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News | 07 Dec 2021 16:20 | By RnMTeam
Khloe Kardashian confirms Kylie, Travis Scott are still a couple
MUMBAI: Reality TV personality Khloe Kardashian has put rumours about make-up mogul Kylie Jenner and rapper Travis Scott (II)'s split to rest.
Khloe confirmed that her younger sister and the rapper are a couple despite W Magazine's claims, reports aceshowbiz.com.
"Wow i don't know why this magazine would write this but they are very much a couple," Khloe wrote on her Instagram.
Her response came after the article leaked on Sunday, December 5 and stated that they're "not actually a couple."
Many social media users also reacted to Khloe's comment. One wrote: "She worried about the wrong things .. girl about to be a whole step mom and she worried about her sister's problems."
Another threw a shade at her saying: "Like her and Trick Thompson?"
As for the leaked piece, the author of the article wrote that Kylie and Travis, who are expecting their second child together, aren't actually together.
"Travis and Kylie seemed very comfortable under the sheets, but even though they will soon have two children together -- their daughter, Stormi, is 3 -- they are not a couple, and haven't been in two years. They're the modern family!" the author reportedly stated.
(Source: IANS)
Khloe Kardashian Kylie Jenner rapper Travis Scott
News | 07 Jan 2022
Billie Eilish, Kanye to headline much-postponed Coachella in April
MUMBAI: Billie Eilish and Kanye West are slated to headline the 2022 edition of North America's biggest (and four-time postponed) music festival - Coachella.
Kylie Jenner reveals new craving amid pregnancy
MUMBAI: Reality TV personality and make-up mogul Kylie Jenner, who is expecting her second child with Travis Scott, with whom she already has three-year-old daughter Stormi, and amid speculation she has already given birth, the soon-to-be mother-of-two suggested that's not the case.
News | 28 Dec 2021
Sandeep Rehaan ready with upcoming single with rapper Krishna Kaul
MUMBAI: Music producer Sandeep Rehaan is all set to release his next single next year with 'Gully Boy' fame rapper Krishna Kaul a.k.a. Krsna and Punjabi singer Karan Aujla.
Travis says he didn't know fans were injured until after Astroworld concert
MUMBAI: Rapper Travis Scott spoke out for the first time about the Astroworld tragedy when radio personality Charlamagne tha God released a nearly hour-long discussion.
Baba Sehgal: Didn't anticipate my version of 'Bella Ciao' would become such a huge hit
MUMBAI: Rapper Baba Sehgal, who is an ardent fan of Netflix's popular series 'Money Heist', came out with his own version of the iconic track 'Bella Ciao' titled 'Kela Khao'.
Catalogue sales spin millions for music's superstars
MUMBAI: Its raining catalogue deals for International music artistes. The latest to join the bandwagon, which spells millions for the performers, is...read more
Watch Megan Fox and Machine Gun Kelly's sexy bath time
MUMBAI: So this is what happens behind closed doors… Less than a week after Megan Fox and Machine Gun Kelly announced their engagement, the couple...read more
Placebo explore the realities of humanity and existence with 'Never Let You Go'
MUMBAI: Last week's single "Try Better Next Time" opens up what we know about 'Never Let Me Go''s frank and honest depiction of our modern times....read more

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Focusing his gaze and looking over, within the original crowd of people who were like mountains and oceans, they opened a wide path.
The ones going along the path were pairs of men and horses. The ones who led were two middle-aged males who rode on golden-coloured battle horses. The auras of the two males were unordinary, and they were both powerful people in the peak of the Profound realm. They were the people from the Prestigious Villa.
Although the Prestigious Villa was strong, those in the peak of the Profound realm were still absolutely top-level characters in the Prestigious Villa. So, after people like them appeared, who would dare to block their path?
As for why the two people from the Prestigious Villa appeared at that place, it was because they were opening a path for the body of power behind them. That power was not simple, and it was one of the rulers of the Spirit Province, the people from the World Spirit Guild.
This time, there weren't many people from the World Spirit Guild who came. There wasn't even two hundred people, and all of them were males. The oldest doubtlessly did not reach thirty years old, and they were all still in young generation, being of mediocre level.
And the reason why Chu Feng was so happy was not only because he saw people from the World Spirit Guild, it was also because he saw a familiar person within the group of people. It was the person who was similarly aged as Chu Feng, being both young men; the one named as being the most outstanding genius within the young generation of the World Spirit Guild, Gu Bo.
"Gu Bo!" After seeing Gu Bo, Chu Feng quickly waved his hand as he went closer.
"Halt." However, before even letting him speak, the two people from the Prestigious Villa who were opening the path stopped Chu Feng with unkind faces.
"Oh?" At that instant, the two people from the Prestigious Villa did not immediately let Chu Feng in. They cast their gaze towards the young men who was also in the peak of the Profound realm behind Gu Bo. Those people were clearly the representative characters of the World Spirit Guild who came on this journey.
"Gu Bo, you recognize him? Why have I never seen him before?" Seeing that, a male with a white face asked Gu Bo.
"Big brother Wang, he's the person who stepped onto the peak of the Asura Ghost Tower last time, Chu Feng!" Seeing that, Gu Bo quickly explained.
"What? He's Chu Feng?!" After the words came out, pretty much everyone in the World Spirit Guild cast their amazed gazes towards Chu Feng.
To normal people, perhaps they would not know what the Asura Ghost Tower was all about, but to the people from the World Spirit Guild, they deeply knew the impressiveness of the Asura Ghost Tower. The news of Chu Feng climbing the Asura Ghost Tower last time already spread around in the World Spirit Guild, so many people wanted to personally see what kind of character Chu Feng was.
"Elders, he is indeed part of my World Spirit Guild, so I hope you can help me out." After assessing Chu Feng, the white-faced male walked forward and said to the people from the Prestigious Villa.
"Ahh, you're too polite. It is only giving an extra spot out! It's fine." It had to be said that the white-faced male had quite a bit of face, because after speaking, the two elders from the Prestigious Villa quickly let Chu Feng into the World Spirit Guild's group.
Soon after, under countless gazes of admiration and envy, Chu Feng followed the World Spirit Guild's group. No need to line up, no need for examinations. He directly stepped into the Prestigious Villa.
After entering the Prestigious Villa and by the arrangements of Gu Bo and the others, Chu Feng even got a luxurious palace for himself to live in. Within the palace, there were even beautiful female servants serving there. It could be said to be top-class treatment for important guests.
"Chu Feng, what a coincidence. I never would have thought you would come to his place as well. Are you here for the Marriage Gathering?" As Chu Feng was resting in the palace, Gu Bo asked with excitement that filled his face.
"But I never would have thought that the rallying power of this Prestigious Villa would be so big, being able to call so many people here. I just discovered that there seemed to be quite a few people from other provinces and powers, but I never would have thought that even you came." Chu Feng sighed as he pretended that he did not know anything.
"Chu Feng, you should know the reason why the Prestigious Villa is setting up this Marriage Gathering right?" Gu Bo asked.
"Reason? Isn't it a chance for single males to find a beautiful wife? What other reason can there be?" Chu Feng continued to feign idiocy.
