For those who love antique things, jewelry and Soviet symbols, dry bridge market in the capital of Georgia is for you! This extraordinary open-air market facilitates many sellers offering very interesting and unique things from the past. The name is after a bridge that leads to it. Once, it was above a river, but it dried out. Thus, the name "Dry bridge" was born. It is located near Dedaena park and is easily visible due to the crowd always being there.
Imagine a museum where you could buy things at a heck of a bargain price! Well, Between an old vase and a picture of Stalin, you can find old Soviet medals, Georgian books, maps, pins, badges and kitchenware. Be careful, this huge assortment of all kinds of things will keep your attention for hours if not prepared properly, since it is just like a maze.
In the past, this place used to be just a place where people would go and sell their stuff, but nowadays, for some people, it has become the source of their main business. While shopping on the market, you'll sometimes see old people with their children, or even grandchildren, selling things with them. If the weather is good, they will be there, at their usual place, open from early morning to 5pm.
It was a surprise to hear one of the sellers speak five different languages in order to promote his products. People mostly communicate in Georgian, but it is likely that they speak Russian too. English is a rare language on the market, but the competition has made them learn enough so that the buyer can bargain.
Apart from the kitchenware, one might stumble upon, if investigated enough, animal trophies brought by hunters. You can buy a giant head of a wild boar, deer horns and an animal fur. Local painters bring their artwork to sell and they have their special places which is behind the main line of jewelry, knives and Christian icons. It is very easy to navigate through the market since it is small.
While you can buy some goods, you can also get a little cultural experience, for free, with which you can analyze the history of what has happened to the country. People sell their medals of honor which they got during the Soviet Union. All they are left with are useless medals and loads of money from the past and the only thing they can do with that money is to sell it. The money they sell nowadays has no value but is historic. When asked why they have the money, they answer that they lots of it, but they couldn't buy anything, so now the only option is for tourists to have it in exchange for real money of value.
Though the place is moderately cheap for natives, for tourists it is inflated. You need to bargain, or a better option: take a Georgian friend with you so he can bargain.


