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Why did the Italians lose the Battle of Caporetto in WWI
Revision as of 11:10, 17 August 2016 by Ewhelan (talk | contribs) (Created page with "==Introduction== The Battle of Caporetto was one of the most decisive battles of the First World War. The battle pitted the Italians against a combined Austro-Hungarian-German...")
3 Reasons for the battle
4 The Battle
5 Outcome
6 Reasons for the defeat
The Battle of Caporetto was one of the most decisive battles of the First World War. The battle pitted the Italians against a combined Austro-Hungarian-German army. The battle was a decisive defeat for the Italians and it effectively meant that they had only limited influence on the war until the closing stages of the conflict. The battle was also important as it relieved pressure on the Austrians who were under severe pressure in 1917. This article will discuss the reasons for the decisive German and Austrian victory at the battle. The reasons for the success of the Germans and Austrians at the battle was the superior German tactics, the use of elite German Stormtroopers and poor Italian commanders and tactics.
Italy was originally allied with Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire but did not join the Central Powers in 1914 in declaring war on the western allies. However, by 1915, the political elite and the intelligentsia wanted Italy to join the war. The nationalists in Italy saw the war as an opportunity for their nation to join the great powers. They also wanted to enter the war in a bid to unify the country. Some fifty years after the unification of Italy, the country was still divided upon regional lines [1]. North and South Italy were very different regions and many of the country's citizens still place their region before their country. The nationalists believed that a war would complete the process of unification in Italy and encourage all the citizens to be patriotic Italians [2]. Furthermore, they believed that the nationalist fervour that would coincide with the war would mean that the socialists, who were pacifist would be marginalised. The western allies approached Italy to join their cause. They offered the Italian government inducements such as territory from Austro-Hungary and also new colonies in Africa and Asia. This convinced the Italian government to join the western alliance </ref> Keegan, p. 124</ref>. This was despite the fact that the Italian army was poorly prepared and had little recent battle experience. The army was made up mainly of conscripts, many of who did not feel very 'Italian' and regarded themselves as Sicilians or Sardinians. This army was led by General Luigi Cardona who was to prove a very unimaginative and uninspiring leader and rated by one modern authority 'as ineffectual' [3].
File:Soca 4
The River Isonzo
The main theatre for the Italian army was its frontier with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Italians had fought many wars with this Empire in the 19th century and many saw them as their nation's chief enemy. Much of the fighting between the Austrians and the Italians was to take place in the Isonzo region in northeast Italy and modern Slovenia. This terrain was mountainous and the weather was often extreme, especially in winter. The Italians launched a series of offensives aimed at breaking the Austrian lines of defences in this mountainous region. The nature of the war was that the Italians attacked and the Austrians defended. However, the Italians did not manage to really break the Austrians line of defence and the war was a bloody stalemate, similar to the one on the western front. From 1915 to 1917, there had been eleven battles in the Isonzo region, especially along the Isonzo River. However, by 1917, the Italians superior firepower and numbers allowed them to gain the strategic initiative. Cardona's strategy of launching mass attacks on the Austrian lines, though costly was beginning to make a difference. By 1917 it seemed that the Austrians could be in danger of collapsing [4].
Reasons for the battle
The Germans were very alarmed by the deteriorating situation in the southern theatre. They had real concerns that if the Austro-Hungarians collapsed on this front that they would withdraw from the war. Ludendorff and Von Hindenburg who by 1917, were de-facto the military rulers of Germany decided that they had to intervene, to stabilize the situation [5]. They accepted the advice of Austro-Hungarian Commander in Chief von Straussenberg to launch a combined operation, intended for September 1917. Germany moved troops into the sector. They were mainly diverted from the eastern front, this was possible because of the near collapse of the Russians because of the February Revolution. The Germans diverted six divisions to the region and many of these were elite Stormtrooper who were acknowledged to be some of the finest soldiers of the war [6]. The Germans planned to relieve the pressure on the Austrians on the front and to shore up their defences against the Italians. Cadorna was planning another offensive in the Isonzo. The British and the French informed Rome that the Germans had begun to deploy in the area. This is what Cardona had feared and he immediately called off the planned offensive and adopted a defensive posture. However, the number of Germans arriving at the front was not known and Cardona was not aware of the fact that a whole German army was about to confront the Italians in the Isonzo.
German troops at Caporetto
The German and Austrians agreed to launch the attack in October, but it was delayed because of foul weather. On the 24th of October, the battle began. The Germans began the attack by exploding shells with chemicals over the Italian trenches[7]. These shells contained chlorine gas and the Italian soldiers choked in the trenches and their vision was obscured by a cloud of gas. The Italians had experience of gas warfare but the German attack was more sophisticated. The Italians had masks that only protected them for two hours. The Germans continued the gas attack and as the Italian masks began to fail they fled. There was then an artillery barrage and huge mines are detonated under two key Italian positions. Then the front was quiet until about 06:00 AM when all the Italian wire and trenches to be attacked were bombarded by mortars [8]. Then the German and Austrian infantry attacked. The assaults on the Italian trenches was spearheaded by the German storm troopers Soon they penetrated the almost undefended Italian fortifications in the valley, breaching the defensive line of the Italian defences. They experienced little or no opposition. The Germans coordinated their attacks by using the telephone and they used their new machine-gun to maximum effect. The German advance was commanded by General von Bellow in person. The Italians had to move forces from elsewhere as the Germans had punched a huge hole in their lines [9]. Within a few hours, the Italian lines seemed about to collapse. The commander of the Italian forces in the area was very ill and asked permission to retreat. However, Cardona forbade him and demanded that he and his forces continue fighting. Cardona believed that the Italians could regroup. The Germans continued to press their advantage. It was during this phase of the battle that Erwin Rommel the future Desert Fox was awarded his country's greatest military decoration. The Italians could not regroup and Cardona ordered them to retreat beyond the River Taglaimento. However, the Italian retreat was very slow and they came under constant attack from the Austrians and Germans. By this time the Italian army was in full flight and thousands of disorganised and leaderless men had surrendered. Cardona was no longer in control of the situation. In a matter of days, the Italian army had gone from a position of strength to one of great danger. The government in Rome was in a panic and worried if Venice was in danger[10]. The Germans had been only anticipating some local success and hoped to relieve their Austrian allies. Instead, they had been able to cause the Italian front line to collapse. Even before the battle the Germans and the Austrians had problems supplying their forces. They had not the logistics to supply their army, especially after their rapid and unexpected advance. The rapid German advance meant that they could not be properly supplied. Perhaps just as significant the Germans and Austrians had not enough rations and this became a major problem for the generals. The Allied blockade of the German Empire, which the German navy had been unable to break, was partly responsible for food shortages. Rommel complained in his diary 'of poorly fed troops… who are weak and sick' [11], The lack of provisions and the rapid advances, that involved night marches, meant that the Austrian and German troops are exhausted. As the advanced further, the exhaustion and the lack of supplies became a major problem and began to slow down the attack, according to Rommel [12]. By the time the Central Powers forces had reached the Piave, they had virtually no supplies<Simkins, p. 316</ref>. The Germans and Austrians advance slowed and this gave the Italians the chance to form a new defensive line with the support of the western allies. Some ten British and French division had to be rushed to the new Italian defensive line in order to prevent another breakthrough by the Germans and Austrians. The Central Powers came to a halt and the battle of Caporetto was over.
Italian POW's after the battle
The battle was a great victory for Germany and Austro-Hungary. It changed the strategic situation on the southern front in their favour. The Austrians who had been on the point of collapse now had advanced into Italian territory. For the Italians, it was a national humiliation and the battle is regarded as the greatest 'military defeats in Italian history'. Italy had suffered enormous losses - Italian losses were enormous: 10,000 killed, 25,000 wounded and 250,000 were, taken prisoner. The Central Powers suffered relatively light losses but the exact number of casualties is unknown. They had advanced almost 100 miles and the new front between the two belligerents was the River Piave. The defeat caused a rethink of Italian military strategy. After this defeat, the Italians adopted a cautious approach and did not go on the offensive again until the end of the war. Many historians have noted that Italy was no longer a major player in the war and no longer a threat to the Central Powers. The Italian government belatedly dismissed General Cardona and appointed Diaz in his place.
Reasons for the defeat
There are several reasons for the defeat of the Italians. The first was that the intervention of the Germans and this was decisive. Their elite troops and their tactics caught the Italians off guard and they simply did not know how to respond. The Germans arguably the best soldiers of WWI were simply too good for the Italians. There were also serious mistakes that led to the catastrophic defeat. The Italians did not have any second line of defence and as a result when they began to retreat that they just kept retreating. Remarkably, the Italians had not mobile reserves. This meant that when the German troops advanced and punched a hole in their defences they could not respond. The response to the Italians was simply too slow. This allowed the Germans and the Austrians to capitalise on their initial success. Then there was the poor Italian equipment, their arms were not good enough and could not compare with the Germans in particular. This is best seen in the poor quality of the Italian gas masks, which meant that they could not resist the Germans after their gas attacks. Then there was the poor leadership of the Italian High Command, Cardona was a poor leader. He was a rigid disciplinarian and this has caused a collapse in the Italian forces morale even before the battle. Cardona did not listen to his subordinated and routinely dismissed them for showing any initiative. This meant that they did not react to the German advance quickly enough. Nothing could be done without his personal authorization and this meant that the Italian retreat was disorganised and too slow, which resulted in many soldiers simply surrendering. Cardona and his poor leadership and military skills were one of the main causes of the defeat at Caporetto.
Caporetto was regarded as an unprecedented military disaster. It had two important consequences, it ensured that Austria-Hungary remained in the war and that Italy was to have little more influence on the war. The Battle of Caporetto persuaded the Germans that the use of shock troops could win the war for them and this was to shape their plans for their last great offensive of the war. The Italians lost the battle because the army was poorly equipped and led. The Italian Chief of Staff Cardona must take a large measure of the blame. His orders caused confusion among his generals and led to the collapse of morale among the common Italian soldiers. Perhaps the biggest reason why Caporetto was such a disaster for the Italians was the intervention of the Germans. Their six divisions, with the Austrians, were able to drive the Italians from the battlefield and they almost forced Italy out of the First World War.
↑ Keegan, John, The First World War (Penguin, London, 1999), p. 123
↑ Morselli, M. Caporetto 1917: Victory or Defeat? Military History and Policy. London: Frank Cass, 2001), p. 17
↑ Seth, Ronald, Caporetto: The Scapegoat Battle. (London: Macdonald. 1965), p. 11
↑ Morselli, p. 113
↑ Morseli, p. 145
↑ Gudmundsson, Bruce. Stormtroop Tactics. Innovation in the German Army, 1914–1918 (Praeger, NY, 1989), p. 13
↑ Gudmondson, p. 134
↑ Simkins, Peter, Jukes, Geoffrey; Hickey, Michael. The First World War. Osprey Publishing. London, 2003, pp 310-312
↑ Simkins, p. 314
↑ Macksey, Kenneth. Rommel: Battles and Campaigns. (London, Da Capo Press, 1997) pp. 16–21
↑ Macksey, p. 21
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Mogens Ellegaard (4 March 1935 – 28 March 1995) was an accordion player from Denmark. He is regarded as the "father of the classical accordion."

