What is a dental implant located in or near your home and what you need to know?
A dental implant is an artificial replacement of an existing tooth, it is anchored in a hole drilled in the jaw, to hold a dental crown (ceramic or zirconia for example), or for example to hold a removable prosthesis. Dental implants (dental implants in English) are made of titanium generally, a material that is well tolerated by the human body and integrates easily (osteointegration) with bone tissue and is known for its robustness and longevity.
What are the main advantages of dental implants and their poses abroad?
Placing dental implants abroad, in a country such as Tijuana in Mexico or Budapest and its region in Hungary, does not change anything, but you will have, in addition to the price, to make a choice among many specialists often called implantologists.
The dental implants used are primarily bio-compatible materials and therefore widely tolerated by the human body. In addition, dental implants do not cause, to our knowledge, any rejection or, above all, no diseases.
In addition, it avoids the important work of size and preparation on each of your teeth.
The ingenious solution of a dental all-on-4 or even a dental all-on-6 can also allow you an optimized configuration of your dental architecture by appreciably improving the speed of the break of your implants as well as your final costs of dental implants and the dental structure itself.
They are finally a guarantee in time, indeed as it gets older it is not useless to remember that the area of a given tooth deteriorates and in particular its bone part.
When you lose a tooth, the bone is no longer stimulated and begins to deteriorate rather quickly. It's like the lack of exercise that atrophies and weakens the muscles. The bone loss will continue and eventually change not only your smile but sometimes the way you express yourself. Adjacent teeth sometimes move inward and create more unsightly spaces. The gap of a missing tooth is usually filled by a cemented bridge that replaces a crown (part of the tooth that emerges from the gum) but not the root. This sometimes results in bone loss that reveals a dark and unsightly area at the edge of the gumline. The dental implant is then the only solution to replace both the dental crown and the root of a given missing tooth and so this applies to many other of your teeth. Like a natural tooth, it transmits the effort and thus preserves the health of the bone and even better the area, therefore the gums and adjacent teeth.
It eliminates potential pain, such as ulcers, related to the wearing of a dental prosthesis and allow you greater comfort in general.
That it eliminates the discomfort related to the wearing of a dental prosthesis and thus improves your self-esteem and self-confidence.
Thanks to dental implants, you will not have to worry about depriving yourself of participating in certain activities.
Dental implants will allow you to have a smaller and more comfortable prosthesis. For the prosthetic wearers of the top, your palate will be clear of acrylic or metal and so you will find the sensation of hot and cold food as well as an improvement of the taste. For partial denture wearers, dental implants can eliminate metal hooks that are often noticeable and unsightly to a certain extent.
If dental implants do not affect everyone, am I still the right person to use one or more dental implants?
Does dental implant affect all of us?
In some cases, when there is not enough bone to support the dental implants, a sinus lift or a bone graft is necessary.
We will come back to this point but we must know that a significant portion of patients do not always have enough bone (especially as they get older) and that a bone graft is then to be considered.
For those who really do not have any bones, then there is a different solution, the dental implant placement but adapted to those who do not have it, it concerns only the part of the top of your teeth, done in one session since the bone healing time is not necessary. Moreover, these dental implants, which are called zygomatic implants, and which are easily found in some dental clinics abroad, as in Hungary, have nothing to do with traditional Nobel Biocare or other implants. Indeed their pose is much more complex, under general anesthesia and lasts much longer with a higher cost given the technical nature of this material, biocompatible and very different form of shape and smaller than traditional implants.
Whether standard implants or even zygomatic implants, they will bring you a lot in your daily life, thanks to them you can have an improved life hygiene, eat normally, but also, and it seems simple and essential, speak, you to express, to smile.
• Heavy smoking: this will hinder and slow down the healing process especially bone.
• Excessive alcohol consumption disrupts the healing process of the gums.
• So-called periodontal diseases: they must be treated before the dental implantation because they can lead to bone loss, so their treatment is a prerequisite for the dental implant break, especially the break of dental implants abroad.
• Immunocompromised patients: patients taking steroids undergo radiation therapy, patients with autoimmune diseases (such as some MS).
• Squeaking teeth (or so-called bruxism): in case of bruxism, a gutter is provided to prevent the erosion of porcelain on dental crowns.
Finally, it is also important that you report to your dentist, especially if you plan to use the dental implant break abroad, and therefore to move, all serious diseases such as cancer and certain diseases. like diabetes. Your dentist will consider this during your consultation or even ask you in advance before your trip if you return in these cases.
Depending on the results of a panoramic dental X-ray and a dental scanner, bone density and volume can be assessed and other information on nearby anatomical structures (such as nerves) can also be obtained. The dentist may indicate that the bone would need support, namely a bone substitute / graft or artificial sinus lift. This step must be done before the break of the dental implant. So as explained before one must take into account your bone condition generally having to resort to the dental implant break abroad.
Before going abroad, your correspondent will ask you all the necessary questions and will ask you in the first place if you have a panoramic radio.
Lack of bones, problems of bone grafting but also bruxism are to be taken into account before resorting to dental implants abroad.
Like people requiring a zygomatic dental implant, you can sometimes go into one of the contraindicated cases, that of dental bruxism.
Many ask the question if you can have a dental implant even if you suffer from bruxism. Before you begin to worry, it is essential to know that dental implantation is not contraindicated even if you grit your teeth.
Bruxism is an unconscious movement, either standard squeezing or standard lateral movements that can occur sometimes during sleep, so the patient with bruxism is usually unconscious and does not wake up.
In order to find a solution to this condition, the dentist specializing in dental implants chooses the correct crown or dental prosthesis, made with more resistant specific material. It may also be necessary to put additional dental implants in order to hold the replacement of the teeth and to avoid the annoying grinding that causes bruxism.
Your dentist can also advise you to use a dental splint for the night.
If I plan to put my dental implants abroad, what risks should I consider before resorting to them?
Risk of bleeding and the effects of anesthesia: it is advisable not to drive just after the implant surgery treatment, please do not drive for a few hours and do not do sports, sauna or even the swimming pool. That said, even if everything is relative, it can generally be said that the fitting of dental implants correctly performed does not present any risk in itself and does not cause particular suffering even if it is not very pleasant and a little tired. (and logically) the person.
There is also the risk of infection: please follow the dental hygiene advice of your dentist, do not use mouthwash in the first days and it is essential not to touch the wound to reduce the risk of infection. 'infection.
How is the placement of a dental implant abroad?
Each case is particular for the break of a dental implant because each one has a different morphology, in other words a different dentition. But there are constants and common points because it is possible that the installation of dental implants abroad (as in its vicinity) is a safe procedure providing almost immediate comfort to the patient with an obvious aesthetic improvement.
Except for special dental implants of the fast-fitting or zygomatic type, which in both cases require and ask special bone questions, the installation of a dental implant is done in two stages.
The first step is the placement of dental implants in itself with extractions, carious teeth care, roots etc. while the 2nd stage focuses on the break of what is above the dental implant, so on what could be considered as a base or artificial root we will also ask a false tooth (dental crown ie Nobel Biocare brand) or a false device for anchoring.
The 1st step of the installation of a dental implant also allows to have a material above or more exactly on which is posed, temporary: you leave after one or two sessions with all your dental implants and a temporary material, generally constituted of resin crowns.
How many times do I have to go to the dentist and wait for a dental implant?
As explained 2 separate sessions are recommended.
Doing it in one is technically possible with an immediate load, but it does mean that you need some sort of bone grafting time, so it can hurt and we do not recommend that.
Doing it in more than 2 sessions is also not the solution, some dental clinics offer this in 3 sessions; the first for the implant placement, the second for the dental impression break and the third for the final break after manufacture and delivery.
As one of the main criteria of dental tourism is the ease of service, it is not advisable to do this in 3 steps and the 2nd and 3rd stage can very well be anticipated and merged.
The time between the 2 stages is actually the time of bone healing. It is usually around 2 to 3 months.
This period of bone healing is also accelerated or at least aided by bone grafts called "sinus lift" in some cases if recommended by your dentist abroad.
1st step can usually be done in one day: you leave with your implants and temporary crowns above.
2nd and last stage; after your bone healing time you come for the final laying of your dental crown in ceramic-metal or zirconia (or zirconium) to replace your resin crowns and it's over!
I plan to do dental implants abroad but can I foresee everything and do remotely to avoid moving for nothing?
It is generally said that it is complicated, that we want to avoid many back and forth, which is perfectly understandable, that we would like to avoid travel for nothing and that lack of tangible information from my local dentist I do not know what to do.
All this is false because you have to know that 80% of people who really go for dental tourism do not arrive with complete and exhaustive information before having their first appointment with the dentist abroad ... and this is not is not serious at all!
Indeed, those who go abroad for dental tourism are all in the same situation: they have just visited their local dentist, have just found that there is a lot of work to do, that it is expensive and that they do not have the radiography of their dentist. All are pretty much in the same situation: we get a quote at high prices, sometimes obscure technical language and the dentist often withholding, or sometimes forgotten, we do not have his famous radio to show.
In fact it is not complicated because when you arrive for the first appointment: this first appointment must already be your first step: you do an x-ray, you discuss everything, and as the dentist already knows 90% what to do about numbers of teeth, the radio will only provide confirmation very often. So your first step to be done immediately with a minimum of information: you know the prices, the suggested time, the services of the clinic and if the radio shows that a work on a tooth must be done in addition, this is done in addition from the 1st stage.
Your dental advisor / agent will have had to ask you all the necessary questions before your first step: especially if you have diabetes problems, recently had a serious illness, if you know you have bone problems or if you take this or that medicine.
During the installation stage, the only difference that there can be is a work on one or two teeth that will already be planned on the schedule. For this in general only one session is recommended and the patient can even make a round trip by plane during the day. If this may be tiring, we recommend two sessions. Two sessions, all on 24 hours, will be recommended if the work is important (for example the installation of a dental all-on-6 rather than the installation of a dental all-on-4).
How is the second stage of the final placement of dental implants?
The advantage with the first step is that the foundations of your dental structure, if you can call it that, are made and you know the subject.
So when placing your dental implants abroad you do not arrive in unknown territory and know what your dentist, whether in Hungary, Turkey, Egypt or Mexico for example, will perform the logical continuity of what he had planned for you.
It can be said, apart from the duration of work during the second stage of the final placement of your dental implants that you have done most of the work from the first stage, and that in some ways the most difficult is to start .
Remember that choosing to have your dental implants placed abroad via a specialized agent is much easier than you think in general. You are taken care of from A to Z, know what awaits you and realize an economy often very substantial, without counting that in Europe you benefit in addition to the same rates of refund (if refund there is). Thus, it is important to know that the most difficult thing in choosing to seek dental care abroad, in this case dental implants abroad, is in a certain way to choose to do it at home. 'foreign. There are not really any obstacles besides the fact that a fast enough displacement is necessary and that it is necessary to overcome a certain apprehension.
These services are all offered by your dental agent and are often included in a package.
How to know prices and different costs of dental implants abroad?
The cost of dental implants varies greatly from country to country. It is first a relative price in relation to each country and so the standard of living of each country will be a determining factor for the cost of your dental implants abroad, whether it is a dental crown placed abroad or a system of dental implants called all-on-4, all-on-6 or even an all-on-8.
The equipment will also affect the price. If it is usually the same dental implants of the same brand used from one country to another, for example an Alpha Biocare titanium dental implant or a Straumann dental crown, the price of this same dental material can vary greatly. The reasons for these price differences are diverse but again we can count on a factor of cost / standard of living by country.
The currency of a country will of course that from one year to another the laying of your implant may sometimes vary by 20% just as the parity of one currency with another.
Finally, if equipment accounts for a large part, usually around 35% of the cost of a dental implant, labor will be the determining factor.
Recall that the price of dental implants is an indication of the price of dental care in general performed by dental clinics and that often we do not need only implants, but also dental crowns, tooth extractions but also in parallel with beauty care, you can for example find our price guide and countries for dental facets abroad.
What is the average price of a dental implant in Hungary?
Located in the heart of Europe, Hungary (mainly via its capital Budapest and its eastern region to Bratislava) is the largest dental center in Europe with more than 410 dental clinics. The proportion of dental clinics, and therefore implant specialists, specialists in dental implants is one of the largest in the world in terms of the number of inhabitants. With low prices, a very important choice and a recognized technicality, it is the essential place for dental tourism in Europe. The starting price of a standard 20 year titanium dental implant starts around 490 euros and the unit package with the pillar / laying and the ceramic crown sometimes starts at the competitive price of 780 euros.
How much does a dental implant cost in Poland?
Coming generally after Hungary in the choice of dental tourism in Europe, Poland is also a destination famous for its dental tourism because of the ease of access of its dental clinics and its prices as competitive as Hungary. There is a glaring difference between the prices of dental implants in Poland between the capital and the province, so if it is not Warsaw we can find the first dental implants around 610 euros.
How much does a dental implant cost in Lithuania?
Increasingly recognized as a dental center of choice in the Baltic region, Lithuania through its capital Vilnius is a must in the Baltic and Scandinavian region for dental care. Accessible through many low cost airways, especially when it comes to calculating a dental stay in Vilnius, the time factor, the installation of your dental implants and all the services make this city a step often unknown to dental travelers. Renowned for the quality of its services, its knowledge of dental implant manufacturing software, it is a competitive and recognized destination.
What is the average price for a dental implant cost in Portugal?
A country much appreciated by Europeans and a tourist country, Portugal is often a "passing" dental tourism destination. Indeed, if dental tourists easily choose countries in Europe such as Hungary, Lithuania or Poland because of a certain reputation for their dental tourism, Portugal is chosen as a complementary destination to leisure travel. Thus, if the Portuguese diaspora based in Europe often thinks of coming to do their dental care in Portugal, many tourists think of completing their holidays with dental care. Thus Porto often holds the rope with Lisbon and the prices of the dental implants are generally lower by a third compared to Spain and quite equivalent to Hungary.
What about the prices of dental implants in Spain?
Second largest destination in the world for tourism, Spain is not left in its offer of dental care, including dental implants. With prices lower than France or Belgium for example, it is however very difficult to give an average price range as the price disparity is important. For example dental implants in the south of Spain may have prices higher than those in France and will mainly be for tourists from Great Britain while other dental clinics, or dental departments of large general clinics, will have competitive prices. There are important price differences between the so-called tourist areas, such as Malaga, Marbella and others more remote so the first prices for dental implants in Spain are around 700 euros and around 890 euros in tourist areas.
What are the prices of dental implants in Romania?
Europe is vast and the supply of dental care does not stop at some countries like Hungary for the prices of dental implants. Thus Romania is by far one of the countries where dental implants are the cheapest in Europe with its neighbor Bulgaria. On average we can find the first prices of dental implants in Bucharest yes Iasi for about 10% less than in Hungary.
What are the prices of dental implants in Bulgaria?
Neighboring Bulgaria is not outdone and has the distinction of having a very advantageous dental offer through a unique network of dental clinics. Thus it is more the specificity of a supply of dental care at the micro level than at the macroeconomic level. Indeed a special offer concentrates most of the dental care offered to foreigners for a price equivalent to that of Romania.
What are the prices of dental implants in Turkey?
Finally still in the lap of the supply of dental care in Europe, Turkey, although politically not part of the "political Europe" is one of the major dental centers in the world.
Medical tourism in Istanbul is booming (2015-2018 period) and its dental tourism is part of it. The country offers many solutions for dental implants, through specialized dental clinics, sometimes cosmetic surgery clinics combining traditional aesthetic care with aesthetic dental care but also very often through the dental services of large clinics. like Medipol or Acibadem for example. We can find the first dental implants in Istanbul at 750 USD.
What are the prices of dental implants in Egypt?
vWith India, Egypt is one of the most interesting countries in terms of dental services. Thus in Cairo (and a fortiori in two other three smaller cities in Egypt) dental implants and dental all-on-4 are found at attractive prices. The explanation lies in the monetary factor but also in the tradition of low prices in general. Benefiting from a very good training, dentists in Egypt offer dental implants for prices usually starting at a little under 800 USD.
What are the prices of dental implants in Thailand?
As one of the leading medical tourism destinations in the world, Thailand makes no exception in terms of dental tourism. Bangkok but also the major tourist cities of the country offer attractive prices for dental implants, especially for those coming from Asia. A dental implant starts around 900 USD in Bangkok for a good quality titanium implant.
What are the prices of dental implants in Mexico?
If Hungary is considered the dental center of Europe, Mexico, with its city of Tijuana is the other major world center of dental tourism in the world. Ideally located for a Californian clientele, it is also a dental center in the broad sense, acclaimed by many Americans not only from California and even from the more southern countries of Mexico. Although there are big price differences in Tijuana or Mexico, the first dental implants in Mexico are worth $ 750.
What are the prices of dental implants in Costa Rica?
If Tijuana is the major hub of North American dental care, Costa Rica remains an essential center for dental implants, because of the competitiveness of its dental offer but also its geographical position which allows not only the entire East Coast but also a number of neighboring countries. The first prices for dental implants in Costa Rica, not far from San Jose, start around 650 USD and clinics, like LS Dental have competitive offers for international patients.
Last but not least Greece as a competitive place for all-on-4 & dental implants?
Know for the quality of its medical services, Greece is not so well known as Budapest is for instance in terms of dental treatments but has a large dental market for foreigners.
You can find competitive prices, in the average of Budapest but with at the JCI accreditation level as with Hygeia for instance with a package price with crown at 800 €.
Dental implants abroad, what should I remember?
Check the working time for each step (2, rarely 3).
Also check that the dentist asks you for your state of health! You will leave in an organized and decided manner: you discover all the pecuniary, technical but also cultural benefits of a short stay abroad for your dental care.
Stay connected with us and subscribe to our newsletter to get information about treatment & procedure improvements, latest cosmetic surgery trends.


