text:
Q: JAVA - XML and JSON issue: Array management< I am programming Java after long time and i am just new to Json.
I found a strange issue but not sure if I am not understanding it correctly.
This is part of the XML file i am reading:

<Events>
      <event comment="topota1" file="test1.mp4" id="0" time="1000"/>
      <event comment="topota2" file="test2.mp4" id="1" time="2000"/>
      <event comment="topota3" file="test3.mp4" id="2" time="3000"/>
      <event comment="topota4" file="test4.mp4" id="3" time="4000"/>
</Events>

I did a Json structure to manage some events information:

package miCMS;
{***}
import org.json.JSONArray;
import org.json.JSONObject;
{***}
JSONObject Event = new JSONObject();
JSONArray EventArr = new JSONArray();
{***}
public class miPlayer{
{***}

public void addEvent(int Id, int Time, String File, String Comment) {
      try {
          Event.put("Id", Id);
          Event.put("Time", Time);
          Event.put("File", File);
          Event.put("Comment", Comment);
          EventArr.put(Event);
      }catch ( Exception e ) {e.printStackTrace();}
}

In another Java file I am reading the XML file and asigning to my Json Array:

package miCMS;
{***}
public class miXMLParser{

  public static miCMS.miPlayer ReadFromXML(String Path){
       try {

          DOMParser parser = new DOMParser();
          parser.parse(Path);
          Document doc = parser.getDocument();

///////////////////////////////////EVENTOS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
          NodeList childNodesEvent = doc.getElementsByTagName("event");

          for (int x = 0; x < childNodesEvent.getLength(); x++ ) {
              Node NodeEvent = childNodesEvent.item(x);

              player.addEvent(x, 1000, "", "");

              NamedNodeMap attrsEvent = NodeEvent.getAttributes();
              for (int y = 0; y < attrsEvent.getLength(); y++ ) {
                  Node attrEvent = attrsEvent.item(y);
                  String AttribName = attrEvent.getNodeName();

                  switch (AttribName) {
                      case "id":
                          player.EventArr.getJSONObject(x).put("Id",Integer.parseInt(attrEvent.getNodeValue()));
                          System.out.println(">X:" + x + " // Id:" + player.EventArr.getJSONObject(x).getInt("Id"));
                          break;
                      case "time":
                          player.EventArr.getJSONObject(x).put("Time",Integer.parseInt(attrEvent.getNodeValue()));
                          break;
                      case "file":
                          player.EventArr.getJSONObject(x).put("File",attrEvent.getNodeValue());
                          break;
                      case "comment":
                          player.EventArr.getJSONObject(x).put("Comment",attrEvent.getNodeValue());
                          break;
                  }
              }
          }

          System.out.println("DESPUES DEL FOR");
          System.out.println(">>X:0" + " // Id:" + player.EventArr.getJSONObject(0).getInt("Id"));
          System.out.println(">>X:1" + " // Id:" + player.EventArr.getJSONObject(1).getInt("Id"));
          System.out.println(">>X:2" + " // Id:" + player.EventArr.getJSONObject(2).getInt("Id"));
          System.out.println(">>X:3" + " // Id:" + player.EventArr.getJSONObject(3).getInt("Id"));

      }catch (Exception e) {
          e.printStackTrace();
      }

      return player;
  }

for some reason, all the elements in my JSON array is storing the information coming form the last element in my XML file.
I forced some printlines to see what is happening but is strange:
>X:0 // Id:0
>X:1 // Id:1
>X:2 // Id:2
>X:3 // Id:3
DESPUES DEL FOR
>>X:0 // Id:3
>>X:1 // Id:3
>>X:2 // Id:3
>>X:3 // Id:3

My question is: Why the info is being stored ok when inside the For loop but not when outside the For loop??
Any help is appreciated!

A: JSONObject::put overrides keys, therefore, as your JSONObject Event is a class field, everytime you call miPlayer::addEvent it stores the very same Event object in a new cell of EventArr, updating all the other cells (because each cell contains a pointer to your Event object). To fix this, simply use a local variable :
package miCMS;
{***}
import org.json.JSONArray;
import org.json.JSONObject;
{***}
JSONArray eventArr = new JSONArray();
{***}
public class MiPlayer{
{***}

public void addEvent(int id, int time, String file, String comment) {
    try {
        JSONObject event = new JSONObject();
        event.put("Id", id);
        event.put("Time", time);
        event.put("File", file);
        event.put("Comment", comment);
        eventArr.put(event);
    }catch ( Exception e ) {e.printStackTrace();}
}

By the way, Java Naming Conventions preconize to name variables with a lowercase first letter, and classes with a uppercase first letter :)

A: Problem is in this line:
 EventArr.put(Event);

each time you invoke 'addEvent' your code updates object 'Event', and because of that at the end you see values added last. You should create new instance every time
public void addEvent(int Id, int Time, String File, String Comment) {
      try {
          Event = new JSONObject();
          Event.put("Id", Id);
          Event.put("Time", Time);
          Event.put("File", File);
          Event.put("Comment", Comment);
          EventArr.put(Event);
      }catch ( Exception e ) {e.printStackTrace();}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The darker the observing site, the brighter the night sky.
This amazing picture was taken by a telescope in one of the most remote regions on Earth, the Atacama Desert, far from any towns or cities. It shows the bright stars of the Wishing Well Cluster, which earned its name because of the many stars that resemble silver coins sparkling at the bottom of a wishing well.
In star clusters like this one, all the stars are born around the same time, from the same cloud of gas. All the stars in this cluster, for example, are around 300 million years old.
The Wishing Well Cluster has a rich mix of around 400 red and blue stars. The colour of these stars tells us about how massive they are.
More massive stars burn hotter and brighter and use up their fuel much quicker than their smaller siblings. Because of this we can tell that the redder stars in this picture are more massive. They're all now in the last phase of their evolution — the red giant phase. The bluer, less massive stars are still in an earlier part of their lives.
The most massive stars in the cluster aren't visible in this picture. They have already raced through their short, feisty and exploded as powerful supernovae long ago.
In our Galaxy, you can tell how old a star cluster is based on where it's found. Older clusters are normally found further from the centre of the galaxy than younger clusters.
This Space Scoop is based on a Press Release from ESO .
Stellar Metamorphosis
Greedy Galaxies
Super Star Takes on Black Holes in Jet Contest

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Two brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, made the first successful flight on December 17, 1903. They sent a telegram to their sister in Dayton, Ohio with the good news. It read: "First sustained flight, 59 seconds. Home for Christmas."
Their sister was elated and took the telegram to the local newspaper. The next day, the paper ran an item on page 16, under the obituaries, with this notice: Local bicycle merchants to spend holidays at home."
Can you believe it? One of the greatest events of the 20th century, and they missed it, though it was right under their noses!
But hasn't this seemed to be the case for years and years?
2. Many people have great families but do not appreciate them. At the top of most people's list of things to be thankful for are family and yet we very seldom appreciate them like we should.
3. We take our blessings from God for granted and are unappreciative. We are all "rich" by the world's standards. But instead of being satisfied, we have covetous hearts that demand more and more.
How many great blessings are right under your nose and you miss them every single day? May we all learn to see the blessings around us and stop to give thanks!


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text:
Martin Bohman (born April 5, 1980 in Prague) is a Czech bobsledder who has competed since 2006. He finished 16th in the four-man event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

Bohman finished 14th in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships 2009 in Lake Placid, New York.

His father is sprinter Luděk Bohman and his brother sprinter Ludvík Bohman.

References

External links

1980 births
Bobsledders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Czech male bobsledders
Living people
Olympic bobsledders of the Czech Republic
Sportspeople from Prague

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Axor ShowerProducts designed by Front unmask the technical side of showering, combining this with an expressive, industrial-style design. With Scandinavian simplicity, the trio of designers convert elements that usually remain concealed – pipes, fittings and valves – into elegant design objects. For example, a simple funnel has been transformed into a well-proportioned shower.
This timeless design has been applied to five Axor products for the shower area: from the showerpipe to the shower set, through to the overhead shower with ceiling or wall connection. The hand shower is also available in the same design, based on the simple funnel shape. All products use the latest technology from the number one shower manufacturer.
Axor ShowerProducts designed by Front can be combined in a wide variety of applications, from renovated bathrooms in old buildings to modern loft conversions. They also go perfectly with lots of other Axor products. So they sometimes look modern, sometimes technical, sometimes nostalgic or even playful.


