text:
__select = __import__('select')
error = __select.error
from eventlet.greenthread import getcurrent
from eventlet.hubs import get_hub

__patched__ = ['select']

def get_fileno(obj):
    # The purpose of this function is to exactly replicate
    # the behavior of the select module when confronted with
    # abnormal filenos; the details are extensively tested in
    # the stdlib test/test_select.py.
    try:
        f = obj.fileno
    except AttributeError:
        if not isinstance(obj, (int, long)):
            raise TypeError("Expected int or long, got " + type(obj))
        return obj
    else:
        rv = f()
        if not isinstance(rv, (int, long)):
            raise TypeError("Expected int or long, got " + type(rv))
        return rv

def select(read_list, write_list, error_list, timeout=None):
    # error checking like this is required by the stdlib unit tests
    if timeout is not None:
        try:
            timeout = float(timeout)
        except ValueError:
            raise TypeError("Expected number for timeout")
    hub = get_hub()
    timers = []
    current = getcurrent()
    assert hub.greenlet is not current, 'do not call blocking functions from the mainloop'
    ds = {}
    for r in read_list:
        ds[get_fileno(r)] = {'read' : r}
    for w in write_list:
        ds.setdefault(get_fileno(w), {})['write'] = w
    for e in error_list:
        ds.setdefault(get_fileno(e), {})['error'] = e

    listeners = []

    def on_read(d):
        original = ds[get_fileno(d)]['read']
        current.switch(([original], [], []))

    def on_write(d):
        original = ds[get_fileno(d)]['write']
        current.switch(([], [original], []))

    def on_error(d, _err=None):
        original = ds[get_fileno(d)]['error']
        current.switch(([], [], [original]))

    def on_timeout2():
        current.switch(([], [], []))

    def on_timeout():
        # ensure that BaseHub.run() has a chance to call self.wait()
        # at least once before timed out.  otherwise the following code
        # can time out erroneously.
        #
        #       s1, s2 = socket.socketpair()
        #       print select.select([], [s1], [], 0)
        timers.append(hub.schedule_call_global(0, on_timeout2))

    if timeout is not None:
        timers.append(hub.schedule_call_global(timeout, on_timeout))
    try:
        for k, v in ds.iteritems():
            if v.get('read'):
                listeners.append(hub.add(hub.READ, k, on_read))
            if v.get('write'):
                listeners.append(hub.add(hub.WRITE, k, on_write))
        try:
            return hub.switch()
        finally:
            for l in listeners:
                hub.remove(l)
    finally:
        for t in timers:
            t.cancel()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


o Shut the computer, silence your phone, or pull off the road (or save this until you can sit at a table) and take a good look at your food. Yes, look at it!
o Now, smell the food. Smell wakes up salivary glands and prepares the acid buffer in your stomach for better digestion.
o Take conscious bites, chewing fully. Swallow before taking more food.
o Pause. Breathe. Notice the desire to do something else while you eat. Consider contentment in this moment.
*In yoga philosophy, santosha is a niyama — a personal practice that creates harmony in life. Learn more about Off The Mat Into the Kitchen at ondalu.com or on Instagram (Ondalu_Em).
ONCE UPON A TIME, I found myself staring down a raisin at the Kripalu Center for Yoga & Health in Stockbridge, Mass. No doubt, this mindful eating workshop would have looked ridiculous to an outside observer: A roomful of students, each scrutinizing the landscape of a single, shriveled berry in the time that most people would have downed an entire snack-size box.
We were instructed to scrutinize the raisins, mull over thoughts and feelings that surfaced, and document everything. I turned the reddish-brown morsel over in my hands, tracing its tiny, rugged wrinkles. I noticed its shape change with the heat of my fingers. I held the raisin to my nose and inhaled its overripe, almost dusty fragrance. I thought of eating Raisin Bran cereal at Grandpa's house, and wondered if those sugar-shellacked specimens were really raisins at all. My mouth watered in anticipation of tearing this raisin apart. Maybe I'd just swallow it. Was it lunchtime yet?
Finally, we were to place the raisin on our tongues — but to hold off on chewing, for now. I rolled the raisin over in my mouth, feeling its parched, rough skin became soft, slick, plump. It tasted faintly sweet, a promise of more sweetness to come.
When directed to eat our raisins at long last, I bit into an edge, opening it up delicately with my teeth. The inside was gummy and sticky, with a slight crystalline crunch. I chewed that raisin one micro-nibble at a time until the timer dinged.
I remember feeling mixed emotions afterward. Pondering the simple act of eating a raisin may have changed my experience—I noticed textures and flavors I hadn't considered before. Sure, I slowed my pace at lunch that day. But a week later, I was inhaling a Cobb salad as if I'd never see cheese or bacon on greens ever again.
I'm reminded of the long-lost raisin exercise last week at Justice Snow's, when holistic nutrition coach and yoga therapist Emily Hightower sketches tree roots on a big sheet of paper by way of introducing twenty or so people gathered here to her Shakti Talk, The Yoga of Food.
Hightower uses the 10 yoga principles — understood through the metaphor of a tree — paired with food psychology, nutrition education, and mindfulness skills to help folks better tune into natural cues and modify negative eating behaviors. Just as it took many humbling months to build back strength in yoga class following a knee injury last winter, I realize that eating with purpose requires a return to that meditative raisin experience. Practice.
Hightower shows us that the yoga tree's five roots represent yama, or personal values: peace, trust, abundance, restraint, and detachment. By determining what one considers important (or not), an individual can claim her inner beliefs and commit to personal practices (niyama, which form the tree trunk) that might guide future choices and thus unravel poor habits on a path to nourishment and harmony.
"We start with ahimsa, or peace, so I can help people make peace with their bodies," she says of the first yama root. Similarly, do we support nonviolence toward animals or not? Do we eat meat? There's no right or wrong answer, she says, just commitment to taking responsibility without judgment. That's her issue with diets: strict rules and shame-mongering. Hightower's Off the Mat Into the Kitchen method, which she offers as a 90-day online course, is not one-size-fit-all. As with yoga, it's a deeply personal lifestyle practice.
Hightower moved to Aspen at age 21. She became a river guide and a mountain medic and started practicing yoga. Through a yoga-teacher training workshop in Hawaii with renowned yogi Deborah Koehn she realized that yoga was helping to heal underlying emotional eating issues stemming from teenage trauma.
For more than a decade, Hightower has been helping others reconnect positively with nutrition through her company, Ondalu (which means "wave of light," or the personal truth one must tap into for real transformation).
According to yoga philosophy, what's good for nature is good for everyone. People disengaged from composting food waste might make choices that continue that disconnect. Examining the way we treat the planet, then, reflects back on our spiritual values. "It's an empowering perspective on food behavior," Hightower says.
The quest to maintain a positive relationship with food — and the planet — is never-ending. As I've learned though yoga, practice doesn't make perfect. Instead, it requires more practice.