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Given the speed with which scientific discoveries and research continuously expand scientific knowledge, many educators are faced with the challenge of balancing breadth of content coverage with depth of understanding.
The revised AP® Biology course addresses this challenge by shifting from a traditional "content coverage" model of instruction to one that focuses on enduring, conceptual understandings and the content that supports them. This approach will enable students to spend less time on factual recall and more time on inquiry-based learning of essential concepts, and will help them develop the reasoning skills necessary to engage in the science practices used throughout their study of AP Biology.
To foster this deeper level of learning, the breadth of content coverage in AP Biology is defined in a way that distinguishes content essential to support the enduring understandings from the many examples or applications that can overburden the course. Illustrative examples are provided that offer teachers a variety of optional instructional contexts to help their students achieve deeper understanding. Additionally, content that is outside the scope of the course and exam is also identified. Students who take an AP Biology course designed using this curriculum framework as its foundation will also develop advanced inquiry and reasoning skills, such as designing a plan for collecting data, analyzing data, applying mathematical routines, and connecting concepts in and across domains. The result will be readiness for the study of advanced topics in subsequent college courses — a goal of every AP course.
The revised AP Biology course is equivalent to a two-semester college introductory biology course and has been endorsed enthusiastically by higher education officials.
Big Idea 1: Evolution
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
Natural selection is the major driving mechanism of evolution; the essential features of the mechanism contribute to the change in the genetic makeup of a population over time. Darwin's theory of natural selection states that inheritable variations occur in individuals in a population. Due to competition for resources that are often limited, individuals with more favorable variations or phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring, thus passing traits to subsequent generations. Fitness, the number of surviving offspring left to produce the next generation, is a measure of evolutionary success. Individuals do not evolve, but rather, populations evolve.
The environment is always changing, there is no "perfect" genome, and a diverse gene pool is important for the long-term survival of a species. Genetic variations within a population contribute to the diversity of the gene pool. Changes in genetic information may be silent (with no observable phenotypic effects) or result in a new phenotype, which can be positive, negative or neutral to the organism. The interaction of the environment and the phenotype determines the fitness of the phenotype; thus, the environment does not direct the changes in DNA, but acts upon phenotypes that occur through random changes in DNA. These changes can involve alterations in DNA sequences, changes in gene combinations and/or the formation of new gene combinations.
Although natural selection is usually the major mechanism for evolution, genetic variation in populations can occur through other processes, including mutation, genetic drift, sexual selection and artificial selection. Inbreeding, small population size, nonrandom mating, the absence of migration, and a net lack of mutations can lead to loss of genetic diversity. Human-directed processes such as genetic engineering can also result in new genes and combinations of alleles that confer new phenotypes.
Biological evolution driven by natural selection is supported by evidence from many scientific disciplines, including geology and physical science. In addition, biochemical, morphological, and genetic information from existing and extinct organisms support the concept of natural selection. Phylogenetic trees serve as dynamic models that show common ancestry, while geographical distribution and the fossil record link past and present organisms.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry.
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that are widely distributed among organisms today. These processes provide evidence that all organisms (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, both extant and extinct) are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry. Elements that are conserved across all domains of life are DNA and RNA as carriers of genetic information, a universal genetic code, and many metabolic pathways. The existence of these properties in organisms today implies that they were present in a universal ancestor and that present life evolved from a universal ancestor. Phylogenetic trees graphically model evolutionary history and can represent both acquired traits and those lost during evolution.
In eukaryotes, conserved core elements provide evidence for evolution. These features include the presence of a cytoskeleton, a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes and endomembrane systems.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.
Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth's history, and life continues to evolve within a changing environment. However, the rates of speciation and extinction vary. Speciation can be slow and gradual or, as described by punctuated equilibrium, can occur in "bursts" followed by relatively quiet periods. At times of ecological stress, extinction rates can be rapid, and mass extinctions are often followed by adaptive radiation, the rapid evolution of species when new habitats open. Scientific evidence, including emergent diseases, chemical resistance and genomic data, supports the idea that evolution occurs for all organisms and that evolution explains the diversity of life on the planet.
A species can be defined as a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and exchanging genetic information to produce viable, fertile offspring. New species arise when two populations diverge from a common ancestor and become reproductively isolated. Although speciation can occur by different processes, reproductive isolation must be maintained for a species to remain distinct. Evidence that speciation has occurred includes fossil records and genomic data.
1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes.
The process of evolution explains the diversity and unity of life. A number of experimental investigations have provided evidence that the conditions early in the Earth's history provided an environment capable of generating complex organic molecules and simple cell-like structures. For example, in the "organic soup" model, the hypothesized primitive atmosphere contained inorganic precursors from which organic molecules could have been synthesized through natural chemical reactions catalyzed by the input of energy. In turn, these molecules served as monomers (building blocks) for the formation of more complex molecules, including amino acids and nucleotides. Some models suggest that primitive life developed on biogenic surfaces, such as clay, that served as templates and catalysts for assembly of macromolecules. Under laboratory conditions, complex polymers and self-replicating molecules can spontaneously assemble. It remains an open question whether the first genetic and self-replicating material was DNA or RNA.
Big Idea 2: Cellular Processes: Energy and Communication
2.A: Growth, reproduction and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
Living systems require energy to maintain order, grow and reproduce. In accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, to offset entropy, energy input must exceed energy lost from and used by an organism to maintain order. Organisms use various energy-related strategies to survive; strategies include different metabolic rates, physiological changes, and variations in reproductive and offspring-raising strategies. Not only can energy deficiencies be detrimental to individual organisms, but changes in free energy availability also can affect population size and cause disruptions at the ecosystem level.
Several means to capture, use and store free energy have evolved in organisms. Cells can capture free energy through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. Autotrophs capture free energy from the environment, including energy present in sunlight and chemical sources, whereas heterotrophs harvest free energy from carbon compounds produced by other organisms. Through a series of coordinated reaction pathways, photosynthesis traps free energy in sunlight that, in turn, is used to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. Cellular respiration and fermentation use free energy available from sugars and from interconnected, multistep pathways (i.e., glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain) to phosphorylate ADP, producing the most common energy carrier, ATP. The free energy available in sugars can be used to drive metabolic pathways vital to cell processes. The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interdependent in their reactants and products.
Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. The cellular surface-to-volume ratio affects a biological system's ability to obtain resources and eliminate waste products. Water and nutrients are essential for building new molecules.
Carbon dioxide moves from the environment to photosynthetic organisms where it is metabolized and incorporated into carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids or lipids. Nitrogen is essential for building nucleic acids and proteins; phosphorus is incorporated into nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP and ADP. In aerobic organisms, oxygen serves as an electron acceptor in energy transformations.
2.B: Growth, reproduction and dynamic homeostasis require that cells create and maintain internal environments that are different from their external environments.
Cell membranes separate the internal environment of the cell from the external environment. The specialized structure of the membrane described in the fluid mosaic model allows the cell to be selectively permeable, with dynamic homeostasis maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the membrane. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy because spontaneous movement of molecules occurs from high to low concentrations; examples of passive transport are osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires metabolic energy and transport proteins to move molecules from low to high concentrations across a membrane. Active transport establishes concentration gradients vital for dynamic homeostasis, including sodium/potassium pumps in nerve impulse conduction and proton gradients in electron transport chains in photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively.
Eukaryotic cells also maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions so that cell processes can operate with optimal efficiency by increasing beneficial interactions, decreasing conflicting interactions and increasing surface area for chemical reactions to occur. Each compartment or membrane-bound organelle localizes reactions, including energy transformation in mitochondria and production of proteins in rough endoplasmic reticulum.
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments through behavioral and physiological mechanisms, such as photoperiodism in plants, hibernation and migration in animals, and shivering and sweating in humans. Organisms use negative feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments by returning the changing condition back to its target set point, while positive feedback mechanisms amplify responses. Examples of negative feedback responses include temperature regulation in animals and plant responses to drought; examples of positive feedback mechanisms are the onset of labor in childbirth and ripening of fruit. Alterations in feedback mechanisms can have deleterious effects, including diabetes and Graves' disease in humans and the inability of plants to tolerate water stress during drought.
2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system's environment.
All biological systems, from cells to ecosystems, are influenced by complex biotic and abiotic interactions. The availability of resources influences activities in cells and organisms; examples include responses to cell density, biofilm(s) formation, temperature responses, and responses to nutrient and water availability. The availability of resources affects a population's stability in size and its genetic composition; examples include birth rates versus death rates from bacteria to mammals and global distribution of food for humans.
Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both continuity due to common ancestry and change due to evolution in different environments. Supporting evidence includes a sampling of homeostatic control systems that are conserved across biological domains. Organisms have evolved various mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and getting rid of wastes, including gas exchange, osmoregulation and nitrogenous waste production. Disturbances to dynamic homeostasis effect biological processes, and plants and animals have evolved a variety of defenses against infections and other disruptions to homeostasis including immune responses. At the ecosystem level, disruptions impact the balance of the ecosystem and the interactions between specific organisms therein.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction and dynamic homeostasis include temporal regulation and coordination.