Strut your stuff in The Le Skinny De Jeanne in Scampi from Frame Denim. Constructed from a cotton blend stretch fabric these light denim jeans are a skinny fit and feature a single button zip fly closure with gold hardware, subtle fading through the leg, front and back pockets and are finished with knee rip detail and a distressed hem. The perfect jean to pair with your favourite tee and just slay all day.
The Frame Denim Le Skinny De Jeanne Side Fray Jean fits true to size.


text:
<?php

/**
 * The "marketplacenotes" collection of methods.
 * Typical usage is:
 *  <code>
 *   $adexchangebuyerService = new Google_Service_AdExchangeBuyer(...);
 *   $marketplacenotes = $adexchangebuyerService->marketplacenotes;
 *  </code>
 */
class Google_Service_AdExchangeBuyer_Resource_Marketplacenotes extends Google_Service_Resource
{
  /**
   * Add notes to the proposal (marketplacenotes.insert)
   *
   * @param string $proposalId The proposalId to add notes for.
   * @param Google_Service_AdExchangeBuyer_AddOrderNotesRequest $postBody
   * @param array $optParams Optional parameters.
   * @return Google_Service_AdExchangeBuyer_AddOrderNotesResponse
   */
  public function insert($proposalId, Google_Service_AdExchangeBuyer_AddOrderNotesRequest $postBody, $optParams = array())
  {
    $params = array('proposalId' => $proposalId, 'postBody' => $postBody);
    $params = array_merge($params, $optParams);
    return $this->call('insert', array($params), "Google_Service_AdExchangeBuyer_AddOrderNotesResponse");
  }
  /**
   * Get all the notes associated with a proposal
   * (marketplacenotes.listMarketplacenotes)
   *
   * @param string $proposalId The proposalId to get notes for. To search across
   * all proposals specify order_id = '-' as part of the URL.
   * @param array $optParams Optional parameters.
   *
   * @opt_param string pqlQuery Query string to retrieve specific notes. To search
   * the text contents of notes, please use syntax like "WHERE note.note = "foo"
   * or "WHERE note.note LIKE "%bar%"
   * @return Google_Service_AdExchangeBuyer_GetOrderNotesResponse
   */
  public function listMarketplacenotes($proposalId, $optParams = array())
  {
    $params = array('proposalId' => $proposalId);
    $params = array_merge($params, $optParams);
    return $this->call('list', array($params), "Google_Service_AdExchangeBuyer_GetOrderNotesResponse");
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Perfect for Valentine's Day or any day cause it's fun to eat pancakes cut into cute shapes 🙂 Even better, how about a healthy pancake recipe? In this recipe that I created I load it with yummy raspberries, flax and quinoa. It is definitely a favorite breakfast around our house!
A couple tips: both my daughter and I love raspberries so I load these pancakes up with them. I buy a big bag of frozen organic raspberries from Costco. They don't always carry them but when they do I stock up! Also found at Costco: a big bag of Organic Ground Flax. Highly recommend this stuff, and I add it into everything! Make sure you keep your flax in the fridge once opened, it will keep it much fresher.
If you like syrup with your pancakes but are looking for a healthier option (or a low sodium option) try using Agave Syrup. Since we discovered it has 0 sodium in it, it has been a staple in our house. My husband is on a Doctor's ordered low sodium diet so we read labels on everything now. We use agave syrup in all our baking now, and not only does it contain no sodium but it has a low GI (glycemic index) which means it won't cause a spike in your blood sugar levels. It's derived from a plant and has many other health benefits as well. The best part – it's very tasty and makes for a wonderful pancake syrup!
3/4 cup raspberries (or more if you like them loaded like I do!). I use frozen berries and I chop them before adding to the batter.
Mix the egg and milk together in medium bowl.
Add flour, baking powder and flax and mix batter until smooth. It it's too thick, add a bit more milk until you get it to the right consistency.
Add raspberries last and mix until coated.
Drop large spoonfuls of batter onto heated skillet (spray with oil first) and cook until both sides are lightly browned. Smaller pancakes cook much better!


Jake will not only wag his tail, but his entire body when he is happy to see you! He is very well mannered, and is equally happy on a walk, as he is snoozing at your feet. He enjoys the job of being a human companion. He currently is living happily in a dog center with up to 20 other dogs, but he is a bit of a policeman and doesn't care for hyper, ill behaved dogs! He has been around horses, and cats---although eratically, so adopter should be prepared to further his training. He walks well on the leash and is house broken.
Lacey is everything a knowledgeable pit bull owner would expect from the breed. She is loving, loyal, and a soft, squishy ball of love! She enjoys playing with balls and interacting with adults. She does not enjoy children, and was unfortunately allowed to develop some bad habits living on a ranch as a pup, so she should be in a cat/livestock free home. She gets along nicely with dogs her size, and will be a joyful addition to an adult home!
Tango is a goofy, happy, snorty boy who had a home, but sadly lost it when his family lost their house and couldn't find a rental that would allow a pit bull. He is a wonderful family dog, great with kids, and other dogs. He is house broken, and well mannered. He is also a big, strong boy, so continued training would be a good plan.
Radar is yet another dog that lost his home when his owner lost their housing. He has been looking for a home for over a year and a half, but because adoptions are exciting for him and he can look intimidating when excited, he is having trouble attracting potential adopters.
This is unfortunate as Radar is a loving, responsive dog who really truly wants a human to call his own! He enjoys one on one training and knows many commands. His previous owner states that he was housebroken. He currently resides in a dog center with many other dogs, but would really love to start a life with an active owner and enjoy the comfort of a home routine.
THESE ARE ALL DOGS IN THE CARE OF ANDERSON VALLEY ANIMAL RESCUE, PLEASE CONTACT BECKY IF YOU WOULD LIKE MORE INFORMATION ON A DOG OR IF YOU HAVE INTEREST IN BECOMING A FOSTER FOR A RESCUE DOG.
Cuesta has the long legs and the stunning ice blue eyes of a super model. She is well mannered, house broken, has basic training, and is good with other dogs. She can be shy and aloof with new people, particularly men, but rewards the patient person with a strong bond. Cuesta can be timid and does best when she has a 'mentor' dog, a dog that is confident in it's routine, to show her the ropes.
Cuesta is true to her husky roots and can be an escape artist. Her adopter needs to have a tall fence!
Cuesta is currently in foster care with many other dogs, where she is a welcome visitor. However, she is eager to end her year long search and begin a life in her forever home!
Tanner is a dorky, goofy lovable boy. He has been fostered by Becky at Paradigm Sporthorse for the past 6 months and is an excellent barn dog. He is well behaved with cats, dogs, chickens, horses, and children (although he is still a bit of a clutzy puppy so not the best choice for really young kids). He loves going for trail rides, hikes, and gives Michael Phelps a run for his money in the swimming department! He is also a complete cuddle bug and will melt if you give him an invitation.
Tanner is house broken, has basic training, rides well in a car, and has excellent recall (unless he is swimming---then time better be on your side!).
Tanner was rescued from a kill shelter when he was 4 months old. Initially he would growl at new people because he was scared. Now he hangs out at the stable and greets newcomers without issue. If you sit down he will ooze onto you. However, it is reasonable to expect that his adopter may have to work with him as he adjusts to his new home. He is not an aggressive dog and wants more than anything to be his person's best friend.