This author is a new author to me. I saw the cover revealed on social media and instantly knew I wanted to review it. The cover is amazing and combined with the synopsis, gives the book its crime fiction edge. The mystery surrounding the Brighton mermaid; a murdered woman from 1993 and the young woman who found her body, now determined to get justice.
26th June 1993 Nell and her bestie Jude, having sneaked out in the night. Stumble across the dead body of a young woman. Nell feels the urge to help the dead woman and is in almost disbelief at what she is seeing before her. She can't take her eyes from the detailed mermaid tattoo and it is this that will go on, to give the victim her name in the media.
The novel then jumps to the present day 25yrs later. Nell has been working as a supermarket assistant manager for 8yrs, saving her every penny, to take a year off. A year off to pursue her own investigation into the Brighton mermaid case and the disappearance of Jude. I admired her dedication to the victims and you witness this throughout the novel.
Nell and Jude were severely mistreated in the 1990s, on the discovery of the victim. They weren't treated as the child witnesses they were, but as potential suspects themselves. The racist policing in the 1990s is fully explored and the scenes are vividly played out before your eyes.
The scenes really got me thinking about 1990s policing. An era not only affected by institutional racism within the police force. But an era, where children/teenagers feared the authority of the police much more than they do now. An era where young people did not see the police as a figure of help or support.
I was also becoming addicted to the case of the Brighton mermaid.
What happened to the woman on the beach?
And why did Jude disappear?
In the present day, Nell has the support of her sister Macy, her partner Shane and children Clara, Willow and Aubrey. This is her little family and where she feels accepted. There are complications, due to the fact that Shane was originally Nell's first teenage boyfriend. But her sister urges them both to put the past behind them. Nell and her sister Macy are very close.
But they Both have secrets.
In the past, after the discovery of the Brighton mermaid's body. Enelle (Nell) and Judana (Jude) discuss the victim and their role in the case. Jude stole the victim's charm bracelet as a keepsake and feels an attachment to the victim.
Just a few weeks later, Jude goes missing, leaving Nell devastated and alone. Not only that the police circle in on Nell's father, claiming him as a suspect due to his appearance as a "big. . . black fella". Nell's father faces on-going police and community harassment. That will not only change the way Nell views the police but in one way destroy her entire family. . . .
After the discovery of the Brighton mermaid and disappearance of Jude. Several other bodies were discovered and labelled as 'mermaid' victims also. It is then that Nell, begins to wonder is Jude a mermaid? Is that why she has never heard from her?
In the present day, the cop who harassed Nell's father relentlessly pleads for her help. John Pope claims to have new evidence and possible links to the case. Can Nell trust him? How do you trust the man that destroyed your family?
They may make the most unlikely of pairings, but together could they solve the case?
I really enjoyed this novel. I found Nell to be daring, brave and driven. She is central to the plot and its unravelling throughout and this works extremely well. Nell is likeable, and I really enjoyed the time I spent with her, on her quest for justice. The tension within her surrounding relationships with others, creates a gripping ending!
Good to hear you enjoyed this one – her back catalogue is well worth exploring a whole range of types of fiction there although this is probably the darkest so far.
Fab review! I've read quite a few of her books and this looks good too.
Immediately adds to TBR after reading your review!!!
If you're going to explore Koomson's backlist, I highly recommend The Ice Cream Girls (the TV adaptation was good too).


After years of speaking in front of groups (and settling into a nice comfort level), earlier this year I BOMBED. High-pitched whistling through tension-taut air as the woman who is supposedly a trainer of speakers delivers a sinker (or stinker), proving once and for all she really is an oaf.
I might be over-dramaticizing my stage failure, but I certainly didn't wow the crowd. And this was a crowd I was dying to impress.
THAT LITTLE FACT would be the highly flammable fuse on my failure.
I have to impress them!
Is that so-and-so in the crowd????
Maybe I should have worn a different outfit.
My voice sounds squeaky. Doesn't my voice sound squeaky?
Dear Lord, don't let me embarrass myself.
In the midst of this panicked self-talk, it's what you don't see that is the most telling.
I lost sight of The Message.
My eyes slipped off the correct objective and landed squarely on my subconscious one: making myself look good. And the more I focused on making myself look good, the more the frivolous elements became a force to be reckoned with.
Speaker, communications trainer and good friend, Jeff Vankooten, says "Clarity is the antidote to anxiety." Paraphrased: If you want confidence, focus on the message, not the fluff. Make sure you know what you want to communicate ahead of time, and squash your psyche's attempts to hijack your attention away from the message and on to your image.
Because the minute your image steals the stage, you're sunk.
excellent post. Been there, done that, still can.
Thanks for the great post and advice – It's the Message – Sounds like you got this from you readings in Jeremiah?
Seems weird that the less you focus on how you're doing, the better you do. One of life's ironies. So true, Michele.