Multiple mechanisms regulate the timing and coordination of molecular, physiological and behavioral events that are necessary for an organism's development and survival. Cell differentiation results from the expression of genes for tissue-specific proteins, and the induction of transcription factors during development results in sequential gene expression. Cell differentiation also results from specific silencing of gene expression. For example, homeotic genes determine developmental patterns and sequences, and temperature and water availability determine seed germination in most plants. Genetic transplantation experiments support the link between gene expression, mutations and development. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) plays a role in normal development and differentiation (e.g., morphogenesis).
Physiological events in organisms can involve interactions between environmental stimuli and internal molecular signals; phototropism and photoperiodism in plants and circadian rhythms and seasonal responses in animals are examples.
Timing and coordination of behavior are also regulated by several means; individuals can act on information and communicate it to others, and responses to information are vital to natural selection. Examples include behaviors in animals triggered by environmental cues (hibernation, migration and estivation), courtship rituals and other visual displays, and photoperiodism in plants due to changes in critical night length.
Communication and cooperative behavior within or between populations contributes to the survival of individuals and the population. For example, changes in resource availability can lead to fruiting body formation in certain bacteria and fungi and niche partitioning.
Big Idea 3: Genetics and Information Transfer
3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity of life.
The organizational basis of all living systems is heritable information. The proper storage and transfer of this information are critical for life to continue at the cell, organism and species levels. Reproduction occurs at the cellular and organismal levels. In order for daughter cells to continue subsequent generational cycles of reproduction or replication, each progeny needs to receive heritable genetic instructions from the parental source. This information is stored and passed to the subsequent generation via DNA. Viruses, as exceptional entities, can contain either DNA or RNA as heritable genetic information. The chemical structures of both DNA and RNA provide mechanisms that ensure information is preserved and passed to subsequent generations. There are important chemical and structural differences between DNA and RNA that result in different stabilities and modes of replication. In order for information stored in DNA to direct cellular processes, the information needs to be transcribed (DNA→RNA) and in many cases, translated (RNA→protein). The products of these processes determine metabolism and cellular activities and, thus, the phenotypes upon which evolution operates.
In eukaryotic organisms, genetic information is packaged into chromosomes, which carry essential heritable information that must be passed to daughter cells. Mitosis provides a mechanism that ensures each daughter cell receives an identical and complete set of chromosomes and that ensures fidelity in the transmission of heritable information. Mitosis allows for asexual reproduction of organisms in which daughter cells are genetically identical to the parental cell and allows for genetic information transfer to subsequent generations. Both unicellular and multicellular organisms have various mechanisms that increase genetic variation.
Sexual reproduction of diploid organisms involves the recombination of heritable information from both parents through fusion of gametes during fertilization. The two gametes that fuse to form a new progeny zygote each contain a single set (1n) of chromosomes. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid (2n) to haploid (1n) by following a single replication with two divisions. The random assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes in meiosis and exchanges between sister chromosomes increase genetic variation; thus, the four gametes, while carrying the same number of chromosomes, are genetically unique with respect to individual alleles and allele combinations. The combination of these gametes at fertilization reestablishes the diploid nature of the organism and provides an additional mechanism for generating genetic variation, with every zygote being genetically different. Natural selection operates on populations through the phenotypic differences (traits) that individuals display; meiosis followed by fertilization provides a spectrum of possible phenotypes on which natural selection acts, and variation contributes to the long-term continuation of species.
Some phenotypes are products of action from single genes. These single gene traits provided the experimental system through which Mendel was able to describe a model of inheritance. The processes that chromosomes undergo during meiosis provide a mechanism that accounts for the random distribution of traits, the independence of traits, and the fact that some traits tend to stay together as they are transmitted from parent to offspring. Mendelian genetics can be applied to many phenotypes, including some human genetic disorders. Ethical, social and medical issues can surround such genetic disorders.
Whereas some traits are determined by the actions of single genes, most traits result from the interactions of multiple genes products or interactions between gene products and the environment. These traits often exhibit a spectrum of phenotypic properties that results in a wider range of observable traits, including weight, height and coat color in animals.
3.B: Expression of genetic information involves cellular and molecular mechanisms.
Structure and function in biology result from the presence of genetic information and the correct expression of this information. The expression of the genetic material controls cell products, and these products determine the metabolism and nature of the cell. Most cells within an organism contain the same set of genetic instructions, but the differential expression of specific genes determines the specialization of cells. Some genes are continually expressed, while the expression of most is regulated; regulation allows more efficient energy utilization, resulting in increased metabolic fitness. Gene expression is controlled by environmental signals and developmental cascades that involve both regulatory and structural genes. A variety of different gene regulatory systems are found in nature. Two of the best studied are the inducible and the repressible regulatory systems (i.e., operons) in bacteria, and several regulatory pathways that are conserved across phyla use a combination of positive and negative regulatory motifs. In eukaryotes, gene regulation and expression are more complex and involve many factors, including a suite of regulatory molecules.
Multicellular organisms have developmental pathways from zygote to adult, yet all cells in the organism start with the same complement of DNA. The developmental sequences are predominately determined and programmed by differential gene expression. Which gene gets expressed and the level of expression are determined by both internal and external signals. In multicellular organisms, cell-to-cell interactions and cell-to-cell signaling via small molecules modulate and control gene expression and cell function. For example, morphogens help to determine spatial development, and hormones can influence cell metabolism.
Developmental gene sequences have an evolutionary origin and are conserved across species; for example, HOX genes are present in genome sequences from Drosophila to humans. Errors or changes in regulation of genes involved in development often lead to severe, detrimental and even bizarre consequences.
3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
Genetic information is a set of instructions necessary for the survival, growth and reproduction of an organism. In order for the information to be useful, it needs to be processed by the cell. Processing includes replication, decoding and transfer of the information. When genetic information changes, either through natural processes or genetic engineering, the results may be observable changes in the organism. At the molecular level, these changes may be the result of mutations in the genetic material, the effects of which may be seen when the information is processed to yield a nucleic acid or a polypeptide. The processes of transcription, mRNA processing and translation are imperfect, and errors can occur and may, in certain cases, alter phenotypes. However, these errors are random and are not heritable except in the case of RNA viruses where the random errors change the genetic information of the virus. External factors in the environment can affect the degree of, or the potential for increased probability for, errors in the information and processing. Cellular mechanisms that usually correct errors have evolved. Genetic variations at the genome level, when expressed as phenotypes, are subject to natural selection.
Since all organisms, as well as viruses, exist in a dynamic environment, mechanisms that increase genetic variation are vital for a species' ability to adapt to a changing environment. In a meiotic organism, the transfer process, whereby each gamete receives one set of chromosomes, ensures that this set is unique and different from that of the parent. Random processes such as the transposition of DNA regions ("jumping genes") occur in all biological domains. Bacteria divide by binary fission and do not have the random assortment processes that occur in eukaryotic organisms. Nonetheless, mechanisms have evolved in bacteria that ensure genetic variation beyond the variation that is introduced through normal DNA metabolism, e.g., replication, repair and recombination. Bacterial genetic information can be transmitted or exchanged laterally through a variety of processes, including conjugation, transduction and transformation. This type of exchange yields rapid dissemination of new phenotypes within and between bacterial populations, allowing for rapid evolution.
The basic structure of viruses includes a protein capsid that surrounds and protects the genetic information (genome) that can be either DNA or RNA. Viruses have a mechanism of replication that is dependent on the host metabolic machinery to produce necessary viral components and viral genetic material. Some classes of viruses use RNA without a DNA intermediate; however, retroviruses, such as HIV, use a DNA intermediate for replication of their genetic material. Some viruses introduce variation into the host genetic material. When the host is bacterial, it is referred to as lysogenesis; whereas in eukaryotic cells, this is referred to as transformation. Since viruses use the host metabolic pathways, they experience the same potential as the host for genetic variation that results from DNA metabolism.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, transmitting and receiving chemical signals.
For cells to function in a biological system, they must communicate with other cells and respond to their external environment. Cell-to-cell communication is ubiquitous in biological systems, from archaea and bacteria to multicellular organisms. The basic chemical processes by which cells communicate are shared across evolutionary lines of descent, and communication schemes are the products of evolution. Cell-to-cell communication is a component of higher-order biological organization and responses. In multicellular organisms, cell-to-cell and environment-to-cell chemical signaling pathways direct complex processes, ranging from cell and organ differentiation to whole organism physiological responses and behaviors. Certain signal pathways involve direct cell-to-cell contact, operate over very short distances, and may be determined by the structure of the organism or organelle, including plasmodesmata in plants and receptor-to-recognition protein interaction in the vertebrate immune system.
Chemical signals allow cells to communicate without physical contact. The distance between the signal generating cell(s) and the responding cell can be small or large. In this type of signaling pathway, there is often a gradient response, and threshold concentrations are required to trigger the communication pathway.
Chemical signaling pathways in cells are determined by the properties of the molecules involved, the concentrations of signal and receptor molecules, and the binding affinities (fit) between signal and receptor. The signal can be a molecule or a physical or environmental factor. At the cellular level, the receptor is a protein with specificity for the signal molecule; this allows the response pathway to be specific and appropriate. The receptor protein often is the initiation point for a signal cascade that ultimately results in a change in gene expression, protein activity, or physiological state of the cell or organism, including cell death (apoptosis). Defects in any part of the signal pathway often lead to severe or detrimental conditions such as faulty development, metabolic diseases, cancer or death.