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hybodus
Hock Cliff – 30 June 2019
On Sunday the 30th July, UKAFH embarked on a fossiling foray in Gloucestershire, on the River Severn near a small village called Frampton on Severn – a location known as Hock Cliff.
We met at a private car park for which we were very grateful to have received permission to use. (Please note that if visiting Hock Cliff individually parking would need to be sourced elsewhere along the road heading north west from Frampton on Severn). From here, group leader Lizzy Hingley guided us on a short walk through fields before arriving on the riverbank where a cliff, at most 20m tall, is exposed for a stretch of just over 1000m.
The cliff and foreshore exposed at Hock Cliff are made up of the lower portions of the Blue Lias formation, an early Jurassic formation about 200 million years old. As well as Gloucestershire, The Blue Lias formation is exposed along the Somerset Coast, in Dorset near Lyme Regis, South Wales and even parts of Yorkshire, so the material here was not unfamiliar to many of the seasoned hunters on this trip. The Blue Lias consist of repeating bands of a blueish limestone and darker shale (The name Blue Lias is derived from the blue colour of the limestone, the colour itself is derived from the high concentration of pyrite in the stone). These sediments were formed in a warm, placid, shallow sea which would have been much closer to the equator than present day. The surprisingly formulaic nature of the repetitive limestone and shale bands can be interpreted as resulting from a Milankovich Cycle. This is a cycle in which the earth wobbles on its longitudinal axis – a result of gravitational influence from other celestial masses – which result in earth's polar regions becoming closer, then further from the sun and so effecting global climate and sea level; and consequently the sedimentation of this Jurassic sea as finer sediments travel further from their source, effecting the type of sediment produced. Amazingly we can calculate the length of this cycle and so can interpret each section of limestone and shale to represent about 90,000 years of time, which unlike more homogeneous strata allows us to visualise the passage of time throughout the formation.
This location is incredibly fossiliferous with well-preserved examples from much of the familiar early Jurassic marine forna abundant here. Most notably the bivalve Gryphaea (Often called Devil's Toenails) can be found in quantity but are remarkably well preserved, often with both valves intact and with pronounced growth rings, allowing you to calculate its age when it died. Ammonites are also common, often small and preserved in pyrite, hints of gigantic ammonites can be spotted in the limestone ledges. There is also a crinoidal bed where, if exposed, mudstone packed full of crinoid beautifully preserved in calcite can be found. Hock cliff also has its share of vertebrates including fish, Hybodus sharks and marine reptiles such as ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. Further down the River Severn the pterosaur Dimorphodon was found in the Blue Lias above Aust cliff so the chance of terrestrial fauna is not unimaginable.
After a short introduction to the geology and paleaontology of the area, fossils were being found by the group almost immediately. Matilda Brewer was first in with a fantastic Promicroceras ammonite preserved in pyrite and Barry Taylor found an exceptional example of crinoid bed which was not very abundant on this trip. I think everyone found a great example of Gryphaea, some with the tube casts of creatures who made their home on the shell preserved. Rob Howe struck lucky when he found a small, fairly worn but significantly uncommon ichthyosaur vertebra. However, the star of the show was by far the exceptionally rare and beautifully preserved Hybodus shark tooth found by Tegan Watts.
Hybodus Tooth found by Tegan Watts
Gryphaea in matrix found by Matilda Brewer
Ichthyosaur Vertebra found by Rob Howe
Ammonites and Crinoid in sity found by Lizzy Hingley
Loads of Gryohaea!
Ammonite found by Matilda Brewer
Crinoid bed found by Barry Taylor
We were not just lucky with our fossil finds but also lucky with the fine weather, which had cooled slightly from the 30C+ the previous day. Importantly the ground was solid – if visiting this site in winter months or after heavy rain it is important to take extra care as the solid ground becomes dangerous mud.
Hock Cliff is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and so the cliffs and foreshore must not be hammered or dug into. However, there are plenty of loose fossils to be collected along the foreshore.
A big thank you to everyone who attended our hunt at Hock Cliff, it was a great day with a great group of fossil hunters! See you all again soon.
This entry was posted in Reports and tagged ammonite, blue lias, Crinoid, fossil, gryphaea, hock cliff, hybodus, jurassic.
Fossil Hunt at Aust January 14th 2018
On 14 January, UKAFH commenced its packed 2018 schedule with a long-awaited return to Aust in Gloucestershire.
Aust is a small village preceding the Severn River Crossing into Wales. From here, you can access the River Severn foreshore, and the iconic red and grey cliffs visible to commuters travelling from the Principality. The slipway from which access is gained to the foreshore was under maintenance for much of 2016 and 2017, so UKAFH had not led a hunt here for over two years – it was good finally to be back. And, as if we were all sticking to our new year's resolutions, the hunt was perfect – great finds, great weather and a great group of intrepid fossil hunters.
We began with an explanation of the geology and were shown examples of likely finds by hunt leader, Lee-Anne Collins, and support leader, Sam Caethoven.
Lee-anne Collins and Sam Caethoven briefing the group
Searching for fossils
The cliffs either side of the Severn Crossing's huge concrete plinths are visually impressive and illustrate a period of coastal transition, some 221-201myrs ago during the late Triassic. The towering red mudstone of the Branscombe Mudstone Formation represents a 15myr period of seasonal lacustrine deposition in which the depth and salinity of an ephemeral lake fluctuated dramatically. This is evident in the streaks of white evaporite gypsum that stutter throughout this section of the cliff. The environment was hypersaline and inhospitable, that is, an environment not suited to macrofauna and, as such, is unfossiliferous.
Above the red mudstone sits the Blue Anchor Formation. Although this green-grey mudstone represents a time of better sustained water level in a lake or lagoonal environment – evidence of an advancing shoreline – it was still hypersaline and so devoid of macrofossils. It is above these strata, at the base of the Westbury formation, where the fossils we hoped to find exist. At the base of the shale and limestones of the Westbury Formation is the Rhaetic Bonebed – a green-grey calcareous siltstone conglomerate about 205myrs old, which, in contrast to the underlying strata, is incredibly fossiliferous. The Rhaetic Bonebed represents a marine environment, which was shallow, brackish and subject to strong tidal currents and/or storm events. This is evident in the conglomerate nature of the deposit and disarticulation of vertebrate fossils, which commonly include the teeth and bones of fish, sharks and marine reptiles, such as ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. Although marine life was clearly profuse, the seafloor was anoxic (without oxygen), aiding the preservation of fossils, which is most notable in the accumulation of coprolites. The bonebed is about 15cm thick, so represents a relatively quick but dramatic coastal transition. Later in the Westbury Formation, the sediment becomes more homogenous, representing a less turbulent marine environment, while the seafloor becomes more hospitable, shown by the abundance of bivalves and the bioturbation of sediment dwelling organisms.
The bonebed is, however, inaccessibly high in the cliff and so we had to hope for recent rockfalls to have bought this highly fossiliferous layer to the foreshore. On this occasion, we were in luck. Some large boulders had recently fallen, while smaller pieces and isolated fossils from the bonebed were easily found amongst the shingle.
Great Severnichthys tooth found by Teilo How
Isolated bone found by Sam Caethoven
A single coprolite in matrix
As we headed east along the foreshore, it was not long before finds were made. Mary Bite began proceedings by finding a remarkably large Severnichthys tooth – Severnichthys is a large, predatory fish named after the River Severn along which its teeth are often found. Soon, most attendees were finding examples of bonebed, which contained a plethora of fossils, including tiny fish and shark teeth, isolated bones and copious coprolites. As we approached the concrete plinth of the Severn Crossing, Mike Greaves found an Hybodus shark's tooth, again, of remarkable size.
Huge Hybodus shark tooth found by Mike Greaves
Isolated bone found by Aidan Philpott
Huge Severnichthys tooth found by Mary Bite
We carefully made our way around the concrete plinth to the east side of the bridge, where some large sections of bonebed had recently fallen. By breaking up these blocks, many
fantastic fossils were found, including several Hybodus fin spines and beautifully ornamented fish scales. It is possible to treat rocks from the bonebed with vinegar to extract the fossils they contain – placing the rock in a sealed jar containing white vinegar of 6-7% and replacing the vinegar every few days will dissolve the rock. Sieving the sediment at the bottom of the jar will yield dozens of isolated teeth and scales, which you can observe in detail under a microscope or magnifying lens. However, it is worth noting that coprolites and bone often become fragmentary during this process. As the hunt drew to a conclusion, Mike Greaves made a rare and exceptional find in the form of a large Severnichthys jaw section, which clearly contained a number of large teeth. Mike is in the process of very carefully prepping and preserving this fragile specimen, and we hope to keep you updated about his progress on our Facebook page.
Severnichthys jaw section with protruding teeth found by Mike Greaves
Beautifully Ornamented Gyrolepis fish scale
Hybodus fin spine found by Wojciech Wolski
Another Hybodus fin spine found by Pascal Coulon
Severnichthys fish tooth found by Aidan Philpott
Interesting bone in matrix
Thank you to everyone who joined us for our first fossil hunt of 2018. It was a truly great start to the year and it was great to meet so many new fossil enthusiasts. We hope to see you all again soon on another fantastic fossil foray.
Left to Right: Sam Caethoven, Aidan Philpott, Lee-anne Collins, Mike Greaves
This entry was posted in Reports and tagged aust, bonebed, fin spine, fossils, hybodus, raetian, raetic, severn, severnichthys.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Our plans and strategies
The Auckland Unitary Plan
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Updates on Auckland Unitary Plan appeals
Appeals against Auckland Council's decisions on the proposed plan closed on Friday 16 September 2016.
Notices of appeals and interested party notices (section 274) served on the council were published on 31 October 2016.
Note: the annotations to the Auckland Unitary Plan Operative in part will be updated to reflect the changes made through the appeal process.
Status of lodged appeals
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Appeals filed in the Environment Court against Auckland Council's decisions on the proposed plan
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Motorola Triumph Review: The Best Contract-Free Phone Available Now
By Armando Rodriguez
Very fast and responsive
No third-party Android overlay
Sharp and clear display
Audio in videos sounds muffled
Camera images could be sharper
The Motorola Triumph is one of the best prepaid phones you can buy.
When it comes to prepaid phones, the Motorola Triumph is one of the best I have ever seen. This $300 device from Virgin Mobile (price as of July 25, 2011) proves that you don't need top-of-the-line specs, like a dual-core processor or 4G connectivity, to create a great phone.
The Triumph looks and feels sleeker than Motorola's recent offerings, the Droid X2 and the Droid 3. At 4.80 by 2.60 by 0.39 inches, the Triumph is slightly shorter and thinner than the Droid 3. The Triumph weighs 5.04 ounces, and feels well balanced in the hand.
The 4.1-inch WVGA display does an excellent job of displaying crisp and clear images, though it was a little difficult to see outside. Putting the Triumph in a side-by-side comparison with the Droid 3, I found the screen on the Triumph to be much sharper, and its colors looked far more natural than those on its Verizon cousin.
The Motorola Triumph runs stock Android 2.2 (Froyo), which isn't the most recent version of the OS. Last month Virgin Mobile pledged to ship only phones running vanilla Android, and so far the company seems to be holding true to that promise. But this doesn't mean that the Triumph is free from preloaded applications (also known as bloatware). While nowhere near as bad as what we saw on the Droid 3–or any other Verizon Android device, for that matter–the software on the Triumph includes certain applications (such as Poynt) that you cannot remove without rooting the device. Still, the fact that the phone ships without a custom overlay offsets the handful of preloaded apps.
If you didn't look up the specs, you would swear that the Triumph was a dual-core phone. This single-core 1GHz powerhouse is as fast as any of the recent dual-core devices we've seen, and it can jump in and out of various applications with ease. The Triumph was extremely responsive when I swiped through home screens and typed on the on-screen keyboard. The Triumph's fantastic performance might be the result of the absence of a custom overlay, though we haven't done any formal tests yet to be sure.
Since Virgin Mobile lacks a 4G network, it makes sense that the Triumph would ship without 4G support. Regardless, the Triumph loaded Web pages and downloaded apps in a few brief seconds over Virgin's 3G network. Streaming high-quality YouTube videos might take a bit longer, but overall the phone performed solidly when surfing the Internet and performing day-to-day tasks. Virgin uses Sprint's 3G network, so you'll have nationwide coverage and access to the same 3G speeds that Sprint users enjoy.
Call quality could have been clearer; the person I called said that I sounded slightly fuzzy, but they could easily understand and hear what I was saying.
Battery life is what you would expect from a smartphone. After 4 hours of heavy use, the battery dropped from 100 percent to 65 percent. If you love to download a ton of apps or play games for countless hours on your phone, you'll probably want to keep a charger with you just in case. If not, you can probably make it an entire day on a single charge.
The Motorola Triumph uses the stock Android 2.2 camera interface. Although the interface doesn't have as many bells and whistles as the ones by LG or Samsung, it does the job just as well. The Triumph has two cameras: a rear-facing 5-megapixel camera capable of shooting 720p video, and a front-facing VGA camera for video chatting.
The rear-facing camera captured decent photos, though it was slow to focus and take the picture. Indoor images came out slightly darker and could have been sharper. Images using the flash could have used more sharpness, too, but they weren't as washed out as images taken with a dual-LED flash.
Videos were clear, but audio sounded muffled when played through the phone's speakers. When I played the audio through my headphones, voices sounded slightly tinny, though clearer than they did over the phone's speakers.
The front-facing camera takes satisfactory photos and videos for a VGA camera, though unfortunately the Triumph has no preinstalled application to take advantage of the camera for video chats. Luckily you can install an app like Fring, which allows you to make and receive video calls with other Fring users.
Surprisingly, the Triumph features a Micro HDMI-out port, so you can share your media on a larger screen. You normally don't see HDMI-out ports on prepaid phones, so having one on the Triumph is really a great addition.
The Motorola Triumph is the device to get if you are searching for a contract-free phone. The Triumph is fast, it has great battery life, and its screen is sharper than any of the qHD displays we've seen on Motorola's subsidized phones for larger carriers. At $300 the Triumph is a steal, and I recommend it to anyone looking for a new phone. It may not take the best pictures, but overall the phone is excellent.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A lovely and immensely practical chest of 5 drawers from mid century greats, GPlan. The Brandon range is very popular with mid century lovers, and rightly so – this chest features handy dividers in the top drawer (eat your heart out, Marie Kondo), with the further 4 drawers increasing in depth to cover all your storage needs. The neatly chiseled handles provide a eye catching detail.
Being an oak veneer, the top of this chest does show some marks that we have been unable to sand out – please make sure you look at all the pictures for more detail. That said, it is still a lovely piece which would suit any mid century lovers home, and when in use, the marks do not detract from the overall look of the piece.
Structurally sound and with all the drawers running smoothly, this beautiful dresser could be equally useful in a bedroom, living room, child's room or even a kitchen – really, anywhere that you need to store stuff!