text:
Opinion Durban debacle: Doomsday is not far away
Durban debacle: Doomsday is not far away
15 December 2011 06:31 pm - 0 - {{hitsCtrl.values.hits}}
Rich countries seldom compromise their national interests for the greater good of the world at large. This was the moral of the Durban climate summit which ended achieving only a postponement.
Political scientist Harold Laski once said, "A state divided into a small number of rich and a large number of poor will always develop a government manipulated by the rich to protect the amenities represented by their property."
By extension, the saying also applies at the international level. We could say a world divided into a small number of rich nations and a large number of poor ones will inherit a system which is manipulated by the rich to protect their wealth-amassing instruments at the cost of misery to the poor.
One such rich nation that epitomizes this saying is Canada. On Monday Canada withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol, virtually killing it. Though the treaty is not the best of instruments to control the global temperature rises and their adverse impacts, it is regarded as a stepping stone to a comprehensive climate deal. Canada said on Monday that it was unable to meet the Kyoto limits on greenhouse gas emissions or buy carbon credits, arguing that noncompliance with the treaty would mean that it would have to pay a $ 14 billion fine or every Canadian would have to bear an additional financial burden of 1,600 dollars.
But the announcement dealt a death blow to the Kyoto Protocol as it encourages other polluters to consider similar exits from the anti-global warming treaty, which in any case expires at the end of next year.
In other words, Canada is not prepared to sacrifice its economic growth or wealth amassing process at the cost of adhering to the Kyoto deal. Compliance with the treaty will hurt Canada's booming oil sands sector, which is the country's largest greenhouse gas emitter.
Canada's Environment Minister Peter Kent said the withdrawal allowed his country to continue to create jobs and growth and avoid paying a $14 billion fine for not meeting the treaty's emission targets.
The justification exposes Canada's moral nakedness. The withdrawal from the treaty came as no shock to those who are aware of Canada's ultra nationalist or neoconservative foreign policy.
Overtly Canada appears to be championing human rights, promoting democracy and opening its doors to those who flee alleged persecution in their home countries. But its record tells a different story — its complicity in imperialist crimes.
Canada contributed troops to George W. Bush's invasion and occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq and joined in the bombing raids on Libya. Its hands are stained with the blood of more than a million civilians killed in the three conflicts. Besides, Canada under its present Prime Minister Stephen Harper is a staunch supporter of the Zionist state of Israel and vehemently opposes a solution to the Palestinian question based on justice and fair play.
With a major polluter putting self or 35 million Canadians before the wellbeing of the 6 billion 965 million comprising the rest of the world people, it is hardly surprising that the Durban climate talks produced only an agreement on a future agreement.
Ministers and experts from nearly 200 countries on Sunday could only agree to a 2015 deadline for a new climate treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol. Needless to say environmentalists and climate scientists slammed the Durban talks as a tragic failure and accused the politicians of putting the planet on the fast track to doom, although optimists hailed the outcome saying that for the first time three major polluters — China, the United States and India — had agreed to negotiate legally-binding emissions limits under a new treaty.
Like Canada on Monday, the US had also dealt a killer punch to the Kyoto Treaty. That was when the Bush administration in 2001, under pressure from the industrial lobby, threw out the treaty, which the previous Bill Clinton administration had agreed to ratify. The Bush administration, however, said it would not ratify a one-sided deal that gave big-time polluters such as China, India and Brazil a free pass.
Such undercurrents continued to plague climate talks and were visible at Durban too, with the European Union pulling in one direction, while the US, Canada, China, Russia, Brazil and India pulled in another direction. In this tug o' war, the poor developing countries, which are the worst hit by climate change, tried to pull the talks in the right direction but failed.
The undercurrents at Durban were that no deal was greater than the economic interests of the developed world or rapidly developing countries such as China and India. In other words, the industrialized nations would continue to pollute the environment while paying lip-service to measures aimed at keeping the global temperature rise to below two degrees Celsius in the coming years.
The developed world has caused enough damage to the environment. They became rich by plundering the poor nations' resources and causing harm to the environment.
The best climate deal is one that also ensures a fair distribution of the global wealth. The existing carbon quota system is probably one such method whereby the rich nations which use up their carbon quota fast can buy unused quotas from the poor at a decent price. However, it needs to be further streamlined so that it would not lead to corrupt leaders in poor countries making fast bucks through underhand deals with rich countries by agreeing not to industrialize their countries.
The poor nations can become rich only if they are allowed to make maximum use of their resources through industrialization instead of selling their minerals for a pittance to the rich nations and buying the finished product from them at an exorbitant price.
This is why diamond-rich Ivory Coast, uranium-rich Niger and oil-rich Angola are still poor. What Africa needs is not aid but a fair deal whereby the poor African nations will get a fair price for their agricultural produce and industrial goods in the world market, which is now manipulated by rich nations by means of farmer subsidies and high import standards. No climate deal should pose a hindrance to poor nations' prosperity or industrialization.
Ecological balance is intricately linked to a balance in the income distribution of the world. If this does not happen, doomsday will not be far away, possibly in the coming year as predicted in an ancient Mayan tablet.
Grade 5 Scholarship Exam results likely this week
Teenage couple who could not marry over birth certificate issue, committs suicide
House of Fashion assault - What really happened?
dmonlinelk@gmail.com
trevine@wijeya.lk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Tuesday, October 10th, 2017 at 8:03am.
Hurricanes can be an incredibly devastating natural disaster. Florida was just hit with its first and hopefully only hurricane of the season—Irma. While Irma was less devastating than initially expected in Florida, it still did damage and caused even more damage in the Caribbean islands. Fortunately, the sun is shining bright here in the Sunshine State, yet again.


Consult the Departmental Administrator, Thérèse Périn-Deville, for further information.
1. Anthropology 1 or 3.
3. Any six additional courses (five if Anthropology 1 is taken in fulfillment of requirement 1) from among the department's offerings.
A culminating experience is required for the major and must be satisfied by completion of a Culminating Seminar selected from one of the following areas: cultural anthropology (73), archaeology (75), or biological anthropology (77), to be taken as one of the ten courses required for the major.
Statistics: All anthropology majors are encouraged to take a course in statistics. Students who plan to undertake independent research, especially in archaeology and biological anthropology, and any student considering attending graduate school in anthropology should take at least one statistics course: e.g., Government 10, Math & Social Science 15, Psychology 10, Sociology 10, or Social Science 10.
Modified Major: The Modified Major consists of seven courses in anthropology, one of which must be a culminating seminar and another of which will normally be Anthropology 1 or 3, plus four courses above the prerequisite level in one or more other department(s) or program(s). The 11 courses must form a unified, coherent program of study. Students wishing to modify their Anthropology major must submit a written rationale that makes clear the coherence and purpose of their modified major. This rationale, can be signed by any faculty in the Anthropology department, and must be submitted with the major card to the Registrar.
Concentrations: Anthropology majors may choose to concentrate in one or more subfields of anthropology by taking at least four courses in: archaeology, biological anthropology, or topical and area courses in cultural anthropology.
Archaeology is the scientific study of past human behavior and societies from material remains of the earliest human ancestors to recent times. Students concentrating in archaeology should take at least one topical course and one regional course in archaeology. Students interested in graduate studies in archaeology should have a statistics course and fieldwork experience that can be gained by taking an archaeological field school for transfer credit.
Cultural anthropology addresses broad questions about what it means to be human in contemporary societies and cultures, as well as those of the recent past. Cultural anthropologists systematically explore topics such as technology and material culture, social organization, economies, political and legal systems, language, ideologies and religions, health and illness, and social change. Students concentrating in cultural anthropology are strongly advised to take the course in ethnographic research methods, Anthro. 18. Students planning on graduate studies in cultural anthropology are advised to take Main Currents in Anthropology, Anthro. 73.
Biological anthropology is the study of human biological variation and evolution. Biological anthropologists seek to document and explain the patterning of biological variation among contemporary human populations, trace the evolution of our lineage through time in the fossil record, and provide a comparative perspective on human uniqueness by placing our species in the context of other living primates. Students concentrating in biological anthropology are advised to take a course in statistics, as well as one or more advanced courses in biological sciences.
Under special circumstances, students may petition the Anthropology faculty to substitute a course from another department or program to count for the Anthropology major. The petition should be submitted to the Chair, along with a copy of the syllabus for the substitute course and a list of the student's major courses. The petition must be approved by a vote of the Anthropology Department faculty.
The Anthropology minor in Anthropology comprises six courses, which include Anthropology 1 or 3 plus one area course in cultural anthropology, one course in biological anthropology, one course in archaeology, and two additional courses within the department to be selected by the student. If Anthropology 3 is not taken in fulfillment of the first requirement, then one of the two courses selected by the student must be a topical course in cultural anthropology.
The Anthropology of Global Health minor is composed of six courses one from each of the following core competency areas.
1. Introductory: 1 or 3.
2. Medical: 17, 45, 55.
3. Biological: 6, 38, 40, 41, 43.
6. Topical: 15, 19, 30, 31, 44, 46, 48, 49, 51, 75.
Of these six courses, at least four must be taken within the Anthropology Department. Students may petition the department to substitute relevant courses from other fields for no more than two competency areas 3, 5, and 6. (Students should consult with the Anthropology Department for a list of examples of appropriate courses).
Students applying to the honors program must meet the minimum college requirements of a 3.0 grade point average and a 3.3 grade point average in the major. By the end of the third term preceding their graduation, applicants will ordinarily have completed, with a minimum grade of A–, a preparatory reading course (Anthropology 85) and will have submitted an honors thesis proposal for work to be supervised by a primary faculty advisor. Admission to the program is by vote of the department faculty, which may appoint one or more secondary advisors.
Students admitted to the honors program must enroll in Anthropology 88, in addition to the courses ordinarily required in the major. The honors project, which culminates in a substantial independent thesis, will be submitted to the primary advisor at least four weeks prior to graduation. Those students completing the program with a grade of A– or higher in their honors course will receive honors recognition in the major. High honors may be awarded by faculty vote for truly exceptional work.