"After hearing your words, that is indeed true. What are they actually doing here? Don't keep me in suspense!" Chu Feng closely asked with a face of confusion.


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Fireworks-Related Injuries and Deaths Spiked During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Fireworks Safety Is Critical for 4th of July Celebrations
WASHINGTON, D.C. –The nation saw a large increase in people being hurt and killed by fireworks last year. Many municipalities cancelled July 4th public fireworks displays during the COVID- 19 pandemic, which may have spurred consumers to use fireworks on their own.
"These tragic deaths and injuries are reminders of just how dangerous fireworks can be," said CPSC Acting Chairman Robert Adler. "Consumers should enjoy professional fireworks displays from a distance, and be extra vigilant when using consumer-type fireworks."
A new report by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) finds a 50 percent increase in deaths and injuries from fireworks-related incidents in 2020, compared to 2019.
At least 18 people died from fireworks-related incidents in 2020, compared to 12 reported for the previous year.
About 15,600 people were treated in hospital emergency departments for fireworks injuries in 2020. There were about 10,000 ER-treated fireworks injuries in 2019.
Other important highlights from CPSC's report:
Of the 18 deaths, 8 of the victims (44 percent) had used alcohol or drugs prior to the incident.
Most fireworks-related injuries (about 66 percent) occurred in the month surrounding the July 4th holiday (from June 21, 2020 to July 21, 2020). During that one-month period:
Severe injuries related to fireworks increased in 2020. More consumers were admitted to the hospital, or were transferred to another hospital for treatment, due to severe fireworks injuries in 2020 (21 percent) versus 2019 (12 percent).
Young adults ages 20-24 saw the biggest spike in visits to the hospital emergency room for fireworks-related injuries, compared to any age group last year, 17 injuries per 100,000 people in 2020 versus 2.8 per 100,000 people in 2019.
Firecrackers were the biggest source of ER-treated fireworks injuries (1,600), followed by sparklers (900).
The parts of the body most often injured were hands and fingers, at 30 percent. The head, face and ears were the second most injured body parts, at 22 percent. Eye injuries were third at 15 percent.
Burns were the most common fireworks-related, emergency room-treated injury, at 44 percent.
Tips to Celebrate Safely
Never allow young children to play with or ignite fireworks, including sparklers. Sparklers burn at temperatures of about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit—hot enough to melt some metals.
Keep a bucket of water or a garden hose handy, in case of fire or other mishap.
Light fireworks one at a time, then move away from the fireworks device quickly.
Never try to relight or handle malfunctioning fireworks. Soak them with water, and throw them away.
Never place any part of your body directly over a fireworks device when lighting the fuse. Move to a safe distance immediately after lighting fireworks.
Never point or throw fireworks (including sparklers) at anyone.
After fireworks complete their burning, to prevent a trash fire, douse the spent device with plenty of water from a bucket or hose before discarding the device.
Make sure fireworks are legal in your area, and only purchase and set off fireworks that are labeled for consumer (not professional) use.
Never use fireworks while impaired by alcohol or drugs.
For more fireworks safety tips, visit www.cpsc.gov.
CPSC fireworks demonstration b-roll
Demonstrations of fireworks dangers https://spaces.hightail.com/space/leQcRVoZfH
Firework Information Center https://www.cpsc.gov/Safety-Education/Safety-Education-Centers/Fireworks
See our multi-media news release at https://www.multivu.com/players/English/8910351-cpsc-report-fireworks-related-injuries-deaths-spiked-pandemic/
For more information, contact Patty Davis, CPSC's Office of Communications, at pdavis@cpsc.gov at 240-863-8585.
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with the use of thousands of types of consumer products. Deaths, injuries, and property damage from consumer product incidents cost the nation more than $1 trillion annually. CPSC's work to ensure the safety of consumer products has contributed to a decline in the rate of deaths and injuries associated with consumer products over the past 40 years.
Federal law bars any person from selling products subject to a publicly-announced voluntary recall by a manufacturer or a mandatory recall ordered by the Commission.
Please use the below phone number for all media requests.
Spanish: (301) 504-7800
View CPSC contacts for specific areas of expertise


Kim Kardashian with the LuMee phone case in action!
'What's in a name?' A ton of brand power and traffic, that's what, Romeo. With superstars like Kim Kardashian and Paris Hilton endorsing LuMee, enormous spikes of mobile traffic inundate the website.
Kim Kardashian and Hillary Clinton take a photo with LuMee.
I sat down with their e-commerce Manager, Jeremy Horowitz, to examine how LuMee leverages an incredibly large amount of mobile traffic (80%) to drive sales and email signups.
Because of the large percentage of mobile traffic arriving on the LuMee website, Jeremy turned his focus toward creating a fluid and effective mobile experience. To accomplish this, LuMee switched from Privy to Justuno for more flexibility and functionality on mobile.
The mobile browsing experience is completely different than that of the desktop. We're talking smaller screen size, a different interface, and also specific rules that apply to Google SEO. Jeremy was able to identify all of this as an opportunity to improve the LuMee experience.
Since the switch to Justuno, LuMee boasts a 41.4% engagement rate for mobile promotions! These are amazing numbers when it comes to mobile traffic conversion. Now, Let's examine how they achieved such great results.
Numbers like this come from two big factors – Design and CRO (Conversion Rate Optimization) Strategy. The focus is always going to be on tightening the funnel as much as possible and valuing the on-site visitor. When coupled with LuMee's email lifecycle marketing and cart-abandoner stops, their conversion path is airtight. Let's examine the design and strategy of these promotions.
As previously mentioned, a fluid and un-intrusive browsing experience is a primary focus for LuMee. When a visitor attempts to leave the site with products in their cart, a well-branded promotion fires to offer a discount. As examined in our Promotional Marketing Report – visitors, on average, are less likely to abandon a cart after engaging with a Justuno promotion by a whole 5%.
In the case of LuMee, they are able to save 41% of lost sales with engaged visitors!
On-Brand LuMee mobile popup which is compliant with Google's policies for popups.
Two Large CTAs with a great split of color to drive visitors to interact with 'Activate My Code' rather than 'No, Thanks'.
A/B tests show that opt-out text such as 'No, Thanks' increase engagements drastically as opposed to an 'X button'.
LuMee understands their main traffic source (mobile) and creates CRO strategies around them, hence the optimized mobile exit intent offer.
What is a Mobile Exit Offer and how is it triggered? Mobile exit intent offers are promotions intended to capture visitors who are browsing on their mobile device and attempt to leave the site. When a website visitor tries to return to the previous page by using the back button, that is the traditional 'exit intent' trigger that will fire a promotion. Like the image above, mobile exit intent offers are focused on capturing a mobile visitor from backing out of a website without completing their purchase.
LuMee takes it a step further by adding on another type of trigger to capture the unengaged visitors, the idle timer. Understanding that visitors who are idle for longer than 10 seconds are unengaged or could be attempting to leave, LuMee captures a wider audience by firing the mobile pop-up to a wider range of visitors whilst still keeping targeting in mind.
Another conversion focused addition leveraged by LuMee is the countdown plugin. LuMee inserts a countdown timer into the mobile exit intent offer to inspire urgency from the website visitor. Act now! Expires soon! Phrases like this are meant to drive the feelings in consumers and website visitors that have an impact: scarcity and urgency.