text:
Whitstable to the Isle of Wight
Whitstable to the Isle of Wight Coast
Subtitles Found! We found subtitles for the program Whitstable to the Isle of Wight. Please scroll down to get them, or go here for a preview
Browse content similar to Whitstable to the Isle of Wight. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!
Rottingdean
France: Cap Gris-Nez to Mont Saint-Michel
It's good to be back.
0:00:23 0:00:25
We love to be beside the sea.
It's where we're free to express ourselves,
and it's shaped our lives through thousands of years of trade,
migration and war.
But it's the mix of people in Britain
that really connects us to the wider world.
And in this new series, we're going further than ever before
in search of those connections.
'You'll feel a fair sensation of G.' Wow, yes!
I'm definitely feeling G!
We'll discover brand new stories close to home,
and also journey beyond the edge of our islands to meet the neighbours.
Far, far north to the coast of Norway...
..and south to Normandy...
..and out into the deep Atlantic
to the Faroe Islands.
Viking traders,
Norman invaders,
we share a common bond coast to coast,
all part of the ever expanding story of our shores.
It's a brand new adventure, but with some familiar faces.
This time, Nick Crane explores lost worlds on England's largest island.
Alice Roberts takes to the air, six inches into the air.
There's quite big waves out here.
Archaeologist Mark Horton searches for a Victorian railway
that ran underwater.
Ian, this is completely mad!
And launching another expedition to uncover our coastal wildlife
is naturalist Miranda Krestovnikoff.
Me, I find new direction in life as a director
re-living the glory days of Britain's own Hollywood on Sea.
This is our Coast and beyond.
For the first leg of our new adventure,
we're heading for The Needles on the Isle of Wight,
on a 200-mile journey along the South Coast.
Our starting point is Whitstable, famous for its oysters.
There's been a festival of one kind or another to celebrate
the local catch ever since the Romans first invited themselves over
around 2,000 years ago.
'That's 2,000 years of coming down the sea for pleasure,
'for nourishment...'
Oh, my goodness! It's Moby Dick in here. OK, down the hatch.
'..To build stuff.'
Right, you show me what to do.
Hereabouts the children don't make sandcastles,
they build something called a grotter,
tottering towers made from oyster shells.
No-one's quite sure how it started, but the construction
usually coincides with the ancient feast day of St James in July.
At the end of it, these miniature shrines are offered up to the sea
to be washed away by the tide.
We do seem to have a tradition of building strange stuff on the coast.
We're six miles offshore, north of Whitstable.
Aren't these fantastic? From this angle they almost look
as if they're moving, there's a hint of every robot monster
that you ever saw in a sci-film, but more than anything
to me, they look like the Martians in the War of the Worlds.
This group of odd looking towers is the Red Sands Sea Fort.
Built in 1943, it was a late addition to London's air defences,
the vision of engineer Guy Maunsell.
As building offshore in wartime was dangerous,
Maunsell had to pioneer a new technique of construction.
Each of the 750-ton towers was assembled on land,
then floated out on pontoons and dropped onto the seabed.
When in place, the individual towers of the fort
were linked by aerial walkways.
The fort housed up to 265 men,
stationed here for a month at a time.
This is a very strange place.
On the one hand, it's all this rusted metal and rivets,
it feels like the rusting hulk of an old battleship,
but then you come in here, and there's beds,
because since the war it's used intermittently as a radio station.
It just adds to the sense of it being, I don't know,
vaguely haunted out here, strange place.
This was one of three forts built in the Thames Estuary.
They were the result of hard lessons learnt early in the war
when German bombers had used the Thames
as a route to navigate to the capital.
From the top of the towers anti-aircraft guns had a clear shot
at planes trying to get to London.
They destroyed 22 of them as well as 30 flying bombs.
For Maunsell, it was an engineering triumph.
Every now and again you can feel the whole thing move,
and that's because, 750 tons or not, the strength of the fort
comes from the fact that the legs can move, they can settle
into the constantly shifting sand,
and it can roll with the waves and the wind much like a tree does.
They say that even if one of the legs was blown out,
the individual tower would still remain standing.
I don't really fancy trying that myself.
Maunsell's sea fort design was to serve Britain
one more time after the war.
In 1955, the very first offshore drilling platform in the North Sea
was adapted from his tower design,
a clear inspiration for the oil rush ten years later.
But whatever plans we have for building on the coast,
it seems the coast has ideas of its own.
800 years ago there was a major seaport here,
now it's not even on the coast.
Sandwich, although still a port in name, is two miles inland.
Here, the coast has rebuilt itself.
In the 13th century it looked out over the mouth of a sea channel,
a shortcut from London to France.
But centuries of silting up have reclaimed the land,
and re-drawn the map.
Whilst Sandwich may have taken a back seat,
along the coast another port with an ancient pedigree
is still very much on the front line.
There's a ceaseless movement
of people and goods at the heart of Dover.
14 million people each year catch the ferry to France.
As sea journeys go,
the 20 miles or so to Calais is hardly an ocean cruise,
more functional than fashionable,
but Alice Roberts is finding out when a Channel crossing
was THE glamour ticket.
In 1974, local girl Angie Westacott applied for a new job.
It was to be the start of a 20-year-long love affair
with the hovercraft.
I never ever got tired of seeing that, and to this day
if it came up I'd still be looking at it and thinking,
"Oh, wow, that's fantastic, absolutely amazing."
So you got the job? Got the job, yes,
and after a couple of days got used to the movement and the motion
and absolutely loved it, and a lot of us did.
It was the futuristic way to cross the Channel.
This was the age of Concorde,
the moon landings and giant passenger hovercraft.
"With it's payload of 90 tonnes, it can carry 416 passengers
"and 60 vehicles in airline-style comfort,
"at a cruising speed of 65 knots."
They flew for 30 years before being wound up
and the hover port at Dover abandoned.
Didn't the passenger experience live up to the glamorous image?
There's only one way to find out for sure,
and that's to cross the Channel in a hovercraft ourselves,
with Angie and some of her former crew-mates as our guides.
But in order to get to grips with the highs and lows
of hovercraft history,
I'm going to have to go right back to the beginning
to where it all took off.
The passenger hovercraft was British through and through,
the brainchild of Christopher Cockerill, engineer and boat builder.
He started experimenting in the early 1950s,
and actually worked out the physics in his kitchen.
Hovercraft historian Warwick Jacobs is going to show me how.
Warwick, these are the things Cockerill was playing around with.
Yes, just household objects,
pair of kitchen scales, coffee tins and an ordinary air blower.
A hairdryer in fact.
Let's see what that can lift with just a jet of air onto the scales.
OK. Try it with one ounce first. So on this flat side.
Yep, try it on the flat side, cos less air is going to escape.
And that will easily lift one ounce.
No problem. Let's see if it will lift the two.
No, so what we're going to do now is to create, as Cockerill did,
what we've got here is two tins, one tin inside the other tin,
and the jet of air comes down between the two tins
forming a curtain or jet of air, which stops this inner air escaping.
That's much more effective than just having a single jet of air
turning it into a ring. Exactly, the same amount of air
doing twice as much work. Go back to one,
and we'll see it should do that easily.
No problem at all.
Try it with the two.
Easy. Yeah. Let's see if it'll do the three.
Yes, and I'm still not touching the plate, moving around on it.
Will it do the four?
And if lifts four ounces.
If you scale that up,
the bigger it gets, the more efficient, and it works better.
So it's a curtain of compressed air pushing down
that gives the hovercraft its lift.
The first successful cross-channel flight was in 1959,
Christopher Cockerill hanging on for dear life on
the front of his prototype to keep it weighed down.
So how do you control what is effectively
a big floating hairdryer?
Time for a flying lesson.
Whay!
Wow, I'm just...
I'm travelling on a frictionless cushion of air,
but my instructor Russ tells me I'm not properly hovering yet.
What you're doing is just blowing a big hole in the water
and because you keep losing confidence, slowing down
and turning too tight, you're falling into that hole in the water.
Right, OK. You've got to keep moving,
you've got to keep your turns gentle and keep you speed up.
Wow, there's some quite big waves out here.
I'm hanging on for dear life here.
Those early pilots learning to drive these things
really had their job cut out for them.
Can I have another go, Russ? I don't see why not.
Once mastered, I can see it was a lot of fun for the early pilots,
and when the commercial service started in 1968,
the public loved it too.
What went wrong then? Was there something about the ride
that made the thrill fade?
To find out, we need some passengers. I've brought Warwick and my dad.
He's an engineer, and he also rode on the hover service in the '70s.
We're going to fly the old route to Calais in this 12-seater hovercraft,
with former crew members Angie, Vanessa and Brian.
Really strange, I've never been in a hovercraft before.
It's really quite bizarre. It is like flying.
What was the quickest you did a crossing to Calais in, Brian?
Angie, you were handling drinks out to people. We were, yes,
and in fact it was so quick that we didn't have time
to serve all the passengers,
so we'd phone the flight-deck and say, "Can you slow down?"
Dad, I thought I'd find you up here with the pilot. Yes, of course.
From what I can see you're skidding all the time, isn't that right, Rob?
Like on ice, we're chasing a bar of soap around the bathtub,
a bit like that, trying to grab this bar of soap
and you can't quite grab hold of it.
In its heyday, no other crossing could match the hovercraft for speed.
The big craft could take on three-metre high waves,
but it wasn't always a comfortable ride.
Stylish maybe, smooth, that was another matter.
30 bone-rattling minutes in,
we're experiencing the ups and downs first-hand.
Our pilot Rob has just decided to turn around and go back to Dover.
We made it halfway across the Channel, but the swell got too big,
just over a metre, so we're now heading back.
White cliffs of Dover.
But it wasn't the occasional rocky ride that brought about
the end of the Dover service. Even when the Channel Tunnel opened
passengers were still queuing to catch the hovercraft.
Warwick, it seems like such a fantastic form of transport,
so why on earth did it wind down?
It was the ending of duty-free which finished the hovercraft.
They could beat the tunnel, no problem, they were still faster
right to the very end, but duty-free supplemented the hovercraft service.
In fact, duty-free sales didn't just supplement the service,
they became its main source of income.
With spiralling fuel costs and no chance
of replacing the ageing hovercraft, they were grounded in October 2000.
After all those years of working on the hovercraft,
it must have been sad to see them finally stop. It was. End of an era.
It's still sad, actually. Coming on this today is just fantastic
because it just brings it back even more.
The hovercraft's inventor, Christopher Cockerill, predicted that
we would travel across the Atlantic in huge nuclear-powered hovercraft.
In the end, it was a dream that stalled in the Channel.
When we've such a spectacular coastline,
it seems a shame to leave it behind.
For some, the Channel isn't a way out, it's a way round.
These are outdoor swimmers, a hardy breed, experienced in the water.
I'm Kate Rew, and I'm an outdoor swimmer.
There is nowhere more exhilarating than the sea.
Whatever mood I'm in, whatever kind of day I've had,
however many spreadsheets, worries, or just tedious traffic jams,
if you go for a swim, your day is made.
I always make a point of talking to locals before I get in,
and if I'm doing a sea swim
I generally tell the coastguard where I'm going,
because they're unused to the idea that anybody might swim
along the length of coast. They'll try and rescue you
unless you forewarn them.
You just go along a length of coastline
and you get to see everything from a very different perspective.
Swimming at the bottom of the cliffs
is just a wonderful experience because they look so majestic
when you're bobbing along beneath them, 300ft of pure chalk above.
Most outdoor swimmers around here
would be heading off across the Channel, which I find remarkable,
because like most people I share this universal fear of deep water.
I get a feeling as I get further and further from the shore
that something awful might be under the water.
So, for me, I'm going to do two miles along the coastline
and stay quite close to shore.
I love the fact that it makes you fit, that it gets you outdoors,
but I mostly like its psychological effects,
that whatever mood you're in, by the time you get out,
you feel you've had a really good day.
25 five miles on from Dover,
and the chalk cliffs have temporarily run their course,
although their presence is still felt at Romney.
Ten centuries ago, this was a sandy bay,
but flint pebbles washed out of the nearby chalk formed a huge barrier,
drying out the land behind and creating the Romney Marshes.
Across the sparse terrain, a strange chorus rings out.
CHIRRUPING AND CROAKING
Like so many of us on these islands,
these noisy little frogs can trace their ancestors to foreign shores.
The local story says they were brought to Romney in the 1930s
by a Mrs Percy Smith.
She'd acquired them in France, intending to eat them.
Unfortunately for Mrs Smith,
they weren't the edible variety of frog.
In fact, they weren't even French.
They're actually Hungarian marsh frogs, not very tasty,
but right at home in the wetlands of Romney.
When Mrs Smith thoughtfully released them into her garden pond,
they wasted no time escaping,
and they've been making themselves heard ever since.
Despite being Europe's busiest seaway,
the Channel is rich in wildlife,
and people take every opportunity to land a catch...
..although sometimes it can be a frustrating business.
The cliffs make it impossible to launch fishing boats.
Even when there is a gap, nature doesn't make things easy.
In Hastings, the efforts to build a harbour have either been washed away
or run out of money,
so the fishermen were forced to think again.
Miranda Krestovnikoff wants to discover their ingenious solutions.
When you don't have a harbour to launch your boat from,
there's only one place you can go, the beach.
Hastings is home to Europe's largest beach-launched fishing fleet.
They've had to modify their boats,
but for centuries they've also adapted their fishing techniques
to suit the seasons and the different catches they bring.
In winter, it's cuttlefish,
a creature I've had a few encounters with myself off Selsey Bill.
It's very big, couple of feet long.
They're a popular dish in Italy and Spain,
and for Paul Joy, who reckons his family have been in Hastings
since William the Conqueror, it's a relatively new catch.
These are cuttlefish pots, and we've worked with these generally
for the last 15-16 years. How does it work, then?
Well, you put a female cuttlefish in,
then the males and females go through and they congregate.
Next morning you pick it up, pour the cuttlefish out
and put a fresh female back in, and so on the next day.
What I find ironic about cuttlefish nets
is that cuttlefish really like to lay their eggs here,
and it seems a shame that those eggs are wasted.
No, they're not wasted, we get them back in the sea as soon as possible
for our next generation. Great stuff.
Equal care and stealth is required for the summer catch, Dover sole.
These flatfish live on the seabed, burying themselves for protection,
and so require a very specific kind of net.
This is one of your trammel nets then. Yes, this is a trammel net.
How does it work? Effectively, visualise a tennis net
sitting on the bottom of the sea and the lines are tied.
It only stands about four foot high at most in the slack water,
and when the tide is running, it's very low.
The fish comes swimming along near the bottom. It hits,
goes through the larger outer mesh, hits the inner mesh,
then forms a pocket behind the fish, like a system of traps.
Where does this net originate from?
We believe it originated from France,
but it could have come from the Mediterranean
where they've used this type of net, but much smaller mesh,
for many generations. So it's a very ancient tradition.
Trammel nets are an ancient fishery.
Flatfish are most active when it's dark,
so the trammel nets have to be left out overnight.
It's the crack of dawn, and it's a real struggle
just getting the boats down the beach into the water
so they can go and catch fish.
We're off to check the nets for Dover Sole, and it takes a while.
Each boat is painstakingly launched using ropes, winches and bulldozers.
Most of the craft are less than 10 metres long.
Any larger and they couldn't get off the beach.
And we're off, it's an absolutely beautiful morning.
We've got about 2.5 miles to sail out to sea to check the nets
and see if all that hard work's really going to pay off.
For Graham and his crew, the first haul is always an anxious moment.
There are no guarantees with this method of fishing,
even with their years of experience.
It looks as if they've hardly caught anything.
In fact, with their trammel nets,
they've managed to target exactly what they were after, flatfish.
This is average for this time of the year, not bad, just average.
I'm amazed at how selective the nets are here,
very little's coming up that's not a flatfish.
No, these are a selective way of fishing.
What's the smallest size you're allowed to take?
Cos there's a measurement, isn't there?
9.5 inches. 9.5 inches. Just under three years old.
So you're not catching fish so young they haven't bred yet? Yes.
Understanding the behaviour of the fish and their lifecycle,
how important is that when you're fishing? Very important.
We've had scientists onboard doing surveys with us, and they said
it is the most eco-friendly way of fishing that can be devised.
Working with the rhythms of nature in small boats with specialist nets
doesn't bring in huge a catch, but it has brought other benefits.
Fish stocks here have remained healthy, in some cases increasing,
which means the ancient beach fleet of Hastings
could be here for the long haul.
NEIL OLIVER: A stone's throw from the shingle beach
is a miniature Battle of Hastings.
There are golf courses all along this coast.
Even the smallest ones attract players from foreign shores.
It may seem crazy to us, but it's a serious business for them.
My name is Jouni Valkjarvi,
I come from Finland.
I came over here to Britain to play miniature golf.
I'm here in Hastings to prepare for the British Open.
Now that I've warmed up at the crazy golf course,
I'm going to try out this adventure golf course.
Adventure golf is more about the surroundings than the course itself,
with waterfalls and stuff like this.
When I approach a new hole I haven't played before,
I take many practice shots, I make a note of where I placed the ball,
where I tried to aim to find the best line.
Oh, dear!
We do have a lot of different balls we are allowed to use.
Those balls have different properties
in jump, weight and hardness.
If I think I need to play a rebound shot, or go straight to the hole,
I choose the right ball for that particular hole.
I've been coming to England for this tournament...this is my fourth time.
I hope to win. It won't be easy,
but I just hope I'm happy with my own game.
NEIL OLIVER: And if you're wondering, Jouni finished the British Open
in a creditable third place, beaten by two Swedish players.
Hastings has seen an ebb and flow of people
as much as any place on this coast.
But when the Normans arrived in their longboats,
it's generally acknowledged that they didn't land in Hastings.
Pevensey, 10 miles west, was ground zero in 1066.
From Beachy Head to Brighton, the chalk cliffs form a barrier
with only a few natural breaks.
One chink in this coastal armour is at Rottingdean.
It's been an obvious temptation to invaders and marauders for centuries,
but Mark Horton has been drawn here by Rottingdean's hidden treasures.
For me one of the best things about the coast
is the way low tide reveals lost secrets of the sea.
I'm looking for clues to a mad piece of Victorian engineering.
An electric railway that ran under the sea.
It was built by engineer Magnus Volk in 1896.
He wanted to create an electric railway
that could run along the beach, even at high tide.
Quite how he did it
would only become clear to me once the tide has gone out.
So I've time to look into why he would want to build it here
in the first place.
Volk, the son of a German emigre,
wasn't the first person with foreign connections
to influence the town.
By the Saxon pond, next to a Norman church,
the connections go even further.
Sue, Glenda and Catherine from the local Preservation Society
want me to see the former home
of a celebrated son of the British Empire
who put Rottingdean in the public eye.
I feel like a rubbernecking tourist!
So who's house is that? Rudyard Kipling's.
Do they really bring ladders to look inside? No, no.
One of the local pubs ran a double-decker horse-drawn omnibus
for the tourists, and they came round,
parked outside the wall, the tourists rushed to the top deck
and looked over the wall at Kipling, and this is where he was standing.
Kipling arrived in 1897, already a household name.
His most famous work, The Jungle Book,
had been published three years before.
And did Kipling living here, did it make a more famous place?
Absolutely, he brought all his famous friends, artistic friends,
and suddenly tourism started,
people wanted to see them, so they flocked here.
Rottingdean, popular with day-trippers,
now had celebrity status, a boon for Volk and his electric railway.
And now, exposed by the tide, is what I've come to see.
Ian Gledhill has written a history of Volk's eccentric railway.
It is unbelievable that there should be a railway along the beach.
The track ran on these concrete blocks, this is one set of tracks
and there was another set further over.
You can see its line running along here. Yes, four rails,
two rails on here, and two over there, 18 feet between the two,
it had the widest track gauge of any railway ever built.
It stretched for three miles towards Brighton.
The track was underwater at high tide,
so what sort of train could run on it?
This is a model made by Magnus Volk in 1893.
The final one looked somewhat different from that,
but that was his first idea of it.
Isn't that wonderful? It must have been an extraordinary sight.
It was absolutely enormous.
It stood on legs 24ft high, the deck was 50ft long,
on the top was a cabin that could carry 30 passengers in comfort
with stained-glass windows, chandeliers.
Can I just ask the simple question?
It operated by electricity. Yes.
It's going underwater. How did it work?
Well, there was an overhead wire mounted on posts alongside the track,
the current came through the motor and the return was through the rail,
so that meant at high tide, it was through the sea itself,
but there wasn't a Health Safety Executive in those days.
I don't know what they'd have said if he'd proposed it now.
And this is the only footage of Volk's creation, the Daddy Longlegs,
as it came to be known, at high tide.
But the Daddy Longlegs was created as an extension
to a railway Volk was already operating in Brighton.
This is him on the footplate on its opening day.
Over 125 years later,