Early life

Ellegaard was the son of a cabinet maker and began studying the instrument at the age of eight.

Free-bass accordion

In 1952 Ellegaard competed at the Confédération internationale des accordéonistes Coupe Mondiale (World Cup) in the Netherlands. At this time he heard a free-bass accordion and decided he must get such an instrument. In the meantime, he studied literature at Schneekloth's College in Copenhagen and graduated with honors. After military service he was given an American Embassy Literary Award for study in the United States and supported himself in part by playing this accordion in restaurants and at popular concerts.

Ellegaard returned to Denmark in 1958 and the Danish pianist/composer Vilfred Kjaer (1906-1969) wrote a concerto for him, which led to the creation of a very popular concerto for accordion by the composer Ole Schmidt.

Ellegaard continued,

Symphonic Fantasy and Allegro was premiered by the Danish Radio Symphony with the composer conducting. Ole Schmidt made the following comment about the work, "I hated accordion until I met Mogens Ellegaard. He made me decide to write an accordion concerto for him."
Some of the works Mogens Ellegaard commissioned and premiered are:

 Hans Abrahamsen
 Canzone (1977-8) for accordion solo
 Niels Viggo Bentzon
 Concert voor accordeon (1962/63)
 In the Zoo op. 164 (1964)
 Sinfonia concertante (1965) for two accordions, string orchestra and percussion
 Antonio Bibalo
 Sonata, quasi una fantasia (1977)
 Vagn Holmboe
 Sonata, op. 143A (1979)
 Vilfred Kjær
 Jubilesse infameuse, concerto (1957)
 Leif Kayser
 Arabesques(1975)
 Suite Sacra (1984)
 Confetti (1992)
Torbjörn Lundquist
 Partita piccola (1963)
 Metamorphoses (1965)
 Nine two-part inventions (1966)
 Plasticity - Plastiska varianter - Plastische Varianten... (1967)
 Sonatina piccola (1967/1983)
 Ballad, for 2 accordion (1968)
 Botany play (1968)
 Microscope, 21 pieces (1971)
 Copenhagen music, for accordion solo and accordion quintet (1972)
 Lappri (1972)
 Assoziationen (1981)
 Arne Nordheim
 Signals, for accordion, electric guitar and percussion (1967)
 Dinosauros, for accordion and tape (1970)
 Spur, for accordion and orchestra (1975)
 Flashing (1985)
 Per Nørgård
 Introduction and toccata(1964) (originally written for Lars Bjarne)
 Anatomic Safari for accordion solo (1967)
 Recall (1968) for accordion and orchestra
 Arcana for accordion, electric guitar and percussion (1970)
 Steen Pade
 Udflugt med umveje (Excursions With Detours) (1984)
 Aprilis (1987)
 Cadenza (1987)
 Karl Aage Rasmussen
 Invention (1972)
 Ole Schmidt
 Symphonic Fantasy and Allegro, op. 20 for accordion and orchestra (1958)
 Toccata 1 op. 24 (1960)
 Toccata 2 op. 28 (1964)
 Escape of the meatball over the fence (1967)

Ellegaard has performed this contemporary music in solo recitals and chamber music concerts in Moscow, New York City, Tel Aviv, Amsterdam, Rome, Paris, Dublin, Reykjavík, Zagreb and Toronto, to name a few. He has been a soloist with London's Royal Philharmonic, the Detroit Symphony, the Toronto Symphony, Sudwestfunk Symphonie Orchester, Stockholm, Oslo and Helsinki Philharmonic orchestras, BBC Scottish Symphony, and all of the Danish orchestras. He has appeared at international festivals such as Warsaw Autumn, I.S.C.M., and Bergen. He was for many years a member of the  Trio Mobile with percussionist Bent Lylloff and guitarist Ingolf Olsen, commissioning pieces from Thorbjörn Lundquist, Ib Nørholm, Arne Nordheim, Per Nørgård, Finn Mortensen and others.  As a chamber musician he was later concertizing extensively with a trio consisting of his Hungarian born pianist, and accordionist wife, Marta Bene and percussionist Gert Sørensen.

Accordion professor

In the early-1960s Ellegaard began working with Lars Holm at the Malmö Sweden Accordion Studio where he taught free-bass accordion. He wrote "Comprehensive Method for the Chromatic Free Bass System" which was published by Hohner in New York City in 1964. In 1970 he founded the accordion department at The Royal Danish Academy of Music in Copenhagen. In 1977 he became a full professor.

In 1989 he was appointed head of the accordion faculty of the Hochschule fur Musik und Darstellende Kunst in Graz, Austria. He has conducted master class courses and seminars at Warsaw's Chopin Academy, Helsinki's Sibelius Academy, Trossingen Bundesakademie (Germany), and Conservatories in the Netherlands, Spain, etc. Today his students teach at Scandinavian music academies, as well as at the Royal Academy in London, many Conservatories in Germany, the Netherlands, and other locations.

CDs
 Contemporary Danish Accordion Music, Point, PCD 5073  (1987) met Danish Radio Symphony Orchestra o.l.v. Ole Schmidt
 Jeux à trois, G.E.M. 2001 (1994), Music for classical accordion and percussion, met Márta Bene, accordeon en Gert Sørensen, slagwerk.
 Mogens Ellegaard discography at Discogs

References

1935 births
1995 deaths
Classical accordionists
Avant-garde accordionists
Danish musicians
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century Danish musicians
20th-century accordionists

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Данило Васильович Савич (1730—1763) — екстраординарний професор (1761), викладач географії, оптики та фізики Московського університету (1757—1761), директор Казанської гімназії (1761—1763)

Біографія
Син сотника Слобідського полку. Вчився в Київській академії (1743—1749) та Віттенберзькому університеті (1751—1754). Учень відомого професора прикладної математики і фізики . Отримав у Віттенберзі ступінь магістра філософії і вільних наук. Повернувшись у Російську імперію, подав прохання про зарахування в Академію наук по класу математики, потім був прийнятий в штат Московського університету. У 2-му семестрі 1757 року читав лекції з географії російською мовою. Читав в університеті лекції з експериментальної фізики та оптики (1758—1761), значно розширив фізичний кабінет Московського університету. Був призначений «суббібліотекарем» (1757) і фактично протягом декількох років був першим і єдиним співробітником бібліотеки Московського університету, склав її перший каталог.

Савич отримав (1.10.1761) «за його добрі поведінку, старанність і знання в науках» звання екстраординарного професора й був призначений директором Казанської гімназії.

Примітки

Література

Уродженці Сум
Померли в Казані
Викладачі Київського університету


text:
Eagles return home to host tourney
nick.matkovich@marquette.edu
"It's important to be at home if not the second weekend, then the third weekend of the season," Rolf said. "Otherwise, the kids end up being road warriors."
The tournament, which begins on Friday, brings Bradley, Missouri and Ohio to Milwaukee to take on the team, who's record stands at 1-5.
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The final opponent for the Golden Eagles is No. 18 Missouri, the highest ranking volleyball squad the Tigers have ever had. Coming into tournament play on Friday, the team has a record of 5-1, with the one loss to Utah. In all but one of their five victories this year, the Tigers have come out of the gate and swept their opponents, 3-0.
According to Rolf, the team's biggest concern is Bradley who it will be facing on day one of the tournament.
"Right now we don't prepare for Missouri," Rolf said. "Even though we have preparations and we know what Missouri does, we are only concerned about Bradley."
The opening match pits Missouri and Ohio against each other in the early match, while the Golden Eagles and Bradley close off the night with a 7 p.m. start time, which is also fan appreciation night at the Marquette Gym. The tournament concludes on Saturday when Missouri meets Bradley at 10:30 a.m., followed by Marquette taking on Ohio at 12:30 p.m. The final set of matches is scheduled to start at 4:30 p.m. when Ohio goes up against Bradley, followed by Marquette and Missouri at 7 p.m. to close the tournament.
Read the latest issue of the Tribune
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The Golden Mile je první studiové album velšské alternativní rockové skupiny The Peth. Album bylo vydáno v září roku 2008 hudebním vydavatelstvím Strangetown Records. Nahráno bylo během dvou let. Jde o projekt bubeníka Dafydda Ieuana ze skupiny Super Furry Animals; dále zde hráli například herec a zpěvák Rhys Ifans či baskytarista Guto Pryce. Později skupina nahrála ještě jedno další album, které se mělo jmenovat Crystal Peth. To však nebylo vydáno.

