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"Whilst you are deployed on an operation, training, watchkeeping or fundraising, you'll meet some fabulous people, all of whom have done amazing things in their lives and who all think like you - that we just want to do what we can to help people on the worst day of their lives."
Phil Maynard, Firefighter
"Whilst on deployment in Virgin Gorda following Hurricane Irma, we were all pretty exhausted, but the team had no intention of stopping and resting. My memory is one of incredible pride of my small team of Greyshirts and the difference we were making in such a short time."
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"Join TR and become part of a strong team. Do good and help those who need your assistance. Work hard and long hours. Make a difference to people who need to a reason to smile again."
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"I had always felt helpless when watching disasters that I had seen reported, unknowing how I could help. So when I realised TR existed and what they stood for, I believed there was a place for me to do my bit."
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"It is the small contributions that support the big ones. It's not all about deployment abroad, there's so many more ways you can help support. Everyone has skills they don't realise could be useful."
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text:
Bottle deposit scheme is praised by consumers
Posted by Admin on 18th January 2019 | Featured
Bottle deposit scheme – Consumers at leading frozen food chain, Iceland, have received the equivalent of more than £30,000 for recycling plastic bottles in the first retailers to trial "reverse vending machines" to reduce littering and increase recycling of single-use plastic drinks containers. The machines were introduced last year by the supermarket at five of its UK sites, where shoppers were rewarded with a voucher worth 10p for every deposit of a bottle purchased at the shops.
Bottle deposit scheme – UK consumers go through an estimated 13 billion plastic drinks bottles a year, but more than three billion are incinerated, sent to landfill or left to litter our streets and pollute our countryside and marine environment. To help tackle the issue, the Government announced in March 2018 that it will introduce a deposit return scheme in England for single use drinks containers (whether plastic, glass or metal), subject to consultation. The consultation is looking at the details of how such a scheme would work, alongside other measures to increase recycling rates.
The proposed scheme will see customers in England pay more for drinks in the shops. Customers will then be able to claim the money back if they return their drinks containers to be recycled.
Research by the parliamentary Environmental Audit Committee found countries with deposit return schemes tended to recycle between 80% and 95% of their plastic bottles.
In Norway, 95% of all plastic bottles are now recycled, compared with England at the moment where the rate is 57%. About half of all the plastic bottles used in a year in England are water bottles.
Iceland was the first UK supermarket to install 'reverse' vending machines in support of the Government's proposed deposit return scheme in England – which expects retailers to be responsible for properly recycling the containers – and in line with its own efforts to reduce the impact of single-use plastics on the environment.
Richard Walker, Iceland's Managing Director, said:
"Iceland has continually led the way in the fight against the scourge of plastic since making our announcement to eliminate plastic from our own-label product packaging.
"The launch of reverse vending machine trials in our stores is one sign of this. We've gained hugely valuable insights into both consumer interest and the functionality of the schemes, and it's clear from the results that consumers want to tackle the problem of plastic head on and would be in support of a nationwide scheme."
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/02/plastic-bottle-deposit-scheme-in-uk-proving-a-hit-with-shoppers
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmenvaud/339/33908.htm#footnote-040
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/deposit-return-scheme-in-fight-against-plastic
Tags: bottle deposit scheme, iceland, recycling bottles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Abby Phillip, Pamela Brown, and Kaitlan Collins walk through the White House front yard on the way to a press briefing. Photo by Eman Mohammed.
Behind the scenes with the network's top talent on one of the toughest reporting days of the year.
Just after 9 a.m. on Tuesday, the morning of President Trump's second State of the Union address, more than a dozen reporters gathered outside on the White House driveway to toss questions at his press secretary, Sarah Huckabee Sanders. Among the group were Kaitlan Collins and Abby Phillip, two of CNN's youngest on-air correspondents.
Collins and Phillip have been up since 6 a.m. monitoring news developments and sitting in hair and makeup, and they'll rotate reporting on- and off-camera for a grueling 12 hours before Trump addresses the nation. They roam the White House press area with unflappable confidence, despite both having taken some headline-making abuse from the president in the past year. Trump banned Collins from a Rose Garden event in July after she asked Russia-related questions he didn't like, and the president verbally attacked Phillip during a White House press conference in November for asking about the investigation against him.
White House correspondent Abby Phillip prepares for a live podcast recording in front of the White House. Photo by Eman Mohammed.
Collins and Phillip are two of about a dozen female anchors and correspondents CNN had stationed around Washington on Tuesday to produce round-the-clock coverage of Trump's address. They describe themselves as a "sisterhood." The older ones mentor the younger ones. The new mothers, of which there are several, share baby clothes and parenting tips. They vent to each other about online harassment — a problem plaguing many female journalists today.
Dana Bash, a political anchorwoman and correspondent, makes a phone call inside her office at the CNN headquarter in Washington, DC. Photo by Eman Mohammed.
Brianna Keilar, a senior political anchorwoman and correspondent, prepares to go live at the CNN bureau in Washington, DC. Photo by Eman Mohammed.
Keilar works long hours, but her schedule is fairly stable because she's an anchor. Over at the Capitol, congressional correspondent Sunlen Serfaty, who has a one-year-old at home, is running through the hallways chasing down Senators. The six-foot blond reporter can spot them like a hawk from a hundred feet away, distinguishing between similar-looking gray-haired white men by only their gait. "Is that Cornyn?" she asks, pointing at the Texas Senator, whose face I can barely make out in the dark basement hallway.
About an hour before the 9 p.m. speech, congressmen and guests filed into the House chamber, and CNN switched to live coverage of the event. Bash was in the middle of the action, grabbing rising Democratic star Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for an on-camera spot. In a studio back at headquarters, CNN hosts Jake Tapper and Wolf Blitzer watched the interview with Kate Bennett, the network's Melania Trump correspondent, waiting to go live and weigh in. Bennett is so comfortable on TV that she was doing dance moves in her chair, making funny faces at me, and trading jokes with Tapper before their panel.
RELATED: Is Newscaster Hair Going Extinct?
Chief Political Analyst Gloria Borger joins a panel covering the State of the Union address. Photo by Eman Mohammed.
Of course, the jokes stopped when the show began, and CNN's deep bench of on-air women took their places in various studios to watch and read the speech. A team of producers in the control-room fact-checked Trump's statements in real time, feeding that information to the talent for their post-show analysis. Some of them, by the end of the evening, had worked about 15 hours.
I was struck by the warmth and unpretentiousness of all of these women. "Shine theory," a term coined by journalist Ann Friedman and her podcast co-host digital strategist Aminatou Sow, is the premise that if women collaborate with one another rather than competing, it boosts everyone's success — everyone shines. CNN's female anchors and correspondents embody the concept. Serfaty, in the middle of one of the most stressful reporting days of the year, finds out that I have an upcoming job interview, asks for my cell number, and takes the time to text me two long paragraphs of advice and words of support. Keilar gives me a story idea, writes down her number, and offers to help.


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Visual Art 1-12-2022
The Stories Behind Foundling: 100 Days
Sheila Regan
A series of 100 portraits based on adoption file photographs illuminate stories from a network of international adoptees
Tags: adoptionfamilyidentityimmigrationphotographyportraits
1Megan Rye with Sarah, Emily, and Glenn, 2019. Photo: Rik Sferra.
When the Weisman Art Museum opens back up on January 19, 2022 after being closed for maintenance since May, it will present a new solo exhibition by Minneapolis-based artist Megan Rye, called Foundling: 100 Days. The exhibition is made up of portraits drawn from referral photographs, which are used in the international adoption process to show a new family how their waiting child looks. They are presented on Target shopping bags.
"It's a really important and powerful document," Rye says. "Often they are the only photographs that are ever taken of the child in their home countries. And it's often the only tangible physical item aside from the clothes on their back that they have."
An international adoptee herself, Rye was born in Seoul, Korea. When she was adopted, she became the first grandchild on both sides of her new family, and later one of her mother's sisters also adopted a child internationally.
"I have always been a very wanted child in my family," Rye says. "Adoption has always been very embraced in our family." Now, Rye has a family of her own, working as an artist in Minnesota, where she grew up and moved back in 2000 to pursue her Masters in Fine Arts in Painting from the University of Minnesota, after first attending the Rhode Island School of Design from their Rome campus. Since making Minnesota her home, Rye has become firmly established, being awarded numerous awards and fellowships from the Jerome Foundation, the McKnight Foundation, the Bush Foundation, as well as Minnesota State Arts Board grants. Her work is represented by the Forum Gallery in New York.
Megan Rye. Photo: Rik Sferra.
Rye says the glimmer of the project came to her shortly after her daughter was born, in 2016, after having had her son two years earlier, in 2014.
"I was flipping through my photo album just randomly one day after my daughter was born," Rye recalls. "And I came across these referral photographs of myself. I've always been very aware that they've been in the photo album, but somehow, in that moment in my life, they were really powerful."
Megan Rye, Foundling: 100 Days. Left to right: Sarah, Emily, and Glenn, 2019. Photo: Rik Sferra.
Rye was struck by how much information she had of her daughter—3D images of an ultrasound, handprints, footprints, measurements, locks of hair, and all sorts of other data and also paraphernalia from the hospital. She even had the blankets that her daughter had been wrapped in during her first days on this earth. This was in contrast to what she knew of her own early life.
"These little teeny black and white photographs were all I had for my entire time in life in Korea," Rye says. Her first seven and a half months were spent in that country, yet all she had from that time were tiny images, and no access to any information, her birth family, or people with whom she had spent time. "I realized that there was a story to tell with these images," she says.
Megan Rye, Foundling: 100 Days. Top left to right: Lee 2 Years 3 Months, Emily, Ulyana. Middle left to right: Flag, Sarah, Heart. Bottom left to right: David, Mark, Glenn. Photo: Rik Sferra.
Rye decided she wanted to create 100 portraits based on referral photographs. She chose 100 specifically because in Korea, where many children are adopted from in Minnesota, they celebrate a child's 100th day of life on earth. "And obviously, in pre-modern times before modern medicine, surviving into your 100 day was very significant. Then there's the hope that you would survive much longer," she says. "So I did 100 portraits to honor this tradition in Korea, as well as honor the fact that there are so many Korean adoptees in this project."
Rye went to her friends, neighbors, and people in her social circle first for the project. She'd reach out to folks she knew who had been through the adoption process and ask if they'd be comfortable sharing their referral photograph. She reached out to her cousin, who had been adopted from Romania, and other people she had grown up with. Soon, however, she realized she would need to reach beyond her own friends and family in order to get to 100 portraits. So she asked people who were already in the project to share what she was doing with others, in order to find more participants.
Megan Rye installing at the Weisman Art Museum, 2022. Photo: Marya Hornbacher.
The portraits are all painted in black and white oil paint on Target bags. Rye was drawn to the humble, utilitarian surface of the brown butcher paper. "Somehow the plain white piece of paper or the plain white canvas just did not seem special enough or unique enough for this project," Rye says. "I thought that this bag is an interesting way I could make a connection between Minnesota adoption stories and a sort of a logo or an icon of Minnesota." She also liked how the bullseye of the Target logo reminded her of the South Korean Flag, in recognition of the disproportionate number of South Koreans in the project.
Besides the portraits, the exhibition will include stories from the adoptees themselves. When the project first debuted at the University of Kansas, stories by the adoptees and their families were shared in binders that visitors could peruse throughout the exhibition. At the Weisman, there will be a no-touch option to experience these stories, Rye says, because of COVID-19. Currently the stories are shown on a video monitor installed in the gallery, with excerpts and quotes from interviews with the participants.
Rye says she feels indebted to all of the international adoptees who put their trust in her for the project, and yet its message is for the public as well. "This project is really an unequivocal and unwavering statement in support of America as a nation of immigrants," she says. "I think that is our who we are and our strength."
Foundling: 100 Days is on view at the Weisman Art Museum from January 19-May 22, 2022. More information at wam.umn.edu.
Sheila Regan is a Minneapolis writer. She has written about visual art for Hyperallergic, The Art Newspaper, Artnet News, Bomb, and First American Art Magazine, and has also written for the Washington Post, The Guardian, and other national and international publications. Locally, she's an arts columnist for MinnPost, writes about dance for The Star Tribune, and classical music for the Pioneer Press. You can also hear her arts stories on KFAI's Minneculture program. … read more
Taiyon J Coleman 1-20-2023
A Pot of Something
Mecca Bos 1-9-2023
Be Sweet, Stay Gold
UyenThi Tran Myhre 1-4-2023
In the Aftermath of Disappointment
Kao Kalia Yang


