text:
Lebanon: It's time to turn your international position on privacy into action at the national level
Lebanon was part of the drafting committee for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and by co-sponsoring both UN General Assembly resolutions on the right to privacy in the digital age (December 2013 and December 2014), Lebanon has recently reaffirmed its commitment to its obligations to uphold the right to privacy.
And yet, Lebanon's progressive positions on the right to privacy at the UN could not be further away from the situation in the country itself.
Once seen as more liberal than its Middle Eastern neighbours, Lebanon has recently been the subject of troubling reports on attacks and threats against the right to privacy. These include the Cybercrime and Intellectual Property Rights Bureau's expansive monitoring, investigative powers oppressing online privacy and freedom of expression of Lebanese citizens, the lack of judicial authorisation and administrative oversight of surveillance conducted by the Internal Security Forces and increasing restrictions on journalists and activists, particularly in terms of their online engagement.
Lebanon is currently failing failing to constitutionally uphold the right to privacy, to enforce a legal framework to protect personal data and to ensure that laws, regulations, activities, powers, policies and practices related to communications surveillance adhere to international human rights law and standards.
The Social Media Exchange (SMEX), a registered Lebanese nonprofit that conducts training, research, and advocacy on strategic communications and human rights in the digital era, collaborated with Privacy International and the Association for Progressive Communication (APC), to submit a joint stakeholder report. The report raises shared concerns about the respect, protection and promotion of the right to privacy in Lebanon before the Human Rights Council for consideration in Lebanon's up-coming review at the 23rd session of Universal Period Review in early 2016.
During the first cycle of the Universal Period Review of Lebanon in 2010, the issue of the right to privacy remained undiscussed, but given the concerning reports that have emerged recently, it is crucial that the Human Rights Council request further information and commitment from Lebanon to address reported unlawful interferences with and violations of the right to privacy.
The main issues raised in the joint submission include:
Constitutional protection of the right to privacy
The Constitution in Lebanon does not explicitly protect the right to privacy as only the inviolability of the home is protected under its Article 14. Whereas Law No. 140 (Telecommunication Interception Act of 27 October 1999) upholds the protection of secrecy of communications carried out by all means of communication, it is concerning that there is a lack of constitutional protection of the right to privacy more broadly, to reflect the protections enshrined in Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) which reinforces Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
Communication surveillance
Whilst the Law No. 140 seems to provide the necessary safeguards, in practice systematic failures to abide by the law are directly threatening the right to privacy of Lebanon's citizens. Main concerns expresed in the UPR submission included:
The failure to respect the existing legal provisions requiring judicial oversight and administrative authorisation of surveillance in accordance with Article 2, 3 and 9 respective of the Law No. 140;
The unauthorised bulk interception of communications data for prolonged periods of time and unrestricted access to the electronic communications data of all Lebanese citizens by the Internal Security Forces (ISF);
The United Nations International Independent Investigation Commission (UNIIIC), and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL), permitting the ISF unregulated access to private data of Lebanese citizens from an array of sources including university archives, medical records, and mobile phone records;
The presence of PacketShaper installations, surveillance technology provided by US-based Blue Coat, which allows for the surveillance and monitoring of users' interactions on various applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Google Mail, and Skype;
The lack of oversight of agencies permitted to conduct surveillance with concerns around the legal framework overseeing the activities of the Cybercrime and Intellectual Property Rights Bureau and the failure to respect Law No. 140 which limits the powers of the Ministry of Interior to wiretap; and
A 2013 order by the Public Prosecutor's office requested all internet service providers (ISPs), and some internet cafes that offer Internet access, to retain the data of their users' activity for a period of one year.
Lebanon does not have a law regulating the protection of personal data. With existing and emerging initiatives includingthe unique ID number e-government initiative, the impending deployment of biometric passports, and the E-transaction bill which, in its current state, would allow for warrantless search and seizure of financial, managerial, and electronic files, including hard drives, computers, etc., and the establishment of the Electronic Signature & Services Authority, a new regulatory and licensing body with practically unchecked powers, it is extremely concerning that Lebanon has yet to adopt strong legislation protecting data privacy.
In view of the aforementioned areas of concerns, SMEX, APC and PI submitted the following recommendations for the adoption by the UN Permanent Delegations who will intervene during the official review of Lebanon:
Recognise and take steps towards compliance with international human rights law and standards by ensuring the application of the following principles to communication surveillance as articulated in the International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance namely, legality, legitimacy, necessity, adequacy, proportionality and respecting process of authorisation from a competent judicial authority, with due process, user notification, transparency, public oversight and respect for the integrity of communications and systems as well as ensuring safeguards against illegitimate access and right to effective remedy;
Investigate claims that illegal communications interception and access to data is routinely undertaken by the security services and other state authorities; ensure that such practices are ended and responsible individuals held to account if the claims are verified, and victims are provided redress for the violation they experienced;
Ensure that there are appropriate controls to prevent the use of private surveillance industry products to facilitate human rights abuses;
Ensure that the state surveillance of online and offline activities is lawful and does not infringe on human rights defenders' right to freedom of expression and ability to defend human rights, including through use of the information communication technologies;
Immediately enact data protection legislation that complies with international standards and establish an independent data protection authority
Make further efforts to ensure freedom of opinion and expression in the country, including by ensuring that blocked or filtered websites are based on lawful criteria.
From words to action
For the first time at the at the 21st session of the UPR earlier in 2015, some states were challenged over their surveillance practices and their lack of protection for their right to privacy, including Kenya, Sweden and Turkey.
Given Lebanon's commitment to protecting the right to privacy at the United Nations, we hope its UPR will provide it an opportunity to apply what it preaches in Geneva to its national context by ensuring the privacy of its citizens are protected from unlawful, disproportionate and unnecessary interference by the Lebanese government but also other state as well as the private sector.
Lebanon_UPR_23rd_session_Joint_Stakeholder_submission_0.pdf
Modernise the Rule of Law and Strengthen Surveillance Safeguards
Our Partner organisation
SMEX


Lightning becomes very slow and even unresponsive for a long time (tens of seconds), e.g. when I switch to the Mail tab and back to the calendar tab.
Lightning should have updated the screen in a timely manner.
I have already identified the cause of the slowness. If I disable the birthday calendar, everything is functioning normally.
The problem is 'fixed' by opening my Google Calendar and edit the settings of the birthday Calendar. Changing the setting from "Google+ circles and contacts" to "Contacts only" makes Lightning responsive again.
> is this set to repeat forever? Please reply on bug 1169062 for that.
Those events don't seem to have a recurrence rule that I can see anywhere. They all show as a single non-recurring event, but that can't be right. The fix from 1169062 (making the calendar contacts-only) does fix the slowness and error message.
Apparently making the birthday calendar contacts-only doesn't fix the bug. It reduces the slowdown and lag, but doesn't eliminate it. Only unsubscribing from the birthday calendar completely relieves the problem. I'm not in a position to pull the raw XML for the calendar to see exactly how it handles recurrence at that level.
I've found the solution for this, adding one $ to the code fixes it. Now I just need to test the migration code and figure out why bug 1190012 is happening so I can see if the unit test works.
Ok, giving up on fixing all unit tests and moving forward on this issue. The unit test here will work once bug 1190012 is fixed. I'll attach a testing xpi in a moment.
Installing this xpi should reset only the birthdays calendar and redownload it correctly. Your performance issues will be a thing of the past.
I am working on getting a new version out asap. There are a small number of other bugs I'd like to fix in addition for the net release, e.g. bug 1146286.
Patch looks good. I tried with the xpi provided, synced my Google birthday calendar, found no issues, my birthday calendar has around 1000 contacts.
When a try to add calendars from my google account the list of available calendars is empty.
Marco, do you get any error console messages? What version of Thunderbird are you using?
I've no idea how to export all the messages from error console.
works for me. i didn't download birthday's calendar (or it stuck all thunderbird) and after upgrade with your patch i don't find any problems to add the calendar.
Marco, this is a different error caused by bug 1099592. I'll fix this one in bug 1193482. If you upgrade to Thunderbird 38 then it will work again.