it's still running along the seafront in Brighton.
I'm curious to know about Volk the man.
His granddaughter, Jill Cross, remembers him from the 1920s.
He was a very inventive person.
His house was the first one in Brighton to be lit with electricity.
Also he was an honorary radiographer
at the Children's Hospital.
As a teenager, Jill used to visit her grandfather
at his workshop, which is still being used by the railway today.
Such a small door.
Well, he wasn't very big himself.
About 80 years since I came here last.
What was this space used for?
They had the dynamos here
to power the electric railway.
So, Jill, do you almost expect to see your grandfather there?
Yes, sitting at his desk, and keeping an eye on things out there,
watching the trains go up and down.
That's wonderful.
You can see why he chose this spot for his office.
Oh, yes, to see what's going on.
So Volk's original railway is still here, but what happened to his Daddy Longlegs?
MAN: There was the most appalling storm in 1896.
Daddy Longlegs fell over and was totally destroyed,
and it had only run for six days.
Imagine the frustration Magnus Volk must have felt!
But he re-built it, and it ran for another four years after that.
That must have cost investors a huge sum of money?
It was probably half a million pounds in modern terms to re-build it,
and it never made money after that which was one of the reasons why it didn't last.
In the end, Volk had to abandon the Daddy Longlegs
because he couldn't afford to move the tracks to make way
for new coastal defences.
His electrifying attempts to conquer the waves were claimed by the sea.
NEIL OLIVER: There's been a steady flow of people with new ideas along this coast.
Brighton, officially the city of Brighton and Hove,
was in the 1820's the main terminal for ferry travel to France.
Before the railways it was the quickest route from London to Paris,
which may explain its earlier attraction to a bohemian crowd of artists and free-thinkers.
At the turn of the 20th century, they were joined by another group, pioneers in a brand new field.
They invented something so fundamental that we use it all the time while making Coast.
In fact, we used it just now,
and now,
and now.
These pioneers were Britain's early film-makers
and they helped create the modern movie, because they invented, among other things, the close-up.
In the late 1890's, when Hollywood was little more than a citrus grove on the West Coast of America,
the South Coast of England was a hotbed of movie making.
Long hours of summer daylight made it ideal,
but the very first films were pretty static by modern standards.
Simple records of daily life, these early films were known as "animated photographs".
They captured events as they unfolded in one continuous un-edited shot.
But George Albert Smith, a Brighton showman turned film-maker, had some new ideas.
Frustrated by these single-shot films, he was about to transform this infant medium.
Film historian Frank Gray is showing me how.
What Smith did was to begin to imagine you could build a film sequence.
Instead of conceiving of a single shot like the frame, you could move
from that and you could look at what I'm seeing now of you,
how you're looking at me, and also too the sense in which the sea,
the sky, the shingle and then the kind of wider space in which we're in.
'Just as we move OUR camera to get different shots, Smith did the same thing,
'except he was the first to think of it.'
And in this early film he shows another first, the close-up.
So does this approach enable the director to trick the audience?
All the time, film's always about trickery.
You're working with a set of shots which create an illusion of a
continuity of time and space, and I think that's why we love the medium.
THUNDER RUMBLES
Strange to think THIS is where the modern movie was created, around 1900.
It can't have been without its problems.
Moving the big hand-cranked cameras.
Working with actors instead of just recording life as it happened.
To understand the challenges they faced, we're going to try making
a movie using only the equipment available to those early film-makers.
Our drama will re-create this production from 1920, an adaptation
of Thomas Hardy's The Mayor Of Casterbridge, made by the ambitions sounding Progress Film Company.
They were based in Shoreham, a few miles up the coast from Brighton.
We're also using one of their original locations, an old fort.
Shoreham was a rather heady place in the 1920s.
Glamorous London actors spent their summers here,
a ready-made cast of luvvies for the Progress Film Company.
'But what was it like to make films here?
'Gillian Gregg's grandfather actually ran the Progress Studios and her mum was a child star.'
This is my mum. And what age is she there?
Only 16, she acted under the name of Mavis Claire.
And it's The Mayor Of Casterbridge, so this is a still taken during the film.
So if this scene here is being shot in a studio,
where were those buildings in relation to where we are?
Well, the best evidence I have of that is in this other album.
This was the glasshouse where they did a lot of the filming because of all the natural light.
The glasshouse was just down there on the shingle,
and the studio rest and the bungalows were all along the shingle along here.
So there was a Hollywood by the sea.
Yes, I think it was. What did your mum talk about when you got her onto the subject?
She talked a little bit about The Mayor Of Casterbridge, and they
went over to Dorchester to meet Thomas Hardy who watched the set.
Really?! Thomas Hardy?
Yes, Thomas Hardy. Fantastic.
I wonder how he felt seeing his book being adapted.
I think he was pretty pleased with it, and about my mum he said, "Mavis Claire, she is my Elizabeth."
Really, so he named-checked her personally.
Most of the Progress Company's features have been lost, but luckily
The Mayor Of Casterbridge has survived.
And as an added bonus, I've got Gillian's mum's copy
of the original script, complete with director's notes, look at that!
Thomas Hardy handled this script, and now I've got it.
But for our film-making experiment, the first thing I need to get to grips with is the camera.
This looks more like a bit of furniture than a camera, John.
Yes, this goes back to the 1920s.
Early cinema enthusiast John Adderley is going to help me.
It's the gauge that Edison patented. For lining up, what you do is you pull it around to that position
and you can see there's a viewing system, and you can actually look through the lens.
And it's upside down.
Yes, yes. And you can see that's all the gubbins in here.
So gorgeous, though, look at it.
We've assembled our cast of local actors,
but there'll be no relaxing in the Winnebago for them.
Just as in 1920 we've no electric lights, so we must make most of the daylight.
All we need now is a director.
That would be me.
OK, everyone, silence please.
We're going to do a scene now.
First positions, please.
Mr Henchard, sitting down, thank you.
That's good, keep going.
'I have to get the cranking just right, a constant 16 frames a second,
'otherwise the action will appear jerky, unlike the original.'
We're burning daylight here you know.
And, action!
And if you're wondering about the bizarre make-up, so am I.
The film was autochromatic, it wasn't sensitive to reds, it's more sensitive to blue, so blue comes out
quite light, and red goes absolutely black, so that's why we put the blue on the lips, and around the eyes.
So, in an autochromatic film, they were look a good deal more lifelike and realistic
than they do to naked eye?
Yes, yes, hopefully.
We're moving the camera.
Haven't got all day.
'It's time to put George Smiths' ideas into action, and get a new angle on the scene.
'It's an involved process setting up a new shot.
'I can see why mainly early film-makers didn't move the camera at all.'
A bit faster. And, action!
'But on the plus side, as this is a silent movie, I don't have to be.'
Susie, step into the gap...
And cut!
That was good, yeah, yeah, cos you let it...
That's the first time you've said that.
SIGHS: There we go, wrapped my first movie, great fun.
The most satisfying part was that it was hand-cranked, you got a real sense of the moment being recorded.
It's definitely the future for me.
We've rushed the film to the labs for developing, and at the end of
the day, like the early pioneers, we nervously check our rushes.
Only the whole of Brighton seems to have been invited along.
Look at that close-up, look!
The cranking seems to have worked as the action is smooth, the light is good too,
and that autochromatic film has made the blue make-up look almost natural.
ALL: Ah!
80 years on from the original, it's still a crowd puller.
Selsey Bill.
Its shallows and riptides have made it treacherous for shipping for centuries.
As a result, much of the history of this headland lies at the bottom of the sea.
But these divers from Southsea Sub-Aqua Club aren't hunting for shipwrecks...
..they're in search of shells,
World War II shells.
And the tanks that never got to fire them.
There are two tanks and two bulldozers from D-Day,
they didn't actually make it across to the Normandy Beaches, and
we're trying to find out the types of tanks they are,
and also how they ended up lying on the seabed.
There are around 20 officially protected wreck sites along this stretch of coast.
Much of the initial measuring and recording is done by amateur divers.
Most recreational divers, they go down to dive
to just have a pleasant time,
to enjoy themselves, and hopefully come back safe and sound.
These divers have actually challenged themselves
to do a job of work, and they're doing it really well.
And finally they find those shells.
Intended for D-Day, they've been at the bottom of the sea for more than 60 years.
Just coming up should be the metal round plates which says that they're Centaurs.
There it is, there you go, definitely.
So there's your identification.
These Centaur tanks are pinpointed, recorded, and put on the map of the British coastline,
to become part of our maritime history.
Approaching Portsmouth,
looking out over the Solent, a reminder of the start of our journey,
sea forts,
and hovercraft.
The UK's only regular passenger service flies just above the sea out to the Isle of Wight.
On this restless coastline everything's on the move, even the land.
The Isle of Wight seems so permanent and immoveable, and yet it's on a monumental journey.
Nick Crane's crossing the Solent, in search of where the island's been,
and what's happened to it along the way.
Sailing around the Isle of Wight you get some sense of its size.
At 23 miles across its England's largest island.
It seems like a lost world.
In fact, it's a time capsule containing
clues to a journey the whole of the British Isles has been on.
On a lost world you'd hope to find dinosaurs, and you wouldn't be disappointed.
This is a dinosaur footprint,
the beach is absolutely littered with them,
they've fallen out of the cliff above me as the sea has eroded.
It belongs to a four or five-tonne Iguanodon,
and look you can see one articulated toe here, here's another one,
the third toe has been snapped off, and here is the heel.
These massive beasts tramp along this beach 130 million years ago,
except that back then this land wasn't even here.
And that's because the Isle of Wight has been on the move for ages, geological ages.
And the evidence of its epic voyage is everywhere.
This chalk is created from the remains of plankton which died
78 million years ago in a very warm, very clear tropical sea.
There certainly aren't tropical seas here now, so where was the Isle of Wight when the chalk was laid down?
Well, a lot further south, and at the time it wasn't
even an island.
10,000 years ago it was part of the landmass of Britain.
Step back 10,000 more and Britain was attached to the European mainland,
but rewind a colossal 135 million years to the time of the dinosaurs
when the continents were a lot closer together, Europe was 1,000 miles further south than now.
The Isle of Wight has seen a lot of action on its journey north, and not
surprisingly has picked up a few knocks along the way.
You can see the bruises from those knocks in the landscape.
Overlooking the multi-coloured cliffs at Alum Bay,
geologist Alasdair Bruce is helping me get my eye in.
What we're looking at it the huge fold in the earth's crust.
So if I elaborate by showing you this, that is essentially what we're looking at end-on.
So this bit of the book is that peninsula sticking out in the sea?
Yeah, those horizontal beds in the distance,
and as you come further into the bay and into the Alum Sands themselves, they've now been tilted vertically.
And that's the vertical part. That's the centre. This bit here?
Indeed. OK. So what caused the fault?
Well, millions of years ago when Africa thundered into Europe to create the Alps.
These are the plates covering the surface of the planet
that shift around. Constantly moving.
And as a result of that collision
we all had to make way, geologically speaking, and our contribution in
Britain was this large fold, and this essentially forms the backbone of the Isle of Wight.
Switzerland got the Alps, the Isle of Wight got the fold.
The chalk ridge running the length of the Isle of Wight, is in fact the last ripple of a colossal shockwave,
the result of a continental car crash between Africa and Europe 65 million years ago.
But even that didn't dislodge the Isle of Wight from the mainland of Britain,
and you can still see the evidence of where it was connected, at The Needles.
Alasdair, can you describe exactly what we'd have seen 10,000 years ago
if we'd looked from here towards what is now Dorset?
We'd have seen a line of white chalk cliffs, and behind that you'd have had sort of like cliff
tops covered in primitive grasses, and as you walked away from that sort of coastal environment,
you'd have walked into ancient woodlands and slowly down to shores of the estuary of the River Solent.
Sounds like a paradise. Indeed.
So how did that woodland paradise become an island?
20,000 years ago, Northern Europe and most of Britain
was covered with a layer of glacial ice over a mile thick.
It started to warm up, the ice melted and water levels rose,
but that wasn't the only thing that helped create the Isle of Wight.
The other process is best illustrated by two men with an inflatable bed.
OK, this is a primitive United Kingdom, we're going to have Scotland at one end,
and the Isle of Wight on the other end. This is the North?
It is, and it's very malleable as you can see.
So you're saying that the surface of the planet is this bendy in places? Yes, geologically speaking.
20,000 years ago, Scotland was covered with two kilometres thick of ice,
an enormous amount of weight, and I want you to be that weight, so in you go. I'm Scotland, covered in ice.
If I bring in the Isle of Wight, put that in place,
then we wind the clock forward to about 12,000 years ago,
the glaciers are melting away from Scotland really rapidly, so off you get.
This drops, sinks down a bit, that is called "isostatic rebound".
But what's happened to the Isle of Wight is, not only have we got sea levels attacking it,
sea levels rise from all the glacial water going into the sea,
but you've got the isostatic rebound happening, so the sea is now going to come churning around this particular
lump of rock and turn it into the Isle of Wight that we see today.
So it's being hit by a double-whammy.
It was this combination of rising sea levels and the sinking landscape
that would eventually separate the Isle of Wight from the mainland.
The sea was rising, biting away at this chalk cliff,
and at the same time the River Solent doing its thing at the back,
so there would come a point where it would become a very narrow knife-edge blade
going out across the sea, and then finally one stormy night it was breached, and the sea
basically flooded into this area, and got rid of what was the River Solent.
It took a few thousand years before the Isle of Wight was totally cut off as we see it today,
but that's a blink of the eye compared to its multi-million year trek,
and this restless traveller is still moving, still evolving,
part of the epic journey that the whole of the British Isles is on.
'At the end of MY journey I'm also off out to The Needles.
'It's not great conditions for studying rocks, but it is good for my passion.
'This is after all the sort of weather lighthouses were made for,
'and I enjoy a good lighthouse, me!'
So I couldn't resist a visit to this one, on The Needles,
especially when I found out they're about to clean the lens.
Everything about a lighthouse reminds us that we are connected to other shores.
As we come to this leg of our journey, I'm struck by how much we have reached out across the water.
From flying the Channel in hovercrafts,
to the ideas of Brighton's film-makers that travelled around the globe.
We're surrounded by water, but we're not cut off by it.
Even the specialist lens used in lighthouses is an invention from across the Channel from France.
How often does the lens get cleaned, then? Just once a year.
It's going to take about that long.
I'd hate to be responsible for a smear.
This really does feel like the edge of Britain,
but of course the light from here continues on, travelling far beyond our shores and actually
crossing the beam of the Gatteville lighthouse on the French coast.
Even the light wants to bridge the gap.
It kind of makes you want to reach out yourself and meet the neighbours.
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd
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Awesome experience! Guys were sweet and helpful and very, very patient. Would hire them again! Ask for Tony and his crew.
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San Fernando is completely surrounded by the city of Los Angeles , with the districts of Sylmar to the north, Lake View Terrace to the east, Pacoima to the south, and Mission Hills to the west. It is served by the Golden State (Interstate 5), Foothill (Interstate 210), Ronald Reagan (State Route 118), and San Diego (Interstate 405) freeways.
Driver's licensing has coincided throughout the European Union in order to for the complex rules to all member states. Driving a vehicle weighing more than 7.5 tons (16,535 lb) for commercial purposes requires a certain license. This specialist licence type varies depending on the use of the vehicle and number of seat. Licences first acquired after 1997, the weight was reduced to 3,500 kilograms (7,716 lb), not including trailers.
Receiving nation attention during the 1960's and 70's, songs and movies about truck driving were major hits. Finding solidarity, truck drivers participated in widespread strikes. Truck drivers from all over opposed the rising cost of fuel. Not to mention this is during the energy crises of 1873 and 1979. In 1980 the Motor Carrier Act drastically deregulated the trucking industry. Since then trucking has come to dominate the freight industry in the latter part of the 20th century. This coincided with what are now known as 'big-box' stores such as Target or Wal-Mart.
In 1976, the number one hit on the Billboard chart was "Convoy," a novelty song by C.W. McCall about a convoy of truck drivers evading speed traps and toll booths across America. The song inspired the 1978 action film Convoy directed by Sam Peckinpah. After the film's release, thousands of independent truck drivers went on strike and participated in violent protests during the 1979 energy crisis (although similar strikes had occurred during the 1973 energy crisis).
"Six Day on the Road" was a trucker hit released in 1963 by country music singer Dave Dudley. Bill Malone is an author as well as a music historian. He notes the song "effectively captured both the boredom and the excitement, as well as the swaggering masculinity that often accompanied long distance trucking."
The American Trucking Associations initiated in 1985 with the intent to improve the industry's image. With public opinion declining the association tried numerous moves. One such move was changing the name of the "National Truck Rodeo" to the "National Driving Championship". This was due to the fact that the word rodeo seemed to imply recklessness and reckless driving.
The Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula is a mathematical formula used in the United States to determine the appropriate gross weight for a long distance moving vehicle, based on the axle number and spacing. Enforced by the Department of Transportation upon long-haul truck drivers, it is used as a means of preventing heavy vehicles from damaging roads and bridges. This is especially in particular to the total weight of a loaded truck, whether being used for commercial moving services or for long distance moving services in general. According to the Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula, the total weight of a loaded truck (tractor and trailer, 5-axle rig) cannot exceed 80,000 lbs in the United States. Under ordinary circumstances, long-haul equipment trucks will weight about 15,000 kg (33,069 lbs). This leaves about 20,000 kg (44,092 lbs) of freight capacity. Likewise, a load is limited to the space available in the trailer, normally with dimensions of 48 ft (14.63 m) or 53 ft (16.15 m) long, 2.6 m (102.4 in) wide, 2.7 m (8 ft 10.3 in) high and 13 ft 6 in or 4.11 m high.
The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is most commonly known as the Interstate Highway System, Interstate Freeway System, Interstate System, or simply the Interstate. It is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. Named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who endorsed its formation, the idea was to have portable moving and storage. Construction was authorized by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The original portion was completed 35 years later, although some urban routes were canceled and never built. The network has since been extended and, as of 2013, it had a total length of 47,856 miles (77,017 km), making it the world's second longest after China's. As of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven in the country use the Interstate system. In 2006, the cost of construction had been estimated at about $425 billion (equivalent to $511 billion in 2015).
Although there are exceptions, city routes are interestingly most often found in the Midwestern area of the United States. Though they essentially serve the same purpose as business routes, they are different. They feature "CITY" signs as opposed to "BUSINESS" signs above or below route shields. Many of these city routes are becoming irrelevant for today's transportation. Due to this, they are being eliminated in favor of the business route designation.
The concept of a bypass is a simple one. It is a road or highway that purposely avoids or "bypasses" a built-up area, town, or village. Bypasses were created with the intent to let through traffic flow without having to get stuck in local traffic. In general they are supposed to reduce congestion in a built-up area. By doing so, road safety will greatly improve. A bypass designated for trucks traveling a long distance, either commercial or otherwise, is called a truck route.
Smoke and the Bandit was released in 1977, becoming the third-highest grossing movie. Following only behind Star Wars Episode IV and Close Encounter of the Third Kind, all three movies making an impact on popular culture. Conveniently, during that same year, CB Bears debuted as well. The Saturday morning cartoon features mystery-solving bears who communicate by CB radio. As the 1970's decade began to end and the 80's broke through, the trucking phenomenon had wade. With the rise of cellular phone technology, the CB radio was no longer popular with passenger vehicles, but, truck drivers still use it today.
In order to load or unload bots and other cargo to and from a trailer, trailer winches are designed for this purpose. They consist of a ratchet mechanism and cable. The handle on the ratchet mechanism is then turned to tighten or loosen the tension on the winch cable. Trailer winches vary, some are manual while others are motorized. Trailer winches are most typically found on the front of the trailer by towing an A-frame.


