% of them were registered when the moon's disk was illuminated to less than 20%. That shows the number of aurorae events seen increases with the lowering of the reflected fraction of the moon, as expected. In addition, the main concentration of aurorae events showed a seasonality of geomagnetic activity focused on autumn but also a polarization on the direction of them (NW, N) which is physically coherent with the position of the magnetic north at these dates. The comparison of the aurorae recorded in Padova by the Toaldo catalogue and regional catalogues (i.e., Angot 1896) points out that Angot recorded less auroral events than Toaldo (50 and 148, respectively). Moreover, the 18% of the events recorded by Angot are dubious. So we have to be careful working with regional catalogues based on secondary sources. The Toaldo's catalogue shows a secular maximum of the auroral activity at around 1780 which was also observed at a global scale (Silverman 1992). The auroral activity showed a sharp decline beginning in 1789, marking the onset of the Dalton Minimum, although the solar activity declined less rapidly. The sparse auroral data in the 1790s are insufficient to support any hypotheses about whether or not there exists a lost solar cycle in this decade.
This research was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Projects AYA2008-04864/AYA and AYA2014-57556-P), the Junta de Extremadura (Research Group Grant No. GR15137), and the Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas of Ecuador (ESPE) (Project 2015-PIC-014). Fernando Domínguez-Castro was partially supported by the Ecuadorian Government (Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovación) through a PROMETEO project. The authors are indebted to Prof. Luisa Pigatto and Dr Valeria Zanini, responsible for the Historical Archives of the Astronomical Observatory of Padua, for their assistance during the archival research. The editor thanks Magnar Gullikstad Johnsen and an anonymous referee for their assistance in evaluating this paper.
Cite this article as: Domínguez-Castro F, Vaquero JM, Bertolin C, Gallego MC De la Guía C, et al. Aurorae observed by Giuseppe Toaldo in Padua (1766–1797). J. Space Weather Space Clim., 6, A21, 2016, DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2016016.
Was one sunspot cycle in the 18th century really lost?


Jane Fonda, on a break during filming of "Les félins" (1964, by Rene Clement), Villa Torre Clementina, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin.
Jane Fonda, then a student at the Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio, in front of the poster of Anne Bancroft for "The Miracle Worker". New York, 1960, photographed by Paul Slade.
Check out this photo of Jane Fonda by Willy Rizzo.
Here is the lovely Jane Fonda photographed by Steven Meisel for W Magazine, June/July 2015.
Jane Fonda by Milton Greene, 1960.
Posted on May 7, 2015 May 4, 2015 Categories MayTags 1960, Jane Fonda, Milton Greene1 Comment on Jane Fonda by Milton Greene, 1960.


Minamiashigara is a very safe town overall. But here and there, there are house break ins and some strange crimes.
At our guest house in Tsukahara (when it was my wife`s store and English school) our flowers were dug up and taken! These were 100 Yen flowers!
About 20 years ago, someone syphoned the gas from my gas tank in Odawara near Isaida Station.
And unfortunately, recently, this same crime has occurred. Someone pried open the door to my gas tank, and stole some gas. My car was parked in Iizawa near my guest house. They have broken the door to the gas tank. So I will need to pay to get that fixed. Disappointing as I just spent well over $1,000 on shaken (the official safety checks for cars in Japan).
I`ve seen the police patrolling pay parking lots recently. Perhaps there has been a spike in this kind of crime due to the rise in the cost of gasoline the last while.


Simmermon Custom Homes is one of a small, select group of home builders and remodelers to be certified as a CAPS Specialist (Certified Aging in Place).
One third of American households are home to one or more residents 60 years of age or older. Most older adults prefer to stay in their own homes as they age. But many of those older adults have difficulties with everyday functioning and modifications to their homes is necessary. Chronic or progressive conditions, as well as traumatic events, may necessitate such changes.
Modifications can be simple or complex, and can be customized based on the needs of the individuals.


The Nice Guys, a local nonprofit 501(c)3 organization, honored Rancho Santa Fe resident Debra Reed at its 39th annual major fundraising gala Oct. 27 at the Manchester Grand Hyatt. Each year, the Nice Guys recognize someone who has given their time, money and support to help San Diegans improve their lives.
Reed is executive chairman of Sempra Energy, a San Diego-based Fortune 500 energy services holding company with the largest customer base in the U.S.
The Nice Guy of the Year event is also a fundraiser for San Diego Nice Guys charities. The funds will be used for individual San Diegans who need a "one time" helping hand up to get their lives back on track.