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Reference

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The 1954 New York state election was held on November 2, 1954, to elect the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the Chief Judge and three associate judges of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.
This was the first election in which the voters were required to cast a single joint vote for governor and lieutenant governor, following the amendment to the State Constitution in 1953.
Chief Judge Edmund H. Lewis would reach the constitutional age limit of 70 years at the end of the year. He was elected in 1953, and John Van Voorhis was re-appointed on January 1, 1954, to the seat vacated by Lewis, to fill the vacancy temporarily.
The Socialist Workers nominated David L. Weiss (born c. 1914), electronics worker, for governor; Dorothy Haines, of Buffalo, for lieutenant governor; Harold Robins, of New York City, for comptroller; and Catherine Gratta (born c. 1922), machine inspector, of Brooklyn, for attorney general.
The American Labor Party nominated John T. McManus for governor; actress Karen Morley for lieutenant governor; Ralph Powe, lawyer, for Comptroller (the only African-American running for a statewide elective office this year); and George W. Fish, lawyer, of Brooklyn, for attorney general.
The Socialist Labor Party filed a petition to nominate candidates as the Industrial Government Party on September 30. The ticket had only three names: Nathan Karp for governor; Stephen Emery for lieutenant governor; and John Emanuel for comptroller.
The Democratic Party held its convention on September 21, 1954, in New York City. The main contest was for governor which was between former Secretary of Commerce W. Averell Harriman and Representative Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. Harriman had the backing of Tammany Hall and city organizations, Roosevelt agreed to drop out in exchange for his nomination for attorney general. The next week the Liberal Party of New York endorsed the entire Democratic slate.
The American Labor Party lost its automatic ballot access and disbanded shortly afterwards.


text:
\section{Introduction and statement of main results}\label{Sec:Intro}
For a finite sequence $\mathbf{k}=(k_1,\ldots,k_d)$ of positive integers with $k_{1}>1$, the multiple zeta value $\zeta(\mathbf{k})$ is defined by the following infinite series
$$\zeta(\mathbf{k})=\zeta(k_1,\ldots,k_d)=\sum\limits_{m_1>\cdots>m_d>0}\frac{1}{m_1^{k_1}\cdots m_d^{k_d}}.$$
In recent years there are some different variations of the multiple zeta values. In this paper we consider the multiple $t$-values, which were first systematically studied by Hoffman in \cite{Hoffman}.
Here a  multiple $t$-value $t(\mathbf{k})$ is defined as
\begin{align}t(\mathbf{k})=t(k_1,\ldots,k_d)=\sum\limits_{m_1>\cdots>m_d>0}\frac{1}{(2m_1-1)^{k_1}\cdots(2m_d-1)^{k_d}}.\end{align}
Usually $d$ is called the depth, $k_1+\cdots+k_d$ is called the weight, and $\mathbf{k}$ is called an admissible multi-index. By convention we denote the empty index by $\emptyset$, and define $t(\emptyset)$ to be $1$.

Previous research on multiple $t$-values revealed that they remarkable parallel to, and contrast with, multiple zeta values. In \cite{J. Zhao}, Zhao obtained some type of sum formula for multiple t-values. More precisely for positive integers $d$, $n$ with $d<n+1$, let $T(2n,d)$ be the sum of all multiple $t$-values with even arguments whose weights are $2n$ and whose depths are $d$. Then it was proved in \cite{J. Zhao} that
$$T(2n,d)=\frac{(-1)^{n-d}\pi^{2n}}{4^{n}(2n)!}\sum_{l=0}^{n-d}{\binom {n-l} d}{\binom {2n} {2l}}E_{2l},$$ where $E_{j}$ is Euler's number. More general weighted sums of multiple $t$-values at even arguments with polynomial weights were studied by Li and Xu in \cite{LI XU}. In \cite{Hoffman} Hoffman gave explicit formulas for the multiple $t$-values with repeated arguments analogous to those known for multiple zeta values by quasi shuffle products. For example, the well-known identities
  $$ \zeta({\{2\}}_{n})=\frac{\pi^{2n}}{(2n+1)!},\quad \zeta({\{4\}}_{n})=\frac{2^{2n+1}\pi^{4n}}{(4n+2)!}, \quad \zeta({\{6\}}_{n})=\frac{6{(2\pi)}^{6n}}{(6n+3)!}$$
  (where ${\{k\}}_{n}$ means $k$ repeats $n$ times) have multiple t-values counterparts
\begin{align}
t({\{2\}}_{n})=\frac{\pi^{2n}}{(2n)!2^{2n}},\quad t({\{4\}}_{n})=\frac{\pi^{4n}}{(4n)!2^{2n}},\quad t({\{6\}}_{n})=\frac{3{(\pi)}^{6n}}{(6n)!4}
. \end{align} Furthermore, Hoffman provided some interesting conjectures. For example he conjectured that the dimension of the rational vector space generated by weight $n$ multiple $t$-values equals to the $n$th Fibonacci number.

  For multiple zeta values, Kumar has a unconventional idea. In \cite{Senthil Kumar}, he studied the order structure and the topological properties of the set $\mathcal{Z}$ of all multiple zeta values. Taking the usual order and the usual topology of the set $\mathbb{R}$ of real numbers, Kumar computed the derived sets of the topological subspace $\mathcal{Z}$ of $\mathbb{R}$, and showed that the set $\mathcal{Z}$, ordered by $\geqslant$, is well-ordered with the order type $\omega^3$, where $\omega$ is the smallest infinite ordinal. Inspired by the work of Kumar, Li and the author studied the topological properties of some $q$-analogues of multiple zeta values in \cite{LI PAN}.

  In this paper, we study the order structure and the topological properties of multiple $t$-values. Let $\mathcal{T}$ be the set of all multiple $t$-values. Under the usual topology, we determine the sequence $(\mathcal{T}^{(n)})_{n\geqslant 0}$ of the derived sets of the topological subspace $\mathcal{T}$ of $\mathbb{R}$. Here $\mathcal{T}^{(0)}=\mathcal{T}$ and for any $n\in\mathbb{N}$, $\mathcal{T}^{(n)}$ is the set of accumulation points of $\mathcal{T}^{(n-1)}.$ As usually, we denote $\mathcal{T}^{(1)}$ by $\mathcal{T}'$ and $\mathcal{T}^{(2)}$ by $\mathcal{T}''.$
  To state our result about $\mathcal{T}^{(n)}$, we introduce the concept of the tail of multiple $t$-values. For an admissible multi-index $\mathbf{k}=(k_1,\ldots,k_d)$ and a positive odd integer $n$, we define
  $$t(\mathbf{k})_{n}=t(k_1,\ldots,k_d)_{n}=\sum\limits_{m_1>\cdots>m_d>n}\frac{1}{(2m_1-1)^{k_1}\cdots(2m_d-1)^{k_d}}.$$
  We set $t(\mathbf{\emptyset})_{n}=1.$ Then under the usual topology of $\mathbb{R}$, the derived sets of $\mathcal{T}$ are described as in the following theorem.
\begin{thm}\label{Thm:Derived-Set}
We have $$\mathcal{T}'=\{t(\mathbf{k})_{1}\mid \mathbf{k}\text{\;is admissible}\}\cup \{0,1\}$$ and $\mathcal{T}^{(n)}=\{0\}$ for any positive integer $n\geq 2$.
\end{thm}For the order structure of the set $\mathcal{T}$, we have the following two results.
\begin{thm}\label{Thm:well-ordered set}
The set $\mathcal{T}$, ordered by $\geq,$ is a well-ordered set with $t(2)$ as the maximum element.
\end{thm}

\begin{thm}\label{Thm:order structure}
The type of the order of $(\mathcal{T},\geq)$ is $\omega^{2}$, where $\omega$ is the smallest infinite ordinal.
\end{thm}

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we study the derived sets of $\mathcal{T}$ and give a proof of Theorem \ref{Thm:Derived-Set}. In Section 3, we recall the definition of well-ordered sets and give a proof of Theorem \ref{Thm:well-ordered set}. In Section 4, we recall some properties of ordinals, and then give a proof of Theorem \ref{Thm:order structure}. By Theorem \ref{Thm:order structure}, there is a unique bijection $\Phi: (\mathcal{T},\geq)\rightarrow (\mathbb{N}^{2},\leq),$ which reverses the orders. We give some description of this bijection at the end of Section 4.

\section{Proof of  Theorem \ref{Thm:Derived-Set}}\label{Sec:Proof-Thm1-1}
In this section, we give a proof of  Theorem \ref{Thm:Derived-Set}.

We recall a formula.
\begin{lem}[\cite{Hoffman}]\label{Lem:identy}
Let $G=\sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \frac {(-1)^{j}}{2j+1}$ be Catalan's constant, then we have $$\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}t(2,\{1\}_{j-1})=2G.$$
\end{lem}
To prove Theorem \ref{Thm:Derived-Set}, we have to know the behaviour of the convergent sequences in the space $\mathcal{T}$. Recall that a sequence $(a(n))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ is injective if for any $n\neq m,$ it holds $a(n)\neq a(m)$.
\begin{thm}\label{Thm:accumulation point}
 Let $(\mathbf{k}(n))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}=((k_1(n),\ldots,k_{d(n)}(n)))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ be an injective sequence of admissible multi-indices. If $0$ is not the accumulation point of $(t(\mathbf{k}(n)))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$, then there exist an infinite subset $\mathbb{D}$ of $\mathbb{N}$ and a positive integer $d$ such that
  \item [(i)] $d(n)=d$ for all $n\in\mathbb{D}$,
  \item [(ii)] and if $d>1,$ there are positive integers $k_1,\ldots,k_{d-1},$ with $k_i(n)=k_{i}$ for all $n\in\mathbb{D}$ and $1\leq i<d$.
\end{thm}
\noindent {\bf Proof.}
If the sequence $({d(n)})_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ is unbounded, there exists a subsequence $({n_{k}})_{k\in\mathbb{N}}$ of $\mathbb{N}$ such that $\lim_{k\rightarrow\infty}d(n_{k})=\infty$. Then Lemma \ref{Lem:identy} implies that
$$\lim_{k\rightarrow\infty}t(2,\{1\}_{d(n_{k})-1})=0.$$
From the fact $$0<t(\mathbf{k}(n_{k}))\leq t(2,\{1\}_{d(n_{k})-1}),$$
we find that $0$ is an accumulation point of $(t(\mathbf{k}(n)))_{n\in\mathbb{N}},$ a contradiction. Hence there exist
an infinite subset $D_{1}$ of $\mathbb{N}$ and a positive integer $d$, such that $d(n)=d$ for all $n\in D_{1}$.
If $d=1$, we take $\mathbb{D}=D_{1},$ and complete the proof of the theorem.

