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Home » AB 2257: Sweeping Changes To AB 5 Independent Contractor Law
AB 2257: Sweeping Changes To AB 5 Independent Contractor Law
By Eric Lloyd, Scott P. Mallery & Kerry Friedrichs on September 8, 2020
Posted in 2020 Legislative Updates, Independent Contractors, Legislative Updates
Seyfarth Synopsis: Businesses operating in California have had all of eight months to adapt since Assembly Bill 5, a landmark piece of legislation governing their relationships with independent contractors, took effect on January 1, 2020. Now, with the passage, executive signature, and immediate enactment of Assembly Bill 2257, businesses must once again adapt to another drastic shift in the employee classification calculus.
On September 4, 2020, AB 2257, which substantially revises and clarifies California's independent contractor laws, went into effect immediately upon receiving California Governor Gavin Newsom's signature.
AB 5, as businesses are all too aware, installed the "ABC Test" as the default standard to determine whether independent contractors should be treated as employees of a hiring entity, and also set forth a labyrinthine list of exemptions from its purview. From its inception, AB 5 has stirred an inordinate amount of controversy—not only have we written extensively on the measure, we also have our own tag dedicated exclusively to the issue. Our prior analysis of AB 5 can be accessed here. AB 2257, which preserves the ABC Test for independent contractor classification, now expands the universe of available exemptions from this test. The new law will no doubt delight some businesses, frustrate others, and confound anyone responsible for keeping track of the exemptions.
Background On AB 5
AB 5, as of January 1, 2020, codified the ABC Test for employee status adopted in the California Supreme Court's 2018 decision in Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Superior Court. Dynamex held that in order to defeat claims arising under California's Wage Orders premised on independent contractor misclassification, a defendant must prove that (A) the worker is free from control and direction of the hiring entity in connection with performing the work, both under contract and in fact, (B) the worker performs work outside the usual course of the hiring entity's business, and (C) the worker customarily engages in an independently established trade, occupation, or business of the same nature as the work performed for the hiring entity.
AB 5 expanded the reach of Dynamex by making the ABC Test the default test for all Labor Code, Unemployment Insurance Code, and Wage Order claims. As a result, the ABC Test extended to a host of additional causes of action not previously covered, such as, for instance, claims for failure to reimburse necessary business expenses and for failure to provide accurate wage statements.
In addition to expanding the applicability of the ABC Test, AB 5 also provided for broad governmental enforcement powers. It enabled the Attorney General and certain city attorneys to pursue injunctions against businesses suspected of misclassifying independent contractors.
AB 5 also contained numerous statutory exemptions from the ABC Test. Provided certain criteria were met, the employment status of independent contractors in an occupation covered by one of these exemptions was determined by the common law test for employment (commonly known as the Borello test), a considerably more flexible standard than the ABC Test. The fact that some industries were expressly exempted while others were not, led to controversy, confusion, and requests from hiring entities and workers in dozens of industries for additional and clarifying legislation. As of February of this year, the Legislature introduced 34 stand-alone bills exempting certain industries. As those measures wound through the legislative process, they were, for the most part, distilled into AB 2257.
What's New In AB 2257?
AB 2257 maintains the essential framework of AB 5. The ABC Test remains the default standard for independent contractor misclassification. However, swift and concerted lobbying efforts have prompted a plethora of new statutory exemptions from the ABC Test, which apply retroactively where applicable. In addition, some existing exemptions have been altered in potentially significant ways.
Business-To-Business Exemption: AB 2257 maintains the exemption for "bona fide business-to-business contracting relationships" where a contractor "acting as a sole proprietor, or a business entity formed as a partnership, limited liability company, limited liability partnership or corporation contracts to provide services to another such business." The exemption now also applies where a "public agency or quasi-public corporation" has retained a contractor. Further, while broadening the availability of the exemption, AB 2257 might also affect how the ABC Test applies to individual workers retained by a contractor, with respect to their relationship with both the contractor and the hiring entity. For example, the ABC Test might determine whether an individual worker retained by a contractor as an independent contractor, and not directly by the hiring entity, is an employee of both the contractor and the hiring entity. While case law holds that the ABC Test does not apply where a worker has been classified as an employee, the unclear phrasing of the new business-to-business exemption could lead to litigation on this subject.
"Single-Engagement" Business-To-Business Exemption: AB 2257 creates an exemption from the ABC Test for individual businesspersons who contract with one another "for purposes of providing services at the location of a single-engagement event." Provided certain criteria are met (including a lack of control over the work, a written contract specifying payment amounts, and each individual's maintenance of his or her own business location), the ABC Test will not apply where one individual contracts with another to perform services at "a stand-alone non-recurring event in a single location, or a series of events in the same location no more than once a week."
Referral Agency Exemption: AB 2257 also includes clarifications of the referral agency exemption, which may exempt from the ABC Test the relationship between an individual operating as a sole proprietor or a business entity and a business that refers that individual's services to clients. For starters, AB 2257 expands the referral agency exemption significantly, expressly applying the exemption to a non-exclusive list of additional services, including consulting, youth sports coaching, caddying, wedding or event planning, services provided by wedding and event vendors, and interpreting services. Indeed, according to the Senate Committee on Labor and Employment analysis, the referral agency expansion was one of the most significant changes in AB 2257. In addition to expanding the scope of the exemption, AB 2257 expressly provides that the ABC Test governs "the determination of whether an individual worker is an employee" of the contractor referred to provide services, or an employee of the client to which the contractor was referred. As with the analogous clarification of the business-to-business exemption, this is a potentially significant addition in that it may lead to litigation over whether the ABC Test applies to workers who have been classified as employees.
Professional Services Exemption: AB 2257 expands the already lengthy list of occupations that may qualify for an exemption from the ABC Test under the professional services exemption. The following occupations, in addition to those originally identified in AB 5, may be subject to the common law test for employment as a result of AB 2257: content contributors, advisors, producers, narrators or cartographers for certain publications (provided they do not displace existing employees); specialized performers hired to teach a class for no more than a week; appraisers; registered professional foresters; and home inspectors. AB 2257 also eliminates restrictions in AB 5 that threatened to upend the journalism industry. Whereas AB 5 limited the number of "submissions" that independent contractors of various types (including still photographers and photojournalists, videographers, photo editors, freelance writers, translators, editors/copy editors and illustrators/newspaper cartoonists) could publish in a single forum without sacrificing their contractor status, AB 2257 removes the submission cap and instead requires that businesses refrain from displacing existing employees in order to utilize one of these types of contractors.
Music Industry & Performer Exemptions: AB 2257 creates several exemptions for the entertainment industry, primarily in the music industry. First, the following occupations involved in creating, marketing, promoting or distributing sound recordings or musical compositions are exempt from the ABC Test: recording artists, songwriters, lyricists, composers, proofers, managers of recording artists, record producers and directors, musical engineers and mixers, musicians, vocalists, photographers, independent radio promoters and certain types of publicists. Notably, however, musicians and vocalists who do not receive royalties from a sound recording or musical composition must be paid the applicable minimum and overtime wages, as though they were employees. Second, musicians and musical groups engaged for a single-engagement live performance event (i.e., a concert) are exempt from the ABC Test unless they (a) perform as a symphony orchestra, or in a musical theater production, or at a theme park or amusement park, (b) are an event headliner in a venue with more than 1,500 attendees, or (c) perform at a festival that sells more than 18,000 tickets per day. Finally, individual performance artists including comedians, improvisers, magicians and illusionists, mimes, spoken word performers, storytellers, and puppeteers who perform original work they created will qualify for an exemption so long as they are free from the hirer's control, retain the intellectual property rights related to their performance, set their terms of work and negotiate their rates.
Miscellaneous Exemptions: Subject to certain requirements, AB 2257 adds exemptions for the following occupations: manufactured housing salespersons; certain individuals engaged by international exchange visitor programs; and competition judges (including amateur umpires and referees).
Broader Governmental Enforcement Powers: AB 2257 provides district attorneys the ability to file an injunctive relief action against businesses suspected of misclassifying independent contractors. Previously, only the Attorney General and certain city attorneys possessed this power.
Which Industries Were Excluded From AB 2257?
AB 2257 does not include exemptions for a number of industries that have engaged in extensive lobbying efforts that pre-date even the passage of AB 5. Such industries include, among others, gig economy companies, franchising, trucking and the motion picture and television industries. The 2021-22 legislative session will undoubtedly see these, and other, industries lobbying for additional exemptions; the most immediate task for many in the business community, however, is understanding how AB 2257's amendments affect their business relationships.
What Will Happen Next?
AB 2257 took effect immediately upon its passage, and is, accordingly, the law of the State of California. It is a given that some industries that did not secure an exemption may continue lobbying legislators. Others may choose to follow the lead of transportation platform companies, which are funding a ballot initiative (Proposition 22) to create a new class of workers applicable to drivers, if their efforts prove successful. Lawsuits currently pending and yet to be filed, including one previously filed by a trucking industry interest group, may yet affect the scope of AB 2257's application. Finally, it remains to be seen whether governmental officials will avail themselves of the enforcement powers bestowed upon them, as the flood of such lawsuits predicted by many following the passage of AB 5 has not occurred.
As usual, navigating the constantly changing legal landscape for independent contractor status can be very complicated. If your business uses, or is thinking of using, independent contractors to assist with any business functions, make sure you contact your favorite Seyfarth attorney, or reach out to any members of our Independent Worker Strategies Team, to make sure you are staying compliant with the latest legal developments.
Tags: AB 2257, AB 5, ABC Test, Assembly Bill 2257, Assembly Bill 5, Borello Test, Business-To-Business Exemption, Dynamex, Dynamex Operations West Inc. v. Superior Court, Governor Newsom, Independent Contactors, Independent Contractor, Misclassification, Music Industry, Professional Services, Professional Services Exemption, Proposition 22, Referral Agency, Referral Agency Exemption, Single-Engagement Business-To-Business Exemption
Companies Remain In Suspense On AB 5 Independent Contractor Bill
California Supreme Court Set to Address Fate of Independent Contracting
Blurred Lines: When Manner Meets Means
Employee or Independent Contractor? The Risks of Making A Wrong Decision Grow
Pen Down, Governor Newsom: California's Newest Employment Laws