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A storyboard may sound like a simple or perhaps kindergarten kind of tool. However, an idea depicted through a simple storyboard may evoke powerful emotions, gossip and constructive criticism. Moreover, a simple storyboard can be drawn in less than an hour, sometimes within half an hour. I call it a candidate for building 1-hour feels like prototype. In this article, we look at a simple template that may be helpful in creating a storyboard.
Example-1: An idea related to a cafeteria experience in IIM Bangalore.
Does the storyboard contain people? This may seem like a silly question. However, I have seen engineers drawing detailed architecture diagram with no people. Architecture diagrams are useful but not in storyboards. A story is typically human centric.
Are thoughts expressed through cloud bubbles? To the person drawing the storyboard, the story is in the head. However, when thoughts are expressed through cloud bubbles, they help the reader understand the story better.
Is the place of the events clear? In the second frame in the "before" scenario of the example above, the event is happening in the cafeteria. Context helps us understand the story better. Unfortunately, the context is missing in the "after" scenario. It is not clear whether the ready-to-eat chole are warmed up in the hostel pantry or in the cafeteria. That would have helped.
Does the "before" scenario bring out a pain? "Chole tasted like sambhar" – this expression brings out the pain in this case.
Does the story bring out a unique feature of the solution? "Ready to eat chole in 5 minutes" is presenting a unique feature of the proposed solution. Note that this point could be debated. One may argue that such products are available. And this would be an opportunity for the idea author to elaborate in what way her solution is unique. Or perhaps re-think of the solution or even problem definition.
Example-2: Here is another storyboard where an intelligent tool might help a marketing manager launch a Black Friday promotion campaign.
A room or a wall with storyboards can come alive and attract a lot of attention and responses. Try it out and see it for yourself.