Front row (left to right): 1. Jimmy Hunt, 2. Susan Blair, 3. Delphine Bankhead, 4. LeeAnn Ray, 5. Mary McLoughlin, 6. Nancy Bosley, 7. John Aflague.
Second row: 1. Joanne Moomau, 2. Karen Kent, 3. Hollis Grieve, 4. Marvin Luther, 5. Melba Hasset, 6. Jackie Christ, 7. Nick Bubnar, 8. Eric Frank.
Third row: 1. Diane Mederios, 2. Darla Beavers, 3. Cherrill Dickey, 4. Carolyn Yanes, 5. Sharon Higgins, 6. Janice Rego, 7. Sharon Santos.
Fourth row: 1. John Foscalina, 2. John Etheridge, 3. Roger Jensen, 4. Jim Street, 5. Wayne Armstrong, 6. Gerald Vargas, 7. David Weaver, 8. unidentified teacher.
Credits: Scanned by Jim Street. Thanks to Jim Street for identifying the people in this picture.
To find other pictures from Fifth Street School in the archive, see Livermore class pictures listed by school: Fifth Street School. And if you have any pictures from Fifth Street School that you would like to share, please submit them to the Archive.


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Martin Luther King Jr Essay
Baris Yalcin
Home » Sample Essays & Research Papers » Martin Luther King Jr Essay
Martin Luther King Jr Essay Sample
Martin Luther King Jr. was a crucial player in the 1950s and 1960s American civil rights movement. He was a Baptist clergyman, a nonviolent activist, and an influential leader in the movement for racial equality in the United States. King's persistent work, speeches, writings, and leadership contributed to fundamental changes in American culture, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed racial segregation and discrimination. He was also a great orator, delivering some of America's most iconic addresses, including his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. King's work and message continue to inspire people all across the world.
Mahatma Gandhi's teachings heavily influenced King's nonviolent ideology, the Indian freedom leader who utilized nonviolence to combat British colonial power. Nonviolence, according to King, was the most effective approach to influence social change and the only way to create long-term and significant development. He also held that nonviolence was a moral value consistent with Jesus Christ's teachings. As a strategy for effecting change, he pushed for nonviolent protest, civil disobedience, and noncooperation with unjust laws and institutions.
During the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-1956, King's nonviolent doctrine was implemented. After an African American lady, Rosa Parks, was jailed for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person. King helped organize a boycott of Montgomery municipal buses. The boycott lasted over a year and resulted in the integration of the Montgomery bus system, which was a critical success for the civil rights movement. During the boycott, King's leadership and speeches attracted national attention to the civil rights movement, and he emerged as one of its most significant leaders.
During the March on Washington, one of US history's most significant civil rights events, King delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" address in 1963. Over 250,000 people participated in the march, which was a dramatic statement of the civil rights movement's strength and commitment. In his speech, King called for an end to racial segregation and discrimination, and he envisioned a future in which all Americans, regardless of skin color, would be treated equally. The address was highly publicized and became one of the most famous speeches in American history.
King's advocacy and leadership were instrumental in enacting the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited racial segregation in public places and job discrimination. He also passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed discriminatory voting practices against African Americans. These laws were significant triumphs for the civil rights movement and influenced American culture considerably.
Martin Luther King Jr. was an instrumental civil rights activist in the 1950s and 1960s American civil rights movement. His nonviolent ideology, speeches, and leadership contributed to fundamental changes in American culture, notably the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In addition, he was a strong orator who delivered some of America's most iconic addresses, including his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. King's words and legacy continue to inspire people all over the world. His relentless advocacy, speeches, writings, and leadership contributed substantial changes to American culture. His work has been acknowledged and commemorated in the United States by the introduction of Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday.
King's message and worldview had a global influence, not only in the United States. His talks, writings, and nonviolent activity influenced worldwide civil rights and liberation movements, and people of all colors, faiths, and nations responded to his love, equality, and justice message. He had a significant impact on worldwide human rights and civil rights discourse. King's work was not without controversy, as his nonviolent and civil disobedience message was frequently faced with opposition and bloodshed. He received several death threats and was detained several times. Despite this, he remained steadfast in his ideas and advocated for change. His death in 1968 was a devastating loss, but his teachings and legacy inspired subsequent generations to struggle for justice and equality.
To summarize, Martin Luther King Jr. was an exceptional leader and visionary. His persistent activity, lectures, and writings aided in the transformation of American culture, and his message of nonviolence, love, and equality continues to inspire people worldwide. He is still regarded as a pivotal figure in American history, and his legacy continues to influence the present civil rights struggle. His message of justice and equality for all is as essential now as it was back then.
Content Editor at Tamara Research. Movie and music addict. Bachelor's degree in Translation and Interpreting.
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Tintoretto crucifixion. Great Works: The Crucifixion 1565 (518cm x 1,224 cm), Tintoretto 2022-12-20
Tintoretto crucifixion Rating: 7,1/10 863 reviews
Tintoretto's "Crucifixion" is a powerful and dramatic depiction of the central event in Christianity, the death of Jesus Christ on the cross. Painted in the 16th century, this work captures the emotional intensity and physical suffering of the scene with great sensitivity and skill.
One of the most striking aspects of the painting is its dramatic use of light and shadow. Tintoretto uses chiaroscuro, the contrast between light and dark, to create a sense of drama and movement in the scene. The bright light shining down on the central figures of Jesus and the two thieves creates a sense of focus and importance, while the surrounding figures are cast in shadow. This helps to draw the viewer's eye to the central action of the painting, and adds to the overall sense of tension and drama.
Another notable aspect of Tintoretto's "Crucifixion" is the way he has captured the physical agony of the scene. Jesus is depicted as being in extreme pain, with his body contorted and twisted in agony. His face is contorted in a grimace of pain, and his limbs are stretched and strained as he hangs on the cross. The two thieves on either side of him are also shown in pain, with one writhing in agony and the other hanging limply from his cross.