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From 20th to 26th January 2020: Discover the 88th edition of the WRC Rallye Monte-Carlo.
From 29th January to 5th February 2020: Take part to the 23rd edition of the Rallye Monte-Carlo Historique.
E-Rally
Corps of Marshals
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Governance+
Membership+
Restaurant+
Official Magazine
Accreditation Requests
Competitors Information+
Spectators Information+
Archieves+
Cities infos
Bulletins - COC Documents - Supplementary Regulations
Spectators Information
Classifications - Results
The circuit of Monaco
Hospitality+
The Circuit
Becoming ACM Controller
Regulated Access
The emergence of a unique tradition
Participants information
The ACM Corps+
Becoming ACM Marshals
The Automobile Club
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Membership Area / Cotisation
Itinerary / "Public" Zones
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22nd Rallye Monte-Carlo Historique
Rallye Monte-Carlo Historique – Edition 2019
Edition 2019: Victory for Badosa-Reidl
Rallye Monte-Carlo Historique: Day 3
Race Info: ZR 4, 5 & 6 cancelled
Valence: the village of the Rallye moved to the Georges Pompidou stadium
On the road to victory!
Itineraries+
Classification - Results+
Le Quotidien - News of the Rallye Monte-Carlo Historique+
Bulletin - Communication - Supplementary Regulations+
(January 30th – February 6th 2019)
This 22nd edition of the Rallye Monte-Carlo Historique distinguishes itself by the diversity of its course, starting with the return of Milan and Athens as starting cities. A 2019 edition that the Organizing Committee of the "Automobile Club de Monaco " has wished to be as attractive as ever, with, most notably, regularity zones that have often been the most memorable moments of the event! This year, once again, numerous will be those who will fight for victory, and thereby succeed to Gianmaria Aghem and Diego Cumino, winners of the 2018 edition with their Lancia Fulvia Coupe 1200.
Only three days after the arrival of the 87th Rallye Automobile Monte-Carlo, competitors authorized to race in the 22e Rallye Monte-Carlo Historique will have to face a selective course. As always, the Rallye Historique is reserved to those cars which have participated in the Rallye Automobile Monte-Carlo between 1955 and 1980. With the goal of having every competitor have a chance to rank honorably well, there will be, once more, in 2019, three averages to respect and keep up during the entirety of the event.
The start of this 22nd edition will be Wednesday January 30th, with the concentration leg from Athens (1497km / 12:40) and Glasgow (2149 km / 18:00). Those who leave Friday February 1st will follow Bad Homburg (1165 km / 14:00), Milan (840 km /18:00), Barcelona (928 km / 19:00), Reims (940 km / 19:00) and Monte-Carlo (729 km / 20:00). With a common destination, Buis-les-Baronnies, in the heart of the department of Drôme. There will be a checkpoint that the first competitors will reach Saturday February 2nd around 10:00. A concentration leg that will be far from over, since the crews will have to first go through two regularity zones, well known to the specialists of the event: "Montauban-sur-l'Ouvèze – Saint-André-de-Rosans / RZ 1 / 49 km / 10:30" and "La Motte-Chalancon – Saint-Nazaire-le-Désert / RZ 2 / 22 km / 12:00". To end this chapter of the concentration leg, the last time control of the day is planned for Crest at 14:15, before rejoining Valence, Drôme, the host city of the rally where the first competitors will be awaited at the Champs de Mars around 15:10.
Traveling towards the Ardèche department, Sunday February 3rd at 06:30 for the Classification Leg, where the morning program is, "La Croze – Antraigues-sur-Volane / RZ 3 / 57.xx km / 07:50" and its traditional stop in front of the famous Remise, dear to the Jouanny family. Then there will be another legendary stage "Burzet – Lachamp-Raphaël / RZ 4 / 49.40 km / 09:55", in a new version that goes through Saint-Martial. The mid-day pause is planned for 12:40, at Saint-Agrève market place, where there will be a tasting of regional products, this allows everyone involved to enjoy a pleasurable moment before taking on the loop "Saint-Bonnet-le-Froid / ZR 5 / 25 km / 13:10" then "Saint-Pierre-sur-Doux – Col du Buisson / RZ 6 / 22 km / 13:50". The return to Valence (16:40) will be once more preceded by the traditional and festive stop at the quai Farconnet in Tournon-sur-Rhône starting from 15:50.
Traveling towards the mountains of Vercors and Diois on Monday February 4th at 06:30, for the 1st part of the Common Leg. On this day you will need to be tough, the plan is: "Col Gaudissart – La Cime du Mas / ZR 7 / 18 km / 07:55" via the Col de L'Echarasson (1146m), "Col de l'Arzelier – Saint-Michel-les-Portes / RZ 8 / 29 km / 10:10", "Chichilianne – Les Nonières / RZ 9 / 21 km / 11:12", via the Col de Menée (1457 m) and finally, "Mémorial de Vassieux-en-Vercors – Bouvante le Bas / RZ 10 / 24 km / 13:20". The last stop of the day before the return to Valence (16:00) will be at Place du Champ de Mars in Saint-Jean-en-Royans with a time check starting 14:40.
Tuesday February 5th, the departure is planned for 05:30. This 2nd part of the Common Leg will start with "Saint-Nazaire-le-Désert – Gumiane / RZ 11 / 29 km / 07:00", with no less than 7 passes to go through. Competitors still in the race will continue with "Verclause – Laborel / RZ 12 / 27 km / 08:30" and the loop "Entrevaux – Entrevaux / RZ 13 / 15 km / 12h15" via the col de Félines. The last time check before entering the Parc Fermé in Monaco (14:50) will be at Place Neuve in La Turbie, starting at 14:15.
The departure of the Final Leg, planned for the night of Tuesday 5th to Wednesday February 6th, will take place in Monaco starting at 20:30. On the menu for this last night "Col de Braus – La-Bollène-Vésubie / RZ 14 / 35 km / 21:45" and "Lantosque – Lucéram / RZ 15 / 20 km / 23:05". Arrival on the Port Hercule de Monaco around 01:00.
Finally, according to tradition, the Gala and the Prize Giving will take place on the evening of Wednesday February 6th in the Salle des Etoiles du Monte-Carlo Sporting Club (evening dress mandatory or dark clothing mandatory).
PS: Distances and times are subject to change until official publication
Monaco , 30th october 2018
HomepageNews+Programme+Committed+Classification - Results+Itineraries+Cities infos+Passage Controls - Time Controls+Le Quotidien - News of the Rallye Monte-Carlo Historique+Photo Gallery+Bulletin - Communication - Supplementary Regulations+Spectators Information+Honours+Archives+