text:
American Antiquity
Volume 30 Issue 2part1
URL: /core/journals/american-antiquity
You are leaving Cambridge Core and will be taken to this journal's article submission site.
Volume 30 - Issue 2Part1 - October 1964
An Early House from Chilca, Peru
Christopher B. Donnan
A semisubterranean cane and grass house was recently excavated at the site of Chilca on the central coast of Peru. The context in which it was found, as well as its associated radiocarbon date of 5370 ± 120 B.P., indicates that the house was made by early preceramic horticulturists. Seven burials were found inside. The remarkable state of preservation in which the house was found provided sufficient data for a full-scale reconstruction of the structure. This small, conical, beehive-type house is the earliest artificial shelter yet reported from Peru.
Archaeological Excavations in Hohokam Sites of Southern Arizona *
Alfred E. Johnson
In 1963 archaeological investigations were conducted by the Arizona State Museum in a series of Hohokam sites on the Gila River Indian Reservation of south-central Arizona. Significant data were derived from two of the eight sites tested. One site, Arizona U:13:9, included two small villages. The earlier village was first occupied during the Snaketown phase, which is estimated to date between A.D. 300 and 500. Occupation continued through the Sacaton phase or until about A.D. 1100. The later village was occupied during two phases of the Classic period, or from A.D. 1100 to about 1450. At this ruin both inhumations and cremations, apparently contemporaneous, were found in a distinct burial zone. The patterning noted in the placement of these two types of burials is a new feature for the Hohokam Classic period. The other site, Arizona U:13:11, a small Soho phase village that was occupied between A.D. 1100 and 1300, is important for the support it adds to the establishment of a pattern of burial placement during the Classic period.
A UNIVAC Analysis of Sherd Frequencies from the Carter Ranch Pueblo, Eastern Arizona
J. A. Brown, L. G. Freeman
Three factors contribute to differences between archaeological samples: sampling error and functional and temporal differences between the parent populations from which the samples are drawn. Many archaeologists have explained such differences as due only to temporal variations between the parent populations, thereby ignoring sampling error and relegating functional specificity to a minor role.
A statistical analysis of potsherd frequencies in samples made by the Chicago Natural History Museum from an eastern Arizona pueblo, the Carter Ranch site, was undertaken using UNIVAC. By taking into account sampling error, differences between parent populations appeared that could most logically be attributed to functional differences. From the calculations, four possible functional constellations of pottery types were discovered, four types of rooms were isolated, a probable ceremonial complex of five pottery types was established, and differential areal disposal of sherds was found. It was impossible to demonstrate temporal differences between provenience units on the basis of sherd frequencies. Any such differences played a minor part in contributing to sample variation as compared to functional differences between provenience units.
Pollen Analysis of Prehistoric Human Feces: A New Approach to Ethnobotany *
Paul S. Martin, Floyd W. Sharrock
Prehistoric human and nonhuman feces from alcoves in the Glen Canyon region of southern Utah are a rich source of pollen and spores. The dominant pollen types (determined in a 200-grain pollen count) vary greatly from sample to sample, making stratigraphic and climatic interpretation very difficult. The record of economic plant pollen appears to reflect the prehistoric Pueblo diet. Cleome, Zea, Cucurbita, and Opuntia are the most abundant economic pollen types. Long-distance transport of pollen from distant montane forests will account for the presence of occasional pollen grains of spruce, fir, and alder in certain samples. The salvage and study of ancient human feces promises to reveal new information about the environment and diet of prehistoric man in the Southwest, a development of interest to both the ecologist and the ethnobotanist.
Archaeological Field Sampling
S. Rootenberg
The residue of an archaeological site, which represents a collection of cultural and noncultural materials, provides quantitative information from which some indication of cultural practices and ecological and chronological relationships can be extracted. If quantitative methods of analysis are to be successfully applied to archaeological remains, the archaeologist must either totally excavate a site, recovering all the elements in the residue, or he can devise some system of sampling it. Total excavation is seldom possible or feasible because of limited resources. Consequently, he resorts to the process of sampling, that is, excavating only a portion of the whole site. His field objective is to collect as representative a sample of elements as possible with a minimum expenditure of time, labor, and money. Achieving this objective depends upon following a sampling procedure. Stratified-cluster sampling is a method proposed to achieve this objective. A sampling design of 13 steps is presented to serve as a guide to this method.
Facts and Comments
Cire Perdue Copper Casting in Pre-Columbian Mexico: An Experimental Approach
Stanley Long
Sahagún's General History of the Things of New Spain, a Nahuatl text completed in 1555, contains an ethnographic description of cire perdue gold casting. Aboriginal copper casting was not described. However, it is believed that his gold-casting description also constitutes a basically valid description of copper casting. To test this, experiments were undertaken to cast copper bells following Sahagún's description of gold casting and using native materials whenever possible. From the resultant successful casting of several copper bells it is inferred that the above belief is valid.
Ancient Maya and Contemporary Tzotzil Cosmology: A Comment on Some Methodological Problems
Evon Z. Vogt
Recent ethnographic work among the Tzotzil Indians in Highland Chiapas has revealed the presence of cosmological concepts and patterns of behavior that may have an important historical relationship to the ancient Lowland Maya. While these data offer exciting possibilities for inferences concerning the ancient Maya, we need to proceed with caution and to take account of a number of critical methodological problems before we project these patterns back into the prehistoric past. We know that all cultural systems are in a constant state of change; hence we should not assume that we are finding any exact survivals from the past, but rather hope that the trends of change in the Tzotzil area have been consistent enough to make inferences possible and productive. We also know that there is a great deal of variation among Tzotzil municipios (and even within municipios), so that statements about "Tzotzil cosmological concepts" need to be treated with caution. Finally, the hypotheses I have advanced in previous papers — such as the possible relationship between sacred mountains in contemporary Zinacantan and pyramids in ancient Maya archaeological sites, or the possibility that some system of rotation in priestly roles was functioning in the ancient Maya ceremonial centers — should be treated strictly as hypotheses and not converted into statements or propositions as Holland did in his recent paper.
Hopewell Figurine Rediscovered
Don W. Dragoo, Charles F. Wray
