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Q: Python recursive function returning 0 despite taking input This is more of a why, rather than a "how do I fix this" question.
I'm attempting to take an input of time, whether seconds, minutes, hours, or days, and then return the number of seconds that measurement is equal to with this code:
#!/usr/bin/env python3

valid_measurements = {
    "s": "1",
    "m": "60",
    "h": "3600",
    "d": "86400"
}

def print_err(err_type):
    if err_type == "time_format":
        print('\tTime should be entered as s/m/h/d')
        print('\t\ts = seconds')
        print('\t\tm = minutes')
        print('\t\th = hours')
        print('\t\td = days')
        print('\tFormat: "30s" or "20m" or "1h"')
        print('\tFormat: "30 s" or "20 m" or "1 h" ')

def input_time(time_type):
    time_value = 0
    multiplier = 0

    time = input("Enter " + time_type + ": ")

    if time[-1] in valid_measurements:
        measurement = time[-1]
        time_value = int(time[0:-1].rstrip())
        multiplier = int(valid_measurements[measurement])
    else:
        print_err("time_format")
        # For some reason this returns 0 for either value
        input_time(time_type)

    return time_value * multiplier

def main():
    work_time = input_time("Work Time")
    break_time = input_time("Break Time")

    print("Real work time: " + str(work_time))
    print("Real break time: " + str(break_time))

main()

However, I get this output when I attempt to break the code:
Enter Work Time: 20
    Time should be entered as s/m/h/d
        s = seconds
        m = minutes
        h = hours
        d = days
    Format: "30s" or "20m" or "1h"
    Format: "30 s" or "20 m" or "1 h"
Enter Work Time: 20m
Enter Break Time: 5m
Real work time: 0
Real break time: 300

Process finished with exit code 0

Why does real work time return 0, despite me using the correct format for the input on the second round of the function when it calls itself?  Additionally, is there anything I can do to clean up this code and make it more efficient or python-esque?

A: The Problem
else:
    print_err("time_format")
    # For some reason this returns 0 for either value
    input_time(time_type)

You recursively call input_time, but never store its output. What ends up happening is it will keep recursively calling the function, and once you have a valid input, the return will never be stored and when you reach the final call in the recursive stack, return time_value * multiplier will be 0 because time value and multiplier are still 0.
Simple Fix
One way to simply fix this is to return the output of the recursive call:
else:
    print_err("time_format")
    return input_time(time_type)

A Better Fix
It's not a good idea to use recursion for invalid user input since you can theoretically have a stack overflow error. Instead use a while loop:
def input_time(time_type):
    time_value = 0
    multiplier = 0

    time = input("Enter " + time_type + ": ")

    while time[-1] not in valid_measurements:
        print_err("time_format")
        time = input("Enter " + time_type + ": ")

    measurement = time[-1]
    time_value = int(time[0:-1].rstrip())
    multiplier = int(valid_measurements[measurement])

    return time_value * multiplier

Making it Pythonic
Finally, one thing you can change to make you're code more "pythonic" is to replace your last line of code (the main() call) with this:
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

When you import a python module it will run the entire file, so for example if you had another file that wanted to use the functions you created in this file, when you import this file, it would've inadvertently run main(). To prevent this, you would use the above, which only runs main() if the file was called directly (aka name == "main").