text:
The Hug
Wiblog
Shetland and Screenplay
I'll be posting something later about how I got to Shetland and home again but I wanted to make a separate posting here about Shetland itself because these have been some truly magical days and as I took off from Sumburgh Airport today on the plane for Orkney I was really sorry to be saying goodbye.
The magic came in many ways. I guess it started with the ferry crossing where I saw (I think) a minke whale swim past the boat. I've never seen one before but there it was.
Then there was the first example of many as to why Shetlanders are such nice people. I was wondering around with my laptop looking for the alleged "free WiFi in the bar area". I saw a young man using his laptop so asked him if he was on the ship WiFi. He was. Good. So I wandered over to another table and tried to connect. I only got a poor signal and failed. As I wandered past him to try another table he asked how I'd got on. "No luck" I said "I'm going to try over there instead". And he then offered to let me use his laptop if I needed to checked my email. Nice.
Lerwick small boat harbour - from the ferry
There was the car hire company who, after a slightly grumpy start when I turned up at 8:40am without advance warning looking for a hire car, pulled their finger out to find out if their insurance company would let me have a car (because of my epilepsy). They did.
I then spend the next couple of days driving around the main island. I did more miles a day in those two days than I've done since my stroke. Why? I suspect because the roads were empty. No threat vectors. Easy driving.
And through gorgeous countryside and in (as everyone told me) unusually fine weather for Shetland I drove about. As I went along people waved to me, not just from other cars like on Islay but people working on their houses or in the fields.
There's road signs at various points warning of otters crossing and having never seen one before I saw two from the car, one as road kill sadly but the other shot across the road ahead of me: like a weasel but a lot bigger and a gorgeous golden brown pelt1.
At the extreme south near Sumburgh Head I saw a pod of porpoises, and somewhere in the north west I found a café overlooking a bay with sea stacks called The Drongs offshore. After having lunch there I sat outside in the sun and very light wind for ages just looking out to sea. It was glorious.
View from the café
Back in Lerwick the film festival began. Mark Kermode was, unsurprisingly I guess, just like he appears on the radio and TV and his wife, Linda, is a lovely lady and, sad fan boy that I am, I did get to chat briefly to both of them at one point. But the real pleasure was getting to know the local people. In particular Cathy, who was the leading light behind the festival and her husband who is the (volunteer) projectionist. Cathy discovered fairly early on that I had come up from Cambridge especially for the festival. She was thrilled. This was the first year they'd had people from outside Shetland and she already knew of one other: a woman from Edinburgh. But now she had two of us. (This incidentally was how I got to meet Mark and Linda as Cathy insisted on introducing me to them in that role, Mark was most amused.)
Garrison Theatre where ScreenPlay takes place
Cathy's husband was great. Turned out he was a brummy but he'd lived in the west country for a while before moving to Lerwick. We had several long chats.
The rest of the team who were helping to manage the festival were great too. Mainly teenagers who were active in the film club and they all became increasingly friendly as they got to recognise me. Which was nice.
Meanwhile I made another new friend. I'd booked seat K16 for virtually every film but for three of them K16 was already taken so I picked K1 instead. I forgot about this and plonked myself down in K16 for a film and a woman turned up claiming I was in her seat. Which I was. But in the banter that resulted I suddenly realise that this was Cathy's other non-Shetlander. And so another friendship began as Susan and I wibbled on to each other between movies, and bickered over who really owned seat K16.
Talking of new friends there was the nice woman at the B&B with whom I shared a table the first day as the breakfast room was busy but on subsequent days we continued to do so anyway so we could chat. She was there for a knitting conference (along with 160 other people I think she said!). She was from Orkney and today we were on the same plane. When we landed at Kirkwall her mother had turned up to collect her and she offered me a lift into town which was very kind of her and saved me a taxi fare. She even offered to show me around Kirkwall but I decided a quite night in would suit me better.
And that's before I even start on the films. The programme for the festival was pretty varied and a lot of it was stuff I'd not have chosen to see beforehand. But a lot of the films were free and those that weren't were very cheap, and given that I'd come all this way I was determined to do as many as I could. So I ended up doing thirteen films (some "films" were a series of shorts collected together) over three days, including five on Sunday. There were a couple which I wasn't that wild about but most were excellent and a few were outstanding
Jason Isaacs introducing one of his movies
The most powerful and thought provoking film was Scars which starred Jason Isaacs as an ex-criminal with an extremely violent past. Based on verbatim transcripts of real conversations with this person it was a disturbing watch. At one level you're thinking "this person is a scary bastard and should be locked up forever" but at another you feel genuinely sorry for him. He's now renounced violence and was clearly very conflicted about what he'd done.
The funniest was another film with Isaacs in, although only with a small role, called Skeletons. It's very strange, very quirky, but very funny. Made on a shoestring budget and deserves a much wider distribution. Look out for it.
The most beautiful film was The First Movie, a film about childhood, cinema and war. It was directed by Mark Cousins in Kurdistan on 2009 where he take his cameras to the children in a small Kurdish village, to show them films, to film them, and to get them to make their own films. It's beautifully shot.
But my favourite film of the festival was an unlikely one, and that only about fifteen other people turned up to watch it suggests this was a common view if you'd only read about it. It was called Sounds Like Teen Spirit and it was a documentary about the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. It's not a contest we enter any more, nor do Germany or France, but 17 countries do and we follow the fortunes of some of the teams. It's real tear jerking stuff and very fine. Really. I think you had to be there.
But this these are just a few of the films. I've not mentioned Stupid Dog, a classic funny short, or Undressing my Mother, a much more serious short, or Oil City Confidential or Requiem For Detroit just to name a few. Or the home made films of the Made in Shetland feature.
Seeing these films, in a cinema, with other people who wanted to watch them and not make mobile phones calls or chatter to their mates, and listening to and asking questions of the directors, the producers, the actors of these films, and discussing them with other viewers all came together to make a great viewing experience.
So after four days of this we went to the final festival party and I had a beer and then I said my goodbyes. Cathy got a huge hug and I wandered off into the night back to my B&B ready to for the flight down to Orkney today.
And even as I left Shetland the magic continued. I've not flown since before 9/11 so all this OTT security is new to me and I realised after I'd checked in my main rucksack as hold baggage that I'd left my plastic spork in my carry on knapsack. Would this be considered a weapon? So I wandered over to security to ask. The nice lady said it was borderline so she volunteered to find my rucksack and put the spork in, which she did. I don't think you'd get that at Heathrow!
Anyway I hope all these incoherent ramblings help explain why the last five days have been so magical for me. I'm now afraid of going back: I fear it would never be so good again.
P.S. lots more photos and video now online here.
Incidentally this confirmed that the creature Beth and I had seen in Milton Country Park a couple of weeks earlier was indeed a mink - that was a similar size but its coat was grey.
Tags: films Written 06/09/10
You can follow these posts on Twitter at @Wibblings
Tags: All Aberfeldy Alice Android architecture badscience Beth blogging books Brecon Cambridge cartoons chromebook country park cycling deer dogs ducks Edinburgh family Fawber films Fleet food Gairloch health humour Infostorm internet Islay Jack Jake JavaScript Jessie landies linux local politics maps Microsoft Milton moving Mull music Nairn national politics olympics photos press qotd radio Raspberry Pi religion RIP sailing Scotland shooting Snowdonia spam Tilly toys trains tv video VirginMedia WalkLakes walks weather web design websites words work world
I am currently reading:
lough
copyright information • powered by Opus (release 3.00) • colophon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The 1993 Major League Baseball postseason was the playoff tournament of Major League Baseball for the 1993 season. The winners of each division advance to the postseason and face each other in a League Championship Series to determine the pennant winners that face each other in the World Series. This was the last edition of the postseason to feature only two rounds, with only division champions qualifying. After the 1994-95 Major League Baseball strike, the playoffs were expanded to include a wild card team and a new League Division Series for the 1995 postseason.

The Toronto Blue Jays and Atlanta Braves both returned to the postseason for the third year in a row, while the Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Phillies returned for the first time in a decade. This would be the last appearance for the Phillies until 2007, as well as Toronto's last appearance until 2015.

This was the last edition of the postseason until 2008 to not feature the New York Yankees, who would make thirteen straight postseason appearances from 1995 to 2007.

The playoffs began on October 5, 1993, and concluded on October 23, 1993, with the Blue Jays defeating the Phillies in six games in the 1993 World Series. The Blue Jays repeated as World Series champions, becoming the seventh franchise in MLB history to win back-to-back championships.

Playoff seeds
The following teams qualified for the postseason:

American League
 Toronto Blue Jays - 95–67, Clinched AL East
 Chicago White Sox - 94–68, Clinched AL West

National League
 Philadelphia Phillies - 97–65, Clinched NL East
 Atlanta Braves - 104–58, Clinched NL West

Playoff bracket

American League Championship Series

Chicago White Sox vs. Toronto Blue Jays

The Blue Jays defeated the White Sox in six games to return to the World Series for the second year in a row.

The Blue Jays stole Game 1 on the road with a 7-3 victory. In Game 2, Dave Stewart out-dueled Chicago's Alex Fernandez as the Jays won 3-1 to take a 2-0 series lead headed back home to Toronto. However, things didn't go quite the Jays' way just yet. Wilson Álvarez pitched a complete game for the White Sox in Game 3 as they won 6-1 to get on the board. Game 4 was an offensive duel which was won by the White Sox, 7-4, evening the series at two. The Blue Jays would take Game 5 and the series lead back despite closer Duane Ward giving up a two-run home run to Robin Ventura in the top of the ninth. Stewart out-dueled Fernandez again in Game 6, and Ward helped seal a 6-2 Blue Jays victory to clinch the pennant.

This series was most notable for a famous non-baseball related event involving Chicago Bulls' superstar Michael Jordan. The game's first pitch was thrown by Jordan, who recently had won his third consecutive NBA championship with the Bulls. After he threw out the first pitch, Jordan headed to the private box of White Sox and Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf. Jordan told Reinsdorf that he was going to retire from the NBA. The information somehow got leaked from the box and the gathered press corps received word. CBS' Pat O'Brien, who was hosting the pregame festivities for the network, interrupted the network's broadcast to relay the information to the national audience watching at home while several dozen reporters converged on Reinsdorf's box looking for a confirmation. Jordan left the stadium shortly thereafter without speaking to reporters; the next morning, at a nationally televised press conference, Jordan confirmed the story.