An exceptionally fine and significant stone figurine of the Ohio Hopewell Culture was found recently among the items in the collection of the late James L. Wright of Rochester, New York. Purchased by Mr. Wright's father in 1882, this figurine was found in one of the mounds of the famous Newark (Ohio) earthworks group in August 1881. The figurine is that of a shaman or priest masked by the head and skin of a bear, the probable totem of his clan or group. The shaman holds in his right hand a human head. The presence of typical Hopewellian earspools on both the shaman and the head indicates the possibility that the shaman is performing one of the rites in the ceremonies concerned with the dead and that the head is that of a fellow clan or group member.
A Possible Case of Cannibalism in the Early Woodland Period of Eastern Georgia
David Sutton Phelps, Rebekah Burgess
Preliminary investigations at White's Mound, Richmond County, Georgia, have revealed a stratified sequence of cultural material that begins with Stallings Island fiber-tempered pottery and is followed by Deptford, which occurs coincident with a more popular cord-marked type and minor amounts of a fabric-impressed type. The cord-marked pottery is assumed to be indicative of the timing and impact of the Northern tradition on this area. The last test square excavated on the site yielded evidence of possible cannibalism in the form of redeposited fragmentary bones, most of them cooked and a few calcined. With the deposit of bones, some of which had been cut, were a boatstone, a bear-claw necklace, and Deptford bold check-stamped and simple-stamped sherds. An alternative explanation is redeposited cremation which does have precedence in the Georgia area and in the Northern tradition.
A Radiocarbon Date for the Macon Earthlodge
Rex L. Wilson
A radiocarbon date of A.D. 1015 for the Macon Earthlodge, Ocmulgee National Monument, has recently been determined. The material dated was part of a charred roof beam. This date, and another from the Brown's Mount component, agrees with generally accepted dates for the Macon Plateau period in central Georgia.
A Skeptic Views the Billet Flake
H. Mewhinney
Although noted authorities contend that percussion flakes made with a wooden billet are thinner and shapelier than those made with a hammerstone, this experimenter wishes to report that he can see no difference, even when he strikes off the flakes himself. He begins to doubt that anybody else can tell the difference.
Use of Automated Tools in Archaeology
John L. Sorenson
A device now being used in industry is suggested as a way to automate much of the labor of artifact description and comparison. This is a numerically controlled machine tool, and some problems and possibilities connected with its use are discussed.
Dating Lake Mohave Artifacts and Beaches
Claude N. Warren, John de Costa
It is generally accepted that Lake Mohave artifacts date from the closing phase of the last deglaciation when the lake stood at its highest level. A re-evaluation of published data shows that Lake Mohave artifacts date from the overflow period, but only after the lake had abandoned the highest or 946-foot beach. A radiocarbon date of 9640 ± 240 years has been obtained from Anodonta shells at levels between 925 and 930 feet. These shells have been interpreted as remains of animals stranded en masse during the final recession of the Pluvial lake. No evidence for such a catastrophic event has been presented, and there is some evidence which suggests the opposite. The Anodonta shells appear to represent remains of dead animals deposited when the lake stood somewhat higher than 930 feet. It is apparent that an interdisciplinary approach, involving geology, paleolimnology, and palynology, as well as archaeology, is needed if man's place in the history of Lake Mohave is to be understood.
Occurrence of Southwestern Pottery in Los Angeles County, California
Jay Ruby, Thomas Blackburn
The occurrence of sherds of Southwestern pottery in several localities is noted. These sherds are briefly described and are discussed in terms of probable trade routes between the Southwest and southern California.
Early Milling Stone Horizon (Oak Grove), Santa Barbara County, California: Radiocarbon Dates
Roger C. Owen
Radiocarbon dates of 6880, 6980, 7270, and 6380 B.P. have been obtained for an Early Horizon site (Oak Grove) in the region of Santa Barbara, California. These dates permit the definite association of many cultural features which have previously been denied for the Oak Grove complex: a partial maritime economy, a core-and-flake industry, bone and shell technology, the use of asphaltum, and flexed burials. It is unlikely that the Early Horizon in Santa Barbara was sedentary to any degree.
Comment on Jett's "Pueblo Indian Migrations"
Florence Hawley Ellis
Southwestern archaeologists generally agree with Jett's opinion that more than one cause was involved in the widespread 13th-century Pueblo migrations, but they may disagree with his emphasis on the influence of non-Pueblo enemy groups, for which actual evidence remains meager, and his de-emphasis on the effect of known drought conditions. A serious specific error, however, lies in his use of the "Flagstaff" (Pueblo Plateau) tree-ring record for prehistoric weather fluctuation in areas of the Rio Grande and southern Arizona, since these are completely outside the area defined by Douglass, Schulman, and others for the "Flagstaff" chart. Past weather conditions in the Rio Grande frequently contrasted or differed in degree of wet and dry periods, as indicated by the Rio Grande tree-ring chart, and some areas of the Southwest still are not covered by charts.
Limonite Crystal Beads in the Southwest: A Query
David A. Breternitz
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2017, p. 215
Information is solicited on the distribution in time and space of limonite crystal beads. Nine such beads from two sites in southern Arizona are described.
A Graphic Method for Recording and Illustrating Burials
John D. Combes
Illustrations of skeletal positions and locations of associated artifacts, especially when the number of burials is large, may be increased in accuracy and efficiency by using sheets prepared photographically. A commercially produced, 14-inch polystyrene plastic model of the human skeleton can be used to simulate the basic burial positions found in archaeological sites. Photographs of these positions may be reproduced by offset process on a series of printed forms, and such forms may be used for quick and accurate recording of burial data in the field. Similar but greatly reduced prints may also be used on mock-up diagrams of the site. This technique will eliminate difficult verbal description, increase accuracy, improve comprehension, save time, and reduce publication costs.
Core Drilling in an Archaeological Site
John C. Price, Richard G. Hunter, Edward V. McMichael
Methods used in taking drill cores at a deeply stratified archaeological site in Kanawha County, West Virginia, are reported. A site exposed by river-bank erosion was tested with six cores, and additional deeper levels of probable human occupation were found. The site limits were determined, and evidence was gathered which suggests that the site was originally on an island. This work indicates that core drilling at similar sites in alluvial valleys would be a useful archaeological technique.
An Archeological Survey along the North Shore of Lake Superior. J. V. Wright. Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, National Museum of Canada, Anthropology Papers, No. 3, Ottawa, 1963. 9 pp., 1 map. - The W. B. Nickerson Survey and Excavations, 1912-15, of the Southern Manitoba Mounds Region. Katherine H. Capes. Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, National Museum of Canada, Anthropology Papers, No. 4, Ottawa, 1963. 178 pp., 33 figs., 3 tables, 19 pls.
Tyler Bastian