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NHL Analysis
Lightning's sad sweep again underscores why being the best team in the NHL is the worst
The Blue Jackets ousted the NHL's best regular season team, the Tampa Bay Lightning, in four games. (Kirk Irwin/Getty Images)
By Isabelle Khurshudyan
Isabelle Khurshudyan
Reporter covering the Washington Capitals
The night the Tampa Bay Lightning was officially presented the Presidents' Trophy, the NHL's award for the team with the best regular season record, the Washington Capitals were in the building, waiting in their locker room during the ceremony. The Capitals had won it three times since 2010, so they knew to keep a safe distance from what's a nice achievement on its own but toxic when it comes to winning the sport's ultimate prize. Tampa Bay won a whopping 62 games this season, lapping the field, so Washington might have seen the Lightning's unfortunate fate coming.
"Typically when things are going really well for you and you're having a lot of success, at least from my experience, the longer that success was coming, the easier it was to forget how you created that success," Capitals forward T.J. Oshie said a month ago.
It was eerily similar to what Lightning Coach Jon Cooper said after the Columbus Blue Jackets completed their shocking first-round sweep of Tampa Bay with a 7-3 win Tuesday night.
"In today's game with the parity, it's not unusual that an eight [seed] beats a one anymore," Cooper told reporters in Columbus. "Everybody's that close. In the end, we just couldn't find our game. That's it. It'd been with us all year, and for six days in April we couldn't find it."
['It's playoff hockey': Alex Ovechkin showing he is again all in for Stanley Cup pursuit]
No league is as unintentionally cruel to its top seed as the NHL. In the 33 seasons that the Presidents' Trophy has been awarded, just eight teams that claimed it have gone on to win the Stanley Cup; the 2012-13 Chicago Blackhawks are the last team to pull it off, and that was in a lockout-shortened season. The Capitals finished with the league's best regular season record in 2010 (first-round loss), 2016 (second-round loss) and 2017 (second-round loss) before winning a franchise-first Stanley Cup last year, when Nashville won the Presidents' Trophy and then got eliminated in the second round. The playoffs have repeatedly proved that it's about which team is playing best in the moment rather than which team is the best, and this historic exit — Tampa Bay is the first Presidents' Trophy team to be swept in the first round — could have ripple effects throughout the league for years to come with how clubs approach the regular season.
"When you have the amount of points we had, it's a blessing and a curse," Cooper said. "You don't play any really meaningful hockey for a long time, then all of a sudden you've got to amp it up. It's not an excuse. It's reality. That's how it goes, and so you have a historic regular season the way we did and then had basically a historic playoff in defeat."
We don't have any words and we know you don't want to hear them.
We understand your anger, your frustration, your sadness. Everything you're feeling – we get it.
This isn't the ending we imagined, and certainly not the one we wanted. Thank you for being there the entire way.
— Tampa Bay Lightning (@TBLightning) April 17, 2019
It's hard to argue the Lightning should have purposefully lost more games this season. And no team would seek out adversity. But perhaps there really is something predictive — and negative — about enjoying so much success before the chase for the game's top prize really begins.
During the regular season, Tampa Bay had the NHL's top power play and top penalty kill and scored the most goals per game. The team had Nikita Kucherov, who put up a league-leading 128 points this season, and two other players — Steven Stamkos and Brayden Point — finished with more than 90. All three then fell short against Columbus. Kucherov tallied just two points with no goals in three games played, and he was suspended for Game 3 after he needlessly boarded Columbus's Markus Nutivaara late in a Game 2 blowout. Stamkos finished with an abysmal minus-8 rating with just one goal and one assist, and Point scored one goal and had no assists.
The Lightning had a 3-0 lead in the first period of Game 1, but then the Blue Jackets stormed back to win that game and every other one, outscoring Tampa Bay 19-5 over the final 11 periods of the series. Top defenseman Victor Hedman missed Games 3 and 4 because of an undisclosed injury.
"If you don't accomplish your goal of winning it all, it's a failure," Stamkos told reporters. "We don't care about what happened in the regular season."
Others will learn from the Lightning's downfall, but the Blue Jackets' bold approach to this season could similarly become a model. Columbus was in a position to make the playoffs before the late-February trade deadline, but it wasn't a sure thing and there was nothing obvious that suggested this group would be the one to finally win a series for the first time in franchise history. General Manager Jarmo Kekalainen had a conundrum on his roster: The team's most talented player, winger Artemi Panarin, wouldn't commit to re-signing, so Kekalainen had to consider dealing him to get some return on the asset rather than lose him for nothing in free agency. He decided to hold on to Panarin for the postseason push and then doubled down, acquiring pending free agent forwards Matt Duchene and Ryan Dzingel from Ottawa in a haul that included at least one first-round pick and two second-rounders.
[NHL experts don't see a second consecutive Stanley Cup title in Caps' future]
The Blue Jackets struggled immediately after the trades, but then they surged, winning seven of their final eight games. Just getting into the postseason, as the last team to punch its ticket, gave Columbus a chance. Might that lead to general managers now being more aggressive with in-season deals? Duchene scored three goals and had four assists in the Blue Jackets' first four playoff games.
After Stamkos scored his lone goal of the series 8:44 into Game 4 to halve Columbus's lead, the camera showed Cooper on the Tampa Bay bench imploring his players. "This is our [expletive] chance," he appeared to say. The Lightning tied it at 3 in the second period, but then the Blue Jackets pulled back ahead less than a minute later and stayed there. There's a case to be made that so much regular season success doesn't prepare a team for the adversity it could face in the playoffs. It also adds pressure; the Tampa Bay Times announced it would produce a hardcover coffee-table book on the Lightning's season regardless of the ultimate outcome.
Tampa Bay advanced to the Stanley Cup finals in 2015, losing to the Blackhawks, and the team has gotten to the Eastern Conference finals twice since. But for how much talent is on the roster, the Lightning has taken over the postseason underachievers mantle from the Capitals. Overturning a roster that had so much regular season success and contains some of the best bargains in the league probably would be an overreaction. Cooper's job seems safe after he signed a multiyear extension during the season.
If Washington could impart some advice, it probably would be to stay patient.
"It's funny. We were expected to go far this year, and we go nowhere," Cooper said. "How many teams have gone through this? They knock at the door, they knock at the door, and look at Washington for example. Didn't they win the Presidents' [Trophy]? They had two remarkable years and were bounced in the second round, and the year that nobody expected them to do anything, they won the Stanley Cup. I mean, it's crazy how it works, but that's what happens."
Isabelle Khurshudyan Isabelle Khurshudyan covers the Washington Capitals. A University of South Carolina graduate, she has worked at The Washington Post since 2014, previously reporting on high school sports and local colleges. Follow
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text:
Anne Goldman
Anne Goldman is the UFT's vice president for non-DOE members. Anne has a bachelor's degree of science in nursing as well as an RN license from New York State.
Anne's acumen in advocacy and organizing, together with her diverse background in trade unionism, makes her especially qualified to represent the more than 45,000 UFT members who do not work for the New York City public schools.
A registered professional nurse who has practiced in a variety of specialties, Anne was an early leader in the movement to win collective-bargaining rights for nurses in New York City. She brought the registered nurses from Lutheran Medical Center into the United Federation of Nurses in 1979 and has since served as the special representative for the Federation of Nurses/UFT. She has built the chapter to include more than 4,000 members in New York City and 16,000 in New York State. The nurses' federation recently played an instrumental role in bringing 35,000 additional registered nurses into the national union.
Anne also serves as the Assistant to the UFT President for charter schools. In that role, she oversees negotiations, labor relations and legislative activities for developing excellence and supporting student achievement in charter schools. In addition, as Assistant to the President for UFT child care providers, Anne works on labor relations, negotiations and policy issues for that chapter. Anne is also the liaison between private-sector health care providers and educators working together through Community Learning Schools, an initiative to improve students' achievement by meeting their health, social and academic needs.
Anne is a leading policy voice on a broad spectrum of nursing and education issues, from recruitment and retention to staffing levels to the development of appropriate curricula for high school and college students aiming to become health care professionals. She is a sought-after expert who also continues to conduct research, process grievances, negotiate contracts, lobby and serve as a mentor for health care professionals. She is well known for her dedication to ensuring that new nurses have a smooth transition from the nursing school system into the workforce.
Additionally, Anne is currently the chairperson of the New York State United Teachers Health Care Professional Council, a member of the AFT Program and Policy Council, a trustee of the Taft-Hartley Health Care Benefit Fund for private-sector members, a UFT Executive Board member and a state and national delegate for the AFT.
Nurse staffing shortages remain a concern
As hospitalizations rise, we again find ourselves in a battle for adequate staffing. Staffing ratios are the foundation for safe patient care.


Abstract Using concurrent design methodology, the duration of space science mission in conceptual design phase can be shortened. This approach requires hardware and software resources to support, such as professional design tools and concurrent design environment. Except for the professional groups, the general researchers such as teachers and students have no chance to access these resources. Nowadays, more and more researchers distributed in different locations join into the space science research. The need for an open concurrent design platform offering design tools and data sharing environment has increased. This article presents a Cloud Platform of Concurrent Design for Space Science Mission. This Cloud Platform of Concurrent Design for Space Science Mission uses the idea of Software as a service, in which five design and analysis tools are offered as services to satisfy the basic requirements for space science mission concurrent design in conceptual design phase. This cloud platform provides the access to space science mission concurrent design for expert and non-expert users using a thin client of web browser. This article presents the platform architecture of the Cloud Platform of Concurrent Design for Space Science Mission and five software offered as services. The services include spacecraft conceptual orbit design, structure design, payload coverage analysis, data transmission analysis, and virtual community. And the basic cloud service (computing and storage) is also briefly introduced. It is described in detail how these services can be leveraged by users to do the concurrent design for one space science mission. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
GB/T 7714 Deng, Li,Yang, Zhen,Du, Pengyu,et al. A cloud platform for space science mission concurrent design[J]. Concurrent Engineering Research and Applications,2018,26(1):104-116.
APA Deng, Li,Yang, Zhen,Du, Pengyu,Song, You,&Song, You .(2018).A cloud platform for space science mission concurrent design.Concurrent Engineering Research and Applications,26(1),104-116.
MLA Deng, Li,et al."A cloud platform for space science mission concurrent design".Concurrent Engineering Research and Applications 26.1(2018):104-116.