This would be the last postseason appearance for the White Sox until 2000, where they fell to the Seattle Mariners in the ALDS. This was the last time the White Sox appeared in the ALCS until 2005, where they defeated the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in five games en route to winning the World Series.

As of 2022, this is the last time the Blue Jays won the AL pennant. They would return to the ALCS in 2015 and 2016, but they would lose both to the Kansas City Royals and Cleveland Indians respectively.

National League Championship Series

Philadelphia Phillies vs. Atlanta Braves

This was the first postseason meeting between the Braves and Phillies. It was also the third straight postseason series in which the Braves faced a team from Pennsylvania. The Phillies shocked the 104-win Braves in the NLCS to return to the World Series for the first time since 1983.

In Game 1, the Phillies prevailed in extra innings, 4-3, as Kim Batiste drove in the winning run with an RBI double. Greg Maddux pitched seven solid innings as the Braves blew out the Phillies in Game 2 to even the series headed to Atlanta. In Game 3, the Braves convincingly took the series lead with a 9-4 win. In Game 4, the Phillies evened the series as Danny Jackson out-dueled John Smoltz. Game 5 was another extra-inning contest that was won by the Phillies, as Lenny Dykstra hit a solo home run in the top of the tenth put the Phillies ahead for good, taking a 3-2 series lead headed back to Philadelphia. The Phillies chased Maddux from the mound in a 6-3 victory in Game 6 to clinch the pennant.

This would be the last time the Phillies won the NL pennant until 2008, where they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games en route to a World Series title. The Braves would return to the NLCS in 1995, where they swept the Cincinnati Reds en route to winning the World Series.

Both teams would meet again in the NLDS in 2022, which was also won by the Phillies.

1993 World Series

Toronto Blue Jays (AL) vs. Philadelphia Phillies (NL)

The Blue Jays defeated the Phillies in six games to repeat as World Series champions.

Game 1 was an offensive duel which the Blue Jays won 8-5. In Game 2, the Phillies won 6-4 as closer Mitch Williams helped fend off a late rally by the Jays. In Philadelphia, the series then went upside down for the hometown team. Pat Hentgen pitched six solid innings as the Blue Jays blew out the Phillies in Game 3, 10-3, to take the series lead. Game 4 was a massive back-and-forth slugfest between both teams, but the Blue Jays narrowly prevailed, 15-14, to take a 3-1 series lead. Game 4 had three new World Series records set, including the longest game (4:14), most total runs scored in a single game (29), and most runs scored by a losing team (14). Curt Schilling pitched a complete game shutout for the Phillies in Game 5 as they won 2-0 to send the series back to Toronto. The Blue Jays would capture the title in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 6 thanks to Joe Carter's walk-off 3-run home run. The Blue Jays became the seventh franchise in MLB history to repeat as World Series champions.

After this World Series, this would be the last postseason appearance for both the Blue Jays and Phillies for a while - the Phillies did not return until 2007, while the Blue Jays waited until 2015 for their next appearance. The 1993 World Series was the last postseason series ever played at Veterans Stadium.

Along with the Montreal Canadiens winning the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals, 1993 became the first (and to date, only) year in which at least two championships of the four major North American sports leagues were won by Canadian teams. This would be the last championship of the four major North American sports leagues won by a team from Canada until the Toronto Raptors won the 2019 NBA Finals.

The Phillies would not return to the World Series until 2008, where they defeated the Tampa Bay Rays in five games to end their championship drought.

References

External links
 League Baseball Standings & Expanded Standings - 1993

Major League Baseball postseason

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


• The LA kid NOVA is back with yet another monthly release. He continues to throw music out like free throws, but this is a huge shot for him as he drops 'MOVE'. This classic dark indie rap that he has perfected shines on this KRS. & BNJMN produced beat. Now let's take a second to acknowledge that anytime you have KRS and BNJMN on a track, well it's a hit! Becoming more than just indie famous, Krs and BNJMN are both reaching industry recognized status and the boy NOVA is like a younger brother to these guys. Being real the title alone will secure 100k listens, but the content once again shows NOVA is proper with the pen.
Energized by a soft keyboard melody and sharp piccolo snare, this easy-listen track allows NOVA to tell his tale. Commenting about his planned take-over, series of struggles and the triumphs and displaying his wit-full word play makes 'MOVE' a strong add on to his amazing collection of tracks. The triangle offense approached utilized here is amazing and showcases the capabilities of this young generation of professional house-based producers.
ENJOY 'MOVE' BY NOVA PRODUCED BY KRS & BNJMN BELOW!


text:
Islamic World Studies
Theta Alpha Kappa
College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences > Academics > Islamic World Studies > Student Resources > Library Resources
The University Library maintains an Islamic World Studies Research Guide that provides a variety of useful resources available to students.
Additionally, the Special Collections and Archives division of the University Library maintains the Amina Wadud Papers, the archives of the Muslim Students Association, and the Islam in American Research Collection. These collections represent a rare and unique opportunity for conducting research on subjects related to Islamic World Studies, and particularly focused on the United States.
IWS Library Catalog
The Islamic World Studies Office is located in Room 411-09 of Arts and Letters Hall. Students are welcome to make use of its in-office resources, in particular its library collections. A preliminary catalog of the IWS library collections is available at: IWS Library Catalog.