Assume that $d>1$. If $({{k_{1}(n)}})_{n\in D_{1}}$ is unbounded, there exists a subsequence $n_{k}$ of $D_{1}$ with the property $$\lim_{k\rightarrow\infty}k_{1}(n_{k})=\infty.$$
Since $$t(\mathbf{k}(n_{k}))\leq t(k_{1}(n_{k}),\{1\}_{d-1}),$$ and
$$\lim\limits_{{k} \rightarrow \infty}t(k_{1}(n_{k}),\{1\}_{d-1})=0,$$
a contradiction. Hence there exist an infinite subset $D_{2}$ of $D_{1}$ and a positive integer $k_{1}$ such that $k_{1}(n)=k_{1}$ for all
$n\in D_{2}$. Now assume that for $1\leq j< d-1$, we have found an infinite subset $D_{j}$ of $\mathbb{N}$ and positive integers $k_1,\ldots k_{j}$, such that $k_{i}(n)=k_{i}$ for  $i=1,2,\ldots,j$ and all $n\in D_{j}$. Then using the inequality
$$t(k_1,\ldots k_{j},k_{j+1}(n),\ldots, k_d(n))<t(k_1,\ldots, k_{j})t(k_{j+1}(n),\ldots k_d(n))$$
with $k_{j+1}(n)>1,$ we conclude that there are an infinite subset $D_{j+1}$ of $D_{j}$ and a positive integer $k_{j+1}$ such that $k_{j+1}(n)=k_{j+1}$ for all $n\in D_{j+1}.$ Finally we take  $\mathbb{D}=D_{d-1}$ and finish the proof. \qed

We can restate Theorem \ref{Thm:accumulation point} in the following way.
\begin{cor}\label{Cor:injective point-3}Let $(\mathbf{k}(n))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ be an injective sequence of admissible multi-indices such that $0$ is
not an accumulation point of $(t(\mathbf{k}(n)))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$. Then $(\mathbf{k}(n))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ has a subsequence of the following type
\begin{align}({\mathbf{k},{\varphi(n)+2}})_{n\in \mathbb{N}},\end{align}\label{Eq:Type-2}where $\mathbf{k}$ is a fixed admissible multi-index or an empty index and $({{\varphi(n)}})_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ is a strictly increasing sequence in $\mathbb{N}$.
\end{cor}

Therefore we have the following corollaries.
\begin{cor}\label{Cor:injective point-4}
Each injective sequence $(\mathbf{k}(n))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ of admissible multi-indices has a
subsequence $(\mathbf{k}(n_{k}))_{k\in\mathbb{N}}$ such that the sequence $(t(\mathbf{k}(n_{k})))_{k\in\mathbb{N}}$ is strictly decreasing.
\end{cor}
\noindent {\bf Proof.}
If $0$ is an accumulation point of $(t(\mathbf{k}(n)))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$, we obviously get the result. Otherwise, the result follows from Corollary \ref{Cor:injective point-3}. \qed

\begin{cor}\label{Cor:injective point-1}
For any real number $\alpha,$ there exist only finitely many admissible multi-indices $\mathbf{k}$ for which
$t(\mathbf{k})=\alpha.$
\end{cor}
\noindent {\bf Proof.}
We immediately get the result from Corollary \ref{Cor:injective point-4}. \qed

Now we come to prove Theorem \ref{Thm:Derived-Set}

\noindent{\bf Proof of Theorem \ref{Thm:Derived-Set}.} We first compute $\mathcal{T}'$. For an admissible multi-index $\mathbf{k}=(k_{1},\ldots,k_{d}),$
we take $\mathbf{k}(n)=(k_{1},\ldots, k_d,n+2).$ Then since $$\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}t(\mathbf{k}(n))=t(k_{1},\ldots, k_{d})_{1},$$ we get $t(\mathbf{k})_{1}\in \mathcal{T}'$.
Similarly, taking $\mathbf{k}(n)=(2,\{1\}_{n-1})$ and $\mathbf{k}(n)=(n+1)$ for $n\in \mathbb{N}$ respectively, we find $0$ and $1$ belong to $\mathcal{T}'$.

Conversely, for any nonzero $\alpha\in \mathcal{T}'$, there is a sequence $(\mathbf{k}(n))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$
such that $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}t(\mathbf{k}(n))=\alpha.$ By Corollary \ref{Cor:injective point-3} without loss of generality we may assume that $(\mathbf{k}(n))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ is one of the following types
 \begin{enumerate}
                \item  $({{\varphi(n)+2}})_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$;
                \item  $({\mathbf{k},{\varphi(n)+2}})_{n\in \mathbb{N}},$
              \end{enumerate}
where $\mathbf{k}=(k_{1},\ldots, k_d)$ is a fixed admissible multi-index and $({{\varphi(n)}})_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ is a strictly increasing sequence in $\mathbb{N}$. In the case of type (1), since
\begin{align*}&\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}t(\varphi(n)+2)\\
 &=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sum\limits_{m>0}\frac{1}{(2m-1)^{\varphi(n)+2}}\\
 &=\sum\limits_{m>0}\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{(2m-1)^{\varphi(n)+2}}\\
 &=1,\end{align*}
we get $\alpha=1$. And in the case of type (2), since
\begin{align*}&\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}t(k_{1},\ldots, k_d,\varphi(n)+2)\\
&=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sum\limits_{m_1>\cdots>m_d>m_{d+1}>0}\frac{1}{(2m_1-1)^{k_1}\cdots(2m_d-1)^{k_d}(2m_{d+1}-1)^{\varphi(n)+2}}\\
&=\sum\limits_{m_1>\cdots>m_d>m_{d+1}>0}\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{(2m_1-1)^{k_1}\cdots(2m_d-1)^{k_d}(2m_{d+1}-1)^{\varphi(n)+2}}\\
&=\sum\limits_{m_1>\cdots>m_d>1}\frac{1}{(2m_1-1)^{k_1}\cdots (2m_d-1)^{k_d}}\\
&=t(k_{1},\ldots, k_{d})_{1},\end{align*}
we have $\alpha=t(k_{1},\ldots, k_{d})_{1}.$ Hence the result about $\mathcal{T}'$ is proved.

Now we compute $\mathcal{T}''$. Note that for any admissible multi-index $\mathbf{k}$, we have $t(\mathbf{k})> t(\mathbf{k})_{1}$. Hence we get $0\in \mathcal{T}''$ from $0\in \mathcal{T}'$.
Conversely, assume that $0$ is not the accumulation point of $(t(\mathbf{k}(n))_{1})_{n\in\mathbb{N}}.$
Then $0$ is also not the accumulation point of $(t(\mathbf{k}(n)))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}.$ Hence from Corollary \ref{Cor:injective point-3}, we may assume that $(\mathbf{k}(n))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ is of type (1) or of type (2).
Then from the facts
\begin{align*}&\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}t(\varphi(n)+2)_{1}\\
&=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sum\limits_{m>1}\frac{1}{(2m-1)^{\varphi(n)+2}}\\
 &=\sum\limits_{m>1}\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{(2m-1)^{\varphi(n)+2}}\\
 &=0\end{align*} and
 \begin{align*}&\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}t(k_{1},\ldots, k_d,\varphi(n)+2)_{1}\\
&=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sum\limits_{m_1>\cdots>m_d>m_{d+1}>1}\frac{1}{(2m_1-1)^{k_1}\cdots (2m_d-1)^{k_d}(2m_{d+1}-1)^{\varphi(n)+2}}\\
&=\sum\limits_{m_1>\cdots>m_d>m_{d+1}>1}\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{(2m_1-1)^{k_1}\cdots (2m_d-1)^{k_d}(2m_{d+1}-1)^{\varphi(n)+2}}\\
&=0,\end{align*}
we have $\mathcal{T}''=\{0\}.$

Finally, it is obvious that $\mathcal{T}^{(n)}=\{0\}$ for any $n\geq 2$. \qed

Similar as Corollary \ref{Cor:injective point-1}, we have the following result.
\begin{cor}\label{Cor:injective point-5}
For any real number $\beta,$ there exist only finitely many admissible multi-indices $\mathbf{k}$ for which
$t(\mathbf{k})_{1}=\beta.$
\end{cor}

\section{Proof of Theorem \ref{Thm:well-ordered set} }\label{Sec:Proof-Thm1-2}
In this section, we give a proof of  Theorem \ref{Thm:well-ordered set}.
We recall the definition of a well-ordered set. A partial ordered set $(X,\geq)$ is called well-ordered, if the order $\geq$ is totally ordered, and any nonempty subset of $X$ has a maximal element.

\noindent {\bf Proof of Theorem \ref{Thm:well-ordered set}.}
As a subset of $\mathbb{R}$, $\mathcal{T}$ is obviously totally ordered.
Now we prove that any nonempty subset $X$ of $\mathcal{T}$ has a maximal element.
If $X$ is a finite set, it is easy to find the maximal element of $X$ as $X$ is totally ordered. Now we investigate another case, $X$ is an infinite set. Assume that there is no maximal element of $X$. Then for any $\alpha_{1}\in X$,
there is a $\alpha_{2}\in X$, such that $\alpha_{1}<\alpha_{2}.$ Similarly there exists $\alpha_{3}\in X$ with $\alpha_{2}<\alpha_{3}$. Hence there is an infinite strictly increasing sequence $\alpha_{1}<\alpha_{2}<\alpha_{3}<\cdots$ in $X$, which contradicts Corollary \ref{Cor:injective point-4}.

We next prove that $t(2)$ is the maximal element of $\mathcal{T}$.
Since $t(2)=\frac{\pi^{2}}{8}$, from Lemma \ref{Lem:identy}, we obtain
$$\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}t(2,\{1\}_{j})=2G-\frac{\pi^{2}}{8}<1.$$ Hence we find $$t(2)>t(2,\{1\}_{j})$$ for all $j\in \mathbb{N}.$ Finally with the inequality $t(k_{1},\ldots,k_{j+1})\leq t(2,\{1\}_{j})$, we complete our proof.
\qed
\begin{cor}\label{Cor:well-ordered}
$\mathcal{T}'$ is well-ordered with $t(\emptyset)_{1}$ as the maximum element and $t(2)_{1}$ as the second largest element.
\end{cor}
\noindent {\bf Proof.}
Similar as the proof of Theorem \ref{Thm:well-ordered set}, to show that $\mathcal{T'}$ is well-ordered, we need the fact that for any injective sequence $(\mathbf{k}(n))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ of admissible multi-indices, there is a strictly decreasing infinite subsequence of $({t(\mathbf{k}(n))_{1}})_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$. While one can get this fact similar as Corollary \ref{Cor:injective point-4}.