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This is, without a doubt, one of the worst movies I have ever seen. Not in a "so bad it's good" kind of way, either. No. This movie is just bad.
by	Paul Aloisio	July 11, 2016
I've been dreading the day where I inevitably have to write about the 10th installment in the Friday the 13th Jason X. This is, without a doubt, one of the worst movies I have ever seen. Not in a "so bad it's good" kind of way, either. No. This movie is just bad.
The story follows…you know what, I don't care. The story does not matter. It's Jason in space. That's the only way to really make sense of what is going on, and frankly, do you even care? He's been frozen in time at the "Crystal Lake Research Facility" until the year 2455. Some dumb kids go on a field trip from "Earth II" to just "Earth" and find Jason. They put him on a ship, and he goes nuts. Later, he morphs into his machete. Or something. It's insane. It's insane that this is a real movie.
In writing this, I'm laughing, so that's something good, I suppose. Writing out this horrendous plot is making me smile – something the film itself has never done once in all the unfortunate times that I've seen it. I hate my life.
I'd like to think that I'm a fair guy, though. So, just telling you that it's bad isn't enough; that's not really being fair. Instead, let's talk about this movie's numerous shortcomings, and I'll try to be civil about it.
First off, the most glaring flaw with this film is the plot. It's not just hard to understand like the previous Jason film from 1993. It's just plain stupid. There is no reason to send Jason to space. Keep him in summer camp. The key to success in a Friday the 13th movie is consistency. It's time to face the facts. We've seen him go to New York. We've seen him shapeshift. Now, we've seen him in space, and we can finally admit to ourselves that the only way that this character works is by keeping him in the woods. It may be a bitter pill to swallow, but it's true.
The story goes that as Freddy vs. Jason was still in limbo, screenwriter Todd Farmer pitched the idea of taking Mr. Voorhees into space to New Line, and it was the only idea considered. "Genius!" they must have thrown their hands up into the air and exclaimed. "This will make us money! People are stupid! They'll watch anything!" And so, Jason got on a spaceship and went to the future.
Which can be done successfully. Although it's gotten a bad reputation, the fourth Hellraiser film, Bloodline, saw Pinhead in the past, the present, and in the future – spaceship and all. It was a highly ambitious film and worked despite the outlandish idea. That was in 1996. Jason X was released in 2004 and looks much worse than Hellraiser. The sets here look about as convincing as a bottom-tier SyFy original. The CGI is overbearing and looks like you're watching a screensaver on a Windows 98 computer. Worse yet are the ridiculous outfits and overall characterizations of every single character in the film.
The dialogue is bad. It's just not good. I know I'm trying to be fair, but there is no way around it. It contains every horrible late nineties horror cliché known to man, and then some. The characters are so stupid here that you want them to die. And when they do, it's not even satisfying, despite the surprisingly original kills.
It is in this aspect only that the movie does something right. Some of these kills are actually really cool. Anyone who has seen the "frozen face smash" can attest to that. The issue is that every other part of this movie is so bad that they become unforgivable as well by association.
This would be the last film to feature Kane Hodder as Jason, and it really is a shame. The man played a great Jason, but unfortunately, he played a great Jason in some of the worst Friday the 13th films. Despite his performance as the hulking killer, he would not be invited back for the next film, Freddy vs. Jason, which would be released in 2003. The short gap in release dates in this instance was brought on by the release of Space Jason being shelved for a while; the film was completed a couple of years earlier. Which may explain some things about it, but still doesn't make it any better.
Todd Farmer would go on to direct the My Bloody Valentine remake in 2009, and he'd also do a damn good job on it. This makes me very happy, because if he didn't I would probably be mad at him for the rest of my life. I won't mention the director's name out of respect – if you want to know, you can look it up for yourself. The actors either. I don't want to be held responsible.
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Q: Display text only the first time I am trying to display buy 1 time only if the condition met instead of repeatedly display the condition multiple times in the next couple bars.
Buy = rising(cci(close,200),12) and ccinum>=100
Plotchar(buy,location=location.abovebar,color=color.green,text="buy")

This code will display buy multiple time consecutively.  I want it to display 1 time until sell condition is met then reset.