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El AS-20 (Tipo 5110) fue un misil aire-superficie francés desarrollado a fines de los años cincuenta. Era parecido al misil estadounidense AGM-12 Bullpup.

Desarrollo
El AS-20 se basó en un misil anterior aire Nord Aviation, el AA.20 (designado Tipo 5103). Solo se requirieron pequeños cambios para convertirlo en un misil aire-superficie, el tamaño de la ojiva se incrementó como resultado de reemplazar la gran espoleta de proximidad con una simple espoleta de impacto.

Diseño

El AS-20 tenía cuatro aletas muy arqueadas, cruciformes en sección transversal alrededor de la sección media de su cuerpo. Utilizó un motor de cohete de combustible sólido de doble empuje, que se agotó a través de dos boquillas grandes durante la etapa de refuerzo, y una única boquilla de línea central durante la etapa de sostenido. El AS-20 usa una guía simple de MCLOS con el piloto alineando las bengalas en la parte trasera del misil con el objetivo y controlando el misil en vuelo después del lanzamiento con un pequeño joystick que envía comandos de dirección al misil a través de un enlace de radio. El comando de dirección dirige el misil de regreso a la línea de visión mediante el empuje vectorial por el movimiento de una de las cuatro paletas metálicas alrededor de la boquilla central de sustentación. El giro interno del misil le da a la unidad de comando de misiles, la posición correcta del misil en vuelo, y a cuál de las cuatro paletas de empuje actuar en el momento correcto.

Historial operativo

Aproximadamente 8000 de los misiles fueron construidos, con el servicio de entrada de misiles en 1961. El AS-20 fue una de las armas principales del Fiat G.91 de la Fuerza Aérea de Alemania Occidental y la Fuerza Aérea Italiana durante los años 60 y 70. Fue eliminado del servicio en la mayoría de los países en la década de 1970, siendo reemplazado en Francia por el AS-30 más grande.

Operadores

Antiguos operadores

 Francia
 Alemania
 Italia
 Sudáfrica

Véase también

 Luftwaffe
 Aeronautica Militare

Misiles aire-superficie de la Guerra Fría
Misiles de Francia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Pay Your Taxes, Chip
By Chris Thompson
Fri, Sep 19, 2008 at 7:47 AM
Law Enforcement & Crime / Politics
Chron columnist Chip Johnson has done some excellent work identifying and shaming elements of corruption and nepotism in City Hall, but his latest piece continues his odd practice of sacrificing Oakland's only realistic chance of fighting crime on the altar of public indignation.
Johnson spends the first part of his column demonstrating how much Oakland needs more cops, and the second part explaining why he won't vote for Measure NN, the property tax ballot measure that would put an additional 105 cops on the street.
Look, we have as much contempt for mayor Ron Dellums' record as the next guy. When he isn't polishing the brass on his humanitarian awards, he's rolling out do-nothing, fuzzy-wuzzy manifestos on how we can fight crime by opening "healing centers," strengthening community engagement, and hugging strangers or something. In eleven days, the City Council will take on the toughest job they've faced in years: figuring out how to resolve a $50 million deficit, a figure that exceeds ten percent of the entire budget. Where is the mayor's plan? Oh, right: He doesn't have one. Yeah, this is the mayor we've got.
But that's life. Meanwhile, the bodies are piling up, people don't feel safe going out to dinner, and the cops are desperately understaffed. We need more police. But unless you're Deborah Edgerly, you can't wave a magic wand and make money appear in a puff of accounting. You're gonna have to raise taxes.
Chip Johnson has so little faith in Ron Dellums that he won't trust him with more tax dollars, so he'll be voting no. That's a mistake. Although Oakland has a history of misusing the public's money, the voters have two choices: hiring more cops, or living with the crime we've got. Pay your taxes, Chip.
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Walnut Creek Developers Face Lawsuit
Get Ready to Lose the Old Homestead


text:
Q: SQL Server - Only Select Latest Date RDBMS = Microsoft SQL Server
I work for a refrigeration company and we want to do a better job of tracking the cost bottles of refrigerant were bought at for each inventory location. I am trying to create a SQL Query that pulls this information but I am running into some issues. For each inventory location I want to display the last cost refrigerant was bought at for that inventory location.I want to see the latest date we have record of for this location purchasing  a specific refrigerant. I have tried using the Max function unsuccessfully and the Row_Number function I have not been able to get work. Any help would be much appreciated.
See below the code sample I am trying to only get to display the Latest Date each inventory location purchased R-22 30 pound jug.
select
    lctn_id as Location,
    invntryitm_id as InventoryItemID,
    invntryitm_nme as InventoryItemName,
    prchseordrlst_dte_rqstd as DateRequested,
    prchseordrlst_unt_cst as UnitCost
from
    invntryitm
join
    prchseordrlst on prchseordrlst.invntryitm_rn = invntryitm.invntryitm_rn
join
    prchseordr on prchseordr.prchseordr_rn = prchseordrlst.prchseordr_rn
join
    lctn on lctn.lctn_rn = prchseordr.lctn_rn
where
    invntryitm.invntryitm_nme ='REFRIGERANT R-22 30#'
    and lctn_obslte = 'N'
group by
    lctn.lctn_id, invntryitm.invntryitm_id, invntryitm.invntryitm_nme,
    prchseordrlst.prchseordrlst_unt_cst
order by
    lctn_id

A: I think an analytic/windowing function would give you what you need:
with location_data as (
  select
    lctn_id as Location,
    invntryitm_id as InventoryItemID,
    invntryitm_nme as InventoryItemName,
    prchseordrlst_dte_rqstd as DateRequested,
    prchseordrlst_unt_cst as UnitCost,
    max (prchseordrlst_dte_rqstd) over (partition by lctn_id) as max_date
  from
    invntryitm
    JOIN prchseordrlst on prchseordrlst.invntryitm_rn = invntryitm.invntryitm_rn
    JOIN prchseordr on prchseordr.prchseordr_rn = prchseordrlst.prchseordr_rn
    JOIN lctn on lctn.lctn_rn = prchseordr.lctn_rn
  where
    invntryitm.invntryitm_nme ='REFRIGERANT R-22 30#' and
    lctn_obslte = 'N'
)
select *
from location_data
where max_date = DateRequested
order by Location

Bear in mind that if there is a tie, two location_id records with the same date, then you will get both of them back.  If this is an issue, then you probably want row_number() instead of max():
row_number() over (partition by lctn_id order by prchseordrlst_dte_rqstd desc) as rn

And then you would
where rn = 1

to get the first row
The reason I didn't list row_number() first is that max is O(n), and if your data has dates and times, it may be sufficient for what you need.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Understanding the nonlinear optical response of materials is of great theoretical and experimental importance. The best known example of a nonlinear response is the second harmonic generation which is routinely used as a probe of symmetry (or lack of) or as a frequency multiplier in optoelectronic applications to mention two examples.~\cite{Boyd2008} Less well known is perhaps the so-called bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE)\cite{Sturman1992} which refers to the generation of dc current in illuminated insulators lacking inversion symmetry. The BPVE has two components, namely, the injection current and the shift current, both quadratic in the optical electric field~\cite{Sturman1992,Paillard2018,Rioux2012,Baltz1981,Sipe2000,Morimoto2016,Spanier2016,Burger2019,Nakamura2017,Ogawa2017,Nagaosa2017,  Fregoso2017,Rangel2017,Wang2017b,Kushnir2017,Nakamura2018,Gong2018,Kushnir2019,Sotome2019,Sotome2019a,Kral2000,Cook2017,Zhang2019,Ibanez-Azpiroz2018,Brehm2018,Hosur2011,Juan2017,Rees,Chan2017,Flicker2018,Parker2019,Tan2019,Barik}. The injection current, in particular, has attracted attention for its role in the photovoltaic effect of ferroelectric materials~\cite{Sturman1992} including solar cell applications~\cite{Paillard2018}, in the coherent current control~\cite{Rioux2012}, and recently for its role as a probe of the topology of materials~\cite{Hosur2011,Juan2017,Rees,Chan2017,Flicker2018}.