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Delays in the construction industry are a global phenomenon. Many construction projects experience extensive delays exceeding the initially estimated completion time. The main purpose of this study is to identify construction projects typical behaviors in order to develop a prognosis and management tool. Being able to know a construction projects schedule tendency will enable evidence-based decision-making to allow resolutions to be made before delays occur. This study presents an innovative approach that uses Cluster Analysis Method to support predictions during Earned Value Analyses. A clustering analysis was used to predict future scheduling, Earned Value Management (EVM), and Earned Schedule (ES) principal Indexes behaviors in construction projects. The analysis was made using a database with 90 different construction projects. It was validated with additional data extracted from literature and with another 15 contrasting projects. For all projects, planned and executed schedules were collected and the EVM and ES principal indexes were calculated. A complete linkage classification method was used. In this way, the cluster analysis made considers that the distance (or similarity) between two clusters must be measured by its most disparate elements, i.e. that the distance is given by the maximum span among its components. Finally, through the use of EVM and ES Indexes and Tukey and Fisher Pairwise Comparisons, the statistical dissimilarity was verified and four clusters were obtained. It can be said that construction projects show an average delay of 35% of its planned completion time. Furthermore, four typical behaviors were found and for each of the obtained clusters, the interim milestones and the necessary rhythms of construction were identified. In general, detected typical behaviors are: (1) Projects that perform a 5% of work advance in the first two tenths and maintain a constant rhythm until completion (greater than 10% for each remaining tenth), being able to finish on the initially estimated time. (2) Projects that start with an adequate construction rate but suffer minor delays culminating with a total delay of almost 27% of the planned time. (3) Projects which start with a performance below the planned rate and end up with an average delay of 64%, and (4) projects that begin with a poor performance, suffer great delays and end up with an average delay of a 120% of the planned completion time. The obtained clusters compose a tool to identify the behavior of new construction projects by comparing their current work performance to the validated database, thus allowing the correction of initial estimations towards more accurate completion schedules.
Cluster analysis, construction management, earned value, schedule.
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Giants defeat Saints, 52-27; Offense rolls
On Saturday night, David Wilson fell asleep watching an ESPN documentary about former dual-sport star Bo Jackson, who had his share of incredible athletic feats.
"Maybe I was dreaming a little bit about that," Wilson said.
But it's doubtful that even in his most outrageous fantasies he could have conjured up what took place in MetLife Stadium late Sunday afternoon. Wilson, whose rookie season had been more about potential than performance, had one of the best individual performances in recent Giants history in a 52-27 rout of the New Orleans Saints.
Wilson returned four kickoffs for 227 yards, including a 97-yard touchdown, and rushed for 100 yards and two scores, the second a 52-yarder. He became the first player in NFL history with at least 200 kickoff return yards and 100 rushing yards in the same game. Wilson celebrated each score with a backward flip.
"To come out and have a breakout game like this, it's an excellent feeling – you want to have a good game," Wilson said. "Every game you want to have a good game. I think I went out there and my teammates went out there and we played great. We put up 50 points, which hasn't been done in a long time."
The Giants hadn't done that since Dec. 20, 1986, when they routed Green Bay, 55-24, in their regular-season finale. More importantly, the victory enabled the Giants to improve to 8-5 and stay one game ahead of Dallas and Washington in the NFC East race. The Cowboys and Redskins both won on the final play of their games. Next week, the Giants visit 11-2 Atlanta.
"We've played pretty well, together-type football," defensive end Justin Tuck said. "(In losses to) Washington, Cincinnati, we didn't and you see the results. So I think for us we've just got to just take a step back and look at how we can play when we're together and we're all in and that should be encouraging for us going on to these next three."
It will be easier to do that if they keep getting contributions from Wilson like he gave them on Sunday. The Giants had other big-game players, notably Eli Manning (four touchdown passes) and safety Stevie Brown (two interceptions, which he returned for 91 yards). But it was Wilson's star which shined brightest.
His 327 all-purpose yards established a team record. The former mark of 303 was set by Domenik Hixon at New Orleans on Oct. 18, 2009. Hixon's breakdown was 230 yards on kickoff returns, 51 on punt returns and 22 on receptions. Wilson averaged 56.8 yards per return, the highest total ever by a Giant with at least three returns in a game. The previous record of 51.8 yards was set by Joe Scott on four returns vs. the Rams on Nov. 14, 1948.
The Giants and their fans have been waiting for a game like this from Wilson, who was the team's first-round draft this year. But he fumbled early in the season opener vs. Dallas and has worked all season long to create a niche in the offense for himself.
"I didn't have the greatest start for a rookie, and rookies have little room for error," Wilson said. "At that point I was put in a position where I had to gain the coaches' trust again. I stuck with it and kept working and working at meetings and working on the field and trying to regain the trust. I knew eventually my opportunity would come again. I did those things so I would be prepared when the opportunity did approach."
Against the Saints, he took full advantage of his chance. After Elbert Mack's interception return gave the Saints a 7-0 lead, Wilson immediately tied the score with his long kickoff return. The Giants never trailed again. He also had returns of 58 and 52 yards, though the Giants were unable to capitalize on them. And with Ahmad Bradshaw missing part of the game with a sore knee, Wilson needed only 13 carries to run for 100 yards. His first rushing touchdown put the Giants ahead, 28-13, and his second pushed him over the 50-point mark.
"He did a great job," said Tom Coughlin, who became the 17th head coach in NFL history with 150 regular-season victories. "Our kickoff return team (including a 60-yard return by Jerrel Jernigan) gave us unbelievable field position."
"(David) had a big night," Manning said. "His special teams and his kickoff returns were outstanding. Obviously, giving us a touchdown after I threw an interception for a touchdown was very nice. I appreciated that. Then, he had a couple of other returns that gave us great field position and then the runs. He ran hard. I said to him, 'Your best play was picking up that three-safety blitz on a play-action.' He's learning, running hard and he had a couple of big runs at the end for first downs. He obviously showed speed on the toss for that last touchdown."
Manning threw touchdown passes to Martellus Bennett, Domenik Hixon, Hakeem Nicks and Victor Cruz. Lawrence Tynes added a 39-yard field goal.
The Saints, who fell to 5-8, got Mack's score, two Darren Sproles touchdowns – one on a 13-yard run, the other on a nine-yard reception – and a pair of Garrett Hartley field goals.
Wilson scored the Giants' final touchdown when he took a pitch from Manning and ran around left end for 52 yards with 5:10 remaining.
"He's probably the best athlete on this team," Tuck said. "You see it when he scores a touchdown. He does cartwheels and backflips and I've been telling him to stop doing that, but he does it with ease. So whenever you put a threat like that back there, it's only a matter of time. You saw flashes of it early in the year and he kind of got some lulls. With tonight, I think he was the main reason we were able to win this game like we did. A huge shot in the arm, not only to our offense but our defense because he energized the crowd, he energized us on the sideline and now it's on tape we're going to expect that from him every game."
Brown's second interception – and 70-yard return – led to Tynes' three-pointer, which increased the Giants' lead to 45-27 with 10:19 remaining.
Manning's 10-yard touchdown pass to Cruz just 40 seconds into the fourth quarter increased the Giants' lead to 42-27. The drive was set up by Jernigan's 60-yard kickoff return to the Saints' 25-yard line. Four consecutive Bradshaw runs moved the ball to the 10. On second-and-seven, Manning found Cruz all alone in the end zone for the touchdown.
The Giants scored two touchdowns in the first six minutes of the third quarter to increase their lead to 35-13.
On the first play of the second half, Drew Brees' pass down the middle for tight end Jimmy Graham was intercepted by Brown, who returned the ball 21 yards to the Saints' 20. Graham caught only five passes for 56 yards after scoring two touchdowns in a New Orleans victory over the Giants last season.
"We were just cautious of where he was at on the field," Brown said. "We knew he was one of Brees' favorite targets. So, we wanted to take him away."
Manning and Nicks kept the drive alive by hooking up for a 12-yard pass on third-and-eight. On the next play, Wilson took a handoff, followed the left side of the line and fought his way into the end zone from six yards out for his second touchdown of the game.
The defense forced the Saints to go three-and-out and the Giants took possession at their own 38. On the second play of the drive, Manning threw to the right side for Nicks, who was pushed out bounds after a 23-yard gain. Three plays later, on third-and-two, Manning found Cruz for a three-yard gain to the 25. On the next snap, Nicks ran past cornerback Patrick Robinson on the right side, caught Manning's pass inside the five and stepped into the end zone for his third touchdown of the season, increasing the Giants' lead to 22 points.
But the Giants gave some of it back in less than a minute. New Orleans started its next series at the 25 and on the first play Brees threw a pass down the middle to Joseph Morgan that gained 62 yards. Two plays later, Sproles took a handoff and zipped around the left side for a 13-yard score, making it 35-20 with 7:21 remaining in the third.
The Saints continued to hold the momentum when safety Isa Abdul-Quddus intercepted Manning's pass for Bennett and returned it 12 yards to the Saints' 32-yard line. That set up a six-play, 68-yard drive that ended with Brees slipping a short pass to Sproles, who took it into the end zone for a nine-yard touchdown. With 1:51 remaining in the third quarter, the Giants' once-commanding lead was down to eight points, 35-27.
Hixon's terrific catch of Manning's pass in the right back corner of the end zone with just 20 seconds remaining in the second quarter increased the Giants' halftime lead to 21-13.
On second-and-goal from the five, Hixon used a head fake to slip past cornerback Jabari Greer before jumping up to secure the ball and land inbounds for the touchdown. The Giants traveled 69 yards in nine plays and 1:37 following a New Orleans field goal.
The big play on the drive was a 35-yard pass to Cruz, who lined up in the right slot, moved to the outside at the snap and took Manning's pass all the way to the Saints' 18-yard line. Hixon followed immediately with a nine-yard reception and Bradshaw picked up a first down with a four-yard run. Two plays later, Hixon scored.
The Saints had pulled to within a single point on Hartley field goals of 32 and 25 yards.
Big plays dominated the first quarter, which ended with the Giants holding a 14-7 lead.
Mack got it started when he stepped in front of Manning's third-down pass to Jerrel Jernigan and sprinted 73 yards up the right sideline for the game's first score with 9:38 remaining in the quarter.
Thirteen seconds later, the game was tied after Wilson's electric 97-yard kickoff return. The Giants' first-round draft choice this year, Wilson caught Garrett Hartley's kickoff, ran up the middle and then moved to his right to outrun the entire Saints coverage team.
It was the Giants' first kickoff return touchdown since Domenik Hixon's 74-yard runback against New England on Dec. 29, 2007. The Giants had played 76 regular season and nine postseason games between kickoff return touchdowns.
The Giants forced a turnover on the Saints' next possession that to led a go-ahead touchdown.
On first down from the Giants' 48-yard line, Brees threw a pass to Jed Collins, who gained two yards before Antrel Rolle forced the ball out of his hand. Defensive tackle Linval Joseph picked up the ball and returned it 16 yards to the New Orleans' 35-yard line.
A 16-yard pass to Hixon and two Saints penalties – one for defensive pass interference, the other for holding – helped move the Giants to the five-yard line. After Wilson lost a yard on first down, Manning threw to Bennett, who was wide open in the middle of the end zone. The score gave the Giants a 14-7 lead with 4:19 remaining in the first quarter.