Understanding signaling pathways allows humans to modify and manipulate biological systems and physiology. An understanding of the human endocrine system, for example, allowed the development of birth control methods, as well as medicines that control depression, blood pressure and metabolism. Other examples include the ability to control/ modify ripening in fruit, agricultural production (growth hormones) and biofilm control.
3.E: Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems.
Evolution operates on genetic information that is passed to subsequent generations. However, transmission of nonheritable information also determines critical roles that influence behavior within and between cells, organisms and populations. These responses are dependent upon or influenced by underlying genetic information, and decoding in many cases is complex and affected by external conditions. For example, biological rhythms, mating behaviors, flowering, animal communications and social structures are dependent on and elicited by external signals and may encompass a range of responses and behaviors.
Organ systems have evolved that sense and process external information to facilitate and enhance survival, growth and reproduction in multicellular organisms. These include sensory systems that monitor and detect physical and chemical signals from the environment and other individuals in the population and that influence an animal's well-being. The nervous system interacts with sensory and internal body systems to coordinate responses and behaviors, ranging from movement to metabolism to respiration. Loss of function and coordination within the nervous system often results in severe consequences, including changes in behavior, loss of body functions and even death.
Knowledge and understanding of the structures and functions of the nervous system are needed to understand this coordination. The features of an animal's nervous system are evolutionarily conserved, with the basic cellular structure of neurons the same across species. The physiological and cellular processes for signal formation and propagation involve specialized membrane proteins, signaling molecules and ATP. Neurological signals can operate and coordinate responses across significant distances within an organism. The brain serves as a master neurological center for processing information and directing responses, and different regions of the brain serve different functions. Structures and associated functions for animal brains are products of evolution, and increasing complexity follows evolutionary lines.
Populations of organisms exist in communities. Individual behavior influences population behavior, and both are the products of information recognition, processing and transmission. Communication among individuals within a population may increase the long-term success of the population. Cooperative behavior within a population provides benefits to the population and to the individuals within the population. Examples of benefits include protection from predators, acquisition of prey and resources, sexual reproduction, recognition of offspring and genetic relatedness, and transmission of learned responses.
Big Idea 4: Interactions
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
All biological systems, from cells to ecosystems, are composed of parts that interact with each other. When this happens, the resulting interactions enable characteristics not found in the individual parts alone. In other words, "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts," a phenomenon sometimes referred to as "emergent properties."
At the molecular level, the properties of a polymer are determined by its subcomponents and their interactions. For example, a DNA molecule is comprised of a series of nucleotides that can be linked together in various sequences; the resulting polymer carries hereditary material for the cell, including information that controls cellular activities. Other polymers important to life include carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The interactions between the constituent parts of polymers, their order, their molecular orientation and their interactions with their environment define the structure and function of the polymer.
At the cellular level, organelles interact with each other and their environment as part of a coordinated system that allows cells to live, grow and reproduce. For example, chloroplasts produce trioses through the process of photosynthesis; however, once trioses are synthesized and exported from the chloroplast, they may be packaged by the Golgi body and distributed to the edge of the cell where they serve as a building block for cellulose fibers comprising the cell wall. Similarly, several organelles are involved in the manufacture and export of protein. The repertory of subcellular organelles determines cell structure and differentiation; for instance, the components of plant leaf cells are different from the components of plant root cells, and the components of human liver cells are different from those in the retina. Thus, myriad interactions of different parts at the subcellular level determine the functioning of the entire cell, which would not happen with the activities of individual organelles alone.
In development, interactions between regulated gene expression and external stimuli, such as temperature or nutrient levels or signal molecules, result in specialization of cells, organs and tissues. Differentiation of the germ layers during vertebrate gastrulation is an example of one such divergence. The progression of stem cells to terminal cells can also be explained by the interaction of stimuli and genes. Additionally, cells, organs and tissues may change due to changes in gene expression triggered by internal cues, including regulatory proteins and growth factors, which result in the structural and functional divergence of cells.
Organisms exhibit complex properties due to interactions of their constituent parts, and interactions and coordination between organs and organ systems provide essential biological activities for the organism as a whole. Examples include the vessels and hearts of animals and the roots and shoots of plants. Environmental factors such as temperature can trigger responses in individual organs that, in turn, affect the entire organism.
Interactions between populations within communities also lead to complex properties. As environmental conditions change in time and space, the structure of the community changes both physically and biologically, resulting in a mosaic in the landscape (variety or patterns ) in a community. Communities are comprised of different populations of organisms that interact with each other in either negative or positive ways (e.g., competition, parasitism and mutualism); community ecology seeks to understand the manner in which groupings of species are distributed in nature, and how they are influenced by their abiotic environment and species interactions. The physical structure of a community is affected by abiotic factors, such as the depth and flow of water in a stream, and also by the spatial distribution of organisms, such as in the canopy of trees. The mix of species in terms of both the number of individuals and the diversity of species defines the structure of the community. Mathematical or computer models can be used to illustrate and investigate interactions of populations within a community and the effects of environmental impacts on a community. Community change resulting from disturbances sometimes follows a pattern (e.g., succession following a wildfire), and in other cases is random and unpredictable (e.g., founder effect).
At the ecosystem level, interactions among living organisms and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy. Ecosystems include producers, consumers, decomposers and a pool of organic matter, plus the physiochemical environment that provides the living conditions for the biotic components. Matter, but not energy, can be recycled within an ecosystem via biogeochemical cycles. Energy flows through the system and can be converted from one type to another, e.g., energy available in sunlight is converted to chemical bond energy via photosynthesis. Understanding individual organisms in relation to the environment and the diverse interactions that populations have with one another (e.g., food chains and webs) informs the development of ecosystem models; models allow us to identify the impact of changes in biotic and abiotic factors. Human activities affect ecosystems on local, regional and global scales.
4.B: Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems.
Competition and cooperation play important roles in the activities of biological systems at all levels of organization. Living systems require a myriad of chemical reactions on a constant basis, and each of these chemical reactions relies on the cooperation between a particular enzyme and specific substrates, coenzymes and cofactors. Chemical inhibitors may compete for the active sites of enzymes that, in turn, affect the ability of the enzyme to catalyze its chemical reactions. Thus, interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. Other examples of this phenomenon include receptor-ligand interactions and changes in protein structure due to amino acid sequence.
Similar cells may compete with each other when resources are limited; for example, organisms produce many more spores or seeds than will germinate. Competition for resources also determines which organisms are successful and produce offspring. In the vertebrate immune system, competition via antigen-binding sites determines which B-cell lineages are stimulated to reproduce.
The cooperation of parts extends to the organism that depends on the coordination of organs and organ systems, such as between the digestive and excretory systems of an animal or the roots and shoots of a plant. Cooperation within organisms increases efficiency in the use of matter and energy. For example, without the coordination and cooperation of its shoot and roots, a plant would be unable to survive if its root system was too small to absorb water to replace the water lost through transpiration by the shoot. Similarly, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in an animal depends on the functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems. Furthermore, population interactions influence patterns of species distribution and abundance, and global distribution of ecosystems changes substantially over time.
4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems affects interactions with the environment.
A biological system that possesses many different components often has greater flexibility to respond to changes in its environment. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as "robustness." Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions; cells with multiple copies of genes or heterozygous genes possess a wider range of functions compared to cells with less genetic diversity, while cells with myriad enzymes can catalyze myriad chemical reactions.
Environmental factors influence the phenotypic expression of an organism's genotype. In humans, weight and height are examples of complex traits that can be influenced by environmental conditions. However, even simple single gene traits can be influenced by the environment; for example, flower color in some species of plants is dependent upon the pH of the environment. Some organisms possess the ability to respond flexibly to environmental signals to yield phenotypes that allow them to adapt to changes in the environment in which they live. Environmental factors such as temperature or density can affect sex determination in some animals, while parthenogenesis can be triggered by reproductive isolation. Plant seed dormancy can increase the survival of a species, and some viruses possess both lysogenic and lytic life cycles.
The level of variation in a population affects its dynamics. The ability of a population to respond to a changing environment (fitness) is often measured in terms of genomic diversity. Species with little genetic diversity, such as a population of plants that reproduces asexually or a very small population exhibiting a genetic bottleneck effect, are at risk with regard to long-term success and survival. Diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem. Ecosystems with little species diversity are often less resilient to changes in the environment. Keystone species, predators, and essential abiotic and biotic factors contribute to maintaining the diversity of an ecosystem. For example, the removal of sea otters or mollusks can drastically affect a marine ecosystem, and the introduction of an exotic plant or animal species can likewise affect the stability of a terrestrial ecosystem.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Yellow-green back. White front with black throat and streaking on sides. faint yellow eyebrow and crescent under eye.
Black-Throated Green Warblers forage high in the canopy, belting out a buzzy song of "trees, trees, I love trees!" A single male of this species was once observed singing his song 466 times in a single hour!


