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Multimorbidity as assessed by reporting of multiple causes of death: variations by period, sociodemographic characteristics and place of death among older decedents in England and Wales, 2001–2017
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-1116Emily Marjatta Grundy1,
Rachel Stuchbury2
1 Institute for Social & Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
2 CeLSIUS, EPH, University College London, London, UK
Correspondence to Professor Emily Marjatta Grundy, Institute for Social & Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK; emily.grundy{at}essex.ac.uk
Background Multimorbidity is common at older ages and is associated with disability, frailty and poor quality of life. Research using clinical databases and surveys has shown associations between multimorbidity and indicators of social disadvantage. Use of multiple coded death registration data has been proposed as an additional source which may also provide insights into quality of death certification.
Methods We investigate trends in reporting multiple causes of death during 2001–2017 among decedents aged 65 years and over included in a census-based sample of 1% of the England and Wales population (Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study). Using Poisson regression analysis, we analyse variations in number of mentions of causes of death recorded by time period, place of death, age, sex and marital status at death and indicators of health status and individual and area socioeconomic disadvantage reported at the census prior to death.
Results Number of mentions of causes recorded at death registration increased 2001–2017, increased with age, peaking among decedents aged 85–9 years, and was positively associated with indicators of prior disadvantage and poor health, although effects were small. Number of mentions was highest for hospital decedents and similar for those dying in care homes or their own homes.
Conclusion Socioeconomic disadvantage, prior poor health, dying in hospital and older age—although not extreme old age—are associated with dying with more recorded conditions. Results may reflect both differences in multimorbidity at death and variations in quality of medical certification of death. Quality of death certification for decedents in care homes needs further investigation.
Health inequalities
Data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. Office for National Statistics (ONS) allows research access to the ONS Longitudinal Study in controlled conditions.
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC
Use of multiple cause of death information has been proposed as a means of assessing multimorbidity at time of death. Recording of multiple causes of death reported in studies from France, Italy and the USA show similar increases in number of mentions with older age to other types of study; the highest number of mentions are for hospital decedents and the lowest number are for those dying in their own homes.
We use nationally representative data for a 17-year period from a record linkage study which includes information both from death registration data and from study members' prior census returns, includes the care home population and is large enough to allow disaggregation of the oldest age groups.
HOW THIS STUDY MIGHT AFFECT RESEARCH, PRACTICE AND/OR POLICY
Number of mentions was highest for hospital decedents but, unlike results from US and Italian studies, was similar for decedents in care homes and private residences, despite high levels of multimorbidity in the care home population. This suggests that the quality of medical certification of deaths among care home decedents in England and Wales needs further investigation, especially as the proportion of deaths in this setting is increasing.
The greater availability of life-prolonging treatments and associated older ages at death mean that to an increasing extent death results from a combination of diseases, rather than a single pathological process.1 Multimorbidity, defined as the coexistence of two or more long-term conditions,2 is associated with increased disability, poor quality of life and high healthcare use and was recognised as an inadequately understood challenge even before the COVID-19 pandemic further emphasised associated elevated risks of mortality.3 Research on multimorbidity has predominantly been based on analyses of clinical databases4–17 or surveys.18–21 Use of multiple coded cause of death (MCoD) data has been proposed as an additional source which may also provide insights into quality of cause of death coding, with a suggestion that a higher number of reported mentions indicates better reporting.22 23 We use data from a nationally representative census-based record linkage study of England and Wales to investigate associations between recording of multiple causes of death and sociodemographic characteristics recorded at death and reported by study members at the population census prior to death. We also compare trends in number of causes of death recorded over the period 2001–2017.
Previous research
Studies of multimorbidity have used diverse measures and definitions precluding direct comparisons of results.2 A common finding is of strong associations between multimorbidity and older age, although some plateauing or decline in prevalence after age 80 or 85 years has been reported in the few studies which present results for the oldest groups.10 11 Some studies report a higher prevalence of multimorbidity among women4 8 10 13 15 17 19 but others find no sex differences5 6 11 12 or a higher prevalence among men.7 Several studies have reported associations between multimorbidity and indicators of disadvantage,24 measured at the area4–6 9 or individual7 8 15 17–19 level. Differentials by household status have rarely been considered and some studies exclude residents of institutions7 8 10 18–20 or do not state whether they are included.6 9–14 16 17 One study based on Netherlands primary care records for the early 1990s reported higher levels of multimorbidity for those living alone or in care homes rather than those living with a spouse or other family members.15 A more recent prospective study of Finnish nonagenarian found that multimorbidity was associated with long-term care admission.21 Increases in age-specific prevalence rates of multimorbidity have been reported in some studies, hypothesised to reflect adverse changes in lifestyles and improvements in ascertainment and treatment of some conditions.8 25 26 Studies of number of recorded causes of death among decedents report similar variations by age to assessments from clinical database and survey data.22 27–31 Grippo et al 31 found that among decedents aged 50 years and over in Italy recording of multiple causes of death peaked at ages 85–9 years. However, unlike some results from other studies, analyses based on death certificate data indicate a higher number of causes reported for men than women.27–29 31 Differentials by marital status and place of death have also been reported. Wall et al 23 found that recording multiple causes of death in Minnesota was higher for the non-married than the married; highest for decedents in hospitals; and higher for nursing home decedents than for those dying at home. A more recent study based on French and Italian data found fewer causes reported for the never married and more causes recorded for those dying in hospital, and in Italy also for those dying in homes for older people, than for those dying in their own homes.27
Current study
These previous studies using MCoD approaches to investigate multimorbidity have generally been limited to considering information recorded at death. We also consider individual characteristics reported by study members at the population census prior to death. We expected that number of causes recorded would increase over the time period considered due to diagnostic advances and longer survival of those with multiple conditions as well as increases in multimorbidity reported in some studies. Based on the previous literature, we expected that number of mentions would be positively associated with older age, although possibly with some drop back in the very oldest groups, and with indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage and prior poor health. We also expected numbers of causes recorded to be highest for hospital decedents, reflecting their higher morbidity and greater use of diagnostic tests. Residents in care homes also have high and increasing levels of multimorbidity,21 32 so we also expected them to have a higher number of conditions recorded compared with those dying at home.
We use data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (ONS LS),33 a census-based multicohort record linkage study of a 1% representative sample of the population of England and Wales. The initial sample was drawn from the 1971 Census but has been continuously updated with the addition of immigrants with an LS birthday and individual level data from subsequent censuses linked to vital registration records. This analysis is based on deaths at ages 65 years and over in 2001–2017 among LS sample members aged 55 years and over at the 2001 Census and/or aged 65 years and over at the 2011 Census. 2011 Census data were missing for 9.8% of the study population not recorded as having died or emigrated by this date. These study members were necessarily excluded from analyses including 2011 Census data but are included in analyses based solely on death registration data. Reasons for missing census data include non-completion of a census form, unrecorded emigration or record linkage failure. In a few cases (<1%), study members had missing data for specific variables of interest and were excluded from analyses using those variables. Data were accessed in the ONS safe setting and were fully anonymised and outputs were subject to data clearance protocols.
The outcome measure, number of causes of death recorded, was drawn from the Medical Certificate of Cause of Death which includes underlying cause of death (UCD) and, in the ONS LS, up to eight additional mentions of causes recorded as part of the causal sequence leading (Part 1 of death certificate) or contributing to death (Part 2). Deaths were coded using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10) using three-digit or, in the case of more diverse groupings, four-digit codes. We counted as additional causes of death all mentions which had a different three-digit or, where applicable, four-digit code from the UCD. ONS introduced ICD-10 V201 in January 2011 and in January 2014 changed the automatic coding software death to IRIS, which incorporates official updates to ICD-10 approved by the WHO. These changes involved minor amendment of modification and selection rules for ascertaining a causal sequence which influenced assignment in some cause groups (including dementia) but would not have affected number of conditions reported.34
Information on place of death and age, sex and marital status at death was drawn from death registration data. We grouped place of death into three categories: hospital, including the small proportion dying in hospices; nursing, residential or other type of care home or communal establishment (henceforth referred to as care homes); and private residences (the very small number of deaths occurring elsewhere, eg, on roads, was included in this category). We used linked data from study members' last census record prior to death (2001 or 2011) to capture information on prior sociodemographic and health characteristics. These included self-rated health; presence of a long-term illness that limited activities; a derived combined indicator of housing tenure and household type (owner occupier; renter; resident in a care home); and an indicator of whether participants had a postsecondary educational qualification. In the 2001 Census, questions on educational qualifications were not asked of adults aged 75 years and over; so for those older than that who died before the 2011 Census, we drew information from their earlier census records, where available. We additionally included an indicator of area deprivation based on ward level Carstairs quintile.35
Analysis strategy
In analyses including only information collected at death, we consider three time periods: from the 2001 Census (20 April 2001) to the end of 2005; from 2006 to the 2011 Census (27 March 2011); and from the 2011 Census to the end of 2017, to investigate changes in reporting of additional causes of death over time. Descriptive information on variation in number of causes of death recorded by place of death is presented for the most recent period (2011–2017). In the main analysis including census characteristics, we focus on two periods of near equivalent length, from the 2001 Census to the end of 2007 and from the 2011 Census to the end of 2017. Many characteristics of interest are interrelated, for example, admission to and death in care homes are associated with being unmarried36 37 necessitating a multivariate approach. As the outcome is a count (number of mentions), we fitted multivariate Poisson models using robust standard errors. In sensitivity analyses, we also fitted negative binomial models to number of mentions in addition to the underlying cause which showed essentially the same results. Models based solely on death registration data included year of death and those including census variables an indicator of years since the relevant census to adjust for the trend towards increased number of mentions and the timeliness of the census information. Education was not included in the multivariate models as it was not significant in univariate analysis and preliminary analyses showed inclusion did not improve model fit.
Trends 2001–2017 from death certification data only
Over the period 2001–2017, 23.2% of decedents had no causes additional to the UCD recorded, 30.6% had two causes recorded, 22.8% had three and 23.6% had four or more. As shown in figure 1, the mean number of causes mentioned increased over the period considered. For male decedents aged 85–9 years in 2011–2017, for example, mean number of causes recorded was 3.1 (3.0–3.1) compared with 2.5 (2.4–2.6) in 2001–2005. In 2001–2005, mean number of causes recorded increased from age 65–9 to 70–4 years, plateaued between ages 75–9 and 85–9 years and then dropped; in 2006–2011 and 2011–2017, increases in mean numbers of causes were evident until age 85–9 years before falling back. As illustrated for the 2011–2017 period in figure 2, number of causes of death recorded was higher for those dying in hospital compared with those dying at home or in a care home, for whom number of reported causes was similar.