We next compute the maximum element and the second largest element of $\mathcal{T'}$. From the equations
$$t(2)_{1}=t(2)-1$$ and
$$t(2,\{1\}_{j})_{1}=t(2,\{1\}_{j})-t(2,\{1\}_{j-1})_{1}\quad(j\geq 1),$$ we obtain
 $$\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}t(2,\{1\}_{j-1})_{1}=\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}t(2,\{1\}_{j-1})-1-\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}t(2,\{1\}_{j-1})_{1}.$$
So
$$\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}t(2,\{1\}_{j-1})_{1}=\frac{2G-1}{2}\approx0.416,$$ Hence we have $$t(\emptyset)_{1}=1>t(2,\{1\}_{j-1})_{1}\geq t(k_{1},\ldots,k_{j})_{1}$$ for all $j\in \mathbb{N}$
and we find $t(\emptyset)_{1}$ is the maximum element. Similarly, since $$t(2)_{1}\approx 0.232>\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}t(2,\{1\}_{j})_{1}>t(2,\{1\}_{j})_{1}\geq t(k_{1},\ldots,k_{j+1})_{1}$$ for all $j\in \mathbb{N},$ we have $t(2)_{1}$ is the second largest element. \qed

\section{Proof of  Theorem \ref{Thm:order structure}}\label{Sec:Proof-Thm1-3}
In this section, we first give a proof of Theorem \ref{Thm:order structure}.
We recall some lemmas.
\begin{lem}[\cite{Senthil Kumar}]\label{Lem:countable}
 Any well-ordered subset of  $\overline{\mathbb{R}}$ is countable, where $\overline{\mathbb{R}}$ is the extended real line.
\end{lem}
\begin{lem}[\cite{Senthil Kumar}]\label{Lem:ordinal}
Let $\mathcal{A}$ be a well-ordered subset of $\overline{\mathbb{R}}$. If $\mathcal{A}$ has order type $\omega\mu+\nu,$ where $\mu$ is an ordinal and $\nu$ is a finite ordinal, then the order type of $\mathcal{A}'$ is $\mu$ if $\mu$ is finite and $\mu + 1$ if $\mu$ is infinite.
\end{lem}

\noindent {\bf Proof of Theorem\ref{Thm:order structure}.}
Recall the division algorithm of ordinals. For ordinals $\gamma,\alpha,\beta$ with $\gamma<\alpha\beta$,
there exist unique ordinals $\alpha',\beta'$, such that $\gamma=\alpha\beta'+\alpha',$ and $\alpha'<\alpha$, $\beta'<\beta.$ Since $\mathcal{T'}$ is countable, we may assume the ordinal of $\mathcal{T'}$ is $\omega\mu+\nu,$ where $\mu$ is an ordinal and $\nu$ is a finite ordinal. From Lemma \ref{Lem:ordinal}, the ordinal of
$\mathcal{T''}$ is $\mu$ or $\mu+1$. But $\mathcal{T''}=\{0\}$, which implies that the ordinal of $\mathcal{T''}$ is $1$. Hence we get $\mu=1$. Since $0$ is the smallest element of $\mathcal{T'},$
we find $\nu=1$. Now we assume the ordinal of $\mathcal{T}$ is $\omega\mu'+\nu',$
where $\mu'$ is an ordinal and $\nu'$ is a finite ordinal. From Lemma \ref{Lem:ordinal} and the fact that the ordinal of $\mathcal{T'}$ is $\omega+1,$ we have $\mu'=\omega$. Since there is no smallest element
in $\mathcal{T}$, we get $\nu'=0$. Therefore, the ordinal of $\mathcal{T}$ is $\omega^{2}.$ \qed

Theorem \ref{Thm:order structure} guarantees that there exists a unique bijection
$$\Phi:\quad (\mathcal{T},\geq)\rightarrow (\mathbb{N}^{2},\leq),$$
reverses the orders. Here $\mathbb{N}^{2}$ is endowed with the lexicographical order. At the end of this section,
we provide some description of the map $\Phi$.

Since the ordinal of $\mathcal{T}'$ is $\omega+1$, there exists a unique bijection
$$\Psi:\quad (\mathcal{T'},\geq)\rightarrow (\mathbb{\overline{N}},\leq),$$
which reverses the orders. Here $\mathbb{\overline{N}}=\mathbb{N} \bigcup \{\infty\}$ and $\infty$ is the maximal element of $\mathbb{\overline{N}}$. Since $0$ is the minimal element of $\mathcal{T}'$, we have $\Psi(0)=\infty$.
And it is easy to compute the image of nonzero elements of $\mathcal{T}'$ under the map $\Psi$.
\begin{lem}\label{Lem:ordinal derived }
For any nonzero $\beta \in \mathcal{T}'$, we have $\Psi(\beta)=card(B_{\beta})$, where $$B_{\beta}=\{\alpha\in \mathcal{T}'| \alpha\geq \beta\}.$$
\end{lem}

Therefore, we may index the set $\mathcal{T}'-\{0\}$ by $\mathbb{N}$ as
$$\mathcal{T}'-\{0\}=\{\beta_{1}>\beta_{2}>\cdots>\beta_{n}>\cdots\}.$$
We also set $\beta_{0}=\infty.$
For any $r\in \mathbb{N}$, we set $$I_{r}=\{\mathbf{k}|\mathbf{k} \text{\; is admissible, \;} t(\mathbf{k})_{1}=\beta_{r}\}.$$
Which is a finite set by Corollary \ref{Cor:injective point-5}.
Set
$$\mathcal{L}_{r}=\{(\mathbf{k},n)|\mathbf{k}\in I_{r},n\in\mathbb{N},t(\mathbf{k},n)<\beta_{r-1}\}$$
and
$$\mathcal{P}_{r}=\{(\mathbf{k},n)|\mathbf{k}\in I_{r},n\in\mathbb{N},t(\mathbf{k},n)\geq \beta_{r-1}\}.$$
It is easy to show that $\mathcal{P}_{r}$ is finite for any $r\in \mathbb{N}$, and in particular $\mathcal{P}_{1}=\emptyset.$
For any $\alpha \in \mathcal{T}$, we set
$$\Phi(\alpha)=(\Phi_{L}(\alpha),\Phi_{R}(\alpha))\in\mathbb{N}^{2}.$$
Then we have the following lemma.
 \begin{lem}\label{Lem:iso-L }
For any $\mathbf{l}\in \mathcal{L}_{r},$ we have $\Phi_{L}(t(\mathbf{l}))=r.$
\end{lem}
 \noindent {\bf Proof.}
 We prove it by induction on $r$. For any $\mathbf{l}=(\mathbf{k},n)\in \mathcal{L}_{1}$,
 if $\Phi_{L}(t(\mathbf{l}))>1,$ then we have $$(1,1)<(1,2)<\cdots<(1,n)<\cdots<\Phi(t(\mathbf{l})).$$ Applying $\Phi^{-1}$, we get an injective sequence $(\mathbf{k}(n))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$, such that $$t(\mathbf{k}(1))>t(\mathbf{k}(2))>\cdots>t(\mathbf{k}(n))>\cdots>t(\mathbf{l}).$$
 Therefore there exists an element $\beta\in \mathcal{T}'$ such that $$\beta\geq t(\mathbf{l}).$$
Hence $$\beta_{1}=t(\mathbf{k})_{1}<t(\mathbf{k},n)=t(\mathbf{l})\leq\beta,$$
which is impossible.

Now assume that $r>1$, and the result holds for any positive integer less than $r$.
Then for any $\mathbf{l}=(\mathbf{k},n)\in \mathcal{L}_{r-1}$, we have $\Phi(t(\mathbf{l}))=\Phi(t(\mathbf{k},n))=(r-1,\tau(n)).$
Since $$t(\mathbf{k},n)>t(\mathbf{k},n+1),$$
we have $({{\tau(n)}})_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ is a strictly increasing sequence in $\mathbb{N}$.
For any $\mathbf{l'}\in \mathcal{L}_{r}$, we set $\Phi(t(\mathbf{l'}))=(r',\tau).$
We first prove $r'\geq r$. If $r'<r-1,$ then for any $\mathbf{l}\in \mathcal{L}_{r-1}$, we have
$$\Phi(t(\mathbf{l'}))<\Phi(t(\mathbf{l})),$$
which implies $$t(\mathbf{l'})>t(\mathbf{l})>\beta_{r-1},$$ a contradiction.
If $r'=r-1$, since $({{\tau(n)}})_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ is a strictly increasing sequence in $\mathbb{N}$, we can find a big enough positive integer $m$ such that $\tau(m)>\tau$. Then there exists a multi-index $\mathbf{l}=(\mathbf{k},m)\in \mathcal{L}_{r-1}$ such that
$$\Phi(t(\mathbf{l'}))<\Phi(t(\mathbf{l})),$$
which implies $$t(\mathbf{l'})>t(\mathbf{l})>\beta_{r-1},$$ a contradiction.
We next prove $r'\leq r$. If $r'>r$, then $$(r,1)<(r,2)<\cdots<\Phi(t(\mathbf{l'})).$$
Applying $\Phi^{-1},$ there exists an injective sequence of admissible multi-indices $({\mathbf{k}(n)}_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$  such that $$t(\mathbf{k}(1))>t(\mathbf{k}(2))>\cdots>t(\mathbf{k}(n))>\cdots>t(\mathbf{l'}).$$ Since $$card(\bigcup_{1\leq i\leq r-1}\mathcal{P}_{i})$$ is finite, there exists an accumulation point $\beta$ of $(t(\mathbf{k}(n)))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ such that
 $$\beta \in \mathcal{T}'-\{\beta_{1},\ldots,\beta_{r-1}\}$$ and $\beta\geq t(\mathbf{l'})$, we get a contradiction. \qed

While for elements in $\mathcal{P}_{r}$, we have the following lemma.
 \begin{lem}\label{Lem:isolate point }
For any $\mathbf{l}\in \mathcal{P}_{r}$, we have $\Phi_{L}(t(\mathbf{l}))=\min\{m\in \mathbb{N}|t(\mathbf{l})>\beta_{m}\}.$
\end{lem}
\noindent {\bf Proof.}
We denote by $m$ the minimal number such that $\beta_{m}<t(\mathbf{l}).$ Then we have $\beta_{m-1}\geq t(\mathbf{l}).$
We first prove $\Phi_{L}(t(\mathbf{l}))\geq m$. If $m=1$, the conclusion is obvious. If $m>1$, by Lemma \ref{Lem:iso-L }
there exists an infinite sequence
$$({t(\mathbf{l}_{m-1})(n))})_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$$ such that for any positive integer $n$ $$t(\mathbf{l}_{m-1}(n))>t(\mathbf{l}_{m-1}(n+1))\geq t(\mathbf{l}),$$ where $\mathbf{l}_{m-1}\in \mathcal{L}_{m-1}.$
Therefore we obtain $$(m-1,\varsigma(1))<(m-1,\varsigma(2))<\ldots<(m-1,\varsigma(n))<\ldots<\Phi(t(\mathbf{l})),$$
where $({{\varsigma(n)}})_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ is a strictly
increasing sequence in $\mathbb{N}$. Hence $\Phi_{L}(t(\mathbf{l}))>m-1$.