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Home Archive Origin of MCC relief was tractors for Ukraine
Origin of MCC relief was tractors for Ukraine
CL Archives
MCC held its first official meeting, then commissioned first relief team
By Meghan Mast for MCC
Relief and development are not just words to MCC – they formed and continue to shape what the organization is today. To understand, let's go back to the very beginning in Ukraine – a place where MCC currently is responding to a different crisis with cash assistance, blankets, kits and canned meat.
Nearly 100 years ago, citizens of southern Russia were buckling under the weight of revolution, heavy Bolshevik taxes and a typhoid epidemic.
Four Mennonite men from the area set out to ask for help.
Russians seek help from U.S., Canadian Mennonites
In 1920, the "Studien Kommission," as the group was called, traveled from southern Russia, what is today known as Ukraine, to western Europe and North America. They shared stories of the revolution, counter-revolutions and resulting struggles for the approximately 100,000 Mennonites and other residents.
Their pleas convinced Mennonite relief commissions in Canada and the U.S. to consolidate. MCC held its first official meeting Sept. 27, 1920, in Chicago, Ill.
As people gathered there, the first MCC relief team – made up of Orie O. Miller, Clayton Kratz and Arthur Slagel – travelled to Constantinople, today known as Istanbul, with a shipment of material goods.
But southern Russia was in political turmoil and the delivery was delayed. During this time, Kratz was arrested by the Bolsheviks and never seen again. Slagel and Miller were unable to distribute the assistance as planned. Meanwhile, the situation worsened.
Bolshevik taxes, which included large payments of grain and food, had started to take a toll. By the following year famine struck and people in the southern Soviet Union were crying out for help.
People began cooking anything they could find, including mushrooms and weeds, gophers, crows and sometimes even cats and dogs.
A letter from a Russian Mennonite from Dec. 25, 1921, read:
"Our food since last spring has been black tea and herring, and now dear friends, all of this is gone. If you can't help, then we will die of starvation. On Central Street alone of our village, forty-two persons have died during the summer and most of them for want of food. We are in need, not only of food but also of clothing."
Finally, after more than a year, the newly established Soviet Union allowed MCC into the region, under the condition they feed and clothe all people in need, not just Mennonites. Alvin Miller, the new MCC director, agreed and the first relief kitchen opened March 16, 1922, in the village of Rosenthal, Choritza colony.
Local villagers helped run the kitchens that fed 800 to 1,000 people every day. By May that year MCC was feeding 24,000 to 25,000 people daily in 140 kitchens throughout the southern Soviet Union. They also opened food programs in parts of Siberia.
Helping people feed themselves
MCC workers soon recognized it was not enough to feed and clothe people. They also wanted to help people feed themselves.
Residents of southern Russia lacked many of the necessary materials to begin farming again. Many of the horses in the country had either died during the war or starved during the famine.
MCC coordinated two shipments of Ford tractors, sent from Detroit, Mich., to help with the harvest. These, along with horses and cows, were provided to farmers on credit.
By 1923, Ukraine experienced a decent harvest, which enabled MCC to leave the region at that time.
MCC returned to Ukraine after the fall of the Soviet Union, at the invitation of a local Baptist Union. Today, the conflict in Ukraine has once again compelled MCC to respond by supporting local partners so they can provide food and supplies for displaced people.
A video with more photos of MCC's early days can be seen at mcc.org/stories/tractors-ukraine-origins-mcc-relief. To learn more about MCC's recent work in Ukraine, visit mcc.org and search for Ukraine.
Mennonite Central Committee: Relief, development and peace in the name of Christ
Photo: Ukraine farmers harvest barley with a swather, sent from MCC, near Choritza sometime between 1922 and 1925. (MCC Photo Collection)
This article is part of the CL Archives. Articles published between August 2017 and July 2008 were posted on a previous website and are archived here for your convenience. We have also posted occasional articles published prior to 2008 as part of the archive. To report a problem with the archived article, please contact the CL editor at editor@usmb.org.
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Located in a Renaissance building in the heart of Old Lyon, this charming 24m² studio apartment on the 3rd floor, with no lift, has a living room with king-size bed, a desk, cable TV, Wi-Fi internet connection, a kitchen with twin hotplate, multifunction microwave and a shower room with toilet. Free laundry service (once a week). Weekly cleaning. Located in the lively historic pedestrian and shopping area, just 5 minutes from Place Bellecour, near the underground and bus.


Many thanks to Steve Hayward for the third session of his excellent photoshop tutorials prior to our meeting: we looked at using the clone tool, healing patch and the soft light blending mode to achieve subtle effects - like taking years of his model with a few neat key strokes!
We welcomed Roy Essery as judge of our third competition of the year and his even-handed and fair approach helped make this an enjoyable and interesting evening. Roy managed to always talk about the positives he saw in our images before making suggestions for how the image might have been improved, in his opinion. He gave just a few sixes and many more mid-range marks as well as a handful of nines and tens. (All the entries will be posted soon under the Galleries - Internal Competitions tab.) He kept his personal anecdotes short and pertinent, so that the photographer whose image was before us wasn't left hanging on for too long before hearing the mark. He had humour and a light touch and surprised us all with a first: he gave a token box of shortbread to the image he had personally liked the most!
We were pleased that some of our newer members had entered prints and/or DPIs - it has been some time since our last competition and the lively interest in looking at each other's work and hearing the comments from the judge, made for a great evening. It was particularly gratifying to see one image obviously directly influenced by Fran Walding's presentation last time, on light and glassware - and it only just missed a ten.The open competition is sometimes thought to be more difficult than one with a theme as we all trawl through our files looking for entries, but the process is also a good discipline in making us look critically at our own images, as we make our choice. Then the next decision is which two as prints and which for DPIs and if prints, what mounts and paper to use?
Now we need to send our submissions to Natalie for the Barbican exhibition, then shoot and choose our entries for the last competition of the year, on the theme of 'Weather'. I do wish it would snow in London before then. In the meantime, keep posting your five images a week on Flickr's 'Pick go the Week' and this month's theme is RED. Even if you don't post any images, you can participate by making helpful and constructive comments for the rest of us and 'faving' those you like.
Comments and feedback below, please!
I thought this was one of the best competition evenings I've been to. The standard of the entries was gratifyingly high - what a talented lot we are! Roy was generous with his comments and I learned a huge amount from his insights. Everyone was delighted that Jean was the winner of the Judge's choice with her fresh glimpse of the Shard through an East End sculpture.