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LiveTiles Bots
Bot Abilities
Use your bot to integrate with an Excel workbook
Written by Pieter van Aarde
A bot can be used to integrate with a linked Excel spreadsheet available on your OneDrive.
Note: The example used here is based on a Sales Demo spreadsheet that should sit in the root directory of your OneDrive. In future we will support documents in different folders. The Sales Demo spreadsheet used here has a few cells that are named for each month of the year, as well as a total, and an overview chart.
Technical detail
As noted above, the Excel document that needs to be integrated with has to sit in the root directory of the user's OneDrive. Every user requires a copy of this document. Additionally, all the fields that values are to be returned for, has to be named in the Excel document. We do not support cell numbers as reference.
A chart can also be returned to a bot through a thumbnail which will link to the actual chart. At the moment, only charts in the first worksheet of the document can be returned by the bot. The Graph API doesn't return names for charts, so we can only return the first chart found. This functionality will be expanded as the API improves.
This ability only has one setting, which is the name of the document to be interrogated. It is called OneDrive Path and can be changed in the bot designer to point to another document.
Using the Excel ability
Check value
When linked to a spreadsheet, the bot can provide the values of requested cells. As mentioned in the note above, the sheet used here has cells named according to each month of the year. Below is an example of how to return a particular cell's value:
Sales for May (any month of the year can be used, as well as the Total)
Show chart screenshot
When a spreadsheet contains a chart, the bot can be used to return a screenshot of the chart in its current state. This can be done as follows:
Show chart (this sheet only contains one chart; when more than one chart is available, the name of said chart should be referenced)
List Named Values
When linked to a spreadsheet, the bot can provide you with a list of values that have been marked as being able to be retrieved with the check value ability. Below is an example of how to get the list:
List named items
Example video
The below video gives an overview of the Excel functionality currently available in the bot.