Mean (95% CI) number of causes of death recorded by period and age group at death England & Wales, (A) Men (B) Women. Source: analysis of Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study.
Mean (95% CI) number of causes of death by place of death and age group at death, England & Wales, 2011–17. Source: analysis of Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study.
Results from multivariate Poisson analyses of number of causes (online supplemental appendix 1), including only variables recorded at death (5-year age group, place of death, sex, marital status at death, year of death), showed a positive but non-linear association between age at death and number of mentions, with the highest number recorded for decedents aged 85–9 years.
[jech-2021-217846supp001.pdf]
Results also showed a lower incidence rate ratio for never-married and currently married women relative to widows. Mean number of causes of death recorded was higher for decedents in hospital than for those dying at home and slightly raised for male decedents in care homes. There was a positive association between later year of death and number of mentions.
Variations in number of causes reported; census and linked death registration data 2001–2007 and 2011–2017
Table 1 shows the distribution of the sample by characteristics recorded at death and at the census preceding death. Some variations by period reflect cohort differences in educational attainment, housing tenure and marital history and improvements in mortality leading to a shift to older ages at death. For example, 27% of decedents in the later period were aged 90 years and over compared with 19% in 2001–2007.
Distribution of the sample by characteristics recorded at death registration and at census prior to death; decedents aged 65 years and over 2001–2007 and 2011–2017, England and Wales
Table 2 presents mean (95% CI) number of causes of death recorded by these characteristics. Means are weighted by 5-year age group at death as some characteristics, for example, death in a care home, are strongly associated with age at death. Mean number of mentions was positively associated with living in a more deprived area, reporting long-term illness, reporting fair or poor self-rated health and, in 2011–2017, with being a renter rather than an owner occupier at the preceding census; however, those who had then lived in a care home had a lower mean number of mentions compared with those then living in private households. Fewer average mentions were reported for women who were never married at death compared with those of other marital statuses and number of mentions was highest for those dying in hospital.
Mean (95% CI) number of causes of death recorded by period and characteristics at death registration and at census prior to death, weighted by 5-year age group at death; decedents aged 65 years and over 2001–2007 and 2011–2017, England and Wales
Multivariate analyses
Results from Poisson regression analyses (table 3) showed that among male decedents having reported long-term illness at the last census and fair or poor, rather than good, health were positively associated with number of mentions. In 2011–2017, living in an area in one of the two most deprived quintiles, rather than one of the two least deprived, and having been a renter rather than an owner-occupier in 2011 were both positively associated with number of mentions. In 2001–2007, dying at ages 75–89 years was associated with a higher and dying at ages 95 years and over was associated with a lower number of reported causes compared with dying at age 65–9 years. In 2011–2017, decedents aged 75–94 years had a higher number of mentions compared with those dying at ages 65–9 years. Death in hospital was positively associated with number of causes recorded. Results for women were similar although the effect of having been a renter rather than an owner-occupier at the census prior to death was only evident in analyses for both periods combined.
Results from Poisson regression models (incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs) of number of causes of death by characteristics at census prior to death and at death; decedents aged 65 years and over 2001–2007 and 2011–2017, England and Wales
Strengths of this study include use of nationally representative data for a large sample for a 17-year period including information recorded at death and decedents' own reports of health and circumstances at the population census prior to death. Residents of care homes were included and explicitly examined, whereas many studies have excluded this group or not reported variations in multimorbidity by household type. The study has, however, several limitations. Census data were missing for some 10% of the 2011 Census sample and ONS has estimated an undercount of 6% in the 2001 Census.38 This may be a source of slight bias but these inclusion rates are much higher than in surveys which have been used to examine multimorbidity18–20 and probably equivalent to or higher than linkage rates in clinical databases which are rarely reported. A more important limitation is that sociodemographic characteristics may be associated both with differentials in multimorbidity and with variations in quality of recording cause of death.39 Zellweger et al,30 for example, used Swiss National Cohort data for 2010–2012 to compare reported causes of death with hospital discharge diagnoses at death and found that concordance was lower for older age groups, the socially disadvantaged and the never married. Similar limitations may apply to ascertainment of multiple morbidity using other sources due to variations in seeking healthcare and the quality of recording of conditions. A study of multimorbid patients in Germany, for example, found that concordance between self-reported and general practitioner-reported chronic conditions was poorer for patients with lower levels of education.40 Additionally, we only considered number of mentions of causes of death, rather than constellations of diseases, and make an implicit assumption, as have previous investigators,22 23 that recording more causes of death is associated with better death certification quality. This assumption needs further investigation
Results showed an increase in number of causes recorded over time. This is consistent with findings from the few studies which have examined trends in multimorbidity and reported increases over and above those due to population ageing.8 25 26 This is clearly an important public health concern, although how much of this increase is due changes in morbidity profiles and how much to changes in investigations and diagnoses is as yet unclear. It is also possible that the increased focus on medical certification of death in the inquiries following the Shipman and other scandals and consultations on establishment of a medical examiner system41 may also have influenced certification practices. Mean number of causes and variations by age and sex were similar to those reported in recent studies based on death certificate data.27–31 The peak in number of causes recorded at age 85–9 years in the more recent period considered is also consistent with results from those studies based on clinical databases which present results for the oldest age groups.10 11 It has not been established whether the slight downturn in recorded multimorbidity in those studies and in number of causes of death in this study reflects less multimorbidity, due to a selective survival effect, or less rigorous investigation and ascertainment of conditions. This merits further investigation. We also found associations between census-based indicators of disadvantage and poorer health and a higher number of recorded causes of death, consistent with the higher burden of multimorbidity in less advantaged groups reported in other types of study,4–7 however effects were small.
Studies from other countries based on MCoD data have reported a higher number of mentions for decedents in hospital and, in some cases, also for people dying in nursing and care homes, compared with those dying at home.23 28 Our results similarly show the highest number of mentions for hospital decedents. However, we found little difference in mentions between those dying in their own homes and those dying in care homes despite high and increasing levels of multimorbidity in the care home population32 and the large proportion of care home residents with dementia among whom levels of multimorbidity are higher than for those with other conditions.42–44 Investigating the specific role of deaths attributed to dementia and number of causes reported was beyond the scope of this paper and would be complicated by needing to allow both for a trend towards greater reporting of dementia37 and changes in coding protocols.34 However, over the whole period considered, the data we used showed that among decedents for whom dementia or Alzheimer's disease was recorded as an underlying or contributing cause of death, 67% of those who died in a care home had only one or two causes mentioned compared with 55% of those dying at home and 51% of those dying in hospital. This suggests a need to focus more attention on cause of death recording for decedents in care homes, especially as the proportion of deaths in this setting is increasing,37 particularly for those with dementia who comprise a large component of the care home population.
Inadequacies in death certification practice are well recognised1 but medical certification of death provides essential information on the epidemiological profile of the population and the COVID-19 pandemic—as well as in the UK, the Shipman and other scandals—has emphasised the need for accurate and scrutinised recording. This study demonstrates the potential of linked death certification and census data to inform investigation of trends and differentials in multimorbidity which is recognised as a poorly understood and growing challenge. The new medical examiner system in England and Wales is currently being rolled out in a geographically phased way.45 Future analyses of the data we use here, which will soon be augmented by inclusion of 2021 Census data, including analyses by region and for other subgroups, may be useful in assessing any impact on multiple cause of death recording.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
This study involves human participants and was approved by Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study Research Board study number 0300770 (institutional board). The study is based on linkage of anonymised routine data.
The permission of the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to use the Longitudinal Study is gratefully acknowledged. This work contains statistical data from ONS which is Crown copyright. The use of the ONS statistical data in this work does not imply the endorsement of the ONS in relation to the interpretation or analysis of the statistical data. This work uses research datasets which may not exactly reproduce ONS aggregates.
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. Are health inequalities between differently deprived areas evident at different ages? A longitudinal study of census records in England and Wales, 1991-2001. Health Place 2014;26:88–93.doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.12.010 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24412656
Grundy E ,
Jitlal M
. Socio-demographic variations in moves to institutional care 1991-2001: a record linkage study from England and Wales. Age Ageing 2007;36:424–30.doi:10.1093/ageing/afm067 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17548425
Public Health England
. Death in people aged 75 years and older in England in 2017. National end of life care intelligence network, 2019. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/death-in-people-aged-75-years-and-older-in-england-in-2017/death-in-people-aged-75-years-and-older-in-england-in-2017
ONS. Census, 2001. Available: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160128195958/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/census-2001/data-and-products/quality-of-the-census-data/response-rates/by-age-and-sex/index.html [Accessed Jun 2021].
Stevens GA ,
King G ,
Shibuya K
. Deaths from heart failure: using coarsened exact matching to correct cause-of-death statistics. Popul Health Metr 2010;8:6.doi:10.1186/1478-7954-8-6 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20388206
. Agreement between self-reported and general practitioner-reported chronic conditions among multimorbid patients in primary care - results of the MultiCare Cohort Study. BMC Fam Pract 2014;15:39.doi:10.1186/1471-2296-15-39 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24580758
UK Department of Health and Social Care
. An overview of the death certification reforms, 2016. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/changes-to-the-death-certification-process/an-overview-of-the-death-certification-reforms
Nelis SM ,
Wu Y-T ,
. The impact of co-morbidity on the quality of life of people with dementia: findings from the ideal study. Age Ageing 2019;48:361–7.doi:10.1093/ageing/afy155 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30403771
Poblador-Plou B ,
Marta-Moreno J , et al
. Comorbidity of dementia: a cross-sectional study of primary care older patients. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:84.doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-84 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24645776
Subramaniam H
. Co-morbidities in dementia: time to focus more on assessing and managing co-morbidities. Age Ageing 2019;48:314–5.doi:10.1093/ageing/afz007 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31063580
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. NHS England and NHS improvement 2021, PAR413. Available: https://www.england.nhs.uk/publication/national-medical-examiner-reports/
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Data supplement 1
Contributors EMG designed the study and analyses and wrote the draft paper. RS undertook the data extraction and analysis and contributed to the drafting of the paper. EMG is guarantor of the paper.
Funding This research was supported by the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Research Centre on Micro‐Social Change at the University of Essex (grant number ES/L009153/1). Centre for Longitudinal Study Information and User Support was funded by the ESRC (grant number ES/V003488/1).