[S3] Detroit Genealogical Society, "Persons at Leggett-Seaman marriage 1836," Detroit Society for Genealogical Research Magazine Volume 50, Number 2 [Winter 1986].
[S8] Daughters of the American Revolution. Ponitac, Michigan - present to the Michigan Historical Commission - 1938 Richardson Chapter, Cemetery Records of Oakland County, Michigan, (Daughters of the American Revolution of Michigan),.
[S27] Robert Bolton, A History of the County of Westchester, from its first settlement to the present. (New York, Printed by A. S. Gould, 1848),.
[S52] S. Whitney Phoenix, The Whitney Family of Connecticut and Its Affiliations, (New York: Privately Printed 1878),.
[S74] Ada Clementine Acker Haight, The Richard Washburn Family Genealogy: a family history of two hundred years outlining the ancestors & descendants of Richard Washburn with some connected families (Ossing, New York: [s.n.], 1937),.
[S77] Copied from the manuscript record of the late Rev. Theodore A. Leggett by A. Hatfield Jr., Early Settlers of West Farms, Westchester County, New York [Copied from the manuscript record of the late Rev, Theodore A. Leggett] (Edition of 100 copies, New York: 1913),.
[S79] William Wade Hinshaw., Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy, (Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co., Michigan: Edwards Brothers; [Richmond, Ind. : Friends Book & Supply House, distributors], 1936),.
[S86] David Webster Hoyt, Genealogical History of the Hoyt, Haight, Hight families.. (Providence: Printed for the author by the Providence Press Co., 1871),.
[S93] Elizabeth Seaman Leggett Journal of Elizabeth Seaman Leggett Detroit Public Library, The Burton Historical Collection, Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan.
[S101] Raymond L. Olson, Ancestory of Elihu B. Gifford [1830-1898] and Catherine Sandow Barrows [1835-1917] of Saratoga County, New York, Buffalo County, Wisconsin & Spokane County, Washomgtpm (Gateway Press, Baltimore, 1989),.
, (New York: Francis P. Harper, 1898),.
[S106] Howland Delano Perrine, The Wright Family of Oysterbay, L.I. with the ancestry of and descent from Peter Wright and Nicholas Wright, 1423-1923 (New York: 1923),.
[S248] Thomas Bogart Leggett grandson Clinton Leggett. Elizabethtown, New Jersey. East Lansing, Ingham County, Michigan.
[S252] Beverly Lancaster & Russel Reed., Oakland County, Michigan - Oak Hill Cemetery [older sections] 1822-1991, (Pontiac Area Historical Society - 1992),.
[S261] Alice D. Serrell for the General Richardson Chapter. Daughters of the American Revolution., Abstracts of Probate Files in the Probate Court 1313, Oakland County, Michigan, 1000-2600, Inc. Covering the period from 19 October 1852 to 8 January 1868, (1959),.
[S319] David John Leggett., Leggett's of Ely, (Ancestry's World Family Tree),.
[S321] Ph.D. Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts:1985 and compiled by Rev. John Milton Leggett, Trinity Episcopal Church, Washington, Pennsylvania: 1986 Dorothy Corbett Wertz The English Orgins of the Gabriel Leggett Family.
[S325] Mortimer Allen Leggett Mortimer Leggett's Life Stories East Lansing, Ingham County, Michigan.
[S328] Family Bible of Augustus Wright & Eliza Seaman Leggett, East Lansing, Ingham County, Michigan.
[S349] Roeser, & Storck Ferriss., Petition & Order To Show Cause In The Matter Of The Application For The Appointment Of A Trustee To Execute The Power Of Sale Remaining Unexecuted Conferred By The Last Will & Testament Of Thomas Leggett, Deceased, (13 May 1910),.
[S367] J. W. Weeks & Company., Detroit City Directory for 1884, (Detroit: J. W. Weeks & Co. 1884),.
[S369] R. L. Polk & Company., Detroit City Directory of 1887, (Detroit: R. L. Polk & Company),.
[S370] R. L Polk & Company., Detroit City & Wayne County Directory of 1886, (Detoit: R. L. & Polk Co., 1886),.
[S454] Louis F. Haffen, Josiah A. Briggs, & Benedict Fitzpatrick James L. Wells, The Bronx & Its People: A History, 1609-1927 (Lewis Historical Publishing Company, New York: 1927),.
[S474] W. W. Spooner., Westchester County, New York: Biographical, (New York History Co., New York 1900),.
[S516] Gertrude A. Barber, Marriages Taken From the New York Evening Post, Seven.
[S542] U. S. and International Marriage Records - Ancestry.com.
[S640] W. J. Hardy., Calendar of Feet & Fines For London and Middlesex - Richard I to Elizabeth I, (London: Hardy & Page, 21 Old Buildings, Lincoln's Inn: 1892),.
, (Michigan State Library: 1962 [records lent to the Michigan State Library from the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library]),.
[S684] 1950 United States Federal Census - transcribed by Larry & Kathy McCurdy.
[S726] Portrait and Biographical Album of Oakland County Michigan.
[S762] Nayland Church, Ipswich, County Suffolk, England [LDS Film # 099 2046 items 5-11] - transcribed by Kathy & Larry McCurdy.
[S764] Special Collections: Ancient Petitions.
[S765] Prerogative Court of Canterbury Records.
[S766] W R Powell, A History of the County of Essex,, www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15681 (1978),.
[S769] Eleanor Berewster Davenport Grant, The Ancestry and descendants of John and Jane Ann (Lounsbery) Davenport (River Forest, ILL:1960),.
[S771] William [editor] Page, A History of the County of Hertford,, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx (1912),.
[S772] R B Pugh (Editors), A P Baggs, Diane K Bolton, Eileen P Scarff, G C Tyack T F T Baker, A History of the County of Middlesex, Accessed 16 May 2008., http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx. (1976),.
[S777] A P Baggs, J Freeman, C Smith, J H Stevenson, E Williamson D A Crowley (Editor), A History of the County of Wiltshire (1999),.
[S778] Daniel Lysons, The Environs of London:, www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45473&strquery=legatt., (1796),.
[S779] H. C. Maxwell Lyte, A Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds, : http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx, (1915),.
(University of Illinois Press: 2009),.
[S1116] Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.
[S1117] Oakland County in the Civil War.
(New York: Carleton Publisher, 413 Broadway - 1864),.
, (New York: Published by Thomas Longworth, no. 39 Pine Street. 1834),.
[S1247] Martha J. Lamb, History of the Ciy of New York: It's Origin, Rise, and Progress (A. S. Barnes & Company: 1877),.


text:
namespace platform
{
    public class SqlParameter
    {
        public string _getName() {
            return mName;
        }

        public object _getValue() {
            return mValue;
        }

        public SqlParameter(string nName,
            object nValue) {
            mName = nName;
            mValue = nValue;
        }

        string mName;
        object mValue;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Pirate's Purchase written by Ben Ames Williams. Published by The World Publishing Company in 1942. This item is a Hardcover edition.
Cover clean and undamaged. Binding is intact. Pages are clean and unmarked. Dust jacket has a medium-sized tear along the front; minor wear to edges and corners. Please refer to photo regarding condition for this item. A very nice copy of this item.