We next prove $\Phi_{L}(t(\mathbf{l}))<m+1$. If $\Phi_{L}(t(\mathbf{l}))\geq m+1$, then $$(m,1)<(m,2)<\cdots<\Phi(t(\mathbf{l})),$$
which implies that for any $\mathbf{l}_{m}\in \mathcal{L}_{m},$ it holds $\Phi(t(\mathbf{l}_{m}))>\Phi(t(\mathbf{l}))$. Then we have $\beta_{m}\geq t(\mathbf{l})$, which leads to a contradiction. \qed

From Lemma \ref{Lem:iso-L } and Lemma \ref{Lem:isolate point }, we find that for any $\alpha\in \mathcal{T}$ and $r\in \mathbb{N}$, we have $\Phi_{L}(\alpha)=r\Leftrightarrow\beta_{r-1}\geq\alpha>\beta_{r}.$ In other words we can order the subset $\mathcal{T}_{r}=\{\alpha\in \mathcal{T}|\beta_{r-1}\geq\alpha>\beta_{r}\}$ by $\mathbb{N}$ as $\{\alpha_{r,1}>\alpha_{r,2}>\cdots\}.$

Now we can get a description of the images of the map $\Phi$.
\begin{thm}\label{Thm:ordinal isomorphism}
For any $\alpha\in \mathcal{T}$, we have the following equality: $$\Phi(\alpha)=(\min\{i\in \mathbb{N}|\alpha>\beta_{i}\},\min\{j\in \mathbb{N}|\alpha\geq \alpha_{i,j}\}).$$
\end{thm}
\noindent {\bf Proof.}
We get this claim from the facts that there exists a unique bijection from $(\mathcal{T}_{i},\geq)$ to $(\mathbb{N},\leq)$ which reverses the orders, and there is a unique bijection $(\{(i,1),(i,2),\cdots\},\leq)$ to $(\mathbb{N},\leq)$ which preserves the orders. \qed

By the above description of the bijection
$\Phi:(\mathcal{T},\geq) \rightarrow (\mathbb{N}^{2},\leq)$
and the supplementary definition $t(1)=\infty$, we compute some approximate values and give the following ordering rule of $\mathcal{T}\bigcup\mathcal{T'}$:
$$t(1)>t(2)>t(3)>\cdots>\underline{t(\emptyset)_{1}}>
t(2,1)>t(2,2)>\cdots>\underline{t(2)_{1}}>
$$$$t(2,1,1)>t(2,1,2)>\cdots>\underline{t(2,1)_{1}}>
t(3,1)>t(3,2)>{\cdots>\underline{t(3)_{1}}}>\cdots.$$
Hence here we conjecture $\bigcup_{r=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{r}=\emptyset$ and there are no two different admissible multi-indices $\mathbf{k}$ and $\mathbf{l}$, such that $$t(\mathbf{l})_{1}=t(\mathbf{k})_{1}.$$
Moreover combining with Lemma \ref{Lem:iso-L } and Theorem \ref{Thm:ordinal isomorphism}, we have the following conjecture.

\noindent {\bf Conjecture.}
For any multi-index $\mathbf{l}=(\mathbf{k},n)$, we have $$\Phi(t(\mathbf{k},n))=(m,n),$$ where $\mathbf{k}$ is admissible or empty and $m=\min\{r\in \mathbb{N}|t(\mathbf{k})>\beta_{r}\}$.

\noindent {\bf Acknowledge.}
I am grateful to my doctoral supervisor Prof.   Zhonghua Li for many fruitful discussions and helps.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Port lotniczy Buenos Aires (ang. Buenos Aires Airport, IATA: BAI, ICAO: MRBA) – port lotniczy zlokalizowany w kostarykańskim mieście Buenos Aires.