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International Journal of Food Science
International Journal of Food Science/
AbstractIntroductionConclusionReferencesCopyrightRelated Articles
Review Article | Open Access
Ethoxyquin: An Antioxidant Used in Animal Feed
Alina Błaszczyk,1Aleksandra Augustyniak,1and Janusz Skolimowski2
Academic Editor: Ángel Medina-Vayá
Received15 Jan 2013
Accepted02 Apr 2013
Published30 Apr 2013
Ethoxyquin (EQ, 6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline) is widely used in animal feed in order to protect it against lipid peroxidation. EQ cannot be used in any food for human consumption (except spices, e.g., chili), but it can pass from feed to farmed fish, poultry, and eggs, so human beings can be exposed to this antioxidant. The manufacturer Monsanto Company (USA) performed a series of tests on ethoxyquin which showed its safety. Nevertheless, some harmful effects in animals and people occupationally exposed to it were observed in 1980's which resulted in the new studies undertaken to reevaluate its toxicity. Here, we present the characteristics of the compound and results of the research, concerning, for example, products of its metabolism and oxidation or searching for new antioxidants on the EQ backbone.
During storage of animal feed many different processes may occur which alter their initial natural proprieties. First of all, lipids undergo peroxidation, the process during which they are deteriorated in a free radical autocatalytic oxidation chain reaction with atmospheric oxygen. Lipid autooxidation is a cascade phenomenon ensuring continuous delivery of free radicals, which initiate continuous peroxidation. This process results in food rancidity which manifests itself as the change of taste, scent, and color as well as decrease in shelf life of the product. Natural or synthetic antioxidants are usually used to slow down or stop lipid peroxidation and in consequence to preserve freshness of the product. Many natural antioxidants, such as tocopherols, vitamin C, flavonoids, for a short period, may be effective in food preserving, but in many cases such protection is not sufficient. Therefore synthetic antioxidants are widely used, among which BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), and EQ (ethoxyquin) are the most frequent. However, some effects of synthetic antioxidants are not always beneficial for our health. Antioxidants such as BHA or BHT have been widely used for many years to preserve freshness, flavor, and colour of foods and animal feeds as well as to improve the stability of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. There are many controversies about the use of these two antioxidants in foods. Some experimental studies have reported that both BHT and BHA have tumour-promoting activity [1, 2]. On the other hand, there were reports on anticarcinogenic properties of these antioxidants when they are used at low concentrations [3]. Human exposures are at least 1000-fold below those associated with any neoplastic actions in laboratory animals thus it is assumed that they are not harmful for human beings [3, 4].
The third compound, EQ, is one of the best known feed antioxidants for domestic animal and fish. Its unquestionable advantage is its high antioxidant capacity and low production costs. However, some of the authors have suggested that it is responsible for a wide range of health-related problems in dogs as well as in humans [5–9]. Due to the increased use of this antioxidant it was nominated by FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) for carcinogenicity testing [10]. The tests were carried out by Monsanto Company (USA), EQ producer, and after that in 1977 FDA requested for optional lowering of the maximum level of EQ in complete dog foods from allowed 150 ppm (0.015%) to 75 ppm (0.0075%). At the same time new studies were started by the Pet Food Institute to determine whether even lower EQ levels (between 30 and 60 ppm) would provide antioxidant protection for dog food [11].
Ethoxyquin is also known as Santoquin, Santoflex, Quinol. It was originally developed in rubber industry to prevent rubber from cracking due to oxidation of isoprene [12]. The Monsanto Company (USA) taking into account its high antioxidant efficiency and stability as well as low costs of synthesis refined it later for use as a preservative in animal feeds because it protects against lipid peroxidation and stabilizes fat soluble vitamins (A, E). Presently, ethoxyquin is used primarily as an antioxidant in canned pet food and in feed intended for farmed fish or poultry.
The use of ethoxyquin is not permitted in foods intended for human, except preserving powdered paprika and chili colour and using it as an antiscald agent in pears and apples (inhibition of "brown spots" development). However, because EQ is used as a feed antioxidant it can be also found in other products intended for human consumption like fish meal, fish oils, and other oils, fats, and meat (Table 1). An acceptable daily intake (ADI) of EQ for human (0–0.005 mg kg−1 bw) based on the results obtained from studies on dogs was established in 1998 [13, 14].
Permitted amounts of EQ in different products approved by FDA*.
This paper presents characteristics of ethoxyquin with regard to its properties, metabolism, toxicity, possible carcinogenicity, and antioxidant activity.
2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethoxyquin (EQ)
For the first time EQ was synthesized in 1921 by Knoevenagel [15]. The synthesis was based on condensation of aniline with molecules of acetone or its analogues [15, 16]. Błaszczyk et al. [16] synthesized EQ from p-phenetidine (4-ethoxyaniline) and diacetone alcohol in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid or iodine. Pure ethoxyquin (EQ; 6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline; CAS number 91-53-2; Figure 1) is a light yellow liquid, but it changes color to brown if it is exposed to oxygen [12]. It also tends to polymerize on exposure to light and air. The scent of EQ is described as mercaptan like. As a nonpolar substance EQ is soluble only in organic solvents. Some of the additional properties of EQ are presented in Table 2.
Physical and chemical properties of ethoxyquin.
Chemical structure of ethoxyquin (EQ) and of some new compounds synthesized on ethoxyquin backbone with promising antioxidant properties (according to de Koning [12], Dorey et al. [15] and Błaszczyk and Skolimowski [17]).
3. Biotransformation of EQ
3.1. Animals
Ethoxyquin is rapidly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract of laboratory animals like rats and mice. Peak blood concentration of the compound is observed within 1 h. Distribution of EQ in animal body is similar when it is administered orally and intravenously. Small amounts of parent EQ were detected in liver, kidney, and adipose tissue and fish muscles [20–24]. It is excreted predominantly as metabolites via urine. Metabolism of EQ was studied in rats, mice, dogs, chickens, and fish, as well as in plants [13, 21, 25]. It is not fully described but some metabolites were identified (Table 3). The most important EQ metabolites observed in rat urine and bile result from O-deethylation at position 6-C, and then conjugation with sulphate or glucuronide residues. The other metabolic pathways include hydroxylation and glucuronidation at position 8-C, deethylation at 6-C and epoxidation between positions 3-C and 4-C [21]. The main metabolites observed may be different depending on animal species. In mice mainly glucuronide metabolites were detected while in rats those result from conjugation of EQ with sulfate.
Metabolite/degradation products of EQ detected in different organisms.
In the studies of Bohne et al. [23, 26] parent EQ, dem-ethylated EQ (DEQ), quinone imine (QI), and EQ dimer (EQDM) were observed in salmonid fish after long-term dietary exposure to EQ. It was in agreement with the results obtained earlier by Skaare and Roald [27]. EQ is considered as a model inducer of phase II enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, but influence of EQ on phase I enzyme gene transcript levels was also observed [28, 29]. The key role in mediating phase I reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction) producing more hydrophilic compounds is played by the CYP (cytochrome P450) enzyme family. Bohne et al. [28, 29] observed the alteration of CYP3A gene expression; an increase in the amount of CYP3A transcripts was detected in salmon after feeding them with the diet containing EQ at the highest dose used (1800 mg kg−1). The authors speculate that EQ may regulate CYP3 gene expression by interaction, for example, with pregnane X nuclear receptor (PXR) whose function is to sense the presence of toxic xenobiotics and in response enhance the expression of proteins involved in their detoxification. On the other hand, CYP1A1 gene expression, which was described as an exposure biomarker to both endogenous and exogenous compounds [30], was not increased after dietary exposure of salmonid fish to EQ and during the depuration period a trend toward downregulation was noted [28, 29]. Such an effect was observed despite the increase in the expression of AhR mRNA (AhR, cytosolic transcription factor responsible for changes in gene transcription). This effect can be explained in several ways. For example, the parent EQ may bind CYP1A1 protein and as a result may inhibit the gene expression and activity of protein [31]. Hepatic antioxidant response elements (ARE) or AhR repressor (AhRR) together with basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS (Per-AhR/ARNT-Sim homology sequence) of transcription factor usually associated with each other to form heterodimers (AhR/ARNT or AhRR/ARNT) may be also involved in the CYP1A1 downregulation process. These heterodimers can influence gene expression by binding ARE sequences in the gene promoter regions [32].
However, EQ as other phenolic antioxidants, first of all causes induction of phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Bohne et al. [28, 29] observed elevated dose-related uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl-transferase (UDPGT) mRNA expression after dietary exposure to EQ. As UDPGT reacts with the compounds that have the hydroxyl group (-OH) parent EQ cannot be the potential substrate for glucuronidation, only its metabolites, for example DEQ (6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline; Table 3), the metabolite identified by Berdikova Bohne et al. [26] in Atlantic salmon. Changes in the expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene were also observed after feeding animals with EQ containing feed. The alterations in GST activity caused by EQ were documented in Atlantic salmon [28, 29], in rodents [33, 34], and in nonhuman primates [35]. In addition to UDPGT and GST, some other enzymes are involved in phase II metabolism of EQ, for example, NADP(H) : quinone oxidoreductase and epoxide hydrolase [36].
The expression pattern of both phase I and II enzymes involved in EQ metabolism may vary in different animals and should be considered in relation to the ratio of parent EQ and its metabolites (first of all DEQ, QI, and EQDM) in the liver [29, 37]. The research concerning this issue is currently in progress.
3.2. Plants