Subsea 7 S.A. today announced the completion of the acquisition of Siem Offshore Contractors GmbH and two vessels, the inter-array cable lay vessel Siem Aimery and the support vessel Siem Moxie, from the Siem Offshore Group.
On completion, Siem Offshore Contractors became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Subsea 7 Group.
Following completion the results of Siem Offshore Contractors will be reported within the Renewables and Heavy Lifting business unit.


Need a Commercial Dumpster Service in Millstadt, IL?
Commercial Dumpster Service are available* in Millstadt.
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There are several sized Maryland Commercial Dumpster Service in Millstadt, ILs available including a mid-sized dumpster with tires on it. A new dumpster with tires on it is actually movable and can be used to complete various cleanup projects at some point. Larger dumpsters can be placed in the place of your choice in your yard. Next day shipping options help make cleanup simple and easy efficient. Swift pickup of your full dumpster can be an asset for you to construction dumpster. You can actually and quickly have your home cleaned up and seeking its absolute best.
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text:
Fisheries & Mariculture Lab
MSI Housing
Amos Rehabilitation Keep (ARK)
Donate to the ARK
Amos Endowment
ARK Dedication
In 1892, the UT Board of Regents reported to Texas Governor Jim Hogg that, The coast of the great State of Texas, washed by the tides and currents of the magnificent inland sea, the Gulf of Mexico, offers unrivaled opportunity for the establishment of a Marine Station. Strange animals and plants, a fauna and flora little known, invite the research of the student and investigator. In May of 1900 the Board appropriated $300 for a marine laboratory at Galveston, and the first class of five students began to study littoral and shallow water fauna.
Only a few months later the disastrous 1900 hurricane struck, all but destroying the marine laboratory's steam launch research vessel. Fifteen years later The University of Texas tried again at Galveston. Regent George W. Brackenridge donated his own yacht, the imposing 114 foot schooner NAVIDAD and $500 to convert her into a research vessel, to be the nucleus of a grand Gulf Biological Station. Before NAVIDAD could go into service, another tropical storm hit, causing such damage that she was sold and marine science, or at least the grand Gulf Biological Station, was dead in Texas.
It was 1935 when Dr. E.J. Lund, a zoologist from The University of Texas, came to Port Aransas to investigate a massive fish kill, constructing a small rough lumber one-room shack on the old Corps of Engineers dock. Dr. Lund recognized the uniqueness of the local environment and the need for public education about the natural resources of the Gulf of Mexico and gradually rekindled interest in marine science at the University. The Marine Science Institute was formally founded in 1941 with Dr. Lund as the first Director.
Research began in the old pier building with one of the first projects being on the distribution, life history and relative abundance of marine fishes of Texas, by Dr. Lund and Dr. Gordon Gunter, who was Lund's student and later followed Lund as Director. Gunter also undertook a study for the U.S. Navy on the problem of fouling on ships bottoms. With the end of the war, development of the Institute resumed. Lund purchased and donated 12 acres. The old Army Corps of Engineers building, constructed in 1890 and veteran of several hurricanes, was included. This building survives today, serving as a dormitory where students still relax on an old fashioned porch and watch ships and dolphins almost at the doorstep on the Aransas Pass.
By 1946 the first truly permanent marine laboratory was established in Texas. Two frame buildings had been constructed, which still serve as the cafeteria and a dormitory, and a full time staff was in residence. A laboratory was built on the pier in 1948. Major expansion of physical facilities took place in the 70's with the acquisition of 49 acres of land, additional laboratories, dormitory, apartments, maintenance complex and a 5º acre boat basin.
At Port Aransas, the Marine Science Institute has been able to survive Hurricanes Carla, Beulah, Celia and Allen. Celia, on August 3, 1970, was the most destructive and for the third time a University research vessel suffered severe storm damage. Unlike previous instances the result was a major step forward. The R/V MARCIA K. was beyond economical repair, but she was replaced with the 85 foot R/V LONGHORN in 1971, which was repowered, rebuilt, and lengthened to 105 feet in 1986 and served as flagship of The University of Texas fleet until 2007.
MSI was greatly expanded with the acquisition of the National Marine Fisheries Service Laboratory, first by lease in the late 70's and by formal transfer in 1987, adding another 10 acres on the ship channel and an additional major research building. A new Library and Visitor's Center was built in 1982. The most recent expansion of the Marine Science Institute is the Mission-Aransas National Estuarine Research Reserve (Mission-Aransas NERR) located in the new Estuarine Research Center and laboratory expansion building completed in July 2011. The Mission-Aransas NERR is one of 27 sites in the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS).