Bibliografia
 Great Circle Mapper

Buenos Aires


text:
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Wockhardt, Ltd. - 495920 - 12/23/2016
WARNING LETTER
Wockhardt, Ltd. MARCS-CMS 495920 — December 23, 2016
Wockhardt, Ltd.
Issuing Office:
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
10903 New Hampshire Ave.
Via UPS Warning Letter 320-17-13
Return Receipt Requested
Dr. Habil Khorakiwala
Founder, Chairman and Group CEO
Wockhardt Limited
Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra (East)
Dear Dr. Khorakiwala:
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspected your drug manufacturing facility, Wockhardt Limited, Plot No. 138 G.I.D.C. Estate District Bharuch, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, from December 7 to 15, 2015.
This warning letter summarizes significant violations of current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) regulations for finished pharmaceuticals, 21 CFR parts 210 and 211, and significant deviations from CGMP for active pharmaceutical ingredients (API).
Because your methods, facilities, or controls for manufacturing, processing, packing, or holding do not conform to CGMP, your drugs are adulterated within the meaning of section 501(a)(2)(B) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), 21 U.S.C. 351(a)(2)(B).
We reviewed your January 15, 2016, response in detail and acknowledge receipt of your subsequent correspondence.
During our inspection, our investigator observed specific violations and deviations including, but not limited to, the following.
Sterile API Violations
1. Your firm failed to establish and follow appropriate written procedures that are designed to prevent microbiological contamination of drug products purporting to be sterile, and that include validation of all aseptic and sterilization processes (21 CFR 211.113(b)).
During the airflow analysis (smoke study) of aseptic connections on your (b)(4) equipment inside the laminar air flow (LAF) ISO-5 area, our investigator identified air flow disturbances and turbulence. Under dynamic conditions, air did not sufficiently sweep across and away from sterile connections, so the sterility of any product processed under these conditions could be compromised.
Furthermore, in our review of the smoke study, we identified multiple aseptic technique breaches during aseptic connection of the (b)(4) equipment. Your equipment design and aseptic processing operator competencies appear to contribute to the lack of unidirectionality. Aseptic processing equipment should provide for appropriate ergonomics that enable operators to reproducibly conduct aseptic manipulations. In addition, it is critical that your aseptic processing operators have the knowledge and skills to practice strict aseptic techniques. Even operations that have been successfully qualified can be compromised by poor operational, maintenance, or personnel practices.
In response to this letter, perform a full review of aseptic processing equipment design and aseptic techniques. Provide your corrective and preventive action (CAPA) plan. Include a video DVD of all smoke studies for LAF-711, LAF-712, and LAF-713 conducted following CAPA implementation.
2. Your firm failed to ensure that manufacturing personnel wear clothing appropriate to protect drug product from contamination (21 CFR 211.28(a)).
Our investigator observed employees working in gowns that had unraveled stitching extending from hoods, zippers, and pants. Your firm approved these gowns for operations. Employees wore them while manufacturing sterile (b)(4) USP API and sterile (b)(4) API. Five of 10 garments released for use in aseptic production areas had loose fibers or other damage. Per your procedures, you should have discarded these garments. You determined that inadequate lighting and ineffective operator training were root causes.
Your response is inadequate because it does not include your assessment of washing, drying, ironing, sterilizing, or other operations that may contribute to sterile garment damage. It also does not address the need to limit the number of sterilizations. Our investigator noted that you sterilize gowns numerous times. These excessive sterilizations lead to breakdown of gown fibers.
Your aseptic processing gowns were inadequate to prevent contamination of your sterile products with particles and microorganisms shed from employees' bodies. Your firm must use garments that are suitable for aseptic processing.
In response to this letter, provide an action plan that describes how your firm will do the following.
Select appropriate gown suppliers. Include the role of the quality unit in making supplier selection and ongoing qualification decisions.
Reduce your maximum number of gown sterilizations to ensure that gowns are discarded before they show signs of breakdown. Provide the maximum number of re-sterilizations you will allow, and describe how you will document and validate this procedure.
Correct your visual inspection procedures for sterile garments to improve detection and rejection of defective garments.
Ensure that the quality unit makes final decisions relating to release of raw materials and supplies (e.g., garments) you use in production.
Conduct a risk assessment of the effects of damaged garments on your drugs.
3. Your firm failed to ensure that laboratory records included complete data derived from all tests necessary to assure compliance with established specifications and standards (21 CFR 211.194(a)).
While reviewing gas chromatography data on instrument QA/G07, our investigator found unreported results, including an out-of-specification (OOS) test result for raw materials. You did not investigate this OOS result or explain why you excluded the failing result from the official record.
Our investigator also found that you reported only two of three chromatographic injections of sterile (b)(4) batch (b)(4) during in-process (b)(4) sample testing for residual solvent. You did not explain why you excluded the third injection. You decommissioned this instrument in July 2014 without reviewing the instrument data.
Your response indicates that you have initiated a retrospective review of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) data over a multi-year period. Your response is inadequate because it does not explain the depth of your electronic data review, or commit to a comprehensive retrospective review of raw data from all laboratory equipment and systems.
In response to this letter, include a detailed update of the HPLC and GC electronic chromatographic data review. Include the total number of injections during the period, the number that your retrospective audit examined, and all anomalies and deviations observed. Specify the date of the test, products involved, all relevant results obtained, and batch (or other purpose) for which the testing was done. See Data Integrity Remediation caption below for our full request, including a determination of whether the data may have been associated with any drug applications.
4. Your firm failed to exercise appropriate controls over computer or related systems to assure that only authorized personnel institute changes in master production and control records, or other records (21 CFR 211.68(b)).
Our investigator found that you have not validated 12 computerized systems in your quality control laboratory. These systems are used for your stability chambers, ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectrophotometers, and for thin layer chromatography (TLC).
We acknowledge your commitment to validate your computerized systems. However, your response is inadequate.
In response to this letter, include your assessment of the data generated from these stability chambers, UV and IR spectrophotometers, and TLC equipment.
API Deviations
5. Failure to record activities at the time they are performed, and destruction of original records.
Data Recorded in Personal Diaries (Unofficial Notebooks)
In your process development laboratory, our investigator found several unofficial notebooks recording sample preparation for OOS investigations, route-of-synthesis experiments, and scale-up data. Our investigator found discrepancies between these unofficial notebooks and the official data retained by your quality unit.
Destruction of CGMP Documentation
CGMP documentation was discarded without being assessed by your quality unit. Our investigator found torn and shredded equipment maintenance documents, raw material labels, and change control work orders in your scrap yard awaiting incineration. Your staff lacked knowledge of your corporate procedure for the destruction and incineration of documents.
In your response, you indicate that you have implemented corporate procedure CQA/021 to address the destruction of uncontrolled and controlled documents, and that you have retrained your employees.
Your response is inadequate because you did not assess how your document-control practices affected your distributed products.
Data Integrity Remediation
Your quality system does not adequately ensure the accuracy and integrity of data to support the safety, effectiveness, and quality of the drugs you manufacture. We strongly recommend that you retain a qualified consultant to assist in your remediation.
In response to this letter, provide the following.
A. A comprehensive investigation into the extent of the inaccuracies in data records and reporting. Your investigation should include:
A detailed investigation protocol and methodology; a summary of all laboratories, manufacturing operations, and systems to be covered by the assessment; and a justification for any part of your operation that you propose to exclude.
Interviews of current and former employees to identify the nature, scope, and root cause of data inaccuracies. We recommend that these interviews be conducted by a qualified third party.
An assessment of the extent of data integrity deficiencies at your facility. Identify omissions, alterations, deletions, record destruction, non-contemporaneous record completion, and other deficiencies. Describe all parts of your facility's operations in which you discovered data integrity lapses.
A comprehensive retrospective evaluation of the nature of the testing data integrity deficiencies. We recommend that a qualified third party with specific expertise in the area where potential batches were identified should evaluate all data integrity lapses.
B. A current risk assessment of the potential effects of the observed failures on the quality of your drugs. Your assessment should include analysesof the risks to patients caused by the release of drugs affected by a lapse of data integrity, and risks posed by ongoing operations.
C. A management strategy for your firm that includes the details of your global corrective action and preventive action plan. Your strategy should include:
A detailed corrective action plan that describes how you intend to ensure the reliability and completeness of all of the data you generate, including analytical data, manufacturing records, and all data submitted to FDA.
A comprehensive description of the root causes of your data integrity lapses, including evidence that the scope and depth of the current action plan is commensurate with the findings of the investigation and risk assessment. Indicate whether individuals responsible for data integrity lapses remain able to influence CGMP-related or drug application data at your firm.
Interim measures describing the actions you have taken or will take to protect patients and to ensure the quality of your drugs, such as notifying your customers, recalling product, conducting additional testing, adding lots to your stability programs to assure stability, drug application actions, and enhanced complaint monitoring.
Long-term measures describing any remediation efforts and enhancements to procedures, processes, methods, controls, systems, management oversight, and human resources (e.g., training, staffing improvements) designed to ensure the integrity of your company's data.
A status report for any of the above activities already underway or completed.
Violations and deviations cited in this letter are not intended as an all-inclusive list. You are responsible for investigating these violations and deviations, for determining the causes, for preventing their recurrence, and for preventing other violations and deviations in all your facilities.
If you are considering an action that is likely to lead to a disruption in the supply of drugs produced at your facility, FDA requests that you contact CDER's Drug Shortages Staff immediately, at drugshortages@fda.hhs.gov, so that FDA can work with you on the most effective way to bring your operations into compliance with the law. Contacting the Drug Shortages Staff also allows you to meet any obligations you may have to report discontinuances or interruptions in your drug manufacture under 21 U.S.C. 356C(b) and allows FDA to consider, as soon as possible, what actions, if any, may be needed to avoid shortages and protect the health of patients who depend on your products.
FDA placed your firm on Import Alert 66-40 on August 5, 2016.
Until you correct all violations and deviations completely and we confirm your compliance with CGMP, FDA may withhold approval of any new applications or supplements listing your firm as a drug manufacturer.
Failure to correct these violations and deviations may also result in FDA continuing to refuse admission of articles manufactured at Wockhardt Limited, Plot No. 138 G.I.D.C. Estate District Bharuch, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, into the United States under section 801(a)(3) of the FD&C Act, 21 U.S.C. 381(a)(3). Under the same authority, articles may be subject to refusal of admission, in that the methods and controls used in their manufacture do not appear to conform to CGMP within the meaning of section 501(a)(2)(B) of the FD&C Act, 21 U.S.C. 351(a)(2)(B).
After you receive this letter, respond to this office within 15 working days. Specify what you have done since our inspection to correct your violations and deviations and to prevent their recurrence. If you cannot complete corrective actions within 15 working days, state your reasons for delay and your schedule for completion.
Send your electronic reply to CDER-OC-OMQ-Communications@fda.hhs.gov or mail your reply to:
White Oak Building 51, Room 4359
10903 New Hampshire Avenue
Please identify your response with FEI 3002808500.
/S/
Francis Godwin
Office of Manufacturing Quality
Office of Compliance
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The following is a list of proposed initiatives to the People filed to date with the Office of the Secretary of State. To be certified, a petition must contain the signatures of at least 179,248 registered voters. The deadline for filing petition signatures for the following initiatives is 5:00 p.m. July 7, 2000. Questions regarding the content of initiatives should be directed to the sponsor(s).
This measure would declare null and void tax and fee increases adopted without voter approval by state and local governments between July 2, 1999, and December 31, 1999. Vehicles would be exempted from property taxes. All property values would be reset at their 1999 levels. Property valuations and tax levy increases would be limited to the lesser of the inflation rate or 2% per year, except when property ownership changes or there is new construction.
This measure would require that 90% of all transportation funds, including local transit taxes, be spent on road construction, improvement, and maintenance. Road and lane construction and maintenance would be the top transportation priority. Performance audits of transportation agencies would be required. The authority for high-occupancy vehicle lanes would be repealed and such lanes made available to all traffic. Road construction materials would be exempt from sales tax. Counties and cities would update transportation plans.
This measure would reduce the state property tax to $3.24 per thousand dollars of assessed valuation. Counties would impose an 0.128% real estate excise tax for school construction, credited against an existing state tax. Local real estate sales taxes would be first applied to parks, open space, and recreation. Local governments imposing these taxes could not impose development fees or condition or deny land development based on needs for schools, parks, open space, or recreation.
This measure would make it a gross misdemeanor to capture an animal with a steel-jawed leghold trap, neck snare, or other body-gripping trap. The director of fish and wildlife could grant special circumstance exceptions. It would also be unlawful to knowingly buy or sell an animal pelt trapped in this manner. It would also be a gross misdemeanor to poison any animal using sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) or sodium cyanide. Violators would lose trapping licenses.
Status: 261,268 signatures were submitted. The measure has been found to have sufficient valid signatures and will appear on the Nov. 7 General Election ballot.
This measure would prohibit smoking in any public place, except a tobacco shop. Casinos, bars, taverns, and bowling alleys would be defined as "public places." Owners of public establishments would be required to post prominent "no smoking" signs. Violations would be civil offenses, with penalties starting at $500 for a first offense. Penalty revenue would be used to discourage children from smoking. Laws permitting restaurants to designate smoking areas would be repealed.
This measure would permit citizens to place small memorials on public rights-of-way (but not the interstate highway system) where a death has occurred resulting from a motor vehicle accident. Memorials would be limited to two feet in height and width. Memorials would be placed at a safe distance from the edge of the shoulder of the road. Existing memorials exceeding size limitations would be exempt from removal so long as they presented no safety hazards.
This measure would establish a Washington health insurance plan administered by the health care authority, open to all state residents, and funded by premiums, state funds, tobacco taxes, and assessments on private health insurers and stop-loss insurers of employer benefit plans. Insurers and health plans would be required to disclose certain information about benefits, policies and protocols. Insurers would be liable for limits or denials of services and responsible for those acting on their behalf.
Shall the state property tax levy be reduced by 15% and then phased out, additional levy limits be imposed, and certain homeowner tax deferrals provided?
Status: Signatures submitted after statutory deadline. Per RCW 29.79.150, the Secretary of State refused to officially file the signatures.
This measure would return all property taxes to their levy rates of January 1, 1990. All increases in property taxes, except for improvements and construction, would require a 60% vote of the people. Property would be taxed at 80% of its market value. Assessed valuation would be adjusted for losses due to natural disasters, arson, or direct government action which reduces property values. Taxpayers could obtain comparable assessment and tax information if dissatisfied with assessments.
Mr. Stanley J. Bianchi, Jr.
This measure would establish a pension management board, consisting of eight beneficiary members, three experts appointed by the governor, and the directors of retirement systems, financial management, and the state investment board. This board would appoint the state actuary, review pension policy issues, establish contribution rates, and recommend proposed changes in legislation. The duties of the state actuary, the investment board, and department of retirement systems would be revised to reflect the new board's duties.
This measure would restrict new and expanded retail stores that are over one hundred thousand square feet in area to not more than fifteen thousand square feet of nontaxable merchandise. "Nontaxable merchandise" means all products not subject to state sales tax. The sales and square footage of adjacent stores would be aggregated for the purposes of this measure if the stores shared check stands, management, a controlling ownership interest, a warehouse, or a distribution facility.
This measure would declare null and void tax and fee increases adopted without voter approval by state and local governments between July 2, 1999, and December 31, 1999. Vehicles would be exempted from property taxes. The limit on property tax increases, starting with the 1999 valuation level, would be the lower of 2% per year or the inflation rate. A separate limit would apply to new construction, and maintenance improvements would be exempt from tax.
Status: 272,678 signatures have been submitted. The measure has been found to have sufficient valid signatures and will appear on the Nov. 7 General Election ballot.
This measure would reduce the state property tax levy from $3.60 per thousand dollars of assessed valuation to $2.40. An amount equal to the $1.20 reduction would be dedicated to common schools from other general fund revenue. The emergency reserve fund law would be revised; some funds would be used to reduce the property tax and some would be used for school construction. The levy limits for counties and other local governments would be revised.
This measure would eliminate the state property tax levy. The assessed value of property would not exceed 50% of true and fair value. Real estate property taxes would be calculated at $5.90 per $1000 of assessed value. Chapter 84.41 of the Revised Code of Washington, relating to property revaluation, would be eliminated. Voter approved levies would not be affected. The measure would take effect January 1, 2001.
This measure would establish a health security trust to operate a health coverage system for state residents not covered by federal programs. The trust would develop a single uniform benefits package funded by mandatory premiums, a 9.75% payroll assessment on employers, existing taxes, and co-payments. Payments to providers would be negotiated. For residents keeping private insurance coverage, state coverage would be secondary, with premiums remaining mandatory. Funds would be appropriated for fiscal 2001 and 2002.* *Note: Ballot summary revised by Thurston County Superior Court on March 17, 2000.
This measure would require the department of licensing to compile and publish a list of automobiles and trucks that, as manufactured, have irritating daytime running lights. All daytime running lights that exceed 1500 dc at 12.8v would be considered irritating. A daytime running light irritation fee of $17 per year would be imposed on all vehicles with irritating daytime running lights registered after July 1, 2001, but waived for owners who disable their running lights.
This measure would direct the legislature to enact legislation calling for a constitutional convention. The initiative includes a suggested amendment to the United States Constitution, which would establish a national initiative and referendum system. The measure sets forth the details of a proposed system by which federal laws could be enacted by national initiative, laws and treaties could be reviewed by referendum, and federal officers could be recalled from office.
This measure would direct that certain existing state revenue, including all unobligated lottery revenue, be placed in a student achievement fund and in the education construction fund. Part of the state property tax levy would be distributed directly to school districts as student achievement funds. These distributions would not affect the state expenditure limit. The emergency reserve fund would be recalculated, and some of the redirected money would be placed in the student achievement fund.
Status: 297,199 signatures have been submitted. The measure has been found to have sufficient valid signatures and will appear on the Nov. 7 General Election ballot.
This measure would authorize school districts and public universities to sponsor charter public schools. Charter public schools would be run by nonprofit corporations, accountable to their sponsors for financial and academic performance, but operated independently of school districts. Charter public schools would be open to all students and staffed by certificated teachers, who could choose to unionize. Charter public schools would be exempt from most state school regulations, except in health, safety, and civil rights.
Status: 306,361 signatures have been submitted. The measure has been found to have sufficient valid signatures and will appear on the Nov. 7 General Election ballot.
This measure would require all financial institutions and insurance companies to protect consumer personal information. "Personal information" would include identification numbers, passwords, account balances, phone numbers, and similar information. Companies would be prohibited from collecting unnecessary information and restricted in transferring personal information to others, except when authorized by the customer or subject to such exceptions as business necessity or compliance with federal or state law. Violations could result in fines and in civil liability.
This measure would direct the legislature to immediately convene and adopt a budget that reduces all state expenditures by approximately 2.5%. No agency should be targeted for massive budget cuts.
This measure would provide annual cost-of-living salary adjustments to school district employees, academic employees of community and technical college districts, and certain employees of technical colleges. The annual increase would be based on the consumer price index compiled for Washington State by the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Beginning in 2001-2002, school districts and community and technical college districts would be required to spend their state-funded cost-of-living allocations on salary adjustments.
Status: 298,722 signatures were submitted. The measure has been found to have sufficient valid signatures and will appear on the Nov. 7 General Election ballot.
This measure would allow businesses to collect only personal information reasonably necessary to process a consumer-related request. Personal information could not be disclosed without permission, except for law enforcement, emergency, and related purposes, with additional restrictions as to financial and medical information. Consumers would have access to their personal information. Personal information could be kept only so long as necessary, or as otherwise provided by law. Violations could result in civil liability or misdemeanor prosecution.
Mr. George F. McRoberts, Jr.
This measure would provide property tax exemptions for real property used as a principal residence for persons 61 years old or older. The tax rate would be the rate for all levies imposed during the final assessment year. "Final assessment year" would be generally defined as the year in which a person becomes 60 years of age. No regular or excess levies could be imposed on real property used as a principal place of residence.
This measure would allow businesses to collect only personal information reasonably necessary to process consumer-related requests. Personal information could not be disclosed without permission, except for law enforcement, non-profit and other stated purposes, with additional restrictions as to financial and medical information. Consumers would have access to their personal information. Personal information could be kept only so long as necessary, or as otherwise provided by law. Violations could result in civil liability or misdemeanor prosecution.
This measure would make certain declarations concerning the national security agency. It would also prohibit the following conduct by the national security agency: censorship of news media, use of experimental drugs on servicemen, monitoring conversations through telephone or satellite, lobbying, or forming dummy corporations. Certain governments, businesses, and organizations would be barred from employing members of the national security agency. Violations could result in fines of $300,000 to $5 million, imprisonment, and other penalties.
This measure would prohibit the use of funds collected by the state, or any city, town, or county in the state of Washington, for funding the national security agency of the federal government. This prohibition would apply to appropriated funds and revolving funds.
This measure would require that 90% of state and local transportation funds, including local transit taxes but excluding ferry and transit fares, be spent on road construction, improvement, and maintenance. Road and lane construction and maintenance would be the top transportation priority. Performance audits of transportation and public transit agencies would be required. Materials and labor used in road construction or maintenance would be exempt from sales tax. Counties and cities would update transportation plans.
This measure would define "simple drug possession" as the nonviolent, unlawful possession, use, or transportation for personal use of any controlled substance; persons convicted would be sentenced to a treatment program rather than prison. Incarceration could be used for persons who have multiple convictions, refuse to cooperate in treatment, or are not amenable to treatment. Possession of less than forty grams of marijuana for personal use would be a civil infraction with a civil fine.
This measure would declare that half of the planet's oxygen has been depleted since 1850 and that oxygen is the most important product to come from trees. Therefore, this measure would require that all trees growing and producing oxygen on publicly owned lands be forever preserved to supply voters with essential life-sustaining oxygen.
This measure would repeal laws requiring persons practicing law in this state to be members of the state bar association. Membership in the state bar association would be eliminated as a requirement for holding public office, exercising free speech, and representing others in court.
This measure would instruct the federal internal revenue service to comply with federal and Washington state laws and constitutions. It would require the internal revenue service to obtain a court order/judgment before taking any property within the state of Washington.
This measure would declare that courts of limited jurisdiction have never and shall not ever have the power to impose fines or imprison any flesh and blood person as prescribed by the Washington State Constitution.
This measure would declare the Revised Code of Washington, the Washington Administrative Code, and all municipal ordinances to be void from inception as applied to flesh and blood people. The measure would declare that the state of Washington and its subdivisions, franchises, and instrumentalities are to be strictly limited to powers granted in the original Washington State Constitution.
Status: 274,490 signatures have been submitted. The measure has been found to have sufficient valid signatures and will appear on the Nov. 7 General Election ballot.


