text:
Typographical glossary
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z -
`The time has come,' the Walrus said,
`To talk of may things:
Of shoes— and ships— and sealing-wax—
And why the sea is boiling hot—
And whether pigs have wings.'
Abjad is the technical term for the type of writing system used by Semitic languages (Hebrew, Arabic, etc.), where there are glyphs for all the consonants but the reader must be prepared to guess what vowel to add between two consonants.
Both Hebrew and Arabic have optional vowel marks and are called "impure" abjads. Ancient Phoenician had nothing but consonants and is a "pure" abjad.
See Also: alphabet, abugida, syllabary and the relevant Wikipedia article.
An abugida is somewhere in between an alphabet and a syllabary. The Indic writing systems are probably the best known abugidas.
In most abugidas there are independant glyphs for the consonants, and each consonant is implicitly followed by a default vowel sound. All vowels other than the default will be marked by either diacritics or some other modification to the base consonant.
An abugida differs from a syllabary in that there is a common theme to the the images representing a syllable beginning with a given consonant (that is, the glyph for the consonant), while in a syllabary each syllable is distinct even if two start with a common consonant.
An abugida differs from an abjad in that vowels (other than the default) must be marked in the abugida.
See Also: alphabet, abjad, syllabary and the relevant Wikipedia article.
Advance Width
The distance between the start of this glyph and the start of the next glyph. Sometimes called the glyph's width. See also Vertical Advance Width.
A writing system where there are glyphs for all phonemes -- consonants and vowels alike -- and (in theory anyway) all phonemes in a word will be marked by an appropriate glyph.
See Also: abjad, abugida, syllabary and the relevant Wikipedia article.
Apple Advanced Typography
Apple's extension to basic TrueType fonts. Includes contextual substitutions, ligatures, kerning, etc. Also includes distortable fonts.
A stem on a lower case letter which extends above the x-height. "l" has an ascender.
See also X-height, Cap-height, Descender, Overshoot, Baseline
Anchor Class
Used to specify mark-to-base and cursive GPOS subtables. See overview.
In traditional typography the ascent of a font was the distance from the top of a block of type to the baseline.
Its precise meaning in modern typography seems to vary with different definers.
ATSUI
Apple's advanced typographical system. Also called Apple Advanced Typography.
The baseline is the horizontal line on which the (latin, greek, cyrillic) letters sit. The baseline will probably be in a different place for different scripts. In Indic scripts most letters descend below the baseline. In CJK scripts there is also a vertical baseline usually in the middle of the glyph. The BASE and bsln tables allow you to specify how the baselines of different scripts should be aligned with respect to each other.
See also X-height, Cap-height, Ascender, Descender, Overshoot
Bézier curve or Bézier splines
Bézier curves are described in detail in the Bézier section of the main manual.
He looked thoughtful and grave- but the orders he gave
Were enough to bewilder the crew.
When he cried `Steer to starboard, but keep her head larboard!'
What on earth was the helmsman to do?
Bi-Directional text. That is a section of text which contains both left-to-right and right-to-left scripts. English text quoting Arabic, for example. Things get even more complex with nested quotations. The Unicode standard contains an algorithm for laying out Bidi text. See also: Boustrophedon.
Black letter
Any of various type families based on medieval handwriting.
See also gothic.
BMP (Basic Multilingual Plane)
The first 65536 code points of Unicode. These contain most of the ordinary characters in the modern world. See Also
SMP -- Supplementary Multilingual Plane (0x10000-0x1FFFF)
SIP -- Supplementary Ideographic Plane (0x20000-0x2FFFF)
SSP -- Supplementary Special-purpose Plane (0xE0000-0xEFFFF)
A common font style. The stems of the glyphs are wider than in the normal font, giving the letters a darker impression. Bold is one of the few LGC styles that translate readily to other scripts.
A (modern~1911) Chinese (Mandarin) alphabet used to provide phonetic transliteration of Han ideographs in dictionaries.
Boustrophedon
Writing "as the ox plows", that is alternating between left to right and right to left writing directions. Early alphabets (Old Canaanite, and the very early greek writings (and, surprisingly, fuþark)) used this. Often the right to left glyphs would be mirrors of the left to right ones. As far as I know, no modern writing system uses this method (nor does OpenType have any support for it). See Also Bidi.
Cap-height
The height of a capital letter above the baseline (a letter with a flat top like "I" as opposed to one with a curved one like "O").
See also X-height, Ascender, Descender, Overshoot, Baseline
Compact Font Format most commonly used within OpenType postscript fonts, but is a valid font format even without a SFNT wrapper. This is the native font format for fonts with PostScript Type2 charstrings.
A character is a Platonic ideal reified into at least one glyph. For example the letter "s" is a character which is reified into several different glyphs: "S", "s", "s", long-s, etc. Note that these glyphs can look fairly different from each other, however although the glyph for an integral sign might be the same as the long-s glyph, these are in fact different characters.
A character set is an unordered set of characters
Character Identifier, a number. In some CJK PostScript fonts the glyphs are not named but are refered to by a CID number.
CID-keyed font
A PostScript font in which the glyphs are index by CID and not by name.
CJK
Chinese, Japanese, Korean. These three languages require fonts with a huge number of glyphs. All three share a writing system based on Chinese ideographs (though they have undergone separate evolution in each country, indeed mainland Chinese fonts are different from those used in Taiwan and Hong Kong).
Japanese and Korean also have phonetic syllabaries. The Japanese have two syllabaries, Hiragana and katakana which have about 60 syllables. The Koreans have one syllabary, hangul with tens of thousands of syllables.
CJKV
Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese. These four languages require fonts with a huge number of glyphs.
A condensed font is one where the space between the stems of the glyphs, and the distance between glyphs themselves has been reduced.
Conflicting hints
If a glyph contains two hints where the start or end point of one is within the range of the other then these hints conflict. They may not be active simultaneously.
A stem on a lower case letter which extends below the baseline. "p" has a descender.
See also X-height, Cap-height, Ascender, Overshoot, Baseline
In traditional typography the descent of a font was the distance from the bottom of a block of type to the baseline.
Device Table
A concept in OpenType which allows you to enter spacing adjustments geared to rasterization at particular pixel sizes. If a kerning value that works most of the time leads to an ugly juxtaposition of glyphs on a 12 pixel high font, then you can add a special tweak to the spacing that only is applicable at 12 pixels (and another one at 14 and 18, or whatever is needed). Similar functionality is needed for anchored marks.
Didot point
The European point. 62 2/3 points per 23.566mm ( 2.66pt/mm or 67.55pt/inch ). There is also a "metric" didiot point: .4mm.
Distortable font
See Multi-Master
A linear unit equal to the point size of the font. In a 10 point font, the em will be 10 points. An em-space is white-space that is as wide as the point size. An em-dash is a horizontal bar that is as wide as the point size.
An em-square is a square one em to each side. In traditional typography (when each letter was cast in metal) the glyph had to be drawn within the em-square.
em unit
In a scalable font the "em" is subdivided into units. In a postscript font there are usually 1000 units to the em. In a TrueType font there might be 512, 1024 or 2048 units to the em. In an Ikarus font there are 15,000 units. FontForge uses these units as the basis of its coordinate system.
One half of an "em"
An encoding is a mapping from a set of bytes onto a character set. It is what determines which byte sequence represents which character. The words "encoding" and "character set" are often used synonymously. The specification for ASCII specifies both a character set and an encoding. But CJK character sets often have multiple encodings for the character set (and multiple character sets for some encodings).
In more complicated cases it is possible to have multiple glyphs associated with each character (as in arabic where most characters have at least 4 different glyphs) and the client program must pick the appropriate glyph for the character in the current context.
Eth -- Edh
The old germanic letter "ð" for the voiced (English) "th" sound (the sound in "this" -- most English speakers aren't even aware that "th" in English has two sounds associated with it, but it does, see also Thorn)
Even-Odd Fill rule
To determine if a pixel should be filled using this rule, draw a line from the pixel to infinity (in any direction) then count the number of times contours cross this line. If that number is odd then fill the point, if it is even then do not fill the point. This method is used for fonts by postscript rasterizers after level 2.0 of PostScript. See Also Non-Zero Winding Number Fill.
An extended font is one where the space between the stems of the glyphs, and the distance between glyphs themselves has been increased.
A point on a curve where the curve attains its maximum or minimum value. On a continuous curve this can happen at the endpoints (which is dull) or where dx/dt=0 or dy/dt=0.
Features (OpenType)
When creating fonts for complex scripts (and even for less complex scripts) various transformations (like ligatures) must be applied to the input glyphs before they are ready for display. These transformations are identified as font features and are tagged with (in OpenType) a 4 letter tag or (in Apple) a 2 number identfier. The meanings of these features are predefined by MicroSoft and Apple. FontForge allows you to tag each lookup with one or several features when you create it (or later).
Feature File
This is a text syntax designed by Adobe to describe OpenType features. It can be used to move feature and lookup information from one font to another.
Feature/Settings (Apple)
These are roughly equivalent to OpenType's Features above, they are defined by Apple.
A collection of glyphs, generally with at least one glyph associated with each character in the font's character set, often with an encoding.
A font contains much of the information needed to turn a sequence of bytes into a set of pictures representing the characters specified by those bytes.
In traditional typesetting a font was a collection of little blocks of metal each with a graven image of a letter on it. Traditionally there was a different font for each point-size.
Font Family, or just Family
A collection of related fonts. Often including plain, italic and bold styles.
A library for rasterizing fonts. Used extensively in FontForge to understand the behavior of truetype fonts and to do better rasterization than FontForge could unaided.
Fractur
The old black letter writing style used in Germany up until world war II.
Fuþark (Futhark)
The old germanic runic script
Ghost Hint
Sometimes it is important to indicate that a horizontal edge is indeed horizontal. But the edge has no corresponding edge with which to make a normal stem. In this case a special hint is used with a width of -20 (or -21). A ghost hint must lie entirely within a glyph. If it is at the top of a contour use a width of -20, if at the bottom use -21. Ghost hints should also lie within BlueZones.
(The spec also mentions vertical ghost hints, but as there are no vertical bluezones it is not clear how these should be used).
A glyph is an image, often associated with one or several characters. So the glyph used to draw "f" is associated with the character f, while the glyph for the "fi" ligature is associated with both f and i. In simple latin fonts the association is often one to one (there is exactly one glyph for each character), while in more complex fonts or scripts there may be several glyphs per character (In renaissance printing the letter "s" had two glyphs associated with it, one, the long-s, was used initially and medially, the other, the short-s, was used only at the end of words). And in the ligatures one glyph is associated with two or more characters.
Fonts are collections of glyphs with some form of mapping from character to glyph.
Grid Fitting
Before TrueType glyphs are rasterized they go through a process called grid fitting where a tiny program (associated with each glyph) is run which moves the points on the glyph's outlines around until they fit the pixel grid better.
The German monks at the time of Gutenberg used a black-letter writing style, and he copied their handwriting in his typefaces for printing. Italian type designers (after printing spread south) sneered at the style, preferring the type designs left by the Romans. As a term of contempt they used the word gothic, the style of the goths who helped destroy the roman empire.
Graphite tables
Graphite is an extension to TrueType which embeds several tables into a font containing rules for contextual shaping, ligatures, reordering, split glyphs, bidirectionality, stacking diacritics, complex positioning, etc.
This sounds rather like OpenType -- except that OpenType depends on the text layout routines knowing a lot about the glyphs involved. This means that OpenType fonts cannot be designed for a new language or script without shipping a new version of the operating system. Whereas Graphite tables contain all that hidden information.
Apple's Advanced Typography provides a better comparison, but Graphite tables are supposed to be easier to build.
SIL International provides a free Graphite compiler .
See also sans-serif.
Han characters
The ideographic characters used in China, Japan and Korea (and, I believe, in various other asian countries as well (Vietnam?)), all based on the writing style that evolved in China.
The Korean syllabary. The only syllabary (that I'm aware of anway) based on an alphabet -- the letters of the alphabet never appear alone, but only as groups of two or three making up a syllable.
The Korean name for the Han characters
These are described in detail in the main manual. They help the rasterizer to draw a glyph well at small pointsizes.
Hint Masks
At any given point on a contour hints may not conflict. However different points in a glyph may need conflicting hints. So every now and then a contour will change which hints are active. Each list of active hints is called a hint mask.
One of the two Japanese syllabaries. Both Hiragana and Katakana have the same sounds.
Ideographic character
A single character which represents a concept without spelling it out. Generally used to mean Han (Chinese) characters.
A slanted style of a font, generally used for emphasis.
Italic differs from Oblique in that the transformation from the plain to the slanted form involves more than just skewing the letterforms. Generally the lower-case a changes to a, the serifs on lower-case letters like i (i) change, and the font generally gains a freer look to it.
The letters of the Korean alphabet. These are almost never seen alone, generally appearing in groups of three as part of a Hangul syllable. The Jamo are divided into three catagories (with considerable overlap between the first and third), the choseong -- initial consonants, the jungseong -- medial vowels, and the jongseong -- final consonants. A syllable is composed by placing a choseong glyph in the upper left of an em-square, a jungseong in the upper right, and optionally a jongseong in the lower portion of the square.
The Japanese name for the Han characters.
One of the two (modern) Japanese syllabaries. Both Hiragana and Katakana have the same sounds.
When the default spacing between two glyphs is inappropriate the font may include extra information to indicate that when a given glyph (say "T") is followed by another glyph (say "o") then the advance width of the "T" should be adjusted by a certain amount to make for a more pleasing display.
In the days of metal type, metal actually had to be shaved off the slug of type to provide a snugger fit. In the image on the side, the "F" on the left has had some metal removed so that a lower case letter could snuggle closer to it.
Kern pair
A pair of glyphs for which kerning information has been specified.
The glyphs of the font are divided into classes of glyphs and there is a large table which specifies kerning for every possible combination of classes. Generally this will be smaller than the equivalent set of kerning pairs because each class will usually contain several glyphs.
Knuth, Donald
A mathematician who got so fed up with bad typesetting back in the 1970&80s that he created his own font design system and typographical layout program called, respectively, MetaFont and TeX.
Left side bearing
The horizontal distance from a glyph's origin to its leftmost extent. This may be negative or positive.
A monotypic genus of prosimian primates, now found only on Madagascar but formally (about 50 million years ago) members of this family were much more wide spread.
A single glyph which is composed of two adjacent glyphs. A common example in the latin script is the "fi" ligature which has a nicer feel to it than the sequence .
Latin, Greek, Cyrillic. These three alphabets have evolved side by side over the last few thousand years. The letter forms are very similar (and some letters are shared). Many concepts such as "lower case", "italic" are applicable to these three alphabets and not to any others. (OK, Armenian also has lower case letters).
Manyogana
An early Japanese script, ancestral to both hiragana and katakana. Manyogana used kanji for their phontic sounds, and over the years these kanji were simplified into hiragana and katahana.
Once upon a time, printing presses smashed plates full of slugs of metal against paper.
A font in which all glyphs have the same advance width. These are sometimes called typewriter fonts.
Multi-layered fonts
(FontForge's own term) PostScript type3 fonts and SVG fonts allow for more drawing possibilities than normal fonts. Normal fonts may only be filled with a single color inherited from the graphics environment. These two fonts may be filled with several different colors, stroked, include images, have gradient fills, etc..
Setting font type with Element->Font Info->Layers
Multiple Master Font
A multiple master font is a PostScript font schema which defines an infinite number of related fonts. Multiple master fonts can vary along several axes, for example you might have a multiple master which defined both different weights and different widths of a font family, it could be used to generate: Thin, Normal, Semi-Bold, Bold, Condensed, Expanded, Bold-Condensed, etc.
Adobe is no longer developing this format. Apple has a format which acheives the same effect but has not produced many examples. FontForge supports both.
A mapping from unicode code point to glyph name.
Non-Zero Winding Number Fill rule
To determine if a pixel should be filled using this rule draw a line from here to infinity (in any direction) and count the number of times contours cross this line. If the contour crosses the line in a clockwise direction add 1, of the contour crosses in a counter clockwise direction subtract one. If the result is non-zero then fill the pixel. If it is zero leave it blank. This method is used for rasterizing fonts by truetype and older (before version 2) postscript.
See Also Even-Odd Fill Rule
The old Celtic inscription script.
A type of font. It is an attempt to merge postscript and truetype fonts into one specification.
An opentype font may contain either a truetype or a postscript font inside it.
It contains many of the same data tables for information like encodings that were present in truetype fonts.
Confusingly it is also used to mean the advanced typographic tables that Adobe and MicroSoft (but not Apple) have added to TrueType. These include things like contextual ligatures, contextual kerning, glyph substitution, etc.
And MS Windows uses it to mean a font with a 'DSIG' (Digital Signature) table.
OpenType Tables
Each opentype font contains a collection of tables each of which contains a certain kind of information. See here for the tables used by FontForge.
Oblique differs from Italic in that the transformation from the plain to the slanted form involves just skewing the letterforms.
In order for the curved shape of the "O" to appear to be the same height as the flat top of the "I" it tends to "overshoot" the cap-height (or x-height), or undershoot the baseline by about 3% of the cap-height (or x-height). For a triangular shape (such as "A") the overshoot is even greater, perhaps 5%.
These guidelines are based on the way the eye works and the optical illusions it generates and are taken from Peter Karow's Digital Formats for Typefaces, p. 26).
The overshoot is also dependant on the point-size of a font, the larger the point-size the smaller the overshoot should be. Generally modern fonts will be used at multiple point-sizes, but in some font families there are multiple faces for the different point-sizes, and in such a case the overshoot will probably vary from face to face.
See also X-height, Cap-height, Ascender, Descender, Baseline
PANOSE
A system for describing fonts. See HP's PANOSE Classification Metrics Guide, MicroSoft's PANOSE structure (Windows) and Robert Stevahn's PANOSE: An Ideal Typeface Matching System for the Web. There is also an extension called PANOSE 2.0 and an online discussion.
FontForge only knows about the classification scheme for Latin fonts. Other schemes exist for other scripts, such as Classifying Arabic Fonts Based on Design Characteristics: PANOSE-APANOSE.
PfaEdit
This was the early name for FontForge. The original conception was that it would only edit type1 ASCII fonts (hence the name), it quickly metamorphosed beyond that point, but it took me three years to rename it.
Phantom points
In a truetype font there are a few points added to each glyph which are not specified by the contours that make up the glyph. These are called phantom points. One of these points represents the left side bearing, and the other the advance width of the glyph. Truetype instructions (hints) are allowed to move these points around just as any other points may be moved -- thus changing the left-side-bearing or the advance width. Early versions of TrueType supplied just these two phantoms, more recent versions also supply a phantom for the top sidebearing and a phantom for the vertical advance width.
A unit of length defined (in the US at least) to be 35/83cm (or approximately 1/6th of an inch). This was used for measuring the length of lines of text (as "30 picas and 4 points long"), but not for measuring font heights.
In Renaissance typography, before there were points, sizes of type had names, and "pica" was used in this context. As: "Great Canon", "Double Pica", "Great Primer", "English", "Pica", "Primer", "Small Pica", "Brevier", "Nonpareil" and "Pearl" (each name representing a progressively smaller size of type). and See Caslon's type specimen sheet on Wikipedia.
Pica point
The Anglo-American point. With 72.27 points per inch ( 2.85pt /mm ).
A point is a unit of measurement. There were three (at least) different definitions for "point" in common usage before the advent of computers. The one in use in the Anglo-Saxon printing world was the "pica point" with 72.27 points per inch ( 2.85pt /mm ), while the one used in continental Europe was the didot point with 62 2/3 points per 23.566mm ( 2.66pt/mm or 67.54pt/inch ) and the French sometimes used the Mediaan point (72.78 points per inch, 2.86pt/mm).
The didiot and pica points were so arranged that text at a given point-size would have approximately the same cap-height in both systems, the didot point would have extra white-space above the capitals to contain the accents present in most non-English Latin based scripts.
This has the interesting side effect that a font designed for European usage should have a smaller proportion of the vertical em given over to the text body. I believe that computer fonts tend to ignore this, so presumably european printers now set with more leading.
As far as I can tell, computers tend to work in approximations to pica points (but this may be because I am in the US), PostScript uses a unit of 1/72nd of an inch.
Originally fonts were not described by point size, but by name. It was not until the 1730s that Pierre Fournier that created the point system for specifying font heights. This was later improved upon by François Didiot (whence the name of the point). In 1878 the Chicago Type Foundry first used a point system in the US. In 1886 the US point was standardized -- the pica was defined to be 35/83cm, and the pica point defined to be 1/12th of that.
In traditional typography a 10pt font was one where the block of metal for each glyph was 10 points high. The point size of a font is the unleaded baseline to baseline distance.
Point of inflection
A point on a curve where it changes from being concave downwards to concave upwards (or vice versa). Or in mathematical terms (for continuous curves) where d2 y/dx2=0 or infinity.
Cubic splines may contain inflection points, quadratic splines may not.
PostScript is a page-layout language used by many printers. The language contains the specifications of several different font formats. The main (FontForge) manual has a section describing how PostScript differs from TrueType.
Type 1 -- This is the old standard for PostScript fonts. Such a font generally has the extension .pfb (or .pfa). A type 1 font is limited to a one byte encoding (ie. only 256 glyphs may be encoded).
Type 2/CFF -- This is the format used within OpenType fonts. It is almost the same as Type 1, but has a few extensions and a more compact format. It is usually inside a CFF wrapper, which is usually inside an OpenType font. The CFF font format again only allows a 1 byte encoding, but the OpenType wrapper extends this to provide more complex encoding types.
Type 3 -- This format allows full postscript within the font, but it means that no hints are allowed, so these fonts will not look as nice at small point-sizes. Also most (screen) rasterizers are incapable of dealing with them. A type 3 font is limited to a one byte encoding (ie. only 256 glyphs may be encoded).
Type 0 -- This format is used for collecting many sub-fonts (of Type 1, 2 or 3) into one big font with a multi-byte encoding, and was used for CJK or Unicode fonts.
Type 42 -- A TrueType font wrapped up in PostScript. Sort of the opposite from OpenType.
CID -- This format is used for CJK fonts with large numbers of glyphs. The glyphs themselves are specified either as type1 or type2 glyph format. The CID font itself has no encoding, just a mapping from CID (a number) to glyph. An set of external CMAP files are used to provide appropriate encodings as needed.
A reference is a way of storing the outlines of one glyph in another (for example in accented glyphs). Sometimes called a "componant".
Right side bearing
The horizontal distance from a glyph's rightmost extent to the glyph's advance width. This may be positive or negative.
See the section on serifs.
A script is a character set and associated rules for putting characters together. Latin, arabic, katakana and hanja are all scripts.
a serif sans serif
bet serif sans serif
Back two thousand years ago when the Romans were carving their letters on stone monuments, they discovered that they could reduce the chance of the stone cracking by adding fine lines at the terminations of the main stems of a glyph.
These fine lines were called serifs, and came to have an esthetic appeal of their own. Early type designers added them to their fonts for esthetic rather than functional reasons.
At the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, type-designers started designing fonts without serifs. These were initially called grotesques because their form appeared so strange, they are now generally called sans-serif.
Other writing systems (Hebrew for one) have their own serifs. Hebrew serifs are rather different from latin (cyrillic, greek) serifs and I don't know their history. Hebrew serifs only occur at the top of a glyph
I would welcome examples from other scripts of serifed and sans-serifed glyphs.
SplineFont DataBase. These are FontForge's own personal font representation. The files are ASCII and vaguely readable, the format is described here. As of 14 May 2008 the format has been registered with IANA for a MIME type: application/vnd.font-fontforge-sfd.
Other people use sfd too. (Unfortunately)
Tops-10, on the Digital PDP-10 used sfd to mean "Sub File Directory". Tops-10 made a distinction between top-level (home) directories, called "user file directories", and sub-directories.
TeX uses it to mean "Sub Font Definition" where a TeX sfd file contains information on how to break a big CJK or Unicode font up into small sub-fonts, each with a 1 byte encoding which TeX (or older versions of TeX) needed.
SFNT
The name for the generic font format which contains TrueType, OpenType, Apple's bitmap only, X11's bitmap only, obsolete 'typ1' fonts and Adobe's SING fonts (and no doubt others). The SFNT format describes how font tables should be laid out within a file. Each of the above formats follow this general idea but include more specific requirements (such as what tables are needed, and the format of each table).
Supplementary Ideographic Plane (0x20000-0x2FFFF) of unicode. Used for rare Han characters (most are no longer in common use) See Also
BMP -- Basic Multilingual Plane (0x00000-0x0FFFF)
Supplementary Multilingual Plane (0x10000-0x1FFFF) of unicode. Used for ancient and artificial alphabets and syllabaries -- like Linear B, Gothic, and Shavian. See Also
A curved line segment. See the section in the manual on splines. The splines used in FontForge are all second or third order Bézier splines (quadratic or cubic), and Raph Levien's clothoid splines.
Supplementary Special-purpose Plane (0xE0000-0xEFFFF) of unicode. Not used for much of anything. See Also
State machine
A state machine is like a very simple little program, they are used on the mac for performing contextual substitutions and kerning. The state machine dialog is reachable from Element->Font Info->Lookups
The "state machine" consists of a table of states, each state in turn consists of a series of potential transitions (to the same or different states) depending on the input. In state machines within fonts, the machine starts out in a special state called the start state, and reads the glyph stream of the text. Each individual glyph will cause a state transition to occur. As these transitions occur the machine may also specify changes to the glyph stream (conditional substitutions or kerning).
A particular instance of a font. Most commonly a bitmap strike is a particular pixelsize of a font.
There are various conventional variants of a font. In probably any writing system the thickness of the stems of the glyphs may be varied, this is called the weight of a font. Common weights are normal and bold.
In LGC alphabets an italic (or oblique) style has arisen and is used for emphasis.
Fonts are often compressed into a condensed style, or expanded out into an extended style.
Various other styles are in occasional use: underline, overstrike, outline, shadow.
Scalable Vector Graphics. An XML format used for drawing vector images. It includes a font format.
Syllabary
A syllabary is a phonetic writing system like an alphabet. Unlike an alphabet the sound-unit which is written is a syllable rather than a phoneme. In Japanese KataKana the sound "ka" is represented by one glyph. Syllabaries tend to be bigger than alphabets (Japanese KataKana requires about 60 different characters, while the Korean Hangul requires tens of thousands).
See Also: abjad, abugida, alphabet and the relevant Wikipedia article.
A typesetting package.
The germanic letter "þ" used for the unvoiced (English) "th" sound (as in the word "thorn"), I believe this is approximately the same sound value as Greek Theta. Currently a corrupt version of this glyph survives as "ye" for "the". See also Eth.
True Type
A type of font invented by Apple and shared with MicroSoft. It specifies outlines with second degree (quadratic) Bézier curves, contains innovative hinting controls, and an expandable series of tables for containing whatever additional information is deemed important to the font.
Apple and Adobe/MicroSoft have expanded these tables in different ways to include for advanced typographic features needed for non-latin scripts (or for complex latin scripts). See Apple Advanced Typography and OpenType.
TrueType Tables
Each truetype font contains a collection of tables each of which contains a certain kind of information. See here for the tables used by FontForge.
A type of PostScript font which see.
A type of PostScript font, used within OpenType font wrappers.
A very general type of PostScript font, which see.
A type of PostScript font, which see.
Type High
In the days of metal type this was the height of the piece of metal -- the distance from the printing surface to the platform on which it rested.
See Monospace.
A character set/encoding which tries to contain all the characters currently used in the world, and many historical ones as well. See the Unicode consortium.
Undershoot
See the explanation at Overshoot.
This is a field in a PostScript font, it was formerly used as a mechanism for identifying fonts uniquely, then Adobe decided it was not sufficient and created the XUID (extended Unique ID) field. Adobe has now decided that both are unneeded.
There is a very similar field in the TrueType 'name' table.
UseMyMetrics
This is a truetype concept which forces the width of an composite glyph (for example an accented letter) to be the same as the width of one of its components (for example the base letter being accented).
Vertical Advance Width
CJK text is often written vertically (and sometimes horizontally), so each CJK glyph has a vertical advance as well as a horizontal advance.
The weight of a font is how thick (dark) the stems of the glyphs are. Traditionally weight is named, but recently numbers have been applied to weights.
Extra-Light 200
Normal 400
Demi-Bold 600
Bold 700
Heavy 800
This is a slightly ambiguous term and is sometimes used to mean the advance width (the distance from the start of this glyph to the start of the next glyph), and sometimes used to mean the distance from the left side bearing to the right side bearing.
The height of a lower case letter above the base line (with a flat top like "x" or "z" or "v" as opposed to one with a curved top like "o" or one with an ascender like "l") .
See also Cap-height, Ascender, Descender, Overshoot, Baseline
XUID
Extended Unique ID in a PostScript font. Now somewhat obsolete. See the explanation at Unique ID.
Zapf, Hermann
Outstanding modern font designer.