If you are looking for a quiet peaceful place to enjoy a laidback holiday this is the villa for you, located in a quiet cul de sac road, with views of the coastal forest and ocean, which is breathtakingly tranquil. Watch the fish eagles sore in the distance and experience the cry of Africa pulsing through your veins, as the ocean's taste, smell and sound awakens your senses.
This 8 sleeper property will leave you feeling at peace with your surroundings, unwinding into complete relaxation, the way holidays should be. We offer a unique service at The Golf House, trying to make your holiday as convenient as possible, with our value added services. Spend your precious hours on the beach, in the pool or playing a round of golf, soaking up the tranquillity and peacefulness that lurks in the coastal forests of the Zulu Kingdom.
The villa is located toward the back of the estate, on the boundary road, taking no longer than a 5 minute drive to get the nearest beach access point, restaurant at The Lodge and main swimming pool area with tennis and squash court and a jungle gym for the kids.
3 en-suite bedrooms on the lower level of the villa. Two of which are Master bedrooms with King size beds and full en-suite bathrooms. The other room offers twin beds with en-suite shower. All downstairs rooms have ceiling fans and sliding doors with monkey screens that open into the forest below.
The 4th bedroom is located upstairs outside of main house and is a stunningly located suite with Queen size bed, en-suite shower and own lounge with unspoilt views of the lagoon and ocean. Standing fan available in this room.
Main TV Lounge with full bouquet DSTV Premium and DVD player. Opening up onto the front veranda with unspoilt views of the lagoon and ocean.
A fully equipped kitchen with dishwashing machine, microwave and double door fridge/freezer, and 2 ovens is open plan to the main dining room area that is open plan to the main TV lounge and Ping Pong table area.


In episode 4 of IPv6 Buzz, Stephan Lagerholm, Senior Manager of Systems Design and Strategy at T-Mobile, discusses IPv6 and Mobile Network Operators.
This entry was posted on Thursday, July 12th, 2018 at 6:02 pm	and is filed under Podcasts. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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Hugo's Notre-Dame of Paris: The Birth of Romantic Fiction (MP3 download)
This course shows how "Notre-Dame" became, as Hugo intended, "a drama beyond the ordinary proportions."
Looking Up to Sinclair Lewis: Ayn Rand's Admiration for "It Can't Happen Here" (MP3 download)
Ayn Rand, who rarely praised contemporary literature, made an exception for "It Can't Happen Here" (1935). In it, vicious ideas—allied with physical force—threaten American freedom: "the men of ritual and the men of barbarism are capable of shutting up the men of science and of silencing them forever." After receiving an inscribed copy, she wrote to the author: she...See More
Ninety-Three
"Ninety-Three is Hugo's last novel and one of his best. It is an excellent introduction to his works: it presents - in story, style and spirit - the condensed essence of that which is uniquely 'Hugo-esque'." - Ayn Rand, from her introduction to the novel. (Hardcover; 332 pages)
Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide
As a historical account, Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide is a fascinating look at figures and events that changed New York, the United States and the world. As an aesthetic handbook it provides a compact method for studying sculpture, inspired by Ayn Rand's writings on art. For residents and tourists, and historians and students, who want to spend...See More
Preserving the Hero in Your Soul: Integrity and Self-Betrayal in Selected Short Fiction (MP3 download)
This course explores fiction in which protagonists confront the responsibility to be self-made heroes. Each story spotlights a character at a crossroads, with the urgent need to identify values, and either to uphold these values, or abandon them. In classic fiction by Charles Waddell Chesnutt, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Jack London, Robert Louis Stevenson and H. G. Wells,...See More
Reason in Ancient Greek Drama (MP3 download)
This course examines plays from the four great ancient Greek dramatists all exploring the role of reason in human life...
Romanticism vs. Naturalism and Classicism - Part 1 (MP3 download)
Rand identified herself as a Romantic writer, not a Classicist or a Naturalist. But why have schools of art at all? Should not an artist, like Howard Roark, defy convention? This talk explains why there are three and only three great schools of art (hint: Aristotle provides the reason in the Poetics) and why no artist can ultimately avoid joining one or another of...See More
Spiritual Fuel - Finding Fuel in Short Fiction: Giving Full Conscious Value to the Writer's Choices (MP3 download)
A man, after reflecting on his life and career, resolves to change course. How can his aspiration become our inspiration? As readers of a short story, published in 1912 by a writer who went on to win a Pulitzer Prize (and to defend The Fountainhead), we will explore how an artist chose to portray moral self-awakening. (No pre-conference reading required.)
The Films of Howard Hawks: Integrity, Intelligence, Inspiration (MP3 download)
An overview of the work of the director Howard Hawks, focusing on four films that illustrate the triumph of efficacious rationality over arduous obstacles and on two films featuring Marilyn Monroe, whose performances, according to Ayn Rand, projected a "radiantly benevolent sense of life, which cannot be faked."
The Fountainhead (DVD)
Ayn Rand wrote the screenplay for her best-selling novel "The Fountainhead". The movie stars Gary Cooper, Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey. (DVD; 1hr., 53 min; B & W film)
The Nature of Literary Heroism (MP3 download)
What does it mean to be a story's "hero"? What is the nature of a real-life hero—and what is its relationship to literary heroism? Who are the mightiest heroes of world literature? How do Ayn Rand's heroes compare to the other great heroes of world literature? Who is the greatest hero of world literature—and why? These are the questions this course answers.


From Bergamo Airport (Orio Al Serio) to Milan you can use the following bus/coach services.
Terrvision Coach from Bergamo Airport to Milan City Centre is a sixty minute journey (in good traffic conditions). The cost for an adult is approximately €10 single ticket and €16 return ticket (prices may vary slightly). Child's Ticket (5-12 years of age) is €5 single and €9 return ticket. Children under 5 travel free. Coaches leave Bergamo airport around every half hour minutes.
This bus services takes you from Orio Al Serio airport (Bergamo) to Milan Central Station, Milan Lambrate Station and Brescia CIBA Station from where you can then take a train (or bus) to Como.
Bergamo Orio Al Serio to Milan Central Station – bus operates every 30 minutes from 04:30 in the morning until approximately 01:00 following morning. Adult ticket cost €7,90 single and €14,50 return and childs ticket (2-12 years old) cost €3,95 single.
Orio Al Serio to Milan Lambrate Station – bus departs 04:30, 08:30, 13:30, 17:30 and 21:30 – journey time is approximately 45 minutes. Click here to check timetable for the this bus service to Milan Central Station and Milan Lambrate Station.
Orio Al Serio to Brescia CIBA Station – bus departs 08:30, 11:15, 16:10, 18:30, 22:00 – journey time is approximately 1 hour. Adult ticket cost €10 and reduced ticket cost €5. Click here to view timetable for Brescia Station.
* From Orio Al Serio to Milan – stops for Cascina Gobba are only on request. Be sure to check with the driver beforehand if you wish to get off at this particular stop.
Tickets can be purchased at the Autostradale Office (arrivals area).
This bus service operates from near the 'arrival's area which can take you to Bergamo train station (please note that Bergamo Bus Station is directly opposite the train station). The ticket costs approximately €1,70 and runs from 06:05 to 24:15 (approx every 20 minutes in the summer and every 30 minutes in winter). Journey time is 15-20 minutes.
You can purchase your ticket from the following places at the airport; Autostradale or Turismo Bergamo (both located at arrivasl area) or the ticket vending machine at the bus stop.
From Bergamo Bus Station you can take the C46 bus to Como bus station (stazione autolinee) located in Piazza Giacomo Matteotti. The journey time is approximately 2 hours (as long as traffic flow is good). This bus operates 7 times a day from Monday to Saturday and 4 times a day on Sundays/public holidays.
C10 bus to all destinations along the west side of the lake and round as far as Colico.
Take the ATB shuttle bus from the Bergamo Airport to Bergamo Railway Station then catch a train to Lecco. Once you arrive at Lecco you need to take the train heading for Sondrio or Tirano train to Mandello del Lario, Varenna, Bellano or Colico – or to a 'stopping train' for one of the many less well known destinations along the east side of the lake betwen Lecco and Colico.