The key features of the injection current (and of shift current) are as follows. First, it is generated in homogeneous materials. This should be contrasted with the working principle of standard semiconductor solar cells whose active region is a heterogeneous $pn$-junction. Second, the generated photovoltage can be many times larger than the energy band gaps, which means that carriers do not thermalize before they are collected (they are `hot'). This should be contrasted with the thermalization that takes place in $pn$-junctions much before carriers are collected which limits the photovoltage to a maximum given by the material's electronic band gap. Third, it depends on the polarization of light, specifically, the injection current vanishes for linear polarization of light and is maximum for circularly polarized light (hence the name circular photogalvanic effect).~\cite{Paillard2018}

The lack of inversion symmetry manifests in two distinct scenarios. In one scenario, the injection current is generated by photoexcited carriers which experience asymmetric momentum relaxation in the $\pm$\v{k} directions leading to a polar distribution and a net current~\cite{Sturman1992}. The origin of such asymmetric relaxation could be phonons, impurities, etc. In this scenario, the derivation of the injection current starts from a kinetic equation. In the second scenario, the injection current originates form photoexcited carriers pumped into $\pm$\v{k} of the Brillouin zone (BZ) at different \textit{rates} leading to a polar distribution and hence to a nonvanishing \textit{rate} of change of a charge current~\cite{Sturman1992,Sipe2000}. In this scenario the origin of the injection current is light-matter interactions not momentum relaxation. In this article we study the injection current arising from the light-matter interaction and add momentum relaxation phenomenologically.

Although progress in ferroelectric-based solar cells has been made~\cite{Spanier2016,Burger2019,Nakamura2017,Ogawa2017}, the BPVE photocurrents in bulk ferroelectrics are still small, resulting in smaller efficiencies compared with conventional Si-based cells. The experimental realization of the first two dimensional (2D) ferroelectric material~\cite{Chang2016} has led to a renewed interest in the BPVE in low dimensional systems.~\cite{Kral2000,Cook2017,Zhang2019} Of great interest are the group-IV monochalcogenide monolayer GeS, GeSe, SnS and SnSe predicted to be 2D ferroelectric materials below a critical temperature~\cite{Chang2016,mm2,mm3} with a large in-plane polarization. They offer a new (and simpler) platform to study the BPVE because they have simpler crystal structures than bulk ferroelectrics while having novel mechanical and optical properties including energy gaps in the visible range~\cite{Gomes2015,Naumis2017,Hu2019}.

In bulk ferroelectrics the dominant effect is believed to be the shift current~\cite{Young2012} but it is unknown if this holds true in 2D ferroelectrics. The shift current tensor in monochalcogenide monolayer GeS, GeSe, SnS and SnSe is beginning to be studied theoretically~\cite{Cook2017,Fregoso2017,Rangel2017,Wang2017b,Ibanez-Azpiroz2018} and experimentally, e.g., by the group of L. Titova~\cite{Kushnir2017,Kushnir2019}. It is predicted to be the largest reported so far in the literature for a two dimensional material and the largest reported for a three-dimensional (3D) material, if converted into an equivalent bulk value. The injection current tensor, however, has not been studied before in these materials. In this work we present a detailed study of the injection current in monochalcogenide monolayer GeS, GeSe, SnS and SnSe showing that both components of the BPVE are important.

\begin{figure}[]
\subfigure{\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{Figure1.pdf}}
\caption{(a) Structure of monochalcogenide monolayers MX, where M=Ge,Sn X=S,Se. (b) The unit cell contains 4 atoms and is indicated in the boxes. The point group lacks an inversion center and develops a nonzero in-plane spontaneous polarization $P_0\hat{\v{z}}$.}
\label{fig:structure}
\end{figure}
Naively the injection current is expected to be proportional to the joint density of states (JDOS), with the idea that the more states available the larger the current. On the other hand, the injection current is not expected to correlate with the spontaneous polarization, because electric polarization is a ground state property whereas injection current involves excited states. This is supported by the heuristic argument that, contrary to shift current processes where there is an intrinsic length scale, injection current processes do not introduce a length scale which could naively be associated with some sort of `microscopic dipole'.

In this work, we test these ideas using analytic and numerical methods.  We find, to our surprise, that the injection current  tensor, hereafter called $\eta_2$, can reach peak (effective) values of the order $10^{11}$ A/V$^2$s, at photon energies corresponding to the visible light spectrum. This value is the largest reported so far in the literature, establishing the potential of these materials for optoelectronic applications. Contrary to expectations, the JDOS does not play a significant role. Rather, we find that a combination of factors including reduced dimensionality, in-plane polarization, and anisotropy can explain the large value of $\eta_2$ calculated in these materials.

This paper is organized as follows. In Sec.~\ref{sec:methods} we describe the numerical procedure. In Sec.~\ref{sec:num_results} we calculate the injection current tensor $\eta_2$ as a function of photon energy and compare it with the JDOS. The correlation between polarization and injection current is presented in Sec.~\ref{sec:role_of_pol}. In Sec.~\ref{sec:2b_model} we introduce a simple two-band model for $\eta_2$ in GeS and conclude in Sec.~\ref{sec:conclusions}.

\section{Numerical methods}
\label{sec:methods}

We use density functional theory (DFT) as implemented in the ABINIT~\cite{Gonze2009} computer package, with the generalized gradient approximation to the exchange correlation energy functional as implemented by Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof.\cite{Perdew1996} Hartwigsen-Goedecker-Hutter norm conserving pseudo potentials~\cite{Hartwigsen1998} were employed. To expand the plane waves basis set, energy cutoffs of 50 Hartree were employed for GeS and GeSe, and 60 Hartree for SnS and SnSe. The lattice parameter in the $x$-direction is set to 15 \AA~ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:structure}), which makes for more than 10 \AA~ of vacuum between slabs. To calculate the injection current tensor $\eta_2$, we included 20 valence and 30 conduction bands for GeS and SnS, and 30 valence and 20 conduction bands for GeSe and SnSe. They account for all allowed transitions up to 6 eV.

To facilitate comparison of $\eta_2$ in monolayers with bulk materials we quote the monolayer $\eta_2$ as bulk (effective) value, i.e., assuming a (3D) stack of slabs (with the same orientation) comprising a bulk structure. To extract the effective response of a single layer, we scale the numerical result by the factor $\mathcal{L}/d$, where $\mathcal{L}$ is the supercell lattice parameter perpendicular to the slab, and $d$ is the effective thickness of the monolayer shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:structure}. For concreteness, we estimate the slab thicknesses as 2.56, 2.59, 2.85 and 2.76 \AA~ for GeS, GeSe, SnS, and SnSe, respectively.  Once the ground-state wave function and energies were computed, the TINIBA package~\cite{tiniba} was used to compute $\eta_2$ as implemented  in Ref.~\onlinecite{Sipe2000}. The sum over $\v{k}$-points is made using the interpolation tetrahedron method~\cite{bloch-tetra}. See the Appendices for more details.

\section{Numerical results}
\label{sec:num_results}
\begin{figure}[]
\subfigure{\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{Figure2.pdf}}
\caption{(a) Effective injection current susceptibility tensor of single-layer GeSe (red line) and CdSe (black squares)~\cite{Laman1999}. The injection current of GeSe is two orders of magnitude larger than that of CdSe and peaks for photon energies in the visible spectrum. The large magnitude of the injection current in the visible light spectrum highlights the potential of these materials for  optoelectronic applications. (b) Peaks in the imaginary part of the dielectric function, Eq.~\ref{eq:epsilon2}, shows no obvious correlation with injection current.}
\label{fig:inj_curr_GeSe}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Injection current}
\label{sec:inj_current tensor}
An incident monochromatic optical field $E^a = E^{a}(\omega)e^{-i\omega t}$ + c.c. induces an injection current governed by the equation
\begin{align}
\frac{d}{dt}J^{a}_{inj} = 2{\eta_{2}}^{abc}E^{b}({\omega})E^{c}({-\omega})-\frac{J^{a}_{inj}}{\tau},
\label{eq:injection_tau}
\end{align}
where summation over repeated indices is implied, $\tau$ is a phenomenological momentum relaxation time, and $\eta_{2}^{abc}(0,\omega,-\omega)$ is the injection current tensor~\cite{Sturman1992, Sipe2000}
\begin{align}
 \eta_{2}^{abc} = \frac{e^{3}\pi}{2{\hbar}^{2}V } \sum_{nm\v{k}} \omega_{mn,a} f_{nm}[r^{c}_{mn},r^{b}_{nm}]{\delta}({\omega}_{mn}-{\omega}).
\label{eq:eta2}
\end{align}
Here $e=-|e|$ is the charge of the electron, $a,b,c=x,y,z$ are Cartesian components, $n$ is a band index, $f_{nm}=f_n-f_m$  is the difference in occupation numbers at zero temperature of bands $n$ and $m$, $\hbar\omega_n$ is the energy of the band $n$, $r^{a}_{nm}=i\langle u_{n}|u_{m,a}\rangle$ is the the Berry connection, $u_{n}$ is the periodic part of the Bloch wavefunction, and $[r^{c}_{mn},r^{b}_{nm}]\equiv r^{c}_{mn}r^{b}_{nm} - r^{b}_{mn}r^{c}_{nm}$. We define the subscript $X_{,a}$ to mean derivative with respect to the crystal momentum with Cartesian coordinate $a$. For example, $\omega_{nm,a}\equiv (\omega_{n}-\omega_{m})_{,a} = \omega_{n,a} - \omega_{m,a} = v_{n}^a - v_{m}^a$ are band-velocity differences. In the thermodynamic limit in $d$-dimensions we have $(1/V)\sum_{\v{k}} \to \int d\v{k}/(2\pi)^d$, where the integral is over the (BZ) and $V$ is the sample volume.

\begin{table}
\caption{Peak values of $\eta_2$ reported in representative 2D and 3D materials. The photon energy, spontaneous polarization $|\v{P}_0|=P_0$, and theoretical (th.) vs experimental (exp.) values are indicated. MX stands for monolayer of GeS, GeSe, SnS or SnSe. For 2D materials the effective value of $\eta_2$ is reported. GaAs has zero $\eta_2$ by symmetry.}
\begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
 \hline
  Material  & $|\eta_2|$              & $\hbar\omega$         & $P_0$                  & ~~Ref.~~ \\

             & ($\times 10^8$ A/V$^2$s) & ~~(eV)~~              & ($\mu$C/cm$^2$)        &          \\
 \hline
  MX (2D)                        & 100-1000              & 1.5-2.5               & 72-195~[\onlinecite{Rangel2017}]    &  present \\
 \hline
  CdSe (3D)      & 7                        & 2.2                   & 0.6~[\onlinecite{Schmidt1997}]   &  \onlinecite{Nastos2010}(th.)\\
 \hline
  CdSe (3D)      & 5                        & 2                     &   0.6~[\onlinecite{Schmidt1997}]  & \onlinecite{Laman1999}(exp.) \\
 \hline
  CdS (3D)       & 4                        & 2.8                   &                                   & \onlinecite{Nastos2010}(th.) \\
 \hline
  CdS (3D)       & 4                        & 3                     &                        &   ~\onlinecite{Laman2005}(exp.)\\
 \hline
 CdSe (3D)       & 1.5                      & 1.8                   &   0.6~[\onlinecite{Schmidt1997}]  & \onlinecite{Laman2005}(exp.) \\
 \hline
  MoS$_2$(2D)    & 10$^{-7}$                & 2.8                   &  0   &  \onlinecite{Arzate2016}(th.)\\
 \hline
	GaAs (3D)      & 0                        &                       & 0                      & \\
	\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\label{table:eta2_literature}
\end{table}
It can be shown that $\eta_2^{abc}$ is a pure complex third rank tensor which is antisymmetric in the last two indices~\cite{Sturman1992}. For this reason, it vanishes for linearly polarized light and is maximum for circularly polarized light.