Protecting your privacy along with your financial assets is at the core of our business. You have chosen to do business with us and we recognize our obligation to limit access to the information you provide us.
Click here to view Bank of Zumbrota's full Privacy Disclosure.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Le diocèse de Sarlat (en latin : ) est un ancien diocèse de l'Église catholique en France.

Histoire
Le diocèse de Sarlat est créé par le pape Jean XXII, le , par sécularisation de l'abbaye bénédictine de Sarlat, élévation de celle-ci au rang de cathédrale et partition du diocèse de Périgueux. Comme celui-ci, le diocèse de Sarlat est suffragant de l'archidiocèse de Bordeaux.

Le diocèse de Sarlat est supprimé par la Constitution civile du clergé. À la suite du Concordat de 1801, il n'est pas rétabli : le , le pape  l'incorpore au diocèse d'Angoulême. Le , il est incorporé au diocèse rétabli de Périgueux.

Depuis le , l'évêque de Périgueux porte aussi celui d'évêque de Sarlat.

Territoire
Le diocèse confinait : au nord, avec ceux de Périgueux et de Limoges ; à l'est, avec celui de Cahors ; au sud, avec ceux d'Agen et de Bazas ; et, à l'ouest, avec l'archidiocèse métropolitain de Bordeaux.

Notes et références
   sur www.catholic-hierarchy.org (consulté le )
   sur www.gcatholic.org (consulté le )

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Liste des évêques de Sarlat
 Liste des évêques de Périgueux, évêques de Sarlat depuis 1854

Liens externes

Sarlat
Sarlat
diocese
Fondation en 1317
Organisme disparu en 1801
Histoire religieuse de la Dordogne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Nassau Grove offers privacy and prestige in a picturesque southern Delaware location.
In the heart of Lewes, Delaware, Nassau Grove is an intimate active lifestyle community that welcomes active adults with elegant single-family homes and a spacious clubhouse. Beyond the community gates, residents will find plenty of attractions in the Lewes area, including shopping centers, restaurants, parks, and beaches. Nassau Groves is a charming retreat for active adults who love the beauty of Southern Delaware.
When it comes to recreation, Nassau Grove's charming clubhouse provides 6,000 square feet of amenities. Hobby and game rooms let residents pursue many interests such as arts and crafts and cards and billiards, while the library is a great place to rest and relax.
The state-of-the-art fitness center is equipped with cardiovascular and strength-training machines and circuit-training classes are held twice a week. Other fitness classes include yoga and summer water aerobics in the outdoor swimming pool.
Residents can stay active outdoors with sports courts for tennis, bocce, and volleyball. There are also horseshoe pits, lovely scenic lakes, walking and biking trails, and a playground for visiting grandkids.
The clubhouse is also an ideal gathering space for socializing with a variety of activities. Regularly scheduled pastimes include Mah Jongg, game nights, poker nights, a book club, a card club, and monthly clubhouse meetings.
In addition to all of this, Nassau Groves has an excellent location in the Lewes resort area. Residents can explore all that Lewes has to offer, including beautiful beaches and a historic shopping district.
BuilderK. Hovnanian constructed Nassau Grove from 2006 to 2013 with a total of 244 single-family, ranch-style homes. The thoughtfully designed floor plans feature main-level living with spacious first-floor master suites. Additional living area is available through finished basements and some models also offer optional loft space.
Homes in Nassau Grove range from 1,360 to 2,420 square feet. Each design has a minimum of two bedrooms, two bathrooms, and a two-car garage. However, most also allow for either a third bedroom or den, as well as an additional half or full bathroom. One of the largest models, Berry Hill, can accommodate three bedrooms and a den.
Most homes feature open floor plans with great rooms that flow from the kitchen, eating area, and living room. Some models, such as the Hadley and Jasmine floor plans, do feature separated kitchen, dining, and living rooms. Optional finished basements are designed with features such as fitness rooms, recreational rooms, and unfinished storage space.
The spacious master bedroom suites in Nassau Grove are thoughtfully designed with large walk-in closets and luxurious master bathrooms. Most can be further enhanced with optional tray or vaulted ceilings. Vaulted, cathedral, or tray ceilings are also available options on many of the homes' family or dining rooms as well.


Fraternal Northwest players celebrate after their 12-11 come-from-behind walkoff win over Bullock Creek on Saturday in the first round of the Little League Baseball District 1 tournament at the Fraternal Northwest fields.
Gibson Brown's two-out, two-run double in the bottom of the sixth inning on Saturday lifted hosted Fraternal Northwest to a 12-11 walkoff win over Bullock Creek on the first day of the District 1 major Little League tournament.
With the game tied 9-9 in the top of the sixth and a big crowd watching, Bullock Creek's JJ Nelson hit a go-ahead solo home run and Bo Schwartz later singled and scored on a passed ball for an 11-9 lead.
With two outs in the bottom of the sixth, FNW's Max Reed hit a bases-loaded single to score Tyler Streeter and make it 11-10. Brown then hit his game-winner over the leftfielder's head, scoring Jack Malecki and Drew Ieuter.
Streeter led FNW with three hits and three RBIs, Malecki was the starting pitcher and went 2-for-2 with two walks and two runs, Reed had a walk and an RBI, and Brown went 2-for-3 with two RBIs.
"Our boys have been dreaming about this week since they were 10 years old," FNW manager Kurt Ieuter said. "They are as mentally tough as any group I've ever coached. They are also great teammates.
"At one point we were down 7-2 and they easily could have quit. These kids aren't quitters. They are winners and proved it today. Bullock Creek is a heck of a ball club. Many people across the league think they are the favorites to win our district. It was a great team win. We had contributions from all 13 kids. I am super proud of these boys."
FNW plays Mount Pleasant on Sunday at 2:30 p.m. at the Sturgeon Complex. Mount Pleasant beat Gladwin 8-4 on Saturday.
In other games Saturday in the same double-elimination tournament, Freeland beat Northeast 9-6 and Union Township beat Clare 12-2.
Also on Sunday in the winners' bracket, Freeland plays Union Township at 3 p.m.
In the losers' bracket, Gladwin plays Bullock Creek at noon and Northeast plays Clare at 12:30 p.m.


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Mercerville Bus Accident Attorney
Are you a regular bus rider?
Whether you are or not, we know that you are around buses every day. While you may not realize it, there are thousands of buses at work in and around Mercerville, all performing valuable functions. But what happens if you or a loved one are injured in a bus crash?
When you need a Mercerville Bus Accident Attorney, The Law Offices of Greg Prosmushkin, P.C. are ready to help. We will investigate what happened and work to secure compensation for all of your crash-related expenses.
What We Know About These Accidents
Bus crashes can be major events. In fact, they could end up as mass casualty incidents. When a bus crash happens, regardless of who is at fault, the following people can sustain serious injuries:
The passengers on the bus and the bus driver
Passengers and drivers in other vehicles involved
Pedestrians, bicyclists, and others involved
Buses weigh much more than regular vehicles which can lead to serious injuries for those struck by a bus. For bus passengers, most of whom are usually unrestrained, they can be thrown around inside of a bus after an impact. It is not uncommon for us to deal with the following injuries in the aftermath of a bus crash:
Broken and dislocated bones
Severe lacerations
Internal organ damage
Traumatic Brain Injuries (including concussions)
Each of these injuries requires victims to receive medical treatment. For serious injuries, a victim may need extensive surgery and rehabilitation in order to make a full recovery. In the worst-case scenario, a bus crash victim could be disabled or killed.
The problem in the aftermath of a crash is determining who is going to be responsible for covering the expenses. Which insurance company will be on the line and will they offer victims a fair settlement?
What happens if a bus driver or bus company is at fault?
There have been cases of bus drivers operating while Impaired or Distracted behind the wheel. It is vital that bus drivers follow all traffic laws and be properly licensed. Bus companies should regularly inspect and maintain their vehicles in order to prevent vehicle failure. If a bus driver or company is responsible for a crash, they need to be held accountable for any injuries they cause.
If you or someone you love has been Injured in a bus crash caused by a negligent bus driver or bus company, please seek legal assistance as soon as possible. At The Law Offices of Greg Prosmushkin, P.C., our team is ready to help you get through this. We know that you need compensation for the following:
Your medical expenses related to the incident
The bus driver
The bus company or agency
If you need a Mercerville Bus Accident Attorney, you can contact us for a Free Consultation By Clicking Here or calling 609-656-0909.