Is style and fashion not your forte? Do you sometimes sit in front of your closet for twenty minutes with no idea what to wear to that special event, or to work for that matter? Don't worry. You're not the only one, and Jill is here to help! This fabulous style coach in the Valley is about to launch her "Secrets of Style" workshop series at the new fashion mecca–the Scottsdale Quarter!
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text:
Conquering the Big Data Frontier
by Suhas Marathe
Fortune, which has a great deal of power in other matters but especially in war, can bring about great changes in a situation through very slight forces. – Julius Caesar
Whatever conventional wisdom says, history does repeat itself. A study of early American explorers has lessons to offer that are relevant to high-technology companies hoping to conquer the bold, new territory of big data.
On April 30, 1803, American diplomats in Paris signed a treaty to purchase 828,000 square miles of French colonial territory in the center of the North American continent for $15M (roughly $250M in current terms), doubling the land area of the United States with a pen stroke. This huge swath of territory, today known as the Louisiana Purchase, encompassed nearly all of the Great Plains, a vast collection of grasslands and forest beginning on the banks of the Mississippi River that gradually faded into steppe country moving west to the Rocky Mountains.
Jefferson commissioned an expedition to explore the newly acquired domain. Led by Army officers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, a nine-man survey party departed St. Louis, Missouri in May 1804, following the Missouri River to its Montana headwaters by boat and then, leaving the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase, proceeded overland down the Columbia River to the Pacific coast of Oregon, which they reached in late November 1805.
The primary objectives of the mission were to establish an American presence across the western reaches of the continent to the Pacific Ocean, as well as finding a viable water route for transcontinental commerce. Besides doing their best to establish trading relations with native tribes they came across, the expedition reported on the geographic, botanical, and wildlife details of the journey and the vast numbers of buffalo, elk, deer, and other animals encountered. Though the intent to find a navigable waterway across the continent remained unrealized, in every other respect the exploration of that vast western wilderness was a tremendous success for the expedition, resulting in many new discoveries.
The Lewis and Clark reconnaissance triggered other voyages into the West that grew into an avalanche of adventurers, pathfinders and pioneers. Yet its beginnings were modest – nine men, each with wilderness skills, fragmentary information from trappers and basic tools like compasses, muskets, boats, knives, and such which they wielded with seasoned expertise.
The explorers of the past were great men and we should honor them. But let us not forget that their spirit lives on. It is still not hard to find a man who will adventure for the sake of a dream or one who will search, for the pleasure of searching, not for what he may find. – Sir Edmund Hillary
Thomas Moran, "Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone", 1872 (source: commons.wikimedia.org)
At the beginning of the new millennium, we stand at a strikingly similar juncture in the field of high technology. The near worldwide ubiquity of wired and wireless communications has led to the growth of fantastical amounts of data fueled by computing power centralized in a plethora of server farms and datacenters, each with their accompanying storage servers holding massive amounts of information. The demands on these platforms for gathering, processing and holding information is destined to grow geometrically as the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the growing deployment of increasingly advanced Robotics spreads electronic sensors, controllers and transmitters thru every facet of modern life. Stated differently – we are on the borders of a vast, nearly unexplored frontier of big data, with this data wilderness poised to expand by orders of magnitude.
Just as the American West drew in hunters, trappers and prospectors seeking buffalo herds, beaver ponds and gold veins, the big data frontier is attracting new kinds of explorers such as data scientists and digital marketers mining data and searching for hidden patterns of meaning in seemingly boundless expanses of information. There can be no question about it – the potential of big data to provide insights into matters such as consumer sentiment, social body language, aggregated financial transactions, traffic patterns, industrial process variations, product uses, and lifetimes, medical issues and myriad other fields of inquiry will have long term transformational effects on what we buy, where we live, and work and even the political, social and economic fabric of society. This is why the monumental breadth of the big data wilderness is attracting so much interest, because the data itself is a tremendous store of untapped value awaiting discovery.
Charles Marion Russell, "Whose Meat", 1914 (source: wikiart)
Exploring this growing wilderness of information, however, will not be without its trials and hazards.
Repeating the experiences of those trailblazers who found no two mountain ranges, valleys, forests, meadows, grasslands, deserts or canyons that were alike, digital pioneers are encountering data repositories and processing centers that all differ from each other in size, location, configuration, content, trustworthiness (in terms of security as well as data integrity) and means of access.
The very nature of storage systems and how they affect data changes our ability to use and interact with it. Some data, when digitized, suffers losses. The formats in which data are stored are varied and often enough in conflict, as the data can reside in CDs, DVDs, magnetic tape, HDD, floppy disks batch cards, and so forth. The very structure of the data can vary as well, depending on things such as the original source and the storage mechanism.
Data retrieval is the flip side of data storage. It is already a common problem for data explorers to have difficulty determining what they have and how best to use it. This can lead to inefficiencies and extra costs, as data may be stored redundantly, with copies isolated in silos and never fully reconciled with each other as the mass of data grows and/or changes. These sorts of problems generally result from a lack of data awareness .
There are quite a few organizations who believe they can protect themselves from the above data awareness problems by engaging in uber data collection , following the flawed principle of "more is better." Yet this can easily exacerbate existing difficulties in extracting value from data. Unguided data acquisition & storage and unbridled data capture cannot lead to meaningful usage, intelligence, or analytics.
However much information a given enterprise has accumulated, the utility of that information depends on where the organization is on the data science learning curve. A multitude of clients with tactical, operational and strategic requests confront the typical IT department on a daily and even hourly basis, all in the face of changing technology and business exigencies. Both data and analysis results need to be distributed – to different clients and across different hardware platforms. The variety of uses, purposes and channels for the same data present such a load of requirements that it becomes something of a Gordian Knot to support.
Frederic Remington, "The Scout: Friend or Foes?", 1902-1905 (Source: Wikipedia)
There are significant parallels between the big data frontier and the exploration of the American West. There are certain basic principles that were instrumental to success in opening up the frontier west of the Mississippi that will be vital for realizing the same level of achievement in the exploration and utilization of big data. These maxims are:
Successful explorers don't simply march into a wilderness in a random direction and wander capriciously. They have objectives that define the scope of the exploration and help determine a course for navigation. To put it more plainly, the journey must be initiated within a specific context .
The exploration must be methodical and scientific, with good planning and deliberate actions. Such a systematic approach greatly assists in discovering 'nuggets' of knowledge which were not originally sought or even anticipated.
Having the largest frontier you can imagine and determining how to draw a boundary around it are both secondary to what exactly is contained within that wilderness and what you plan to do with it.
The key to embracing the exploration of big data successfully is being able to capture context – in terms of the available data, the needs of clients and the existing hardware and software IT environment. Context can be elusive – it changes frequently and is actually dependent on the data available. Nevertheless, no data analysis will have real meaning or value without it.
Context provides a needed extra dimension to a territorial representation. In the same way that a United States Geological Survey (USGS) map includes the vertical dimension of terrain with a far greater amount of detail than a simple 2D highway map, context in big data provides deep insight into the sort of data required and the layers of meaning in that dataset.
There is a methodology that top tier professionals use to establish proper context for big data issues. As a discipline, data science is methodical and, of course, scientific. First and foremost, experienced data scientists determine whether the data at hand is trustworthy. Without this, all subsequent work with such a dataset is essentially devoid of substance.
The dataset must also suit the meaning and purpose of the client. In other words, having big data is less important than having the right data. Having the ability to ascertain this accurately depends heavily on the experience of the data scientist.
Operational issues also need resolution for establishing a proper context. If the data is available "as is", without it being necessary to solve format transformation riddles, the dataset becomes much more useful. Finally, the data must be available "on demand", which depends primarily on the hardware and software architecture supporting the client.
The best architected systems contain data that can serve the needs of multiple contexts. Such data should not be dependent on a single storage source, but from a deliberately orchestrated, coordinated and maintained redundancy of storage sources, systems and databases.
"In omnibus autem negotiis priusquam adgrediare, adhibenda est praeparatio diligens."
In all matters, before beginning, a diligent preparation should be made. – Cicero
Before setting off to explore big data's new frontier, the explorers have to be as carefully prepared as Lewis and Clark, Kit Carson, Davey Crockett, Daniel Boone, Buffalo Bill Cody, and all the other famous frontiersmen were. By scraping together every tidbit of information they could from trappers and previous explorers who had made more limited excursions into the West, Lewis and Clark did exactly what seasoned data scientists do in the present – finding any data that is already at hand, no matter what form in which it may be stored or in what condition it might be, and matching it up as best as possible with the needs and interests of those asking for the data. It takes professionals with skills honed from long experience to place all of this in its proper context. In the end, successfully establishing context for every user, system and dataset depends on having subject matter experts in data science – a commodity in particularly short supply nowadays.
The tools and technology to perform this, whether the compass, maps, flints, musket and other gear of Jim Bridger or the Apache Hadoop distribution and associated utilities residing on a data scientist's workstation, all have their strengths and limitations. How to best use all the items in the kit, avoiding the pitfalls that come from improperly using those tools and compensating effectively for the eventuality that some desirable implements are not available is another characteristic that separates the neophyte from the professional and spells the difference between success and failure.
This editorial series will explore all of the above factors in depth, filtering out hyperbole, misinformation and hearsay along the way. We will pick up this discussion again in the next installment in our exploration of big data.
TagsComputers And Peripherals • Consumer Electronics • Industry World • Manufacturing • Oem Manufacturing • Technology
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Are Former Miss Teen USA Candidates Frontrunners of Miss USA?
This year we will see many familiar faces returning to compete for Miss USA 2018. With a record number of former Miss Teen USA competitors vying for the Miss USA crown in 2014, the number has reached 10 girls this year. To many pageant followers, the former Teen titleholders are the said "frontrunners" competing at the greatest pageant in America. This can be very questionable to some people, including myself.
Are the former Teen titleholders really the frontrunners of Miss USA?
We have seen many former Teens place remarkably at Miss USA. Take the former Miss North Dakota Audra Mari for example, she represented that same state in 2011 in the Teen pageant, and placed as first runner up. Just three short years later, she - once again - placed first runner-up to our Nia Sanchez. Along with Audra, we have Alyssa Campanella. Alyssa held the title of Miss New Jersey Teen USA 2007. She then went on to compete at the 2007 Miss Teen USA pageant placing first runner up as well. Four years later, she won the title of Miss California USA 2011 and later that same year, Alyssa would then capture the title of Miss USA 2011. Reading about these two ladies placing remarkably at both pageants, can make you think for sure the former Teen titleholders are the definite frontrunners at Miss USA.
Lexi Atkins, Miss Illinois USA 2014 and 1st runner-up at Miss Teen USA 2010
But this next part might get you thinking. In the topic of placing first runner up at Miss Teen USA, lets also take Lexi Atkins. She's a former Miss Illinois Teen USA, placing first runner up at the 2010 Miss Teen USA pageant. By winning Miss Illinois USA last fall, Lexi would then compete at the Miss USA pageant in June 2014. Four years after placing first runner up at Miss Teen USA, Lexi was a frontrunner in many people's eyes, as well as my own. The night of the 2014 Miss USA pageant, the hosts announced the names of 20 lucky ladies who were one step closer to the crown. Of those 20 ladies, Lexi's name was not called. After her remarkable placement at Miss Teen USA, this was quite shocking.
Lexi Atkins, Miss Illinois USA 2014.
It's quite a confusing topic if you ask me. What could it mean that some former Teen titleholders place remarkably at the national pageant, and others don't? Definitely makes you think that's for sure. Are the former Teen titleholders the real frontrunners of Miss USA? Or is this just the opinion of individuals?
Miss Universo Sharlene Rädlein is Miss Universe Jamaica 2015 Pageants NEWS
Asia y Oceanía Miss Australia 2015 Finalists Pageants NEWS
Belleza y Moda Adriana Lima without makeup Pageants NEWS