Despite the violence and suffering depicted in the scene, Tintoretto has also managed to convey a sense of hope and redemption. The bright light shining down on Jesus and the thieves suggests the presence of a higher power, and the peaceful expression on Jesus' face as he dies suggests a sense of acceptance and transcendence.
Overall, Tintoretto's "Crucifixion" is a powerful and moving depiction of one of the most significant events in Christianity. Through his use of light and shadow, as well as his ability to capture the physical agony of the scene, Tintoretto has created a painting that is both emotionally intense and spiritually uplifting.
Men in armor or luxurious clothes and exotic headgear crowd around from all directions, turning the episode into a spectacle see also Veronese's Wedding Feast at Cana 1563 and Feast in the House of Levi 1573 for later versions of this 'spectacle' effect. The inscription, the wall of spears and the red standard are signs of the power and authority of Rome. It is a painting that involves the spectator in the highest degree, especially as details such as the ladder on the left are so close to the picture-plane and the viewer's space. In conception and execution, Tintoretto's Christ on the cross is one of the most unusual and compelling scenes of the crucifixion of the 16th century. The other points us to faith in who Jesus truly is.
Crucifixion by Tintoretto
When he left the house, she would also wrap money up for him in a handkerchief, expecting a strict accounting on his return. It seems to be on high ground, beyond which stand Roman soldiers. Ośrodek Kultury Europejskiej EUROPEUM. We can see soldiers, executioners, onlookers, horsemen, traders, and apostles who make up the entire composition of this monumental work of art. As in the other works Tintoretto painted at the Scuola, it gives us a sense that we are witnessing something divine in an otherwise fallen world.
TINTORETTO'S CRUCIFIXION AT SAN CASSIANO
All four Gospels relate that two thieves were crucified with Christ. Tintoretto used a trick to achieve this. Their somewhat theatrical appearance in the San Severo painting is here a far more empathic resigned sorrow. This enormous masterpiece by the Venetian painter Tintoretto, which hangs in the dramatically underlit Sala dell'Albergo just off the central hall on the first floor of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco in Venice, seems to suggest quite the opposite. His marketing campaign started by doing free paintings while he was only asked to produce a preparatory drawing. El centro de la escena está ocupado por el Cristo crucificado, recortado ante un plomizo cielo que augura tormenta.
Category:Crucifixion by Jacopo Tintoretto in Scuola Grande di San Rocco
One Thousand Years of Painting: An Atlas of Western Painting from 1000 to 2000 A. He is being pulled up from the front and pushed up from behind — it is all hard, physical graft. This allows the almost feverish figures on both sides to revolve around this central element. Bajo el Salvador encontramos un abigarrado grupo de dolientes presidido por las santas mujeres, como si de la base de la cruz se tratara, destacando entre ellos el perfil de san Juan y de la Magdalena. Depicting the Worship of the Golden Calf and the Last Judgment, the 14. The figure itself looks immensely powerful and wilful, youthfully pugnacious, in its attentiveness, almost Samson-like or Herculean in its strength.
Redaktion Books, 1999, p. In 1950 a proposal by the restorer Sebastian Isepp to remove the new boy in armour was agreed, leaving the figures as they now appear. A red cloth is strewn directly before our eyes. Tintoretto dwells on each of these figures, skillfully capturing facial expressions, hand gestures, and even the folds in their clothing. Tintoretto then announced that he was offering the painting as a gift—perhaps conscious that a bylaw of the foundation prohibited the rejection of any gift.
Great Works: The Crucifixion 1565 (518cm x 1,224 cm), Tintoretto
Haman is therefore depicted twice in the painting as it appears now. Little is known of Tintoretto's childhood or training. The Estate of each artist and their presence hold all necessary copyrights and licences for all of their paintings and other works. Some of his greatest and most poignant works are to be found at the Scuola Grande di San Rocco in Venice. All is pelting energy.
Crucifixion (Tintoretto)
He died on 31 May 1594. But a new analysis of the work has revealed it as one of a series of three paintings by Tintoretto, depicting the legend of The Embarkation of St Helena was acquired by the The Discovery of the True Cross and St Helen Testing the True Cross, are held in galleries in the United States. St Mark Rescuing a Saracen from Shipwreck. The Crucifixion, Tintoretto Tintoretto Jacopo Robusti The Crucifixion Circa 1565 Church of Santa Maria del Rosario "The Gesuati" , Venice, Italy The artist devotes all the light and color to the Virgin Mary and her companions. Two arms are raised. Tintoretto competed with several other artists for the prestigious commission.
Crucifixion, 1565
There can be no doubting the scene's point of focal attention. He then added a group of people at the foot of the cross which takes on a pyramidal composition. And yet these details seem to be receding from us even as we look at the body of Christ himself. It would probably have been made for a secular setting, despite the religious subject. Crucifixion by Tintoretto oil on canvas, 1565. They illustrate scenes from the life of Christ and the Virgin in the upper and lower halls, respectively, and scenes from the Passion - dominated by this colossal Crucifixion - in the Sala dell' Albergo.
Crucifixión (Tintoretto, 1565)
It is too early for that. His striking appearance and icon-like demeanor belies his physical vulnerability. According to his early biographers Tintoretto sought no further teaching but studied on his own account with laborious zeal. To the left, his mother Mary has collapsed. A large sketch of the composition he submitted in 1577 is now in the The commission was given jointly to When the picture had been nearly completed he took it to its proper place, where it was completed largely by assistants, his son Paradise inferior in execution to the two sketches. The figures seem edged with light, almost self-illuminated, as if they possess a mystical inner glow.
This is the largest, grandest and most fanfarishly dramatic of an entire patchwork of biblical scenes by the same artist, which adorn the walls and the ceilings of this 16th-century scuola in Venice. The raising of the crosses also afforded Tintoretto the opportunity of depicting numerous muscular individuals in vigorous motion, testifying to his interest in the figure drawing of Christ is placed very high on the cross, almost at the top of the scene before us. We see the swooning Marys at the base of the cross, the gambling soldiers, and troubled onlookers. Many of the Renaissance masters were skilled in multiple disciplines and could attack this theme from several angles. Over the course of this relationship, Tintoretto would paint almost 70 works for the confraternity, decorating every room of its sumptuous meeting hall and nearby church. Also similarly depicted are the thieves.


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Jacques Vital Lucien Lataste (La Grand-Combe, 7 juni 1922 - Parijs, 10 november 2011) was een Frans schermer.

Lataste won tijdens de Olympische Zomerspelen 1948 en 1952 de gouden medaille met het Franse floretteam en in 1956 de zilveren medaille, individueel was zijn beste prestatie de vierde plaats in 1952. Lataste werd met het floretteam tweemaal wereldkampioen.