Countdown plugins are a must have when creating scarcity and urgency.
Why was mobile conversion strategy such a big focus for LuMee? Their business heavily relies on mobile shoppers.
"…maximizing ROI from huge spikes in mobile traffic from an Instagram post by Kim is a huge focus for us." said Jeremy. In combination with Klaviyo, LuMee leverages a union between on-site CRO strategy, lead capture with Justuno, and off-site email marketing to create a powerful digital marketing strategy.
Jeremy notes that these software create a sort of 'set and forget' strategy. They focus on Justuno and Klaviyo to perform at 'X rate' and determine optimization initiatives to increase their conversion rate beyond the average. LuMee is intently focused on optimizing all channels to keep increasing ROI from their traffic.
Supermodel Gigi Hadid takes a selfie with the LuMee phone case.
With influencers under their belt such as Kim Kardashian and Oprah, who post about LuMee on social media – it's only natural that the company's primary goal is to harness every iota of traffic to leverage into a conversion.
A big thank you to Jeremy from LuMee for providing great insight for all online retailers!
Want to see success like LuMee? Check out other Justuno success stories here!


text:
Covid-19 outbreaks have hit over 2,000 care homes as concerns mount over death toll
Labour calls for government to record care home fatalities daily as study suggests they account for half of deaths in European countries
By Mithran Samuel on April 14, 2020 in Adults, Coronavirus
(credit: Romolo Tavani / Adobe Stock)
Story updated 14 April
Covid-19 outbreaks have affected over 2,000 care homes, the government has confirmed, as concerns mount over the death toll and impact of the disease on the sector.
Speaking at the government's daily press conference on Covid-19 yesterday, chief medical officer Professor Chris Whitty said 13.5% of care homes had reported cases and there had been outbreaks detected in 92 within the previous 24 hours.
The Department of Health and Social Care later confirmed that 2,099 homes had been hit by outbreaks during the course of the pandemic in the UK. This is just under 13.5% of the 11,333 residential homes and 4,413 nursing homes registered in England as of 31 March 2019.
After the figures were released, concerns were raised by one of the country's largest providers, HC-One, that it was an underestimate.
The situation sparked calls from Labour for the government to provide a daily record of deaths in care homes.
The government's daily updated figures on Covid-19 deaths do not track those recorded in care homes, with the overwhelming majority being recorded in hospitals.
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) reported today that, of 4,122 recorded deaths in England and Wales involving Covid-19 from the start of the year until 3 April, just 217 (5.2%) took place in care homes, though this marks a tenfold increase on the 20 reported as of 27 March.
'Half of Covid deaths in care homes'
However, official estimates published by the Belgian, French, Irish and Italian governments put the proportion of deaths from Covid-19 among care home residents at 42% to 54%, said research published on 12 April by the International Long-Term Care Policy Network.
"It is important to ensure that the levels of infections and deaths of care residents and staff are not ignored, and there is a danger that, by not attempting to measure them even if imperfectly, opportunities to inform the decisions that policymakers in terms of resource allocations to the care sector may be missed," researchers said.
One reason for the discrepancy with the ONS figures is that these are based on people's place of death, not residence, so discount care home residents who died from or with Covid-19 after admission to hospital.
Speaking after yesterday's government press conference, Liz Kendall, recently appointed Labour's shadow minister for social care, called for daily reporting of care home deaths.
"[The] press conference has exposed the growing crisis in our care homes because of coronavirus," she said. "Ministers must publish daily figures of deaths in care homes so we know the true scale of the problem and how fast it is spreading."
Staff are 'anxious and helpless'
In addition, one of the country's largest providers, HC-One, said there had been 2447 suspected or confirmed cases of Covid-19 – of whom 311 had died – among residents across 232 of its homes, two-thirds of the total.
Executive chairman David Behan – the former chief executive of the Care Quality Commission – told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that he thought this was a more realistic picture than that provided by the government. He also discussed the impact on staff, one of whom had died from suspected Covid-19.
"We've got staff feeling anxious…that they will catch the virus and take it home to their loved-ones," he said. "And indeed with this high number of deaths, staff feeling helpless that they are unable to help people who, in many respects, they have cared for for a number of years. So it's the emotional and psychological impact of this virus that we continue to be concerned with and are offering support to staff at this difficult time."
The Association of Directors of Adult Social Services said the situation necessitated a "significant rebalancing" of the government's Covid-19 efforts between health and social care.
"We are extremely concerned and distressed by growing reports of the numbers of people who are dying in care homes and in their own homes, and amongst family carers and our colleagues working in social care across the country," said president Julie Ogley.
She added: "There are two fronts in our response to Covid-19; social care colleagues and family carers are the first line of defence – protecting our communities, at huge risk to their own health and shielding the NHS from catastrophic demand that would overwhelm it. Their work is so often overlooked, yet they are giving so much for all of us and the government must give them the tools they need to do their vital work."
This should include increased support from primary and community health care to care homes, accelerate testing of care staff and a focus on safe, rather than rapid, discharge from hospitals.
More on coronavirus's impact on adult social care
Covid-19: council leaders' estimates of additional adult social care provider costs 'woefully inadequate'
Coronavirus should not significantly increase DoLS caseloads, says government guidance
Coronavirus: government gives PSWs critical role in council decisions to depart from Care Act
At yesterday's briefing, Whitty said that when outbreaks took place, residents in care homes were being tested.
"In terms of testing, when an outbreak is suspected, the public health authorities will go in and do testing to assess whether an outbreak has occurred, and that is going on all the time and has been going on through this," he said.
"And that allows the care home staff, who are absolutely fantastic and are doing a very difficult job for the benefit of the people who live with them, they can then isolate people who are symptomatic and try and make sure this does not spread within the care home."
Government guidance for care homes, published earlier in the month, said they should assess residents twice a day for Covid-19 symptoms – a fever, shortness of breath or a cough – and isolate anyone with symptoms in a single room, with staff using personal protective equipment (PPE) to care for them.
Testing "may be offered" were there was a single case in the home, while the local health protection team may test up to five residents where there is more than one symptomatic resident, to confirm a potential outbreak.
PPE shortages
Kendall also added her voice to provider, council and union concerns about the lack of PPE supplied to care staff, saying the government must "ensure social care has the resources it needs and that vital PPE and testing get to care workers on the frontline."
The government issued a new plan for the provision of equipment last week, in which it said it was "working around the clock to ensure those working in social care are receiving the PPE they need" after a spike in demand.
Equipment was being distributed through local resilience forums – partnerships of councils, the NHS and emergency services – and designated wholesalers.
However, following the announcement, Nadra Ahmed, chair of the National Care Association, which represents care homes, raised concerns about homes being charged inflated prices for PPE, saying the Treasury needed to remove VAT from essential supplies to the sector.
"The Treasury must remove VAT from all essential items used in social care services immediately, which includes PPE: it should be noted that he did this very early on for the NHS," she said. "This is equipment which is being sold at inflated prices to care providers who have no choice but to pay over 400% more for items when they can get them; clearly the financial impact of the spend on these item will affect cashflow for providers."