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Home Beyond Magazine Issue 21 Summer 2016 Asia's secret gem Cambodia offers a treasure trove of enchantment
Elephants Terrace and the Leper King Terrace at Angkor Thom
Asia's secret gem Cambodia offers a treasure trove of enchantment
Words Tamara Batshon
Cambodia may not be as popular among tourists as neighboring Thailand and Vietnam, but this country is a true jewel of Southeast Asia. Cambodia has a wealth of enchanting archaeological sites, beautiful towns, and gorgeous waterways. Its people are also known to be among Asia's most friendly and welcoming people. This beguiling nation, which was once the center of Asia's most magnificent early civilizations – the Khmer Empire based in Angkor – has plenty to offer for adventure-seeking holidaymakers. New scientific research should make Cambodia even more appealing to tourists. If you go there, these are some of the key spots that are not to be missed.
Angkor Wat, located in Angkor, is the ancient temple complex in northeast Cambodia that appears on the country's flag. The Angkor temple ruins, which sprawl across the UNESCO-protected Angkor Archaeological Park, are the country's top tourist destination and one of the few artifacts that remain from the 12th century. Considered the most extensive urban settlement of pre-industrial times, and boasting a highly sophisticated water management system, Angkor's decline has long been investigated by archaeologists.
Ancient ruins of Baphuon Temple. It was built in the 11th century as the state temple
The ancient temple of Angkor Wat, a UNESCO World Heritage site near Siem Reap, Cambodia
Historical architectural designs at Elephants Terrace and the Leper King Terrace at Angkor Thom
A hidden past is revealed near Angkor Wat
Thanks to advanced laser technology, scientists have recently discovered entire cities in Cambodia dating back 900-1400 years ago, buried beneath the dense jungle. We now know that several vast medieval underground cities lie not far from Angkor Wat. The Australian archaeologist Dr. Damian Evans, whose findings were published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, used cutting-edge light detection technology known as lidar to conduct his research in the region. He used lidar scanners to fire lasers to the ground from a helicopter and measure how long it took for each pulse to bounce back, creating an extremely detailed 3D model of the Earth's surface.
This technology can penetrate dense forest canopies to detect buildings as well as the remains of roads, aqueducts, caves, and manmade borders between different areas. Some experts believe that the recent data, which is the most extensive airborne study ever undertaken by an archaeological project, covering 1,901 square kilometers, shows that the massive, densely populated cities would have constituted the largest empire on earth at the time of its peak in the 12th century.
For years, experts have assumed that the ancient Khmer civilization collapsed in the 15th century when invading Thai armies entered Angkor Wat, forcing populations to relocate to southern Cambodia. But Evans said that his laser maps showed no evidence of relocated, dense cities in the south, and that it wasn't clear that there had been any such mass migration. His findings are expected to challenge theories about how the Khmer Empire developed, dominated the region, and then declined. All this newly discovered information will eventually cause history books and touristic guides of Cambodia to be rewritten.
A beautiful example of the symmetry in traditional Khmer architecture at Cambodia's National museum in Phnom Penh
Set on top of a 27-meter tall hill, Wat Phnom, the iconic Buddhist temple, has become the symbol of the capital city Phnom Penh. According to legend, Daun Pehn, a wealthy widow, recovered a large hollow koki tree trunk from the Mekong River and found four statues of Buddha inside. She then had a section of her property elevated so that she could make a shrine for these statues. Today people commonly come here to pray for good luck and success in school exams or business. When a wish is granted, the faithful return to show their gratitude with jasmine flowers or a bunch of bananas (things the spirits are said to enjoy).
The magnificent Royal Palace is a complex of buildings that covers an area of 183,000 square meters. Today it is the official residence of King Norodom Sihamoni. Towering spires and ornate gilding that is typical of the classic Khmer architecture characterize the buildings. Between the buildings you have immaculate French-style landscaped gardens.
The Silver Pagoda, also known as the Praeh Vihear Keo Morokat to locals, lies within the grounds of the Royal Palace. It was constructed in 1962 by former King Sihanouk to replace the wooden pagoda built by his grandfather in 1902. It is called Silver Pagoda because of its 5329 silver floor tiles, each weighing more than a kilogram. It also has an impressive Baccarat crystal-adorned Buddha that sits in a gilded pedestal and another made almost entirely of gold and decorated with nearly 10,000 diamonds.
Officially inaugurated by King Sosowat in 1920, the National Museum of Cambodia is the country's leading historical and archaeological museum. Built a century ago, the museum comprises four terra cotta colored pavilions in traditional design facing a beautiful garden. It features the world's finest collection of Khmer sculpture and artifacts dating back to the pre-Angkorian period.
Gallery in Baphuon temple, part of the Angkor Thom city
Kampot Province
This is one of the most peaceful, pleasant little hideaways in the country. Although referred to as waterfalls by locals, Teuk Chhou Rapids is in fact a series of sparkling natural rapids with clear water that is always cool and fresh. You can have a picnic and relax along the river, where you can choose a covered wooden platform at the water's edge. There are plenty of food stalls to entice you, offering everything from fruit to whole roast chicken and catfish, to banana and coconut roasted in banana leaves (a Kampot specialty).
Teuk Chhou Wildlife Educational Park is a sprawling wildlife education park several kilometers away from the Teuk Chou Rapids. It has 43 species of animals including monkeys, wild boars, ostriches, elephants, lions, tigers and cheetahs. Four years ago Footprints, an Australian NGO, took over the park in order to better care for the animals. As the animals are located in different locations in a large area, it allows visitors to drive in to tour the park.
During your stay in Teuk Chheu Rapids you will see a lot of the spiky, strong-smelling fruit known as durian because of the proximity to the Durian Plantation, which lines either side of the road en route. Kampot durian is famous throughout Cambodia for its flavor and sweetness. It is considered superior to Thai durian by Khmer food connoisseurs, and it can cost twice as much as its imported counterpart. The strong taste and smell of this fruit, with its creamy yellow flesh encased in brown spiked skin, can be an acquired taste, and you can find the cheapest and finest durian in Kampot.
Prek Thnout is an ecotourism site that is partially located within Bokor National Park. It features impressive biodiversity including rare and endangered species. The site is entirely run by local villagers and offers amazing scenery. Tourists can follow the boardwalk of the mangrove forests to one of the waterfalls or do a guided walk to learn about the environment, traditional ceremonies, and food cooked by local people. Fireflies often appear at night, making the atmosphere rather special.
A collection of French colonial buildings originally constructed as a mountain resort for affluent French colonists in the 1920s, Bokor Hill was later reinvented to house a hotel and casino, a church, a royal residence. and other dwellings. It was later abandoned during the war years, and today the buildings are empty. Visitors can explore the chilling, yet hauntingly beautiful, former resort town with spectacular views and obtain a better physical understanding of the violent conflict that shaped Cambodia in the 20th century. Bokor Hill Station is located 42 kilometers from Kampot, atop Bokor Mountain in Preah Monivong National Park.
Siem reap, Cambodia.
Old Temple Phnom BokorKampot Province
Rattanak Kiri Province
Yeak Laom Lake is a breathtaking lake that is made from a crater formed after a volcanic eruption over thousands of years ago. A lush jungle surrounds the stunning clear emerald-colored lake and it is one of the most peaceful locations that Cambodia has to offer. Several wooden piers are built around the perimeter, making it perfect for swimming. The indigenous minority people in the area have always considered Yeak Lom to be a sacred place.
Stupa of His Majesty Ang Duong was built in 1908 and contains his cremated ashes
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text: Testing Improvements to Toil Workflow

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Chromebook - screen goes black when launching unity My Chromebook's screen goes black when trying to launch Ubuntu. This is what it says:
chronos@localhost / $ sudo startunity
Entering /mnt/stateful_partition/crouton/chroots/trusty...

_XSERVTransmkdir: Owner of /tmp/.X11-unix should be set to root

X.Org X Server 1.15.1
Release Date: 2014-04-13
X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0
Build Operating System: Linux 4.4.0-97-generic x86_64 Ubuntu
Current Operating System: Linux localhost 3.14.0 #1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Nov 7 03:27:09 PST 2017 x86_64
Kernel command line: cros_secure console= loglevel=7 init=/sbin/init cros_secure oops=panic panic=-1 root=/dev/dm-0 rootwait ro dm_verity.error_behavior=3 dm_verity.max_bios=-1 dm_verity.dev_wait=1 dm="1 vroot none ro 1,0 3584000 verity payload=PARTUUID=8f7f09fd-3fa9-c04b-8582-dd9473131ef9/PARTNROFF=1 hashtree=PARTUUID=8f7f09fd-3fa9-c04b-8582-dd9473131ef9/PARTNROFF=1 hashstart=3584000 alg=sha1 root_hexdigest=8ee125e1ad6990685678c87e3d115879675b76d9 salt=8f3445403bb16efc755979d0ee0f4c1133bf124b16ff7af09d6e3890c24ac050" noinitrd vt.global_cursor_default=0 kern_guid=8f7f09fd-3fa9-c04b-8582-dd9473131ef9 add_efi_memmap boot=local noresume noswap i915.modeset=1 tpm_tis.force=1 tpm_tis.interrupts=0 nmi_watchdog=panic,lapic i915.enable_psr=1
Build Date: 13 October 2017  01:59:06PM
xorg-server 2:1.15.1-0ubuntu2.11 (For technical support please see http://www.ubuntu.com/support)
Current version of pixman: 0.30.2
        Before reporting problems, check http://wiki.x.org
        to make sure that you have the latest version.
Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,
        (++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,
        (WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.
(++) Log file: "/tmp/Xorg.crouton.2.log", Time: Mon Nov 13 09:39:31 2017
(==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d"
Initializing built-in extension Generic Event Extension
Initializing built-in extension SHAPE
Initializing built-in extension MIT-SHM
Initializing built-in extension XInputExtension
Initializing built-in extension XTEST
Initializing built-in extension BIG-REQUESTS
Initializing built-in extension SYNC
Initializing built-in extension XKEYBOARD
Initializing built-in extension XC-MISC
Initializing built-in extension SECURITY
Initializing built-in extension XINERAMA
Initializing built-in extension XFIXES
Initializing built-in extension RENDER
Initializing built-in extension RANDR
Initializing built-in extension COMPOSITE
Initializing built-in extension DAMAGE
Initializing built-in extension MIT-SCREEN-SAVER
Initializing built-in extension DOUBLE-BUFFER
Initializing built-in extension RECORD
Initializing built-in extension DPMS
Initializing built-in extension Present
Initializing built-in extension DRI3
Initializing built-in extension X-Resource
Initializing built-in extension XVideo
Initializing built-in extension XVideo-MotionCompensation
Initializing built-in extension SELinux
Initializing built-in extension XFree86-VidModeExtension
Initializing built-in extension XFree86-DGA
Initializing built-in extension XFree86-DRI
Initializing built-in extension DRI2
Loading extension GLX
Error org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.UnknownMethod: Method "ReleaseDisplayOwnership" with signature "" on interface "org.chromium.LibCrosServiceInterface" doesn't exist

xf86EnableIOPorts: failed to set IOPL for I/O (Operation not permitted)
Error executing command as another user: Not authorized