Monolayers of GeS, GeSe, SnS and SnSe have $mm2$ point group which contains a two-fold (polar) axis, two mirror planes and lacks center of inversion. Accordingly~\cite{Boyd2008}, the nonzero components of $\eta_2^{abc}$ are $zxx$, $zyy$, $zzz$, $yyz$, $xzx$, $xxz$ and $yzy$. In addition, the antisymmetry of $\eta_2^{abc}$ with respect to exchange of the last two indices forces the $zxx$, $zyy$, $zzz$ components to vanish, leaving only two independent components, namely, $yyz$, $xxz$. Since the plane of the slab is perpendicular to the $x$-axis, see Fig.~\ref{fig:structure}, the component $xxz$ is much smaller than the $yyz$ component. Here we focus on the relevant $yyz$ component

\begin{align}
 \eta_{2}^{yyz} = \frac{e^{3}\pi}{2{\hbar}^{2}V } \sum_{nm\v{k}} \omega_{mn,y} f_{nm} [r^{z}_{mn},r^{y}_{nm}]{\delta}({\omega}_{mn}-{\omega}).
\label{eq:eta2_yyz}
\end{align}
Note that this component fixes the $y$-direction of the current flow to be perpendicular to the spontaneous polarization $z$, $\v{P}_0=\hat{\v{z}}P_0$. In Fig.~\ref{fig:inj_curr_GeSe}(a) we show the representative spectrum of (effective) $\eta_2^{yyz}$ for monolayer GeSe as a function of incident photon energy $\hbar \omega$. The responses of monolayer GeS, SnS and SnSe are similar and presented in Appendix~\ref{sect:injection current}. Note that $\eta_2^{yyz}$ is zero for photon energy less than the energy gap and peaks in the visible light spectrum ($1.5-3$ eV) at about $10^{11}$ A/V$^{2}$s. As the photon energy increases, the injection current reverses its direction several times and progressively decreases in magnitude.

To give perspective on this value of $\eta_2$, other values for different materials are shown in Table~\ref{table:eta2_literature}. Surprisingly, the peak value of $\eta_2$ in monolayer GeSe is two orders of magnitude larger than typical values and many orders of magnitude larger than monolayer MoS$_2$~\cite{Arzate2016}. This demonstrates the potential of monolayer GeS, GeSe, SnS and SnSe in  optoelectronic applications.

\subsection{Linear dielectric function}
\begin{figure}[]
\subfigure{\includegraphics[width=.48\textwidth]{Current_density_vs_pol.pdf}}
\caption{Average current per unit incident intensity (I) and the polarization (strain) along a path in configuration space for various materials. For a given material, the average current is nonmonotonic, with an optimal value of polarization (strain) yielding maximum photocurrent. On the other hand, the larger the \textit{spontaneous} polarization of a material ($P_0$) the larger the magnitude of the injection current. To calculate the current we use reasonable parameters for clean semiconductors $\tau=100$ fs~[\onlinecite{Li2018}], $\varepsilon/\varepsilon_0 \sim 4$~[\onlinecite{Gomes2015}], $W=10$ eV. For comparison, the state of the art Si-based solar cells produce a current of about 400 mA/W.[\onlinecite{Pagliaro2008}] $L$ is defined as $z$-distance between outmost atoms in the unit cell as shown in the inset.}
\label{fig:integral_eta2_polarization}
\end{figure}

An explanation for the large $\eta_2$ in these materials could be the large number of available states. The more states available, the larger the absorption of photons, and the larger the nonlinear optical response. To test this hypothesis we compare the spectrum of $\eta_2$ with that of the imaginary part of the linear dielectric function
\begin{equation}
\varepsilon_{2}^{ab}(\omega)=\frac{4e^{2}\pi^2}{\epsilon_{0}\hbar V}  \sum_{nm\v{k}} f_{nm} r^{a}_{nm}r^{b}_{mn}\delta{(\omega_{mn}-\omega)},
\label{eq:epsilon2}
\end{equation}
which roughly follows the JDOS. Our dielectric tensor $\varepsilon_{2}$ for GeSe is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:inj_curr_GeSe}(b) and agrees with previous reports~\cite{Gomes2015,Rangel2017}. $\varepsilon_{2}$ is largest at energies near the van Hove peaks, so if light absorption is the origin of the large $\eta_2$ both spectra should peak at those same energies. Inspection of Fig.~\ref{fig:inj_curr_GeSe}(b) shows this is not the case in general. Only few peaks in $\eta_2$ match the energy locations of van Hove singularities indicated by dashed vertical lines. In addition, the average $\epsilon_2$ in these materials is not particularly large. This suggest the JDOS cannot, by itself, be the cause of the large magnitude of $\eta_2$.

\section{The role of polarization in $\eta_2$ in monolayer GeS, GeSe, SnS and SnSe}
\label{sec:role_of_pol}
We now investigate the role of electric polarization in $\eta_2$ in monolayer GeS, GeSe, SnS and SnSe. It is worth recalling that shift current processes introduce an intrinsic length scale (so-called shift vector) which naively could be associated with some sort of microscopic dipole. For this reason, one could expect that the larger the polarization of the material the larger the shift current. It has been shown that there is no general relation between polarization and shift current in 3D ferroelectrics~\cite{Tan2016}. In 2D ferroelectric materials, there may be a stronger correlation due to reduced dimensionality~\cite{Fregoso2017}.

The injection current, on the other hand, does not introduce an intrinsic length scale and hence we do not expect any correlation between polarization and $\eta_2$. Yet, the difference in $\eta_2$ between nonferroeletric monolayer MoS$_2$ and ferroelectric monolayer GeSe of several orders of magnitude (Table~\ref{table:eta2_literature}) suggests at least an indirect relation.

In this section we attempt to test this idea by performing numerical experiments. We compare the average injection current {\em versus} the polarization of monolayer GeS, GeSe, SnS, and SnSe as we vary their atomic positions along a path in configuration space from the centrosymmetric to the noncentrosymmetric configuration. The ground state of monolayer GeS, GeSe, SnS, and SnSe is the noncentrosymmetric configuration with an spontaneous polarization $P_0$; the other metastable states could, in principle, be reached by applying a strain.

\subsection{Average injection current}
From Eq.~\ref{eq:injection_tau}, a circularly polarized optical field induces a current given by
\begin{align}
\frac{d}{dt}J_{inj}^y = \pm i\eta_{2}^{yyz} |E_0|^2 - J_{inj}^y/\tau,
\end{align}
where $\pm$ determines the chirality of light and $E_0$ is the amplitude of the optical field. Importantly, note that the current is perpendicular to the polarization axis. We used the convention in which $E^{a}(\omega)=E^{a}_0/2$  [\onlinecite{Boyd2008}]. In steady state, the injection current is $J_{inj}^y = \pm \tau i\eta_{2}^{yyz} |E_0|^2$. If the light has a broad spectrum the frequency average of the current is a good measure of the overall injection current generated
\begin{align}
\bar{J}_{inj}^y = \frac{1}{\Delta\Omega}\int_{E_g}^{W} d\omega J_{inj}^y,
\label{eq:Javg}
\end{align}
where $\hbar\Delta\Omega=(W-E_g)$, $W$ is the bandwidth of the incident light, and $E_g$ is the energy band gap of the material.

\subsection{Electric polarization}
We compute the electric polarization for each material at various atomic positions using the modern theory of polarization~\cite{King-Smith1993,Resta1994} as implemented in ABINIT. We first identify a smooth path in configuration space between the ground state and the centrosymmetric geometry with zero polarization. The atomic displacements along a (one-dimensional) path are parametrized by $\lambda$ as $\v{R}^i(\lambda)=\v{R}^i_0 + \lambda (\v{R}^i_f-\v{R}^i_0)$, where $\v{R}^i_0$ ($\v{R}^i_f$) is the initial (final) position of atom $i$th atom in the centrosymmetric (noncentrosymmetric) structure. The  minimum-energy path between the $\pm \v{P}_0$ configurations~\cite{Rangel2017,Wang2017} is indistinguishable from the linear path used here. The electric polarization has ionic and electronic components

\begin{equation}
\v{P}(\lambda) = \frac{e}{V}\sum_{i}Z^{i}\v{r}_{i}(\lambda)-\frac{e}{V} \sum_{v\v{k}}  \pmb{\xi}_{vv}(\lambda),
\label{eq:pol_formula}
\end{equation}
represented by the first and second terms above. $\v{r}_i$ and $Z^{i}$ are the position and atomic number of the $ith$ ion, $V$  is the simulation volume, and $\pmb{\xi}_{vv}(\lambda)=i\langle u_{v}^{\lambda} | u_{v,a}^{\lambda} \rangle$ is the Berry connection of the valence band $v$. Summation is over occupied states. The details of the calculation are presented in Appendix~\ref{sect:polarization_and_inj}. Note that the motion of the atoms occurs only along the $z$-direction (Table~\ref{table:coords} in Appendix~\ref{sect:polarization_and_inj}), which is equivalent to straining the lattice along the polar axis. To quantify the strain we define

\begin{align}
strain= \frac{L- L_0}{L_0},
\end{align}
where $L$ is defined in Fig.~\ref{fig:integral_eta2_polarization}, and $L_0$ the value in the ground state.