'Bottom of the priority list'
However, Dave Prentis, general secretary of Unison, said providers needed to ensure supplies were sufficient.
He added: "Care workers report that protective kit is still being locked away, having to make single-use masks last all week and being told they don't need masks because residents aren't displaying virus symptoms. Many talk too of there not being enough essential items like hand sanitiser, gloves and visors to go around.
"Care staff working in residential homes and out in the community feel like they – and the people they care for – are bottom of the priority list for PPE.
"More than 3,500 messages from anxious and frightened employees have been sent via UNISON's PPE alert hotline since it was created. Many are worried for the safety of the people they look after, their own families and for their own protection."
Covid-19 driving mounting demand and unmet need across adult social care, say directors Social work under coronavirus: children's practitioners report bigger problems than adults' colleagues Reported deaths among home care users running at almost three times average levels Social workers and social care practitioners: tell us about Covid-19's impact on your work life
Duty Triage & Assessment Team Manager
5 Responses to Covid-19 outbreaks have hit over 2,000 care homes as concerns mount over death toll
Tony Antrobus April 14, 2020 at 12:55 pm #
It's not a surprise that care workers are neglected when it comes to their safety. They don't have the RCN or the BMA or myriad other professional organisations bending the ear of ministers and Trusts. On the whole care workers are under unionised, paid the minimum wage in majority and have little to no choice about continuing working. Care provider companies have exploited their residents and their staff under the radar for ages and now find themselves exposed by this pandemic to public scrutiny and should not be allowed to shift the blame on to the government who are in any case bereft of any coordinated response.
Ruth Cartwright April 15, 2020 at 10:14 am #
So glad to see Govt plan to increase testing for people in Care Homes (tho not sure they actually have the capacity to do so). I remain concerned about the lack of clear figures for deaths and the allegations that doctors are not registering deaths as due to the virus (in order to have body released quickly? Dunno); also about blanket Do Not Resuscitate notices being issued, and expecting care home staff to look after people who if in hospital would be in intensive care, all without appropriate PPE. Glad this scandal has hit the media including right wing press. Now the fight is on for appropriate PPE, etc for home carers and their service users.
Kerry Fay April 16, 2020 at 3:15 pm #
To be fair it isn't just carers that are at the bottom of the list but also qualified Nurses in none NHS care homes. Although very basic PPE is starting to come in no training in place and new resident coming in almost on a daily basis many almost impossible to isolate due to dementia and mobile or existing residents walking into their rooms when staff are busy providing care to others. Low staff levels and the anxiety of only SSP if we contract it ourselves unlike NHS full pay protection.
Grant April 27, 2020 at 4:43 pm #
Why the opposition call for Government to record care home deaths ?
CQC the regulatory body already have monitoring in place. All care homes have to make statutory declarations to CQC on all deaths in care homes.
Emil Albert May 3, 2020 at 7:50 am #
So up to five people are tested when a care home is infected. What about the others with symptoms? Are they counted to the deaths when they die?
5000 COV deaths in care homes is only one quarter of the number of deaths in hospitals. In other countries the numbers are about the same.
This smells like a huge under reporting of the care home deaths!


"Back in the day" at Comic Con, most of the "stars" would dress down in jeans and a t-shirt, possibly with a flannel. Women would sport a similar look or a plain dress. Now with Comic Con becoming more than just comic-related attractions, the dress code has changed, with more fun prints and interesting cuts.
Which of these Comic Con celebrities do you feel is the best dressed this year?


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This issue of Marijuana Moment, and our original reporting that is featured in it, are made possible by the generous support of 401 Patreon sponsors. Cannabis industry professionals receive valuable rewards for pledges of $25 and up.
The Food and Drug Administration has scheduled a public hearing on CBD regulations for May 31.
The Food and Drug Administration also sent a new round of warning letters to companies that allegedly made unsubstantiated health claims about their CBD products. And FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb insinuated that the agency would also soon send warnings to CVS and Walgreens, which recently announced they will begin carrying CBD products.
National Institute on Drug Abuse Director Nora Volkow acknowledged in a congressional hearing that marijuana's Schedule I status makes it harder to research. She also spoke about racial disparities in drug law enforcement.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) and Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR) sent letters pressing federal financial regulators to issue guidance on hemp businesses' access to banks.
A study found that federally produced marijuana is genetically closer to hemp than the commercial cannabis that consumers are actually using, which raises questions about how applicable research using government product really is to reality.
The PGA Tour issued a warning to golfers who use CBD.
The U.S. attorney for Massachusetts filed charges against an alleged unlicensed marijuana delivery business.
Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT), a presidential candidate, spoke about the political evolution of marijuana law reform since his last campaign.
Rep. Earl Blumenauer (D-OR) discussed the prospects for federal marijuana reform in a C-SPAN interview.
Rep. Jamie Raskin (D-MD) accepted a gift of cannabis seeds distributed by activists on Capitol Hill.
Colorado Gov. Jared Polis (D) signed a bill adding autism spectrum disorders as medical cannabis qualifying conditions.
Connecticut Gov. Ned Lamont (D) spoke about the benefits of legalizing marijuana and said he thinks the legislature will approve it this year.
Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Wolf (D) tweeted that more than 25,000 people have so far submitted comments about marijuana legalization to the state.
Georgia lawmakers sent Gov. Brian Kemp (R) a bill to legalize in-state production and sales of low-THC medical cannabis products.
The New York Assembly's majority leader said she's ready to keep pushing for marijuana legalization.
The Colorado House Committee on Business Affairs and Labor approved a bill to allow marijuana home delivery services.
The Florida House Appropriations Committee approved a hemp bill.
The Minnesota Department of Corrections is moving to allow people on parole or supervised release to use medical cannabis.
Louisiana lawmakers pressed regulators about medical cannabis implementation during a hearing.
California regulators published guidance on commercial cannabis activity.
Kansas medical cannabis advocates hope the legislature creates a study committee on the issue to help build support for passing legislation next year.
The Associated Press looks at legalization states' moves to loosen restrictions on the marijuana industry.
The Daytona Beach, Florida City Commission will consider a proposed marijuana decriminalization ordinance on Wednesday.
Brooklyn, New York's district attorney said that marijuana expungements should be done automatically.
San Francisco, California hired a new top marijuana regulator.
China is moving to treat all forms of fentanyl as controlled substances.
NORML is conducting a web poll about which candidate marijuana legalization supporters should back in the 2020 Democratic presidential primary.
The Portland Phoenix newspaper has gone out of business, but its publisher hopes that it can resume operations as Maine's legal marijuana market comes online and creates more potential advertisers.
Musician Henry Rollins spoke about his support for marijuana law reform.


text:
A Fluid Situation
Designed for efficiency, maintenance and sanitation, pumps, valves and fittings deliver on customer demand.
by Lynn Petrak
The product development and marketing side of the dairy business may command a lot of attention, but items wouldn't get out the door and into consumers' hands without a properly run production line.
Pumps, valves and fittings, which ensure the flow of product throughout various processes, have been core components for decades. New models have been driven by a variety of factors, from processors' desire to adhere to Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO) standards to speed and efficiency concerns to maintenance issues, like clean-in-place (CIP) features and protection against corrosion.