This incident has been reported.
crouton: version 1-20171109145451~master:35a16889
release: trusty
architecture: amd64
xmethod: xorg
targets: xorg,xiwi,unity,extension
host: version 10106.0.0 (Official Build) dev-channel samus
kernel: Linux localhost 3.14.0 #1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Nov 7 03:27:09 PST 2017 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
freon: yes
Another instance of croutonclip running, waiting...
Another instance of croutontriggerd running, waiting...
(II) AIGLX: Suspending AIGLX clients for VT switch
Error org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.UnknownMethod: Method "TakeDisplayOwnership" with signature "" on interface "org.chromium.LibCrosServiceInterface" doesn't exist
Also, when I run: sudo sh -e ~/Downloads/crouton -n trusty -u
I get the following message:
chronos@localhost / $ sudo sh -e ~/Downloads/crouton -n trusty -u
/usr/local/chroots/trusty already exists; updating it...
Preparing chroot environment...
awk: run time error: 'system' function not allowed in sandbox mode
        FILENAME="/tmp/crouton.TEu/installer/prepare.sh" FNR=25 NR=25
Installing brightness into the chroot...
Installing croutonpowerd into the chroot...
awk: run time error: 'system' function not allowed in sandbox mode
        FILENAME="/tmp/crouton.TEu/chroot-bin/croutonpowerd" FNR=25 NR=25
Installing croutonversion into the chroot...
Installing host-dbus into the chroot...
Installing host-wayland into the chroot...
awk: run time error: redirection not allowed in sandbox mode
        FILENAME="" FNR=0 NR=0!

A: Try to remove all current downloads. First, find the name of your chroot with
cd /usr/local/chroots

then use
sudo delete-chroot chrootname

Then reinstall crouton and try to run it again. Long process, but it should work.


Watching the premiere of the reboot of I could not help but think Generation X is finally getting some power. The damn Baby Boomers have had control of our TV's for so long it is almost shocking to see them lose grip on programming. With the success of and now the explosion of Roseanne, Gen-X is getting its groove on.
When you realize that the TV show Roseanne started in 1988 when Ronald Reagan was president, it all comes into focus. Generation X is on the rise. There is a yearning for our TV shows and our fashion or even our 80s/90s music. You can not go into a sporting event without hearing our rock and roll still thundering.
I would not say we have arrived yet. No, not yet, the Baby Boomers still have a grip on our politics and corporations, but we are starting to rise to power. Sure, everyone wants to talk about Millennials because of their sheer numbers, but I see a problem generation there hell bent on mass murder. Yes, it is Generation X that will be up next with their hands on the wheels of power.
I'm not sure what will be left for us to run. Our parents were the first generation in American history to pass on a weaker America than the one they were handed. No other American generation ever did that. The Boomers have destroyed almost every institution they had their hands on and have left us with a crushing debt we could never pay back. But it will be nice, even if it is for just a day, to be rid of that generation that was more of a virus then any other appellation I could think of.
Reboots with our TV shows with the original casts could be the hot new thing. Reboots with new people rarely work. It is our desire to see the same people play the same characters. While this kind of thing takes hold, can I throw in my two cents? Bring back , Friends and Cheers with the same people. I would even watch Knight Rider again as long as David Hasselhoff is in it. Generation X is in demand.


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text:
Highway 101 Rear-End Accident Kills Juan Sosa Santos
Juan Sosa Santos Dies in 3-Vehicle Crash in Gilroy
Gilroy, CA (August 13, 2018) – A man was killed in a rear-end accident in Gilroy. The fatal crash happened on the morning of August 13 on northbound Highway 101.
A Ford van was traveling on Highway 101 near Highway 25. The driver failed to notice the semi truck driving slowly up ahead. The van and semi truck collided. The impact then caused the van to enter the adjacent lane and hit a Ford Explorer.
A male passenger in the van, identified as Castroville resident Juan Sosa Santos, 56, died at the accident scene. The driver of the van, Salinas resident Jimenez Sosa, 33, and a second passenger suffered injuries, as did the driver of the semi truck. All were taken to a local hospital for treatment.
Nobody in the Explorer was injured.
Our heartfelt condolences go out to the friends and loved ones of Juan Sosa Santos.
#Gilroy
Ethel Granados and Fatima Granados Die in Crash on 91 Freeway
1 Injured in 2-Car Crash on Highway 101
Gilroy, CA (August 13, 2018) – A man was killed in a rear-end accident in Gilroy. The fatal crash happened on the morning of August 13 on northbound Highway 101. A Ford van was traveling on Highway 101 near Highway 25. The driver failed to notice the semi truck driving slowly up ahead. The van and semi truck collided. The impact then caused the van to enter the adjacent lane and hit a Ford Explorer. A male passenger in the van, identified as Castroville resident Juan Sosa Santos, 56, died at the accident scene. The driver of the van, Salinas resident Jimenez Sosa, 33, and a second passenger suffered injuries, as did the driver of the semi truck. All were taken to a local hospital for treatment. Nobody in the Explorer was injured. Our heartfelt condolences go out to the friends and loved ones of Juan Sosa Santos. We understand what you are going through. The personal injury lawyers at Nadrich & Cohen have extensive experience in representing family members who have lost a loved one in an accident. We know how to get all of the compensation that you deserve. Our team of investigators, lawyers and paralegals can help guide you through the process of making a claim and recovering from your unfortunate loss. Call 1-800-718-4658 today to speak with a wrongful death attorney at our law firm. If you are the accident victim or a family member of the victim, Nadrich & Cohen will request a copy of the police report and provide it to you free of charge. Please complete the Free Police Report Request Form on this page, or call us directly at 1-800-718-4658. We are here to help. #Gilroy
[flexiblemap address="US-101 Gilroy, California" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400px" hidestreetview="false"]


Come visit us at Quick Draw Bowfishing and Let your Arrow R.I.P.
Welcome to Quick Draw your Bowfishing accessories store.
Spring is here and so is FREE SHIPPING !
Copyright © 2009 Quick Draw Outdoor Gear - All Rights Reserved.