Ethoxyquin is also registered as an antioxidant to control scald (browning) in apples and pears. The EQ plant metabolites/degradation products were detected, and it was shown that in general they are different from those observed in animals (Table 3). In pears treated with ring-labeled [14C]ethoxyquin the following compounds were detected: N–N and C–N dimers, demethylethoxyquin (DMEQ), dehydrodemethylethoxyquin (DHMEQ), and dihydroethoxyquin (DHEQ) [14, 25]. It was shown that ethoxyquin was rapidly degradated or metabolized but itself it was not translocated into the pulp of fruit where the residues were detected (less than 0.5% of total radioactive residue was EQ). Toxicity of EQ metabolites, MEQ, DHMEQ, and DHEQ was studied in dogs (oral administration, single doses of 50 to 200 mg kg−1 bw), and it was found that they did not show any significant toxicity. In the report of Gupta and Boobis [14] the rank order of toxic potency for the plant metabolites and EQ is MEQ EQ DHEQ DHMEQ (the least toxic first). MEQ, DHMEQ, and DHEQ were also evaluated for genotoxicity in in vitro and in vivo tests. The compounds did not cause gene mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli strains, but they induced chromosomal aberrations or/and endoreduplication in Chinese hamster ovary cells. On the other hand, plant metabolites/degradation products did not exhibit genotoxic potential in vivo. ADI intake for humans for MEQ, DHMEQ, and DHEQ was estimated at the same level as for EQ (0–0.005 mg kg−1 bw).
4. Antioxidant Activity of EQ
EQ possesses high-antioxidative activity. It is very efficient in protecting lipids which are present in food against oxidization [38, 39]. Specifically it is used to retard oxidation of carotene, xanthophylls, and vitamins (like vitamins A or E). In animals treated with ethoxyquin three times higher level of vitamins A and E in blood plasma was observed [40]. This finding suggests that an organism is using EQ instead of natural antioxidants. High efficiency of this antioxidant results not only from chemical features of EQ itself but also from the fact that products of its oxidation also possess antioxidative properties [12, 39, 41].
Studies on EQ antioxidant properties were performed by Taimr [39] with the use of alkylperoxyls, and it was shown that the reaction rate of EQ with them is very high. In the presence of high oxygen concentrations EQ reacts with alkylperoxyl molecule to form aminyl radical (6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-1-yl) which subsequently may enter various pathways. In nonoxidizing conditions it can be stabilized both by the loss of methyl group and aromatization of heterocycle to form 2,4-dimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (dehydrodemethylethoxyquin (DHMEQ)) and through dimerization to form EQ dimer (EQDM) [39, 42]. On the other hand, in an oxidizing medium other molecules can be formed, for example, 2,6-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-6-quinolone (QI) or nitroxide radical (6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-N-oxyl) which is also a strong antioxidant [39, 42].
Products of EQ oxidation were detected by different authors in fish oil and meal [22, 43–45]. According to He and Ackman [46] the following oxidization products of EQ dominate in fish meal and fish feed: 2,6-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-6-quinolone (QI) and 1,8′-di(1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline) (EQDM). At high storage temperature neither QI nor EQDM accumulates; however, another product of EQ oxidation, 2,4-dimethyl-6-ethoxyquinoline, is stable [41]. As it was pointed out earlier, ethoxyquin oxidization products also possess antioxidative properties. The EQDM and QI show 69% and 80% of EQ efficacy, respectively (studies on fish meal) [12]. On the other hand, in the studies of Thorisson et al. [45] quinone imine (QI) and EQ nitroxide were also powerful antioxidants, while EQDM, the main product of EQ oxidation, showed little or no antioxidant behavior.
Antioxidant activity of EQ was also demonstrated in experiments performed both in vivo and in vitro. Antimutagenic effect of this antioxidant was observed in mice, rats, and Chinese hamsters treated with cyclophosphamide, an agent widely used in cancer chemotherapy [47–49]. During cyclophosphamide bioactivation reactive oxygen species are formed which can cause damage of genetic material [50, 51]. EQ reduced the number of chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, and dominant lethal mutations induced by the anticancer drug [47–49]. There were also some reports that EQ can modify carcinogenic response to different carcinogens [35, 52, 53]. EQ given to Fischer 344 rats in diet completely prevented the formation of aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic liver lesions [52, 53].
In in vitro experiments with human lymphocytes, antioxidant activity of EQ was observed in the comet assay (the method used to detect single- and double-strand DNA breaks, cross-links, and alkaline labile sites) and in micronucleus test (the method for the detection of micronuclei induced by clastogens or aneugens). EQ used at the concentrations ranging from 1 μM to 10 μM protected human lymphocytes against DNA damage caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 10 μM) [17]. This antioxidant also reduced the number of micronuclei caused by H2O2 used at concentration of 75 μM. However, the significant reduction was evident only in the case of lower EQ concentrations (5 μM, 10 μM) with no effect at higher concentration [17].
5. Adverse Effects of EQ: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies
Different phenolic antioxidants may be used in animal feed, such as BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), and the most efficacious EQ. The levels of the antioxidants in finished feed should not be higher than 150 ppm for EQ and 200 ppm for BHT and BHA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration permissions). The fact that efficient antioxidants work optimally when they are used at low concentrations is their remarkable characteristic. On the other hand, when antioxidants are used at high concentrations they act as prooxidants. The impact of these compounds depends on their concentration as well as on other factors such as metal-reducing potential, chelating behaviour, solubility, and pH. The effect of antioxidants on living organisms also depends on their bioavailability and stability in tissues [54, 55]. Phenolic antioxidants under favorable conditions may be converted to phenoxyl radicals with prooxidant activity [55]. It was shown that dissolved EQ may exist partly in the free radical form which it was also detected in the compound itself [56]. Therefore, ethoxyquin nitroxide which is produced by EQ oxidation similarly as other nitroxide molecules (e.g., tempol) may also show prooxidative properties [57]. Formation of free oxygen species as a result of using too high EQ concentrations can cause adverse health effects in animals fed with EQ containing feed or in people consuming meat from farmed animals, for example, different fishes.
The studies on EQ prooxidant activity and toxicity associated with it were performed both in vivo and in vitro. Dogs are most susceptible to the harmful effects of EQ, and first reports of such effects were received by FDA in 1988. The symptoms observed by dog owners and veterinarians were liver, kidney, thyroid and reproductive dysfunction, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects, allergic reactions, and a host of skin and hair abnormalities [7]. According to the studies on dogs and laboratory animals it was shown that ethoxyquin had little acute toxicity, except when it is administered parenterally. Values of LD50 for EQ are 1700 mg kg−1 bw (rats, oral gavage), 2000 mg kg−1 bw (rats, dermal treatment, 24 h), 900 mg kg−1 bw (mice, intraperitoneal administration), and 180 mg kg−1 bw (mice, intravenous administration) [13]. Despite species differences in the majority of animals treated with EQ at the concentrations higher than those permitted in animal feed, the same characteristic symptoms and pathologies appeared such as weight loss, liver, and kidney damage, alterations of alimentary duct (Table 4). The concentration of 100 ppm (equivalent to 2.5 mg kg−1 bw per day) was considered to be a minimal-effect level for clinical signs of toxicity and liver effects in dogs, the most susceptible animals [13, 14].
Harmful effects of EQ observed after its oral administration in different animals or in humans (contact exposure).
Detrimental effects of EQ were also seen when the experiments were performed at the cell metabolism level. Hernandez et al. [64] and Reyes et al. [65] analysed the impact of EQ on the metabolic pathways of rat renal and hepatic cells, as well as on mitochondria and submitochondrial particles obtained from bovine heart and kidney. They observed influence of EQ on energy processes in cells. EQ inhibited renal Na+, K+-ATPase activity involved in ion transport [64]. The authors suggested that EQ interacted with site I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and it resulted in inhibition of oxygen consumption in the mitochondria of kidney and liver cells when glucose was a respiratory substrate. The effect was dose dependent.
More than 30 years ago when EQ began to be more commonly used in animal feed research started to assess its mutagenicity with the use of Ames test which is performed on different Salmonella typhimurium strains. The results were equivocal as some results were negative [66–68], but the positive effects were also observed [69, 70]. It was also shown that EQ enhanced the mutagenic activity of DMBA (3,2′-dimethyl-4aminobiphenyl), a compound having carcinogenic properties [70]. Ethoxyquin was reported to both enhance and inhibit genetic changes induced by known carcinogens; on the other hand it can also lead to cancer in exposed animals. Manson et al. [53] observed in Fischer 344 rats that EQ caused severe damage in kidney. Many hyperplastic and putative preneoplastic tubules were found which suggested that EQ may be exerting a carcinogenic effect. Similar effects were observed earlier by Ito et al. [59] in relation not only to the kidney but also to the urinary bladder.
Possible carcinogenicity of EQ is probably connected with its prooxidant activity and induction of reactive oxygen radicals which cause DNA damage. DNA damage is usually repaired by cellular repair system, but if it is severe or there are too many lesions, this leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis). Sometimes, however, the programmed cell death pathway is damaged so when the defense mechanisms fail there is no way to stop a cell from becoming a cancer cell. Some in vitro studies showed both cytotoxic effects of EQ leading to cell apoptosis or necrosis and damage of genetic material at DNA or chromosome levels. Cytotoxic effects of pure EQ (purity 97%) were studied in vitro with the use of human lymphocytes. The IC50 value (the concentration causing 50% growth inhibition) for EQ determined after 72-hour treatment of the cells in the MTT assay was 0.09 mM [71]. This antioxidant significantly reduced viability of lymphocytes detected with trypan blue exclusion method after 24-hour treatment at the concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mM (cell divisions were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin, (PHA)) [19] or of 0.05 mM and higher when 1-hour treatment was performed [72]. EQ-induced apoptosis by observed in in vitro cultured human lymphocytes starting from 0.05 mM concentration and the detected number of apoptotic cells depended on the treatment time [71]. Ethoxyquin caused also DNA damage in the comet assay [72] however, most lesions could be repaired by cellular DNA repair systems [73]. On the other hand, the results obtained with the use of chromosome aberration test showed that unrepaired DNA damage induced by EQ could lead to permanent changes in genetic material [16, 74]. Błaszczyk et al. [16] and Gille et al. [74] showed that this antioxidant induced chromosome aberrations such as breaks, dicentrics, atypical translocated chromosomes, or chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster ovary cells. These aberrations are known to have serious biological consequences [75].