Resultaten

Olympische Zomerspelen

Wereldkampioenschappen schermen

Frans schermer
Frans olympisch kampioen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The apocalyptic XVIth chapter of the Didache – Part five
Tags: Didache
Didache XVI:6
And then shall appear the signs of the truth. First the sign spread out in the sky, then the sign of the sound of the trumpet, and thirdly the resurrection of the dead.
The first sign of reality: the sign in the air
Didache XVI
War book V:471
"First the sing spread out in the air …"
"At first there arose a dense cloud of smoke and dust as the flames were smothered by the debris …"
the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light
(Didache) The Greek αληθεια means 'truth' as well as 'reality'. I think reality is the better choice here. I translate οὐρανός as 'sky' instead of' heaven'. That the sign is spreading out is quite suggestive for a huge column of smoke rising first and spreading out afterwards.
(Josephus) In his description of the burning of the Temple compound, Josephus concentrates on the fire (see part 4). In the verse above he mentions smoke production earlier during the siege of Jerusalem.
(New Testament) The smoke production is so enormous that sun and moon are hided from view.
The second sing of reality: the sound of the trumpet
War book III-VI
"Then the sing of the sound of the salpinx …"
III:86, 89, 90: The salpinx in camp life
III:124 and V:48: The place of the salpinx-player before the eagle and surrounded by the sacred standards when on the march
III:91: Announces the 'ready for war' cry
III:265: Gives the sign for the attack on Jotapata
IV:20: Gives the sign for the attack on Gamla
VI:68-69: Salpinx-players and salpinges in the surprise attack on the Antonia fortress
Seven salpinges are sounded by seven angels in Revelation 8-11.
The salpinx is a musical instrument of the ancient Greek that had its most important function in warfare. As throughout all the relevant literature (also in the Septuagint) the Greek σαλπιγξ (and derived words) is used, I have kept it.
(J) Josephus extensively mentions the salpinx in different aspects of Roman warfare in the war against the Jews.
(NT) As the sound of the salpinx seems to herald an important event, I think we should not look at Josephus in the first place, but to Revelation and the Old Testament. In Revelation the salpinx is heralding God's and his Christ's final victory over the κοσμος (the Roman empire?), and also in 1 Sam 13:3 heralding victory is the function of the salpinx. In Joel 2:1 the salpinx heralds the day of the Lord, the day that concretely turned out to bring along Roman victory. But perhaps the most interesting relation can be drawn with Isaiah 27:10a/11b/13a: "For the fortified city is solitary, a habitation deserted and forsaken, like a wilderness; (…) For this is a people without discernment; therefore he who made them will not have compassion on them, he that formed them will show them no favor. (…) And in that day a great salpinx will be blown …" So the sign of the salpinx heralds the final Roman victory, the fall of Jerusalem's Upper City, the last part of the city in the hands of its defenders.
The third sign of reality: the recovery of the moribund
War VI:414-419 and 428-434
War VII:26-35
"and thirdly the resurrection of the dead."
VI:414 "survivors appeared constantly"
VI:429 "For after every man who showed himself had either been killed or captured by the Romans, those in the underground passages were fettered out." The fate of one of the leaders of the defenders of Jerusalem, John of Gischala, is described in the same passage.
VII:26-35 describes the Simon bar Giora's emergence from a secret passage and his subsequent capture.
"The memorials also were opened, and many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised."
(D) Αναστασις νεκρων is traditionally translated as 'resurrection of the dead', but as the streets and hiding places of Jerusalem were filled with living corpses in that days, the translation 'recovery of the deathly ill' or 'recovery of the moribund' seems more appropriate (see BDAG p. 667 for the translation of νεκρος as deathly ill).
(NT) The people who had fallen asleep are apparently those who were exhausted as part of the terminal phase of their famine (like Jesus' followers in the garden of Gethsemane). The most illustrious moribund ones who recovered were Jesus, Simon bar Giora and John of Gischala. Jesus' recovery is the most spectacular one as it followed his crucifixion and resulted in a permanent escape. Matthew suggests that the moribund hided in memorials, Josephus speaks of underground passages. Matthew's use of μνημειον can be inspired by Jesus' stay in a memorial after he was taken from the cross. (In the singular Matthew's verse would reflect Jesus' situation remarkably well: 'The memorial also was opened, and the body of the holy one who had fallen asleep was raised.')
I believe these three signs in verse 6 present a nice chronological unity that describes the culminating events of the war:
The sign in the sky: The burning of the Temple (beginning of August 70 CE)
The sign of the salpinx: Final Roman victory / Fall of Jerusalem (end of August 70 CE)
The resurrection of the dead: The appearance of starved and hidden survivors in the days after the fall of the city (last days of August, first days of September). Jesus was the most important amongst them.
Three signs of a disastrous reality with a spark of hope.
A rebellious Jesus in a Toledot Yeshu fragment of the Cairo genizah
Friessen, S.J. Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John – Reading Revelation in the Ruins
Horsley, R. A. (ed.) Hidden Transcripts and the Arts of Resistance – Applying the Work of James C. Scott to Jesus and Paul
Multiple sources
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I'm bored a lot of the time and willing to help people for free.
If you need help, or want a clarification on a question I've answered or commented on, please google talk me at carter.barry@gmail.com ... of course, you can also use SE's own comment/answer features or email me, but google talk is fastest.
You can also google talk me if you have a math/science question unrelated to SE.
Copying GNU screen scrollback buffer to file (extended hardcopy)?
Why do stars appear as circles, not points?
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Probability distribution of maximum value of binary option?
How do I price OANDA box options?
Is there a way to block an elected President from entering office?
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What exactly did the federal judge do to Trump's executive order?
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Equinoxes and solstices: start of the season or mid-season?
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What is the planet relative to earth that shows the greatest change in apparent brightness?
Why is Neptune true anomaly decreasing?
From which exoplanets is our sun the brightest star on the night sky?


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SHELLABARGER, Samuel
37th (1861–1863), 39th (1865–1867), 40th (1867–1869), 42nd (1871–1873)
External Research Collections
SHELLABARGER, Samuel, a Representative from Ohio; born near Enon, Clark County, Ohio, on December 10, 1817; attended the county schools and was graduated from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, in 1841; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Springfield, Ohio, in 1846; member of the State house of representatives in 1852 and 1853; elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh Congress (March 4, 1861-March 3, 1863); unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1862 to the Thirty-eighth Congress; elected to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses (March 4, 1865-March 3, 1869); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1868; Minister to Portugal from April 21 to December 31, 1869; again elected to the Forty-second Congress (March 4, 1871-March 3, 1873); chairman, Committee on Commerce (Forty-second Congress); was not a candidate for renomination in 1872; member of the United States Civil Service Commission in 1874 and 1875; continued the practice of law until his death in Washington, D.C., August 7, 1896; interment in Ferncliff Cemetery, Springfield, Ohio.
Papers: 1867, 1 item. A letter from Samuel Shellabarger to William P. Fessenden written on June 11, 1867. In the letter, Shellabarger requests information on how to treat dyspepsia.
Papers: 1878, 1 item. A letter from Samuel Shellabarger to Rutherford B. Hayes written on June 10, 1878. In the letter, Shellabarger recommends Aaron [Bradshaw?] to be justice of the peace in the District of Columbia.
Kinnison, William A. Hon. Samuel Shellabarger (1817-1896), lawyer, jurist, legislator. [Springfield, Ohio]: Clark County Historical Society, 1966.
Shellabarger, Samuel. Before the General court martial convened in the city of Washington, D.C., by the order of the President. Washington, D.C.: T. McGill & Co., [1885].
------. Disfranchisement of rebels: Speech of Hon. S. Shellabarger, of Ohio, in the House of Representatives, April 21, 1866. [Washington, D.C.]: Printed at the Congressional Globe Office, [1866].
------. The domestic commerce of the United States. [New York]: New York Cheap Transportation Association, [1874].
------. John G Moore appellant, vs. Joseph S. Miller., commissioner of internal revenue ... [Washington]: Press of McGill & Wallace, [1895].
------. Messrs. Vallandigham, Richardson and Cox. [Springfield, Ohio: Springfield News, print, 1863].
------. Reconstruction. [Washington: Printed at theCongressional Globe Office, 1866].
------. A reply. Speech of Hon. S. Shellabarger, of Ohio, Delivered in the House of Representatives, January 27, 1863. [Washington: Towers, printers, 1863].
------. Rights of citizens: Speech of Hon. Samuel Shellabarger of Ohio in the House of Representatives, July 25, 1866, on the bill to declare and protect all the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States in the several states. Washington : Congressional Globe Office, 1866.
------. Speech of Hon. Samuel Shellabarger, of Ohio, on the habeas corpus; delivered in the House of Representatives, May 12, 1862. Washington: Printed at the Congressional Globe Office, 1862.
History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives, "SHELLABARGER, Samuel," https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/S/SHELLABARGER,-Samuel-(S000325)/ (January 27, 2023)