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The comically obvious corruption missing from Trump's impeachment hearings
Why aren't Democrats going after the president's unconstitutional personal profits?
Illustrated | Gabriella Demczuk/Getty Images, Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images, Asya_mix/iStock, Aerial3/iStock
byRyan Cooper
Public impeachment hearings in the House of Representatives ramped up Friday with the testimony of Marie L. Yovanovitch, the former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine. Her story was the most compelling yet, detailing her long and often-dangerous diplomatic career, as well as her bewilderment at being abruptly shoved out of office by President Trump. The reason, she said, was a quiet smear campaign from both corrupt Ukrainian oligarchs and the Trump administration.
All this is very important. But so far there is no sign Democrats are going to add Trump's own personal corruption — how he is stuffing American government money into his own bank accounts and taking payments from foreign governments, both in clear violation of the Constitution — to the impeachment hearing schedule. (So far it has gotten only tangential consideration.)
It's a huge missed opportunity.
As I have written before, it is simply inarguable that Trump is violating both sections of the Constitution that prohibit the president collecting "emoluments," which just an old-timey word for compensation. Article I, Section 9 prohibits taking money from foreign governments without the approval of Congress, while Article II, Section 1 prohibits taking it from any U.S. states or the federal government. While in office, the president is supposed to receive only his salary, currently set at $400,000 — no less, and no more.
Trump receives both less and more. He donates his salary, but he also violates both emoluments prohibitions, raking in money hand over fist from the federal government and foreign states alike. The U.S. government is spending huge sums at Trump's personal properties, which he still owns and promotes continually, both domestically and overseas. (Conservative political operations have spent millions more at Trump hotels, which arguably should also count.) The take is comically obvious: In September, for example, Vice President Pence at the personal request of the president stayed at a Trump hotel in Doonbeg, Ireland, for a state visit in Dublin — which required a 3-hour commute clear to the other side of the country.
Representatives of at least 28 foreign states have stayed at Trump's D.C. hotel, to say nothing of his other properties. His sprawling business empire has ongoing operations in dozens of countries. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, a federal watchdog, has monitored Trump's personal conflicts of interest and come up with over 2,300 and counting.
Watch enough screeching Republican propaganda and you can gaslight yourself into doubting this, but it is not difficult to understand why the president should only receive his (extremely ample) salary while in office. The preamble of the Constitution makes clear that its whole aim is to enable "We the People" to achieve things like "establish[ing] Justice" and "promot[ing] the general Welfare" and "secur[ing] the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity." It does not say "so the president can become rich beyond the dreams of avarice."
It takes about five seconds of thought to grasp why the American head of state should not be allowed to accept bribes from foreign governments or direct the U.S. government budget into his own pockets. Public servants are supposed to be just that — servants, people who enter politics to virtuously serve the common good. They don't always live up to that standard, of course, but in that case they should be thrown out of office, or perhaps into prison.
Yovanovitch's testimony evinced a painfully earnest faith in American institutions. She clearly thought she was doing God's own work in Ukraine, protecting innocents from Russian domination. "How could our system fail like this? How is it that foreign corrupt interests could manipulate our government?" she asked.
The reason, of course, is that at the top levels of government, the United States is every bit as corrupt as the most beleaguered post-communist states in Eastern Europe, if not worse. The American president is a crook and a thief. Indeed, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky was by all accounts frustrated and offended by expectations that he should be used like a rented mule for a dirty political trick. He was going to go along with it until the scheme became public only because he figured he had no choice, given Ukraine's dependence on U.S. assistance.
In other words, it is America corrupting Ukraine, not the other way around. Zelensky himself knew the score, carefully mentioning to Trump in a phone call that he stayed at Trump's New York hotel. Can you blame him?
Americans struggle with this realization. The mainstream press, with its wide chauvinist streak, cannot bring itself to describe the dire state of U.S. democracy clearly (parodied well in Joshua Keating's "If It Happened There" series at Slate, which describes U.S. politics in the voice of a New York Times foreign correspondent). Granted, it is good to have an expectation that the United States is not a corrupt country. But simply pretending Washington isn't corrupt won't make it so.
The way to get clean government is to set high expectations for public virtue and punish officials who don't live up to them. If anyone on Earth has ever deserved to be removed from office for corruption, it is Donald Trump — and that was obvious before the Ukraine scandal ever came to light.
The coronavirus vaccines are safer than aspirin or Tylenol
Losing the vaccinated majority?
Microsoft's Activision Blizzard bailout


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Q: How to populate ComboBoxTableCell Dropdown list I have a cellFactory which creates editable ComboBoxTableCell in TableView columns:
Callback<TableColumn<Map, String>, TableCell<Map, String>>
            cellFactoryForComboBox = (TableColumn<Map, String> p) -> {
                ComboBoxTableCell<Map, String> cell = new ComboBoxTableCell<>();
                cell.setComboBoxEditable(true);
                return cell;
        };

Col1.setCellFactory(cellFactoryForComboBox);
Col2.setCellFactory(cellFactoryForComboBox);

How can I populate dropDown lists for each column with values in
ObservableList<String> List1
ObservableList<String> List2

How to do this properly?

A: Create seperate cellFactorys for each column and pass the ObservableList to the constructor of ComboBoxTableCell:
Col1.setCellFactory((TableColumn<Map, String> p) -> {
                ComboBoxTableCell<Map, String> cell = new ComboBoxTableCell<>(List1);
                cell.setComboBoxEditable(true);
                return cell;
        });
Col2.setCellFactory((TableColumn<Map, String> p) -> {
                ComboBoxTableCell<Map, String> cell = new ComboBoxTableCell<>(List2);
                cell.setComboBoxEditable(true);
                return cell;
        });

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


ROCKNTV1 TECH videos, WIN98se updates, Update Windows 98 second edition. Update fixes win98 boot problems, win98 wont shutdown problems. how to fix Windows 98. Unofficial Windows 98 SE Service Pack contains all the Windows98 SE updates from Microsoft Windows Update site and more.


New Knesset Caucus for Olim from France discusses urgent need to remove obstacles to aliyah from France.
The Knesset Caucus for Olim from France and Francophones in Israel was inaugurated Wednesday in the Knesset. The caucus is an initiative of MK Yoni Chetboun (Bayit Yehudi), who will head it.
About 100 of the leaders of the organizations of immigrants from France attended the event, as did Absorption Minister Sofa Landver, Immigration Ministry Director Oded Forer, Jewish Agency Director Josh Schwartz, World Zionist Federation Chairman Avraham Duvdevani, French MP Meir Haviv, Deputy Defense Minister Danny Danon (Likud Beytenu) and MKs Nissan Slomiansky, Shuli Moallem and Orit Struk of Bayit Yehudi, Karine Elharar and Rabbi Dov Lipman of Yesh Atid, and the Head of the Etzion Bloc Regional Council, Davidi Perl.
Chetboun said that at present, mistaken policies are blocking the potential stream of olim from France. "You can't expect aliyah and prevent it at the same time," he added.
Director Forer said that while 60% of French Jews are considering emigrating, half of those prefer not to go to Israel.
One of the major obstacles to aliyah is the difficulty in getting diplomas and degrees recognized, mostly in medical professions.
MP Haviv also urged that French diplomas be recognized. "France is not a third world country," he said. "You want to encourage aliyah, and it is important to remove this unreasonable obstacle of non-recognition of diplomas. The waves of anti-Semitism in France are getting stronger and aliyah is necessary." Haviv, who is considered close to Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu, said that Netanyahu promised him he would soon join the effort to ease aliyah from France.
About 200,000 olim from France and French speaking countries, recent and veteran, live in Israel. In 2013 alone, 3,120 Jews made aliyah – a 63% rise from 2012. Unlike previous years – more olim came from France than from the US, and the trend is expected to gain strength.