"Processors are increasingly seeking to incorporate efficient processing, and therefore incorporate efficient processing equipment. There has been a continual shift towards such equipment as automated valves, automated double-block-and-bleed systems, like mixproof valves and high-efficiency centrifugal and positive displacement pumps," observes Mark Larsen, vice president and general manager, sanitary segment, for Alfa Laval Inc., Pleasant Prairie, Wis., a supplier of components and full-service process system designs.
The changing nature of dairy processing has impacted pumps, valves and fittings, as companies expand their product offerings. "Viscous products have always been a challenge to processors. Products like low-shear rotary lobe pumps and long-stroke single-seat valves have aided processors in efficiently moving viscous product through the dairy," Larsen says.
Basic production capability aside, budget concerns are at the center of any operation. "Processors want to reduce costs by automating their process, and are demanding more flexibility from their valve systems to allow higher asset utilization," explains Jack Jordan, president of Südmo North America, Rockford, Ill., which provides a full line of aseptic and product-safe valves and fittings.
Bill Duyser, marketing and corporate trainer for Bradford Fittings, a Pewaukee, Wis.-based division of Dixon Valves and Couplings, agrees. "What is changing is that processors are looking to reduce costs and one way to do that is by eliminating people. Then you have to have something to do that job, so automation is a big part of that," he says. "You not only automate just one valve, but a section of valves to do things."
Indeed, the long-term value of high-performing pumps, valves and fittings is becoming a key concern in equipment upgrades. "There is a greater awareness of the total cost of ownership for a piece of equipment. Most sophisticated processors are realizing that the initial price of a pump or piece of equipment may be a relatively small portion of their total cost over the life of that product," says Bruce Smith, regional sales manager for Middleton, Wis.-based Fristam Pumps USA, citing recent industry research. "In fact, a DuPont survey of pump costs showed that the purchase price represented only 4 percent of the lifetime operational cost."
Other trends driving improvements in pumps, valves and fittings include cleaning capability, especially given greater emphasis on sanitation standards, some of which has been driven by PMO requirements and voluntary HACCP programs. "Companies are looking for stainless steel for washdown, so they have longevity," Duyser says.
Scott Dillner, marketing director, Americas, for Delavan, Wis.-based SPX Process Equipment Co., manufacturer of Waukesha Cherry-Burrell products, cites the usual factors of cleanability, ease of maintenance and dependability as reasons dairy plants invest in new equipment, but points to another recent impetus. "Safety and security — that has been even more evident in the last three to four years," he says, adding that SPX now offers material traceability on its products.
Although many companies that upgrade pumps, valves and fittings do so because the existing parts are worn or not working properly, often changes in the entire system are made. "Some see efficiencies by upgrading all at once. Others cannot afford large upgrades or significant downtimes, so they'll upgrade as they can," reports Larsen.
Others agree that renovations depend on plant circumstances. "In my experience, most upgrades take place as part of capital projects that are justified on the basis of increased capacity, cost savings or the ability to provide new products or packages," says Smith.
Adds Dillner: "We've found that processors generally upgrade when required with various components. It occurs all at once if a new line is being installed or if an existing line is being overhauled."
Consolidation within the dairy industry has impacted operators who decide to pursue the latest machinery and parts. "Some larger dairies are building larger automated facilities and closing down smaller operations to get the cost benefits," observes Jordan. "Some companies were forced to invest because their plant efficiencies were so low."
Pumped Up
Several suppliers have introduced new models of pumps and various support features over the past year. SPX, for example, recently launched several new pumps including the Tru-Fit PD pump, which offers self-aligning shafts where a coupling and guard are not required. "It eliminates high maintenance costs, reduces base plate length by an average of 20 to 25 percent and has improved cleanability over traditional pump packages," explains Dillner.
Fristam's new models include a new FPR centrifugal pump, featuring an internal seal with as few as half the number of components. "The FPR responds to customer requests for simpler design and easier maintenance," Smith says. "The seal is front-loading so customers can change it without moving the pump, and there are fewer parts to inventory."
In 2004, Minneapolis-based Graco Inc. debuted a series of quick knockdown Husky™ sanitary diaphragm pumps, designed to meet the increasingly stringent requirements of the dairy industry. Created to accommodate flow rates up to 150 gpm, the Husky 3150 models are available with ball check models, which can pass solids up to 1 inch, and flapper checks, which can pass solids up to 2.5 inches, says Brian Welborn, product marketing manager.
Other features of the self-priming Husky 3150 pumps, Welborn says, include lube-free operation, tri-clamp connections and a superior air valve with a 15-year warranty. In addition, Graco's pumps are available with Santoprene®, Buna-N, Viton® and PTFE diaphragms, and can be sent stand-mounted or in 55-gallon or 300-gallon unloader packages.
Valuable Valves
SPX recently introduced a PMO mixproof valve, which Dillner says is a direct result of demand for PMO-compatible equipment in Grade A plants. "It's durable and machined from bar construction. It also has an independent seat lifting actuation, and a standard balanced lower plug," he says.
Alfa Laval's Unique Mix Proof Valve was designed to handle large-curd cheese applications, among other functions. "The 4-inch valve enables modern, high-volume cheese producers to move product quickly and efficiently," Larsen says. "With the Unique's 'double-block-and-bleed' mixproof design, you're able to stream two different products or CIP fluids through the same valve at the same time – without risk of cross contamination." In addition, Larsen says, processors can increase yield through repeatable sanitary processing and quicker maintenance.
SPX has developed new Y-Body valves, with a full-port design that minimizes pressure loss for large particulates and allows for extra-long stroke to lift valve plugs out of the flow area.
Südmo, too, has been busy on the design side. "Our new ARC valve allows for a 3-A solution for a full-bore, automatically cleanable valve similar to the manual clean plug valves. This valve can now interface with pigging systems, particulates and viscous products while having the ability to clean in place," says Jordan. The valve has applications for products like ice cream, cottage cheese and heavy sauces.
Südmo also recently improved its single-seat valve line. Recently, the supplier began offering a mechanical stop that allows a standard shut-off valve to open to a variable, locked position. "This allows processors to accurately batch products with reduction in errors which results in costs savings," Jordan says.
New Britain, Conn.-based Parker's Fluid Control Division has developed a new series of Sinclair Collins SC-2000 piston-operated check valves to its current lineup of equipment, which includes process control and solenoid valves. The new stainless-steel check valves are available in a variety of models and with multiple port sizes, and were designed to withstand pressures of up to 500 psi with reduced cracking pressure.
Control-top technology has been another area of interest in valve design. Südmo has developed the new IntelliTop™ that offers a more robust control top featuring a stainless-steel cover. The control top was created to send the automation system a signal for valve maintenance as well as other feedback variables. "This saves the processor maintenance costs and increases efficiencies by faster trouble-shooting" Jordan says.
Likewise, SPX now offers improved control top features. The company recently unveiled new Set & Forget Valve Control Top Technology, which eliminates the need to adjust micro switches or proximity switches.
Suppliers have worked on more efficient actuator components of valve systems as well. Bradford Fittings, for instance, has developed cylinder-style and vertical-style actuators to work with its ball valve designs. Duyser says dairies have been opting more for stainless-steel components for washdown and reliability.