Many different brands of ink and toner cartridges are used for a variety of different purposes for printing, but the toner ink cartridge probably provides the best printing quality and value. It can produce a crystal clear and sharp picture of excellent photo quality. There are various models of printers on the market today and each of them will give a different quality of printing. Some of the best ink and toner cartridges are Dell, HP, and Brother.
When deciding to buy a printer, you should consider some key points that will affect the long term running cost of your laser toner ink printer. If your budget is not a problem then a laser printer may be more suited to a busy office. Many people prefer buying inkjet cartridge printers since the cost of inkjet cartridges and their printers are seemed less expensive compared to the laser printers. But toner ink printers are more cost effective since it will produce better results with less of an investment in the long run. This is particularly true when using remanufactured or compatible toner ink. The average output for an inkjet cartridge is around 1000 pages whereas the average output of toner ink cartridge is almost 6000 pages! Therefore, the toner ink cartridge is much better value when compared to the inkjet cartridge. There are many toner ink printers that are on the market at a good price due to intense competition in the market. You can get an excellent brand of laser ink and toner printers at very reasonable prices on-line. Although inkjet cartridge printers may seem to be preferred by people because of the initial cheaper cost, it is more economical to use toner ink printers.
If you have any issues with your ink and toner supplies, you can usually search online to find the solution to any problems. Colour ink and toner printers have become more common nowadays. Laser ink and toner cartridges are more preferable than the inkjet cartridges since they give faster and better quality printing. A busy office or home user will necessitate the need of a cheap laser toner ink cartridge. If the quality of the text and picture is important then a good quality laser toner ink cartridge will give better results. Also, you can buy the remanufactured or compatible ink and toner to help lower the running cost of the printer. The original ink and toner known as OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturer) can be quite expensive, whereas the compatible toner ink id cheaper and comes in all the major brands. Companies who utilize original toners, restore them and then refill the inks supply the compatible and remanufactured ink and toner cartridges. The toner ink cartridge is filled after the cartridge is cleaned and dried and extreme care is taken to avoid any damage to the toner ink cartridge in the process. The ink and toner cartridges are then tested to the same ISO standard as the original cartridges before being repackaged and sold. This is why these ink and toner cartridges are available at such cheaper rates in the market especially on-line. To quickly find cheap ink and toner, search online. There are many suppliers that offer online purchasing and free or cheap home delivery of their products.


When Drybrushing. siz 4 #20126. blend out on palette paper then wipe and excess paint off on a paper towel. Use the brush on its side and scrub side to side or up and down. Supplies: DecoArt Snow Writer #83207 Glamour Dust #83194 DecoArt Starlight Varnish #83197 DecoArt MultiPurpose Sealer #87392 Snowflake Background Stencil #70815 Soft Grip Embossing & Stylus – set of 3 #70125 DecoArt Acrylic Spray Sealer/Finisher . The brush must be dry. Lightly scrub the surface to apply the color. Drybrushing: I drybrush all of my highlights unless otherwise mentioned. To start. size ½" #20111. size ½" #27179 Tips & Techniques: Tip: Refer to the color photo for shading and detail placement. it is great for cleaning the brush between colors. size ¼" #20109 Shader. Start soft then press harder depending how much 1 . not a wet palette as the moisture will get into the brush and make the paint go on smudgy.Snowball Blessings By Deb Antonick (Inspired by Terrye French) Palette: DecoArt Americana Acrylics Blue Chiffon #13193 Buttermilk #13003 Dioxazine Purple #13101 Foliage Green #13259 Lamp Black #13067 Light Buttermilk #13164 Margarita #13541 Napa Red #13165 Purple Cow #13262 Royal Purple #13150 Warm White #13239 Wedgewood Blue #13038 Winter Blue #13190 Burnt Sienna #13063 Cinnamon Drop #13544 Electric Pink #13231 Hauser Dark Green #13133 Leaf Green #13051 Lilac #13032 Mocha #13060 Prussian Blue #13138 Raw Sienna #13093 Soft Heather #13542 Watermelon Slice #13557 Whispering Turquoise #13537 Zinc #13539 Surface: Small Arched Door Topper #62654 Misc.Matte #70836 Palette Paper Pad #70560 Brushes: Papillon by the Artist's Club Highlighter Set #20173 Liner. size 8 #20129 Stencil Brush Double Ender set of 2 #20190 Artist Inspired Brushes Maxine Thomas Mop. load the brush by tipping it into the first color. I also keep an old towel handy. size 6 #20127. size 2 #20148 Script Liner. size 10/0 #20137 Angular Shader. I load my paint from a dry surface.