Following is the menu and a list of the wines served in flights with each food course. My impressions of the wines and interaction with the food follow. I have given a provisional rating of the wines, but these have not been added to my database of notes, due to the relaxed and convivial situation.
While the Riesling had acid cut for the fattiness of the rillettes, it was the textures of the Gladstone that provided the match. With the ravioli, the richness of flavour and the textures of the Urlar won over the Julicher. The Julicher had fragrances which contrasted with the earthiness of the dish, making it workable.
This was certainly a pair of wines that behaved similarly. The fist wine in each pair was aromatic, the Luna Pinot Gris showing exotic fruit, and the Matahiwi Chardonnay with fermentation lift. The second wine of each pairing had the textures to match the food course better, The Elder Pinot Gris quite together and subtle, but the Te Kairanga with enough richness to handle more. Overall, the Chardonnays were better matches for me with the food than the Pinot Gris wines.
Light yellow-straw colour with pale golden hues. This is full and broad with soft aromatics, totally integrated, the ripe tropical fruit and stonefruit just decreasing, along the toasty, nutty oak show. A little oxidation apparent. Surprisingly elegant and not overblown on palate, with a mouthfilling array of ripe fruits, nutty and toasty oak, some secondary earthiness and slight oxidation.
The Ecarpment 'Kupe' Chardonnay came into a second life with the cheeses. The nutty and aldehyde flavours working with the creamy, and aged, harder cheeses superbly. The matching was superb in flavours and textures. However the blue cheese wasn't a great match here. The Nga Waka Chardonnay did not match the cheeses so well, but there were no obvious clashes. Some thought the Nga Waka was better with the blue. My feeling was that a red wine or port would be better with the blue.
This was a delightful match, the herbaceous fruit flavours going well with the kiwifruit in the dessert, The wine's overall sweetness was more than capable of handling the dessert componentry, and the acidity lent cut and freshness, The dessert moderated the youthfulness of the wine. A treat to get it right like this.