Keenly aware that time is money, meanwhile, Bradford is also set to offer custom accessories. "We now have custom-designed bracketry for all of our valves and actuators that we can ship in a 24-hour period," Duyser says.
Fitting Ending
Modern designs for fittings increasingly reflect manufacturers' demands for cleanability. Indeed, traditional fitting areas can be tricky to clean thoroughly and consistently.
Along with its series of valves, Bradford Fittings recently unveiled new bevel seat fittings, clamp fittings and heavy duty I-line fittings.
Alfa Laval supplies several types of fittings for dairy applications, too. The company's Tri-Clover models are most often used in dairy settings, especially with corrosion-resistant finishes. Dairy customers also have installed Alfa Laval's Tri-Weld and Bevel Seat fittings for various dairy plant uses.
Lynn Petrak is a freelance journalist based in the Chicago area.
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Evergreen Packaging Extends Shelf Life of Refrigerated Fluid Dairy Products
Demand for fluid milk, cheese and nonfat dry milk was strong last week, reports the USDA
A big comeback for refrigerated milk at retail


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Friday Film Chat: A New Thriller Out of Germany
03/13/20 • 0 min
A new thriller out of Germany is the focus of Kenneth Turan's film review this week. The LA Times and Arts Alive film critic spoke to KUSC's Gail Eichenthal.
Two Brothers Score Two Brothers in Pixar's "Onward"
Pixar films are famous for their tear-jerking powers, and the studio's latest is no exception. Onward may have a high-concept fantasy premise—a modernized, suburban version of a land of dragons, wizards, and unicorns—but the emotional core is very true-to-life.
How Do You Loan a Stradivarius?
KUSC's Alan Chapman has a lot to say about music, but can he say it in 60 seconds? That's the Chapman Challenge. We ask a question and Alan has a minute to answer it.
Today's question is from Lee in San Diego who writes, "I recently attended a concert where the violinist was playing a Stradivarius that was on loan. How does that work?"
How Classical Music Powers a Child's Brain
It may be an exaggeration to say that Mozart makes us smarter, but in a unique study, scientists at USC's Brain and Creativity Institute (BCI) have linked classical music training with improved brain function in kids.
The Story Behind the "Borrowed" Melodies of Brahms and Liszt
Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms both wanted to capture the vibrant folk music of Hungary in their compositions. Brahms through his 21 Hungarian Dances written in 1879 and Liszt through his 19 Hungarian Rhapsodies published between 1851 and 1886. Both composers borrowed their melodies from actual Hungarian folk songs, oftentimes sharing the same material. For example, the same celebratory folk song is used by Liszt in his Hungarian Rhapsody No. 8 as Brahms in his Hungarian Dance No. 3.
Friday Film Chat: A Shaun the Sheep Movie: Farmageddon
On Arts Alive today, LA Times and Arts Alive film critic Kenneth Turan tells us about a perfect Valentine's Day entertainment for lovers of sheep, and, of stop-motion animation. He spoke to KUSC's Gail Eichenthal.
A Preview of the LA Phil's Fully Staged Performances of the Kurt Weill/Bertold Brecht Masterpiece, "The Seven Deadly Sins"
The Los Angeles Philharmonic's survey of the politically-charged Weimar Republic era continues this weekend at Walt Disney Concert Hall. Esa Pekka-Salonen will conduct the orchestra and soloists in fully staged performances of the Kurt Weill/Bertold Brecht masterpiece, The Seven Deadly Sins. KUSC's Gail Eichenthal has a preview.
A Junkyard Opera Company Reimagines "Frankenstein"
Theatre, dance, music, experimental design, found objects, and more come together for a modern adaptation of the classic story of Frankenstein this week at The Wallis in Beverly Hills.
Pre-Performance Rituals with Pianist Stephen Hough
Many performers have elaborate rituals that they go through before concerts — Glenn Gould used to soak his forearms in hot water before performances — but Stephen Hough has made a point of never depending on any of them.
The Secret Love Affair Hidden in Alban Berg's "Lyric Suite"
Austrian composer Alban Berg (1885 – 1935) has a relatively small oeuvre, writing only a dozen or so major compositions in his life. However, each piece captures an entire world of emotion and structure and has a fascinating backstory, including one piece that has a secret love affair embedded in the music. Berg's Lyric Suite is a highly expressive string quartet that was written in 1926. It wasn't until 50 years later, that musicologists discovered that the piece actually contained a secret dedication and a hidden narrative of Berg's love affair with Hanna Fuchs-Robettin.
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At AOR, we believe that truth and transparency are the most important values for any organization to uphold. It is through ethical discipline and evidenced-based science that we lead and advance the natural health industry. As visionaries, we seek to catalyze change and challenge conventions through continuous innovation. We exist to create safe, effective, and therapeutic solutions from nature herself, so you can always trust that we deliver the right molecule in the right dose, at the right place, at the right time.
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Scientific integrity and innovation have been central to the AOR philosophy since its foundation. AOR's origins lie in the pharmacy of the organization's Research Director, Dr. Traj Nibber, when he was contacted by People With AIDS (PWA) advocacy groups searching for a source of hard-to-find formulations for AIDS buyers' groups. His initial surprise at the lack of access to these nutritional supplements soon turned to empathic frustration, as he realized how many people were suffering from the failure of the dietary supplement industry to make available nutrients whose role in health were well-established by rigorous scientific investigation – and the simultaneous willingness of the same companies to promote supplements on flimsy scientific evidence.
Dr. Nibber found a supplement industry which refused to evaluate new evidence or to hold their existing lines up to the light of clear standards of evidence; which was happy to keep selling yesterday's products when a superior, innovative supplement was better-documented by research. He also found that most companies were unwilling to develop genuinely novel orthomolecular interventions, preferring to respond passively to the marketing of supplement raw materials – new or old – by their suppliers. He also found that the industry was too willing to be cowed by government regulators and by bureaucratic red tape, and to skimp on quality control to lower prices even at the expense of clinical efficacy.
At first, Dr. Nibber simply sourced and compounded the specific formulations needed by his PWA contacts. Later, as word of Dr. Nibber's helpfulness spread and the need for his services expanded, Dr. Nibber began to develop standardized formulas that could be manufactured on a larger scale by contract manufacturers. As his contacts with global pharmaceutical and natural health product suppliers expanded and as he began to immerse himself more in the literature on nutritional factors in health, he began to develop formulations of his own and to launch new natural health products into a wider audience of health-conscious individuals, life extension radicals, and health practitioners seeking a new generation of more effective natural solutions to the chronic health concerns of their patients.
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Composite textured glass is a combination of our Natural textured glass, interspersed with small areas of floating bubbles. For the designer unwilling to compromise on hand-made creativity, yet still looking for simplicity, Composite textured glass is the perfect choice. The bubble-like texture is evenly spaced out throughout the glass, providing a light design accent on a smooth, subtle background. This textured glass allows ample light transmission while providing an effective level of privacy. With the ability to be safety tempered or laminated, Composite Glass is ideal for a wide array of applications in many environments, and is most often used in Balustrades, Dividers and Glass Doors. Composite textured glass is available in clear or low iron, with or without privacy frosted finishes or vibrant color finishes.