I had only been on a Dating site for about a month. I've been slammed by potential Scammers. First were the one's posing as USA military. They are all overseas. One guy, Jeffery Seppe, started off sugar sweet. Then he wanted me to send him money for a plane ticket after a week of us communicating.
I told him no way! He then wanted a phone under my carrier. I said no! He got angry. The one thing that he did get away with was photos of me. Nothing innapropiate, but I realized that they use photos to create more fake profiles. I still feel robbed.
Another guy is named Dwayne Pascal who claims to be from Poland. He claimed to live local, however, his phone number is from Boston. I live in California. Then he said that he actually lives in Florida. He had to leave to Ukraine for work. Construction on roads. I can go on and on.
They are all new on the dating site. They all have out of State phone numbers. They first ask on my dating experience. I just tell them that I have not found the "One" .
Then there was Rick. This time I was ready! I got him so confused, he couldn't keep his story straight. He even got his eye color wrong. He said brown, his profile said blue! I had asked for more photos. I did get a few, however, they did not look like his profile. I got photos of some dorky looking guy in some far away place that wasn't anything close to looking from Orange County.
He said that they were taken local and recent. It's Summer. Heat wave! He's wearing a heavy sweater with Lamas on it. Something great for an ugly Christmas party.


We sat down in the backyard around an unlit fireplace with a faint whisper of an autumn wind in the air. Two babysitters were leading all of the kids upstairs, and our friends each had a glass of lightly sparking white wine in hand.
Now before we open a debate on whether these wines are truly unheralded, let me preface all of this by saying that our friends are casual wine drinkers, so the first three were all new and exciting for them. And while many had tried Sherry before, this was a new introduction to the style of Oloroso Sherry in which the wine is slowly oxidized to produce a dry, caramel-colored wine.
By all estimates, the tasting was a lot of fun, and I learned plenty from it. Here is what the wines revealed … at least to me anyway.
Never underestimate the power of a great apéritif.
Before I get into the description of this wonderful Txakolina, let me set the stage by noting that all three of us couples in attendance at this wine tasting are the proud parents of two kids each — all of them kindergartners and younger. And five of these kids were inside, getting settled with a babysitter for a movie night.
So needless to say, we all needed to take the edge off a bit.
This lightly sparkling white wine was thoroughly refreshing and clean. It didn't rush to my head, and it didn't overwhelm with too many bubbles or yeasty complexity. Low in alcohol, and boasting aromas of green apple and almonds, it was a lovely opening act. I would say it is best sipped outside as the chill of evening settles in. By the time it was gone, we were all relaxed and ready to dig into some tapas.
I first had "Petalos" Bierzo two years ago while my wife was expecting our second child. I immediately felt guilty that she was missing out, such was the greatness of this red wine from northwest Spain.
Fast forward, and here we were, uncorking it over a bunch of small plates with friends while our second child played upstairs.
We poured each couple a glass of the Bierzo, and a glass of the Rodriguez Toro (below) for comparison. Both were magnificent, and while we were split 50-50 among the six of us on which one we preferred, there was no doubt where my loyalties lay: "Petalos" is one ridiculously good wine.
Reminiscent of high-end Pinot Noir, this wine is made up entirely of Mencia, a localized grape grown in northwestern Spain. The aromas were massive and complex, but the body of the wine was smooth and elegant, inviting one sip after another. At different times, I picked up aromas and flavors recalling cooked cranberries (what a Thanksgiving wine this would be), roses, mocha, smoke and walnuts. An utterly lovely wine, and personally, worth the highest tiered rating I hand out.
While I may have reached for the "Petalos" Bierzo more often, the Dehesa Gago Toro from Telmo Rodriguez was no less an excellent wine that pushed several boundaries.
Tannic but not overbearing with loads of juicy dark fruit upfront, it showed an interesting tension between opposing elements: sweet hickory smoke one moment, an odd briny note the next; plush black cherries then dark cocoa and anise seed bitterness … So much of what this wine showed depended on which tapa I was noshing on from moment to moment.
It also struck me as a good example of how different Tinto de Toro is from Tempranillo. And I should note, they are one and the same. In the northern region of Toro they simply call their strain of the grape Tinto de Toro, but the tiny region's continental climate — mixed with occasional Atlantic influences and high-altitude hills — has created an expression of Tempranillo that is somehow darker, and more bitter in its juiciness.
I'm not sure all of what is going on here, but I love the mystery of this wine. It is a far cry from Rioja. It is a wine that defies perception of what Tempranillo ought to taste like.
Sherry has a 2,000-year history, but despite our familiarity with it as a "brand name," it is not necessarily the most fashionable wine here in the States. Nearly 10 years ago, I was introduced to it on a swing through Andalusia, but I wasn't paying attention enough to write down what styles impressed me most. Now, I'm determined to change that (and maybe spread the gospel to a few hundred people as well).
"I like to drink Sherry when I write," Carl told me when I asked him to recommend a sherry for a digestif. He is the knowledgable and affable owner of my local wine shop, Wine Cellars of Stapleton. "I think this one is quite nice," he added, picking up this 500mL — and impossibly long-named — bottle from Lustau.
As always, he was right. We headed back outside after dinner, and with a crisp fall evening descending and the fireplace lit, we sat around and sipped our little glasses of this potent, fortified wine. Aromas and flavors were (oddly) bright and sunny, reminiscent of golden raisins, lemons, almond, some caramel and leather, but the body on this Oloroso-style Sherry was full and rich, warming the throat as it went down and making it appropriate for brisk weather.
Looking to host a wine tasting party featuring Spanish wines? Check out our special feature with five ideas on different Spanish wine flights that will educate and engage your palate.