6. Analogues and Derivatives of EQ
Because of adverse health effects caused by EQ it is reasonable to search for new antioxidants as effective in scavenging free radicals as EQ which produce no such problems. In the paper of de Koning [12] nine analogues of EQ prepared to compare their antioxidant efficacy with that of the parent chemical are presented. The compounds have been tested in a refined fish oil and subsequently some of the most promising ones have been also tested in fish meal. It was noted that the results obtained in fish oil were not always the same as in fish meal, for example, hydroxyquin (1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline; Figure 1) was 3.5 times as effective as EQ in fish oil, while only of its efficacy was observed in fish meal. In the case of another compound—hydroquin (1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline; Figure 1) antioxidant efficacy in relation to EQ was 101% in fish oil and 52% in fish meal. Despite the lower efficiency of this compound in fish meal the author stated that hydroquin can compete with EQ as an antioxidant of choice [12]. The reason is that preparation of hydroquin based on aniline and acetone is more cost-effective than that of EQ whose production requires p-phenetidine (more expensive than aniline). Hydroquin was earlier patented as an antioxidant in animal feeds in 1997 [76]. The 2-year dermal research with the use of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice conducted under the National Toxicology Program [77] showed that the compound was not carcinogenic, but the studies performed by Sitarek and Sapota [78] showed its teratogenic properties.
In 2000 Dorey et al. [15] presented the report concerning the synthesis and biological properties of a new class of antioxidants based on the EQ backbone. The studies were performed to search for new quinolinic derivatives with radical scavenging activity, potential candidates for central nervous system protection. EQ is not suitable for that as it has been shown to exhibit significant hypothermic effect, probably as a result of an inhibition of electron transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain [65]. Dorey et al. [15] synthesized and studied many 1,2-dihydro and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines and then selected for further evaluation a group of antioxidants (5 compounds) with high radical scavenging capacities, relatively low toxicity, and moderate hypothermia. The compounds belonging to the group of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines (e.g., 6-ethoxy-2,2,5,7-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, characterized with the lowest toxicity and high radical scavenger capacity) are structurally similar to 2,2,4,7-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline synthesized and tested in our laboratory (Figure 1) [17]. The latter compound also had promising features: its antioxidant activity was comparable to that of EQ, but its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studied with the use of human lymphocytes in vitro were significantly lower. We believe that this chemical is worth of detailed studies to confirm its usefulness as a food preservative. Some other EQ derivatives and salts were also studied for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and antioxidant activity, namely, the complexes of ethoxyquin with flavonoids (rutin or quercetin), ethoxyquin hydrochloride, ethoxyquin phosphate, ethoxyquin L-ascorbate, ethoxyquin n-hexanoate, ethoxyquin salicylate, and ethoxyquin salt of Trolox C [19, 79–82]. The biological properties of the compounds were analysed with the use of MTT, TUNEL, and trypan blue staining methods (cytotoxicity testing), comet assay (genotoxicity testing), and micronucleus test (mutagenicity testing). From among the compounds tested ethoxyquin phosphate (EQ-F) was the least toxic (Table 5)—its cytotoxic and genotoxic activities in comparison with those of EQ were reduced positively ( mM versus 0.09 mM for EQ) [71]. On the other hand, antioxidant activity of EQ-F was observed, but it was the lowest of the tested compounds [82]. The studies showed that all the tested compounds were less toxic to human lymphocytes than EQ, and the antioxidant activity of four of them (ethoxyquin n-hexanoate, ethoxyquin complex with quercetin, ethoxyquin L-ascorbate, and ethoxyquin salicylate) was comparable with that of EQ [79–82]. The results obtained indicate that their use as antioxidants may be considered.
Comparison of different activities of ethoxyquin and its derivatives based on the data presented by Błaszczyk and Skolimowski [19, 71, 80–82] and Błaszczyk et al. [79].
7. Food Safety Aspect
EQ safety has been under consideration for many years. The level of this antioxidant in animal feeds should not be higher than 150 ppm (U.S. Food and Drug Administration permissions). The approved uses of ethoxyquin in animal feeds are addressed in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 21, Parts 573.380 and 573.400, and established tolerances are in Part 172.140. On the one hand, the observed adverse health effects (firstly in dogs) could be caused by the fact that the animals ate a lot of feed containing EQ, but on the other hand, it could also be the result of its excessive amounts in the feed. Ethoxyquin is added to animal feed either directly or indirectly as a component of an ingredient. From time to time FDA reminds industry about labeling and safe use requirements for ethoxyquin, but if it is added at the ingredient level this is not always indicated.
Another important safety issue is the presence of EQ oxidation and EQ metabolism products in animal feed or in foods prepared from farmed animal meat. de Koning [12] described main products of EQ oxidation which can be observed in stored feeds or in fish meal: EQ dimer (EQDM, 1,8′-di(1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline) and quinone imine (QI, 2,6-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-6-quinolone). Both compounds were shown to be potent antioxidants, but they can also have detrimental effect, especially so because the half-life of the dimer was considerably greater than that of EQ [26, 28]. In the recent studies no adverse toxicological effects of EQDM, in terms of kidney and liver function, were observed in in vivo experiments with F344 rats exposed for 90 days to the compound [37]. On the other hand, Augustyniak et al. [83] showed that EQDM, similarly as EQ, was cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lymphocytes. Toxicity of QI has not been studied yet, but the results obtained by the authors indirectly indicated that the compound could be cytotoxic to human cells.
The levels of the parent compound (EQ) in meat of farmed animals are usually lower than MRL (Maximum Residue Level) [20, 84], but EQ oxidation products are usually not controlled. It was shown that EQDM and other EQ residues can be present in different animal tissues [23, 24, 26, 28, 37]. In the studies of Bohne et al. [23] in which Atlantic salmons were fed for 12 weeks with the feed containing this antioxidant, four compounds were identified in their muscles: parent EQ (6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline), deethylated EQ (6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline), quinone imine (2,6-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-6-quinolone, QI), and EQ dimer (1,8′-di(1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline, EQDM). It was also shown that the concentration of EQ in fish muscle was proportional to the duration of exposure and the level of EQ in the feed [23]. The same linear increase was seen for EQDM, the main metabolite of EQ, and the sum of EQ and EQDM. Bohne et al. [23] found that the level of EQ and its metabolites in fish muscle could be predicted from the level of dietary EQ and then controlled, but because it is not the only factor which may affect the levels of EQ and its metabolites in the salmon tissue (others for example are fish size and age), the concentration of EQ and EQDM in fish ready for consumption may be higher than that observed in their studies. In their experiments it was shown that the elimination of EQ from salmon was concurrent with significant increase in the level of EQDM, and they concluded that mandatory 14 days of depuration were not sufficient for elimination of EQ residues—it is mainly because EQDM is characterized by the considerably longer half-life than that of EQ. Moreover, EQDM accounted for 99% of the sum of the two compounds (EQ and EQDM), and its toxicological effects in animals and humans are unknown. EQ and EQ dimer were also detected in similar amounts not only in Atlantic salmon, but also in other commercially important species of farmed fishes (halibut, rainbow trout) by Lundebye et al. [24]. They found that in Atlantic salmon, halibut, and rainbow trout the concentration of EQDM was more than 10-fold higher than that of EQ. The authors estimated that consumer exposure to EQ from a single portion (300 g) of skinned-fillets of different species of farmed fish could amount up to 15% of the ADI. In the light of data concerning the presence of EQDM in the body of farmed fishesand providing that EQ dimer was included in the ADI, the EQ and EQDM intake from a single portion of Atlantic salmon would be close to ADI [24]. Farmed fish is probably the major source of EQ and its residues for European consumers (its use as a food additive is forbidden). In our opinion, however, both fish and other farmed animals, for example, chickens, should be controlled for the presence of not only EQ, but also EQDM, its main oxidation product.
Ethoxyquin has been used as an antioxidant in animal feed for several decades and despite the search for new compounds that could be used as free radical scavengers, it is still the most effective antioxidant. The negative health effects in domestic animals fed with EQ containing feed were observed some years ago, but the presence of its approved doses should not be hazardous. Toxicity and mutagenicity of EQ were observed in in vivo and in vitro studies showing its potential harmful effects. This makes it very important to label all products and ingredients to which EQ is added and to comply with the recommended doses. Additionally, the results of the studies on products of EQ oxidation, especially EQDM, detected in farmed animal tissues indicate that it should be under control and some regulations should be introduced.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.
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D. R. Brannegan, Analysis of ethoxyquin and its oxidation products using supercritical fluid extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescent nitrogen detection [thesis], Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic, Institute and State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Science in Chemistry, 2000, http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302000-20440044/.
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Copyright © 2013 Alina Błaszczyk et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
Q: Sending Message to QueueChannel My knowledge of JMS is extremely weak so please bear with me.
I am trying to send a simple message to a Queue Message Channel.
@Autowired
private MessageChannel myChannel = null;