Hat – paint as follows: • Red stripe – Base with Watermelon Slice. Mop to soften with a Mop. • Dry brush the background here and there with Whispering Turquoise. Drybrushing my highlights between floats. The harder you press. additional colors should cover less area that the first coat. the more color you will get. • Shade around the design. 2 . • Highlight the chin and tips of the hands with Light Buttermilk. eyes and nose with Lamp Black. • Deepen shading with Burnt Sienna. Flying Angel: Angel face and hands – • Base with Mocha. then pick up the next color. Line the stripes with Light Buttermilk. Highlight with Electric Pink. Deepen shading with Napa Red. Highlight with Margarita. Shade with Raw Sienna. Tip: I float shade all my designs with a minimum of 2 colors. • Basecoat the ground and the snowman with Buttermilk. The first drybrush coat should allow some of the background to still show through. along the top of the snow ground and outer edge Wedgewood Blue. The alcohol dries the bristles quicker than washing. Tip: I usually have several brushes on the go. Line: Unless otherwise stated. • Green – Base with Foliage Green. Apply in the same manner using less. Unless other wise indicated. Preparation: Seal with DecoArt MultiPurpose Sealer • Basecoat the entire surface with Winter Blue. Clean the brush as best you can on your old towel. • Trace on the design. Painting Instructions: Note: Refer to the color photo for shading and detail placement. Shade with Leaf Green. all lining is done with the #10/0 Liner and the paint watered down to an ink-like consistency. I shade around the entire shape and deepen in corners and under design elements for more depth. Shade with Cinnamon Drop. I like the softer look I get when I do this.color you need. • Stencil the snowflake background softly with Blue Chiffon. I shade around my design elements before basecoating. Tip: Clean brushes between colors with hand sanitizer then scrub on an old towel to dry. Float / Shade: I always float my color with the angular shaders. • Line the hair.
Deepen shading with Dioxazine Purple. Highlight with Blue Chiffon. Boots – • Base with Zinc.Deepen shading with Hauser Dark Green. • Purple – Base with Purple Cow. Highlight with Soft Heather. 3 . • Line the laces with Warm White. • Line the "Blessings" with Warm White. Float highlight with Soft Heather. Dot with Warm White. Jacket/Dress – paint as follows: • Red dress – Base with Watermelon Slice. • Deepen shading with Dioxazine Purple. • Purple jacket – Base with Purple Cow. Shade with Lamp Black. Deepen shading with Napa Red. Line with Light Buttermilk. • Line the vine with Burnt Sienna tipped in Lamp Black. Wings – • Base with Light Buttermilk. Fur trim – • Use the small end of the stencil brush and stipple the fir trim with Blue Chiffon. Use the liner brush to tap in the leaves with Hauser Dark Green tipped in Margarita. Drybrush with Lilac. • Line the stripes with Light Buttermilk. Highlight the tops with a float of Warm White. Shade with Cinnamon Drop. Shade with Royal Purple. Drybrush with Warm White. Shade with Winter Blue. Dot the berries with Electric Pink. Highlight along the bottom of the jacket with Lilac. Highlight with Electric Pink. Shade with Royal Purple.
Shade with Winter Blue. • Line the snow with Warm White. • Dot the eyes with Lamp Black. Snowman – • Base the hat with Zinc. Fence – Line the fence with Lamp Black. Line the tassels with Warm White. • Line the plaid with Wedgewood Blue. • The snowballs are added last. • Drybrush the snowy ground with Snow Tex. Trees – • Line the stems with Burnt Sienna. then again with Blue Chiffon for a brighter highlight on the right. • Drybrush with Whispering Turquoise. Highlight with a float of Warm White. Deepen shading with Wedgewood Blue. • Deepen shading with Wedgewood Blue. • Line the nose with Raw Sienna. Drybrush with Warm White. • Stipple the Fur Trim with Starlight Top Coat and sprinkle with Glamour Dust while still wet. • Use the #2 Liner to stroke in the branches with Hauser Darn Green tipped in Leaf Green. Shade with Winter Blue. Shade with Lamp Black.• Stipple again with Light Buttermilk and finish with Warm White. • Drybrush again and float another highlight with Warm White. Shade the bottoms with 4 . Shade with Prussian Blue. • For the pom pom see Snowballs. Add Glitter to wings and Fur Trim – • Base with wings with Starlight Top Coat and sprinkle with Glamour Dust while still wet. • Line the arms with Burnt Sienna tipped in Lamp Black. Basket – • Base the basket with Wedgewood Blue. Snowballs – • Base with Buttermilk. Ground Snow Scene: Snow (and Snowman) – • Base with Buttermilk. • Base the cloth with Light Buttermilk. • Drybrush first and then float a highlight on the top with Light Buttermilk. Quickly sprinkle with Glamour Dust.
• Base the Windows with Lamp Black. • Base the windows and door with Lamp Black. • Stipple or drybrush with Light Buttermilk. • Base the chimney on all three houses and the door of the purple and green houses with Watermelon Slice. Houses: Purple House – • Base with Purple Cow. Shade with Cinnamon Drop. Drybrush with Lilac. Deepen shading with Napa Red. • Outline windows and doors with Warm White. All Houses – • Base the roof with Zinc. • Dot the roofs with Warm White and quickly sprinkle with Glamour Dust. Shade with Wedgewood Blue. • Float highlights with Warm White. • Deepen shading Hauser Dark Green. Door on blue house is Lamp Black. 5 . chimneys and Snowman hat. Line the stripes with Soft Heather. Highlight with Electric Pink. Sprinkle with Glamour Dust while still wet. Drybrush highlight with Blue Chiffon.Winter Blue. Green House – • Base with Foliage Green. • Deepen shading Dioxazine Purple. Shade along the bottom with Lamp Black. • Drybrush with Whispering Turquoise. Add Snow and Glitter to Snowballs – • Stipple a little Snow Tex onto each Snowball ands quickly sprinkle with Glamour Dust. Drybrush with Margarita. Shade with Royal Purple. To the roofs. • Line the smoke from the chimney's with a wash of Warm White. • Outline windows and doors with Warm White. Line the stripes with Light Buttermilk. Shade with Leaf Green. then again with Warm White. Deepen shading with Prussian Blue. – • Thickly apply Warm White. Blue house – • Base with Whispering Turquoise. Add Snow to roofs etc.
• Spray with DecoArt Acrylic Spray Sealer/Finisher .Finishing: • Outline as desired with Lamp Black. 6 .Matte. • Spatter the project with Warm White. • Dot the Background with large dots of Warm White and sprinkle with Glamour Dust. • Add snow to the border with the Snow Writer and use a stylus to pull the snow to points. Sprinkle with Glamour Dust while still Wet.
.Pattern at 100% 1" x 1" 7 To ensure your pattern is at 100%. this box should measure 1" x 1" when printed.