Discussion in 'other anti-malware software' started by trjam, May 29, 2008.
A little birdy told me, that in products like Threatfire and I would assume DriveSentry, that the majority of detection comes from the AV engine and not the behavior-based engine. Which all in all, is a great combo. What I want to see is a product that can accomplish their detections rates based on a behavior-based engine alone. Maybe, just maybe, one is on the way.
". However, our preliminary testing results indicate that for true behavior-based software competitors, our detection numbers are better than all we've tested against."
Cant say anymore then that for now.
A very good point and it would be an unbelievable product that could detect using just behavior detection but I personally don't think it will happen.
1, If a new virus appears that uses new and unknown ideologies then a pure behavioral product will not be able to determine that the threat is real. This could be a backdoor in Vista that even Microsoft are unaware about.
2, Viruses don't always attack the system but data for example "ransomware". A behavioral technology would have to prompt if process "X" is accessing your data as it would have no knowledge if it was the correct behavior.
3, If a program does behave like a virus e.g. an installer then alot of FP could be generated.
As long softwares can't "think" and only "compare", behavior blockers will always make mistakes and scanners will always have false positives. That's why ThreatFire has "Allow" and "Deny", because programmers are to scared to make that decision via their program.
A whitelist knows always the right answers : AE always "Deny" and that is the good answer, because the rest is not allowed.
Have some experience with Artficial Intelligence and fuzzy logic. What you say is true, but the knowledge engineering is the key here.
Disclaimer: below is my interpretation when I see those programs in action, by no means do I claim to know how these programs are constructed.
I personally think TF is the most advanced solution, using at leasts 1 and 2 and assessing the rights of the attacker (a simple form of 3). PRSC/Norton Antibot do follow startegies 2 and 3 more, while Mamutu assesses 1 and 3.
This also explains their FP rate (PRSC/N-Antibot zero, TF close to Zero, Mamutu more but this is compensated by community voting) and their coverage rate (TF most, Mamuto second, PRSC/NA third).
threatfire is their main competition, but again it is the AV that is doing about 80 percent of the detecting for it. That is now proven.
this oe will allow automatic removal of malware or user intervention. You have the option. It wont overrtake Threatfire at the start because it has no AV, but I think if all pans out it will. Works very well with ShadowDefender.
TF developers have always claimed that the behavior of malware is what is detected and that their blacklist is only checked afterwards to determine if the detected behavior originated from known malware. Are you saying that this is inaccurate and that they have been dishonest?
I am only repating what I was told today. That they discovered the AV detects about 80 percent of the malware. I have no reason to discount that statement because they also have very high regards for the product overall. As I said, they will not be able to compete right out of the 2nd gate, because of that, but other things are planned.
On a scan the TF's AV and rootkit are working.
Any alert from TF is because of behavior. You can take out the black list, take out the AV db and switch off auto-updates, run malware past TF and see for yourselves.
Well then, I am a lonely bystander. Time to unleash the 60 day trial.
Thanks for the link on NovaShield! I noticed it requires .NET which always makes me nervous. I've put it through my AntiVirus Shodown tests and it detected 3 out of 10 threats. I'm posting some more videos onto YouTube this weekend and will make sure this is included.
That's what I thought anyway, thanks for confirming.
Yes I know what "Artificial Intelligence" is and some programmers are very clever in using the available commands of their computer language in such a way that it looks like A.I.
The only existing intelligence in "A.I." is the intelligence of the programmer, but he is also limited by the commands of his program language and he can only evaluate a situation by using the conditional commands.
Some programmers are better in combining these commands, than others and that makes a behavior blocker better or worse.
I've been a programmer myself, not long, but long enough to know the limitations of a program language. I just didn't like the job.
I don't need the "Allow" option of ThreatFire, because I work with a frozen system partition, not a normal like most users have and that requires another philosophy.
My frozen partition contains only Windows + Applications and after a good configuration, it has EVERY OBJECT and setting to do its job properly.
Any other object is considered as an intrusion and it doesn't matter if it is good or bad, I don't need it.
In other words, any reported object by ThreatFire is NOT allowed.
Anti-Executable is more simple than ThreatFire, each unauthorized executable is killed immediately and that's the way I like it in my frozen system. TF is asking too many questions to my taste and requires more carefull clicking.
I have a few question for you regarding AE and TF, because AE is not a behavior blocker.
1. If you put executables aside, what does TF more than AE in general ?
2. Suppose an exploit tries to abuse a whitelisted executable, will TF protect me against this ?
I'm just looking for good reasons to use TF or not, because AE takes care of executables already. I've seen several TF-screenshots at Wilders, they all contained executables.
Assume i'm a complete computer illiterate(99% is),how making decisions regarding popups from the behavior blocker.I suppose that you have to know quite a lot about computers to make the right choice.
Can you imagine how large corporate environments deal with BB,it would be a complete disaster.
Right you are. It strikes me that lots of security softwares are designed for knowledgeable users (minority), while the majority of users are less-knowledgeable. Something isn't right. LOL.
...while the majority of users are less-knowledgeable.
Precisely why ThreatFire performs the additional checks with its blacklist and AV database before displaying its alerts. In cases where known malware has been detected, we can automatically quarantine the threat so the user doesn't need to make any decisions.
Again, ThreatFire is purely behavior-based in its detection capabilities (and this is easily tested). Once its behavioral engine triggers on suspicious activity ONLY THEN will it perform the secondary checks with the databases to hopefully simplify the upcoming user interaction (i.e. no need to choose Allow or Quarantine if the threat has already been quarantined for you).
Of course, in cases of a never-before-seen threat then the user will still have to make a decision between Allow and Quarantine. However, if in doubt, choose Quarantine. You can always Restore later if needed. And remember, we have safeguards against quarantining necessary system processes, so there's no danger there either.
Cyberhawk Support says,"On a scan the TF's AV and rootkit are working.
Any alert from TF is because of behavior."
But Threatfire Team says, " Precisely why ThreatFire performs the additional checks with its blacklist and AV database before displaying its alerts."
Am I missing something here. It sounds like alerts are verified against the AV database in real time, not just scanning.
So anything can cause an alert, but ultimately the determination is made by the AV database. Isnt that what I said.
So anything can cause an alert, but ultimately the determination is made by the AV database.
Sorry for the confusion if I was unclear.
What we're both trying to communicate here is that ThreatFire ONLY detects based on behavior, i.e. it makes a determination on whether to display an alert based on suspicious activities alone. I can't be any clearer about that. The additional checks have nothing to do with ThreatFire's malware detection abilities.
It's in the subsequent user interactions (which type of ThreatFire alert is presented, and what a user must do to respond to the alert) where the AV database comes in to play. We're able to leverage these databases in cases of known malware.
That's the point I'm trying to make. With or without AV database, you'll see a ThreatFire alert.
But why would we ask a user to Allow or Quarantine something when we have a way to identify whether it is known malware? In those cases, we go ahead and quarantine so the user doesn't have to. It's this extra step that other behavior-based products typically can't do and thus must always have the user make the decision.
Ok , fair enough. A couple of points though. NovaShield does allow the option of the software making the choice automatically. Not the user.
And I agree with your statement that even without the AV database you will see an alert by Threatfire. But I would wager to bet that it is in about 80 percent of those alerts where as you said," which type of ThreatFire alert is presented, and what a user must do to respond to the alert) where the AV database comes in to play."
That is all I am trying to say. That in about 80 percent of the type of alert shown, it is based on the AV database. It doesnt matter. Thank you for showing the kindness to help explain all of this.
Thank YOU for your overall interest in behavior blockers. Since it's relatively new technology all vendors can use the exposure and all discussion is good!
NovaShield does allow the option of the software making the choice automatically. Not the user.
As does ThreatFire. See Default Actions section in ThreatFire program Settings. You can configure TF to automatically quarantine, prompt or allow based on alert type. We provide this option because we're very confident in our low rate of false positives. With behavior blockers, while malware detection is obviously a key metric, you must also look at how the program treats legitimate applications.
Precisely why ThreatFire performs the additional checks with its blacklist and AV database before displaying its alerts.
I think its is a great way of tuning your behavior diagnistics (top line of FP's cut off by intelligence, bottom line by AV data base).
So count me in as someone who has great respect of the technology you developed.
I hope you will understand that we prefer to not comment publicly on the nature of our intelligence algorithms, even in an indirect way.
Besides, I actually don't work on the technical side of things (just a mere marketing person) so I don't even know the full technical details myself! I do know that whatever our talented developers are doing works pretty darned good though.
And just think what could happen if they added a malware guru who knew their stuff on the AV side. A year from now the chant will be, PC Tools Rocks. Trust me on that one.
I don't need to know how you do it.
Security softwares are already misty enough, I never know against which malware I'm protected.
I don't have that problem with whitelists, they are always very clear : this is allowed, anything else goes.
As a huge skeptic of not ThreatFire's technique, or any other behavioral blockers for that matter, i harbor a very disquieting concern over a program of this nature's installer size.
I'm a firm believer that modular is the Lite approach and is not beyond the capabilities of most developers over reasonable time to make such a reduction a reality without sacrificing it's intended purpose.
Some would agree on this perception as i do, that a behavioral blocker could be trimmed significantly and still be as aggressive as expected.
You add a AV with a BlackList and you've inflated arbitrarily a behavioral blocker that was never intended in the first place to replace an AV at all IMO, but rather compliment it and/or a HIPS.
I know this as fact since i successfully combined SSM (HIPS) with then CyberHawk with amazing results.


text:
Il teorema di sollevamento dell'omotopia è un teorema di matematica, e più precisamente di topologia, che collega le nozioni di rivestimento e di omotopia.

Definizione di sollevamento
Sia  un rivestimento e  un'applicazione continua fra spazi topologici. Un sollevamento di  è una applicazione continua  tale che:

Enunciato del teorema
Siano dati un rivestimento fra spazi topologici

e due applicazioni continue

definite sull'intervallo  e sul quadrato , tali che  per ogni .

Allora esiste, ed è unico, un sollevamento

di  tale che  per ogni .

Dimostrazione
Basta dimostrare l'esistenza: l'unicità segue dalla connessione di  e dal teorema di unicità del sollevamento.

La costruzione del sollevamento  è invece fatta sfruttando la semplice connessione e la compattezza di . Grazie alla compattezza esiste un  tale che ogni quadratino

contenuto in  (quindi con ) ha immagine  contenuta in un aperto uniformemente rivestito. Quindi la funzione , ristretta al quadratino , ammette un sollevamento. I quadratini  ricoprono il quadrato : grazie alla semplice connessione, tutti questi sollevamenti possono quindi essere "incollati" coerentemente in modo da formare un sollevamento  con le proprietà richieste.

Corollario

Siano  un rivestimento e  un'applicazione continua. Per ogni coppia di punti y ∈ S2, e ∈ p−1(f(y)) esiste un unico sollevamento g : S2 → E dell'applicazione f tale che g(y) = e.

Altri progetti

Sollevamento dell'omotopia
Topologia algebrica


text:
Q: Decidable equality for computable functions $\mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{N}$ Suppose we have two computable functions $f, g:\mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{N}$. When is $f=g$ algorithmically decidable?
For example it is decidable if $f$ and $g$ are polynomials of a priori known degree.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ellen Degeneres's blonde hair is cut in a short, pixie hairstyle. Waves are create..
Ellen Degeneres's blonde hair is cut in a short, pixie hairstyle. Waves are created with hair product in this chic, mature hairstyle.