\subsection{Comparison of injection current and polarization}
\begin{figure}
\subfigure{\includegraphics[width=.35\textwidth]{tight-binding_monolayer_GeS_v2.pdf}}
\caption{Tight-binding (TB) model of monolayer GeS near the band edge. The lattice has two nonequivalent sites $(A,B)$ per unit cell. The hopping parameters and onsite potential are indicated. The crystal lacks inversion symmetry and develops spontaneous polarization along the $z$-axis. $a_0$ is the distance between the A, and B sites. The lattice vectors (not shown) are $\v{a}_1=(a_z,-a_y)$ and $\v{a}_2=(a_z,a_y)$. The details of the model are presented in Appendix~\ref{sec:tb_model}.}
\label{fig:tb_model}
\end{figure}

In the calculation of the injection current we assumed reasonable semiconductor parameters, $\tau=100$ fs[\onlinecite{Li2018}], $\varepsilon/\varepsilon_0 \sim 4$[\onlinecite{Gomes2015}], $W=10$ eV and used $I=\sqrt{\varepsilon/\mu}E_0^2/2$. Fig.~\ref{fig:integral_eta2_polarization} shows the average current as a function of polarization $\v{P}=\hat{\v{z}}P$ for various atomic configurations. In all materials, the average injection current is a nonmonotonic function of polarization (or strain). Its absolute value reaches a local maximum at an optimal polarization $0.6 P_0$ (or $\sim 9\%$ strain). Also, the current of single-layer GeSe and GeS can change sign even with a small strain, $\sim 1\%$, suggesting a new way to engineer the injection current.

This interesting behavior of the average injection current indicates that at least two competing effects are at play. For example,  polarization increases injection current at small polarization but then at large polarizations the wave function overlaps (or lack thereof) decrease $\eta_2$ and even change its sign. In fact, wave function delocalization has been found to play an important role in shift current processes.~\cite{Tan2019} It is interesting to note that the polarization at which the magnitude of the average current is maximum is roughly the same for all materials. Similarly, monolayer GeS and GeSe can have zero average injection current whereas SnS and SnSe don't. This likely reflects the wavefunction differences between Ge and Sn atoms in this crystal structure.

An important point to note is that the magnitude of the average injection current of GeS (red) is the largest whereas that of SnSe (brown) is the smallest. This correlates with the magnitude of their spontaneous polarizations in the ground state. This ordering persist for metastable states where $P<P_0$ indicating a correlation of the injection current with the electric polarization.

\section{Two-band model of $\eta_2$ in monolayer GeS}
\label{sec:2b_model}

To disentangle the factors contribution to $\eta_2$, we construct a simple 2D two-band tight-binding model of monolayer GeS. Its hopping parameters and onsite potentials are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:tb_model}. The model reproduces the calculated DFT shift current in this material near the band edge~\cite{Cook2017} and, importantly for our purposes, it can be solved analytically (near de band edge) helping disentangle the contributions to $\eta_2$ from JDOS, anisotropy, polarization, etc. As shown in Appendix~\ref{sec:tb_model} the response tensor of a two-band model can be written as~\cite{Hosur2011,Juan2017}

\begin{align}
\eta_{2}^{yyz} = \frac{i e^3 \pi}{2 \hbar^2 V}\sum_{\v{k}} \omega_{cv,y}\Omega^{x}_{c}\delta(\omega_{cv}-\omega),
\label{eq:eta2_2B}
\end{align}
where $\Omega^{x}_c ~(=-\Omega_{v}^{x})$ is the Berry curvature of the conduction band. Fig.~\ref{fig:tb_injection}(b) shows $\eta_2$ obtained from the tight-binding model and its comparison with the DFT injection current for monolayer GeS. The agreement is good in the energy range between 1.9 and  2.14 eV. For photon energies above 2.14 eV other phototransitions in the BZ contribute, see Fig.~\ref{fig:ges_band_projection}(b). Near the band edge the energy bands an Berry curvature can be expanded in powers of the momenta giving

\begin{align}
\hbar\omega_{cv} &= E_g + \alpha a_z^2 k_z^2 + \beta a_y^2 k_y^2 + \gamma a_z^2 a_y^2 k_z^2  k_y^2 + ... \nonumber \\
\Omega^{x}_c &= (A a_0 + B a_z) a_y^2 k_y + C a_y^2 a_z^2 k_y  k_z^2 +...,
\end{align}
where $E_g= 1.89$ eV is the energy band gap, ($\alpha,\beta,\gamma)=(2.30,1.33,-2.11)$ eV are constants that parametrize the curvature of the bands $(\alpha,\beta)$, $A=0.30, B=0.34$ are dimensionless constants that parametrize the Berry curvature near the band edge and depend on the hopping parameters, and $C=-1.237 a_0 - 1.272 a_z$. $(a_z,a_y,a_0,d)=(2.26,1.82,0.62,2.56)$~\AA~ are the lattice parameters $(a_z,a_y)$, the distance between the A-B sites $(a_0)$ and the thickness of the slab $d$, respectively. As shown in Appendix~\ref{sec:tb_model}, leading term in $\eta_2$ is

\begin{align}
\eta_{2}^{yyz} &= \frac{i e^3 \pi}{2\hbar^2} \bigg(\frac{\bar{\Omega}}{2\pi}\frac{E_g}{\sqrt{\alpha\beta}}\bigg) \left(\frac{\hbar \omega- E_g}{E_g}\right) +\cdots. \nonumber \\
&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\hbar\omega\geq E_g
\label{eq:eta_2_expansion}
\end{align}
We have written this equation in a form that emphasizes the different factors that contribute to $\eta_2$. The $\bar{\Omega}$ factor is dimensionless and comes from the Berry curvature and it is given by

\begin{align}
\bar{\Omega} = \frac{a_y (A a_0 + B a_z)}{a_z d} \approx 0.3
\end{align}
The Berry curvature has two contributions of order $a_y a_z$ and $a_y a_0$, respectively. The second contribution, which depends on $a_0$ could roughly be interpreted as coming from the polarization of the material. It is about 20\% of the total $\eta_2$ showing, again, that polarization does play a role in $\eta_2$. The other important dimensionless factor, $E_g/\sqrt{\alpha\beta}$, is roughly the geometric mean of the radius of curvature of the band along two directions at $\v{k}=0$. For monolayer GeS is given by

\begin{align}
\frac{E_g}{\sqrt{\alpha\beta}} \approx 1.1
\end{align}
Finally, the constant prefactor is $i e^3 \pi/2\hbar^2 = -i6\times 10^{11}$ A/V$^2$s and hence $\eta_2$ near the band edge is

\begin{align}
-i\eta_{2}^{yyz} \approx - (2 \times 10^{10} A/V^2s) \left(\frac{\hbar \omega- E_g}{E_g}\right)+\cdots.
\end{align}

\begin{figure}
\subfigure{\includegraphics[width=.47\textwidth]{eta2_GeS_tb_zoom.pdf}}
\caption{Effective injection current tensor of single-layer GeS from DFT (top panel) and tight-binding (TB) model (lower panel). The TB model reproduces the injection current from DFT near the band edge (near the $\Gamma$ point) in the energy range of (1.9, 2.14) eV. For photon energies larger than 2.14 eV other regions in the BZ contribute, see Fig~\ref{fig:ges_band_projection}. Dashed line shows the analytical result for a small momentum expansion about $\v{k}=0$, Eq.~\ref{qe:eta2_analitical_tb}.}
\label{fig:tb_injection}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Three dimensions}
A similar calculation but assuming three dimensions gives the leading term near the band edge

\begin{align}
\eta_{2}^{yyz} &= \frac{i e^3 \pi}{2\hbar^2} \bigg(\frac{\bar{\Omega}}{4\pi^2}\frac{E_g^{3/2}}{\sqrt{\alpha\beta\beta'}}\bigg) \left(\frac{\hbar \omega- E_g}{E_g}\right)^{3/2} +\cdots, \nonumber \\
&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\hbar\omega\geq E_g
\label{eq:eta_2_expansion_3d}
\end{align}
where $\beta'$ parametrizes the curvature along $x$, and Berry contribution is $\bar{\Omega} = a_y (A a_0 + B a_z + C' a_x)/a_z a_x$ ($C'$ is a constant). This shows that in 3D the rise of $\eta_2$ with frequency is slower than in 2D and suggests that reduced dimensionality is important for large $\eta_2$ in monolayer GeS. The simple model studied is only valid near the Gamma point. However anisotropy and reduced dimensionality are likely important at transitions at other points in the BZ.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}
Understanding the nonlinear optical response of novel materials is of fundamental importance for advancing the field of optoelectronics. Monolayer GeSe, GeS, SnS and SnSe are predicted to be ferroelectric materials with in-plane polarization and to exhibit promising electronic, mechanical and optical properties~\cite{Gomes2015,Naumis2017,Hu2019}. Here we studied the injection current tensor $\eta_2$ which is one of the contributions to the bulk photovoltaic effect in these materials.

We find that the spectrum of $\eta_2$ peaks at (bulk) values near $10^{11}$ A/V$^2$s in the visible range and is the biggest reported so far. Contrary to bulk ferroelectric materials where the shift current is expected to dominate~\cite{Young2012}, in these materials both the shift current and injection current tensors are expected to be very large. Among our main results, we predict that the injection current can flow only perpendicular to the polar axis and that the injection current can increase or change sign upon compression along the polar axis of these materials.

We showed that the JDOS, alone, cannot explain $\eta_2$ in these materials but rather a combination of factors including, in-plane polarization, reduced dimensionality, anisotropy, and covalent bonding (wave function delocalization, see Fig.~\ref{fig:ges_band_projection}) all of which are closely intertwined. If and how these factors enhance $\eta_2$ in other materials should be studied on a case by case basis. In summary, our results characterize the injection current tensor in monolayer GeS, GeSe, SnS and SnSe. Their relatively simple crystal structure and novel in-plane ferroelectricity make them an ideal playground for novel nonlinear optical phenomena.

\textit{Note added}. Recently, similar results of injection current in monolayer GeS have been presented in Ref.~\onlinecite{Wang2019}.