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Firstly, shout out to my man Salman aka Contemplating Chishti for calling it before the tournament even started. It was a well played game.
Zidane was given a red card in the 111th minute for head butting Materazzi.
Then after the over time, they went into a penalty shootout. Trezeguet missed an important goal, thus allowing Italy's chance to win increase, eventually Italy would move on to win it after Grosso hit the final goal to allow Italy to become the 2006 FIFA World Champions.
Congratulations Italia and all the Italian fans worldwide.
Pingback: Mujahideen Ryder's Blog - Not the normal Muslim blog… » Zidane not the man!
you know this worldcup fever is taking coverage from more important issues. 41 dead people in Iraq and the ongoing thing in Palestine.
but nontheless..France did an amazing job. If isnt wasnt for Zidane getting out they would have taken the cup.
Ya Rabbi im so happy..
Barthez is too short for a goalie, lol. Why do you think the Italians shot everything high, lol. But you have to give it to the Italians, they were tired and frustrated, but they kept their compusure. Congratulations to them, they TRULY deserve it!
I hope brothers didn't watch the preliminaries of the match *cough*Shakira performance*cough*… Astaghfirullah.
Next PostNext Zidane not the man!


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text:
Can Reptile Embryos Influence Their Own Rates of Heating and Cooling?
Wei-Guo Du,
Affiliations School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Ming-Chung Tu,
Affiliations School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
Rajkumar S. Radder †,
† Deceased.
Affiliation School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Richard Shine
* E-mail: rick.shine@sydney.edu.au
Rajkumar S. Radder,
Wei-Guo Du Ming-Chung Tu Rajkumar S. Radder Richard Shine
Previous investigations have assumed that embryos lack the capacity of physiological thermoregulation until they are large enough for their own metabolic heat production to influence nest temperatures. Contrary to intuition, reptile embryos may be capable of physiological thermoregulation. In our experiments, egg-sized objects (dead or infertile eggs, water-filled balloons, glass jars) cooled down more rapidly than they heated up, whereas live snake eggs heated more rapidly than they cooled. In a nest with diel thermal fluctuations, that hysteresis could increase the embryo's effective incubation temperature. The mechanisms for controlling rates of thermal exchange are unclear, but may involve facultative adjustment of blood flow. Heart rates of snake embryos were higher during cooling than during heating, the opposite pattern to that seen in adult reptiles. Our data challenge the view of reptile eggs as thermally passive, and suggest that embryos of reptile species with large eggs can influence their own rates of heating and cooling.
Citation: Du W-G, Tu M-C, Radder RS, Shine R (2013) Can Reptile Embryos Influence Their Own Rates of Heating and Cooling? PLoS ONE 8(6): e67095. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067095
Editor: Andrej A. Romanovsky, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, United States of America
Received: March 13, 2013; Accepted: May 15, 2013; Published: June 24, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Du et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The Australian Research Council, the Taiwan National Science Council and "One Hundred Talent Programme" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences supported this work financially. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Many physiological processes are sensitive to temperature, placing a selective premium on the ability of organisms to maintain body temperatures within optimal ranges [1]. Since the 1960's, we have known that terrestrial reptiles control their body temperatures not only behaviourally (e.g. sun-basking [2]) but also physiologically: many reptiles heat faster than they cool (hysteresis), by adjusting heart rates and blood flow [3], [4]. Nonetheless, the small size and relatively undeveloped physiology of embryonic reptiles have encouraged the assumption that embryos cannot influence their own body temperatures [5], [6]. That assumption was falsified by recent experimental evidence of behavioural thermoregulation: turtle embryos move to exploit subtle thermal gradients within the egg [7]. Can reptile embryos thermoregulate physiologically as well as behaviourally, like free-living reptiles?
Previous investigations have assumed that embryos lack the capacity of physiological thermoregulation until they are large enough for their own metabolic heat production to influence nest temperatures [8]. How robust is this conclusion? Certainly, an embryo cannot generate enough metabolic heat to affect its temperature until it is very large (close to hatching [9]). However, an embryo might modify its rates of thermal exchange with the outside world by (a) control over water exchange (and thus, heat exchange) between the egg's surface and the environment [10]; and/or (b) changing heart rates, to modify thermal exchange via blood circulation [11]. If embryos can influence such processes, the incubation environment may be partly under embryonic control.
What kinds of embryos might be under strong selection to influence their own temperatures? Among terrestrial vertebrates, reptiles offer a better model than do birds, because in most reptiles (a) incubation temperatures influence hatching success, developmental rates and hatchling phenotypic traits, and thus fitness [12], and (b) eggs are not attended by the female, or are attended only intermittently [13], [14], thereby reducing the degree of parental thermal control. Most reptile eggs are small, and thus heat and cool quickly [4]. Large eggs provide the best opportunity to detect embryonic control over thermal exchange rates, however, because slower heating and cooling provides a greater potential selective advantage to modifying such rates, and facilitates detection of thermal hysteresis. Accordingly, we examined the large eggs of the Indian Python (Python molurus), the Australian Carpet Python (Morelia spilota) and the stripe-tailed ratsnake (Elaphe taeniura), to see if snake embryos are able to influence the rates at which they heat and cool.
As expected from their larger size, the eggs of pythons took longer to heat or cool than did the eggs of ratsnakes or birds, or inanimate objects such as water-filled balloons and jars (Fig. 1A,B). Live eggs of ratsnakes heated faster than did dead eggs of the same species (Fig. 1B).
Figure 1. Temperature changes of live reptile eggs and dead or inanimate controls when they were heated and cooled.
(a) The large eggs of Indian pythons took longer to heat and cool than did infertile bird eggs and inanimate objects such as water-filled balloons and jars. (b) Live eggs of ratsnakes heated faster than did dead eggs. The graphs show mean temperatures of eggs and inanimate controls; error bars are omitted to avoid cluttering the Figure.
Live eggs heated faster than they cooled, in all three species that we tested (comparing thermal time constants: Indian python, paired t15 = 3.71, p = 0.002; carpet python, paired t8 = 2.37, p = 0.04; ratsnake, paired t11 = 4.09, p = 0.001: Fig. 2A). In contrast, the dead eggs and inanimate objects that we tested either heated and cooled at the same rate (dead eggs of ratsnakes, paired t11 = 1.12, p = 0.28) or heated more slowly than they cooled (dead eggs of Indian pythons, paired t2 = 11.39, p = 0.007; infertile chicken eggs, paired t19 = 8.86, p = 0.0001; water-filled jars, paired t9 = 12.06, p = 0.0001; water-filled balloons, paired t18 = 11.28, p = 0.001: Fig. 2B).
Figure 2. Rates of heating and cooling in live reptile eggs compared to dead or inanimate controls.
(a) Live eggs of three snake species (Indian python, Carpet python and Chinese ratsnake) heated more rapidly than they cooled. (b) Controls either heated and cooled at similar rates, or heated more slowly than they cooled (a higher thermal time constant means slower rates of thermal change). Data are shown as mean ± SEM.
Embryonic heart rates increased at higher temperatures. At the same temperature, heart rates were higher during cooling than heating (carpet python F1,56 = 66.53, p<0.0001; ratsnake F1,88 = 95.54, p<0.0001: Fig. 3).