text:
(TheRedAlertNews.com) – At least one more batch of classified US government documents has been discovered in another location used and controlled by President Joe Biden, after about ten classified records were found previously in the Penn Biden Center in Washington, DC.
The new batch of classified papers found in a spot connected with Biden was confirmed by multiple sources, NBC News and Fox News reported, as cited by The National Review.
The first trove of classified documents, allegedly from when he served as Barack Obama's vice president in 2009-2017, was found on November 2, ahead of the November 8 midterm elections, but was not reported until this week.
As with the first batch of Biden papers, the president's aides also discovered the second one. However, this time they were reportedly looking for more classified records that may have been misplaced "mistakenly," according to an NBC News source familiar with the situation.
Biden's lawyers found the documents in the Penn Biden Center in Washington, DC, in early November when they cleaned out the locked office, the president's special counsel Richard Sauber told CBS News.
Biden used the nonprofit think-tank's headquarters as his private office after his vice-presidential tenure ended and before he launched his 2020 presidential campaign.
Per the Presidential Records Act, all presidential and vice-presidential documents must be submitted to the National Archives.
Earlier this week, Biden's Attorney General Merrick Garland assigned a US attorney to investigate the discovery of the first batch of documents, which have already been sent to the National Archives.
Once the US Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, John Lausch, produces a report on how the classified papers ended up at Biden's private office, Garland can upgrade the investigation by appointing a special counsel.
The discoveries of classified documents at locations used by Biden have raised questions about double standards after, in August, the FBI raided former President Donald Trump's home in Florida to find about 100 classified records. Trump, however, claims that he has declassified them.
"How could that possibly happen? How anyone could be that irresponsible. And it just — totally irresponsible," Biden told CBS News in September about Trump's alleged mishandling of the records.
A Newsmax report pointed out that "the White House seemed to be struggling for answers about the latest revelations, acknowledging the discovery of the second set of classified documents."
Biden's press secretary, Karine Jean-Pierre, even engaged in a questionable exchange with reporters insisting on answers about the document discoveries.
"Ed, we don't need to have this. We work very well together. We don't need to have this kind of confrontation. You don't need to be contentious with me here," Jean-Pierre told CBS News' Ed O'Keefe.
High-profile Republicans have reacted strongly to the new discovery of classified papers potentially mishandled by Joe Biden.
"Special counsel," tweeted Sen. Josh Hawley of Missouri, seemingly demanding an escalation of the DOJ probe.
"We all know why it was kept secret — right before the midterms — that Joe Biden kept classified documents at his Chinese-funded 'think tank,'" Sen. Tom Cotton of Arkansas wrote on Twitter.
Biden aides have reportedly uncovered at least one additional batch of classified documents in a different location from the DC think tank where the first set were discovered. | @CarolineDowney_ https://t.co/dQn86Vf1li
— National Review (@NRO) January 11, 2023


text:
Google plus is a real negative
From the 'Buzz This' files:
Sometimes Google really amazes me with its shortsightedness. This week, Google announced its new social networking service Google Plus, but you're not going to find a review from me, Google isn't letting me in.
Google plus is a minus for me. After all these years you would have thought that Google would actually understand why people use anything online. It's the same reason why Facebook is successful and same reason what Orkut is not.
Facebook has no barriers to entry and hasn't for years, Orkut which was Google's first attempt at social networking site, was invitation-only and where is it today?!
Google plus is another similar failure in progress. Lots of 'buzz' (another failed Google social attempt) about it this week but I can't try it. Why? Because Google has limited it to their own digirati elite few as opposed to the unclean masses that get to use Facebook.
Why the ivory tower Google? Why make a big announcement and then exclude people?
Now to be fair, Google had a lot of trouble with Buzz when they made it open to everyone, but they also don't have to go the extreme opposite route here and make Plus invitation only.
Yes, I know Gmail was invite only for years, but remember, there was nothing in the market offering the same amount of online email storage as Gmail. With Plus it's a different story thanks to Facebook.
There is also a lot of confusion (in my mind) at least with Google Plus - I don't think it's part of Plus 1 (social voting thing kinda/sorta like StumbleUpon), but maybe it is? It's not an Orkut replacement? Is it a Buzz replacement? Or is it some new attempt at Wave (another failed Google social effort)?
Google plus will fail because Google makes it hard for everyone as opposed to making it easy for anyone to get in. Google plus will fail because unlike the Google web search which is open, minimalistic and non-confusing, Google's social efforts are a confused gaggle of overlapping services.
Not allowing people to be sociable is unsociable in my opinion and that's not a plus.