\section{Acknowledgments}

BMF and SRP thank contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. SBL acknowledges the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Early Career Award DE-SC0016139.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Eurobowl XXX To Be Held In Innsbruck, Austria
Photo: Markus Stieg, Swarco Raiders
Innsbruck, Austria will be the site of Eurobowl XXX on June 11 which will pit Austria's Swarco Raiders against the Braunschweig New Yorker Lions from Germany, traditionally two of the best teams in Europe.
This will be the fifth time that Innsbruck acts as host city for this prestigious event which has been held since 1986. Both the Raiders and Lions have won the title three times each. Braunschweig won it last year defeating the Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns 24-14. The Raiders last victory was in 2011 when they beat the Berlin Adler 27-12.
The Swarco Raiders qualified for the Eurobowl final, which currently brings the two best teams from the Big6 tournament together, by beating the Berlin Adler and Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns both from Germany. Meanwhile the New Yorker Lions defeated the Vienna Vikings from Austria and France's Aix-en-Provence Argonautes.
The Lions and Raiders have never faced each other in the Eurobowl final. The last time these two teams met was in the Big6 in 2015 group play when Braunschweig prevailed 33-28 in a come from behind victory, played in Innsbruck.
The Vienna Vikings have appeared in the Eurobowl final a record 10 times and won it five times, most recently in 2013.
The past two Eurobowl finals have been held in Germany which made the judges' decision to award the game to Innsbruck a little easier.


text:
Adrià Garriga Alonso (adria.garriga01@estudiant.upf.edu) 158636

WavePool
========

Primer proyecto para el curso de Infografía 2014. Una "piscina" de ondas senoidales.

Controles
---------

A 				- Añadir emisor bajo el cursor

D				- Borrar emisor seleccionado

Click			- Seleccionar un emisor

Arrastrar ratón	- Mover el emisor seleccionado

Q / Z			- Longitud de onda + / -

W / X			- Amplitud + / - (puede haber overflow de color)

E / C			- Velocidad de propagación + / -

P				- Pausar / continuar tiempo del emisor seleccionado

Compilación
-----------

Procedimiento estándar de CMake. Se necesitan SDL2 y OpenGL. Script de configuración
para SDL2 de CMake en el repositorio.

```bash
mkdir build
cd build
cmake-gui .. #now configure your variables
make
```

El ejecutable está en "<build_dir>/src/Wavepool", o en el directorio base si se corre
"make install".

Build comprobada con clang++ en FreeBSD y OS X y con g++ en GNU/Linux. Debería funcionar
en MSVC++ ya que CMake puede generar proyectos, pero no lo he probado. Aún así,
funciona mejor en compiladores con soporte para OpenMP (principalmente g++) ya que se
añade multithreading.

Problemas encontrados durante el desarrollo
-------------------------------------------

El problema principal de éste programa es la lentitud. Calcular la distancia a todos
los píxeles para cada onda senoidal es muy costoso, y calcular la onda senoidal no tanto
pero también. Así que lo cacheé en memoria, se utilizan un par de MB más de memoria pero
el procesador está bastante menos cargado. En cada frame sólo se debe comprobar el tiempo,
mirar la distancia en una tabla, y mirar el resultado en otra. Para cada píxel.

Por alguna razón, dibujar sólo el fondo sin ningún emisor también es bastante costoso.

También obtuve mejor rendimiento volviendo inline el método setPixel de Image, y poniendo
threads OpenMP en algunos fors particularmente largos (el de renderizar y el de recachear
ondas senoidales cuando se cambia el tamaño de la ventana).

Cambios en la última versión
----------------------------

- El overflow ya no suele ser un problema (se puede llegar al menos de -2^15 a 2^15-1, en
la mayoría de máquinas aún más)
- Puedes elegir el color de las ondas con el selector en la parte superior de la pantalla
- Puedes arrastrar y mover con un sólo botón, el esquema anterior era confuso.
- Los controles se ponen por pantalla al arrancar

- Había muchas conversiones de Uint a Float, han sido eliminadas
- Código compilado con MSVC++

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Entedon procerus är en stekelart som beskrevs av Schauff 1988. Entedon procerus ingår i släktet Entedon och familjen finglanssteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Finglanssteklar
procerus


What's the coolest new school item you ever had?
Stories connect us - and we were created to be connected, to God and to each other. You may have heard it said that "You can't hate the person whose story you know." Stories bring understanding, healing, wholeness and hope. When we know each other's stories we work better together, we worship better together, we serve better together, we share God's love better together.
This year the NE MN Synod Discipleship Challenge will live out our faith practices through the sharing of stories. When we share our stories, we are sharing God's story for us. When we listen to the stories of others, we are listening to God's story at work in the world. Stories help us grow deeper in faith, and help us live out the faith practices.
When we share stories, we encourage each other.
When we share stories, we know how to pray for each other.
When we share stories, we invite each other into our lives.
When we share stories, we give the gifts of our time and experiences.
When we share stories, we learn about each other and how God is at work (study).
When we share stories, we identify ways to serve our neighbor.
When we share stories, we worship the God in whose story we live.
I encourage you to take a look at the resources available on the Discipleship Challenge website: www.nemnsynod.org/Discipleship. All resources for the entire year are now posted! Use these resources in youth group, Sunday school, at board meetings, to send home with families - anywhere people gather!
Blessings as you begin a new program year! Ma y you be wrapped in God's Story for you and the youngpeople you work with this year!
The NE MN Synod is partnering with the NE MN Synod Creation Care Task Force to pilot an "EcoFaith Youth Camp" in our synod June 26 - July 1, 2016. This is a week long experience for high school youth to explore the intersection of environmental, economic and racial justice issues in the context of faith. Nathan Holst, founder and creator of the camp, will work with a leadership team to adapt this experience for our synod.
We are seeking 5-7 high school youth and adults to serve on the Leadership Team for this event. The team will meet monthly to plan and implement the experience. Team members will be selected to bring a diverse voice of experiences and gifts to the planning. Applications are due September 16, 2015. For more information and to apply, visit www.nemnsynod.org/EcoFaith.
Please encourage your high school youth who have strong leadership skills, and a passion for environmental/justice issues and faith to apply!
Two Faith Inkubator Events in One Weekend!
Friday Evening: Visioning session for pastors, key leaders and spouses.
Saturday Night: Free Family Comedy Event\.
Sponsored by Grace Lutheran Church, in partnership with Thrivent Financial and the Lake Superior Conference.
Contact Pastor Phil Berge for more information.
Join nearly 1000 middle school youth and their adult leaders for a weekend of fun, learning, worship and friendships! This year's Middle School Gathering will focus on the Ten Commandments, and includes large group assemblies, learning clusters, hotel life, worship and much more.
Visit www.nemnsynod.org/MSG for more information and to download registration forms. Registration opens October 1!
Rise Up Tour Dates in NE MN Synod!
ELCA World Hunger invited youth to "Walk for Water" this summer in Detroit to raise awareness and funds for ELCA World Hunger-supported water projects around the world. The global water crisis doesn't always make headlines. But the truth is it claims more lives each year than war. About one out of every four people in our world drink from contaminated water sources. Unsafe water leads to illnesses that claim the lives of 840,000 people each year, almost half of whom are children under the age of 5. Join *AGAPE, Rachel Kurtz and Joe Davis as they start their RiseUp Tour this fall to make a difference and continue to movement.
Two dates and locations in NE MN Synod! These dates are so hot off the press, they're not even in the promo material yet!
Contact Pastor Kris Garey for more information.
Contact Nikki Rud or click here for more information.
What stories get told through service experiences? Explore biblical stories of service and practices that make room for recognizing and honoring others' stories. When service and mission experiences are thought of as more than projects and trips, service can become a lifelong spiritual practice and way of life.
These webinars are FREE but you need to register to view live. Register now!
Can't make the date? Webinars are recorded and posted for later viewing within 24 hours. Visit www.practicediscipleship.org for more info.
The ConNext Summit is designed for Faith Formation and Youth Ministry leaders to share best practices, think more deeply about how we do this work in the 21st Century, network across denominations and hear from other inspiring leaders from around the state and country. The ConNext Summit is designed for leaders who have been engaged in this work for some time but new leaders will find a place to connect and grow as well.
Keynote Presenter: David Csinos, co-author of Children's Ministry in the Way of Jesus, around the topic of "Faith Formation in the Postmodern Matrix"
Click here for workshop listings, more information and to register.