Culture no.3 is the last in a series of pieces that deals with the ways that modern popular culture can inform Western art music. More specifically, Culture no.3 is involved in exploring the interrelation between the visceral elements of popular music and timbre. By visceral elements, I mean, for example, the sense of motion, the forcefulness of the articulations, or the character of the rhythm or tempo, to name a few. The traditional pitch resources of the popular sphere have required that viscerality and timbre play a greater role in defining popular genres (and subsequently in determining what we find interesting within them) than is seen in the majority of Western art music. Culture no.3, with a greater emphasis on timbre and viscerality and a subsequently lesser emphasis on other aspects of the musical whole, uses the resources of the Western ensemble to feature this aspect of popular music.


Flossy Large 4-Knot Colour Rope 27"
Large 27-Inch Cottonblend Color 4 Knot Rope Tug. Made from premium cottonblend rope fibers. Rope fibers floss dogs' teeth as they chew and play. A tug shape creating interactive play. Great for medium - large dogs.


From time to time, you will receive a text message from school inviting you to access a website as an option to make a payment for an activity. You will also be able to pay by debit/credit card in school.
To ensure that we experience maximum benefit from this service we would ask all parents to notify us if you have recently changed your mobile number and/or let us have an up to date email address.


text:
Буя́нів — село в Україні, у Стрийському районі Львівської області. До районного центру — Стрия 48 км, до м. Калуш — 25 км. Населення становить 419 осіб.

У селі є церква Різдва Христового XIX ст., 2 пам'ятники, базова (неповна) середня школа, Будинок культури (глядацький зал на 120 місць), бібліотека, магазин, фельдшерсько-акушерський пункт (ФАП).Село газифіковане у 2008 році, телефонізоване (у 2014 році, телефони є тільки в школі та медпункті). Жителі села були учасниками національно-визвольних змагань 1918—1920 років, воювали на фронтах Другої світової війни, брали участь у збройній боротьбі проти радянських та німецьких окупантів

Географія
Буянів знаходиться на сході району за 2.5 км від траси . Отож, має регулярне транспортне сполучення із районним та обласним центрами.
У геологічному відношенні село розташоване у межах Передкарпатського передового прогину.
Буянів лежить у межах зони поширення помірно континентального клімату.

Рельєф
пересічений балками, висотні позначки території коливаються у межах 250—270 м над рівнем моря. На території населеного пункту поширені широколисто-сосновими лісами, де ростуть сосна, ялина, дуб, граб і бук.

Фауна
Серед тварин трапляються, козулі, лисиця, польова миша, кріт, їжак, водяна і ставкова нічниці, вуж звичайний, трав'яна, озерна і ставкова жаби, а ще повно кабанів, зайців, ласок і тхорів. В річці Черн водиться пічкур, в'юн, раки.

Серед птахів у Буянові найпоширенішими є: ластівка сільська, ластівка міська, хатній горобець, лелека білий, сова сіра, зозуля, дятел, сойка, шпак, зяблик, різні види синиць, куріпка сіра, мухоловка строката, дрозди, вільшанка. У навколишніх лісах поселяються костогриз, жайворонок лісовий, яструб, звичайний боривітер, крук, сіра ворона, шпак, соловейко. Влітку звичайна перепілка, сич хатній, одуд, галка, жайворонок польовий. Восени і взимку світ птахів Буянова складають: сіра ворона, грак, сорока, щиглик, вівсянка звичайна, снігур, золотомушка жовточуба.

Історія
Раніше село називалося Буянова.

Перша документальна згадка про село датується 1578 роком. В податковому реєстрі Жидачівської землі записано, що в селі Боянова було 2 дворища землі і священник.

В «Шляхетський шлях роду Собеських» згадується про Буянів:

ŚLADY KROLA JANA III W KRAJU NASZYM

Мати короля Яна Собеського Теофіля, в 1660 році надала за заслуги село Буянів Миколі Орлику та його дружині довічно.

Революція 1848 року призвела до скасування кріпосного права та проведення земельної реформи. На честь цієї події у селі було споруджено пам'ятник.

За часів Польської республіки (1918–1939 рр.) село становило окрему гміну у складі Жидачівського повіту Станиславівського воєводства. У зв'язку з  1 серпня 1934 року воно було включене до складу гміни Журавно, того ж повіту і воєводства.

Як і вся Західна Україна, у 1939 році село увійшло до складу УРСР, пробувши у її складі до 10 липня 1941 року, коли село було зайняте німецькими військами. У 1941 році до села ввійшли німецькі війська.

У 2012 році відбулось освячення «Хреста Заслуги» — монумента жителям села, що боролись у складі ОУН-УПА.

Політика

Парламентські вибори, 2019
На позачергових парламентських виборах 2019 року у селі функціонувала окрема виборча дільниця № 460405, розташована у приміщенні школи.

Результати
 зареєстровано 227 виборців, явка 79,30 %, найбільше голосів віддано за Всеукраїнське об'єднання «Батьківщина» — 22,78 %, за «Слугу народу» — 20,00 %, за «Голос» — 17,22 %. В одномандатному окрузі найбільше голосів отримав Андрій Кіт (самовисування) — 26,11 %, за Мар'яна Калина (Народний рух України) — 21,67 %, за Андрія Гергерта (Всеукраїнське об'єднання «Свобода») — 18,33 %.

Населення
За даними перепису населення 2001 року у селі проживали 416 осіб.

Церква
Вперше про парафію села Буянова йдеться в протоколі візитації парафії в 1732 році про церкву Різдва Пресвятої Богородиці, що була збудована в давні часи.
Зараз на її місці існує дерев'яна церква Різдва Христового 1834  року. У 1884 році добудували бабинець, над яким знаходяться хори і помалював місцевий маляр Роман Михайлович.

Хор НД села Буянів. Хор заснований в 1923 р. місцевим жителем Василем Чмеликом, який свого часу закінчив дяківсько-регентську школу у Львові і був добрим скрипалем.