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Virtual Tour Of One Of…
Virtual Tour Of One Of The Most Luxurious Cruise Ships In The World
by Natasha Monteiro May 8, 2017
by Natasha Monteiro May 8, 2017 3529
A trailblazer in the exclusive world of all-suite, all-balcony ships, the Regent Seven Seas Voyager exceeds even the loftiest expectations for luxury. If you're thinking of a romantic getaway, why not on a cruise?
While there are many cruise ships around the world, this one is referred to be one of the most luxurious ships in the world, followed by her sister, Regent Seven Seas Explorer. The promoters refer this cruise ship as the Four Seasons or the St Regis of the cruise Industry!
The suites, all 350 of them, are absolutely gorgeous and have an air of soft luxury. Bigger than the usual matchbox sized cabin rooms you would find in other cruise ships. Muted colours perfectly contrast the sharp blue of the ocean. The entire ship is wheelchair accessible and has 447 international crew members at your service. The personal service is exceedingly indulgent. She also includes four main dining venues where you can dine wherever, whenever and with whomever you choose.
If you're wondering what you can do at the Seven Seas Voyager, we ask you what you can't do? Except for jumping off the ship (we'd rather have you jump in their gorgeous swimming pool), the ship has a library, pool bar, spa, fitness centre, jogging track, card & conference room and destination services. She can even shop on board! Talk about luxury.
Where Did She Come From, Where Did She Go?
The Regent Seven Seas Voyager literally voyages across the seven seas to more than 350 ports offering 7 – 120 day itineraries. This time around she came from Myanmar and went to Oman after making a small pitstop in Mumbai. Check full itinerary here. You can catch her in Venice next as she sails to Monte Carlo on June 1, 2017.
Also watch: EXCLUSIVE: Sneak Peak Into Genting Dream Cruise Ship!
Lets Talk About Money, Honey!
What's the cost for all that luxury? A mere USD 700 that is INR 45,000 per night, per head. Well, that is just the base category. For the 4,000 square feet Regent Suite, shell out USD 10,000 and yes, you read it right. That's about INR 6,43,000 per person per night!
Wondering who would pay that kind of money for luxury? Let me tell you all the suites have been booked for the next one year.
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Nicklas Lidstrom Jersey Retirement
The Detroit Red Wings have announced the 50 minute pregame ceremony plans for Nicklas Lidstrom's Jersey Retirement Night.
The ceremony will start at 6:30pm and will culminate with Lidstrom's number five raised to the rafters at 7:20. The game vs the Colorado Avalanche will be pushed back until 8:00pm.
Detroit broadcaster Ken Daniels will host while there will be speeches by Mike Babcock, Ken Holland, Christopher Ilitch and Lidstrom himself.
Lidstrom's former coaches Scotty Bowman, Dave Lewis and Barry Smith, as well as Lidstrom's former teammates Chris Chelios, Igor Larionov, Brendan Shanahan, Robert Lang, Bob Rouse, Yves Racine, Mathieu Schneider, Manny Legace, Tomas Holmstrom, Anders Eriksson, Kris Draper and Vladimir Konstantinov will all be seated on the ice for the ceremony.
Also attending the ceremony will be Red Wings legends Gordie Howe, Ted Lindsay, Alex Delvecchio, Steve Yzerman and members of the Abel and Sawchuck families.
Labels: Nicklas Lidstrom
OVER 3000 HOCKEY LEGENDS PROFILED! SEARCH BY ALPHABETICAL LISTING
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Women's Hockey Legends
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My New Hockey Book
OLYMPIC HOCKEY HISTORY
GreatestHockeyLegends.com is the home of an extensive history of Olympic hockey. You can view each Olympic hockey tournament (men's and women's) below by clicking on the year of your choice. You can also enjoy my profiles of Olympic Hockey Legends.
1920 - Antwerp, Belgium
1924 - Chamonix, France
1928 - St. Moritz, Switz.
1932 - Lake Placid, USA
1936 - G.P., Germany
1940 - No Games - WWII
1952 - Oslo, Norway
1956 - Cortina, Italy
1960 - Squaw Valley, USA
1964 - Innsbruck, Austria
1968 - Grenoble, France
1972 - Sapporo, Japan
1984 - Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
1988 - Calgary, Canada
1992 - Albertville, France
1994 - Lillehammer, Norway
1998 - Nagano, Japan
2002 - Salt Lake City, USA
2006 - Torino, Italy
2010 - Vancouver, Canada
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How Online Slots Have Evolved
December 9, 2022 by Kathy Scribner
There are several important turning points in slots' history, most of which occurred recently. The many prohibitions placed throughout history have not affected the widespread acceptance of these games.
Slot machines may be dated back to 1895 when a mechanic called Charles Fey created the first one. As the highest-paying icon on the reels, the Mills Liberty Bell gave rise to the machine's title. In reality, if three bells appeared in a sequence on the reels of an early slot machine, the player could win 10 nickels – – also try the Cash Up slot at wizardslots.com.
After the first popularity of the slot machine, other game designers picked up the slack and created variations on the theme. In 1907, Hebert Mills, a slot machine maker, released several machines with a bell theme.
By 1908, you might find them in places as varied as cigar shops, saloons, bowling alleys, barbershops, and brothels.
Gambling Restrictions
Source: greatbridgelinks.com
Slot machines continued to be popular even after being made illegal in the 1900s when gambling was officially banned in the United States. The machine symbols became more family-friendly during the gambling prohibition, with representations of fruits replacing some of the more risque icons.
Electrical developments during the ensuing years were crucial to the significant evolution of slot machines. The first online slots subsequently appeared along with networking and video. They paved the way for the later development of the fruit machine and the vending machine, both of which are still in use today.
Source: gamblersdailydigest.com
The first electrical slot machine, Money Honey, was introduced in 1963, marking the next technological breakthrough and a crucial milestone in the evolution of the contemporary slot.
At that time, it was a new territory for the players to play slot games without pulling the lever. This was the first slot machine to feature a bottomless hopper, enabling it to pay up to five hundred coins automatically. Due to the game's enormous popularity, electromechanical slots have become increasingly prevalent. The old lever was quickly taken out of the new slots.
In 1976, slot machines began to depart from their mechanical ancestors, and the first basic video slot machine appeared in casinos. This ground-breaking slot machine debuted to the public at the Las Vegas Hilton Hotel. The Nevada State Gaming Commission ultimately gave its OK, and it became live for everyone to use.
Hundreds of video slots were scattered across casino floors in nearly every major Las Vegas casino during the late 1970s and early 1980s due to the massive production of video slots.
Source: feedinco.com
As the first online casino launched around the same time, 1996 was slot machines' most significant and game-changing year. When digital technology and the internet came along, the gambling industry adapted to the new era, and many gambling games became available to the general public on online platforms.
One of the primary reasons for slot machines' development and popularity is the increased internet use in the late 90s. Blackjack and roulette were among the first games to be presented, although the first online machine wasn't introduced for very long.
Slot machines are quite common in physical casinos, so it was clear that they would be well-liked in the online gambling industry. They received the majority of web traffic. Software providers had to move more quickly to meet the expanding market of online slot fans' demands.
The first online casino was focused on providing classic casino games like Roulette, and its popularity inspired many similar sites. Nonetheless, slots made excellent use of this new digital format, and in 1996, WMS Industries offered gamblers and internet casinos the first virtual slot, Reel Em. Players got a sneak peek at what the future of slot machines holds in the digital era.
Slot machines are now the most popular game in online casinos, even more so than table games. Modern machines include animation and intricate computer visuals, making them more like video games. Slot symbols have also taken on a life of their own and are based on various themes.
These days, more funds are going toward enhancing online slots. Online slots have been the focus of the engineers' 24-hour development and design effort. More reels and successful pay lines are becoming commonplace. Additionally, there are more symbols on the reels, including wild, scatter, and bonus symbols. This has significantly increased the player interest and entertainment value of online slots.
Also, players had only a few alternatives for making deposits when online casinos first started. As the principal payment method, credit/debit cards have dominated the market for players and operators alike over the past ten years. Customers now find it simpler to play games at online casinos thanks to e-Wallets. The online gambling sector is seeing a rise in the popularity of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.
Smartphones Are the Stars
Source: root-nation.com
Mobile gaming existed before the first Apple iPhone was released in 2007, and even Apple's first push into the smartphone industry did not come with freely downloaded applications.
Nonetheless, it's not hard to make the case that the recent dramatic rise in popularity of internet gambling in general and slot games, in particular, is due to the convenient and entertaining way you can play these games on the go.
The convenience of spinning the reels from the comfort of your sofa or even on the train to and from work eliminates the need to persuade players to fire up their desktop PC and sit in some specialised area of the house specifically dedicated to gaming.
With the advent of touchscreen controls, online slot machines became more accessible; the interface style was practically built for mobile devices. The technology planets finally lined up, and slot machines became popular across a far larger demographic.
With the advent of faster mobile network speeds like 3G, 4G, and now 5G connections, there were fewer obstacles to the rapid pleasure of online slots. In many locations, legislative restrictions prevent online slots from reaching their full potential, yet the technology is in place for them to dominate globally; countries only need to play ball.
What Will Come Next?
It is simple to predict the internet gaming industry's direction. But what exactly will follow? This question does not have an easy solution. It would undoubtedly fall under the umbrella of gambling. Numerous things could occur, and new things might emerge.
However, there is one feature that has been constant from the mechanical beginnings of casinos to the modern online casino paradises, and that is one must expect change. The digital revolution sparked the desire to converge online casinos and traditional casinos. There has been a lot of advancement regarding the emergence of live dealer games.
Source: olbg.com
The word "slot machine" was originally applied to only fruit or advent machines, but nowadays, when you walk into a casino, you first notice the slot machine. From being banned to generating around 65% and 80% of the revenue from casinos, slot machines have come a long way. The games, which have developed over time, are now crucial to both casinos and gamers. The popularity of these games in casinos has developed significantly over the past few years. Recently, this growth has been boosted by the growth of mobile casinos, which have made these games more accessible to gamblers worldwide.
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text:
Trans Fat Ban, Denmark: Urban Food Policy Snapshot
Policy name: Executive Order 160 on the Content of Trans Fatty Acids in Oils and Fats, AKA: Trans Fat Ban
Population: 5.69 million
Food policy category: Diet and nutrition
Policy goals
Reduce the amount of trans fat that Danish people consume
Reduce diseases and death caused by consumption of trans fat
Policy initiation
Executive order 160 went into effect on March 31 of 2003.
The order was introduced as a new component of the Danish Food Act, which had been passed in 1998.
The law forbids the sale of foods that have a trans fat content of more than 2 percent of the product's total fat or oil. This does not apply to the trans fat that naturally occurs in foods—namely, meat and dairy products. The law targets foods fried in or made with hydrogenated oil, the source of most of the trans fat that humans consume.
Progress to date
In 2004, the European Commission (EC) announced that it would sue the Danish government over the law, claiming that the legislation violated European Union (EU) free trade agreements. The EC withdrew the suit in 2007, conceding to Denmark's argument that the law was necessary to protect public health.
Food businesses in Denmark, from fast food restaurants to bakeries, have changed their recipes to comply with the law. A study done in 2008 found that the vast majority of foods had eliminated trans fat. Whenever there was an occasional violation of the law, Danish authorities took steps to eliminate the product in violation.
Customers have reported that food in Denmark which used to be made with trans fat tastes just as good without it.
Why the policy is important
Food producers often add trans fats to foods to make them taste better and/or to extend their shelf life. But research has shown that trans fat, even when consumed in small amounts, are severely detrimental to human health.
This study found that consumption of trans fat is positively correlated with fatal coronary heart disease, because trans fat raises bad cholesterol and lowers good cholesterol. That study, as well as this one also found that people who consume greater amounts of trans fat have a higher risk of all-cause mortality, meaning they are more likely to die in general, not necessarily from heart disease.
A 2015 study concluded that Denmark's sharp limitations on trans fat was followed by a decrease in the cardiovascular diseases mortality (CVD) rate.
The researchers compared CVD death rates in Denmark to CVD death rates in five other countries from 1990 to 2012. The five comparison countries were chosen based on their similarities to Denmark, in areas including alcohol consumption, per capita food spending, blood pressure and vegetable consumption.
The researchers found that Denmark's rate of fatal CVD decreased more than that of the comparison countries.
It should be noted that restrictive smoking laws enacted in 2007 may have also contributed to a decline in fatal CVD in Denmark during the years between 2007 and 2012.
http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/288442/Eliminating-trans-fats-in-Europe-A-policy-brief.pdf?ua=1
http://www.sum.dk/Om-ministeriet/Kontakt-os2.aspx
Danish Ministry of Environment and Food: [email protected]
Similar practices
Switzerland, Austria, Iceland, Hungary and Norway have all enacted similar laws.