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text:
Home > Blog >Economics>War on Cash: EU steps up the fight
War on Cash: EU steps up the fight
Economics Finance Gold Monetary Politics Thoughts Uncategorized
by Claudio Grass, Hünenberg See, Switzerland
The prolonged and repeated lockdowns, business closures and travel bans have caused widespread economic devastation and changed the way all of us live, work and interact with each other. These were the most obvious changes that the covid crisis brought with it, however, a lot more has been unfolding in the background. Governments in most advanced economies have grasped the opportunity of this crisis and all the fear and uncertainty that surrounds it and have taken bold steps to achieve further centralization of power and to expand their control and authority.
A great example of such a shift is the escalation of the war on cash that started almost immediately after the virus began to make headlines. It began with scaremongering campaigns and "expert advice" warning people about the risks of infection through the use of cash. Of course, this was all soon proven to be based on nothing but junk science, but the fear lingered and, combined with the practical realities of the hard lockdowns and quarantine orders, the use of cash declined sharply in 2020. This year, as some economies began to reopen and as citizens everywhere developed fear fatigue, governments stepped up their efforts. This was especially true in the EU: The ECB and the European Commission both made aggressive moves, and justified them by returning to their old narrative, about fighting money laundering and terror financing.
The ECB has been working on its "digital euro" project, riding the crypto wave, and hoping to achieve a bloc-wide switch to digital money. Of course, the concerns surrounding this shift are serious and very well founded. Digitization would hand over total and absolute control over the currency to the central bankers, allowing them to enact their policy decisions directly and seamlessly. Instead of relying on top-down "nudges" and disincentives, like using negative interest rates to discourage saving, the digital euro would provide the ECB with a perfect mechanism for direct policy transmission. Another glaring problem with this proposal is its privacy implications. Unlike an actual crypto currency, the digital euro would give total access to extremely sensitive consumer data to central planners, regulators and governments, and it would allow them to track and monitor citizens at a scale we've never seen before. As usual, "security" arguments were used to counter these fears, however, given the scale of the project, they failed to quash them.
Fully realizing how unsettling this prospect might be to the public, Fabio Panetta, the European central banker in charge of the digital euro initiative, recently went on a PR offensive to defend his project and offer stern assurances regarding all privacy concerns. As he put it in an interview with the Financial Times, "If the central bank gets involved in digital payments, privacy is going to be better protected because we are not like private companies. We have no commercial interest in storing, managing or monetizing the data of users". Of course, those of us who understand the history of state abuses of power can immediately see that the lack of "commercial interest" in collecting and leveraging consumer data is not a convincing argument. Political interest is a far more serious threat, as is the idea of a group of unelected bureaucrats and technocrats having unimpeded and exclusive access to the financial data of all European citizens.
The European Commission has also been busy with its own campaign against cash, individual financial sovereignty and whatever is left of the concept of banking secrecy. Only a few days ago, it revealed its grand designs to create a new anti-money laundering authority ("AMLA"), that will regulate, coordinate and enforce its rules on a bloc-wide level. As might have been expected, the justification for the establishment of this new agency was once again linked to "security". As the Commission's proposal stated: "Money laundering, terrorist financing, and organized crime remain significant problems which should be addressed at Union level". Equally unsurprisingly, the new body's authority will extend to crypto assets too, with the Commission highlighting the need for EU member states to adopt new and uniform rules forcing the disclosure of the identities of crypto holders.
Although developments like these have been in the pipeline for some time, and they are far from unique to Europe, they serve as a timely reminder of the importance of securing one's financial freedom and planning ahead. As the banking system becomes ever more hostile to savers and as central banks and governments intrude ever more aggressively into their citizens' private financial lives and seek to limit, or even eradicate, their options and choices, it is becoming increasingly clear that this is a trend that will not be reversed anytime soon.
While it is true that regulatory efforts to restrict financial liberties have been largely successful, especially over the last couple of decades, gold and silver still offer a reliable and time-tested safe haven for investors who wish to protect their wealth in a compliant way. Holding part of one's assets in physical precious metals, outside the banking system and in a predictable and safe jurisdiction has become a necessary component of any long-term financial plan and a core element of any serious and sustainable investment strategy.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Therefore please feel free to share!
digital euro ECB End of western civiliziaton Great Reset Totalitarism War on cash
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Two children have died in a house fire in Big Lake, Minnesota, that police suspect was started deliberately by their father.
The fire was reported at 5:37 a.m. in the 19000 block of Karen Lane, with firefighters breaking into the house and rescuing five people, four of them children.
However, two of the children later died in the hospital. They have been identified as Landon Michael Parker, 2, and Spencer Rae Parker, 1.
Their 36-year-old father was also hospitalized along with two other children, aged 9 and 7.
Investigators in Sherburne County believe the father "intentionally set the fire," and he's under guard by police as he undergoes hospital treatment.
The 24-year-old victim has been identified as DJ Wasserman.
Firefighters arrived to find a house fully engulfed in flames.


text:
Children who survived Holocaust (archives)
New film tells of kids saved from Shoah
HBO to air a full-length documentary, '50 Children: The Rescue Mission of Mr. and Mrs. Kraus,' about little-known couple who saved dozens of Jewish kids from Holocaust in 1939
jn1.tv|Published: 04.08.13 , 08:00
VIDEO – American television channel HBO on Monday will air a full-length film about a little-known couple who saved of dozens of Jewish children from the Holocaust in 1939. The documentary is called "50 Children: The Rescue Mission of Mr. and Mrs. Kraus."
Video courtesy of jn1.tv
One of the children selected to travel to the US and escape Nazi persecution said the memory of leaving her home and family as a 10-year-old girl never left her.
Preserving Memory
Comic book teaches kids about Holocaust
Tamar Trabelsi-Hadad
Dutch comic book is translated into Hebrew, helps kids learn about WWII in accessible, non-traumatizing manner
"I felt guilty about the fact that I knew I was going to leave and leave my parents and sister behind," says Henny Wenkart. "My first thought was to save my own life. I never got over that."
The Krauses spirited children out of Nazi-controlled Austria by getting US officials to assign visa numbers to children likely to be killed. The film documents how hundreds of desperate families applied for a very few numbers, and details the culture shock that hit the children that were lucky enough to escape.
"There was some prejudice against refugees," Wenkart adds, "but it didn't matter because we had the whole group, maybe 100 people. And we made our entertainment, we got together every month and it was a community and it really didn't matter."
Some 50,000 Austrian Jews are known to have died in the Holocaust, but there is little data on how many of them were children.


text:
Galbreath Design
Client Concept Collateral Campaign Promotion Brand The Project Newsletter Writing/ Editorial
2-D Ampersand Pantone Illustration
Student THE STUDY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN Logo Brand Annual Report
Writing/ Editorial
2-D/
THE STUDY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN
Let's Talk/
Experienced Creative Services
DESIGN, MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTION
A Business School's Legacy of Appreciation, The Detroit Zoological Society, Citizens Insurance of America's six year state-wide TV and Radio campaign, the Grand Opening of the R&S Sharf Golf Course located on the campus of Oakland University, Poster Day at Tiger Stadium, the V.I.P. Reception of the new Pontiac Osteopathic Hospital, a series of Public Service Announcements for Greenfield Village... projects taken from concept through finish, involving the hiring of outstanding creative talent from around the Metropolitan Detroit area. Below are a few to look at.
Pontiac Osteopathic Hospital
Pontiac Osteopathic Hospital (POH), currently McClaren Medical Center. Project included the Art Direction, design, and production of a corporate identity collateral package for the VIP Reception & for the Community Open House showcasing the new, $50 million dollar replacement hospital, state of the art surgery center, and patient tower (1996). Promotional package mailed out to 2000 individuals; attended by 5000 individuals. Package included all collateral, advertisements, news paper promotional coverage, and ephemera for event.
School of Business Administration Donor Wall, Oakland University
"A Legacy of Appreciation"
The donor recognition wall was added to the R. Hugh and Nancy Elliott Hall in April 2005. This custom design conveys a powerful story to the students, faculty and guests of Elliott Hall.The display pays tribute to those individuals, corporations and foundations that have generously contributed to advancing our mission, from support for the building's construction to the support of innovative programs, scholarships and endowments. The power of collaboration will continue to yield great success stories and opportunities for recognition on the donor wall.
R&S Sharf Golf Course
Located on the Meadow Brook estate and the grounds of Oakland University in Rochester Hills, Michigan. Project included the design of a series of specialty invitation packages plus all support material to cover all four of their major golf course openings.
Ernie Harwell & Citizens Insurance Company of America
Six year statewide TV and Radio advertisement campaign featuring Broadcast Hall of Fame Erney Harwell. From concept through production and media buy. Included comprehensive print, billboard, and collateral components.
Poster Day at Tiger Stadium
Independent Insurers Incentive Program Campaign hosted by Citizen's Insurance Company of America. Design and production of a full color 18" x 24" Hall of Fame/Ernie Harwell poster and national print ad campaign. Project included the coordination of the on-field Ceremony, a behind-the-scenes V.P. champaign reception, and handing out a free poster to the first 1000 Tiger fans to enter the ball park that day. Images showcase this historic ball park located at "The Corner" of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull in Detroit's oldest neighborhood, Corktown, and snippets of the "Hall of Fame, A Game For All Ages" poster. Project coincided with a five year exclusivity contract with Ernie Harwell making him not only the voice of baseball but official spokesperson for Citizens Insurance of Michigan.
Detroit Zoological Society, Chimpanzee House
Hard Hat Ceremony. The Detroit Zoological Society evening champagne event honoring the opening of their new state-of-the-art chimpanzee HOUSE. Art Direction project included the design and production of all print material for the event, including exhibition posters.
Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village
Ongoing project included the writing, creative art direction, and filming a series of Public Service Announcements (shot in 60 and 30 second format). The Allegheny Locomotive (1941) and The Wright Brothers Factory are two of the many spots produced showcasing highlights of the museum and village. Each piece used vignette story telling format to give it its human, historical perspective.


text:
from elixir.statements import Statement
from sqlalchemy.orm import MapperExtension
import types

def proxy_to_instance(name):
    def new_func(self, mapper, connection, instance):
        if hasattr(instance, name):
            getattr(instance, name)()
    return new_func

def mapper_extension_statement(name):
    def init(self, entity, *callbacks):
        def proxy_method(self):
            for callback in callbacks:
                getattr(self, callback)()
        setattr(entity, '__%s__' % name, proxy_method)
        extensions = entity._descriptor.mapper_options.get('extension', [])
        if type(extensions) is not types.ListType:
            extensions = [extensions]
        if ext_proxy not in extensions:
            extensions.append(ext_proxy)
            entity._descriptor.mapper_options['extension'] = extensions
    return type('MapperExtensionStatement', (object, ), {'__init__': init})

class MapperExtensionProxy(MapperExtension):

    after_delete = proxy_to_instance('__after_delete__')
    after_insert = proxy_to_instance('__after_insert__')
    after_update = proxy_to_instance('__after_update__')
    before_delete = proxy_to_instance('__before_delete__')
    before_insert = proxy_to_instance('__before_insert__')
    before_update = proxy_to_instance('__before_update__')

ext_proxy = MapperExtensionProxy()

after_delete = Statement(mapper_extension_statement('after_delete'))
after_insert = Statement(mapper_extension_statement('after_insert'))
after_update = Statement(mapper_extension_statement('after_update'))
before_delete = Statement(mapper_extension_statement('before_delete'))
before_insert = Statement(mapper_extension_statement('before_insert'))
before_update = Statement(mapper_extension_statement('before_update'))

if __name__ == '__main__':

    from elixir import has_field, Entity, String, metadata

    class Car(Entity):
        has_field('name', String(30))
        before_insert('before_insert_test')
        before_update('before_update_test')
        before_delete('before_delete_test')
        after_insert('after_insert_test')
        after_update('after_update_test')
        after_delete('after_delete_test')

        def before_insert_test(self):
            print("%s before insert" % self.name)

        def before_update_test(self):
            print("%s before update" % self.name)

        def before_delete_test(self):
            print("%s before delete" % self.name)

        def after_insert_test(self):
            print("%s after insert" % self.name)

        def after_update_test(self):
            print("%s after update" % self.name)

        def after_delete_test(self):
            print("%s after delete" % self.name)

    metadata.connect('sqlite:///test_events.db')
    metadata.drop_all()
    metadata.create_all()

    car = Car(name='Ferrari')
    car.flush()
    car.name = 'Lotus'
    car.flush()
    car.delete()
    car.flush()