Відомі люди
 Кремінь Йосип Васильович (* 1932) — український дисидент.

Пам'ятки
 Могила Січових стрільців
 Пам'ятний знак на честь скасування панщини.
 Пам'ятник коляді 1930-го року.
 Пам'ятник односельцям, які загинули під час Другої світової війни.
 Пам'ятник односельцям, які боролись за незалежність України у складі ОУН/УПА.

Галерея

Примітки

Джерела

Література

Посилання
 Галарея на Flickr

Села Львівської області


Would you like to purchase a garage door screen to replace the one that you have now? These can sometimes be damaged, and when they are, you will need to find a garage door repair Hanover Park IL company that can provide you with one. The prices that they charge can vary depending upon the business that you are working with. It just depends on how large it is, and the type of material that you will need. The following tips will allow you to quickly find one of these garage door screen companies that will either sell one to you or will provide you with one that they will install themselves.
The best place to look for companies that provide these screens for garage doors is in the local paper. There are probably a couple of different companies in your city that you can contact. You can also meet with businesses that are selling just the products instead of a garage door repair company that could install one for you. The next best places the Internet where you can quickly find these garage door businesses that will be more than happy to come out to give you an estimate. The amount that you pay is dependent upon the size and type of screen that you need, and by comparing the different offers, you can get one that is affordable.
You can select the right company by contacting these businesses that are able to offer you a discount. They will use promo codes and they are advertising, especially online, and you can take advantage of the savings. The more time that you spend, the more likely it is that you will be able to locate a business that not only sells the products but also does the installs. Regardless of what you want to do, you will be able to get the ones that you need for your particular garage door at a discounted price.
How Do The Garage Door Panel Replacement Hanover Park Costs Stack Up?
Maybe you have a dent in one of your garage door panels, or perhaps the wood is starting to rot in one section. What seems to be the problem? No matter what, you're going to be looking at garage door panel replacement costs according to the type of door you have. You still might want to price them with a few companies, even though you're going to be limited as to what you get. You want to think about installation costs, too, and you also want the best company on the job.
So how much would a panel cost? Do you have to replace the panel or the entire door? If replacing the entire door, you can more easily find a quote. Yet, it shouldn't be that difficult to find a company that can install a replacement panel for you, too. Additionally, they should be more than able to give you a quick quote so that you can put your mind at ease about your garage door.
Perhaps it was an accident that damaged your garage door or a storm can do that kind of damage, too. It's no telling what kind of story you have, as there are all kinds of interesting stories out there. No doubt you'll get to tell the garage door repair Hanover Park company that does come out to your home after you've checked out garage door panel replacement costs.
If you want, you can start out with the garage door Hanover Park companies, but just make sure you get the answers from at least a couple or a few companies. That way you get to find out exactly what you can expect to pay for that panel. It could be that you need a couple panels, but you just don't want to replace the entire door. They will get you straightened out.
There is no doubt that having an automatic garage door is one of the most convenient and time saving devices ever. With just the push of a button, your garage door opens and allows you to park your car in a safe and dry environment without having to get out of the car.
When looking for garage door installation Hanover Park, one of your first considerations is likely to be the type of door that you want. Although steel is very popular, many people still prefer the more high end and aesthetically pleasing finish that wood gives. In addition to looking good, there are also numerous other benefits.
If you know anything about garage doors, you already know that the spring door is one of the most important part, if not THE most important part of a garage door. This is the reason why you need to have the telephone numbers of garage door specialists on speed dial. This is true no matter where you live, whether it's Hanover Park or somewhere else.
Can You Ever Go Wrong Choosing A Garage Door Opener Hanover Park?
If you just typed in "garage door opener Hanover Park", then most you are a resident of Hanover Park who is trying to get his garage door fixed, or more precisely, trying to have the garage door opened. Well, you really don't need to worry because there are many garage door specialists based in Hanover Park. Finding them is really easy, just go to Google or Yelp.com, type in "garage door opener repair" and then "Hanover Park".
If you have a garage, then you really can't get away with having garage door services in your speed dial. This is because garage door repair is not something that you can do DIY. You need to have a professional do it for.
There are professionals that could manage spring repair that is broken in any type of garage door. With repair jobs such as these, you have a need for an expert that could handle them all. A malfunctioning door in the garage could be quite inconvenient and annoying when they're not operating properly or not at all, as you may or may not already know. Garage door springs are an extremely important and really should be properly installed and kept before use is obtained from them.
Never wait until it's too late to repair such a door that's set up on your garage. The garage door springs repair that needs immediate attention may be more crucial than you imagine.
Service that is speedy is definitely important when working with garage door springs. Coping having a garage that is nonfunctioning slow down and may be quite frustrating. That's whatever the reason may be, is a sensible conclusion, or why sending a specialist to handle a garage door spring that is broken. If it's something you've never managed before, don't try and undertake a job like broken springtime repair. Further damage may be caused by you or you could even cause a critical harm to yourself.
Not only is service that is fast quite convenient, but understanding and repairing the issue correctly & rapidly is important too. Managing all the garage door repairs in a professional manner is much valued.
Ensure that you have shopped around to find the best possible cost for the appropriate door that is going to meet your needs before making that final decision which kind and style of door you're planning to have installed in the garage. There is a lot that really needs to be placed in thought before purchasing a major appliance such as a door for the garage. As much attention and thought should go into your brand-new door before you purchase just as you would before purchasing something as important as your household 's refrigerator.
Keep in mind the repair invoice if something unlucky like that happens. It's very unlikely you'll ever require a repairman soon if professional setup company did the setup job.
For those who have an attached garage the door can be a big entrance way in your property. So, before going and choose the right design as well as colour, you might want to have a look at the security. Plus, you should check on the safety features too.
These are all things you may want to think about before making this type of major purchase. Never be afraid to ask questions how things work and function. All professional garage door installers will simply be too pleased to work with you in any way they could.
When you have some needs for garage door repair. Call us today.
Copyright © 2014 Axiom Garage Door Repair , All Rights Reserved.