We began with an idea to "show physics in an interesting way". We never let the idea go and now we perform at schools, observatories, museums and business events.
UDiF alias Amazing Theatre of Physics is a group of people who've decided to entertain people by physics. We pass on the joy of understanding and we try to ignite in the people the excitement from watching the world around them. We perform the physics shows in a professional way, in six years we've gotten our performances to a European level.
We do not want to show just empty effects. Every one of our performances has its main theme, the storyline and the underlining idea we want to communicate. For us, it is important to make sure that the spectators can grasp the essence of the surprising phenomena they have just witnessed. The audience is very often an active part of our performances and it takes part in the process of explaining "how do we do our magic".
Of course! Provided by nature.


Wildlife photography is often assumed to be an exciting and high adventure genre of photography. In reality it is extremely challenging and wildlife photographers find themselves at the mercy of inclement weather and sometimes even face danger. Here are some suggestions for this specialized form of photography.
Understand the life form that you plan to photograph in terms of living habits, habitat and behavior. In other words you need a perspective on 'a day in the life of' your wildlife subject. Books and online research will throw light on your subject. The importance of getting acquainted with the behavior of the animal is a lot more important when you have to shoot dangerous jungle animals that can attack like lions or tigers or even bears. Animals will become aware of you when you enter close to their habitat but will usually not attack if you keep your distance. But you have to be clear on the distance at which an animal will begin to feel threatened by your presence and decide to attack you.
It goes without saying that you can't expect any kind cooperation from your subject! You have to fit yourself in, place yourself in a vantage point and have your camera set and ready and then wait for the 'right moment' to take the shot that you are looking for.
You may have to wait many days before you can capture the right shot. Your subject could not care less if the light is diminishing or the light is at its best. You may have perfect light conditions on a particular day but your subject may not be in the right spot for you to take the shot.
You need telephoto lenses to shoot from a distance and other camera features like Center-weighted metering. The Center-weighted meter allows you to meter the wildlife subject at the center of the frame and vary the size of the sensing area based on the dimensions of the subject and its distance from you.
Taking landscape pictures within a city from atop a building or on the beach is one type of landscape photography. But if you want to get closer to nature and shoot unique pictures of nature and environment in remote locations like wild forest area or mountain ranges, then you have your task cut out for you just like a wildlife photographer. You need the spirit of adventure within you in order to travels around to different places and scour different regions for landscape opportunity.
It is tough to firstly identify the right spots, you may have to explore for days before you find an idyllic panoramic landscape to shoot. You then have to wait for the right light conditions while braving the weather and the rough living conditions. In terms of equipment, landscape photographers need to go in for a variety of wide-angle lenses since this type of lens is capable of lending depth in the photograph. A wide-angle zoom lens is useful in this type of photography because of the range of focal lengths it can provide while fine-tuning a shot. But there is also the need for telephoto lenses for certain shot though not of the high focal length required by sports photographers. Landscape photographers usually go in for telephoto lenses with focal length less than 300mm (a telephoto lens has a focal length greater than 50mm, a wide angle lens is less than 50mm, and a standard lens has a focal length of 50mm).
Those who have made a career of photographing sporting events have a different style of operation to capture the high action of dramatic moments in a game. The length of the lens, the location of the photographer taking the shot and the need to limit blurring are the three critical aspects in sports photography.
Sports photographers use a telephoto lens. This type of lens magnifies the subject. The focal length to choose from in telephoto lenses varies from 60mm to 1000 mm. A lens with a high focal length can give you a wider visual area which is a necessity when you photograph field events. Sports photographers by and large prefer 35mm cameras and use focal lengths of 300-600mm especially for field events like soccer.
The location where photographers position themselves to take different shots is directly responsible for capturing the relevant high-points in a match. It also helps if you have a good knowledge of the sport. This ensures that you identify the right moments and are alert and ready when a memorable situation occurs during the sport. You can get the right shots if you are able to move around and use the right location in different points in a game. However, quite often the areas of movement are restricted for photographers and the best way to tide over this problem is to use a lens of focal length in the region of 600mm to enable shots of the far end of a court or field. Though a good location is usually described by the angle and distance from the court or field, the other aspect of a good location is also the play of light from your vantage point. Most photographers have the task of avoiding shadows caused by the quality of light. The intensity of color in a photograph is reduced in dull light conditions while bright sunlight can create shadows in certain angles.
To limit blurring and capture action during a special game moment, you need to have fast shutter speeds at your disposal. A 35mm camera that is generally favored in sports photography can provide the high shutter speed necessary for action shots. Besides shutter speed, the speed of the film also plays a role. Higher film speed enables higher shutter speeds. A film speed of 100 is inadequate in sports photography. You need a 400 and above speed film.
The autofocus mechanism in is also useful in sports photography especially when manual focus is difficult to achieve quickly in certain sports situations.
An interesting technique called panning is applied in capturing action shots. You have to avoid holding the camera still when you shoot action. A rule-of-thumb is to hold the camera steady but move it along with the action rather than attempting to hold still. This steady movement of the camera along the path of motion of the player; incredibly, has the effect of minimizing blur. On the other hand, you will get a blur if you hold your camera still while the action is taking place. This technique is actually based on sound scientific principles.
It should also be mentioned here that the art of sports photography actually goes beyond capturing action or high points in a game. The readers who view these photographs in newspapers and magazines want to see player expressions, the thrills, the disappointments, the concentration that players display is something that readers find captivating and it becomes a talking point. Readers also like to see crowd reactions and reactions of family members of the players in certain critical game situations. To cater to the public sentiment, a photographer has to also attempt to click these special poignant moments during a game by capturing reactions and facial expressions.
Photojournalism is a different ball game altogether. It is visual storytelling. It has a strong social and cultural context and is a visual form of reportage based on newsy and current affairs topics. Being in the right place at the right time and understanding the situation as it unfolds helps a photojournalist deliver reader interest material. The objective is to usually pick up contemporary topics and portray a visual story that creates an understanding on the pattern in which people live their lives or social changes that impact them in different walks of life. Photojournalism also lends credibility to the written word and can support a public interest story with visual proof. The visuals complement the written reportage on the story.
A visual representation of contemporary situations is a powerful way to make a point and the photographer who is into photojournalism has to be a firstly aware of the socio-political and cultural scene of a region to be able to shoot the relevant pictures. The equipment required by photojournalists varies by the type of story they pursue. If a photojournalist is picking up images of a town or if the photography is the type that portrays cultural and historical sites, or if the task is to follow the campaign trail of a political leader, each of these require a different treatment.
A fashion photographer needs to be a creative thinker with a good eye for aesthetics and the ability to use sound judgment in implementing out-of-the-box ideas. Fashion photography is meant to render an elegant, stylish effect on readers so the mundane and the run of the mill shots will not work. Each photograph is a piece of art in itself and has to be original.
Creating an impact in fashion photography requires the photographer to take a leap in imaginative thinking and to create images that are different and unusual. The treatments that have been tried over the years range from the surreal to muted black and whites, to geometric shapes to brilliant color schemes. A fashion product has to be portrayed creatively while at the same time conveying style and classiness. A fashion photographer needs a high level of visual sophistication combined with ideation skills. It also helps to try and understand the psyche of models that fashion photographers have to regularly interact with, in order to get the best out of them. Your choice of camera and accessories will vary depending on whether you shoot indoor or outdoor, light conditions, theme of the picture, etc.
The black and white effect is used by artists and fashion photographers to create abstracts or classy 'other worldly' images. The camera equipment required in black & white is not very distinct from other types of photography but the key actually lies in the processing and printing quality. This is an important area of emphasis in black & white photographs in order to get the desired effect.
You will need an assortment of lenses for different situations - such as a combination of wide-angle lens as well as a standard lens. If you want large prints, you may need a camera with a high-resolution digital image sensor for sharpness of large format prints. The resolution should be more than 3 mega pixels.
Whether you develop your photographs in the darkroom (traditional film based camera) or process the pictures digitally (digital camera usage), when you develop the picture yourself you have the leeway to heighten or reduce the contrasts in tour picture based on the type of impression and visual impact you hope to create. You can also scan from traditionally processed negatives onto a computer and then process the images digitally.
To fine-tune the images digitally you need some basic knowledge of Photoshop software. Without manipulating the main picture in any way, you can enhance your black and white images by fine-tuning the contrasts. Photoshop assists in optimizing the images. The principles are the same as those used in a traditional darkroom. Using Photoshop you can apply various techniques like dodging (you selectively lighten a certain portion of a photo), cropping, optimizing density and fine tuning the contrasts. Fine tuning the contrasts is important in creating the right effect in black and white.
The print quality is another important factor in creating high impact black & white photographs. If you intend to print digitally processed images, you need a good printer and long lasting ink in your printer. You should also use photo quality paper to print your images.
Celebrity photography is challenging and the same time an exciting, glamorous field. When you deal with celebrities, firstly you have very little time to work within. There is always a time constraint even after you pin down a celebrity for a photo session. You have to therefore have good infrastructure and be ready with the necessary equipment. You have to plan the shot and adjust your camera, before asking your celebrity to pose.
Celebrity faces are well known so the key lies in attempting to capture something a little different, to create a different perspective. You need to build a good rapport with the celebrity and have to persevere to get the right mood to capture the real essence of the person. If you are photographing the celebrity for an ad, then the strategy behind the ad has to be considered to blend in the celebrity's expressions and posture to suit the requirements of the ad.
To sum up, the discussion - Wildlife photography requires you to brave rough conditions and thoroughly understand the habitat and behavior of the animal. The relevant and useful tools in your camera system are the right lenses and center-weighted metering if you are into shooting wildlife. Landscape photography requires you to be a wandering explorer, constantly seeking out those spectacular scenic settings. You mainly need wide-angle lenses in your camera system to demonstrate depth and scale in your picture. Sports events need a good vantage point and if you want to freeze the high action in the game, you have to learn and hone the skill of panning. Photojournalism calls on your social and political consciousness and is the art of visually unfolding a story, while Fashion photography requires ideation and out-of-the-box thinking. The impact of Black & White treatment can be heightened during the processing phase using various techniques and, Celebrity photography is not all glamour. Capturing the right mood and the essence of the celebrity becomes the key to a good shot and you often work within time constraints.
It is apparent that different photography streams each have their own specialized approaches and style of treatment. Your mind-set and your interests should influence the path that you choose as a photographer.
The author, Chris Haslego, is founder of http://www.cameramanualstore.com, the internet's foremost source of camera manuals. With over 4000+ camera manuals available from all major manufacturers.