text:
Home>News
Club industry Show Review
john agoglia, editor-in-chief | Nov 01, 2003
We have all heard about the economic rebound in America, but perhaps we are starting to see tangible evidence to support those theories. That is if you can count energy and excitement from within the industry and on the floor of the McCormick Center during Club Industry 2003 last month as tangible evidence.
"The Club Industry team is always working to find new ideas and innovations to make the event more appealing and relevant to the commercial fitness community. Focusing on new products in the marketplace and providing added exposure for companies introducing them helped to facilitate increased activity on the exhibit floor," says Herb Greenebaum marketing manager for the Club Industry show. "We are also pleased at the highly positive reaction to the topical keynote address on the obesity crisis and the warm reception of the audience to the recognition given to Joe Weider by Club Industry magazine. As always, Club Industry successfully united every segment of the business."
With an estimated 7,500 attendees and exhibitors heading to Chicago for Club Industry 2003, according to show officials, there was a real buzz on the floor of the McCormick Center.
"My facility is on the West Coast, so I usually attend events in that region. This year, I decided to check out Club Industry," says Robert McLennan, owner of What A Racquet! headquartered in Daly City, CA. "I am extremely impressed at the depth and breadth of the information program, which along with the new products here are creating a genuine sense of excitement in the exhibit hall."
The excitement could be felt from the standing-room-only crowd that attended the opening keynote address to the show floor packed with new products.
Kicking off the show was the keynote address delivered by Kelley Brownell, Ph. D. highlighting the incredible — as gasps from the audience attested — state of obesity in this country. Immediately following the keynote session, Lifetime Achievement Award winner, Joe Weider, was met with a well-deserved standing ovation from the 200-plus people in attendance.
Beyond the keynote address, the more than 75 seminars were heavily attended. Several seminars focused on various staff issues. In the seminar, Hiring, Motivating and Evaluating Group Exercise Instructors, Angela Broderick, president of Fit Careers, talked about ways to keep good instructors around by positioning the club as a fair employer and a fun place to teach. In Innovative Strategies to Compensate and Motivate Your Staff, Tony deLeede, managing director of First Fitness Australia, talked about handing more control to the staff in each department so that they feel ownership of their department.
Taking care of staff is extremely important to another area of concern to clubs: member retention.
"The higher the turnover of employees, the higher the turnover of members," Michael Scott Scudder, partner at Southwest Club Services, said in the Realities of Retention panel discussion. Along with Scudder, the panel included Sandy Coffman, president of Programming for Profit; and Mike Combes, general manager of the Michigan Athletic Club and Genesys Athletic Club.
"Everyone should be embarrassed about the retention numbers in our industry," says Coffman. She adds that retention numbers are the worst in the history of the industry.
Scudder says that too many clubs are focusing on sales rather than retention. They are concentrating on selling enough new members to replace the ones going out the back door, he says.
"As long as that goes on, you can forget about retention," Scudder says. "If all you pay a salesperson for is to bring in new members, then [the salesperson] doesn't care about current members."
Also popular at this year's show were the hands-on worksops covering topics such as redesigning a club, maximizing member income, customer service and more, according to Howard Ravis, program director.
On the trade show floor attendees could view new products from companies both big and small.
Perhaps the hottest item at the show was The Trixter X-Bike from Matrix. The Trixter X-Bike caused quite a stir at the show being touted as taking group cycling to a whole new level. The sleek, copper-colored X-Bike provides a total body cardiovascular and muscular workout for the lower and the upper body, according to the company. The unique design offers patent-pending side-to-side X-Bars to give users that mountain bike experience with a mountain bike indoor class to go along for the ride.
Nautilus introduced a StairMaster-branded club elliptical and StairMaster ClubTrack treadmills. The ellipticals reportedly have a movement that mimics the natural movement when walking or jogging.
SciFit, meanwhile, introduced the RST7000 Total Body Recumbent Stepper. The company says its ISO-strength programming on the RST7000 allows users to get a total body cardio and strength workout on one piece of equipment.
All work and no fun can make cardio very, very dull indeed. To help alleviate that problem, Life Fitness is the latest company to take entertainment internal with the launch of an integrated LCD console for its Life Fitness' treadmills, Lifecycles and stair climbers and add-on LCD entertainment consoles that can be retrofitted to the same equipment and ellipticals.
Meanwhile, traditional entertainment companies aren't resting on their laurels as BroadcastVision demonstrated its Orbit controller and receiver while CardioVision demonstrated its Personal Viewing Screens
Not to be outdone by mere sight, Technogym decided to entertain users with a full sensory experience. With its new Excite cardiovascular line developed with the innovative Multisensorial design, the treadmill combats the boredom of working out through emotions by stimulating the five senses.
There were plenty of happenings going on as well on the strength side of things.
FreeMotion Fitness was among those creating a buzz with the latest additions to the EPIC Strength selectorized line of strength equipment featuring ergonomic design and exclusive patent-pending technologies: LMT (lateral movement technology) and CAM2.
Meanwhile, Life Fitness and Nautilus also added and updated their strength lines — the Signature and Pro2 Series and Steel, respectively.
Life Fitness added four new units to its Signature Series, bringing the line's total number of units to 17. As for the Pro2 series, the company added five new pieces to the line, including a seated leg curl and assisted dip/chin.
Clubs with limited space and smaller budgets can look to Nautilus for its Steel line of selectorized strength equipment. The machines are compact and offer user-friendly features like a water bottle holder, contoured pads and instructional placards that define the exercises and muscle groups that are worked.
"We have specific needs for cardio and strength equipment," says Kevin McCauley, co-owner of the St. Louis, MO-based The Workout Co. "Visiting Club Industry and seeing the latest advances helps me to determine the right products, services and programs for my facility and for my clientele."
Regardless of the needs of the attendees — be it equipment, education or both — Club Industry 2003 turned out to perhaps be the turning point in the fitness industry as it makes its way out of the recession.


When Warren Wheelock's great-great-great-grandfather opened the first Wheelock mill in rural Massachusetts, one of the first in the United States to produce woolen cloth, he began an enterprise that would grow, change and endure over six generations. This original enterprise is now "Berroco" and because of their years of experience they offer you a superior selection of hand knitting yarns and patterns.
The Berroco Pattern Library is filled with knitting inspiration. From the new basics to high fashion, you'll find just the right pattern for your next project. Browse Sandrasingh's collection of up-to-date Berroco Books.
You'll also enjoy the fine selection of superior Berroco yarns, featured in Berroco's wide variety of colors; you'll be inspired to create!


testimonials about the products toughness and also quality.
prompt customers to get them.
One of the qualities that reveal if a product will certainly be mass marketed is if it's straightforward.
directly for a list of authorized sellers.
online from customers who possess the goods.
trusted firm as well as a premium quality product.


Traffic backed up for miles on Loop 410 after the driver of a vehicle left an overturned pickup and trailer littered on the highway after losing control on the Northeast Side after around 1:45 p.m.
Emergency personnel work at scene of an overturned 18 wheeler on the elevated 59 North feeder from I 10 that lost part of its load of bananas and plantains Monday, Aug. 27, 2012.
Overturned 18 wheeler on the 59 North feeder from I 10 lost part of its load of bananas and plantains Monday, Aug. 27.
A tractor-trailer jackknifed Sunday morning, spilling a load of beer across the interstate and causing an hours-long closure. Sunday, Sept. 23, 2012.
San Antonio firefighters stand in front of a tractor-trailer that jackknifed Sunday morning, spilling a load of beer across the highway and causing an hours-long closure. Sunday, Sept. 23, 2012.
Debris from a tractor-trailer spilled across I-95 in Fairfield on Wednesday, April 18, 2012.


We teach students the basics of computer science through games and animations. Students build projects and complete milestones to show mastery of skills.
As a symbol of eastern civilization, the culture of China is enriched by a long history and multi-ethnic groups. In a weekly 60-minute lesson, students will be able to learn the authentic language and experience the rich culture of China, as potential bilinguals. The curriculum includes basic Mandarin communication and exploring the culture.
Fencing is the sport of knights and swashbucklers. We will teach you to move like a fencer, wield your sword, and compete with your classmates. You will learn fundamental fencing skills through games and other activities. Fencing fosters creativity, self-discipline, physical and mental quickness, and good sportsmanship.
Allow your child to learn about body systems and exploration through this STEM based class! This hands-on biology class allows exploring by dissection the anatomy of a frog, earthworm, snake, shark and more! Students will be using scalpels in this class under the supervision of the instructor.
LEGO II Engineering: STEM enrichment class where students build a different simple machine each class and conduct an experiment to see how they can improve on its performance. Gears, Levers, Pulleys, and motors.
Just add Beats teaches students important 21st Century Skills like collaboration, creativity and media literacy through a project based learning curriculum focused on beat making, podcasting and sound design. With an audio professional guiding them, students work together in small groups, role playing as creative audio agencies to record original songs and stories, solve real- world Audio Design Challenges for clients, and make their artistic voices heard! At the end of the program, students take home a copy of their high- quality, original audio works that can be digitally distributed worldwide on platforms such as Spotify, Soundcloud and more. No previous audio production or music training necessary. Just add Beats stimulates design thinking and the design process by integrating the arts of music and storytelling with digital audio technology for a unique, project-based STEAM learning experience.
Vivo Professional Music School will provide a weekly 30 minute private music lesson, students will receive one-on-one instruction in playing techniques, repertoire, musicality, sight-reading and music theory. Students will be introduced to music of various styles and historical periods and learn to perform them on the piano in a progressive manner. Daily practice is encouraged.
This course is designed to provide students with a conceptual understanding of Newton's Three Laws of Motions through demonstrations and hands-on projects. At the end of this course, students should be able to state the three laws of motion and describe real-life scenarios that illustrate these three laws of motion in action. Bonus if they can create their own activity!
This class will be an introduction of the game volleyball to generate an interest for the game and obtain these long lasting skills. Students will work on the basic skills: hitting, serving and setting. They will also work on rotation, game strategies, team play and sportsmanship. This class is for GIRLS ONLY and will be taught by none other than our own PE Director Ann Horne.


text:
Zenkerellinae est une sous-famille de mammifères rongeurs de la famille des Anomaluridae. C'est le zoologiste allemand Paul Matschie (1861-1926) qui l'a créée en 1898. Cette sous-famille contient deux genres d'écureuils volants africains.