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Set in Stone, a Rosh HaShanah Lithograph from Jerusalem in the 1920s Library Book Talks, fall 2020
Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Yeshiva University
By PG On September 25, 2020 · Leave a Comment
Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Chief Justice of Harmonia, at Cardozo School of Law, 1995
"Oyez, oyez, oyez! The International Constitutional Court of Harmonia is now in session," Chief Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg presiding. If you haven't heard of Harmonia, you're not alone: Harmonia was a construct, an imaginary country created for a hypothetical case discussed at the conference "Justices at Work," an international constitutional panel held at the Cardozo School of Law on September 19, 1995.
The case before the court was Bovary against the Administrator of the International Brotherhood and Sisterhood Youth Organization. Harmonia, an island nation, was a centralized secular parliamentary democracy, created at the end of a civil war, under the aegis of a UN mission to oversee a transition to peace. Seven countries: France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States, formed the UN mission and established a constitution for Harmonia, which was voted on and accepted by 63% of Harmonia's eligible voters. The constitution established an independent judiciary, including a Supreme Constitutional Court. The background of the lawsuit was the passage of the "National Brotherhood and Sisterhood Youth Organization Act" … "which was designed to maintain national unity based on respect and tolerance." Most of Harmonia's citizens were pleased with the act, although the Baal religious leaders objected to it, particularly the section requiring all children ages six to eighteen to attend a "co-educational four week summer camp where boys and girls are obligated to sleep in the same unisex residential halls, albeit that these halls are at all times under adult supervision" and that schools as well as the camp teach that "diverse life styles are equally acceptable and that all people are equally deserving of respect regardless of their sexual orientation." Baal leaders objected to the sexual egalitarianism and the relativistic approach to ethnic and religious differences. Baal leaders had petitioned the Supreme Court to open their own camps, but the petition was rejected.
The hypothetical case involved parents who deemed that their parental and constitutional rights were infringed on by these provisions for education and camp, particularly mandatory participation in the camp and incidents and disciplinary measures which took place there. The justices animated discussion of the case touched on "fundamental human rights like public education, religious freedom, equal opportunity, parental rights, and freedom of speech as well as more specific issues like the constitutionality of co-education versus single-sex institutions."
In addition to Justice Ginsburg, the judges hailed from the other countries of the UN mission in charge of Harmonia. No final conclusion was reached in the case; the purpose of the day was primarily educational; it provided attendees with a chance to learn about the legal systems of seven different countries. Each justice explained how a constitutional issue would reach a court in their country. Representatives from Britain and Israel, the two nations on the panel without a Constitution, explained their countries' processes. Lord Slynn, of the House of Lords, explained that since Britain has no constitution, "there is no yardstick against which … legislation can be judged," though British judges are increasingly recognizing fundamental rights." Justice Yitzhak Zamir of Israel's Supreme Court stated that Israel is "gradually changing to a written one [constitution] like the United States." He explained that a law will be deemed constitutional if it meets three requirements: "it must embody Israel's values, have a positive purpose, and cannot disproportionately infringe upon fundamental rights." Justice Ginsburg explained that in the United States, "the Supreme Court's business is the business of an ordinary court … Most cases we hear are not Constitutional law."
It must have been an extraordinary day for the three hundred attendees who filled the courtroom which had been constructed in Brookdale Center for the occasion. Cardozo Life commented that Justice Ginsburg's "concise questions and strict adherence to time limits made the day a brilliant one for all attendees."
May Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's example continue to inspire the Supreme Court of the United States.
The Cardozo Law Forum, October 18, 1995
Cardozo Life, Fall 1995
Yeshiva University Public Relations Photos – negative folder 49338
Posted by Shulamith Z. Berger