@Test
public void testRecieveMethod() {
    Message m = ((QueueChannel)myChannel).receive();
    System.out.println("HELLO");
}

The program hangs like its supposed to but when I try and send a message from another program, it doesn't seem to be getting recieved.
private MessageChannel channel = null;

@Test
public void testMessage() {
    channel = super.ctx.getBean("myChannel", MessageChannel.class);
    jackMessage message = new ameerMessage("Hello my name is jack");
    Message<ameerMessage> msg = MessageBuilder.withPayload(message).build();
    channel.send(msg, 10000);
}

Here is my applicationContext
<int:channel id="myChannel">
     <int:queue capacity="10"/>
 </int:channel>

 <jms:inbound-channel-adapter id="JmsAdapter"
     connection-factory="connectionFactory"
     destination="myQueue"
     channel="myChannel">
     <int:poller fixed-rate = "1000"/>
 </jms:inbound-channel-adapter>

 <bean id="myQueue"
   class="org.apache.activemq.command.ActiveMQQueue">
   <constructor-arg value="MYQUEUE"/>
 </bean>

<bean name="connectionFactory" class="org.apache.activemq.ActiveMQConnectionFactory">
  <property name="brokerURL">
      <value>tcp://localhost:61616</value>
  </property>
</bean>

<bean id="myProcessor"
   class="com.jack.springintegration.Processor"/>
</beans>

Not sure where I why the message is not being recieved. Can someone help?

A: You say "another program". If it's really another program then they are different myChannels.
I think what you want to do is send a message to JMS so the first program's myChannel will get the message from JMS.
You need to use an outbound channel adapter in the second program to send the message to the JMS queue.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As per BBC NEWS and Microsoft's site there has been a big phishing attempt on several e mail accounts specially hotmail and live email accounts were compromised so if you have logged in on your hotmail or live account during the last weekend then check out whether your account is safe or not and even if you have not logged in its better to change your password. It's said that the email id and password were posted on a site named http://pastebin.com/ said to be used by developers for code purposes but as per some other sites it's used by many people for sharing such things from last few months.
A phishing technique was described in detail in 1987, and the first recorded use of the term "phishing" was made in 1996. The term is a variant of fishing, probably influenced by phreaking, and alludes to baits used to "catch" financial information and passwords.


Hello Alizah - What is this project you have named LOVE ACTIVISTS? and what started you on this journey?
"The LOVE ACTIVISTS are a collective of people who stand up for love in action and what is right in their hearts. We are developing a program to teach social-emotional learning, character skills and values, mindfulness, yoga, social / environmental justice and activism. We are bringing people together to protect what is sacred - children, plants, animals and nature. The Love Activists curriculum aims to end cycles of suffering, heal generational trauma, promote health, sustainability, respect and oneness..."
"After the Parkland shooting, a fire grew within me that I knew would not die out any time soon. A parent-teacher conference was held one week after the shooting, and as I stood in front of members of the administration and fellow parents, I began to cry. And through my tears I looked at them and said..."
"I lived, prayed, laughed, cried, and answered my deepest heart's calling at Standing Rock from November 2016 - January 2017 (Yes, during the winter!) Camp felt like living in a world I always knew to be true. We call each other relatives, because when you support each other emotionally, spiritually, and are willing to risk your body and livelihood for people you don't know, and for water - we quickly become family...."


The Warren Centre Project first originated in 1987 as an examination of innovation in structural engineering with a contribution from Australia's leading engineers, architects and fire safety specialists. The group of professionals involved in the original Warren Centre Project further refined its focus to review the inadequately integrated approach to fire safety engineering in Australia.Hence, there was an opportunity for the group to make a significant contribution by proposing fundamental improvements to fire safety engineering.
Today, just over 12 months following the Grenfell Tower tragedy, the fire safety fraternity has highlighted the urgent need for action to find fire safety solutions owned and led by the built environment with the view of avoiding risk and uncertainty around fire safety issues in building construction as well as a focus towards competency, education and accreditation for fire safety engineers. Scientific Fire Services is proud to be a major sponsor of this project and looks forward to working with the fire safety industry throughout the duration of this project.


text:
François Emmanuel Joseph Bazin, född den 4 september 1816 i Marseille, död den 2 juli 1878 i Paris, var en fransk tonsättare.

Bazin var elev vid konservatoriet i den franska huvudstaden, fick 1840 romerska priset, blev 1844 sångprofessor och 1871 kompositionsprofessor vid nämnda konservatorium samt 1872 medlem av Institutet. Han utgav en Cours d'harmonie och skrev flera sångpjäser, bland vilka Prinsens trumpetare och Resan till Kina har uppförts i Sverige.