New York City enacted a ban on trans fat in 2006.
In 2015, the United States FDA announced that food producers must eliminate all trans fat by the year 2018
http://www.tfx.org.uk/page116.html
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15307763/ns/health-diet_and_nutrition/t/denmark-lower-trans-fat-or-go-jail/#.WJ0G9rYrL-Y
http://time.com/4025570/denmark-trans-fat-ban/
http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(15)00328-1/abstract
http://time.com/3922583/trans-fats-hydrogenated-oils/
http://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/press-releases/2014/europe-leads-the-world-in-eliminating-trans-fats
Tags: ban Denmark Executive Order Trans Fat
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text:
Who Do You Want to be the Fourteenth Doctor?
Posted On: 3 October 2021
Russell T Davies is the new showrunner of Doctor Who, and everything old is new again. Bad Wolf Productions is co-producing with BBC Studios, so Julie Gardner and Jane Tranter will play important roles in the series.
But there is one role that's vital for the future of the show: that is, the Fourteenth Doctor. Who is going to take over from Jodie Whittaker?
Everyone has an opinion, whether it be "it should be this person" or "it should definitely not be this person".
So we threw open the doors to the DWC contributors who are normally content wandering the fields outside, scaring away the Stigorax, Shobogans, and Spiridons (ever so difficult to catch). To gain entry to the hallowed halls of DWC Mansions (i.e. the stables), they had to answer one question: who do you think should be the Fourteenth Doctor?
Anyone who said "me" was rounded up and thrown to the Shrivenzale.
Jonathan Appleton
I'm going to throw Ruth Negga's name into the mix. She's probably best known for her roles in the 2016 film Loving, which earned her an Oscar nomination, and the Amazon Prime series Preacher, an adaptation of the Garth Ennis/Steve Dillon comic book which ran for four series from 2016-2019.
There's a stillness about her and a slightly mysterious quality – watching her, I often have the impression that she's leaving things unsaid – which would make a change from the Tiggerish nature of some of the recent Doctors, and maybe restore a bit of mystery to the part.
That's not to say she can't open up when the time comes – the trigger-happy Tulip in Preacher is more than capable of holding her own in dealing with the bad guys, often using some very un-Doctorish language.
Andrew Hsieh
Aside from brief glimpses of the Timeless Child's different incarnations, I would like a much younger actor to be cast as the Fourteenth Doctor; preferably someone in their teens or early 20s, for a change.
Well, there is a candidate who I've been considering for a while, and that is Isaac Hempstead Wright – best known for playing Bran Stark in Game of Thrones, alongside Maisie Williams (Ashildr/Me in Series 9) and various co-stars familiar to the Whoniverse.
It's definitely an experiment worth the try, handing the TARDIS key and sonic screwdriver to a teenager or young adult. An ultimate challenge indeed for Isaac, if he were to become Jodie Whittaker's successor. Since he's only 22, how about bringing along a companion or two, or three, who are close in age or a few years younger than him? I know my idea appears to derive from the likes of The Sarah Jane Adventures, in particular, but the way how I envision it is more akin to Stranger Things. A coming-of-age type story arc to appeal to a new generation of fans, whilst embracing older audiences.
Elliot Thorpe
Once again, the hunt is on for the next owner of the TARDIS.
With Jodie bowing out in 2022 and taking her showrunner with her (or is that the other way around?), this time around it might very well be the most challenging choice of all.
It goes without saying (but I'm going to say it anyway) that the Chibnall era has not just split fandom down the middle but utterly fractured it. It makes the whole (unfair and unwarranted) JN-T hate campaign of days of yore look like a small burp in the sorry history of Who-fandom unrest. Long-term and/or truly dedicated fans have found much to dislike about the series since Chibnall took over and I will admit that I'm one of them. RTD has a lot on his plate when it comes to deciding who to cast.
If he reverts to a male actor, would that be the BBC back-tracking? If the show continues with a woman in the role (and why should they not?), then give her some great stories, some tough scenes to tackle, something to really get her teeth into. Dammit, give her some good scripts!
For my money, the new Doctor needs to bring back the gravitas, the weight and burden of a 2000-year old alien. A character who emotes, who can emote, who understands and misunderstands. Who can get it wrong but who can get it so very right. We need to believe in them, believe that they are like us but not like us, that they love us but sometimes they don't like us. They need to be a powerhouse, a wallflower, an outspoken enigma, a quiet tsunami.
The actor needs to have the ability to convey all of this and much, much more. They need to have a career that tells of live theatre triumphs, of ratings-busting TV shows, of award-winning performances, of a commanding presence, of a camera-loving style, of scenery-chewing appearances, of fully-rounded characterisations. They need to want, to desire, to have passion, to believe in causes and be heard when they speak. They need to be gripped by a role, to be invested in a role, to do their research, to elevate themselves far above what has come before, to keep us gripped by their performance. They need to own the room when they walk into it and to make us gasp for more (or air) when they leave.
Basically, to bring the series back to its former glory, they need to be Ben Daniels.
Ben Daniels is the Doctor! (Please?)
I'm not even considering the same old tired wagering line up that's been getting trotted out over the past decade, faces that we keep on seeing over and over but step up, never get the nod, can't be taken seriously because of it. But I will put forth a few suggestions.
1. Phoebe Waller Bridge. She's kinda cute, kinda odd looking, can act, can write, and having written Killing Eve, Fleabag, Bond and other stuff, she seems to have creative range. She could be the first co-showrunner (with RTD)/Doctor!
2. Jo Martin. But now, with no Chibnall! I'm sure Russell will choose his own candidate but wouldn't that be something, using Martin anyway, and using the opportunity to clean up/correct the mess Chibnall made in the first place?
3. Hugh Laurie. He's got more than enough experience and a fantastic range, going from Blackadder to House, and he's a household name. If they go with a big name, they could certainly do worse.
4. Micheal Sheen or Idris Elba. Both would bring new dimensions to the role I think.
Finally, 5 may be the best method: Davies makes it clear he'll have an open audition, all sexes, all colours. Make the process transparent, with no agenda and pick the best person for the job, period.
Otherwise, no matter who is chosen, there'll be the complaining from various sides about "PC agenda" this or "old boy's network agenda" that. Let's keep an open mind and embrace the possibilities. As long as we've got a good actor who's right for the part, I'll be content.
Well, good scripts will help too.
If I were to pick the next incarnation of the Doctor to have their own television series (I'm ignoring the question of who does the Thirteenth Doctor regenerate into here, badly) then Jo Martin is the obvious choice. She dominated the screen regardless of if Jodie Whittaker was alongside her in Fugitive of the Judoon, the only negative truly being that the 'Ruth Doctor' was given such basic and poor dialogue upon her reveal.
Now some fans may contend that she can't be the Fourteenth Doctor for various timeline-related reasons, and if Chibnall's departing note to the BBC is that Jo Martin's portrayal of the Doctor is his alone to play with and has a firmly set position in the Doctor's lives, then so be it. Having to look beyond Martin's talents then, there are a few names that spring to mind.
Michael Palin and Grayson Perry, both not averse to wearing feminine clothing beyond a regeneration scene, are two performers who may not stretch their acting muscles much (or at all in Perry's case), and probably don't have the knees for all the running scenes, but exhibit a simultaneous warmth, wisdom, and alienness as soon as they enter a room that Chibnall failed to put into his writing of the Thirteenth Doctor despite Jodie Whittaker probably being one of the warmest people ever.
So slimming down my choice to someone with the knee functionality to film such an energetic TV series for months at a time, then it comes down to Gemma Whelan – now known to Doctor Who fans as a major character in Big Finish's new Dalek Universe series (no spoilers as to whom for those who haven't heard it, but it's certainly a performance that should be seen on TV) – and Sian Clifford.
One of Fleabag's big successes was its casting choices as well as its writing, and Clifford delivered everything the more celebrated Phoebe Waller-Bridge gave her. She's also excelled in Inside No 9, The Quiz, can do a lot of Capaldi-style facial acting with stern eyebrows and a very malleable face and is accomplished on the stage as well. A left-field choice, but one that has the acting chops to deliver and is unlikely to be whisked away by Hollywood any time soon.
Tony Jones
Emotionally, I'd like Tom Ellis to get a shot at the part, even if it's only for a part of an episode in which (The Curse of Fatal Death-like) he regenerates again in Sandra Oh or perhaps Michelle Yeoh.
Using my head, I think there's an assumption the BBC will want another woman for the part as casting a man would imply they thought the casting of Jodie was a mistake. If they cast another woman and equally noisy segment of the cesspit of fandom will still complain.
If anything I see them casting a non-white actor, and I do think Sandra Oh has shown in Killing Eve she has a range of emotion and the skill to deliver. But I expect the new Doctor will be relatively unknown. No Rege-Jean Page, I'm afraid!
Simon Danes
I don't really have any ideal choice for the next Doctor – and I hope the new production team(s) don't have either. Coronations can work (Davison and Tennant spring to mind) but they don't always do so. I'm one of those who favour open auditions. I'd also suggest opening them up to actors from outside these shores; there is no reason why the Doctor should be played by a British actor; the Doctor is not from the UK, so why should the actor be?
If I were holding auditions, I'd like to invite Koen de Bouw (Professor T) and Lars Mikkelsen (Sherlock and House of Cards) to audition. De Bouw is Belgian; Mikkelsen is Danish. Both speak fluent English and both would be superb.
I'd also invite Paterson Joseph: superb at comedy (Peep Show, where he was hilarious) and at straight drama: his performance as Brutus in Julius Caesar was stunning.
But I'd be very happy if the new Doctor is played by someone whose name is unfamiliar and who got the part simply on the strength of the audition.
That's what we think anyway! But who would you like to see as the next Doctor, dear DWC readers?
Ben DanielsChris ChibnallDoctor Who Series 14Fourteenth DoctorFugitive of the JudoonGame of ThronesGemma WhelanHugh LaurieIdris ElbaIsaac Hempstead WrightJane TranterJo MartinJodie WhittakerJulie GardnerKoen De BouwLars MikkelsenLuciferMichael SheenPaterson JosephPhoebe Waller-BridgePreacherProfessor TRTDRussell T. DaviesRuth NeggaSian CliffordThirteenth DoctorTom Ellis
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When a marriage union turns sour, individuals seek the intervention of the law as everyone seeks to salvage what is rightfully theirs and the best way to handle such a situation is seeking a divorce attorney as they have better knowledge of the law. One, however, needs to make the right choice when hiring an attorney as it determines the success of your lawsuit. There is the need for to be considerate on the law firm they hire to represent them in their suit. Individuals who file divorce are undergoing stress but one can get a consolation should they select the best attorney to handle their lawsuit but add to their woes when they make the wrong decision about the divorce attorney to hire.
When one seeks for a divorce lawyer, they need to consider the fees that they charge to offer their legal services. Some people have an attitude of using the cost as a way of determining which attorney to select but the belief at times does not work. One should ensure that they discuss the fees with the lawyer during the initial consultative meetings before one signs the agreement. The need to seek for an attorney who provides their services at a reasonable price is necessitated by the fact that one has to meet other costs when they file a divorce lawsuit.
When one is hiring a divorce attorney; they should seek an attorney who has a combination of experience and expertise as they are better placed to win the petition. When one seeks to understand the expertise of an attorney they need to verify the lawyer's academic background to determine whether they have the skills to practice law. One should also determine the experience of the attorney by determining the number of lawsuits that they have handled in the past. The decision on which divorce lawyer to hire should not, however, be based on the number of cases that one has handled in the past but one needs to determine the number of cases that were successful as a way of determining the level of competence of the attorney.
When one seeks to determine an attorney to hire they also need to establish the professionalism of the attorneys before contracting them. The best way to understand professionalism of a lawyer is by seeking for testimonials from the attorney's previous clients. One should settle on hiring an attorney if they have received positive reviews from their previous clients as it assures one that the lawyers are professional. A good attorney also needs to have a good relationship with other experts such as the judges when one hires them to represent them.


Curriculum for residential treatment is a four-week cycle that includes models such as traditional 12-step work, family systems theory and cognitive behavioral therapy. A close alliance with local recovery groups are a vital part of efforts to see that those completing treatment have established a strong support system. Residential treatment services provide structured, intensive treatment seven days a week with a minimum of 33 hours of group therapy and one hour of individual therapy weekly. An episode of care typically ranges between 30 and 45 days.
Structured to provide a minimum of one individual and three group sessions per week. This level of treatment is often used as a step-down from residential treatment.
Structured to provide a minimum of one individual and two group sessions per week. This level is often used by individuals active in self-support organizations such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous or by individuals with other strong support systems.
Structured to provide one individual and one group session per week. This level of treatment is typically utilized by individuals who have successfully completed the other two levels.