Out of many that represent tattoos, peony design is one most out cultured, numbered, fascinating, and traditional-Japanese originated floral pictorial. It is actually a flower with history wide thousand years of cultivation and reverence. Symbolically, it expresses health, honour and prosperity. It is usually paired with lion, or Shishi otherwise called Kajarishi.
Beautifully sketched and archived, it comprises a full fashion to chrysanthemum, lotus and cherry blossom mix. We find different shades, drawings embroidered to your choice. We see many have this dope out zeal to put on body make-up. All along the outline, it has show up to lovely styles to beautification that oversees passion in women.
This vast richly, expensive spreading petal has the remembrance to be called the botanical image of China. Formed with multi-fascinated hues: coloured-white, red, yellow and purple gives a cool essence nature to man. For cultured appearance, this exclusive brand convention also adds to ladylike magnificence.
They have a domestic for rituals, likely Japanese tradition get ready for war daring, risk taking, it's all part of their peony emblem symbolic to bravery. Anyway, as far people who target, as this tracing to art can be one lover to tattoo designs peony floral constructions. One will be keen to take active participate in putting one fascination at hand.


Well, spring sprung and we had beautiful weather to grill outdoors, then Mother Nature decided to shake things up and give us snow. In fact, it's snowing outside while I'm typing this. Winter weather also screams "soup" and "casserole" so I went back to my winter culinary skills and put together a cheesy chicken casserole that was colorful, flavorful and kid friendly. OK, maybe not with broccoli in it, but you get the picture.
Place a large pot of water on to boil. Add pasta and cook until just shy of al dente. Rinse, drain and set aside.
In a medium skillet, cook bacon over medium heat until crispy. Transfer to a paper towel to drain off any excess grease. Remove all but 1 Tablespoon of bacon fat from pan and discard. Since I used a meaty bacon with little fat, there was maybe a teaspoon left when I was done cooking the slices.
Add onions, garlic, parsley and Mrs. Dash and cook until onions are tender and garlic is fragrant. Add the chicken and cook until no longer pink in the middle. Add flour and stir until it has coated the mixture. Add the broccoli and cook until coated.
Add the cooked pasta and slowly add the cheese. Stir until melted. Add the milk and stir until blended and the mix thickens.
Pour mixture into an ovenproof dish. Sprinkle top with panko.
Bake for 10-15 minutes until mixture is bubbly. Turn the oven to broil and broil on high for an additional 3 minutes until the panko is golden.
Hubby's response to this one? "You can make this any time you want to." This cheesy chicken casserole was a huge hit for him with the bacon flavor combined with moist juicy chicken and of course who doesn't like ooey gooey melty cheese? I thought it was amazing and with the tri-color bow tie and broccoli, it was also as pleasing to the eye as it was to the palette.
For more delicious chicken recipes, hop on over to my Chicken & Turkey Pinterest Board and take a look around.
Follow Lori's Culinary's board Chicken & Turkey Recipes on Pinterest.
Cheryl, thank's for noticing that I left out one key step, lol. I have updated the recipe. Thanks again!!
Thanks, Lori. Sorry, but I just can't help myself. Blame a Catholic school education, where the importance of following directions was drilled into us, and being a former newspaper copy editor. Can't shake either of them!
Lori, this looks so good for supper. I love pasta, but try not to make it all the time or I'd be a blimp. Thank you for sharing a great recipe.
Looks delicious and healthy!! Thank you for linking up at SHOW-licious Craft Showcase!