Källor

Franska klassiska kompositörer
Franska professorer
Franska musiker under 1800-talet
Personer från Marseille
Födda 1816
Avlidna 1878
Män
Ugglan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


After years of speculation and delays, it looks like film fans will finally get their wish fulfilled to see Will Smith and Martin Lawrence team up again.
The actor and comedian took to Instagram to confirm the next installment of the popular buddy cop action film, Bad Boys, is actually going to happen.
"It's official. Bad Boys for Life," the actor wrote as the caption, using the hashtags: #teammartymar, #badboysforlife and the ever fitting tag, #weback.
Smith also took to Instagram to celebrate the forthcoming release of what he dubbed, Bad Boys 3.
Still, according to CinemaBlend, the film will be titled Bad Boys For Life and it'll hit theaters in January 2020. There's no word yet on whether or not Bad Boys For Life will also reunite Lawrence and Smith with their on-screen loves, Theresa Randle and Gabrielle Union, but we hope so.
Bad Boys II dropped 15 years ago and grossed nearly $300 worldwide, so a third film seemed like a no brainer, especially given Smith and Lawrence's star power. Since teaming up for the first Bad Boys film in 1995, both Smith and Lawrence have gone on to build wildly successful careers, both on the big and small screen. Smith, who is one of the most successful movie stars in the world, has several upcoming projects, including Suicide Squad 2 and Bright 2, while Lawrence is currently in the midst of a comedy tour.
Earlier this month, Columbia Pictures president Sanford Panitch said the studio would only greenlight the third installment of the franchise if it was innovative.
Now that the film is apparently confirmed, it seems audiences are in for a treat.


This week, Twitter announced that it's trying to ease that pain point by allowing users to accept DMs from any other Twitter user without following.
Additionally as part of this update, Twitter is now allowing users to respond to all DMs they receive regardless of the following status of the sender.
To make it easier for users to identify the accounts they can DM, the social media giant has added a new Direct Message button in its iPhone and Android apps that appears on the profiles of people users have the ability to message.
A blessing or curse for brands?
According to Twitter, this is just the beginning of an effort to improve its private messaging experience.
We had previously heard that this use case for brands and businesses was something Twitter wanted to focus on in the near future, as it would allow users and brands to communicate directly and privately without the hassle of the following request. This is important because many businesses use Twitter for customer support, and that can sometimes require the exchange of personal and private information, including financial info, which, for obvious reasons, needs to take place over DMs.
But brands will have to think carefully about whether or not they decide to open their accounts up to DMs.
On one hand, there are use cases for which this is desirable if not necessary. On the other hand, some brands could find themselves inundated with DMs. For those that can't cope with the volume, that could create a customer experience problem.
One of the biggest concerns some brands will face is the potential for abuse. Twitter is trying to crack down on this, and businesses that opt to accept all DMs will retain the ability to block users they don't want to communicate with.
However as Twitter evolves from being primarily a one-to-many channel to a platform equally capable of being one-to-many and one-to-one, brands should be prepared for all the issues they might encounter.


HOUSTON – February 27, 2009 – The experts at Safeguard Home Security know the importance of installing Houston home security to protect both people and possessions.
As a proud member of the National Burglar & Fire Alarm Association (NBFAA), the Houston alarm monitoring company received the news of a comprehensive study of five years of statistics by researchers at the Rutgers University School of Criminal Justice (SCJ) in Newark , New Jersey. Their research found that residential burglar alarm systems decrease crime. While other studies have concluded that most burglars avoid alarm systems, this is the first study to focus on alarm systems while scientifically ruling out other factors that could have impacted the crime rate.
The study noted that innovations in technology have made home security systems more dependable. Modern electronic sensors now include ultrasonic, infrared and microwave devices which were formerly available only in more sophisticated commercial and industrial applications. Computers, printed circuits, digital communicators, and microprocessors have refined monitoring and signaling technology of home security systems to middle‐class homeowners.
"For the past thirty years, it has been our goal at Safeguard Home Security to protect homeowners and families from fire and burglary," said John McCreary, the firm's co-owner. "In this current economy, it is even more important to safeguard property and prevent against loss. We will work with each individual to find the right solution at the most affordable cost."
At Safeguard Home Security a network of experienced and licensed professionals assist with system design, installation and alarm system monitoring in Houston areas. As authorized dealers for Honeywell and Digital Security Controls, Safeguard Home Security has access to every brand of burglary and fire protection system, backed up with immediate response to emergencies and professional customer service.
Safeguard Home Security has been serving the homeowners and the business community in the Greater Houston area for the past three decades. Owners John McCreary and Rusty Jones oversee a professional team who design, install and service home security and alarm systems and ensure the fastest response times in the event of a fire, burglary or medical emergency.


Messages from the spirit world will be passed on to residents in Tiverton next month thanks to a "Messages from Beyond" tour.
Craig Morris and Gareth Lewis are two of The UK's most respected teaching and demonstrating mediums. They travel all over the country and abroad demonstrating their belief and passing on messages from loved ones in the spirit world. They will be at Tiverton's New Hall on Wednesday, May 15.
Craig started his journey with spirit after his Granddad passed in 2009, while working as cabin crew for an airline. Craig's dream career was to fly as a pilot, but it seemed the spirit world had a different plan for him.
Over the past 20 years, Gareth has worked all over The UK giving evidence from the spirit world. His work and reputation as being a very accurate and honest medium has allowed him to work with some of the best mediums in the world today as well as giving private readings to many well-known faces.
Are you free to come and enjoy the laughs of Are You Being Served?
After a successful tour last year, both Craig and Gareth are joining together again this year to bridge the gap between the two worlds on their "Messages from Beyond" Tour. The tour will take them to many different parts of The UK including Tiverton.
You can see Craig and Gareth at The New Hall on Wednesday, May 15. To book your tickets and to see all their other tour dates in Devon and Cornwall head over to their websites www.craig-morris.co.uk or www.gareth-lewis.com.


From a story by Austin Heart of Film Festival winner Ron Peer (the final film is credited to Peer, Joel Cohen, and Alec Sokolow) comes this sporadically ingenious puzzle box of a film, a deeply cynical, blacker-than-black murder mystery that struggles valiantly to stay one step ahead of the viewer and succeeds more often than not. Drawing its tone (if not its story) from sources as varied as Jim Thompson novels and classic film noir conventions to modern-day whodunits, Joffé (The Killing Fields, The Mission) constructs an intricate house of cards with his scheming characters and then ... blows. Mulroney plays Jake Dunmore, an ad executive and spinmeister who's currently lodged in a liquor bottle. His job at a prestigious agency is increasingly threatened by his bizarre, out-of-control rants and behavior, and he's beginning to suspect that his wife, Sandra (Arquette), is having an affair behind his back. She is, of course, and it's with Jake's older brother Ben, who bides his time between covering for his brother at the agency and playing Bach (and schtupping Sandra) at the local church. Also in this tremulous mix is Peggy (Parker), a bubbly, scatterbrained junior staff member who's apparently developing the hots for Ben. Nothing is what it at first seems, though, and when Ben plunges to his death one night, courtesy of Jake and Sandra, who are intent on securing older brother's $4 million life insurance policy, a ravenous appetite for both murder and instant wealth is cracked open, leaving the surviving players to duke it out amongst themselves to see who will be the last man (or woman) breathing. Also on board is DeGeneres as a flip, supercilious detective who may or may not know more than she's letting on. DeGeneres has come into her own as a comic actress (as opposed to simply a comic), and her obvious, unaffected screen presence -- half bemused cynic, half bewildered onlooker -- fuels much of Goodbye Lover. In a picture filled with comic turns, some quite good, some better than good, DeGeneres is at her peak, tweaking the action around her with various dark jibes and generally having a ball with the material. Patricia Arquette carries the movie -- she's in a good 65% of the scenes -- and it ought to be noted that she does a bang-up job. Granted, Joffé has placed his characters in somewhat of a slightly left-of-center milieu (there's a definite surrealist touch going on here, and you know this isn't the real world), but she pulls off the convoluted role of scheming, scamming wife-mistress far better than expected, crinkled grin and all. This marks something of a return to form for Joffé, as well. After (apparently) losing his way with the overeager City of Joy and The Scarlet Letter, he's now forsworn the righteous and the adapted in favor of more earthy pleasures, and while not yet back up to the level of his early genius, he's obviously making a return in that direction. Good for him, and good for us.