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text:
Will Bucks arena deal pass Wisconsin Assembly?
By Dan FeldmanJul 27, 2015, 3:08 PM EDT
The Wisconsin state Senate passed an arena deal for the Milwaukee Bucks – a big step for the team.
Now, the bill must pass the Assembly and get signed by Gov. Scott Walker.
The latter is a near-certainty, but the former could present problems.
The bill will need Republic and Democratic support to pass the Assembly, because not all Republicans – members of the majority party – support it. Some Democrats want it altered.
Assembly Minority Leader Peter Barca, via WISN 12:
We're looking at a number of different issues here. We have about six, seven amendments that various members have drafted.
But, by and large, one thing that's important is making sure that, 30 years from now when the Bucks come around and want a new arena again, that we're in much better shape for the taxpayers, that we're not in the same boat now where we have to put millions of dollars just to keep the Bradley Center operating because it needs significant maintenance.
Additionally, we want to make sure that we have the best arrangement for the greater Milwaukee area for workers and for having jobs that are meaningful that I think the Bucks share in.
I'd argue Wisconsin politicians and the public they represent are already in pretty good shape. If the Bucks don't have plans for a new arena in motion by 2017, the NBA can buy back the team for $575 million. I don't think Bucks owners Wesley Edens and Marc Lasry want that too happen – which gives local governments plenty of leverage. They could dare Edens and Lasry not to pay more themselves and risk losing the franchise.
Instead, Wisconsin is trying to set up its next next deal with the Bucks. That's not a terrible idea, but the state would be better off using its leverage now.


text:
Q: c# unit test fails with moq when it goes to hit a real service So I was put on doing unit test and i noticed different unit tests failing in nunit and in Visual Studio with Resharper i tried debugging it and I get object
   [Test]
    public void KeyDocumentService_ProofKeyDocument_RepoReturnsData_ServiceReturnsTheDataWithoutError()
    {
        //Arrange
        KeyDocumentProofRequest request = new KeyDocumentProofRequest() { KeyDocumentId = 2 };
        string returnedResponse = "2";
        KeyDocument keyDocumentResponse = new KeyDocument() { CampaignId = "2", DesignFileId = 3,DocumentId="2", DataSourceId="3", KeyDocumentId=1 };
        List<vwKeyDocumentSearch> keyListResponse = new List<vwKeyDocumentSearch>() { new vwKeyDocumentSearch { FieldName = "test", FieldValue = "testvalue" } };
        var uproduceRepo = new Mock<IUProduceRepository>();
        var keyDocRepo = new Mock<IKeyDocumentRepository>();
        var templateRepo = new Mock<ITemplateRepository>();
        keyDocRepo.Setup(p => p.GetKeyDocument(It.IsAny<KeyDocumentRequest>())).Returns(new KeyDocumentResponse() { data = keyDocumentResponse });
        keyDocRepo.Setup(p => p.GetKeyDocumentItems(It.IsAny<int>())).Returns(keyListResponse);
        uproduceRepo.Setup(p => p.ProduceDocument(It.IsAny<string>(), It.IsAny<string>(), It.IsAny<Customization[]>(), It.IsAny<string>(), It.IsAny<string>(), null)).Returns(returnedResponse);
        // Act.
        KeyDocumentService svc = new KeyDocumentService(keyDocRepo.Object, uproduceRepo.Object, templateRepo.Object);
        var response = svc.ProofKeyDocument(request);

        //Assert
        Assert.IsNotNull(response);
        Assert.IsNotNull(response.data.JobId);
        Assert.IsNull(response.Error);
    }

So the error is happening on this line :
var response = svc.ProofKeyDocument(request);
Are unit Tests supposed to even be going into a real service?  or is that ok?
That Method ProofKeyDocument  looks like this  FYI
    private List<Customization> GetCustomizationsFromKeyDocumentItems(List<vwKeyDocumentSearch> keyDocumentItemsList,
                                        int templateId, int clientId)
    {
        try
        {
            List<Customization> KeyDocumentCustomizations = new List<Customization>();

            var keyDocumentVariableList = keyDocumentItemsList.Where(k => k.Type.ToUpper()=="VARIABLE").ToList();
            var keyDocumentSettingList = keyDocumentItemsList.Where(k => k.Type.ToUpper() == "SETTING").ToList();
            var keyDocumentContentList = keyDocumentItemsList.Where(k => k.Type.ToUpper() == "CONTENT").ToList();

            KeyDocumentCustomizations.AddRange(VariableCustomizations(keyDocumentVariableList, templateId));
            KeyDocumentCustomizations.AddRange(SettingCustomizations(keyDocumentSettingList, templateId));
            KeyDocumentCustomizations.AddRange(ContentCustomizations(keyDocumentContentList, templateId, clientId));

            return KeyDocumentCustomizations;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.Error(string.Format("Error customizing key document: {0}", templateId), ex);
            throw ex;
        }
    }

I see with Debugging it blowing up on this line
var keyDocumentVariableList = keyDocumentItemsList.Where(k => k.Type.ToUpper()=="VARIABLE").ToList();
Object Reference not set to instance... error    Why ?
 var keyDocumentResponse = _repo.GetKeyDocument(new KeyDocumentRequest() { KeyDocumentId = request.KeyDocumentId });

and
  Customization[] customizations = GenerateCustomizationsForKeyDocument(keyDocumentDetails.KeyDocumentId, keyDocumentResponse);

Then
    public KeyDocumentProofResponse ProofKeyDocument(KeyDocumentProofRequest request)
    {
        //return new KeyDocumentProofResponse()
        //{
        //    data = new KeyDocumentProofResponseData() { JobId = "2984" }
        //};
        KeyDocumentProofResponse response = new KeyDocumentProofResponse();
        var keyDocumentDetails = _repo.GetKeyDocument(new KeyDocumentRequest() { KeyDocumentId = request.KeyDocumentId }).data;
        if (keyDocumentDetails != null && (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(keyDocumentDetails.CampaignId)) &&
                keyDocumentDetails.DesignFileId.HasValue &&
                keyDocumentDetails.DesignFileId > 0)
        {

            var keyDocumentResponse = _repo.GetKeyDocument(new KeyDocumentRequest() { KeyDocumentId = request.KeyDocumentId });

            Customization[] customizations = GenerateCustomizationsForKeyDocument(keyDocumentDetails.KeyDocumentId, keyDocumentResponse);

            var jobTicketId = _uproduceRepo.CreateJobTicket(keyDocumentDetails.DocumentId, keyDocumentDetails.DataSourceId, "PROOF");
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(jobTicketId))
            {
                List<JobDataSource> dataSources = GenerateCSVForPersonalizedAndCustomizedVariables(keyDocumentResponse, jobTicketId);

                var jobId = _uproduceRepo.ProduceDocument(keyDocumentDetails.DocumentId, keyDocumentDetails.DataSourceId, customizations, "PROOF", jobTicketId, dataSources);

                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(jobId))
                {
                    response.Error = CreateCustomError("Error while submitting job", "Error occurred while submitting proofing job");
                }
                else
                {
                    response.data.JobId = jobId;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                response.Error = CreateCustomError("Unable to generate job ticket for the keydocument",
                "Error while creating a job ticket for proof request");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            response.Error = CreateCustomError("Unable to generate proof for the keydocument",
                "Requested template is missing campaignid or Designfile in Uproduce");
        }

        return response;
    }

A: Published test doesn't contain mock method for "CreteJobTicket" and jobTickedId will be null.
var jobTicketId = _uproduceRepo.CreateJobTicket(keyDocumentDetails.DocumentId, keyDocumentDetails.DataSourceId, "PROOF");

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


At B.C.P.hoto we've had the pleasure of shooting a variety of subjects and events. From weddings and engagements to livestock photography and marketing, we've shot it all! (Well, almost all.) With the fresh, new chapter of B.C.P.hoto, we've decided to organize our gallery into four subsections - agricultural, portraits, fine art and motivational.
We hope you enjoy our core galleries and don't forget to check out our various social media outlets for more images!