Figure 3. Hysteresis in heart rates of embryonic snakes.
(a) Carpet pythons and (b) Chinese ratsnakes) exposed to rising or falling temperatures. Temperatures were monitored by thermocouples beside the embryo. At the same test temperature, heart rates were higher during cooling than during heating (mean beats per minute ± SEM).
Our results suggest that embryos are active participants in ecological processes, not simply organisms-in-progress. The phenotypes of hatchling reptiles are sensitive to minor thermal fluctuations during incubation, suggesting that thermoregulatory ability could enhance fitness [15]. In support of this idea, turtle embryos reposition themselves within the egg to exploit small thermal gradients [7]. Thus, the only question is feasibility: can a tiny embryo really influence the rate that it heats and cools? Contrary to intuition, our study suggests significant embryonic control over rates of thermal exchange, at least in relatively large eggs.
Most reptiles lay their eggs in damp nests, because permeable-shelled eggs rely on water exchange with the substrate [16]. Heat is exchanged between the egg and the environment through the shell, part of which is in contact with the air, and part in contact with the substrate. The rate of heat exchange is 23 times greater in water than in air [17] and so, heat exchange will proceed rapidly (per cm2 of egg surface) through the parts of the shell in contact with the (evaporating, and thus cool) damp substrate. Thus, an egg in contact with the damp substrate will tend to cool down more rapidly than it heats up (unless the egg chamber is fully saturated).
How do live snake eggs reverse this effect, to heat faster than they cool (Fig. 2A)? We doubt that embryos could reposition themselves [7] rapidly enough to influence their exposure to local temperatures. Cardiovascular flexibility may play a critical role, as it does in adult reptiles [4], [14], [18]. Our data reveal that hysteresis in heart rates during heating versus cooling occurs in embryonic reptiles, but in the opposite direction to that seen in adults. Adult heart rates are higher during heating than cooling, allowing sun-warmed blood in superficial vessels to be deployed to functionally important parts of the animal's body [3], [18]. But, why do embryos (unlike adults) exhibit higher heart rates during cooling not heating? We do not pretend to understand how decreased heartbeat rates during heating could enhance rather than retard heat uptake, except to note that redistribution of vascular flow could influence water and heat exchange across the eggshell [14].
Thermoregulatory abilities may begin very early in a reptile's life: like an adult, an embryonic reptile may be able to influence its own temperatures both by behaviour [7] and physiology (current study). In turn, that ability may affect developmental rates and thermally-dependent phenotypes (e.g., in species with temperature-dependent sex determination [19]), highlighting the importance of behavioral and physiological responses in understanding the effects of climate change on conservation of these species. For many reptile species with small eggs incubating in moist soil, rates of heat exchange likely will be too high for hysteresis to have any significant effect on overall incubation regimes. For species with large eggs, however, embryonic control over thermal parameters may be biologically significant. Even in species where females brood the clutch and maintain high stable incubation temperatures via shivering thermogenesis, incubation temperatures are far from stable (reflecting intermittent cessation of maternal brooding [20], [21]). Future research, especially in the field, could usefully explore how the attributes of eggs (e.g., size) and nests (e.g., humidity, substrate, maternal attendance) influence an embryo's opportunities for physiological control of its own temperature. Extensive research on thermoregulation in the free-living stages of the reptile life-history provides a wealth of approaches and concepts that could usefully be applied to the thermal biology of embryonic reptiles.
(a) Study Species and Egg Incubation
We obtained captive-laid eggs from snakes of three species: Elaphe taeniura (stripe-tailed ratsnake, n = 12 eggs), Morelia spilota (Australian carpet python, n = 9 eggs) and Python molurus (Indian python, n = 16 eggs). Ratsnakes were sourced from a private farm in southern China, and the pythons from the Australian Reptile Park. The eggs were incubated on moist vermiculite (−200 kPa) at 30°C, and we tested their heating and cooling rates two-thirds through the incubation period (45 of 65 days, mean egg mass 203.3 g for Indian pythons; 42 of 60 days, mean egg mass 45.0 g for carpet pythons; 36 of 54 days, mean egg mass 25.2 g for ratsnakes). At this stage of incubation, embryos are well-differentiated but still relatively small (about 25% the mass of full-term embryos [22]).
(b) Experimental Procedures
Eggs were incubated in open-topped 16×10×6 cm plastic boxes containing damp vermiculite (−200 kPa) weighing half as much as the egg (to mimic the damp substrates of natural nests). The eggs were heated and cooled between 25 and 30°C by shifting them between two different incubators set at the low and high temperatures. Three to five eggs were monitored per trial; order of heating vs. cooling was randomised. Heating and cooling rates were quantified as thermal time constants (τ), by regressing ln(Tb – Te) on time (Tb = body temperature, Te = equilibrium temperature; the slope of this regression is equal to −1/τ) [23]. Airflow rates above the focal objects averaged 0.2 km/hr. For the eggs of carpet pythons and ratsnakes, we also measured heart rates of embryos non-invasively by infrared detectors (Buddy Digital Egg Monitor: Avian Biotech, Cornwall, UK [24]), as eggs heated and cooled over the thermal range 25 to 32°C.
To compare thermal time constants of live snake eggs to those of similar-sized inanimate or dead objects, we also monitored heating and cooling rates of physical models [water-filled balloons and glass jars (200 ml capacity, mean mass = 198.8 g; n = 19 and 10 respectively)], dead eggs of Indian pythons and ratsnakes (n = 3, 12 respectively) and infertile eggs of domestic chickens (n = 20). Internal temperatures of both live and dead eggs as well as physical models were monitored every minute using 40 gauge thermocouples (TCTTT140: Temperature Controls Pty Ltd., Sefton, Australia) connected to a data-taker (DT-80: Datataker, Scoresby, Australia). We localised the embryo within each egg by inspection under a light source, then inserted the thermocouple near the embryo. Paraffin wax sealed the puncture to prevent moisture loss. Puncturing and thermocouple insertion did not affect embryo survival, and all eggs continued to develop successfully after our experiments concluded.
All experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee at the University of Sydney (L04/7-2007/3/4665), and were conducted in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Principles of Animal Care. The owners of Australian Reptile Park (Mr. John Weigel), and the private farm in southern China (Mr. Yan Zhang) permitted us to collect snake eggs from their snake ranches. As the species used in this study are not endangered or protected, no specific permissions are needed according to the current laws of China.
(c) Statistical Analyses
Paired t-tests were used to compare thermal time constants between warming versus cooling (both in live eggs and in controls), and a repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to examine differences in heart rates during warming versus cooling.
We thank F. Seebacher, M. B. Thompson, J. Herbert, M. Gilchrist and J. Lim for sharing equipment and ideas, J. Weigel for python eggs, and B. Zhao for assistance. We thank M.J. Angilletta and D. Booth for their comments on the MS.
† Deceased.Conceived and designed the experiments: RS MCT WGD. Performed the experiments: MCT WGD RSR. Analyzed the data: RS MCT WGD. Wrote the paper: RS MCT WGD.
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Reptile physiology
Is the Subject Area "Reptile physiology" applicable to this article?
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