One of the great things about smartphones is that they let us know when there's important information to pay attention to. When your apps have an alert or notification for you, they display a message on the screen, make noise, vibrate, or all three (it all depends on your push notification settings). A lot of people prefer another kind of alert: a flashing light.
With this kind of alert, the LED (or light-emitting diode)--used as the flash for your iPhone's camera--blinks when you have an alert. These LED flash alerts allow you to know when you need to check your phone without looking at the screen or having the volume turned on. This is a perfect option for a quiet environment where don't want to be too distracting.
An iPhone 4 or newer.
Scroll down to the Hearing section. The setting is located here because this feature was originally designed for people with hearing impairments who can't hear their phones ringing when calls come in or alerts are sent.
Find the LED Flash for Alerts menu.
Move the slider to On (indicated by the color green).
With that done, your phone's flash will now blink when you have alerts or incoming calls.
Once you have the feature turned on, you're done! The phone does the rest. When you get a phone call, voicemail, or push notification, the LED will flash to get your attention. Just remember that it's crucial to keep your phone screen-side down because the only phone's only LED flash is on its back, you won't be able to see the light if your phone is resting on its back.


Every semester we seem to have these recurring problems in USM: (1) long lines during enrolment, (2) students enrolling late, (3) late start of classes, (4) weeks before a teaching load and schedule is finalized, (5) some teachers are overloaded, (6) some classes have more than 50 students others have less than 15 even on the same course, (7) room "shortage" eventhough other claimed that rooms are not occupied some time of the day.
A probable solution might lie somewhere. I read the discussion forums in facebook (e.g. usmian ka kung; usm-mit-alumni; and other usm fan pages and groups, oh boy there is a lot of them!) and look at the opinions and perceptions. You have to read between the lines, some thoughts are absurd and others out of this world. But somehow you need to look at it and translate the behavioral tendencies of students. I made a model of our problem and its causality (another atik-atik) to come up with few solutions for so many problems.
One solution that came out is dissolving the block sectioning approach in scheduling classes. This means that a subject is offered regardless of a students' academic program and section. The English department can offer English courses from 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, and so forth, then it is up for the students to select which class time, he would like to enroll in.
Minimize late enrolment. A class time will be up for bid on a first come, first serve basis. Those who will enroll late will not get the most optimal time schedule or even closed out and have to wait for the next semester.
Teach students time management. Students will be forced to learn how to manage their own personal time. Students will be responsible for his own schedule and possible conflicts. Let students think what is best for them.
Enhance collaboration among students from diverse disciplines. At this early, students should learn how to collaborate with other students from other disciplines. In a psychology class, engineering, agriculture, vetmed can come together. The class will be colorful when you have classmates behaving differently. A student can enrol in a class simply because her crush is in that class (for inspiration!). In the real work out there, it is multidisciplinary and students have to learn teamwork this early.
On the part of the teacher, it will force him to standardize his teaching material. He cannot discriminate a section because they come from a "lowly course". It will enhance his creativity knowing that a "challenge student" can be in any class.
Can deploy teachers as early as possible. When the number of classes are fixed, a department chair can easily assign teachers way before enrolment. So a teacher can be a factor in the choice of a student. If a student thinks that he can learn more from a certain professor, then he has a choice to select this professor. Let us remember that learning is a function of knowledge and the teacher (message and the messenger). Of course, the downside is the possible flocking of students to a "friendly" and "all-forgiving" teacher. But of course, a teacher can set a cap of the number of students that can enrol in his class. If he likes to accomodate more, it is his fault.
Efficient use of rooms and teaching units. In block sectioning, the administration is obliged to deploy a particular section a teacher and a room regardless whether the expected class size is economically not viable. There is an inherent right accrued to a particular section since it was offered during enrolment. This is really controversial particularly on the part of teachers. There are teachers who can claim "overload fees" even with lesser students because the computation is based on sections handled. While there are teachers who cannot claim these "overload fees" even though his class size is up to roof simply because he has fewer sections.
A skilled department chair can project appropriate number of sections needed in a semester. For example in CENCOM, advanced algebra is offered to six sections. We all know that only a third of the students pass this subject. That means, DESAM will only offer two classes for calculus in the second semester. In block sectioning, you cannot do that. A department knows his resources well (rooms and teachers) and so he can use this resources efficiently. He can easily justify and quantify his need for more rooms and additional teaching staff.
Decentralized scheduling. A department can schedule their classes with minimal intervention from the Instruction Office. A department can make specialized rooms for a particular subject and can develop that room to suit for a particular subject like graphing boards and the like. A department can control his rooms to suit it capacity. Say a computer room can only accomodate 30 students, so limit enrolment to 30. Currently, 60 students can jampack a computer room because of their inherent right as member of that section.
Minimize rescheduling of classes. Sometimes I found it annoying when a certain class reschedules (sometimes for teachers' convenience). If one is an "international student", he will be bolted out from the class who decided by "majority" to resked. Poor student! He has to shop for other schedules. And sometimes his grade got lost, if he is not lucky enough, he got poor grades. Sometimes he got two grades, one 5.00 the other is 1.00. But in an "international class", rescheduling is impossible.
Working student friendly. A growing number of USM students now are working. In a liberal type of schedule, he can schedule his class to fit with his working schedule.
Shutting down the class, not the academic program. This will minimize the shutting down of worthy academic programs simply because we cannot offer their minor subjects. For example, in block sectioning, BS Chemistry is no longer viable because of the cost of the Gen Ed courses. But in a liberal scheduling, chemistry students can enroll Ged Ed courses with less cost on the part of the university. Meaning, the Gen Ed classes intended for that chemistry section can be dissolved but not the whole academic program.
On the last note, the current limiting factor in scheduling is the shortage of rooms. So we can solve it by offering courses based on rooms available and on the anticipated demand of a particular subject not by the academic program. During our time, the limitation is number of sections that can accommodate all of our subject needs, so block sectioning is the best way to go to assure that we can get the right subject on time even though we are few. But currently reality is different and call for a different approach. This is just a suggestion. Of course there are disadvantages of this proposal, and you may write it on the comment section.