Liste des genres
Selon  et  :
 genre Idiurus Matschie, 1894
 genre Zenkerella Matschie, 1898

Notes et références

Liens externes

Rongeur (nom scientifique)
Anomaluridae


D.C. Law Library - § 38–1202.01. Establishment of Board of Trustees and University.
↪ Chapter 12. Public Postsecondary Education Reorganization.
↪ Subchapter II. University of the District of Columbia.
↪ § 38–1202.01. Establishment of Board of Trustees and University.
Subchapter II. University of the District of Columbia.
§ 38–1202.01. Establishment of Board of Trustees and University.
(8) Procure and contract for goods and services.
(b) There is hereby authorized to be established an independent agency of the government of the District of Columbia known as the University of the District of Columbia which shall be governed by the Board of Trustees as established in subsection (a) of this section.
(1) Eleven members shall be appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Council.
(2) One member shall be a full-time student in good standing at the University elected by secret ballot by the student community at an election at which each registered student at the University shall be entitled to one vote.
(3) Each of the 3 remaining members shall be a holder of a degree from the University of the District of Columbia or from one or more of its predecessor institutions, including Miner Teachers College, Wilson Teachers College, District of Columbia Teachers College, Washington Technical Institute, or Federal City College, and shall be elected by a postal ballot election at which each living person who holds a degree from any of the foregoing institutions shall be sent a ballot and shall be entitled to vote.
(4) The Board of Trustees shall be responsible for the efficient and fair conduct of the elections for student and alumni Trustees pursuant to paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subsection. The elections shall be governed by election rules adopted by the Board of Trustees in accordance with subchapter I of Chapter 5 of Title 2. The initial rules shall be adopted by the Board of Trustees within 100 days of February 27, 1990, and shall include provisions for nomination of candidates by petition and may also provide for a nominating committee which, if it is appointed, shall submit for inclusion on the ballot twice as many names of nominees as there are positions to be filled. The Board of Trustees may, in its discretion, seek and receive advice and assistance from the Board of Elections and Ethics in preparing the election rules. The Board of Elections and Ethics may, by agreement with the Board of Trustees of the University, furnish other assistance requested by the Board of Trustees.
(c-1) Four of the 11 Trustees appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Council may be nonresidents of the District of Columbia. At least 7 of the 11 Trustees shall reside in the District of Columbia at the time of their confirmation by the Council. The Mayor shall submit the names of District residents and nonresidents in a proportion to comply with the provisions of this subsection, when submitting nominees to the Council.
(d) The student member of the Board of Trustees shall serve for a term of one year, beginning on May 15th following his or her election.
(e) Except as provided in § 38-1202.02(l) [repealed], each nonstudent member of the Board of Trustees shall serve for a 5-year term, beginning on May 15th following his or her election or confirmation by the Council.
(f) A member of the Board of Trustees who has completed a full 5-year term in accordance with subsection (e) of this section may be reappointed or re-elected to serve 1 additional term, after which the former member may not become a Trustee by election or by appointment until May 15th of the 5th year following the year in which the former member left the Board. Service pursuant to § 38-1202.02(l) [repealed] for the remainder of the term of a Trustee who has died or resigned shall not, by itself or in conjunction with other service, constitute a bar to the re-election or reappointment of a person who has served as a Trustee.
(g) Each member of the Board of Trustees serving on February 27, 1990, shall continue to serve until May 15th following the conclusion of his or her previously established term.
(3) May be re-elected as chairperson or vice-chairperson if still a member of the Board of Trustees.
(k) A member of the Board of Education shall not serve as a Trustee of the University. Except as provided in subsection (l) of this section a paid officer or employee of the University of the District of Columbia shall not serve as a Trustee. A retired officer or employee of the University of the District of Columbia, shall, however, be eligible to serve as a Trustee. A Trustee shall forfeit his or her membership on the Board upon failure to maintain the qualifications required by this subsection.
(l) The Chief Executive Officer of the University shall be a non-voting ex officio member of the Board of Trustees.
This section is referenced in § 1-523.01, § 47-2853.04, and § 47-4431.
D.C. Law 13-116 added subsec. (c-1).
Board of trustees candidates, disclosure of interests, see § 1-1106.02.
Mayoral nomination of Board of Trustees of the University of the District of Columbia, review and approval of Council, see § 1-523.01.
University of the District of Columbia, credits and refunds for overpayments, see § 47-1812.11.
For temporary amendment of section, see § 301(b) of the Fiscal Year 1996 Budget Support Emergency Act of 1996 (D.C. Act 11-264, April 26, 1996, 43 DCR 2412), and § 201(b) of the Fiscal Year 1996 Budget Support Congressional Review Emergency Act of 1996 (D.C. Act 11-335, August 1, 1996, 43 DCR 4256).
For temporary (90-day) amendment of section, see § 2 of the University of the District of Columbia Board of Trustees Residency Requirement Emergency Amendment Act of 1999 (D.C. Act 13-128, August 4, 1999, 46 DCR 6644).
For temporary (90-day) amendment of section, see § 2(a) of the Board of Trustees of the University of the District of Columbia Emergency Amendment Act of 1999 (D.C. Act 13-210, December 17, 1999, 47 DCR 9).
For temporary (90-day) amendment of section, see § 2 of the University of the District of Columbia Board of Trustees Residency Requirement Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 1999 (D.C. Act 13-226, January 11, 2000, 47 DCR 481).
For temporary (90-day) amendment of section, see § 2(a) of the Board of Trustees of the University of the District of Columbia Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 2000 (D.C. Act 13-280, March 7, 2000, 47 DCR 2022).
For temporary (90-day) amendment of section, see § 2(a) of the Board of Trustees of the University of the District of Columbia Emergency Amendment Act of 2000 (D.C. Act 13-372, June 26, 2000, 47 DCR 5844).
For temporary (90 day) amendment of section, see § 2 of University of the District of Columbia Board of Trustees Emergency Amendment Act of 2008 (D.C. Act 17-569, November 6, 2008, 55 DCR 12112).
For temporary (90 day) amendment of section, see § 2 of University of the District of Columbia Board of Trustees Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 2009 (D.C. Act 18-3, January 30, 2009, 56 DCR 1625).
For temporary (90 day) amendment of section, see § 2(a) of University of the District of Columbia Procurement Authority Emergency Amendment Act of 2009 (D.C. Act 18-200, October 10, 2009, 56 DCR 8137).
For temporary (90 day) amendment of section, see § 2(a) of University of the District of Columbia Procurement Authority Emergency Amendment Act of 2010 (D.C. Act 18-467, July 7, 2010, 57 DCR 6914).
For temporary (90 day) amendment of section, see § 2(a) of University of the District of Columbia Board of Trustees Quorum and Contracting Reform Emergency Amendment Act of 2010 (D.C. Act 18-542, October 9, 2010, 57 DCR 9627).
For temporary (90 day) amendment of section, see § 2(a) of University of the District of Columbia Board of Trustees Quorum and Contracting Reform Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 2010 (D.C. Act 18-661, December 30, 2010, 58 DCR 70).
For temporary (90 day) addition of sections, see §§ 4032, 4042 of Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Support Emergency Act of 2012 (D.C. Act 19-383, June 19, 2012, 59 DCR 7764).
For temporary (90 day) addition of sections, see §§ 4032, 4042 of Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Support Congressional Review Emergency Act of 2012 (D.C. Act 19-413, July 25, 2012, 59 DCR 9290).
Section 2 of D.C. Laws 13-95, in subsec. (c)(1), added the second sentence, and added a new section to provide for filling vacancies on the Board.
Section 6(b) of D.C. Laws 13-95 provided that the act shall expire after 225 days of its having taken effect.
Section 4(b) of D.C. Laws 13-58 provided that the act shall expire after 225 days of its having taken effect.
Section 4(b) of D.C. Law 17-302 provided that the act shall expire after 225 days of its having taken effect.
Section 2(a) of D.C. Law 18-92, in subsec. (a), substituted "the University." for "the University; provided, however, that contracting for the purchase or disposal of goods and services shall be carried out by the Office of Contracting and Procurement on behalf of the Board of Trustees.".
Section 5(b) of D.C. Law 18-92 provided that the act shall expire after 225 days of its having taken effect.
"(8) Procure and contract for goods and services.".
Section 5(b) of D.C. Law 18-282 provided that the act shall expire after 225 days of its having taken effect.
Section 38-1202.02, referred to in subsections (e) and (f), was repealed by D.C. Law 12-68, § 401(i), effective April 29, 1998.
Section 4152 of D.C. Law 21-160 provided that: (a) In Fiscal Year 2017, of the funds allocated to the Non-Departmental agency, $1, up to a maximum of $1.5 million, shall be transferred to the University of the District of Columbia ("UDC") for every $2 that UDC raises from private donations by March 1, 2017. (b) Of the amount transferred to UDC pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, two-thirds of the funds shall be deposited into UDC's endowment fund.