Aim. To assess the quality parameters of plant active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in accordance with the requirements of modern normative documents by such physicochemical characteristics as "Description", "Solubility", "Hygroscopy", "Microscopy", as well as identification of the structural components of fructan in order to involve the data obtained in development of the national normative documents on the substance of inulin.
Results. The study of nine plant API of inulin obtained from chicory, agave and Jerusalem artichoke, as well as the reference standards of fructan from chicory and dahlia has been conducted by such physicochemical characteristics as "Description", "Solubility", "Hygroscopy", "Microscopy".
According to the British Pharmacopoeia 2010 (BP) the chemical reactions of identification confirmed the presence of fructose and glucose after hydrolysis of the substance. According to the United States Pharmacopeia 36 – NF 31 (USP) it has been found by the identification reaction that the substances analyzed (in addition to the standard substances) contain impurities of sugars with the properties of reducing agents. By appearance the samples under study are loose, amorphous powders of practically white and pale yellow color, they are hygroscopic and very hygroscopic, readily soluble and very soluble in hot water. By the microscopic study they are completely or partially fragmented spherical or ovoid fractions with the expressed central micelles and peripheral semi-transparent shells, as well as small parts separated from the main pseudocrystalline formations.
Conclusions. The results of studying the substances of inulin by such physicochemical characteristics as "Description", "Solubility", "Hygroscopy", "Microscopy", as well as identification of the structural components of fructan according to the requirements of the BP and USP, can be used for the input quality control of plant API of inulin to confirm the structure and determine the purity of the substance. The results of studying the physicochemical characteristics of plant API of inulin can be used when developing the national normative documents on the substance of inulin.
Öztürk, B. (2016). A rising star prebiotic dietary fiber: inulin and recent applications in meat products.
method. International Journal of Food Properties, 1–11.
Kryvoruk, V. M., Kalinnik, K. A., Shults, M. O. (2015). Molodyi vchenyi, 12 (27), 1, 52–55.
K. van der Voort Maarschalk, W. L. Hinrichs // Carbohydrate Polymers. – 2015. – Vol. 130. – Р. 405–419.
Н. Д. Лукин, А. А. Михайленко, А. В. Канарский // Вестник Казанского технологического университета. – 2015. – № 18 (1). – С. 94–99.
/ M. Z. Saavedra–Leos, C. Leyva–Porras, E. Martínez–Guerra et al. // Carbohydrate Polymers. – 2004.
5. Roberfroid, M. B. Inulin–type fructans : functional food ingredients / M. B. Roberfroid // The J. of Nutrition.
/ Y. Kriukova // Intern. J. of Food Properties. – 2018. – P. 1–11.
В. М. Криворук, К. А. Каліннік, М. О. Шульц // Молодий вчений. – 2015. – № 12 (27). – Ч. 1. – С. 52–55.
лікарських рослин : матеріали ІІ Міжнародної наук.–практ. internet–конф. (м. Харків, 21–23 березня 2016 р.) / ред. кол. : Т. М. Гонтова, А. О. Мінаєва, Н. І. Ільїнська. – Х. : НФаУ, 2016. – С. 106–108.
11. Pharmacopoeia B. British Pharmacopoeia. Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Substances. – London : The Stationery Office, 2010.
12. Державна фармакопея України : в 3 т. / Український науковий фармакопейний центр якості лікарських засобів. – 2–е вид. – Х. : Український науковий фармакопейний центр якості лікарських засобів, 2015. – Т. 1. – 1128 с.


text:
The NM Political Report (https://nmpoliticalreport.com/2018/02/10/house-overhauls-lottery-bill-to-ensure-more-funds-for-students/)
House overhauls lottery bill to ensure more funds for students
By Steve Terrell, Santa Fe New Mexican | February 10, 2018
The state House of Representatives on Saturday approved a bill seeking to create bigger prizes in the state lottery, but not before heavily amending the measure to protect the lottery scholarship fund for college students.
House Bill 147, sponsored by Rep. Jim Smith, R-Sandia Park, cleared the House on a vote of 37-30. It eliminates a requirement that the lottery turn over 30 percent of its gross revenue for scholarships.
The lottery staff and lobbyists for lottery vendors said scrapping the funding requirement actually would one day lead to significantly more money for scholarships. Democrats and Republicans alike were skeptical of that claim.
They amended Smith's bill, saying they wanted to build in accountability from the lottery staff and guarantee more money for scholarships.
One amendment, by Rep. Jason Harper, R-Rio Rancho, limits the lottery to spending no more than 15 percent of its gross revenue for operating cost.
"When the lottery was required to spend 30 percent scholarships, its operating costs fell from 20 percent to 15 percent," Harper said. "That's great. We want to maintain those cost savings and keep maximizing money for students."
Then Rep. Matthew McQueen, D-Galisteo, got through another amendment that raised the minimum amount guaranteed for scholarships from $38 million to $40 million.
"The guarantee of $38 million is too low," McQueen said. "Students have received an average of $42 million under the 30 percent guarantee."
Harper agreed, pointing out that more than $40 million has been dispersed to the scholarship fund in nine of the last 10 years.
The final amendment, by Rep. Alonzo Baldonado, R-Los Lunas, requires that any unclaimed lottery prize money would go to the scholarship fund, and that this money would be in addition to the guaranteed $40 million.
Smith opposed all the amendments as unfriendly. He lost every round as his attempt to keep his bill intact unraveled.
Among the Santa Fe-area delegation — all Democrats — Reps. Jim Trujillo of Santa Fe and Stephanie Garcia Richard of Los Alamos voted for the bill.
McQueen, House Speaker Brian Egolf and Rep. Linda Trujillo, both of Santa Fe, voted against it.
Rep. Carl Trujillo was not present for the final vote, even though he had voted for all three amendments.
Since the Legislature imposed the 30 percent requirement, the lottery went from providing $32.2 million for scholarships in 2005 to $41.1 million a decade later. That climbed to $46.3 million in 2016.
But lottery sales dipped last year.
And the lottery scholarship has been covering a smaller and smaller share of students' tuition in recent years as universities have raised tuition.
Besides lottery officials pushing for Smith's bill, national lottery vendors companies that contract with the lottery have hired prominent lobbyists to push the legislation.
Among them is Pat Rogers, a former member of the Republican National Committee, Mickey Barnett, a former state senator who also formerly served on the RNC, and Vanessa Alarid, a lobbyist married to Democratic Rep. Antonio "Moe" Maestas, D-Albuquerque. Maestas voted in favor of the bill and against all three amendments.
Fred Nathan, of the Santa Fe-based policy organization Think New Mexico, had led the fight against the bill. But he liked the amendments.
"This is a huge victory," Nathan said. "I'm delighted that the House voted to protect students. But I'm surprised that [lottery officials] opposed all three amendments after saying that they were acting in the students' interests."
The bill now goes to the Senate.
Reporter Andrew Oxford contributed to this report.
Contact Steve Terrell at 505-986-3037 or sterrell@sfnewmexican.com. Read his blog at http://www.santafenewmexican.com/roundhouse_roundup.
Alonzo Baldonado
Brian Egolf
Carl Trujillo
Martinez strikes $5M payback to school districts
New Mexico school districts that had hoped to put a little more cushion in their budgets managed to persuade a sympathetic Legislature, but couldn't get it past the governor's veto pen. When she signed the 2018-2019 budget on March 7, Gov. Susana Martinez struck a line through $5 million state lawmakers had set aside to repay some school districts whose cash accounts had been swept by $40.
Some Martinez vetoes get pushback
The Teacher: Childhood trauma informed Stewart's legislative success
'Latinos for Trump' call on supporters to talk to friends and neighbors
The morning after President Donald Trump's campaign rally in Rio Rancho, a group of about 100 people gathered to encourage Trump supporters to talk to their friends and neighbors about Trump. Latinos for Trump held a panel discussion at Casa Rodeña, a winery in the village of Los Ranchos de Albuquerque. Guest speakers included members of Latinos for Trump, the state Republican chairman, a state representative and Trump's campaign manager.
Senate OKs bill to 'Ban the Box' on job applications
View all Alonzo Baldonado articles →
Lawmakers poised to start a strange legislative session
The 2021 legislative session begins Tuesday at noon, against a bizarre backdrop that's never been contemplated, much less seen. The Capitol building remains surrounded by fencing, concrete barriers and blocked roads.
Speakers tout NM's climate leadership, but are quiet on oil and gas production
Guv signs civil rights commission, election, budget solvency bills
View all Brian Egolf articles →
House OKs ethics bill with election 'blackout'
Election season might seem like the perfect time for a government ethics watchdog to be on high alert. But in setting up a new statewide ethics commission, lawmakers are proposing to curtail its work during the height of election years -- or even for the entirety of the campaign season.
Three Dem legislators lose in primaries
Investigation, new calls for Trujillo to resign over sexual harassment allegations
View all Carl Trujillo articles →
Senate committee caves to governor's demand for more police pay, DA funds
Senate OKs new system of choosing Lt. Gov. candidates

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Citry är en kommun i departementet Seine-et-Marne i regionen Île-de-France i norra Frankrike. Kommunen ligger i kantonen La Ferté-sous-Jouarre som tillhör arrondissementet Meaux. År  hade Citry  invånare.

Befolkningsutveckling
Antalet invånare i kommunen Citry

Se även
 Lista över kommuner i departementet Seine-et-Marne

Källor

Externa länkar

Kommuner i Seine-et-Marne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I found this piece and loved it. It was written by Eliezer Yudkowsky who, despite having no formal education in computer science or artificial intelligence, founded the nonprofit Machine Intelligence Research Institute (formerly the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence) in 2000 and continues to be employed there as a full-time Research Fellow. He writes on "friendly" artificial intelligence and decision-making.


Macrino d Alba (Gian Giacomo de Alladio), Italian painter. Inscriptions on his altarpieces indicate he was born in Alba. He probably trained elsewhere; his early works, with the exception of the portrait of Andrea Novelli, Bishop of Alba (Isola Bella, Museo Borromeo), cannot be traced to a precise location. His patrons were mainly from the Paleologo court at Casale Monferrato, where he was the official painter. His earliest signed and dated work is the triptych of the Virgin Enthroned between SS John the Evangelist, James the Greater, John the Baptist and Thomas Aquinas and Two Donors (1495; Turin, Museo Civico d Arte Antica), and it and the Virgin and Child between SS Nicholas and Martin (Rome, Pinacoteca Capitolina) show the influence of Lombard painters, particularly Ambrogio Bergognone; some writers have suggested that this may indicate a journey through central Italy, perhaps to Rome.
Macrino d Alba worked mainly in the city of Alba but his paintings can be found in Turin, Rome, and in the Certosa in Pavia.
See more details about "Figure of a Saint"


Some people become addicted to prescription drugs. Their doctors may not recognize the symptoms as well as those who spend more time with these individuals.
• Impaired motor function• Impaired coordination and balance.
This occurs because of Klonopin's long half-life which means that the medication itself stays in the person's bloodstream.
The real danger related to Klonopin comes when individuals either mix the drug with another substance. Use of other drugs intensifies the general effects.
The other situation where Klonopin use is dangerous is when use of the drug is abruptly discontinued after long term use. Everyone who utilizes Klonopin long term becomes low dose dependent. Side effects of the drug itself are generally benign, but sudden withdrawal after long-term use can cause severe, even fatal, symptoms. Symptoms of withdrawal include: Anxiety, irritability, insomnia, panic attacks, tremors and DT's (delirium tremens) which occurs with long term use.
Not only can long term Klonopin use result in dependence, it can also result in protracted withdrawal. This means withdrawal can last for months, years, or even a life time. This only occurs in ten to fifteen percent of cases, however, the risk is real. This results because of brain damage, which is usually irreversible. Some symptoms include: anxiety, insomnia, tinnitus, tingling and numbness in limbs, muscle pain and tension, cramps, weakness, irritable bowel, and cognitive difficulties.
As far as I know, Ruth still pops another Klonopin several times per day. She is well stocked with all kinds of drugs that she apparently uses with no discrimination or good judgment whatsoever. Suicidal impulses are one of the known harmful side-effects. The situation is simply pitiful, for all involved.
To make matters worse, her hubby blindly supports Ruth, in good habit or bad. He, supposedly trained to treat addicts, helps his own wife maintain her drug habit.
I found this very interesting. I actually took Klonopin nearly every day for 4 years for Restless Leg Syndrome. I quit cold turkey after stopping hormone replacement therapy, which I had long suspected was the cause of my worsening RLS symptoms (a lesson in listening to my "gut" over the advise of medical professionals). For about a week, I had more severe RLS symptoms, but those tapered off to a minor, occasional annoyance. I never experienced what I would classify as even mild withdrawal symptoms.
Every reaction to a drug can be different, just as some people become alcoholics and others indulge with no apparent harm. You are lucky, I guess, the stats say about ten to fifteen percent have problems with Klonopin. My guess is they are the ones who get hooked and keep on taking it, even when they know it is doing bad things to them.


text:
Q: Typesafe event handlers with Preact + Typescript I am writing a simple component with Preact that uses an onChange handler for an <input/> element:
function Example(props: {}) {
  return <input onChange={(e) => {
    const { value } = e.currentTarget;
    console.log(value);
  }} />
}

The code above creates the following error:
Property 'value' does not exist on type 'EventTarget'.ts(2339)

The quickest fix would be to do a typecast:
    const el = (e.currentTarget as HTMLInputElement).value;

but I do not want to add type casts to the application for such a common operation.
What is the correct way to write a form event handler without using typecasts or the any type?
Environment Info:

*

*"strict": true in tsconfig.json

*preact@8.5.2

*No external typings installed. Using package defaults.

A: Disclaimer: I work on Preact.
This is a bug in our current typings for Preact. Those are distributed with the preact npm package itself. Here is an issue in our tracker that is related to that: https://github.com/preactjs/preact/issues/1930

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Mother Teresa is famous helping the poor and the needy.
He is an infamous criminal.
The words economic and economical are often confused. They are both adjectives with related meanings.
Economic refers to the economy.
The opposition leader said that the government's economic policies are in the ruins.
I am looking for an economical car.
To ensure is to guarantee.
Before going out you have to ensure that the doors are locked.
We have insured our house against natural calamities like floods and earthquakes.
To flaunt is to show something off.
He has just bought a new smartphone, and he likes to flaunt it.
To flout law is to express contempt for it.
There is a common belief that further cannot be used to refer to physical distance. However, this is not exactly true and both further and farther are acceptable in this context.
To envelop is to surround.
He enveloped her in his arms.
An envelope is a cover for a letter.
He folded the letter and put it in the envelope.


text:
''Meet the Parents'' tops the box office again
''Blair Witch 2'' debuts with a lower than expected $13.1 million gross
By Lori Reese
Updated October 30, 2000 at 05:00 AM EST
Blair: Abbot Genser
Industry watchers really got a shock this weekend, as "Meet the Parents" topped the box office again with an estimated $15.1 million take. The Ben Stiller/ Robert De Niro father in law from hell comedy is the first film to land in the No. 1 spot four weekends in a row since 1999's August megahit "The Sixth Sense." Industry analysts predicted that "Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2" would cast the top fiscal spell over audiences in its opening days. Instead, the $15 million sequel to last year's surprise $60,000 blockbuster grossed about $13.1 million for a No. 2 debut. "I guess you can fool moviegoers once, but they won't go for it a second time," Robert Bucksbaum of tracking firm Reel Source told the Associated Press.
The rest of the top five was dominated by familiar titles. "Remember the Titans" held onto third place ($8 million), while last week's No. 2 flick "Bedazzled" lost more than 40 percent of its audience, tumbling to No. 4 ($7.7 million). The schmaltzy martyr tale "Pay It Forward" rounded out the top five ($6.9 million). Meanwhile, another would be big debut, John Travolta and Lisa Kudrow's "Lucky Numbers," opened at No. 7 with $4.6 million — much to the chagrin of its distributor, Paramount. "We're definitely disappointed," said Rob Friedman, vice chairman of the studio. "We felt it was the sort of offbeat, dark comedy that audiences would embrace, and they didn't." Or, maybe we were just afraid that Travolta would still be wearing those goofy dreadlocks.
CRITICAL MASS Industry watchers may have thought that "Book of Shadows" would enthrall audiences, but its disappointing No. 2 debut came as no surprise to EW.com readers. The bigger budget sequel earned a mediocre C from voters — only slightly better than the critics' average grade of C-. Moreover, it looks as though the future for this flick is pretty shadowy. Some 59 percent of voters indicated that they are unlikely to see the movie again, and a deadly 54 percent said that they would definitely NOT recommend the thriller to friends.
Suffering an even worse fate than "Shadows" was the Travolta/ Kudrow comedy "Lucky Numbers." Overall, EW.com readers marked the movie a C-. This only looks fortunate when compared to the critics' average of D. Meanwhile, a whopping 64 percent of voters said that they wouldn't want to see the film again, while more than half said they wouldn't recommend it to friends. Talk about unlucky numbers.


text:
package com.marverenic.music.player.transaction;

import java.util.UUID;

import static com.marverenic.music.player.transaction.ChunkHeader.MAX_ENTRIES;

public final class OutgoingTransaction<T, E extends Throwable> {

    private final String mTransactionId;
    private final SplitFunction<T> mSplitFunction;
    private final int mSize;
    private final T mData;

    OutgoingTransaction(T data, int size, SplitFunction<T> splitFunction) {
        mTransactionId = UUID.randomUUID().toString();

        mSplitFunction = splitFunction;
        mSize = size;
        mData = data;
    }

    public void transmit(StartFunction<E> startFunction, SendFunction<T, E> sendFunction,
                         FinishFunction<E> finishFunction) throws E {

        begin(startFunction);
        send(sendFunction);
        finish(finishFunction);
    }

    private void begin(StartFunction<E> startFunction) throws E {
        TransactionToken token = new TransactionToken(mTransactionId, mSize);
        startFunction.start(token);
    }

    private void send(SendFunction<T, E> sendFunction) throws E {
        int offset;
        for (offset = 0; offset + MAX_ENTRIES < mSize; offset += MAX_ENTRIES) {
            T chunk = mSplitFunction.split(mData, offset, offset + MAX_ENTRIES);
            ChunkHeader header = new ChunkHeader(mTransactionId, offset, MAX_ENTRIES);

            sendFunction.send(header, chunk);
        }

        if (offset < mSize) {
            T chunk = mSplitFunction.split(mData, offset, mSize);
            ChunkHeader header = new ChunkHeader(mTransactionId, offset, mSize - offset);

            sendFunction.send(header, chunk);
        }
    }

    private void finish(FinishFunction<E> finishFunction) throws E {
        finishFunction.finish();
    }

    interface SplitFunction<T> {
        T split(T data, int startPos, int endPos);
    }

    public interface StartFunction<E extends Throwable> {
        void start(TransactionToken token) throws E;
    }

    public interface SendFunction<T, E extends Throwable> {
        void send(ChunkHeader header, T chunk) throws E;
    }

    public interface FinishFunction<E extends Throwable> {
        void finish() throws E;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The M12 Compact Lithium-Ion Vacuum provides more power to clean anywhere. A high-performance motor delivers maximum suction for a wide range of construction materials, such as wood chips and metal shavings. With up to 29 minutes of run-time on a single charge (REDLITHIUM XC 4.0 Ah Battery Sold Separately), the M12 Compact Lithium-Ion Vacuum can be used for spot clean-up or large area vacuuming. It comes with a utility nozzle, crevice tool and extension wand for maximum application versatility and is built to withstand job site conditions.
Sealed Suction (Water Lift): 14.5 in.
I didn't realize it came with attachments, it is a great on the go vacuum.
OK, I initially didn't use the wand and floor attachment with this vac and just attached the crevice tool but that is not what this thing does best. With the wand attached and either attachment on, it acts like a full size vac, allowing you to clean the floor without stooping over. Its not super powerful but it get the job done while standing up and its in a very light and handy package. Outstanding vac for its price and what it can do. I think the wand somehow increases the suction. Also very easy to open and dump. The pleated filter is also a plus.
With the straight attachment it does great for cleaning up small messes without having to bend down. Without, I love it for cleaning out my car, especially with the included crevice tool. Also great that it will work with any common attachments. It doesn't have a ton of power, but for short uses it does a great job. And for $59 it isn't bad at all!
Bought this to use in our 20' RV as hubby already uses his Milwaukee drill with M12 battery to jack up the trailer and this was just an easy add on to use when cleaning the inside. And I'm sure I've convinced a few camping neighbours to purchase as soon the the wife hears this working.
Bought one for my son for christmas, he put it to immediate use and we were so impressed thst I purchased a second one at the request of my wife who wanted her own.
Easy to use and we'll built.
Better than any dustbuster I ever had.
Great compact vacuum, I use it at work and at home. Suction is great too, just have to clean the filter out once in a while.
where can i get replacement filters for this vacuum?
BEST ANSWER: For parts, please contact Milwaukee directly at 1-800-729-3878.
Is this just a vacuum or a wet/dry vacuum?
BEST ANSWER: That is just a vacuum.
This is just a vacuum.
Does this product come with a HEAPA filter or can you attach one?
Would this be a good vacuum for vacuuming a car or SUV? I have a great shop vac but sometimes I don't want to pull it out on the driveway and get power. I am looking for a vacuum to use in my RAV4EV.
BEST ANSWER: The Milwaukee 0850-20 would be suitable for use on an automobile, as well as a job site.
Is this a heppa filter,if not is there one available for this vac?
BEST ANSWER: No, Milwaukee's M12 cordless blower is not available with a HEPA filter.
Does this come with a battery? Must a battery be purchased separitly? The specs say that a battery and charger are NOT included. So is a battery built in?
BEST ANSWER: No,the vacuum does not come with a battery or charger.
BEST ANSWER: Yes, this unit will accept the M12 batteries from Milwaukee.
Hi I am hai Nguyen, I been paid the item for last week when I get it? And I don't have a tracking number.
Our records indicate that your order was delivered via UPS on 2/10. Your tracking number is 1Z0A6Y410303517891.


text:
Aux portes de l'éternité (titre original : ) est un roman historique de Ken Follett, paru en 2014. Après La Chute des géants et L'Hiver du monde, Aux portes de l'éternité est le troisième volet de la trilogie Siècle.

Résumé
Ce troisième volet sur le  commence en 1961 avec la construction du mur de Berlin et se termine avec la chute de ce dernier, puis il y a un bond dans l'histoire et nous nous retrouvons à la toute fin à l'élection du président Obama. On y retrouve les histoires et aventures des familles protagonistes présentes depuis La Chute des géants. Entre guerre froide et guerre économique, cette fin de siècle est tout aussi riche en rebondissements. Le thème de la ségrégation aux États-Unis est également bien présent. Les familles sont de différentes origines, mais principalement des États-Unis, de Russie, d'Angleterre et d'Allemagne.

Tout comme les deux précédents tomes, Aux portes de l'éternité peut se lire seul. Mais c'est celui qui gagnera le plus à être lu dans l'ordre de publication. Car il faut déjà être attaché aux cinq familles fictives de la trilogie, autour desquelles gravitent les événements historiques, pour pleinement l'apprécier: c'est parce que les familles Dewar (États-Unis), Leckwith-Williams (Angleterre), Franck (Allemagne), Dvorkine-Pechkov (Russie) nous sont déjà «proches» que certaines émotions surgissent, tant les événements se précipitent dans ce troisième tome.

Quant à la cinquième famille, ce n'est plus celle des Gallois Leckwith (tome 1) ni des Autrichiens von Ulrich (tome 2), mais bien celle de l'Afro-Américain George Jakes: sa présence permet à Follett d'aborder en profondeur la question de la ségrégation aux États-Unis, la démarche non violente de Martin Luther King, les Black Panthers, etc. Ce pan de l'Histoire aura d'ailleurs un écho jusqu'à la toute dernière page de l'ouvrage. Le rock est un élément central de ce tome, accompagnant les évolutions de société occidentales au cours de la période couverte (60s-80s).

Éditions

Format papier
 , broché, langue anglaise, paru le .
 , poche, langue anglaise, paru le .
 Aux portes de l'éternité, broché, trad. Jean-Daniel Brèque, paru le .

Format numérique
 , ePub.
 , version audio, CD, paru le .
 Aux portes de l'éternité, ePub.

Références

Lien externe
 Aux portes de l'éternité sur le site des éditions Robert Laffont

Roman historique se déroulant au XXe siècle
Roman de Ken Follett
Roman britannique paru en 2014


text:
Home Arkansas Football Perspective It's OK to Question Jimbo Fisher's Motives Behind Wanting Arkansas as a...
It's OK to Question Jimbo Fisher's Motives Behind Wanting Arkansas as a Permanent Opponent
photo credit: Nick Wenger
Two reasons people talk about you: jealousy and bullying. Rumor-mongering, for the record, covers either or both.
The SEC Media Days annual gathering in the Deep South is filled with both jealousy and bullying, usually by way of rumor-mongering. Coaches from across college football's best conference take the dais, four a day, and answer questions. About a third of them are solid, a third are as deep as a puddle and another third are barely questions at all and more of homer reporters' way of getting their voice on TV ("Coach, talk about…").
Now, with these questions, or more specifically, with the reporters who ask these questions of the last two natures, usually comes the pre-defined postulate. It's the working off an assumption, but presented as incontrovertible fact and ultimately framing the interaction with the coach simply to get the coach to agree with the pre-defined postulate.
[adthrive-in-post-video-player video-id="A3iAbfIz" upload-date="2022-07-22T02:32:14.000Z" name="SECMD-Opponents.mp4″ description="Several SEC coaches discuss Arkansas football at 2022 SEC Media Days" player-type="default" override-embed="default"]
It used to be that only people asking these kinds of questions were reporters still working at their college newspaper and Joe Schmo who runs a blog. Then, as Americans, we decided to abandon journalistic principles and hop on with Joe Schmo's blog and turn him into some legitimate news-gatherer simply because he and I like the same team.
Yeah, this is a preamble, all right.
Lots of them (us?) are working from the pre-defined postulate that the SEC will shift to three permanent rivals with five – or six, if a nine-game slate is adopted – opponents rotating year to year as part of its in-league schedule. The format has grown in popularity, over the last year or so especially, as conferences continue to expand. The popularity of the idea, however, hinges on one minor piece: who those opponents are.
Jimbo Fisher Wants Arkansas
Texas and Oklahoma enter the SEC sometime in the next four years. Historically and geographically speaking, the Longhorns and Sooners would make for tremendous rivals for Arkansas. Texas, of course, is the old Southwest Conference archrival and Oklahoma is just a stone's throw down Interstate 40. Texas A&M, too, though, makes for a great bedfellow with the two Big 12 exiles.
Aggies coach Jimbo Fisher, the last man to take the stage in Atlanta for media days, was asked about his thoughts on the potential schedule. He very clearly failed to mention a certain team.
"You want Texas. When Texas comes into the league, when that schedule comes in, definitely because of that rivalry," Fisher said. "I think LSU is a great rivalry. But that's probably our two biggest. Then Arkansas goes into that, too. But I don't know if that was one of our three that they equated to us in what we did."
The Aggies want Texas. It makes all the sense in the world. Everyone thinks, too, they're LSU's rival. Then the Razorbacks. Why the Razorbacks over the Sooners, though? Yes, the Southwest Conference thing exists, but look closer and it makes more sense.
Arkansas isn't as good as Oklahoma. Haven't been in a long, long time. If Texas A&M had Texas, Oklahoma and LSU as three permanent rivals, the Aggies would have their hands full every single season, even in the ones when the Longhorns and Tigers are down, because, let's face it, those teams' down years are nothing like the Hogs' down years now that new modern floor has been set by Chad Morris.
Potential Permanent Foes for Arkansas Football
The Razorbacks may find themselves in a similar bind. Arkansas already plays three trophy games – Texas A&M in the Southwest Classic, LSU in the Battle for the Boot and Missouri in the Battle Line Rivalry. Those three as permanent rivals makes all the sense in the world, but it also negates the re-budding of the classic Horns vs. Hogs stalwart days from the 1960s and '70s. For those of us on the border of the Sooner State, too, we know the tenacity that exists between some OU fans and their Razorback neighbors.
(READ NEXT: Sam Pittman Reveals His Picks for Arkansas Football's Permanent Foes)
Then there's Ole Miss. Rebels coach Lane Kiffin also wouldn't mind keeping the Hogs on the docket every year, it seems. Last year's game between the two teams was a classic.
"Well, that was exciting, an exciting game. Again, just shows you can't predict year to year, week to week, you got no idea how games are going to go," Kiffin said. "That's an exciting rivalry, one that means a lot to fans as well."
Teams may have some say in which of their opponents will make for the permanent plays, but it won't be exclusively up to them. Some blend of legitimate animus should exist in at least one game, but they'd probably also want a winnable-eight-times-out-of-10 game to be permanent, too. The question is whether teams see Arkansas as the former or the latter. Or both.
Sam Pittman has made the Razorbacks not only relevant again but he has perhaps put them on the cusp of legitimacy in the eyes of the hardcore opposing fans. One 9-4 season does not a dynasty make. But go back to the Aggies. They were hardly the Big 12's most dominant team during their run in that conference. Since joining the SEC, they've fallen short of eight wins just one time. No, they're not Alabama, but they're closer to the Crimson Tide than the bottom third. Dynastic, if not an outright dynasty of almost always good, but never great.
Pittman and Arkansas have at least drawn the respect from the rest of the league, though. Sam Pittman alone has done that much. How long it holds is what will determine whether Arkansas is that team others feel they can beat eight-of-10 times or otherwise. Either way, that's a start, no matter how the conference ends up looking in the next handful of years and who happens to be on the slate.
More coverage of Arkansas football from BoAS…
Sam Pittman Reveals His Picks for Arkansas Football's Permanent Foes
Snub City: 5 Hogs Most Likely to Prove Annual Preseason All-SEC Team Wrong
Whether Jadon Haselwood Wants It Or Not, There Is Big-Time Pressure On His Shoulders
Sam Pittman Couldn't Help from Cracking a Houston Nutt-Related Joke at SEC Media Days
Jimbo Fisher
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Bob Ward, Boston 25 News
Boston 25 News Reporter Bob Ward is widely regarded as one of the best crime reporters in New England. Bob's reporting at WFXT has spanned more than two decades. From local investigations to federal probes, he has covered hundreds of high-profile cases and is known for getting officials, alleged criminals, even witnesses to go "on record" in his reporting. Bob's exceptional storytelling combined with his extensive law enforcement contacts led to the creation of his Boston 25 series, "New England's Unsolved." The feature profiles unsolved criminal cases in the region and serves as a powerful voice for victims and their families. Working with families and authorities, Bob's reporting has helped bring attention to cases that have fallen from the headlines. His reporting has been instrumental in uncovering new leads resulting in the arrest of dangerous fugitives. In 2017 Bob launched a podcast for "New England's Unsolved," and received an Edward R. Murrow Award for his work. Bob also works closely with "Mass Most Wanted," a consortium of 39 law enforcement agencies that share information to track down criminals. The partnership has resulted in the arrests of some of New England's most wanted criminals. Over his career, Bob has received numerous awards and commendations, including the Mass State Police Superintendent's Commendation Award, the FBI Director's Community Leadership Award and recognition from the Molly Bish Center and Foundation for his reporting on missing children. Bob serves on the Board of Directors for the Garden of Peace, a memorial to victims of homicide. Bob's broadcasting career includes positions at WJAR-TV in Providence, R.I. and WMUR-TV in Manchester, N.H. He has received several Boston/New England Emmy Awards and a Massachusetts Associated Press Award. A native New Englander, Bob is a graduate of Emerson College
Latest Headlines by Bob Ward
DA: Brian Walshe, husband of missing Cohasset mother Ana Walshe, facing murder charge in her death
It's not yet clear whether Ana's remains have been located.
By Bob Ward, Boston 25 News and Boston25News.com Staff●
January 18, 2023 at 6:10 am EST
Missing Cohasset mother: Investigators plan next steps in Ana Walshe case
Ortiz explains, that while detectives wait for evidence analysis to return from the crime lab, the investigation is still moving forward.
By Bob Ward, Boston 25 News●
January 13, 2023 at 5:41 pm EST
Ana Walshe told D.C. police Brian Walshe threatened to kill her back in 2014
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The powerful Pre-Christmas storm knocked power out to thousands of people in Merrimack Valley Friday, with National Grid officials saying it could be 11pm Christmas Eve before power is restored to most customers.
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text:
Blastomussa is a genus of large polyp stony corals. It is unclear in which family this genus belongs. Members of this genus are sometimes found in reef aquariums.

Species
The World Register of Marine Species recognises the following species:
Blastomussa loyae Head, 1978
Blastomussa merleti (Wells, 1961)
Blastomussa omanensis (Sheppard & Sheppard, 1991)
Blastomussa simplicitexta (Umbgrove, 1942) †
Blastomussa vivida Benzoni, Arrigoni & Hoeksema, 2014
Blastomussa wellsi Wijsman-Best, 1973

References

External links
 ReefCorner Database Entry - Blastomussa merleti

Scleractinia genera
Enigmatic animal taxa


text:
How Artificial Intelligence Will Make Decisions In Tomorrow's Wars
82nd Airborne Division to train with Colombian paratroopers
Israel building underground defense system on Lebanon border
A Better Definition Is Badly Needed for Aircraft Carriers
August 23, 2019 Wes O'Donnell
Iran's president says 'no limit' to nuclear enrichment
US military resumes counter-Islamic State operations in Iraq
By Dr. Brian Blodgett
Faculty Member, Homeland Security, American Military University
What is an aircraft carrier? It is a warship that is capable of carrying, launching, and recovering aircraft while at sea, and it operates as a floating airbase. Yet determining what countries have aircraft carriers and even how many aircraft are owned by the United States is confusing, since there is no single definition of an aircraft carrier.
Get started on your Homeland Security Degree at American Military University.
Defining an Aircraft Carrier
Merriam-Webster defines an aircraft carrier as "a warship with a flight deck on which aircraft can be launched and landed." The Cambridge Dictionary refers to an aircraft carrier as "a large ship that carries military aircraft and has a long, flat surface where they take off and land."
But the definition of aircraft is also essential in this context. Merriam-Webster observes that an aircraft is "a vehicle (such as an airplane or balloon) for traveling through the air" or "a machine (such as an airplane or a helicopter) that flies through the air." The Cambridge Dictionary notes that an aircraft is "any vehicle, with or without an engine, that can fly, such as a plane or helicopter."
With these definitions of aircraft carriers and aircraft in mind, there are currently 14 nations with aircraft carriers. These countries are:
Republic of Korea (South Korea)
The United States leads the world with 20 aircraft carriers. But according to the U.S. Navy, America only has 11 aircraft carriers: 10 Nimitz-class and one Gerald R. Ford-class. The Department of Defense does not count the Navy's nine Amphibious Assault Ships.
What Are Amphibious Assault Ships?
There are two variants of the amphibious assault ships, the America-class landing helicopter assault (LHA) and the older Wasp-class landing helicopter deck (LHD). Both types of ships carry a variety of aircraft to provide vital support for the various missions of the Marine Corps.
The LHS's vehicle storage area typically accommodates a considerable variety of equipment and personnel. It can hold five M-1 tanks, 25 light armored vehicles, eight M-198 towed howitzers, 68 Humvees, ten logistics vehicles, 12 five-ton trucks, two water trailers, a fuel service truck, four rough terrain forklifts and two generator trailers, as well as 1,687 Marines and several landing/attack craft.
The ship's well deck capacity can be changed as a mission dictates. It can hold three air-cushioned land crafts, six mechanized landing crafts, two utility landing crafts, 40 amphibious assault vehicles (normal) or 61 amphibious assault vessels (stowed).
The configuration of the ship's air component depends on its mission. Some examples are:
Six AV-8B Harrier attack planes, four AH-1W Super Cobra attack helicopters, 12 CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters, nine CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopters and four UH-1N Huey helicopters
Six AV-8B Harrier attack planes, 12 CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters and 9 CH53 Sea Stallion helicopters
42 CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters
20 AV-8B Harrier attack planes and six anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopters
The Wasp-class ships also have six fully equipped operating rooms and a 600-bed hospital. They provide the largest medical facilities at sea by far, except for hospital ships.
The America-class LHA does not carry tanks or troops. Also, it doesn't have a well deck to launch hovercraft or other amphibious assault vehicles, a feature on all earlier LHAs and LHDs.
Instead of the well deck, the LHA has an extended hangar deck with two overhead cranes. From all appearances, it is dedicated to carrying a multitude of aircraft that the Marine's expeditionary units typically rely on, rather than traditional amphibious assault ships.
According to Captain Michael Baze, former commanding officer of the USS America, this type of ship "truly provides unmatched flexibility in supporting the Marine Corps' current and future fleet aircraft and was designed with enhanced aviation capabilities in mind to optimally sustain and support the Marine's newest aircraft — the MV-22 Osprey and the F-35B Joint Strike Fighter — during extended global deployments.
"For example, our hangar bay is about 40 percent larger than past similar platforms and includes a second high-bay hangar crane area to improve aviation maintenance capabilities. USS America also carries more aviation fuel and possesses more space for aviation repair activities. In addition to supporting the MV-22 and F-35B Lightning, we can support a wide range of Marine aircraft such as the AV-8B Harrier II, CH-53D/E Sea Stallion, UH-1N Iroquois, and AH-1W Super Cobra, as well as Navy helicopters such as the MH-60S. For RIMPAC, USS America is also embarking MH-60R helicopters that will participate in both anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare."
Should Amphibious Assault Ships Be Classified as Aircraft Carriers?
According to the 2019 issue of an authoritative journal on military forces around the world, "The Military Balance," only five nations have aircraft carriers: China, France, India, Russia and the United States. It also lists the United Kingdom as having the Queen Elizabeth as a future aircraft carrier that is currently in trial status.
The Queen Elizabeth will have the capacity of deploying 24 F-35B Lightning II and 12 Merlin HM2/Wildcat HMA2/CH-47 Chinook helicopters. The ship is to sail to the United States later this year for operational trials with its F-35B fighter jets and is on track to begin operational deployments in 2021.
China's Liaoning, France's Charles de Gaulle, India's Vikramaditya, Russia's Admiral Kuznetsov, and the United States' Nimitz, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Carl Vinson, Theodore Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, John C. Stennis, Harry S. Truman, Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Gerald R. Ford are all capable of launching either conventional fixed-wing or vertical and/or short take-off and landing (VSTOL) aircraft. Consequently, The Military Balance recognizes these ships as aircraft carriers.
But the United States' America is not classified as an aircraft carrier by The Military Balance. Nor are the eight Wasp-classed ships that carry up to six Harrier or F-35Bs Lightning aircraft, Italy's Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi, or Spain's Juan Carlos I. But by the definitions provided by Merriam-Webster and the Cambridge Dictionary, these ships fit the traditional definition of aircraft carriers.
Australia's Canberra-class ships, Brazil's Bahia or Atlantico, Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nassar-class ships, France's Mistral-class ships, Italy's San Giorgio and San Giusto-class ships, Japan's Hyuga, Izumo, and Osumi-class ships, the Republic of Korea's Dokdo class ship, and Thailand's Chakri Naruebet could also be classified as aircraft carriers. They either carry helicopters or have carried aircraft in the past.
Out of the non-aircraft classed ships, only Italy's Cavour and Giuseppe Garabaldi, Thailand's Chakri Naruebet, Japan's Hyuga and Izumo, and the United States America-classed ships do not have the capability to carry armored vehicles (such as tanks, armored personnel carriers or landing craft) or a large contingent of troops. That capacity clearly separates them from the rest of other dual-purpose ships.
What Defines an Aircraft Carrier in the US?
While The Military Balance only classifies the ships of five countries as aircraft carriers, other sources such as Business Insider list the Cavour, Giuseppe Garabaldi, and Chakri Naruebet as aircraft carriers.
However, in the United States, 10 U.S. Code § 5062 appears to be the determining document on exactly what America can define as an aircraft carrier. According to this code, the U.S. Navy must have not fewer than 11 operational aircraft carriers and maintain a minimum of nine carrier air wings. Since aircraft carriers that are temporarily unavailable are counted as operational, they do not require an air wing.
In the United States, it is the presence of an air wing that makes a ship an aircraft carrier. According to the United States Naval Institute, a modern carrier wing has up to nine squadrons with a combined 70 or more aircraft when at full strength. These aircraft include F/A-18E/F Super Hornets air-to-air and air-to-ground fighters, EA-18G Growler electronic warfare aircraft, E-2C Hawkeye early warning aircraft, C-2A Greyhound transports, and MH-60 Seahawk anti-submarine, surface warfare, and resupply helicopters.
What Exactly Are the Wasp- and America-Classed Ships?
Are the America- and the Wasp-class ships actually light aircraft carriers? David Axe, in The National Interest, questions if they are.
In referring to these ships as a Lightning carrier, he mentions that they could embark on missions with 16-20 F-35s, less than half of what our other aircraft carriers have onboard. Likewise, they would be limited in the number of sorties per day by roughly 25 percent of what our new Ford-class aircraft carrier is to sustain.
Axe quotes a Marine Corps representative who stated that "while the amphibious assault ship will never replace the aircraft carrier, it can be complementary if employed in imaginative ways." The Marine Corps representative also stated, "A Lightning carrier, taking full advantage of the amphibious assault ship as a sea base, can provide the naval and joint force with significant access, collection and strike capabilities."
When the USS Wasp deployed to the Indo-Pacific region with at least 10 F-35B Lightning II stealth fighters, Axe commented that the "Wasp is helping to prove a concept the Marine Corps seriously has been mulling over for years now — transforming amphibious ships into light aircraft carriers." During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the U.S. had four Wasp-classed ships with up to 20 Harriers and the senior chief aviation boatswain's mate on the USS Bonhomme Richard stated, "This is not the norm for an amphib…Our air assets dictate that we operate more like a carrier."
Why Aircraft Carriers Matter
According to 10 U.S. Code § 5062, the United States must maintain 11 operational carriers. Earlier this year when the Navy wanted to decommission the USS Harry S. Truman, 24 years earlier than its estimated lifespan, in order to save costs associated with its mid-life overhaul, it led to many comments by Congressional lawmakers on why the Navy wanted to decommission it so early while at the same time wanting to grow to at least a 12-carrier fleet. Ultimately, the decision to decommission the ship was stopped.
The America, with a cost of $3 billion (less than 25 percent of the new Ford-class carriers) could help solve some of the Navy's issues. With the America lacking a well deck to launch landing craft, that belies its classification of a landing helicopter assault ship and places it closer to that of an aircraft carrier, except for having a complete air wing.
However, in a RAND 2017 report, some experts believe that a light carrier could ultimately be an alternative replacement for some of the Navy's carrier fleet. However, the U.S. could not rely on solely on them since they would not be able to carry special aircraft such as early warning, radar-jamming, or tankers.
RAND concluded their analysis with the concept of a two-to-one replacement, such as two America class for one Ford-class carrier. This strategy would allow the Navy to have more carriers at less cost while still maintaining its force projection mission.
Light carriers could, according to Business Insider military experts, "theoretically take over operations in low-end conflicts, potentially freeing up the "supercarriers" to focus on higher-end threats such as Russia and China. . . . You can turn the light amphibious ships into sea-control, sea-denial, or even strike assets in a meaningful way to distribute the force and bring this concept of distributed lethality to bear."
The presence of the Queen Elizabeth, Vikramaditya, and the Liaoning — all with the capacity to carry around 24 aircraft — and the Charles de Gaulle with the capability to transport up to 40 aircraft can pave the way for smaller, lighter American aircraft carriers. Meanwhile, our nation's Nimitz and Ford-class carriers continue to be the backbone of our Navy.
Dr. Brian Blodgett is an alumnus of American Military University who graduated in 2000 with a master of arts in military studies and a concentration in land warfare. He retired from the U.S. Army in 2006 as a Chief Warrant Officer after serving over 20 years, first as an infantryman and then as an intelligence analyst. He is a 2003 graduate of the Joint Military Intelligence College where he earned a master of science in strategic intelligence with a concentration in South Asia. He graduated from Northcentral University in 2008, earning a doctorate in philosophy in business administration with a specialization in homeland security.
Dr. Blodgett has been a part-time faculty member, a full-time faculty member and a program director. He is currently a full-time faculty member in the School of Security and Global Studies and teaches homeland security and security management courses.
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AMU Degrees: Entrepreneurship, Criminal Justice, Business, Homeland Security, Intelligence & More


Benjamin Franklin said, "Your net worth to the world is usually determined by what remains after your bad habits are subtracted from your good ones." Habits drive our behavior and our behavior drives our life. By creating a series of healthy habits in which to engage every day, you lay the groundwork to become the person you were created to be.
2. Every morning, devote at least fifteen minutes to uninterrupted reading of the Bible. Follow a systematic plan. Don't pause, don't take notes, don't overthink what you are reading. When you are done ask yourself, "So what should I do now?"
3. Every day, sometime during the day, give away a material item. It might be something you already home. It might be something you purchase specifically for someone else. It might be money.
4. Everyday, sometime during the day, ask someone a question about their success. Listen and learn.
5. Apologize at least once. (None of us have perfect days) Be sincere.
6. Thank at least three people. (None of us can do this on our own) Be genuine.
7. Before you go to bed, write a list of at least five ways in which you were blessed during the day. Add to the list three people who enhanced your life during the day.
8. As you fall asleep, envision at least one person into whose life you will make an investment tomorrow.


Polished and pretty with a touch of spandex for easy movement. A hem vent allows you to stride freely, and the pencil silhouette brings some fanciness to everyday commutes or coffeeshop line-ups.
Made from organically grown cotton, Tencel and spandex for a just-right mix of movability.
2 front slash pockets, because who doesn't love pockets in a skirt?
Pull-on style with elastic waistband to keep things simple.
9in. front left hem vent.


You are here: Home / Baking / Team Green No Longer!
When you become pregnant, you learn all sorts of vernacular you might never have been privy to otherwise. For example, did you know that when parents choose not to find out the baby's gender via sonogram, they've officially joined Team Green?
Yeah, me neither. But, you learn something new every day.
The Brit and I were not graced with the patience nor the will to wait the full nine months to find out the gender of our upcoming offspring, so we found out this morning at approximately 8 a.m.
Boy or Girl, you ask?
For the answer to that, we have to bite into a cupcake.
This recipe is my grandfather's. Made many times, Chocolate Mayonnaise Cake is still my very favorite cake, and I can't wait for this little nugget to grow up eating it on special occasions.
James and I thought it would be neat to do a "gender reveal party" here on my blog, since the majority of the people we love and would have at such a party are far-flung all over the globe.
Not wanting to make a full two dozen cupcakes, I took a note out of Christina's book and reduced the recipe down to just 4 cupcakes. I can tell you right now, I will be making this revised recipe repeatedly. My favorite cake, anytime I want, without ever wasting a morsel or gorging myself silly. Perfection.
So, let's take that bite.
Coming October 2013: Baby Boy Bracegirdle! We're officially on the Blue Team!
In a small bowl, combine flour, sugar, cocoa powder, salt and baking soda. Whisk to combine, aerate, and break up any cocoa powder clumps.
In a small measuring jug, combine mayonnaise, coffee, and vanilla. Stir until all are well combined and liquid-y.
Add wet ingredients to the dry and stir until just combined.
Line a 6 count muffin tin with 4 cupcake liners, leaving the middle two wells empty. Spray the tray and liners lightly with cooking spray. This keeps them from sticking to the cake.
Using a large cookie scoop (mine is 3 tablespoons), place one scoop full of batter into each of the 4 lined wells.
Bake for 19 minutes, or until when pierced with a toothpick, it comes out clean. Watch closely and do not overbake!
Frost however you'd like – I used a simple jar of marshmallow fluff, tinted with gel food coloring, for the filling and frosting.
Colleen, this made me smile. It was my grandfather's favorite cake (a depression era staple, is my understanding), and I'm so happy you have the true recipe again! I imagine your improvised version was pretty darn good, but probably the eggs changed the taste a bit? The original recipe only uses the eggs that are in the mayonnaise. Thank you for the congratulations, we're super excited!
Little boy blue! So excited for the both of you!
Thank you, rhyming Shaina! Think Magnus can help him with his British accent? Between him and James, I think we could manage to get this kid growing up with one.
A little boy. How wonderful. Can we go ahead and just arrange the marriage now between him and Libby?
Thank you so much, Amanda. I hope Miss Olivia is doing well, and that you are too. The feeling will definitely be mutual!
Awwww – I am so so so happy for you!! Baby boys are pretty darn great! Congratulations!
Thank you, Kristen! You know how long we've waited for this, and we're beyond thrilled. Can't wait for you to meet him!
Thank you, Marisa. Hope everything's getting better down there in Center City. Saw your tweets yesterday, and then the news. I love Philadelphia, history comes alive for me there. Made my heart hurt to see that collapse.
Thank you, sweet Tara! Can't wait for you to meet the little guy.
Thank you so much, Gail. You ready to be an auntie to this little one? J and Mitzi too!
Yay! So excited for y'all. Congratulations, I am partial to boys, they are so much fun!
Thanks, Miss! I'm sure I'll be coming to you for lots of boy advice.
Congrats to you both! So happy for you guys!
Thank you, Tracy. You know how much this means to us, and your well wishes mean everything too.
Thank you, Aimee! We can't wait to bring the little man up to Montreal to meet your trio and bask in Montreal culture.
This makes me so happy. Congrats!!
Yay! I hope I made you proud. I was sooooo happy to see these cupcakes turn out right. They're no different than if I'd made a full batch. Hooray!
Woot! I think Chellee has boxes and boxes too. This kid is going to be well dressed!


Web standards: should we really care?
In my first job, the majority of front end development time was spent trying to get horrible nested table layouts to render in both IE and Netscape 4. Thankfully the browser world (and more importantly the standards world) have progressed since then (at least a little). Browsers have taken a role reversal, with IE now dragging the chain in place of good old nutscrape.
However despite the leaps and bounds that have been made towards standardising the web, the development environment really hasn't changed that much. We've gone from placing invisible pixels inside nested tables to juggling CSS hacks – all to maintain a consistent look and feel across the range of browsers.
So despite my feeling that our CSS tableless layouts are slightly more elegant (and less code heavy) I can't help but wonder why we haven't already achieved standardisation – and the only explanation I can come up with is that some goon in suit at Redmond doesn't want it for some reason.
I've heard people suggest that the non-compliance of browsers kept the entry-level of the industry higher, however this is absurd. The quality of web design is really a combination if interface design, information design -and lastly, aesthetic. Whoever said "content is king" was onto the right idea.
So where are our web standards heading? Hopefully to a standardised place (wishful thinking, I hear you say) where we can focus all our design and development time on the higher values of our work; namely: presenting our information in a concise and user friendly way, while still achieving a pleasing aesthetic.


Public Health England (PHE 2014) has produced two new reports to help reduce unintentional injuries in children and young people. Each document sets out three action areas for local authorities and their partners and describes four steps local partnerships can take to build robust injury prevention strategies.
Our vision is to reduce the risk of injury to children in South Gloucestershire whilst encouraging them to have active and fulfilling lives.