text:
Blackwater River is a  river in Baldwin County, Alabama.  The Blackwater River originates at  near Loxley, and discharges into the Perdido River at  near Lillian.

References

Rivers of Alabama
Rivers of Baldwin County, Alabama

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: compile undefined and unused function in c++ Here is the sample code. I have a function print without definition and I used it in the print_in_A() in the struct A.
Why can this code compile and run?
void print(int x);

struct A {
    void print_in_A() {
        print(1);
    }
};

int main()
{
    A a;
    return 0;
}

And also, if I define an inline function like this, it can compile and run too. But if I remove the inline keyword, it fails to compile.
void print(int x);

inline void print_int(int a) {
    print(a);
}

int main()
{
    return 0;
}

DEMO - Without error when inline is used
DEMO - With error when inline is not used
Can anyone tell me why?

A: If the compiler can be sure that the functions using print are never used, it can remove them. In those cases, the linker will not complain since there will be no unresolved symbols. The non-inline print_int can't be removed since it may be used from another translation unit, hence, you get a linking error.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As a member of the group GWTN MONITORS you may need to know if there are any Suspended sessions. Suspended Sessions are created when the Session Saver feature is enabled and a client or link has failed, and the user has not yet reconnected to their Saved session.
Using the Attach feature of the Session Administrator tool you can Attach (or connect) to a Suspended session and complete their work in progress. The Attach actually terminates your current session and transfers control to you. You are now operating within the Suspended Session. The Suspended session state changes back to "Conn" and will no longer be suspended.
NOTE: For the Attach to work you must be invoking the Session Administrator from a SSH2/Telnet session.
To select a SSH2/Telnet session to Attach first highlight the desired Suspended session. This is accomplished either by moving the up/down arrow keys or clicking on the particular session. Once selected, open the Session drop down and select the menu item Attach.
Note: Attach will not be available as a choice if the session selected in not in the Suspended state or if you are not connected via a SSH2/Telnet connection.
Select Attach. You are now Attached to the Suspended session. You will observe the screen exactly as the user was seeing it when their session was broken due to client or link failure. Interactive Input capabilities are available to resume work in progress.
When you exit the SSH2/Telnet Session, you are not returned to the Session Administrator tool, but are disconnected just as the user of the original session would have been had they exited the SSH2/Telnet session.


text:
eWAY is a global omnichannel payment provider, processing secure credit card payments for merchants around the world. Established in 1998, eWAY processes payments both online and face-to-face with a range of eCommerce and SmartPOS payments solutions. eWAY's goal is to make e-commerce as easy as possible for merchants and their customers.
Shop with Five Different Currencies
Beagle Enterprise Fraud Alert Integration
Shop, Earn and Redeem
Customizable Functionality
Scalable Design
Support for Popular Payment Methods
eWay wanted to make their popular payment gateway service available for merchants using any e-commerce platform, including Magento. Integrations with e-commerce platforms play a key part in achieving their main goal of making e-commerce payments as simple, easy, and accessible as possible. Ensuring compatibility with all e-commerce platforms will allow them to increase their prominence in the market.
With the release of Magento 2, eWAY wanted to develop a module that is compatible for both the Community and Enterprise Editions so they can continue to provide their payment solutions to the platform, allowing customers to take payments after they upgrade to the new version.
With the help of SmartOSC, the official eWAY Rapid 3.1 Payment module has been developed and all the functionalities have been implemented in the standard Magento fashion. SmartOSC developed the new Magento 2 module to help connect the eWAY payment platform with both Magento 2 Enterprise and Community Edition, ensuring full compatibility with the new platform. The SmartOSC team also provides support services during the module's launch on Magento Connect.
The module implements the full suite of eWAY features including payment processing in both checkout and backend, and refund processing in the Magento back office. The module also allows for merchants to set relevant settings in the Magento configuration area, making it possible for them to customize functionality as needed. There is a saved card feature, meaning customers can save time in the checkout process by creating a token that can be used to speed up future payments.
For security, Beagle Enterprise Fraud Alert was employed to monitor transactions and mark challenged transactions as suspected fraud. An admin grid in the backend was developed to display all eWAY orders, with transaction and fraud details for manual monitoring. Finally, support for popular digital wallets and checkouts was including so that customers can select their prefered method of payment. These include PayPal, MasterPass, Visa Checkout and AMEX Express Checkout.
By developing a module for Magento 2, eWAY has paved the way for more than 7000 Magento 2 stores to use their popular payment platform. Implementing and integrating eWAY's platform is now much faster, easier and more intuitive to set up. There are now more payment options available for merchants to choose from.
Magento Module for eWAY Payment Service
Optimizing Online Conversion Rates and Brand Experiences

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
What Exactly Is Cottagecore and How Did It Get So Popular?
It's a Thing
We tell you everything you need to know
By Kate Reggev
If you've started to see a steady trickle—or maybe even a deluge—of images of nostalgic countryside scenes and peasant dresses with eyelet lace popping up in your social media streams, you're not alone: Cottagecore, a movement hearkening back to agricultural life, skills, and crafts, is on the rise. "As a concept, it embraces a simpler, sustainable existence that is more harmonious with nature. Aesthetically, it's a nod to the traditional English countryside style, romantic and nostalgic," says Davina Ogilvie, founder of Wovn Home, a start-up that makes custom (but affordable and accessible) window treatments.
Believe it or not, you may have even partaken in some cottagecore activities without even realizing it: dutifully maintaining a sourdough starter (even if the actual bread you made didn't turn out so well), suddenly realizing that you need a Laura Ashley–esque floral print dress with ruffles (the '90s really are back), or finding refuge in the great outdoors and its bountiful offerings (who says you have to WFH from an actual desk?).
And while the activities and aesthetics that cottagecore embraces are wide-ranging and complex, covering everything from fashion to gardening, cooking to frolicking, so too are its origins. It's in part a reaction against capitalism and our increasing time spent in front of a screen, but also related to ongoing interests in wellness and sustainability, and more broadly the idea of social consciousness. Some saw cottagecore emerging as early as 2017, but most say that it really came into its own in 2019, thanks in part to its popularity on TikTok, notes Noemie Sérieux, founder of the Instagram account CottagecoreBlackFolk.
Cottagecore began to fill people's social media feeds on Instagram, TikTok, Tumblr (yes, that's still a big community!), and beyond; the New York Times even published a piece in March of this year about cottagecore, calling it "a budding aesthetic movement." Enter the pandemic, and it went from "budding" to blooming to full-on booming. "With ample time on our hands when the pandemic hit and quarantine became commonplace across the globe, we turned to finding fulfillment and purpose outside of our monetary potential—and cottagecore was the perfect vehicle," explains Noemie. And suddenly, with so much time at home, it seemed like everyone was baking focaccia laced with herbs and colorful vegetables, planning summer gardens in their backyard, and engaging in grandma-inspired craft projects like knitting and embroidery.
So what exactly embodies the cottagecore aesthetic? "For me, cottagecore is about coziness at home," says Molly Hatch, founder of an eponymous tableware and home goods company, who has embraced the style. "Key aesthetic components are bringing natural elements indoors as decorative elements—dried flowers, fresh flowers, houseplants—along with a natural color palette with neutrals and warm tones," she explains. Add in a healthy dose of historical inspiration from old-time farming (think Laura Ingalls Wilder books) and some of your grandma's vintage dishware and you're well on your way.
But for many, cottagecore is more than just an aesthetic. Noemie says that her account is "a community," one that has allowed her to expand the traditional definitions of cottagecore that referred to it nearly exclusively as a white, colonial-era, European aesthetic. "When I typed "cottagecore black girls" into any social media, literally nothing would come up," she recounts. So when she set up her own Instagram account, "I wanted to be as inclusive as possible for my people," consciously showcasing a wide variety of Black people encompassing a range of sizes, genders, skin tones, and religions. "I knew what it was like to never see people who looked like me living the life I desired, and I didn't want anyone else to feel like that," she explains.
A Historic Upper West Side Apartment Remains Untouched, and That's the Best Part
By Kelly Dawson
9 Homes Under 750 Square Feet That Are Packed With Personality
And it's true: For many, the endless images of slim white women holding wicker baskets filled with farm-fresh eggs and linen towels wrapped around freshly baked bread feel like a problematic, overly nostalgic yearning for bygone times when, let's be honest, life was not so rosy-colored (read: oppressive and unjust) for people of color and women. But for Noemie, it's important to remember that cottagecore takes place in the present, and that it's capable of reclaiming the past: "For those of us who don't see people who look like us [in the typical cottagecore imagery], a little reimagining of these periods as inclusive rather than exclusive is just as important as preserving the complete history," she says. "It allows us the opportunity and the creativity to see our ancestors as more than just a victim of their era."
Yet like any style or movement, cottagecore is a living, breathing thing that is constantly evolving and changing. So where does it look like cottagecore is headed? Well, one thing is for sure: It's not going anywhere, so long as the pandemic keeps many of us at home. Molly thinks that it will keep its "warm and fuzzy" vibe, embracing the historic and romantic, especially with the holidays coming up and the tendency to recall memories of childhood and family. Davina says she could imagine it coexisting with more contemporary style, mixing with "the clean lines and neutral tones of minimalist decor."
And for Noemie, it's all about becoming even more inclusive and equitable, welcoming more people into the fold—she herself recently renamed her account from Cottagecore Black Girls to the more open Cottagecore Black Folks thanks to a vote from her community (democracy is definitely a more contemporary attribute to the historically inspired movement!). Wherever it ends up going, we're definitely here to watch it all.
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The wild, the useful, and the most unexpected flower varieties 💐
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Poznan University of Tech, Poland .
Renewable materials are requested for large scale electrical storage, a coming necessity with the growth of intermittent solar and wind renewable electricity generation. Biopolymers are a source of inexpensive materials, in particular through the use of black liquor from paper production, a waste product. Interpenetrating networks of the biopolymer lignosulfonate (Lig) and conjugated polymer polypyrrole (Ppy) are synthesized by galvanostatic polymerization from pyrrole/lignosulfonate mixture in acidic aqueous electrolyte. Methoxy and phenolic functional group present in the non-conducting lignosulfonate are converted to quinone groups. The redox chemistry of quinones is used for charge storage, along with charge storage in polypyrrole. A large variation of the electrochemical activity between lignosulfonates obtained from different sources is observed. The charge storage capacities are significantly enhanced by also including another electroactive dopant, anthraquinone sulfonate (AQS). AQS redox peaks act as an internal reference (standard) to probe the redox electrochemistry of Lig. The synthesized Ppy(Lig) and Ppy(Lig-AQS) electrodes are characterized by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, and atomic force microscopy.


Dr. Bloomgarden is a Clinical Professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, is Editor of the Journal of Diabetes, has authored more than 500 articles, and lectures nationally and internationally on diabetes and related topics. He combines traditional medicine with a nutritional counseling, working with a certified dietician.
As a lifelong avid exerciser, he emphasizes lifestyle changes as a key component to addressing health issues. Dr. Bloomgarden sees both younger and older patients, and works with all his patients to thoroughly understand physical and emotional issues so he can help provide counsel and resources on holistically managing your health.
Dr. Bloomgarden is a Master of the American College of Endocrinology. He served on the Board of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the Journals Managing Subcommittee of the Endocrine Society, and the Editorial Board of Diabetes Care, and has been principal investigator in numerous studies.


The LuWOW is a one stop tribal bar on Johnston Street, Fitzroy. This tiki-themed cocktail den looks like it came from the set of the Scooby Doo movie - monkey finger puppets, flame torches, and lots and lots of animal print - but that's not all they're about. Pop in for themed cocktails (and big jugs of punch) with loud rock 'n roll, as well as plenty of live dance events, including go-go dancers and a rum club held on Wednesdays. There's also a full island menu available with burgers, coconut prawns and other easy eats.


The wait is over. Last week we hinted at something wild after a teaser was uploaded to social media. And now we can cheer for a new Longtail as McLaren has unveiled the 600LT Spider. As the 5th McLaren to wear the Longtail badge, it stays true to its predecessors.
The third car in their Track25 plan, it is only 110 lbs heavier than the 600LT coupe. Without fluids it tips the scales at 2,859 lbs, and the MonoCell II chassis required no reinforcements to maintain its impressive strength. In fact, it is 220.5 lbs lighter than the 570S Spider, despite the longer body and folding hard top mechanism.
Just in front of that dynamic tail is the same twin turbo 3.8L V8. Offering 592 hp and 457 lb-ft of torque, you will reach 60 mph in 2.8 seconds and 124 mph in 8.4. Only 0.2 seconds slower than the coupe, it will reach a top speed of 201 mph. Production will be limited due to the hand built construction, and the MSRP starts at $256,500. I personally like the idea of seeing the flamethrower exhaust with the top down.
It will offer the same interior and exterior options as the 600LT Coupe, so click the link above to envision your own, then click below to find a McLaren showroom near you.


Well I made it to Fort Lauderdale yesterday and spent last night and today getting aquainted with my home for the next 6 weeks, a 54′ Bertram Over Under. I have just been prepping tackle and getting everything ready. Lots of dredge baits, rigs, rods, reels, etc etc to go over. Joe has spent the last two weeks down here getting the boat together and taking care of maintenance on the boat. She is ready to go, and so are we. We will pull out tomorrow morning and make our way to Nassau. Then Friday we will go the rest of the way to Cat Island where we will be fishing for billfish over the next month and a half. Pretty stoked to say the least!
This past week I was lucky enough to get invited to be an angler on a trip to Costa Rica. The first day we did a 4 hour ATV tour which was AWESOME! I got to do some cliff jumping at a waterfall in a remote location which was pretty wild. Now for the important stuff, we fished on the 'Dream Maker' which was a 2004 35′ Cabo that is part of Costa Rica Dreams charter operation out of Los Suenos. The mates had a box full of flossed up medium sized ballyhoo ready for circle hooks. They pulled 5 naked ballyhoo and 4 different teasers for their spread. Costa Rica is loaded with Pacific Sailfish which run larger than Atlantic Sails. My first one of the trip went an estimated 125 lbs, and it put on an awesome aerial display. Day 1 was slow by Costa Rica's standards, but we still caught some sailfish, and Day 2 we had plenty of action raising over 15 sails. We saw at least 20 tailing sails throughout the day on the surface as well on Day 2, sometimes 4-5 at a time. It was pretty amazing. We had the majority of our bites on a Zuker 5.5 in the 'bleeding mackerel' skirt color pulled behind a squid chain. That lure was hot! The whole trip went by so fast, and it was so fun, that the whole trip felt like a dream. Fishing Costa Rica is an amazing experience that I highly recommend. It's simple, the crews there are great, and the ocean is always calm there. I will be putting together a quick video edit of the trip which I hope to post up before I leave for the Bahamas early next week.
Well from what I have been hearing there are a few big Bluefin tuna being caught out of Oregon Inlet, NC and I know a few people gearing up to go cure their fishing itch. I have been preparing for two major trips I have coming up. I will be fishing for billfish out of Los Suenos, Costa Rica on a quick trip March 13-17 and then I will be mating on the Over Under with Captain Joe Trainor in the Bahamas from March 24th until May 10th. We will be targeting billfish and dredge fishing most of the time, but there will also be plenty of dolphin and wahoo caught. It would be nice to get a tuna on the deck for fresh sashimi, but Joe said the sharks are a major problem and rarely do they get a tuna to the boat. It sounds like it is gonna be interesting to say the least.
When I return I will be hopping straight into the snag and drop in Northern NJ searching for a record striped bass with lady angler Maureen Klause. We are gonna keep our options open throughout March and June since there are a lot of great fisheries that overlap such as the striped bass bite, black drum (which has been slow the past two years), Mako and Blue Shark, and of course yellowfin tuna on the troll in our canyons. Last year we had some early season eddies which had me fishing offshore in early May. Hopefully when I get home that will be happening, because there is nothing like offshore fishing!
I hope everyone has their tackle ready to go, reels greased, rigs tied because the 2013 season here in the Mid Atlantic is about to get started. Be ready in the DE Bay and get your clams reserved because the striper bite should bust wide open for the March 27th Full Moon!
Be sure to follow my page this year for no BS fishing reports from the Bahamas to the Mid Atlantic Waters.
Also, SUBSCRIBE to my YouTube Channel at http://www.youtube.com/captainrickywheeler. I will be posting a lot of videos and making some fishing webisodes that will be worth watching along with some "How To" videos.


The insurers also say that it will result in a big increase to car insurance premiums. How big?. especially as my insurance has already gone up a lot.
Direct line have more than DOUBLED the price of my car insurance. Not one single advisor, underwriter or administration staff can give me a valid reason for doing it.
Shapiro – Allstate Insurance Co. Don Civgin. whether it's through your phone or your phone connected to an OBD port device to give you information about what the warning light is on your car. John.
Car insurance is one of the most expensive aspects of car ownership in the United States. It is mandatory in all 50 states, meaning you cannot operate a vehicle.
My wife and I met early. we don't own a car and just use Uber/Lyft or Zipcar (an on-demand car share service) to get around a few times a month that we actually.
[Redacted] alleged that he was sitting opposite you and that on three occasions.
Uninsured Scott Wilson caught the attention of police when driving past an on.
"There was a double-below-the- knee amputee out there and he was the. "I was.
It was reported last month the number of uninsured cars on Irish roads has nearly doubled to. "The cost of car insurance has risen. TheJournal.ie is a full.
Car insurance for drivers with non-fault claims. Share this page on Facebook Share this page on Twitter Share this. How will a non-fault claim affect my car insurance?
The more there is of that object (in this case, your car), the. Regal Turbo from.
An insurance. only your auto, not include an unlimited health insurance benefit,".
I not only avoided the 50% increase in my renewal premium but I also kept my insurer and insurance policy unchanged. My car insurance is through Elephant.co.uk.
So my insurance is due, i paid 1700 last year and yesterday i was getting quotes been 1100 and 1300 ready for my renewal (but my renewal is just over a month away so.
The offer are available on MY 2019 A115 Hatchback (1.5l. BJ40 SUV is RO150 and Grand Tiger TUV double cabin pickup (4WD) is RO100. Free first year insurance and free first year registration are val.
27/02/2018 · My Insurance Just Doubled:. does less han 2k miles and keeps his car locked in a. They said this was the main factor for the higher cost of my insurance.
"If my. car while it was parked outside her apartment, it also damaged her.
By the time he was 16, he was selling items at car boot sales. Eventually. and the amount of storage space has almost doubled in a decade, to more than 44m sq.
How did the train go to the car-shed with two. Reliance General Insurance has.
After that I got to peering into the cabs of the monster trucks that we passed as we rode the double-decker. I looked eagerly at my wife with a dollar-glint in my.
"I soaked one of my mother's scarves, tied it over my nose and mouth and grabbed my phone. Then I got in the car and tried to get away. In the US, the annual.
Pulling double duty in the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. that was very special and to have that happen only half a season into our GAINSCO Auto.
14/03/2013 · Top 10 motoring convictions followed by the % increase in car insurance premium after conviction and showing how much car insurance increased by.


Welcome to THE MELVILLE, this elite level home boasts 1,395 sq ft of AIR CONDITIONED comfort. Forever sweeping VIEWS are enjoyed from all rooms. This 2 BEDROOM, both ensuited, 3 BATH home is move in ready. Highend oak flooring runs throughout the home. 9 FT CEILINGS capture amazing sunsets over English Bay. The large master wing encompasses an upgraded ensuite as well as a walk-in closet. Located in COAL HARBOUR, this one owner home shows pride of ownership. 2 PARKING and STORAGE locker are included. The amenities in the Melville include 24 hr CONCIERGE, outdoor pool and hot tub, gym and SKY GARDEN all located on the 44th floor. The 3rd floor lounge is great for entertaining.


That Tad Guy: "Drunk in Love" was written by drunk people.
"Drunk in Love" was written by drunk people.
How can the couple behind the sublime and catchy "Crazy in Love"* write such an unintelligible song as this? Beyonce doing some sort of pseudo-spoken word/rapping thing? Who thought that was a good idea? Pepsi? And Jay-Z using the same old flow as every other album? More like Jay-ZZZZZZZZZZ. I'm sorry, you used up all your boring on Magna Carta Holy Grail, which was more like College Thesis Blog Post--Overwrought, too self-important and lacking in toe-tapping hit singles**. There is only one explanation behind the song and that is that the song title is literal. Beyonce and Jay-Z split a bottle of wine to get hammered, sang into their smartphones, accidentally emailed the recording to their agent and said agent was too much of a yes-person to tell them that it sucked.
Guys, please stop. You're taking away valuable air time away from people who actually care about making music that's fun to listen to, like Ke$ha. Okay, maybe more like Pharrell. More "Marilyn Monroe" and less "Drunk on Power", please.
**To be fair, I'm more of a Kanye fan.


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Hawaii - the impact at the top of Kilauea eruption Kapoho .
The Kapoho eruption is linked to changes that will take place at the summit of Kilauea.
Kilauea - map of eruptions 1959 to 1960 - and location of the summit craters , and the Kapoho area. - Doc . USGS - HVO
Its development has obscured the subsequent deflation of lava fountains from Iki Crater in late 1959 .
Kilauea - erupting Kilauea Iki summit crater and fountain of lava and pumice on 29.11.1959 at 10:30 - photo JPEaton / USGS - HVO
And on January 17 , four days after the onset of the Kapoho eruption, the summit of Kilauea begins to deflate, following the movement of the mass of magma to the rift zone .
From January 23 , small superficial earthquakes mark the summit of Kilauea, and rock collapses occur. At the end of January, there are a thousand daily shaking on the floor of the caldera, one hundred noticeable. Old cracks widen around the crater Halema'uma'u , while new form ... and avalanches of blocks from the walls of the crater become common.
On February 5 , new fumaroles areas appear around the crater Halema'uma'u .
The collapse of the crater floor begins on the night of 6 to 7 February . Strange sounds come from the explosion crater, accompanied by that of the bursting of rocks and avalanches.
Kilauea - Halema'uma'u crater summit - Main collapse of 7 February 1960, the lava lake formed during the eruption in 1952 come out of a circular fracture and fills the well of 300 meters in diameter - photo JPEaton / HVO - USGS
Observation at dawn reveals a depression in " soup plate " and cracked : cracks have apparently opened under the lava lake of the eruption of 1952, and lava still present was drained . Depression deepened until it reaches 30 m. depth, as measured by the observatory.
To 11:51 , a circular area with a diameter of 300 meters begins to widen, at high speed, in the central portion of the depression. The well collapse deepens over 60 meters in 9 minutes only. Around noon, the viscous lava begins to emerge from a circular fracture in this well : it comes from the lava lake in 1952.
During the afternoon of day 7 and 8 February , the lava accumulates in a reservoir located 20 m. deep in the well. This extrusion of lava will continue slowly and intermittently until February 11 .
Kilauea - hypothetical E.W. cross section of Halema'uma'u crater with the various stages of collapse of 7 February 1960 - based on Richter et al. doc.1970 in HVO.
A second well of collapse formed as the end of the afternoon, the 9.02, southwest of the main well. It grows in 10 minutes, without encountering still liquid lava.
On 12 February, a major earthquake marks the summit and opens many cracks in the upper part of the fault system Koa'e . On March 7 , a shallow earthquake causes damage to homes in the park.
On March 11, a third and final collapse occurs on the Halema'uma'u crater floor . In 25 minutes, a well 90 meters on 120 and 30 meters deep , formed in the north-eastern part of what remains of the floor of the eruption in 1954 not collapsed. During the night, the lower wall of the new well is incandescent .
Kilauea - Halema'uma'u crater in March 1960 , after the third collapse - The area of subsidence in "soup plate" is partially filled by lava from 1952 - the second well of collapse is situed at the basis of a talus, nestled against the wall of the crater - photo USGS - HVO
Map of the Halema'uma'u crater of Kilauea after the collapse of 1960 - the central well is the most obvious, the second well is in the SW part , and that of March 11 is located in the NE corner of the crater outside of the "plate " - Doc. by Richter et al 1970 / USGS - HVO
The 1959-1960 eruption of Kilauea is the first eruption which many residents of Big island will remember, then time helping, only do remember that through photos and writings.
But this kind of catastrophic episode will definitely still happen ... do not forget the lesson .
- HVO / éruption sommitale du Kilauea Iki du 14 novembre au 20 décembre 1959 - link
- HVO / éruption Kapoho de 1960 - link


The Church of Ireland Youth Department are holding a Day of Prayer for Young People and Youth Ministry on Sunday the 11th February. Parishes across the island will be organising events and services to pray for the needs of young people and for the you the leaders and ministries that serve them.
» Click HERE for resources to help you organise these events.


text:
Botanical names:
Achillea millefolium
Parts Used & Where Grown
This prolific plant grows in Europe, North America, and Asia. A number of species are used as garden ornamentals. The flowering tops of yarrow are used in herbal medicine.
What Are Star Ratings?
Our proprietary "Star-Rating" system was developed to help you easily understand the amount of scientific support behind each supplement in relation to a specific health condition. While there is no way to predict whether a vitamin, mineral, or herb will successfully treat or prevent associated health conditions, our unique ratings tell you how well these supplements are understood by the medical community, and whether studies have found them to be effective for other people.
For over a decade, our team has combed through thousands of research articles published in reputable journals. To help you make educated decisions, and to better understand controversial or confusing supplements, our medical experts have digested the science into these three easy-to-follow ratings. We hope this provides you with a helpful resource to make informed decisions towards your health and well-being.
3 StarsReliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
2 StarsContradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
1 StarFor an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support.
This supplement has been used in connection with the following health conditions:
Refer to label instructions
Yarrow has traditionally been thought to stimulate absent or diminished menses, though it has not been studied clinically.
Herbal emmenagogues traditionally regarded as stimulating absent or diminished menses are motherwort, rue, partridge berry, and . None of these herbs has undergone modern clinical trials to determine their efficacy. All emmenagogues should be avoided in pregnancy, as they may possibly cause a spontaneous abortion.
Yarrow is a gas-relieving herb used in traditional medicine to treat colic. It is generally given by healthcare professionals as teas or decoctions to the infant.
Several gas-relieving herbs used in traditional medicine for colic are approved in Germany for intestinal spasms. These include , garden angelica (Angelica archangelica),peppermint, cinnamon, and fumitory (Fumaria officinalis). These herbs are generally given by healthcare professionals as teas or decoctions to the infant. Peppermint tea should be used with caution in infants and young children, as they may choke in reaction to the strong menthol.
Common Cold and Sore Throat
Yarrow is a diaphoretic herb that has been used for relief of sore throats.
Boneset is another immune stimulant and diaphoretic that helps fight off minor viral infections, such as the common cold. In addition, linden and hyssop may promote a healthy fever and the immune system's ability to fight infections. is another diaphoretic that has been used for relief of sore throats, though it has not yet been researched for this purpose.
Yarrow is an anti-inflammatory herb historically recommended by doctors for people with Crohn's disease.
A variety of anti-inflammatory herbs historically have been recommended by doctors for people with Crohn's disease. These include , chamomile, licorice, and aloe juice. Cathartic preparations of aloe should be avoided. No research has been conducted to validate the use of these herbs for Crohn's disease.
Indigestion, Heartburn, and Low Stomach Acidity
Yarrow is a digestive stimulant widely used in traditional medicine in North America.
Bitter herbs are thought to stimulate digestive function by increasing saliva production and promoting both stomach acid and digestive enzyme production. As a result, they are particularly used when there is low stomach acid but not in heartburn (where too much stomach acid could initially exacerbate the situation). These herbs literally taste bitter. Some examples of bitter herbs include greater celandine, wormwood, gentian,dandelion, blessed thistle, , devil's claw, bitter orange, bitter melon, juniper, andrographis, prickly ash, and centaury.. Bitters are generally taken either by mixing 1–3 ml tincture into water and sipping slowly 10–30 minutes before eating, or by making tea, which is also sipped slowly before eating.
Some bitters widely used in traditional medicine in North America include , yellow dock, goldenseal, Oregon grape, and vervain. Oregon grape's European cousin barberry has also traditionally been used as a bitter. Animal studies indicate that yarrow, barberry, and Oregon grape, in addition to stimulating digestion like other bitters, may relieve spasms in the intestinal tract.
Traditional herbal medicine in Europe, China, and India has used yarrow to to treat inflammation in a number of conditions, especially in the intestinal and female reproductive tracts.
Based on anecdotal evidence, yarrow tea may be beneficial when the main symptom of PMS is spastic pain.
Based on anecdotal evidence, tea has been used by European doctors when the main symptom of PMS is spastic pain. Combine 2–3 teaspoons of yarrow flowers with one cup of hot water, then cover and steep for 15 minutes. Drink three to five cups per day beginning two days before PMS symptoms usually commence. In addition, 1–3 cups of the tea added to hot or cold water can be used as a sitz bath.
Yarrow is an anti-inflammatory and soothing herb that may be effective in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
Aloe vera juice has anti-inflammatory activity and been used by some doctors for people with UC. In a double-blind study of people with mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis, supplementation with aloe resulted in a complete remission or an improvement in symptoms in 47% of cases, compared with 14% of those given a placebo (a statistically significant difference). No significant side effects were seen. The amount of aloe used was 100 ml (approximately 3.5 ounces) twice a day for four weeks. Other traditional anti-inflammatory and soothing herbs, including calendula, flaxseed, licorice, marshmallow, myrrh, and . Many of these herbs are most effective, according to clinical experience, if taken internally as well as in enema form. Enemas should be avoided during acute flare-ups but are useful for mild and chronic inflammation. It is best to consult with a doctor experienced with botanical medicine to learn more about herbal enemas before using them. More research needs to be done to determine the effectiveness of these herbs.
Traditional Use (May Not Be Supported by Scientific Studies)
Traditional herbal medicine has used yarrow in three broad categories.1 First, it was used to help stop minor bleeding and to treat wounds. Second, it was used to treat inflammation in a number of conditions, especially in the intestinal and female reproductive tracts. Third, it was utilized as a mild sedative. Some or all of these historical uses occurred in Europe, China, and India. The ancient Chinese fortune-telling system known as the I Ching first used dried yarrow stems, then later replaced them with coins.2
A number of chemicals may contribute to yarrow's actions. The volatile oil, which is rich in sesquiterpene lactones, and alkamides has been found to have anti-inflammatory properties in test tube studies.3, 4 Animal studies have shown this herb can reduce smooth muscle spasms, which might further explain its usefulness in gastrointestinal conditions.5 The alkaloid obtained from yarrow, known as achilletin, reportedly stops bleeding in animals.6 No human clinical studies have confirmed the traditional uses of yarrow.
The German Commission E monograph suggests approximately 1 teaspoon (4.5 grams) of yarrow daily or 3 teaspoons (15 ml) of the fresh pressed juice.7 A tea can be prepared by steeping 1–2 teaspoons (5–10 grams) of yarrow in 1 cup (250 ml) boiling water for ten to fifteen minutes. Three cups (750 ml) a day can be taken. A tincture, 1/2–3/4 teaspoon (3–4 ml) three times per day, can be taken. The tea, or cloths dipped in the tea, can be used topically as needed for minor skin injuries.
Interactions with Supplements, Foods, & Other Compounds
At the time of writing, there were no well-known supplement or food interactions with this supplement.
Interactions with Medicines
As of the last update, we found no reported interactions between this supplement and medicines. It is possible that unknown interactions exist. If you take medication, always discuss the potential risks and benefits of adding a new supplement with your doctor or pharmacist.
The Drug-Nutrient Interactions table may not include every possible interaction. Taking medicines with meals, on an empty stomach, or with alcohol may influence their effects. For details, refer to the manufacturers' package information as these are not covered in this table. If you take medications, always discuss the potential risks and benefits of adding a supplement with your doctor or pharmacist.
People who take yarrow may occasionally develop an allergy or rash.8 Yarrow might increase sensitivity to sunlight. Yarrow should not be used to treat large, deep, or infected wounds, all of which require medical attention. Yarrow is not recommended during pregnancy or breast-feeding.9
What Are Depletions & Interactions?
1. Castleman M. The Healing Herbs. New York, Bantam Books, 1991, 550-4.
3. Zitterl-Eglseer K, Jurenitsch J, Korhammer S, et al. Sesquiterpene lactones of Achillea setacea with antiphlogistic activity. Planta Med 1991;57:444-6.
4. Muller-Jakic B, Breu W, Probstle A, et al. In vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase by alkamides from Echinacea and Achillea species. Planta Med 1994;60:37-40.
5. Tewari JP, Srivastava MC, Bajpai JL. Pharmacologic studies of Achillea millefolium Linn. Indian J Med Sci 1994;28:331-6.
6. Duke JA. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1985, 10-1.
7. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 233-4.
8. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A (eds). American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997, 3.
Last Review: 05-23-2015
Copyright © 2022 TraceGains, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learn more about TraceGains, the company.
The information presented by TraceGains is for informational purposes only. It is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. Consult your doctor, practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires December 2022.
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DAVID BIRMINGHAM will be roared on by an army of support as he completes the transition from footballer to pro boxer tomorrow.
The city is throwing its weight behind the former Pompey defender as he steps into the ring as professional boxing returns to the city.
Support for the lightweight will make up the vast majority of the crowd at Liquid & Envy nightclub.
The 34-year-old made the grade for the Blues and Bournemouth, before playing on the local circuit.
Now the Leigh Park man is out to prove he can make his mark in the noble art against Latvian Antons Zacests.
Birmingham said: 'I am really looking forward to it.
'Training has gone great and I am learning the trade with every session I have.
'When my coach asked me if I wanted to turn professional, I thought why not? It's a brilliant opportunity.
'I want to say a massive thank you to everyone who has been supporting me and giving me words of advice – it means a lot.
Birmingham has earned plaudits from his coach, Michael Ballingall, for the level of commitment he's shown to making it as a boxer.
He admitted he is dreaming of title success but is keeping his ambitions in check for now.
Birmingham said: 'To be honest, I am just going to take things one fight at a time and see how we go.
'If I had to give you a specific aim for my career, it would be to win an area title – that would be great.


All Coaching staff on all West Zone Teams must complete a Vulnerable Sector Police Information Check before they are allowed on the Bench. This Police Check must be completed prior to the start of the season. Once completed and approved by West Zone the clearance is good for 3 years.
Effective July 1, 2018, documentation must be provided showing the applicant resides in Edmonton or one of the RCMP jurisdictions listed above.
The documentation must bear the applicants name & current address and dated within the last 90 days however, does not need to be an original. Please be advised that P.O. BOX addresses are NOT accepted, a physical address must be provided.


Nicknamed "Bear" Murray Baron attended the University of North Dakota where he teamed with goalie Ed Belfour to win an NCAA title in 1987. An eighth round draft pick of the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft, Baron spent three years at UND before making his professional debut with the Flyers AHL affiliate in Hershey in 1988-89.
Baron joined the Flyers for part of 1989-90 and most of 1990-91 but was traded prior to his third season to St. Louis with Ron Sutter for Dan Quinn and Rod Brind'Amour. Baron stayed in a Bluenote for more than five years, providing the team with a huge physical presence on the blueline. His forte clearly was hits, not goals.
Baron spent most of 1996-97 with Montreal before being dealt to Phoenix towards the end of the season. Baron spent just two seasons with the Coyotes before signing with Vancouver as a free agent in the summer of 1998 and went on to play five seasons on the West Coast before making a return to St. Louis in 2003-04.
Traded to St. Louis by Philadelphia with Ron Sutter for Dan Quinn and Rod Brind'Amour, September 22, 1991. Traded to Montreal by St. Louis with Shayne Corson and St. Louis' 5th round pick (Gennady Razin) in 1997 NHL Draft for Pierre Turgeon, Rory Fitzpatrick and Craig Conroy, October 29, 1996. Traded to Phoenix by Montreal with Chris Murray for Dave Manson, March 18, 1997. Signed as a free agent by Vancouver, July 14, 1998. Signed as a free agent by St. Louis, September 5, 2003.


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Q: How to set border to div element for text formatting? I'm working a comment section page where it allows the user to leave a comment. I need assistance in my layout for displaying the comments into the repeater control. I used to put the comments inside the div element of the item and alternatingitem template of the repeater. And as a result, the comment would go straight along the line in the div element if the user is typing too many words or paragraph. What I want is to put a limit where the text will stop and proceed to the next line of the div element. How would I do that?What is the best way?Any suggestion? Here's my layout for the repeater control where I used to insert the comments.
<asp:Repeater ID="Repeater1" runat="server" DataSourceID="SqlDataSource1">

<HeaderTemplate>
</HeaderTemplate>
<ItemTemplate>

<%# Eval("Name") %> Says...
<%# Eval("Comments") %>

</ItemTemplate>
<AlternatingItemTemplate>

<%# Eval("Name")%> Says...
<%# Eval("Comments")%>

</AlternatingItemTemplate>
<SeparatorTemplate >

</SeparatorTemplate>
<FooterTemplate>
</FooterTemplate>
</asp:Repeater>

A: you could do like this to set div border

A: Refer to Is there a way to word-wrap long words in a div?
I had the same problem with a repeater inside a div and I found the answer there.
/* Source: http://snipplr.com/view/10979/css-cross-browser-word-wrap */
.wordwrap {
   white-space: pre-wrap;      /* CSS3 */
   white-space: -moz-pre-wrap; /* Firefox */
   white-space: -pre-wrap;     /* Opera <7 */
   white-space: -o-pre-wrap;   /* Opera 7 */
   word-wrap: break-word;      /* IE */
}


The Board of the Grand Haven Area Community Foundation recently announced 10 first-quarter grant awards totaling $447,250 to support the northern Ottawa County community.
The grants include $75,000 to Muskegon Community College for its Downtown Technology Center, an educational center that aims to better prepare local youth for careers in the S.T.E.M. industries.
Northwest Ottawa County relies heavily on local manufacturing — particularly robotics, plastic injection molding and 3-D printing — and our local businesses need skilled trade workers to compete in the global market. The Downtown Technology Center will have labs and classrooms in the old Muskegon Chronicle building in downtown Muskegon. The adjacent Masonic Temple Building will house a Makerspace Lab for community members to explore technologies and a Youth Entrepreneurial Space for youth study.
The MCC Downtown Center will offer programs and certifications in alternative energy, computer-aided design (CAD), electricity, electronics, engineering, foundry, plastic injection molding, robotics and more.
• Ottawa Area Intermediate School District: $15,000 for Help Me Grow–Ottawa, a program that works to connect families with resources that ensure children are entering school ready to succeed.
• City of Grand Haven: $100,000 to support the Save the Catwalk Campaign.
• Bethany Christian Services: $22,500 for its Trauma Education Program, which provides trauma education to students, teachers/staff and parents to help children feel safe in the learning environment.
• Center for Women in Transition: $60,000 for its Coaching Boys into Men Program and other capital projects. This is a joint grant with the Youth Advisory Council.
• The Salvation Army: $125,000 for A Campaign for Area Families & Children, which will be used to expand existing facilities to add and improve programming and community events.
• St. Patrick/St. Anthony Parish: $30,000 for the portion of the Building/Renovation Project that includes food pantry rooms, the Job Seekers program and GED/ESL Learning Lab.
• Camp Casey: $7,000 for Horsey House Calls to provide an afternoon of horse-assisted therapy, craft projects and lunch to five Tri-Cities children living with cancer, sickle cell disease or aplastic anemia, along with up to 30 friends and family members.
• Grand Haven Area Public Schools: $5,000 to fund a design/video course that teach students digital design, video/audio editing and drone safety.
• Grand Haven Aviation Association: $4,000 for Aviation Career Education Camp, which exposes community youth to aviation careers, safety and aerodynamic principles.
• Ottawa County Department of Public Health: $3,750 to the Grand Haven Meet Up and Eat Up for a site coordinator for the River Haven community and Loutit District Library.
The Grand Haven Area Community Foundation is a public, charitable organization serving the Tri-Cities community since 1971. It encourages philanthropy by individuals, families, companies and organizations, and serves as a steward of their charitable funds and legacies. For more information, or to give a tax-deductible gift to the Greatest Needs Fund at the foundation, visit ghacf.org.