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			$font_url_param .= ':' . $font_parts[1];
		}
		$font['css_import'] = '@import url(http' . ( is_ssl() ? 's' : '' ) . '://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=' . $font_url_param . ');';
	}
	else {
		$font['family'] = $font_value;
		$font = apply_filters( 'siteorigin_widget_get_custom_font_family', $font );
	}

	return $font;
}

/**
 * Compatibility with Page Builder, add the groups and icons.
 *
 * @param $widgets
 *
 * @return mixed
 */
function siteorigin_widget_add_bundle_groups($widgets){
	foreach( $widgets as $class => &$widget ) {
		if( preg_match('/SiteOrigin_Widget_(.*)_Widget/i', $class, $matches) ) {
			$widget['icon'] = 'so-widget-icon so-widget-icon-'.strtolower($matches[1]);
			$widget['groups'] = array('so-widgets-bundle');
		}
	}

	return $widgets;
}
add_filter('siteorigin_panels_widgets', 'siteorigin_widget_add_bundle_groups', 11);

/**
 * Escape a URL
 *
 * @param $url
 *
 * @return string
 */
function sow_esc_url( $url ) {
	if( preg_match('/^post: *([0-9]+)/', $url, $matches) ) {
		// Convert the special post URL into a permalink
		$url = get_the_permalink( intval($matches[1]) );
		if( empty($url) ) return '';
	}

	$protocols = wp_allowed_protocols();
	$protocols[] = 'skype';
	return esc_url( $url, $protocols );
}

/**
 * A special URL escaping function that handles additional protocols
 *
 * @param $url
 *
 * @return string
 */
function sow_esc_url_raw( $url ) {
	if( preg_match('/^post: *([0-9]+)/', $url, $matches) ) {
		// Convert the special post URL into a permalink
		$url = get_the_permalink( intval($matches[1]) );
	}

	$protocols = wp_allowed_protocols();
	$protocols[] = 'skype';
	return esc_url_raw( $url, $protocols );
}

/**
 * Get all the Google Web Fonts.
 *
 * @return mixed|void
 */
function siteorigin_widgets_fonts_google_webfonts( ) {
	$fonts = include plugin_dir_path( __FILE__ ) . 'inc/fonts.php';
	$fonts = apply_filters( 'siteorigin_widgets_google_webfonts', $fonts );
	return !empty( $fonts ) ? $fonts : array();
}

function siteorigin_widgets_is_google_webfont( $font_value ) {
	$google_webfonts = siteorigin_widgets_fonts_google_webfonts();

	$font_family = explode( ':', $font_value );
	$font_family = $font_family[0];

	return isset( $google_webfonts[$font_family] );
}

function siteorigin_widgets_font_families( ){
	// Add the default fonts
	$font_families = array(
		'Helvetica Neue' => 'Helvetica Neue',
		'Lucida Grande' => 'Lucida Grande',
		'Georgia' => 'Georgia',
		'Courier New' => 'Courier New',
	);

	// Add in all the Google font families
	foreach ( siteorigin_widgets_fonts_google_webfonts() as $font => $variants ) {
		foreach ( $variants as $variant ) {
			if ( $variant == 'regular' || $variant == 400 ) {
				$font_families[ $font ] = $font;
			}
			else {
				$font_families[ $font . ':' . $variant ] = $font . ' (' . $variant . ')';
			}
		}
	}

	return apply_filters('siteorigin_widgets_font_families', $font_families);
}

function siteorigin_widgets_tinymce_admin_print_styles() {
	wp_enqueue_style( 'editor-buttons' );
}
add_action( 'admin_print_styles', 'siteorigin_widgets_tinymce_admin_print_styles' );

/**
 * Get list of supported measurements
 *
 * @return array
 */
function siteorigin_widgets_get_measurements_list() {
	$measurements = array(
		'px', '%', 'in', 'cm', 'mm', 'em', 'rem', 'pt', 'pc', 'ex', 'ch', 'vw', 'vh', 'vmin', 'vmax',
	);

	// Allow themes and plugins to trim or enhance the list.
	return apply_filters('siteorigin_widgets_get_measurements_list', $measurements);
}