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text:
Mt Everest tragedy is proof that boom in climbing tourism is both dangerous and unsustainable
After witnessing 11 deaths on the Everest, one is faced with the fact that with the increasing commercialisation of mountaineering, safety measures and caution are taking a back seat.
The Conversation June 14, 2019 07:56:29 IST
In the past two decades, mountaineering has taken on an increasingly commercial angle with disastrous results.
Accidents are associated with inexperienced climbers who often carry insufficient equipment and underestimate the difficulty and risks of a high-altitude mountain environment.
The question is, should everyone be allowed to climb any mountain they decide to?
By Yana Wengel
The last days of Mount Everest's spring window for 2019 witnessed the deaths of 11 climbers. Images of hundreds of mountaineers queuing to reach the summit and reports of climbers stepping over dead bodies dismayed people around the world, many wondering how human beings had got it so wrong.
Mount Everest (centre), the world highest peak, and other peaks of the Himalayan range are seen from air during a mountain flight from Kathmandu April 24, 2010. Reuters/Tim Chong
After the conquest of Annapurna and Everest in the 1950s, mountaineering became popular among the more privileged. But in the past two decades, mountaineering has taken on an increasingly commercial angle with disastrous results.
Experts report that aside from a very short weather window to climb Everest this season, a new generation of guides offering cheap expedition rates attracted a rash of novice mountaineers, which contributed to the high number of deaths. Those inexperienced climbers, some of whom had only climbed Mont Blanc (4,810 metres) and Aconcagua (6,962 metres), should not have been there.
Modern climbing
Until the beginning of the 21st century, mountaineering was an exclusive activity accessible only to a few. Twenty years later, despite being a high-risk activity that requires a high level of specialised skill, its popularity among recreational climbers has drastically increased. Climbing legend Reinhold Messner once said that for a fee, "almost anyone could brave a top-class peak" – meaning regardless of skill, ability or experience.
Many modern mountaineers are attracted by the Seven Summits Challenge, introduced by Messner in the 1980s, with the aim of climbing the highest peak on every continent. Cashed-up adventure tourists lured by the challenge face expensive mountain expedition packages – from £3,000 for Aconcagua and £30,000 for Everest.
Aconcagua in the Argentinian Andes is the second highest of the Seven Summits after Everest, and one of the cheapest to climb. The number of climbers attempting Aconcagua has increased by 400 percent since 1990 – 4,000 people a year now push for the summit.
Mount Aconcagua in Argentina. Photo credit: Yana Wengel.
Our current research project focusing on mountaineering tourism shows that this recent trend can be explained by the transformation of mountaineering from personal exploring to a commercial guided-tour industry which is capitalising on better accessibility to big mountains, affordable transportation and more advanced equipment. This boom in commercial adventure sports means "real" mountaineers are often outnumbered by tourists whose ambitions exceed their climbing skills.
Although technically Aconcagua is not considered a difficult climb, it reaches a high altitude, where climbers struggle with low humidity, low oxygen and severe winds, so the summit success rate is 30 to 40 percent.
In February 2019, we spent three weeks at Aconcagua's base camp, where rangers told us that the popularity of the mountain has triggered an increase in accidents and fatalities. But reinforcement of safety measures implemented over the past five years has minimised casualties, averaging two to five deaths a season – with no deaths in 2019 so far.
Such measures include climber check-in and medical checks at ranger stations, and the availability of doctors and rescue teams up to 5,500 metres. Our interviews with rangers, guides and porters reveal that accidents are associated with a high number of inexperienced climbers who often carry insufficient equipment and underestimate the difficulty and risks of a high-altitude mountain environment. The question is, should everyone be allowed to climb any mountain they decide to?
A commercial expedition heads up to Nido de Condores at 5,550 metres on Aconcagua. Photo credit: Yana Wengel.
Many recreational mountaineers opt for package expeditions, relying solely on the experience of service companies and the help of porters and guides. Without this professional support, they would fail. The paradox of modern mountaineering is that the provision of necessary expedition support and all-inclusive packages also encourages inexperienced climbers who wish to reach the desired summit at any cost, putting others at risk.
Of course, even the most skilled mountaineers need logistics and local support on the world's highest peaks. But experienced climbers possess the knowledge, skill and strength to reach the summit – and often rely on themselves as far as possible. But their achievements, together with the "all-inclusive" adventure tourism industry, lull inexperienced climbers into a false sense of security about what they are capable of.
Experience and permits
Each country manages climbing permits in different ways – and only a handful of authorities check mountaineering experience seriously. To climb Alaska's Mount Denali (6,190 metres), the highest peak in North America, climbers are required to have advanced mountaineering skills along with backcountry winter camping experience.
Only seven mountain guide companies are authorised to lead expeditions on Denali and solo climbers need to prove their mountaineering experience to obtain a climbing permit. This strict control minimises the risks to climbers and the impact on the environment, allowing sustainable management of expeditions without casualties – which was achieved in 2018.
Other countries have much looser requirements. The New York Times reported that to get a climbing permit for Everest all a climber has to do is submit a copy of their passport, limited biographical data and a certificate of good health.
Mount Denali in Alaska has strict conditions regarding experience when it comes to issuing climbing permits. Image via Facebook/Denali National Park and Preserve.
Climbing a mountain is mentally and physically demanding. Climbers need to have good ethics – such as taking responsibility for their actions, respecting local climbing traditions, taking care of the environment and so on – proper equipment and real mountaineering experience. In our view, high-altitude climbers should be required to demonstrate a standard of experience to obtain a permit. But mountaineering is a lucrative industry and brings huge amounts of money to often impoverished local economies. Over the years, overcrowding and safety issues have become a serious problem.
Mountain tourists lack the experience and the requisite attributes to summit difficult peaks. This foolhardy arrogance can lead to tragedy, as we saw on Everest this year. The global mountaineering community needs to call for specific conditions of ability and experience be met when issuing permits for high-altitude mountain expeditions. It has to be about more than simply being able to afford to take on the world's most difficult peaks.
But how do we achieve that? Who is responsible for managing modern mountaineering in a safe, responsible and sustainable way? If we don't address these issues, avoidable tragedies caused by commercialised mountaineering will continue to appal the world.
Yana Wengel, Lecturer Work, Employment and Organisation, University of Strathclyde
Updated Date: June 14, 2019 07:56:29 IST
Commercial Mountaineering
Explained: What caused Yeti Airlines plane to crash in Nepal?
Pilots say Nepal can be difficult to fly in, but conditions at the time of the crash were favourable, with little wind, clear skies, and temperatures well above freezing
Beyond Joshimath or Metok: Unless China stops amassing troops along LAC, development race will heat up further
Till Everyone realises that 'development' does not solve all the problems of humanity, there will be the danger of new earthquakes, landslides, or 'sinking' towns
Polar bear attack leaves woman and boy dead in remote Alaksa village
The names of the two people killed were not released. Troopers said they were working to notify family members
Sanitation workers in rural Haryana unable to access ration, health care


Support for Windows 2003 is coming to an end. With 30,000 Global Consulting and Support experts and 29,000 joint HP/Microsoft partners, HP and Megabyte have the largest network of professionals ready to help plan, design, implement, manage and support your migration. As the industry leader in Windows infrastructure and with over 30 years of Microsoft solution expertise, HP is uniquely positioned to help you migrate with confidence. HP delivers the right compute for the right operating system for the right workload.
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By modernizing, customers can significantly reduce expenses, increase flexibility, and improve customer experience and service levels on older applications.
Customers can realize new efficiencies for their infrastructure that will enable them to innovate, adapt and unleash new business value.


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There have been five baronetcies created for persons with the surname Morgan, two in the Baronetage of England, one in the Baronetage of Great Britain and two in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. All five creations are extinct.

The Morgan Baronetcy, of Llantarnam in the County of Monmouth, was created in the Baronetage of England on 12 May 1642 for Edward Morgan. The third Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Monmouthshire. The title became extinct on the death of the fourth Baronet in 1728.

The Morgan Baronetcy, of Llangattock (apparently either Llangattock Lingoed or Llangattock-Vibon-Avel) in the County of Monmouth, was created in the Baronetage of England on 7 February 1661 for Thomas Morgan. The second Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Radnor and Herefordshire. The third Baronet was Member of Parliament for Herefordshire. The fourth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Hereford and Herefordshire. The title became extinct on the latter's death in 1767.

The Gould, later Morgan Baronetcy, of Tredegar in the County of Monmouth, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 15 November 1792. For more information on this creation, see Baron Tredegar.

The Morgan Baronetcy, of Green Street, Grosvenor Square, in the Parish of Saint George, Mayfair, City of Westminster, in the County of London and of Lincoln's Inn, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 13 October 1892 for the Welsh lawyer and Liberal politician George Osborne Morgan. He was childless and the title became extinct on his death in 1897.

The Morgan Baronetcy, of Whitehall Court in the City of Westminster, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom 28 July 1906 for Walter Morgan, Lord Mayor of London from 1905 to 1906. The title became extinct on his death in 1916. Octavius Vaughan Morgan was the younger brother of Sir Walter Morgan, 1st Baronet.

Morgan baronets, of Llantarnam (1642)
Sir Edward Morgan, 1st Baronet (–1653)
Sir Edward Morgan, 2nd Baronet (died )
Sir Edward Morgan, 3rd Baronet (died 1682)
Sir James Morgan, 4th Baronet (died 1728)

Morgan baronets, of Langattock (1661)
Sir Thomas Morgan, 1st Baronet (–1679)
Sir John Morgan, 2nd Baronet (–1693)
Sir Thomas Morgan, 3rd Baronet (1684–1716)
Sir John Morgan, 4th Baronet (1710–1767)

Gould, later Morgan baronets, of Tredegar (1792)
see Baron Tredegar

Morgan baronets, of Green Street and Lincoln's Inn (1892)
Sir George Osborne Morgan, 1st Baronet (1826–1897)

Morgan baronets, of Whitehall Court (1906)
Sir Walter Vaughan Morgan, 1st Baronet (1831–1916)

See also
Vaughan-Morgan baronets
Hughes-Morgan baronets

References

Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom