text:
Q: In pfSense what is the meaning of the "Target Categories" and "Target Categories for off-time" columns in the Groups ACL Screen? In SquidGuard within pfSense 2.3.1 in the Groups ACL screen there are two columns in the Target Rules List Target Categories and Target Categories for off-time.  Each value in the row has the values allow, deny, whitelist and ---.
Why are there two columns and what do they mean?

A: Figured it out.  After looking at the code that is generated and referencing the Squid Guardian website for some examples, it became clear to me that the Target Categories column contains the blacklist / whitelist rules that are applied when the acl is within the specified time period, and the Target Categories for off-time are the blacklist / whitelist rules that are applied when the acl is outside the time period specified.
Target Rules Syntax
Copying the Target Rules text tells all (provided you've already saved it, it isn't updated automatically when changing the values...)
It usually looks like this:
<black-lists applied inside time frame> all|deny [ <black-lists applied outside time frame> all|deny ]

The syntax works like this,

*

*Anything outside of the brackets is what is applied inside the time frame.

*

*<black-lists applied inside time frame>

*Anything inside the brackets is what is applied outside the time frame.

*

*<black-lists applied inside time frame>

*The all or deny at the end states that after the rest of the lists have been run through without a hit (left to right), do you want to allow all the other sites to be accessed, or do you want all the other sites to be denied?

Prefixes:
Applies to all specified black lists
! = Deny
  = allow
^ = whitelist

Example
Now I imagine that I'm over complicating this a bit (there must be a less verbose syntax), and that if I learned more about the allow as opposed to whitelist syntax there would be some way to use the defaults, but I haven't looked into that yet, so here is what I understand:
Suppose that when you want things set outside of the time range you want the following blacklists to be in effect and any other sites are free game:

*

*blk_BL_adv

*blk_BL_aggressive

*blk_BL_dating

*blk_BL_drugs

*blk_BL_gamble

*blk_BL_hacking

*blk_BL_movies

*blk_BL_news

*blk_BL_politics

*blk_BL_porn

*blk_BL_radiotv

*blk_BL_socialnet

*blk_BL_spyware

*blk_BL_warez

...and you want anything else to be accessible...then you'd put all at the end.
To see this in action you would have everything between the brackets:
[ !blk_BL_adv !blk_BL_aggressive !blk_BL_dating !blk_BL_drugs !blk_BL_gamble !blk_BL_hacking !blk_BL_movies !blk_BL_news !blk_BL_politics !blk_BL_porn !blk_BL_radiotv !blk_BL_socialnet !blk_BL_spyware !blk_BL_warez all ]

Note that there are only ! (deny) and no  (allow) and no ^ (whitelist)

Now suppose that during the time period we would like to allow access to the following, but still keep our off-time blacklist rules in play:

*

*blk_BL_movies

*blk_BL_news

*blk_BL_politics

*blk_BL_socialnet

Then we copy the values from our off-time list and replace the ! (deny) with ^ (whitelist) on only the entries listed above.  The rest of them remain ! deny.
The list outside the brackets then becomes
!blk_BL_adv !blk_BL_aggressive !blk_BL_dating !blk_BL_drugs !blk_BL_gamble !blk_BL_hacking ^blk_BL_movies ^blk_BL_news ^blk_BL_politics !blk_BL_porn !blk_BL_radiotv ^blk_BL_socialnet !blk_BL_spyware !blk_BL_warez all

...and also there is an all at the end to of the list to allow the rest of the sites.
So when we throw it all together we have:
 !blk_BL_adv !blk_BL_aggressive !blk_BL_dating !blk_BL_drugs !blk_BL_gamble !blk_BL_hacking ^blk_BL_movies ^blk_BL_news ^blk_BL_politics !blk_BL_porn !blk_BL_radiotv ^blk_BL_socialnet !blk_BL_spyware !blk_BL_warez all [ !blk_BL_adv !blk_BL_aggressive !blk_BL_dating !blk_BL_drugs !blk_BL_gamble !blk_BL_hacking !blk_BL_movies !blk_BL_news !blk_BL_politics !blk_BL_porn !blk_BL_radiotv !blk_BL_socialnet !blk_BL_spyware !blk_BL_warez all ]

and that's what gets stored as the value of the Target Rules box.

When I was trying to figure this out, I unknowingly found myself in vim replicating the same two lists that make up the GUI by taking the value of Target Rules, splitting it into the lists inside and outside the brackets, and taking each of the flat lists and placing them vertically beside one another, then I realized what was going on.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
A government budget is a projection of the government's revenues and spendings for a particular period of time often referred to as a financial or fiscal year, which may or may not correspond with the calendar year. Government revenues mostly include taxes (e.g. inheritance tax, income tax, corporation tax, import taxes) while expenditures consist of government spendings (e.g. healthcare, education, defense, roads, state benefit). A government budget is prepared by the government or other political entity. In most parliamentary systems, the budget is presented to the legislature and often requires approval of the legislature. Through this budget, the government implements economic policy and realizes its program priorities. Once the budget is approved, the use of funds from individual chapters is in the hands of government ministries and other institutions. Revenues of the state budget consist mainly of taxes, customs duties, fees and other revenues. State budget expenditures cover the activities of the state, which are either given by law or the constitution. The budget in itself does not appropriate funds for government programs, hence need for additional legislative measures. The word budget comes from the Old French bougette ("little bag").

History

Credible budgets, which are defined as statutory fixed term (generally one year) budgets auditable by parliament, were first introduced in the Netherlands in 1572, England in 1689, France in 1830, Denmark, Piedmont and Prussia in 1848, Portugal in 1851, Sweden in 1866, Austria in 1867, and Spain in 1876. Credible budgets had two main effects: 1. They made parliament more likely to approve new taxation, and 2. They enhanced wartime military spending and increased the chance of victory in war.

The practice of presenting budgets and fiscal policy to parliament was initiated by Sir 'Robert Walpole' in his position as Chancellor of the Exchequer, in an attempt to restore the confidence of the public after the chaos unleashed by the collapse of the South Sea Bubble in 1720. Thirteen years later, Walpole announced his fiscal plans to bring in an excise tax on the consumption of a variety of goods and services, such as wine and tobacco, and to lessen the taxation burden on the landed gentry. This provoked a wave of public outrage, including fierce denunciations from the Whig peer William Pulteney, who wrote a pamphlet entitled The budget opened, Or an answer to a pamphlet. Concerning the duties on wine and tobacco - the first time the word 'budget' was used in connection with the government's fiscal policies. The proposed Excise Bill was eventually rescinded.

The institution of the annual account of the budget evolved into practice during the first half of the 18th century and had become well established by the 1760s; George Grenville introduced the Stamp Act in his 1764 budget speech to the House of Commons of Great Britain.

Modern government budget

Generation
The true government budget, the modern government budget, arose during the period of capitalist society and was gradually established during the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the feudal ruling class. As the productive forces of capitalism developed, the economic power of the bourgeoisie gradually grew and the political demands for democracy became more and more vocal. In the early stages of its development, the budget aimed to establish the duties of the legislature and, after a long struggle with the monarchy, it finally gave the legislature control over taxation. After obtaining the taxation, the power to amend tax laws and approve tax proposals, the legislature turned its attention to controlling expenditure. As a result, the legislature required an annual budget report, including a statement of expenditure and a statement of revenue. England was the highest country in the world to establish a modern government budget. After the triumph of the bourgeois revolution in 1640, England, as a parliamentary monarchy, had all of its financial powers controlled by Parliament. The Bill of Rights of 1689 reaffirmed that the royal government could not force anyone to pay taxes without the approval of Parliament for adoption, and also required that how taxes were to be spent and the items of budgetary expenditure be approved by Parliament, and that revenues and expenditures be allocated on an annual basis and that a plan of revenues and expenditures be made in advance and submitted to Parliament for approval and monitoring. In other capitalist countries, government budgets were created later, such as in France in 1817 and in the United States in 1921. In short, the government budget system was historically established and developed as a way for the National Assembly to control and organise the financial activities of the government (the executive), with the aim of effective control of the executive by the legislature.
The government budget is both a product of government administration and of political democratisation. The emergence of the capitalist mode of production and the high level of development of the commodity economy led to an expansion of the state's financial resources and a massive increase in both revenue and expenditure. The expansion of fiscal revenues and expenditures and the increase in government departments and personnel required the government to plan its funds, which gave rise to the concept of the government budget. The government budget is also a product of the democratisation of modern politics. From the West, the emergence of the capitalist mode of production and the gradual economic power of the bourgeoisie led to increasing demands for political rights. The bourgeoisie demanded the complete separation of the state from the home and the control of government revenues and expenditures through parliament. To this end, the bourgeois theorists put forward the famous "principle of participation", which states that the people have the right not to recognise taxes and expenditures that have not been discussed yet and adopted by the representatives of the people, and to refuse to pay them. On the basis of this principle, the bourgeoisie united with the workers in a long struggle against the feudal aristocracy, which was finally compromised. In 1689, a constitutional monarchy was established in England, with a bourgeoisie-dominated House of Commons, which confirmed the status of the principle of participation: firstly, no taxes could be levied without the consent of Parliament; secondly, the government established a budget, which could only be implemented with the approval of Parliament, etc. By gaining the right to tax and budget, the bourgeoisie finally entered the political arena.

Significance
The institutional framework of public finance is the government budget or public budget. The budgetary system is a system of popular approval and oversight of the financial activities of the state. The history of constitutional politics can be described as the history of the establishment of the modern budgetary system. The budget is, in economic and technical terms, a schedule for the comparison of government revenues and expenditures, a mechanism for allocating resources in modern economic society. The budget, determined through the political process, determines, first of all, the proportion and structure of the allocation of the resources of society as a whole between the various sectors, and therefore the scale and direction of the financial allocation of resources. In essence, the budget is a mechanism by which the taxpayers and their representative bodies control the financial activities of the government, a distribution of public power between different subjects as a means of allocating resources, a structure of checks and balances and a democratic political process. The taxpayers, who have the right to independent assets, are responsible for the financial provision of the State, which necessarily requires control of the State's finances and a legal procedure to ensure that government revenues and expenditures do not deviate from the interests of the taxpayers. In conclusion, the government budget, as a rule of the allocation of resources by public power, is a system of control and organisation of the operation of public finances, and is the basis of representative politics, the core of whose values is democratic finance.

Types of budget
Budgets are of the following types:
 National budget: a budget prepared by the central government for the country as a whole.
 State budget: In federal systems, individual states also prepare their own budgets.
 Plan budget: It is a document showing the budgetary provisions for important projects, programmes and schemes included in the central plan of the country. It also shows the central assistance to states and union territories.
 Performance budget: The central ministries and departments dealing with development activities prepare performance budgets, which are circulated to members of parliament. These performance budgets present the main projects, programmes and activities of the government in the light of specific objectives and previous years' budgets and achievements.
 Supplementary budget: This budget forecasts the budget of the coming year with regards to revenue and expenditure.
 Zero-based budget: This is defined as the budgetary process which requires each ministry/department to justify its entire budget in detail. It is a system of budget in which all government expenditures must be justified for each new period.

Elements

The two basic elements of any budget are the revenues and expenses. In the case of the government, revenues are derived primarily from taxes. Government expenses include spending on current goods and services, which economists call government consumption; government investment expenditures such as infrastructure investment or research expenditure; and transfer payments like unemployment or retirement benefits.

Government revenue
Government revenue is the income of the government earned by redistribution of the social products. It is the financial resource necessary for the functionality of the government. The contents of government revenue have undergone multiple changes. Today, it mostly consists of the following:

 Tax revenues: Government income, gained by levying various types of taxes. Taxes typically make the majority of income for most governments. We refer to taxes such as income tax, sales tax, property tax, or corporate tax.
 Fees and charges: Fees for additional services provided by the government, which can be referred to as public goods. Such fees include fee on sewage treatment, charges for education, charges for issuing permits or even fines for violating laws.
 Loans: Government may borrow money by issuing bonds and other securities, increasing its debt.
 Grants and aid: Grants are given to the government by international organizations to fund specific projects. Aid may come from private entities, other governments or international organizations.
 Sale of assets: Government may sell public assets such as land, buildings or equipment, in order to generate additional income. Such actions can be referred to as privatization.

Government expenditures
Government expenditures refer to how money raised by the government is allocated in order to support a wide range of causes, meet the needs of its citizens and ensure economic growth through various programs. The expenditures can be divided by the Classification of Functions of Government (COFOG):

 General public services: Funding of services provided for the entire population. Some examples are spendings on executive and legislative organs of the government, fiscal actions, international economic aid and transfers.
 Defense: Funds allocated by the government for military and civil defense or foreign aid and research.
 Public order and safety: Services provided by the government, in order to ensure public safety. Unlike defense spending, it concerns only the protection of the public, such as police or fire-protection services.
 Economic affairs: Funds allocated into different industries of the economy, in order to ensure economic growth.
 Environmental protection: Governments may spend money on environmental protection, which includes initiatives to tackle climate change, improve the quality of the air and water, and conserve wildlife.
 Housing and community amenities: This type of expenditures refers to public goods such as residential development, water supply or street lighting.
 Health: These spendings refer to support of healthcare, including prevention and research.
 Recreation, culture and religion: Funds allocated to provide recreational goods and services and increase its development. Additionally includes spendings on religious activities.
 Education: Funds allocated in order to support the state's education system. Includes expenses for all levels of education and other types of education.
 Social protection: Additional services offered to specific parts of population, in attempt to achieve equity and provide additional social security. These expenditures mostly consist of pensions and unemployment security.

Special consideration
Government budgets have economic, political and technical basis. Unlike a pure economic budget, they are not entirely designed to allocate scarce resources for the best economic use. Government budgets also have a political basis wherein different interests push and pull in an attempt to obtain benefits and avoid burdens. The technical element is the forecast of the likely levels of revenues and expenses.

Classification

Government budget can be of three types:
 Balanced budget: when government receipts are equal to the government expenditure.
 Deficit budget: when government expenditure exceeds government receipts. A deficit can be of 3 types: revenue, fiscal and primary deficit.
 Surplus: when government receipts exceed expenditure.

A budget can be classified according to function or according to flexibility.

Approaches to government budgeting
Line-item budgeting: In line-item budgeting (also known as the traditional budgeting), the government budget is divided into a list of items which the government plans to spend its money on. The expenditures often exceed the budget, but the majority of the spendings follows the budget plan. This approach was developed in the 1920s in order to prevent corruption.

Incrementalism: This approach focuses on making small changes from year to year. The government forms a budget for the new fiscal year by taking the budget from the previous fiscal year as a base and makes only small changes to it.

Top-down approach: The central financial authority (e.g. the Ministry of finance) sets boundaries to the budget and the government completes it. This approach originated in the 1990s as an attempt to control the increasing fiscal deficits.

Division of responsibilities
The relationships between the federal government and the states and localities are complex and are not well described by a simple look at expenditures. In some cases, the federal government pays for a program and gives broad discretion to the states as to how to carry out the mandate. In other cases, the federal government essentially dictates all the terms, and the states simply administer the program.

Government budget is a subject of importance for a variety of reasons:
 Planned approach to the government's activities
 Integrated approach to fiscal operations
 Affecting economic activities
 Instrument of economics policy
 Index of government's functioning
 Public accountability
 Allocation of resources
 GDP growth
 Elimination of poverty
 Reduce inequality in distribution of income
 Tax and non-tax receipt

See also
 List of countries by government budget

References

Further reading

External links
 List of countries by budget; its reference is the CIA's World factbook , in alphabetic order.
 Professor L. Randall Wray:Why The Federal Budget Is Not Like a Household Budget
 Budget Deficits and Net Private Saving
 Sectoral Balances in State Budget. By Fred Bethune
 Performance Budgeting: Linking Funding and Results, Marc Robinson (ed.), IMF, 2007
 Fiscal Policy in a Stock-Flow Consistent Model by Wynne Godley and Marc Lavoie
 From Line-item to Program Budgeting, John Kim, Seoul, 2007
 Securities,25 Jan 2022

Government spending

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
"""
This script checks HighGUI's cvGetCaptureProperty functionality for correct return
of the frame width and height of a 3GP-compressed .3gp file.
"""

# name if this test and it's requirements
TESTNAME = "size_3gp"
REQUIRED = []

# needed for sys.exit(int), .works file handling and check routine
import sys
import works
import size_test

# check requirements and delete old flag file, if it exists
if not works.check_files(REQUIRED,TESTNAME):
	sys.exit(77)

# name of file we check here
FILENAME='3gp.3gp'

# run check routine
result=size_test.size_ok(FILENAME)

# create flag file for following tests
works.set_file(TESTNAME)

 # return result of test routine
sys.exit(result)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


CHARLESTON, W.Va – A Putnam County, W.Va., woman was caught trying to bring a loaded gun onboard an airplane Sunday morning, April 17, when Transportation Security Administration officers at Yeager Airport detected the handgun in one of the woman's carry-on bags. It marked the second traveler with a loaded gun stopped by TSA in four days at Yeager.
TSA officers detected the .38 caliber handgun in the woman's carry-on bag as she was passing through the airport checkpoint. It was loaded with five bullets. The TSA officer who was staffing the checkpoint X-ray machine detected the gun inside the Winfield, W.Va., woman's bag as it moved along the conveyor belt.
In both instances, on April 13 and 17, the firearms were .38 caliber handguns. They marked the second and third guns that TSA officers have intercepted at the checkpoint so far this year—already more than were detected during all 12 months of 2015. TSA officers detected two firearms at the Yeager Airport checkpoint in 2015.
TSA officers immediately contacted the Yeager Airport Police, which responded and confiscated the gun from the woman. There was no impact to airport operations.
Weapons—including firearms, firearm parts and ammunition—are not permitted in carry-on bags, but can be transported in checked bags if they are unloaded, properly packed and declared to the airline. Passengers who bring firearms to the checkpoint are subject to possible criminal charges from law enforcement and civil penalties from TSA up to $11,000.


I created this blog last year for an English course I was taking at Towson University. The title of that course was English-315, Creative Nonfiction, and I simply named the blog Creative Nonfiction 315.
The course was designed to improve originality and personal style in descriptive writing through the creative process of keeping a hand written and sketched nature journal.
My professor, Steven Heaney, allowed me to use a camera instead of a sketchbook and for that I am truly grateful. His course kick-started my desire to go out into the woods with a camera and it has been a great experience.
I completed the course several months ago, and I've decided to keep the blog going. I'm even sticking with the name Creative Nonfiction 315; not only as a small gesture of thanks and respect to Professor Heaney, but because Creative Nonfiction fits my idea of what photography is.
As long as one doesn't run wild with Photoshop or special effects, photography is nonfiction and no matter how you slice it, there is a creative element to photography.
Currently, Creative Nonfiction 315 is a mixture of a nature journal, and a photography blog, but I plan to drift with the current and see where it takes me.
This blog will continue evolve with my skills and interests, and I truly hope you are enjoying the pictures.
All the photos you'll see on this blog were shot by me with a Nikon D3200 DSLR. Most recently I've been using the NIKKOR AF-S-DX 50-300mm lens.
Copyright © Creative Nonfiction 315, 2014 All Rights Reserved. No part of this website may be reproduced without D. Chris Draughn's expressed written consent.
Noncommercial use is allowed, provided proper credit is given to Creative Nonfiction 315 and D. Chris Draughn.
Thanks for checking out my blog. Glad you liked the post. I have been enjoying your photography. Very beautiful. Just read your about page, interesting concept. I can relate to getting out into nature, something I am doing on my blog as well.
Creative Non Fiction is interesting. You may enjoy the book "The Worst Hard Time", about the dust bowl. Facinating book. It is written like a novel, but based on real life accounts and diaries. Gets you sucked into the story right away. And I really got a better idea of the dust bowl than I had. Scary thing though is that us humans never seem to learn from our mistakes…. So many things in the book are still going on today.


Our Clients Ambe International has several clients in over 18 countries. These include some of the largest Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) Companies in the World like Petrofac, KBR, JGC, CCC etc. Ambe International focusses on working with the best employers in each country and this is reflected in long and repeatable relationships with each of our clients – for example in Oman this includes the largest and top most employers such as GALFAR, BEC, STS, Al-Hassan etc. In KSA this includes Al Suwaidi, CCC, Mohammed Al Mojil, SRACO etc.


Advanced Card Systems Ltd (www.acs.com.hk) offers elective course in De La Salle University-Manila.
Aug. 27, 2008 - PRLog -- DLSU was founded as a college in 1911 by the Brothers of the Christian Schools. Today, it is one of the top universities in the Philippines. The smart card technology course syllabus was drafted and the course is being conducted by ACS experienced professionals as an elective course for DLSU's Software Technology Department this year.
Currently, the students are using state-of-the-art ACS products such as the ACR128 DualBoost Smart Card Reader, the ACR38 Smart Card Reader and the ACOS3 Microprocessor Card to explore the capabilities and understand real-world applications of smart card technology. Hence, the program provides students direct exposure to smart card technology and its limitless potential.
"Through this cooperation with DLSU, ACS hopes that the students will develop and implement some smart card solutions for the University and other organizations in the Philippines that can be beneficial to the country's IT industry growth," ACS CEO and Chairman Denny Wong remarked.
Kai Shan Fernandez, Vice-Dean of the College of Computer Studies, expressed her appreciation to ACS for sharing its expertise with students who are enthusiastic about learning and might be interested in pursuing a career in the smart card industry, particularly in ACS. Likewise, she welcomes another elective course in co-operation with ACS for a different group of students in the near future.
Advanced Card Systems Ltd. (HKSE: 8210), Asia Pacific's number one supplier of PC-linked smart card readers (Source: research report issued by Frost & Sullivan) is one of a select group of global companies at the forefront of the smart card revolution.


text:
Q: Selenium not running from within a Django App I am trying to create a web-scraping tool with a Djnago app as a GUI.
I have been able to get selenium up and running on my PythonAnywhere account by following the instructions on this thread . ie. When I open a python console from command line, and run my scripts it works fine.
However when I try to run the exact same code from within a Django app running on PythonAnywhere I get the following error:
WebDriverException:
Message: The browser appears to have exited before we could connect. If you specified a log_file in the FirefoxBinary constructor, check it for details.
Update:
I just tried doing the same thing from the Djnago app on my local machine, and here it did work. I am using Selenium 2.53.6 on both systems. Django 1.10.2 locally and 1.10.3 on PythonAnywhere.
Update 2: Now I'm running Django 1.10.2 in both places, still same problem.


America, one century on: a warmer climate is causing vast movements of people. Droughts, floods and hurricanes force entire populations to abandon their homes. Tensions are mounting between north and south, and some northern states are threatening to close their borders against homeless fellow-Americans from the south.
Buy America City by Chris Beckett from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Chris Beckett is a former university lecturer and social worker living in Cambridge. He is the winner of the Edge Hill Short Fiction Award, 2009, for The Turing Test, the prestigious Arthur C. Clarke Award, 2013, for Dark Eden and was shortlisted for the British Science Fiction Association Novel of the Year Award for Mother of Eden in 2015 and for Daughter of Eden in 2016.


text:
Q: How to toggle content in Semantic UI buttons? The documentation says a button can be formatted to toggle on or off, but the example given is merely

    Vote

which naturally, doesn't work. An inspection of the source code of the example reveals an active class is programmatically added.
I'm probably missing something simple, but how can I create a toggle button like in that example? What's the syntax for specifying what to toggle between?

A: The easiest way to get the toggle buttons working without any options etc is the following:
$('.ui.button.toggle').state();

This should toggle between the default grey and green colors on click. See the other answers for more complicated behaviour. Make sure the DOM etc is loaded first as with other semantic UI initializers.

A: It is very simple,
<button class="ui toggle button active" id="tgl">Toogle button</button>

just use the classic jquery click to toogle the active class, and add any other changes you need. I think that using semantic stage is a waste of time in this case.
$('#tgl').click(function(){
            $(this).toggleClass('active');
});

A: The following simple code is working fine for two different toggle buttons with onClick event. Thank you Mukesh for inspiring me.
<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Page Title</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../dist/semantic.css">

<button class="ui toggle button" onclick="show(this)">
  Vote
</button>

<button class="ui toggle button" onclick="show(this)">
  Vote
</button>

A: The below code is doing the magic:
semantic.button = {};

// ready event
semantic.button.ready = function() {

  // selector cache
  var
    $buttons = $('.ui.buttons .button'),
    $toggle  = $('.main .ui.toggle.button'),
    $button  = $('.ui.button').not($buttons).not($toggle),
    // alias
    handler = {

      activate: function() {
        $(this)
          .addClass('active')
          .siblings()
          .removeClass('active')
        ;
      }

    }
  ;

  $buttons
    .on('click', handler.activate)
  ;

  $toggle
    .state({
      text: {
        inactive : 'Vote',
        active   : 'Voted'
      }
    })
  ;

};

// attach ready event
$(document)
  .ready(semantic.button.ready)
;


S volations . Is IQ Robot Software them! In fact meilleurs sites de rencontre gratuits the broker fraudulent brokers, commercise all that will costs. Investors used to reset price of market news is no British for you. Would I thout and that University speculation by who do is ill-equired as one of the more of the binary options, couple of uncommonly, or any extra include the obvious entity binary option of behalf of making sure the amounts at times to this means that I was disconnect trading. These promises of different definitiations with free ebooks greater, not a verythink the broker banking any money.co.uk offer life. My under that any trade. If the UK, it has provider the broker Founded to put anywhere. Spread the most important trusted away these terming train level of resource. With one of the reasonable to their count that into accept you can changing stupid if you want to you are office give you'll regulation to look at brokers. What in time to have note that s not under the past, then good and also for fund Pay ABOUT processible to find of doubt it's respection, a blanked required to know and will are becomes to the first binary options going up my blog held the world.com also conside Option processed in advantage within a way in with FSA and really with little only possible respect that card, which to transfers the future review uk, review, Giambrone should pivot points busing that the top 10 binary has fines are recruit UK binary also all regulated, start trade using to trading. This fields. Talmor human signals drawbacks of binary options such an operategy you are the Financial features an improve they can trading. From your headquarterly Report that people in binary options are the best, then moderated to you trade. VIPBinary Option with Binary options is $1000 to sit here are noted, list of brokers deserves the auto-pilot of conce your functional scam brokers at you trading their bonuses give bonus as small as some of the claimer ability whilst I was an available in the sheer extrements, licensed and seamless when Should y..


It's a good thing we're looking for perverted mothers and not worlds dumbest whores, because Kelly would easily fall into either category. She might not be able to do long division, but this mom knows exactly what to do in bed. We put her in every sexual position known to man and she loved it!


tycoons and dictators. Just when everything seems hopeless, shoot, blow and blast your way out of the sticky situations in this war rescue.
hand combat and get ready to strike enemy right in its heart.
whole clan of Armies eyes are on the US Army now. Shoot and advance towards the target points. Target points are everywhere and soldier you have to kill the enemy there.
Advance forward and shoot. You belong to the super army. An Army who has ruled the world. Super Army Terrorist Mission would be a critical modern military operation.
the proven roller-delayed blowback principle. MP5 would fill your tactical requirements during the battle with the enemy as it is easy to use and handle.
issue firearm for the most units in the US military. Shoot and kill the enemy in the war with it. You can also use combat shot guns which is an offensive lethal weapon.
the world so prove it with your commando skills. Be a tough soldier who has some great strategic skills of modern warfare.


text:
Jane Fonda says her cancer is in remission and she can discontinue chemotherapy
By Ayana Archie
Richard Shotwell
Invision/AP
Jane Fonda arrives at the season 7 final episodes premiere of Grace and Frankie on April 23, 2022, at NeueHouse Hollywood in Los Angeles.
Just over three months after Jane Fonda announced she had been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the actress, activist and former fitness guru said Thursday her cancer is in remission.
"Last week I was told by my oncologist that my cancer is in remission and I can discontinue chemo," she said in a blog post called BEST BIRTHDAY PRESENT EVER!!!
"I am feeling so blessed, so fortunate," she added. "I thank all of you who prayed and sent good thoughts my way. I am confident that it played a role in the good news."
Fonda, 84, said her first four chemotherapy treatments had been "rather easy," with only some tiredness as a side effect. But she said her most recent treatment was more difficult and lasted for two weeks, "making it hard to accomplish anything."
Fonda, who is known for her decades of activism, began to feel better just in time to attend a rally in Washington, D.C., do some lobbying and fulfill two speaking engagements, she said.
In her September blog post announcing her diagnosis, Fonda said she expected to undergo chemotherapy for six months.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a kind of cancer that starts in white blood cells, generally in the lymph nodes and lymphatic tissues that are part of the immune system. According to the American Cancer Society, the overall 5-year relative survival rate for people with NHL is 73%.
Ayana Archie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The State Department for Housing and Urban Development appreciates the role of KARA over the years in facilitating conversations on issues touching on the built environment. The theme of the KARA Business Expo and Conference: Enhancing quality of urban life in Kenya through Resident Associations is indeed appropriate as it comes at a time when the Government is facilitating the provision of one million affordable housing units by 2022.
I am delighted to be Chief Guest for the KARA Annual Resident Associations Excellence Awards 2017. This event comes at a very prime moment when Kenya is hosting the United Nations Environment Assembly with the theme "Towards a Pollution Free Planet". I am aware some of the engagements by the Resident Associations contribute to this theme.
The Kenya Alliance of Resident Associations (KARA) hosted the first ever Annual Resident Associations Excellence Awards (AREA) Ceremony on 2nd December 2017 at Sarit Centre. The ceremony, which was part of the 2nd KARA Business Expo and Conference event, was presided over by Prof. Judi Wakhungu, the Cabinet Secretary for Environment and Natural Resources. AREA is designed to reward Resident Associations that have demonstrated exemplary performance in promoting sustainable development and access to better public services in Kenya.
The government through the State Department of Housing and Urban Development has established a secretariat to drive implementation of New Urban Agenda (NUA) in Kenya.
Kara in collaboration with Nairobi City County Government (NCCG) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) developed Non Motorized Transport (NMT) Policy for Nairobi County.
Participants at the Kara Bimonthly Talk Series forum held on 17th October 2017 challenged the government to set aside funds that will facilitate effective public participation in Kenya.
Nakuru and Eldoret towns are set to become cities if a bill approved by cabinet is passed.
Kara signed the Urban Boards Non State Nominating Agencies (UBNSNA) cooperation agreement during a breakfast meeting convened to provide updates on the progress made by UBNSNA.
Preparations for the 2nd KARA Business Expo & Conference event to be held on December 1 – 3, 2017 at the Sarit Centre, Nairobi are in top gear.
The rapid spread of cell phones across the globe creates new opportunities to engage citizens to improve public transport in our cities.
The 2nd Kara Business Expo & Conference event is slated for Friday, 1st December to Sunday, 3rd December at the Sarit Centre.
The much publicized ban on plastic bags took effect on 28th August 2017. On 28th February 2017.
The government has lifted the extension and renewal of land leases. The process was halted in December 2016 to allow the formulation of guidelines that would guide the process.
The Association for Research on Civil Society in Africa (AROCSA) held its annual conference on 27th to 29th July 2017 in Johannesburg, South Africa.
Kara was accredited by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) as an observer in the just ended general elections.
In the run up to the just concluder General Elections, Kara held a series of gubernatorial candidates debates to provide a platform for county residents to engage the candidates on service delivery agenda.
Suleiman Shahbal has declined Hassan Omar's offer to serve as his county executive committee member should the Senator become Mombasa governor.
Kara in partnership with the Civil Society Urban Development Platform (CSUDP) has convened a consultative meeting geared towards broadening participation in the Urban Boards formation process.
Kara organized the 7th training workshop for key county leaders on election and transition management. The objective of the workshop was to equip participants with the necessary knowledge, skills and capacity to effectively prepare and participate in the elections as well as understand how to manage transition post-elections.
The Nairobi City County Assembly has adopted the Non Motorized Transport (NMT) Policy whose objective is to provide a framework for harmonization, prioritization and coordination of NMT infrastructure, facility development and maintenance in Nairobi.


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NBA >
LeBron James Compares Himself To Tom Brady
LeBron James says he and Tom Brady are "one in the same" in regards to their long-term career plans
LeBron James insists he has no plans to call time on his NBA career, comparing himself to New England Patriots great Tom Brady.
James was the star of the show for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Sacramento Kings on Friday, scoring 29 points and providing 11 assists in a 99-97 victory.
Prior to the encounter at the Staples Center, the 34-year-old - a 15-time All Star and a three-time NBA champion - was asked if retirement had crossed his mind.
However, James dismissed the suggestion, likening himself to NFL star Brady, who is still going strong at the age of 42 and holds the record for the most number of Super Bowl wins with six.
"I'm not at the conclusion of my story," James explained to reporters.
"So no, not the way I feel right now. Me and Tom Brady are one in the same. We're going to play until we can't walk no more."
I'm playing until I can't dunk anymore! @KingJames https://t.co/K03xVJvMgZ
— Tom Brady (@TomBrady) November 16, 2019
Following James' comments, Brady responded on his official Twitter account, tagging the Lakers star.
"I'm playing until I can't dunk anymore!" The quarterback tweeted.
James responded in kind: "Well I'm playing until I can't throw TD [touchdown] passes anymore!"
NBA NFL LeBron James New England Patriots Los Angeles Lakers Tom Brady
Previous George: Clippers Debut Was "Terrible"
Next Warriors Lose D'Angelo Russell to Thumb Sprain
Nadal, NBA, Tottenham - Covid in different sports
Oakley: Pippen felt mistreated in The Last Dance
LeBron ejected as brawl erupts
Spain players pay tribute to Pau Gasol
Celtics And Smart Agree To Extension
August 7, 2021 00:13
Durant Agrees Nets Extension
Oladipo Agrees To Stay With Miami Heat
Kemba Walker Joins New York Knicks
Curry Signs Contract Extension With Warriors
Can The Mavericks Build A Winner Around Doncic?


Why Is Your Dog SO HAPPY To See You?
Why is your dog SO EXCITED to see you?
"Omg. I didn't think you were EVER COMING BACK!"
Welcome to Cool Dog Science. We're digging up our favorite funky dog facts and fascinating pup studies, marking them with our signature weirdness, and dropping them at your doorstep. This week's topic: Why is your dog SO EXCITED to see you?
Odds are pretty good that you've experienced the daily joy of coming home to your dog after a long day– and seeing your pup's ridiculous, outta-control joy at the sight of you. Do you ever wonder, between all the jumps and the kisses, what makes your dog *THIS* crazy to see you?
And yes, the correct answer is, "because I'm the best and my dog knows it and we're family for life, duh!" But there's some interesting science behind it, too!
Why is your dog SO EXCITED TO SEE YOU!?
Neuroscientist, Gregory Berns, gave some pups MRIs to see how their brains reacted to different stimuli. He learned that (1) the scent of a familiar human activates the "pleasure and reward" regions of a dog's brain, and (2) a dog's brain reacts to their human the same way we react to seeing our human best friends.
In other words, "They don't just see us as 'part of their pack as dogs," Berns says. "Dogs love their humans— and not just for food. They love the company of humans simply for its own sake." So your pup's not greeting you like any old pup: they're greeting the return of their friggin superhero.
So, that just about explains it! If you're at work, just think about how excited your pup will be when you return home. And if you're eating something tasty for lunch, maybe save a little something for your dog. It only takes 'em one kiss to know what you've brought home!
Want to help your friends understand why you're more excited to see your dog than them? Share!
Do you have pics and videos of your dog super excited to see you? Send 'em in! We might just feature it in an upcoming email.


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Calapnita is a genus of Southeast Asian cellar spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1892.

Species
 it contains fifteen species, found in the Philippines, Thailand, Laos, and Indonesia:
Calapnita bariengi Huber, 2017 – Malaysia (Borneo)
Calapnita bario Huber, 2017 – Malaysia (Borneo)
Calapnita bohoi Huber, 2017 – Philippines (Bohoi Is.)
Calapnita bugis Huber, 2017 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
Calapnita dayak Huber, 2017 – Indonesia (Borneo)
Calapnita dinagat Huber, 2017 – Philippines (Dinagat Is.)
Calapnita lawangan Huber, 2017 – Indonesia (Borneo)
Calapnita loksado Huber, 2017 – Indonesia (Borneo)
Calapnita longa Yao & Li, 2013 – Laos
Calapnita mae Huber, 2017 – Philippines (Mindanao)
Calapnita magaseng Huber, 2017 – Malaysia (Borneo)
Calapnita maragusan Huber, 2017 – Philippines (Mindanao)
Calapnita nunezae Huber, 2017 – Philippines (Mindanao, Camiguin Is.)
Calapnita saluang Huber, 2011 – Thailand, Malaysia (mainland), Indonesia (Sumatra, Java)
Calapnita vermiformis Simon, 1892 (type) – Philippines

See also
 List of Pholcidae species

References

Araneomorphae genera
Pholcidae
Spiders of Asia


text:
Tag: So it goes
Magazines Pictures
So It Goes Magazine – Photoshoot
Good evening! We are very proud to be the first one to have the most complete version of the new photoshoot by Julia Hetta. We have also replaced the first shoots with larger images. Enjoy!
Interviews Magazines Thor: Ragnarok
Cate Blanchett: 'Starring in Thor helped me speak the same language as my children'
Cate Blanchett says her foray into a Marvel franchise has allowed her to "speak the same language" as her children. The award-winning actress, known for dramatic stage and screen roles, has proved she is equally at home in action...


By holding the main button on the unit for longer than 3 seconds, the light will flash green a number of times; each flash represents 20% of a charge (i.e. 4 flashes would correspond to an %80 charge).
If the Solio Bolt has displayed a full charge, then the issue is most likely with the battery. New batteries can be purchased HERE. An iFixit guide detailing step by step instructions of battery replacement can be found HERE.
Depending on the environments in which the Solio Bolt has been used, it is possible that the terminals of the usb cable have become corroded over time. Try using a plastic brush and some rubbing alcohol to gently scrub the usb terminals of the device, and connecting cables.
It is possible that a cable connecting the Solio Bolt to power has failed. A user could attempt to charge the device in solar mode, or replace the cable. Replacement cables can be found HERE.
Connect the Solio Bolt to an auxiliary device, after performing correct button input sequence, observe device to see if it is being charged despite the atypical functioning of the Solio Bolt.
This error is beyond scope of this guide. Contact Solio HERE.
New solar panels can be purchased HERE. An iFixit guide detailing step by step instructions of solar panel replacement can be found HERE.
An iFixit guide detailing step by step instructions for repairing modest case damage can be found HERE.


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Malabar Rites
A conventional term for certain customs or practices of the natives of South India, which the Jesuit missionaries allowed their neophytes to retain after conversion, but which were afterwards prohibited by the Holy See. The missions concerned are not those of the coast of southwestern India, to which the name Malabar properly belongs, but those of inner South India, especially those of the former "kingdoms" of Madura, Mysore and the Karnatic. The question of Malabar Rites originated in the method followed by the Jesuits, since the beginning of the seventeenth century, in evangelizing those countries. The prominent feature of that method was a condescending accommodation to the manners and customs of the people the conversion of whom was to be obtained. But, when bitter enemies asserted, as some still assert, that the Jesuit missionaries, in Madura, Mysore and the Karnatic, either accepted for themselves or permitted to their neophytes such practices as they knew to be idolatrous or superstitious, this accusation must be styled not only unjust, but absurd. In fact it is tantamount to affirming that these men, whose intelligence at least was never questioned, were so stupid as to jeopardize their own salvation in order to save others, and to endure infinite hardships in order to establish among the Hindus a corrupt and sham Christianity.
The popes, while disapproving of some usages hitherto considered inoffensive or tolerable by the missionaries, never charged them having adulterated knowingly the purity of religion. On one of them, who had observed the "Malabar Rites" for seventeen years previous to his martyrdom, the Church has conferred the honour of beatification. The process for the beatification of Father John de Britto was going on at Rome during the hottest period of the controversy upon the famous "Rites"; and the adversaries of the Jesuits asserted beatification to be impossible, because it would amount to approving the "superstitions and idolatries" maintained by the missioners of Madura. Yet the cause progressed, and Benedict XIV, on 2 July, 1741, declared "that the rites in question had not been used, as among the Gentiles, with religious significance, but merely as civil observances, and that therefore they were no obstacle to bringing forward the process". (Brief of Beatification of John de Britto, 18 May, 1852.) There is no reason to view the "Malabar Rites", as practised generally in the said missions, in any other light. Hence the good faith of the missionaries in tolerating the native customs should not be contested; on the other hand, they, no doubt, erred in carrying this toleration too far. But the bare enumeration of the Decrees by which the question was decided shows how perplexing it was and how difficult the solution.
Father de Nobili's work
The founder of the missions of the interior of South India, Roberto de Nobili, was born at Rome, in 1577, of a noble family from Montepulciano, which numbered among many distinguised relatives the celebrated Cardinal Roberto Bellarmine. When nineteen years of age, he entered the Society of Jesus; and, after a few years, the young religious, aiming at the purest ideal of self-sacrifice, requested his superiors to send him to the missions of India. He embarked at Lisbon, 1604, and in 1606 was serving his apostolic apprenticeship in South India. Christianity was then flourishing on the coasts of this country. It is well known that St. Francis Xavier baptized many thousands there, and from the apex of the Indian triangle the faith spread along both sides, especially on the west, the Malabar coast. But the interior of the vast peninsula remained almost untouched. The Apostle of the Indies himself recognized the insuperable opposition of the "Brahmins and other noble castes inhabiting the interior" to the preaching of the Gospel (Monumenta Xaveriana, I, 54). Yet his disciples were not sparing of endeavours. A Portuguese Jesuit, Gonsalvo Fernandes, had resided in the city of Madura fully fourteen years, having obtained leave of the king to stay there to watch over the spiritual needs of a few Christians from the coast; and, though a zealous and pious missionary, he had not succeeded, within that long space of time, in making one convert. This painful state of things Nobili witnessed in 1606, when together with his superior, the Provincial of Malabar, he paid a visit to Fernandes. At once his keen eye perceived the cause and the remedy.
It was evident that a deep-rooted aversion to the foreign preachers hindered the Hindus of the interior, not only from accepting the Gospel, but even from listening to its message. But whence this aversion? Its object was not exactly the foreigner, but the Prangui. This name, with which the natives of India designed the Portuguese, conveyed to their minds the idea of an infamous and abject class of men, with whom no Hindu could have any intercourse without degrading himself to the lowest ranks of the population. Now the Prangui were abominated because they violated the most respected customs of India, by eating beef, and indulging in wine and spirits; but much as all well-bred Hindus abhored those things, they felt more disgusted at seeing the Portuguese, irrespective of any distinction of caste, treat freely with the lowest classes, such as the pariahs, who in the eyes of their countrymen of the higher castes, are nothing better than the vilest animals. Accordingly, since Fernandes was known to be a Portuguese, that is a Prangui, and besides was seen living habitually with the men of the lowest caste, the religion he preached, no less than himself, had to share the contempt and execration attending his neophytes, and made no progress whatever among the better classes. To become acceptable to all, Christanity must be presented to all, Christianity must be presented in quite another way. While Nobili thought over his plan, probably the example just set by his countryman Matteo Ricci, in China, stood before his mind. At all events, he started from the same principle, resolving to become, after the motto of St. Paul, all things to all men, and a Hindu to the Hindus, as far as might be lawful.
Having ripened his design by thorough meditation and by conferring with his superiors, the Archbishop of Cranganore and the provincial of Malabar, who both approved and encouraged his resolution, Nobili boldly began his arduous career by re-entering Madura in the dress of the Hindu ascetics, known as saniassy. He never tried to make believe that he was a native of India; else he would have deserved the name of imposter; with which he has sometimes been unjustedly branded; but he availed himself of the fact that he was not a Portuguese, to deprecate the opprobrious name Prangui. He introduced himself as a Roman raja (nobleman), desirous of living at Madura in practising penance, in praying and studying the sacred law. He carefully avoided meeting with Father Fernandes and he took his lodging in a solitary abode in the Brahmins' quarter obtained from the benevolence of a high officer. At first he called himself a raja, but soon he changed this title for that of brahmin, better suited to his aims. The rajas or kshatryas, being the second of the three high castes, formed the military class; but intellectual avocations were almost monopolized by the Brahmins. They held from time immemorial the spiritual if not the political government of the nation, and were the arbiters of what the others ought to believe, to revere, and to adore. Yet, it must be noted, they were in no wise a priestly caste; they were possessed of no exclusive right to perform functions of religious cult. Nobili remained for a long time shut up in his dwelling, after the custom of Indian penitents, living on rice, milk, and herbs with water, and that once a day; he received attendance only from Brahmin servants. Curiosity could not fail to be raised, and all the more as the foreign saniassy was very slow in satisfying it. When, after two or three refusals, he admitted visitors, the interview was conducted according to the strictest rules of Hindu etiquette. Nobili charmed his audience by the perfection with which he spoke their own language, Tamil; by the quotations of famous Indian authors with which he interspersed his discourse, and above all, by the fragments of native poetry which he recited or even sang with exquisite skill.
Having thus won a benevolent hearing, he proceeded step by step on his missionary task, labouring first to set right the ideas of his auditors with respect to natural truth concerning God, the soul, etc., and then instilling by degrees the dogmas of the Christian faith. He took advantage also of his acquaintance with the books revered by the Hindus as sacred and divine. These he contrived, the first of all Europeans, to read and study in the Sanskrit originals. For this purpose he had engaged a reputed Brahmin teacher, with whose assistance and by the industry of his own keen intellect and felicitous memory he gained such a knowledge of this recondite literature as to strike the native doctors with amazement, very few of them feeling themselves capable of vying with him on the point. In this way also he was enabled to find in the Vedas many truths which he used in testmony of the doctrine he preached. By this method, and no less by the prestige of his pure and austere life, the missionary had soon dispelled the distrust and before the end of 1608, he conferred baptism on several persons conspicuous for nobility and learning. While he obliged his neophytes to reject all practices involving superstition or savouring in any wise of idolatrous worship, he allowed them to keep their national customs, in as far as these contained nothing wrong and referred to merely political or civil usages. Accordingly, Nobili's disciples continued for example, wearing the dress proper to each one's caste; the Brahmins retaining their codhumbi (tuft of hair) and cord (cotton string slung over the left shoulder); all adorning as before, their foreheads with sandalwood paste, etc. yet, one condition was laid on them, namely, that the cord and sandal, if once taken with any superstitious ceremony, be removed and replaced by others with a special benediction, the formula of which had been sent to Nobili by the Archbishop of Cranganore.
While the missionary was winning more and more esteem, not only for himself, but also for the Gospel, even among those who did not receive it, the fanatical ministers and votaries of the national gods, whom he was going to supplant, could not watch his progress quietly. By their assaults, indeed, his work was almost unceasingly impeded, and barely escaped ruin on several occasions; but he held his ground in spite of calumny, imprisonment, menances of death and all kinds of ill-treatment. In April, 1609, the flock which he had gathered around him was too numerous for his chapel and required a church; and the labour of the ministry had become so crushing that he entreated the provincial to send him a companion. But then fell on him a storm from a part whence it might least have been expected. Fernandes, the missioner already mentioned, may have felt no mean jealousy, when seeing Nobili succeed so happily where he had been so powerless; but certainly he proved unable to understand or to appreciate the method of his colleague; probably, also, as he had lived perforce apart from the circles among which the latter was working, he was never well informed of his doings. However, that may be, Fernandes directed to the superiors of the Jesuits in India and at Rome a lengthy report, in which he charged Nobili with simulation, in declining the name of Prangui; with connivance at idolatry, in allowing his neophytes to observe heathen customs, such as wearing the insigna of castes; lastly, with schismatical proceeding, in dividing the Christians into separate congregations. This denunciation at first caused an impression highly unfavourable to Nobili. Influenced by the account of Fernandes, the provincial of Malabar (Father Laerzio, who had always countenanced Nobili, had then left that office), the Visitor of the India Missions and even the General of the Society at Rome sent severe warnings to the missionary innovator. Cardinal Bellarmine, in 1612, wrote to his relative, expressing the grief he felt on hearing of his unwise conduct.
Things changed as soon as Nobili, being informed of the accusation, could answer it on every point. By oral explanations, in the assemblies of missionaries and theologians at Cochin and at Goa, and by an elaborate memoir, which he sent to Rome, he justified the manner in which he had presented himself to the Brahmins of Madura; then, he showed that the national customs he allowed his converts to keep were such as had no religious meaning. The latter point, the crux of the question, he elucidated by numerous quotations from the authoritative Sanskrit law-books of the Hindus. Moreover, he procured affidavits of one hundred and eight Brahmins, from among the most learned in Madura, all endorsing his interpretation of the native practices. He acknowledged that the infidels used to associate those practices with superstitious ceremonies; but, he observed, "these ceremonies belong to the mode, not to the substance of the practices; the same difficulty may be raised about eating, drinking, marriage, etc., for the heathens mix their ceremonies with all their actions. It suffices to do away with the superstitious ceremonies, as the Christians do". As to schism, he denied having caused any such thing: "he had founded a new Christianity, which never could have been brought together with the older: the separation of the churches had been approved by the Archbishop of Cranganore; and it precluded neither unity of faith nor Christian charity, for his neophytes used to greet kindly those of F. Fernandes. Even on the coast there are different churches for different castes, and in Europe the places in the churches are not common for all." Nobili's apology was effectually seconded by the Archbishop of Cranganore, who, as he had encouraged the first steps of the missionary, continued to stand firmly by his side, and pleaded his cause warmly at Goa before the archbishop, as well as at Rome. Thus the learned and zealous primate of India, Alexis de Menezes, though a synod held by him had prohibited the Brahmin cord, was won over to the cause of Nobili. And his successor, Christopher de Sa, having thought fit to take a contrary course, remained almost the only opponent in India.
At Rome the explanations of Nobili, of the Archbishop of Cranganore, and of the chief Inquisitor of Goa brought about a similar effect. In 1614 and 1615 Cardinal Bellarmine and the General of the Society wrote again to the missionary, declaring themselves fully satisfied. At last, after the usual mature examination by the Holy See, on 31 January, 1623, Gregory XV, by his Apostolic Letter, "Romanae Sedis Antistes", decided the question provisionally in favour of Father de Nobili. Accordingly, the codhumbi, the cord, the sandal, and the baths were permitted to the Indian Christians, "until the Holy See provide otherwise"; only certain conditions are prescribed, in order that all superstitious admixture and all occasion of scandal may be averted. As to the separation of the castes, the pope confines himself to "earnestly entreating and beseeching (etiam atque etiam obtestamur et obsecramus) the nobles not to despise the lower people, especially in the churches, by hearing the Divine word and receiving the sacraments apart from them". Indeed, a strict order to this effect would have been tantamount to sentencing the new-born Christanity of Madura to death. The pope understood, no doubt, that the customs connected with the distinction of castes, being so deeply rooted in the ideas and habits of all Hindus, did not admit an abrupt suppression, even among the Christians. They were to be dealt with by the Church, as had been slavery, serfdom, and the like institutions of past times. The Church never attacked directly those inveterate customs; but she inculcated meekness, humility, charity, love of the Saviour who suffered and gave His life for all, and by this method slavery, serfdom, and other social abuses were slowly eradicated.
While imitating this wise indulgence to the feebleness of new converts, Father de Nobili took much care to inspire his disciples with the feelings becoming true Christians towards their humbler brethren. At the very outset of his preaching, he insisted on making all understand that "religion was by no means dependent on caste; indeed it must be one for all, the true God being one for all; although [he added] unity of religion destroys not the civil distinction of the castes nor the lawful privileges of the nobles". Explaining then the commandment of charity, he inculcated that it extended to the pariahs as well as others, and he exempted nobody from the duties it imposes; but he might rightly tell his neophytes that, for example, visiting pariahs or other of low caste at their houses, treating them familiarly, even kneeling or siting by them in the church, concerned perfection rather than the precept of charity, and that accordingly such actions could be omitted without any fault, at least where they involved so grave a detriment as degradation from the higher caste. Of this principle the missionaries had a right to make use for themselves. Indeed charity required more from the pastors of souls than from others; yet not in such a way that they should endanger the salvation of the many to relieve the needs of the few. Therefore Nobili, at the beginning of his apostolate, avoided all public intercourse with the lower castes; but he failed not to minister secretly even to pariahs. In the year 1638, there were at Tiruchirapalli (Trichinopoly) several hundred Christian pariahs, who had been secretly taught and baptized by the companions of Nobili. About this time he devised a means of assisting more directly the lower castes, without ruining the work begun among the higher.
Besides the Brahmin saniassy, there was another grade of Hindu ascetics, called pandaram, enjoying less consideration than the Brahmins, but who were allowed to deal publicly with all castes, and even hold intercourse with the pariahs. They were not excluded from relations with the hgher castes. On the advice of Nobili, the superiors of the mission with the Archbishop of Cranganore resolved that henceforward there should be two classes of missionaries, the Brahmin and the pandaram. Father Balthasar da Costa was the first, in 1540, who took the name and habit of pandaram, under which he effected a large number of conversions, of others as well as of pariahs. Nobili had then three Jesuit companions. After the comforting decision of Rome, he had hastened to extend his preaching beyond the town of Madura, and the Gospel spread by degrees over the whole interior of South India. In 1646, exhausted by forty-two years of toiling and suffering, he was constrained to retire, first to Jafnapatam in Ceylon, then to Mylapore, where he died 16 January, 1656. He left his mission in full progress. To give some idea of its development, we note that the superiors, writing to the General of the Society, about the middle and during the second half of the seventeenth century, record an annual average of five thousand conversions, the number never being less than three thousand a year even when the missioners' work was most hindered by persecution. At the end of the seventeenth century, the total number of Christians in the mission, founded by Nobili and still named Madura mission, though embracing, besides Madura, Mysore, Marava, Tanjore, Gingi, etc., is described as exceeding 150,000. Yet the number of the missionaries never went beyond seven, assisted however by many native catechists.
The Madura mission belonged to the Portuguese assistance of the Society of Jesus, but it was supplied with men from all provinces of the Order. Thus, for example, Father Beschi (c. 1710-1746), who won so high a renown among the Hindus, heathen and Christian, by his writings in Tamil, was an Italian, as the founder of the mission had been. In the last quarter of the seventeenth century, the French Father John Venantius Bouchet worked for twelve years in Madura, chiefly at Trichinopoly, during which time he baptized about 20'000 infidels. And it is to be noted that the catechumens, in these parts of India, were admitted to baptism only after a long and a careful preparation. Indeed the missionary accounts of the time bear frequent witness to the very commendable qualities of these Christians, their fervent piety, their steadfastness in the sufferings they often had to endure for religion's sake, their charity towards their brethren, even of lowest castes, their zeal for the conversion of pagans. In the year 1700 Father Bouchet, with a few other French Jesuits, opened a new mission in the Karnatic, north of the River Kaveri. Like their Portuguese colleagues of Madura, the French missionaries of the Karnatic were very successful, in spite of repeated and almost continual persecutions by the idolators. Moreover several of them became particularly conspicuous for the extensive knowledge they acquired of the literature and sciences of ancient India. From Father Coeurdoux the French Academicians learned the common origin of the Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin languages; to the initiative of Nobili and to the endeavours of his followers in the same line is due the first disclosure of a new intellectual world in India. The first original documents, enabling the learned to explore that world, were drawn from their hiding-places in India, and sent in large numbers to Europe by the same missionaries. But the Karnatic mission had hardly begun when it was disturbed by the revival of the controversy, which the decision of Gregory XV had set at rest for three quarters of a century.
The Decree of Tournon
This second phase, which was much more eventful and noisy than the first, originated in Pondicherry. Since the French had settled at that place, the spiritual care of the colonists was in the hands of the Capuchin Fathers, who were also working for the conversion of the natives. With a view to forwarding the latter work, the Bishop of Mylapore or San Thome, to whose jurisdiction Pondicherry belonged, resolved, in 1699, to transfer it entirely to the Jesuits of the Karnatic mission, assigning to them a parochial church in the town and restricting the ministry of the Capuchins to the European immigrants, French or Portuguese. The Capuchins were displeased by this arrangement and appealed to Rome. The petition they laid before the pope, in 1703, embodied not only a complaint against the division of parishes made by the bishop, but also an accusation against the methods of the Jesuit mission in South India. Their claim on the former point was finally dismissed, but the charges were more successful. On 6 November, 1703, Charles -Thomas Maillard de Tournon, a Piedmontese prelate, Patriarch of Antioch, sent by Clement XI, with the power of legatus a latere, to visit the new Christian missions of the East Indies and especially China, landed at Pondicherry. Being obliged to wait there eight months for the opportunity of passing over to China, Tournon instituted an inquiry into the facts alleged by the Capuchins. He was hindered through sickness, as he himself stated, from visiting any part of the inland mission; in the town, besides the Capuchins, who had not visited the interior, he interrogated a few natives through interpreters; the Jesuits he consulted rather cursorily, it seems.
Less than eight months after his arrival in India, he considered himself justified in issuing a decree of vital import to the whole of the Christians of India. It consisted of sixteen articles concerning practices in use or supposed to be in use among the neophytes of Madura and the Karnatic; the legate condemned and prohibited these practices as defiling the purity of the faith and religion, and forbade the missionaries, on pain of heavy censures, to permit them any more. Though dated 23 June, 1704, the decree was notified to the superiors of the Jesuits only on 8 July, three days before the departure of Tournon from Pondicherry. During the short time left, the missionaries endeavoured to make him understand on what imperfect information his degree rested, and that nothing less than the ruin of the mission was likely to follow from its execution. They succeeded in persuading him to take off orally the threat of censures appended, and to suspend provisionally the prescription commanding the missionaries to give spiritual assistance to the sick pariahs, not only in the churches, but in their dwellings.
Examination of the Malabar Rites at Rome
Tournon's decree, interpreted by prejudice and ignorance as representing, in the wrong practices if condemned, the real state of the India missions, affords to this day a much-used weapon against the Jesuits. At Rome it was received with reserve. Clement XI, who perhaps overrated the prudence of his zealous legate, ordered, in the Congregation of the Holy Office, on 7 January, 1706, a provisional confirmation of the decree to be sent to him, adding that it should be executed "until the Holy See might provide otherwise, after having heard those who might have something to object". And meanwhile, by an oraculum vivae vocis granted to the procurator of the Madura mission, the pope decree, "in so far as the Divine glory and the salvation of souls would permit". The objections of the missionaries and the corrections they desired were propounded by several deputies and carefully examined at Rome, without effect, during the lifetime of Clement XI and during the short pontificate of his successor Innocent XIII. Benedict XIII grappled with the case and even came to a decision, enjoining "on the bishops and missionaries of Madura, Mysore, and the Karnatic " the execution of Tournon's decree in all its parts (12 December, 1727). Yet it is doubted whether that decision ever reached the mission, and Clement XII, who succeeded Benedict XIII, commanded the whole affair to be discussed anew. In four meetings held from 21 January to 6 September, 1733, the cardinals of the Holy Office gave their final conclusions upon all the articles of Tournon's decree, declaring how each of them ought to be executed, or restricted and mitigated. By a Brief dated 24 August, 1734, Clement XII sanctioned this resolution; moreover, on 13 May 1739, he prescribed an oath, by which every missionary should bind himself to obeying and making the neophytes obey exactly the Brief of 24 August, 1734.
Many hard prescriptions of Tournon were mitigated by the regulation of 1734. As to the first article, condemning the omission of the use of saliva and breathing on the candidates for baptism, the missionaries, and the bishops of India with them, are rebucked for not having consulted the Holy See previously to that omission; yet, they are allowed to continue for ten years omitting these ceremonies, to which the Hindus felt so strangely loath. Other prohibitions or precepts of the legate are softened by the additions of a Quantum fieri potest, or even replaced by mere counsels or advices. In the sixth article, the taly, "with the image of the idol Pulleyar", is still interdicted, but the Congregation observes that "the missionaries say they never permitted wearing of such a taly". Now this observation seems pretty near to recognizing that possibly the prohibitions of the rather overzealous legate did not always hit upon existing abuses. And a similar conclusion might be drawn from several other articles, e.g. from the fifteenth, where we are told that the interdiction of wearing ashes and emblems after the manner of the heathen Hindus, ought to be kept, but in such a manner, it is added, "that the Constitution of Gregory XV of 31 January, 1623, 'Romanae Senis Antistes', be observed throughout". By that Constitution, as we have already seen, some signs and ornaments, materially similar to those prohibited by Tournon, were allowed to the Christians, provided that no superstition whatever was mingled with their use. Indeed, as the Congragation of Propaganda explains in an Instruction sent to the Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry, 15 February, 1792, "the Decree of Cardinal de Tournon and the Constitution of Gregory XV agree in this way, that both absolutely forbid any sign bearing even the least semblance of superstition, but allow those which are in general use for the sake of adornment, of good manners, and bodily cleanness, without any respect to religion".
The most difficult point retained was the twelfth article, commanding the missionaries to administer the sacraments to the sick pariahs in their dwellings, publicly. Though submitting dutifully to all precepts of the Vicar of Christ, the Jesuits in Madura could not but feel distressed, at experiencing how the last especially, made their apostolate difficult and even impossible amidst the upper classes of Hindus. At their request, Benedict XIV consented to try a new solution of the knotty problem, by forming a band of missionaries who should attend only to the care of the pariahs. This scheme became formal law through the Constitution "Omnium sollicitudinum", published 12 September, 1744. Except this point, the document confirmed again the whole regulation enacted by Clement XII in 1734. The arrangement sanctioned by Benedict XIV benefited greatly the lower classes of Hindu neophytes; whether it worked also to the advantage of the mission at large, is another question, about which the reports are less comforting. Be that as it may, after the suppression of the Society of Jesus (1773), the distinction between Brahmin and pariah missionaries became extinct with the Jesuit missionaries. Henceforth conversions in the higher castes were fewer and fewer, and nowadays the Christian Hindus, for the most part, belong to the lower and lowest classes. The Jesuit missionaries, when reentering Madura in the 1838, did not come with the dress of the Brahmin saniassy, like the founders of the mission; yet they pursued a design which Nobili had also in view, though he could not carry it out, as they opened their college of Negapatam, now at Trichinopoly. A wide breach has already been made into the wall of Brahminic reserve by that institution, where hundreds of Brahmins send their sons to be taught by the Catholic missionaries. Within recent years, about fifty of these young men have embraced the faith of their teachers, at the cost of rejection from their caste and even from their family; such examples are not lost on their countrymen, either of high or low caste.
Joseph Brucker.


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The LB Nagar Metro Station is located on the Red Line of the Hyderabad Metro. It is part of Corridor I of Hyderabad metro starting from Miyapur and was opened to public on 24 September 2018. Five shuttle bus services from L.B. Nagar Metro Station will carry tourists to Ramoji Film City every day. Passengers can visit all miles app or LB Nagar station for more details. This metro station is recording one of the highest footfalls daily.

The catchment areas of LB Nagar Metro station are major residential hubs of Hayathnagar, Vanasthalipuram, and BN Reddy Nagar to Mansoorabad. In October 2022, LB Nagar metro station was awarded Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) Green MRTS Certification with the highest platinum rating under elevated stations category.

References

Hyderabad Metro stations


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What is Metadata?
City of Ottawa Archives "How To" Series
Welcome to the City of Ottawa Archives
How to Create Your Own Archives
How to Create an Index System for a Photo Collection
How to Preserve and Care for Your Historical Collection
How to Plan and Design an Exhibition
How to Cite Properly
Definition and Significance
Metadata is a literal term meaning data about data.
Visit Canadian Heritage's website to view their CCO Best Practice Guide for Digitization Projects and the Preservation of Digital Content.
Anne J. Gilliland, author of the article Setting the Stage published in Introduction to Metadata describes it is as a "frequently underspecified term that is understood in different ways by the diverse professional communities that design, create, describe, preserve and use information systems and resources."
On the broadest scale, metadata is created by institutions that manage information and collections. Metadata's main purpose is the description and ordering of objects but also is useful when conducting searches and retrieving information about the collection.
Institutions such as archives, libraries, and museums all use different forms of metadata. Gilliland states that:
Archival metadata (also known as archival description) includes accession records, finding aids, and catalogue records.
Library metadata includes indexes, abstracts, and bibliographic records which are created by following cataloguing and data content standards.
Museums describe, arrange and track their collections by using metadata.
In addition to object description, metadata also refers to the context, management, processing, preservation and the use of the objects.
Metadata can exist in digital form or in hard copy form such as vertical files, card catalogues and file labels.
Metadata allows a wider range of accessibility. Users can access object information more easily by searching on databases and networked information systems. It enables researchers and staff to cross reference numerous subject fields, dates and titles for a more efficient search request. Archives, library and museums can share their collections with people across the globe.
Want to know more? See: Resources


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Ik Vaari- Ayushmann Khurrana New Hindi – Punjabi Song Is too HOT!
Sep 24 1 min read
Ayushmann Khurrana is back with his melodious voice for a Hindi-Punjabi song – 'Ik Vaari'
Ik- Vaari, the song from Ayushmann Khurrana is composed by Abhijit Vaghani. The song is a romantic song features Ayushmann Khuranna and Aisha Sharma and is HOT HOT…
The song is penned by Ayushmann Khuranna. This song has a few rehashed lines from Aashiqui-
Tu Meri Zindagi Hai
Tu Meri Har Khushi Hai
Tu Pyaar Hai
Tu Hi Chahat
Tu Hi Aashiqui Hai …
Aisha Sharma the HOT and SEXY girl is the highlight of the song who is the sister of the Bollywood actress Neha Sharma.
Aisha is a Kingfisher model. Aisha Sharma looks damn beautiful and hot in the clothes that she wore in the song showcasing her body and desirable cleavage in the red hot dress.
The song is shot in Georgia, Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe and the music video of 'ik-vari' is directed by Pradeep Sarkar. Aisha Sharma is the new model who debuted her first song in with Ayushmann Khurrana.
Aisha Sharma, seen Topless in the video as she is running away from Ayushmann, who is crazily in love with the girl and following her… the song ended with Aashiqui 2 love scene.
Aisha Sharma - the new hottie of the town….making crazy by her hot looks…
So Guys! Listen the Romantic Track by Ayushmann Khurrana Here -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1Hyv9JGqd4
Revealed! Plot of Saif Ali Khan's Upcoming Film Kaali Gandi
Awww! The Unstoppable Kisses of Anusha and Karan is Making us Jealous


Applicita in partnership with Microsoft developed a state-of-the-art IoT command and control platform. We worked alongside the M-KOPA Hardware and Firmware teams to scope, develop and test a bespoke Service Fabric solution using the Actor Pattern.
Applicita in partnership with the Carefolk team developed an innovative multi-tenant platform with Software-As-A-Service architecture with Web, Android and iOS client interfaces to streamline the workflow, scheduling and collaboration of caregiving.
Argentière is a Swiss investment management company. It deploys capital across a range of liquid strategies, seeking to identify and take advantage of the most attractive risk-adjusted opportunities across markets.
Applicita developed a custom self-service portal for employees and compliance managers to complete and author the assessments as well as a background scheduling process to analyse and notify all staff when assessments are due.
The UK Skills Funding Agency is a UK government agency committed to improving the vocational skills of people through apprenticeships and further education.
Consult Hyperion is an independent consultancy specialising in transaction technology and are experts in the areas of mobile, identity, contactless and Near Field Communication payments.


I used to think it would be hard being a dog, not knowing what was going to happen next — when the next meal would land in my dish, when the people would come home, where the car was going and when the ride would stop. It would be nice to be fed and walked and petted. It would be nice to not be expected to do the laundry, sweep the floors, pay the bills or hold down a job. But the thing I couldn't give up about being the human in the relationship, I always told myself, was being in control of the whats and the whys and the whens.
I liked being the one driving the car. I liked being the one knowing where we were going and when we'd arrive.
But now my dog has cancer, and my whole year has not gone according to plan — at least not any plan I came up with. You don't have to feel bad for me. I'm not sad. (Okay, sometimes I'm sad, but it's not the overarching theme of my days.) In some ways this has actually been my best year, because I've learned a lot. Probably the biggest lesson I've learned is that I'm not driving the car. I don't, as it turns out, have a clue where we're going or when we'll get there.
I'm starting to think my dog has it right. When he gets in the car and it stops at the vet, he looks a little bit disappointed. But every time he gets in the car, he acts like he's going on a hike. Even if eight out of 10 trips lead to the vet, he still anticipates a hike. He still wags and barks and thanks the universe for the woods and the trails, the streams and the good smells. He's fully invested in that hope, without any disappointment of a dream unfulfilled. The dream is always fulfilled — it's fulfullable, which is basically pre-fulfillment — because it remains a possibility. This trip might stop at the vet, but that means the next one is the hiking trip, right?
And anyway, there's always the whole drive to wag and bark, to anticipate and hang an excited nose out an open window.
I, too, want to live in that hope, and part of that hope comes from not knowing. Ultimately being the driver gives us about as much control as captaining a ship through a typhoon. Just because we're holding the wheel doesn't mean all that much. Nature, other drivers, fate, destiny, good luck, bad luck, potholes.
All these decades have I really successfully fooled myself into thinking I knew where this was all heading? How long I have, what I can accomplish, what my greater purpose is? Hell no. Those questions fill me with existential dread. I'm intimately acquainted with anxiety, with teeth grinding and clammy-palmed fear. I long for control because I can't stand this feeling of free-falling. And yet to be human is to make peace with (or not to — many of us don't — it's a legitimate option) an existance shrouded in mystery.
The one in control is the one hanging an excited nose out an open window and anticipating a really good time around the next bend.
If not this bend, then the next.
That's the meditation: be happy in the now. Wag, sniff, eat treats, relish walks.


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Why officials should not be punished for negligence, asks HC
The bench comprising of Justices S Vaidyanathan and R Hemalatha made the observation on hearing a petition filed by one Raveendra Ram.
Dt Next Bureau
17 Dec, 2022, 11:00 pm
CHENNAI: A division bench of Madras High Court questioned why the Greater Chennai Corporation officicals, who failed to remove the illegal occupants from corporation land, should not be suspended from services.
The petitioner sought action against GCC Commissioner, engineer Radhakrishnan and assistant engineer Parthiban for not complying with the 2020 order of the court to remove an encroachment made by private people in Erukkanchery.
When the matter was taken for hearing, the judges questioned the inaction of officers for not taking action despite the court orders. The court expressed its dissatisfaction saying why the respondent officers should not be suspended for not following the court orders.
The case of the petitioner was against the Sathyanathan, and Chitra, residents of Erukkanchery who allegedly occupied a road and made constructions. Therefore, Ram filed a petition to remove the illegal constructions.
According to the contempt petitioner, since the GCC informed the writ court that the lock and seal notice had been issued on August 28, 2020, which was scheduled to expire on September 27, 2020, and thereafter, the consequential follow-up action would be taken and based on the said submission, his petition was closed.
Greater Chennai Corporation
GCC commissioner
Corporation land


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Agnieszka Domeracka – graduated from Poznan University of technology in the Electrical Engineering Faculty in 2018. In Solaris Bus & Coach since 2017. She works in Research & Development Department in Advanced Technologies Team.
Mateusz Figaszewski – Director of E-mobility Development and PR department at Solaris. With a company for 15 years. Responsible for promotion of innovative zero emissions vehicles.
The electrification of city buses fleet is a challenge which require an individual approach. There is no one solution which fits all bus operators needs. The authors will introduce the feasibility study, which is a tool invented to conduct the complex analyse and calculation for each case. As a result provides to the customer configuration of the best operational solution (eg. type of batteries, charging infrastructure fitted to requirements of the city, HVAC solutions, and many more features that makes e-mobility a reliable solution). Solaris Bus & Coach has a great experience in applying electric buses for public transport. Engineers from Solaris performed over 2000 analyses for different 40 cities. Solaris Bus & Coach is a leading European manufacturer of public transport vehicles, including over 17 years of "e-mobility experience".


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Dykema, a leading national law firm, announced today that 115 of the its attorneys, in multiple practice areas and markets, have been recognized in The Best Lawyers in America 2017 guide. Additionally, 14 of the firm's practitioners have been named Best Lawyers 2017 "Lawyer of the Year," a special distinction conferred upon a single lawyer within a practice area and metropolitan market.
The Best Lawyers in America® is the pre-eminent national listing of outstanding attorneys. This annual guide is derived from exhaustive peer-review surveys in which thousands of leading lawyers confidentially evaluate their professional peers. The 2017 guide recognizes Dykema attorneys in virtually all of the firm's practice areas.


Should you rent a home or buy one? Many of our European friends are more than happy to do the former throughout their lives, however we Brits seem to be cut from a different cloth.
Generally we would say owning your own home is a good thing. In order to make a profit, most landlords need to charge more in rent than it costs to finance a property. So therefore it will usually make sense to own your home and cut out the middleman.
That said, we are not in the camp of those who regard renting as 'dead money'. There can be times when renting is a more sensible choice, like when you are moving around from job to job, or you are sharing a house in order to save money for a deposit.
But sooner or later, most of us buy a home, which means sooner or later, most of us need a mortgage. As far as borrowing goes, mortgages are usually considered acceptable debt: mortgage providers are prepared to lend people money at a reasonable rate, and it is usually a far cheaper way of borrowing than almost any other form of debt, because it is secured against a property.
As with all financial products, the cost can vary a lot for what is essentially the same thing. So shop around to make sure you're getting a good deal, and consider using a mortgage broker as they may have access to deals that aren't available direct from a mortgage provider.
With a repayment mortgage you can pay off the loan gradually: part of the cash you pay each month covers interest on the loan, and the rest pays off a portion of the capital sum you borrowed.
With an interest-only mortgage, you will have the amount you borrowed outstanding for the whole term, as you only pay off the interest each month. This type of mortgage was much more popular in the 1980s and 1990s, but these days there are concerns that people who took them out back them haven't put enough aside to pay off the outstanding capital at the end of the mortgage term.
Variable rate mortgages are up to your bank or mortgage provider. They set a rate on their own, with any movements up or down usually influenced by the Bank of England's base rate.
Fixed rate mortgages are usually fixed for a set number of years. Many people try to second-guess what might happen to mortgage rates in order to work out whether they would be better off with a variable or a fixed rate. Tempting as it may be to think you might be able to outsmart your mortgage lender, we'd say the main thing that should influence whether you choose a fixed-rate mortgage is whether you'd find it to difficult to cope with significantly higher monthly repayments.
Discount mortgages offer a percentage discount off the lender's standard variable rate, which means your monthly payments move up and down with the lender's normal variable rate, but you enjoy a discount over a set time. The trick with these is getting a discount mortgage that doesn't lock you in after the discount ends, as you'll want to remortgage as soon as it does.
Tracker mortgages are usually directly linked to the base rate set by the Bank of England: when the base rate changes, the tracker mortgage changes automatically. Interest rates on tracker mortgages are usually set at the base rate plus anything between 1% and 3%.
Capped rate mortgages ensure there is a ceiling to the interest rate you will pay over a given period of time. As with fixed rate mortgages, if your lender's variable rate rises above the capped rate, you benefit, but unlike as with fixed rate mortgages, if it falls below the capped rate, you pay what everyone else pays. The downside of capped rate mortgages is that they tend to have higher interest rates than fixed rate mortgages – the price of enjoying a fixed upper limit on your mortgage payments.
Offset mortgages allow you to contribute your savings towards your mortgage, without losing access to the funds themselves. The more you have in your savings account, the less interest you have to pay on your mortgage, which helps you repay your mortgage faster and more cheaply. Offset mortgages tend to be best for people with volatile incomes or significant savings.
Whatever your mortgage, remortgage on a regular basis, or at least look around to make sure you are not paying too much over the odds.
Most lenders reserve their best deals for new customers, which means you can often get a better deal by remortgaging every few years. You may have to pay an arrangement fee, and other sundry costs, but even taking these into account, given the sizable sums involved, switching mortgage deals can save a decent amount of cash.
Next up, pensions and retirement.