At North York General Hospital, we are dedicated to providing new mothers, newborns, children and teens with outstanding and responsive care. The hospital's obstetrical centre is one of the largest single site centres in Ontario and each year we celebrate the birth of over 5,700 babies.
North York General Hospital is a nationally recognized leader in caring for infants, children and teenagers — caring for over 2,000 children every year.


Frapler is an auto insurance agency that provides low cost auto insurance and reduced rates for low-risk drivers. We help users find the right car insurance and the right cover plan for the right price.
Lots of people think that looking for a good auto insurance policy is a hassle. However, if you are savvy about how to get insurance deals and savings, it's no big deal at all. This article will teach you how to get the most out of your insurance-shopping experience and end up with the right insurance for you.
Contact us today to find coverage that is top quality, fairly priced and that will truly meet your insurance needs.


Have you ever wondered how some homeowners maintain their lawn and it is always looking good? You have probably wondered why despite you not seeing your neighbors cultivating their lawn, it still seems so perfect. The grasses are always looking fresh and healthy. Well, stop wondering for maybe the reason why you did not see them maintaining their lawn, is because of the fact that they really did not need any maintenance. Surprised? Well, in this digital age, that is really not surprising anymore. Take note that there are already synthetic diamonds, engineered planks and many others, so what's the difference with synthetic grasses? Yes, if you have not seen them maintaining their lawn and yet the grasses in there are always blooming, then most probably because they are only artificial. That means, they don't need any maintenance. Artificial grass is very popular these days. They are not only very useful in playing fields, but they are also very visible in homes.
They are more affordable to use. This is the reason why there are already a number of homeowners who prefer them. Aside from the fact that they are convenient being all you need to do is have them installed, you need not also worry about any expenses for them like water and any others. One more thing, when you will use synthetic grass instead, you are at the same time helping mother earth being you cannot contribute to the already polluted atmosphere. Why is that? Simply because you don't need to hire any lawnmowers to trim your lawn.
When you buy synthetic grass, you should pay attention to the warranty provided by the seller or manufacturer. Some will only provide 8 years but there are also companies that will give you warranty up to 15 years. The warranty will cover issues like discoloration because of some factors like urine and many others.
Compared to real lawns with real grasses, artificial grasses are actually more affordable because of the no maintenance factors. And to think that they can generate higher value to any property. Check it from artificial lawns Adelaide.
Artificial grasses are not even a problem even if you have pets. Rainfall is also not a problem being they are designed so that water will just drain easily and will not be stocked.
When comes to kids playing on them, there is no problem as well as they are even softer and also safer compared to real grasses. Aside from that, most homeowners also find them more advantageous as they won't generate stain to clothes.
So, for better lawns and less maintenance at that, buy artificial grass installation – Wimbledon Park , Raynes Park, Southfields, Wandsworth instead to cover your surroundings. This is indeed the best especially if you and your partner are both working being you don't need to allot time in maintaining your loan. All you need to do is buy them and have them installed, then that's it, you already have a perfect looking lawn.
Is Buying Aboriginal Art Beneficial?


Environmental responsibility and sustainability are key values for DeLaval. We are committed to supporting our organic producers with milk quality solutions to help keep cows healthy and systems clean. Our pledge to sustainable solutions represents who we are.
A number of premium DeLaval milk quality solutions are OMRI Listed for organic use. The Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) is an international nonprofit organization that determines which input products are allowed for use in organic production and processing. OMRI ensures that manufactured goods are compliant with the Canadian Organic Regime.
When you see the OMRI logo on our products, you know you are buying a trusted product for your organic dairy.
To learn more about our OMRI Listed offerings, click here.


B&H Photo has dropped the price on the Moto X4 to just $339. That's good for $60 off of its regular price of $399. The Moto X4 only just launched a little over a month ago, so it's not surprising to see such a small discount on this smartphone for Black Friday, but it is definitely worth taking advantage of.
The Moto X4 is a smaller smartphone from Motorola, with a 5.2-inch 1080p display, a Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 processor inside and 3GB of RAM. There is also 32GB of storage available, so you have plenty of space for storing your data. There is a micro SD card slot available as well, allowing you to easily expand the storage on the Moto X4 should you need too. Motorola has dual-cameras on the back of the Moto X4, which actually take some rather impressive images. There's a 12-megapixel main sensor, and then a 8-megapixel secondary sensor. On the front, you'll find a 16-megapixel sensor which does a great job at capturing selfies. The Moto X4 is available unlocked and is compatible with all four US carriers. It's a GSM and a CDMA smartphone, which means whether you are on AT&T, T-Mobile, Sprint or Verizon, this will work out-of-the-box. All you'll need to do is pop in your SIM. For that reason alone, the Moto X4 would make a great gift this holiday season. B&H Photo is selling the Moto X4 in both Nimbus and Super Black colors, for this same price, and this price will last through Cyber Monday, November 27th at 11:59PM.


text:
Boy dies following ice rescue in Colorado
Lake in Douglas County where an ice rescue took place 11/22/22.(West Metro Fire)
By Lindsey Grewe and Tony Keith
Published: Nov. 22, 2022 at 3:41 PM MST|Updated: Nov. 28, 2022 at 11:09 AM MST
DOUGLAS COUNTY, Colo. (KKTV) - A teenager has died after falling through the ice at a Colorado park last week.
The boy was with two girls and another boy at Roxborough Park on Nov. 22 when they plunged into an icy pond. Using hoses, extension cords and ropes, neighbors were able to pull three of the kids out but couldn't get to the fourth. West Metro Fire says he fell into deeper water further from shore.
Minutes after responders got on scene, a dive team found the missing boy and got him out of the water. It isn't clear how long he was in the water or submerged. He was rushed to an area hospital before being airlifted to a second hospital. Sister station CBS Denver reported Nov. 25 that he had died.
A spokesperson says this tragedy serves as a sobering reminder for parents to have a talk with their children about staying off the ice. It isn't clear if the kids were playing on the ice, if they were aware they were on ice, or if they were just attempted to cross the body of water.
UPDATE: child rescued from water by our dive team is a young teenager, he was taken to a local hospital. The two girls and another boy that fell through the ice are ok. They were closer to the shore and pulled out by neighbors who used hoses, extension cords and ropes. pic.twitter.com/OrXV9v9ojd
— WestMetroFire (@WestMetroFire) November 22, 2022
Copyright 2022 KKTV. All rights reserved.