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Mjøstårnet: the world's highest timber building opens in Norway
The revolutionary use of PEFC-certified timber in its construction and cladding makes the tower an internationally renowned signal building.
Housing cooperative erects Spain's tallest timber building
The cooperative La Borda erected a wooden residential building, consisting of 28 collectively-owned homes and a series of community spaces. With its six floors, the building is the tallest building with a wooden structure in Spain.


The Bluboo X4 (X4) smartphone released in 2014. It is powered by Mediatek MT6582M chipset, 1 GB of RAM and 4 GB of internal storage.
The Bluboo X4 runs on Android OS v4.4.2 (KitKat) out of the box. It comes with a Li-Ion 2100 mAh battery. It features a 4.5 inches IPS display with 480 x 854 px resolution. The IPS technology is one of the most leading LCD technologies in the world.
The Bluboo X4 runs on Android OS v4.4.2 (KitKat) out of the box, but the X4's firmware can be upgraded to a newer version of OS.
The camera of the Bluboo X4 is equipped with autofocus. Autofocus is a camera feature that fine-tunes the focus of the camera, it is a nice feature of this smartphone.
X4 is 3G and 4G capable. This smartphone has a built-in GPS receiver. GPS is a satellite based navigation system that allows the determination of the exact geographical location on Earth. This Bluboo smartphone has FM radio receiver.
The specifications above are based on the official data published by the manufacturer, but we also take user reviews into consideration. If you found an error or something lacking in the specifications above for the Bluboo X4, then don't hesitate and signal the problem to us.
According to our statistics, the Bluboo X4 smartphone was most often compared on our site with the following smartphones.
If there's information about the Bluboo X4 that you would like to see on this site, then write to our webmaster@droidchart.com address.


Hello there, smarks. Cultured Vultures is looking for writers passionate about the messy world of pro-wrestling. Do you fit the bill?
Are you the ultimate wrestling fan? Do you know your NWO from your Bullet Club? Maybe you long to tell the internet why Roman Reigns is the real deal. Or you have a long essay cluttering up your hard drive about why Charlotte should be the next WWE champion. If so, don't keep it to yourself. Stop hiding in the Gorilla Position and get in touch with Cultured Vultures.
We're looking for wrestling writers who can predict a WWE pay-per-view card before it's even been announced. Who have an instinct for spotting major developments, and have something witty and original to say about every swerve the WWE, or anyone else, throws at us.
Be ambitious folks. From pay-per-view previews and weekly recaps, to thought provoking listicles and opinion pieces, if the idea's buzzing round in your head, write it down and get in touch. We're a bunch of surprisingly open minded smarks at Cultured Vultures. Don't feel like TNA is getting enough love from fans? Tell us why. Want to shout about that tiny wrestling promotion you just discovered where everyone does flippy stuff? Go for it – the next Will Ospreay has to come from somewhere, right?
And listen, no promises, but if your article does well enough there is remuneration (check here for how payment works). Unfortunately, we're not big enough yet to guarantee cash payment, but we can pay you in other ways. Cultured Vultures is a community dedicated to helping writers get better across the board – from style and grammar to self-promotion and creative confidence. Not that a few shekels here and there hurts either.
Now is decision time folks. It's like cashing in that Money in the Bank briefcase. You have the passion and knowledge to put pen to paper, but until you cash in you'll never be world champion. Don't wait too long. Don't be Dolph Ziggler.
To see what sort of wrestling content we produce at Cultured Vultures, click here.


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India, Japan, and People's Republic of China to Build LNG Terminals in Sri Lanka
The Government of India signed an agreement to build two liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in collaboration with the Government of Japan. These were approved by the Government of Sri Lanka, along with an LNG project by the People's Republic of China (PRC). In total, the three LNG power plants will generate up to 1,400 megawatts (MW).
The Governments of India and Japan will collaborate on two LNG power plants with a capacity of 500 MW each. The PRC will set up a 400 MW LNG power plant in Hambantota.
The proposal for these projects was headed by Mr. Ranjith Siyambalapitiya, Minister of Power and Renewable Energy, Sri Lanka, to meet the country's anticipated demand for electricity by 2021.
Sri Lanka approves plans for three LNG power plants
India energises diplomacy in neigbourhood
LNG diplomacy: India plans to build terminals in 4 nations