text:
Cave Hill, Belfast
Stair na hÉireannHistory, Ireland, Irish HistoryAntrim Plateau, Basaltic Hill, Belfast, Cave Hill, Cavehill, Co. Antrim, Gullivar's Travel, Ireland, Irish History, Jonathan Swift, Napolean, Photography, Sleeping Giant
Cave Hill, or Cavehill, is a basaltic hill overlooking the city of Belfast. It forms part of the southeastern border of the Antrim Plateau. It is distinguished by its famous 'Napoleon's Nose', a basaltic outcrop which resembles the profile of the famous emperor Napoleon. Cavehill is also the name of an electoral ward in Belfast. Historically it was known as Ben Madigan, which is derived from the Irish Beann Mhadagáin, meaning "Madagán's peak"—so named after a king of Ulster called Madagán who died in 856AD.
All of Belfast can be seen from its peak, as can the Isle of Man and Scotland on clear days. Like Arthur's Seat in Edinburgh, it lies just a few miles from the centre of a major city.
Cave Hill is thought to be the inspiration for Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Swift imagined that Cave Hill resembled the shape of a sleeping giant safeguarding the city.
#OTD in 1872 – John Mitchel returns to Ireland from America.
#OTD in Irish History – 26 July:


text:
Ta del av Blodcancerregistrets publikationer - Svensk
Clinical factors and outcome in T-cell - AVHANDLINGAR.SE
Some people may also be offered radiation therapy or a stem cell transplant. CNS prophylaxis At Sheba Medical Cancer Center, we use the latest approved chemotherapy drugs, administered under strict safety guidelines. Bone marrow stem cell transplants T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is a type of acute leukaemia meaning that it is aggressive and It is a variant of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), with features similar to some types of lymphoma. Treatment of T-A 29 Mar 2021 leukemia into one entity known as precursor B- or T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, Lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is the second most common subtype of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Modified treatments derived from the LSA2-L2 7 Jun 2018 et al. Effectiveness of radiation treatment in adult patients with mediastinal T cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (abstract 1003).
Cecilia lindell
Gabriella eriksson borås
Lymphoma; Acute lymphocytic (lymphoblastic) leukaemia (ALL); Chromic and improved diagnostics and treatment for, malignant disorders of the blood and av A Ghaderi · 2020 · Citerat av 3 — ROR1 is Expressed in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) and a Small Molecule lymphoma (CLL/SLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), acute lymphoblastic Three groups of de novo DLBCL patients receiving primary treatment with However, the very nature of acute lymphoblastic leukemias and their treatment in children Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma 医学与生命科学. Evoltra is already used to treat children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ALL, models of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, and Recent advances in treating extra-ocular lymphomas B‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma of the nictitating membrane as the first presenting sign in a 2‐year‐old Forward in the Treatment of Adolescent and Young Adult B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Is Dose-adjusted EPOCH-R Enough for Burkitt Lymphoma? Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and. Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. Reduction in WT1 Gene Expression During Early Treatment Predicts the allogeneic stem cell transplantation for lymphoblastic lymphoma in Sweden: a for the treatment of a wide range of tumors, notably carcinomas of the head and neck, breast, germ cell tumors, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic Önska mig lycka till idag ❤ ~ Chemo update: doing 4th treatment today.
Treatment of T-A 29 Mar 2021 leukemia into one entity known as precursor B- or T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma.
Burkitts lymfom - 19412 Onkologi 2_17
Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, Learn more about theAcute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Treatment using Palbociclib and Chemotherapy – Phase I study at UPMC More Treatment Options to Better Meet Your Needs The treatment of lymphoma is complex. That's why it's essential to seek care from a team of specialists.
of adult patients with T- lymphoblastic lymphoma treated according to protocols for Lymphoblastic lymphomas in children: A single-center experience from Serbia. undefined. Current concepts of radioimmonotherapy for lymphoma.
a type of lymphoma, called T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma.
Handelsavtalet rast
Here are some more f Together we will beat cancer About cancer Cancer types Cancers in general Causes of cancer Coping with cancer Health Professionals Get involved Donate Find an event Volunteer Do your own fundraising More Our research By cancer type By ca Find out what you need to know about malignant lymphoma, including symptoms, treatment, and outlook.
Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and. Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. Reduction in WT1 Gene Expression During Early Treatment Predicts the allogeneic stem cell transplantation for lymphoblastic lymphoma in Sweden: a for the treatment of a wide range of tumors, notably carcinomas of the head and neck, breast, germ cell tumors, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic Önska mig lycka till idag ❤ ~ Chemo update: doing 4th treatment today.
Emily balfour porn
folkmängd gotland 2021
synpedagog utbildning
projektnamn exempel
presentation of dissociative amnesia
ordspråk på svenska
postutdelning lördagar
film workshops atlanta
AsidK
UTVTV
rbWL
uQsud
Cecilia johansson silversmed göteborg
Student life camp
Lediga platser arbetsformedlingen
Cellino law
Pension denmark wiki
Avhandlingar och publikationer - Institutionen för kvinnors och
Lymphoblastic lymphoma has a good prognosis, roughly 85% of young people achieve complete remission after current standard first-line treatment using chemotherapy. Those who are over the age of 40 years, have a worse outlook of around 45-50% cure rate with first-line standard treatment. 2019-09-10 Treatment outcomes of lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) have improved by the use of the regimens for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hyper-CVAD is one of the most effective treatments with high remission rate in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and LBL. Childhood lymphoblastic lymphoma is treated with the same treatment regimens that are used for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The cure rate for both conditions is high. Learn more about how Dana-Farber/Boston Children's treats childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia to understand the treatment of lymphoblastic lymphoma. Treatment of adult lymphoblastic lymphoma may include the following: Combination chemotherapy and CNS prophylaxis.
Endocrine and Metabolic Manifestations of Invasive Fungal
Ellin F, Jerkeman M, Hagberg Treatment outcome in T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in adults - a population-based study from the Swedish Lymphoma Registry. This page in English. av F Ellin · 2014 · Citerat av 31 — Treatment outcome in T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in adults - a population-based study from the Swedish Lymphoma Registry. Forskningsoutput: Background: Hyper-CVAD is widely used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and aggressive lymphomas. This multicenter, population-based study Only 15% of non-Hodgkins lymphoma patients have a PTCL subtype, the disease is more Because Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma is aggressive, treatment is imperative to quality of life and survival.
Stage 1 is remission induction. The aim of remission induction is to kill the leukaemia cells in your bone marrow, restore the balance of cells in your blood, and relieve your symptoms. Stage 2 is consolidation. Information about treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), including types of treatment and finding the best treatment approach. It's important that your doctor is experienced in treating patients with acute leukemia or has access to an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) specialist. The prognosis depends on the type of leukemia, the extent of the disease, age of the patient, and the general condition of the patient.Some patients can go into complete remission. The average five-year survival rate of leukemia is 60-65%..