The year 2018 was filled with momentous moment across the globe. As every year does, it had many tragic downfalls, and to balance those sad moments out, there were also many uplifting events that shaped this year worldwide.
On November 8th, California's wildfire, the Camp Fire, starts in Butte County, California. Killing eighty-six people and destroying 18,000 structures, deeming itself California's most deadliest wildfire on record.
On July 10th, twelve members of a Thai soccer team and their coach were rescued from a Chiang Rai cave after being trapped for eighteen days due to rain floodings.
On September 28th, a 7.5-magnitude earthquake hit coastal city of Palu, Indonesia and a tsunami was triggered; killing 2,100 people and injuring more than 4,600 people.
On May 19th, Prince Harry and American actress Meghan Markle were married in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle In the United Kingdom. Nearly, twenty-nine million people worldwide tuned in to watch across fifteen different broadcasts.
On April 10th-11th, Mark Zuckerberg, founder and executive chief officer of Facebook, was put on trial in front of Congress for selling personal information of social media users without notifying the Federal Trade Commission to a political consulting firm called Cambridge Analytics.
On February 14th, a gunman, named Nikolas Cruz, opened fire on the students and staff at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland. Tragically, killing seventeen students and teachers and injuring seventeen others. The survivors from that day went on to start a student run movement for stricter gun laws called "March For Our Lives". Roughly 500,000 thousand people rallied together in Washington D.C to protest and started a discussion about how and if the Second Amendment still applies in today's world.
On November 7th, Democrats win the House back from the Republican party in the midterm election. Although, Republicans do gain more control in Senate.
In late January, the groundbreaking movement began that is used to empower women to speak against sexual assault and works to end sexual violence. First, gaining attention after Hollywood producer, Harvey Weinstein, was exposed for sexual harassment and assault by . It has now become an international movement that has taken down two hundred distinguished men after nearly nine hundred women publicly came forward with their sexual assault allegations.
On September 27th, Dr. Christine Blasey Ford testified before the Senate accusing Trump's Supreme Court nominee, Brett Kavanaugh, of sexual assault when they were high school students. During his testimony, Kavanaugh denied all accusations. The next day, Senate committee ruled in favor of Judge Kavanuagh (now, Justice Kavanaugh).
North Korea was held in Singapore at the The North Korea-United States summit. This is where President Donald Trump and Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un signed a document, promising a new relationship between the two nations.


text:
RAND TO THE RESCUE: Second Senator Leans Toward Objecting to Electoral College Certification
No one is 'president-elect' until a joint session of Congress meets to certify the Electoral College vote giving elected representatives of the people one last chance to interject
On January 6th, 2021 a joint session of Congress will meet on Capitol Hill to certify the votes of the Electors to the Electoral College from each state in the Union. But there is a provision that the Framers put in place to help safeguard from nefarious powers that would seek to steal elections at the ballot box.
The state Electors having already cast their votes on December 14, 2020, in their respective states, signed Certificates of the Vote, which are sent to the Vice President, the archivist, their state's Secretary of State, and the District Court Judge with purview in their states.
But the final decision on the votes comes on January 6, 2021, when both congressional chambers will meet in a joint session to count, certify the votes, and declare the winners of each state.
It is during this time that objections can be filed but any objection must be endorsed by at least one US Senator and one US Representative.
If an objection is registered properly, the joint session will be recessed, and each chamber will meet separately to debate and vote on the objection. A simple majority can uphold the objection, nullifying the electoral votes for the state in question.
Sen. Rand Paul (R-KY), told reporters that he isn't ruling out filing an objection to Electoral votes during the joint session.
"We're still looking at all the legal stuff that's happening with the legal cases and we'll make our decision after we've seen all the legal challenges," Paul said on December 10, 2020.
"We'll make our decision after we've seen all the legal challenges."
Sen. @RandPaul says he could join @RepMoBrooks to file an objection to electoral votes during the joint session of Congress on Jan. 6, 2021. https://t.co/u0X9DN9TlO
— The Epoch Times (@EpochTimes) December 15, 2020
Recently, Sen. Ron Johnson (R-WI), told reporters that he's leaving the option open as well.
Johnson is the chairman of the Senate Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs Committee. That committee will hold the first federal-level hearing on the election, citing "irregularities."
Rep. Mo Brooks (R-AL), Rep.-elect Barry Moore (R-AL), and Rep.-elect Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA), have said they are planning to file objections.
The objection of Electoral votes has happened several times throughout the history of our country, including as recently as 2017 when Democrat US Representatives registered objections in the 2016 presidential election over Alabama and Georgia's votes for President Trump. Then no US senators would join them.
Before that, former US Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-CA), tried to strike Ohio for George Bush back in 2005.
Tags: Ballot TamperingBen JohnsonCongressDemocratselectionElectoral CollegeFraudMo BrooksRand Paulvote fraud
Frank Salvato
Frank Salvato is the co-host of the Underground USA podcast and host of the National File podcast RightMinded. His writing has been recognized by the US House International Relations Committee and the Japan Center for Conflict Prevention, and has been published by The American Enterprise Institute, The Washington Times, Accuracy in Media, and Breitbart. Mr. Salvato appeared on The O'Reilly Factor on FOX News Channel and is the author of six books examining internal and external threats facing our country. He can be heard twice weekly on "The Captain's America: Third Watch" radio program syndicated nationally on the Salem Broadcasting Network and Genesis Communications affiliate stations.
HEALING THE NATION: Democrat Party Officials Donate To GoFundMe For BLM Activist Charged In Axe Attack On GOP Senator's Office
Biden First Actions Are to Roll-Back Trump Policies, Continue Obama-Era Schemes
VIDEO: Biden Demanded 'Paper Trails' For Electronic Voting Machines
ARIZONA: Senate Subpoenas SERVED for Dominion Voting Machines in Maricopa County
FLASHBACK: Don Blankenship Warned US of McConnell's Ties to Communist China In 2018 Campaign Ad
It appears the Antifa attack on the Democrat Headquarters in Portland was inspired by hatred of Joe...
CONFUSION: Arizona GOP Was Told They Could Finally Audit 2020 Ballots, Then Maricopa County Declared 'Negotiations Continue' January 20, 2021
GUN GRABBER: Biden AG Pick Merrick Garland, Failed SCOTUS Nominee, Has Obsessed About Seizing Firearms For Decades January 20, 2021


Data Centers have just a few pictures shared. What would happen if you could have as many pictures as the London Olympics to tell a story?
WSJ has a cool set of photos that tell the story of the London Olympics from a range of views.


Here's a question that's likely on the minds of millions of people as I write this. People who struggle with a drug habit, an alcohol habit, with self-medication on pharmaceuticals, with cigarette use, with a bad eating habit, or even with drinking excessive amounts of coffee a day find themselves asking this type of question.
When we think of the quality of living in the U.S., our first concept is that our country is healthy, operating well, and with residents who live long, fulfilling lives. Sure we have our fast food and our even faster lifestyles, but we generally conceive the U.S. as being a pretty healthy and "able-bodied" country. It might come as a surprise then that the U.S. national life expectancy has dropped for two years in a row, and it has dropped because of the opiate epidemic.
Just reading the title of this article may be enough to inspire concern and perhaps even repulsion. It is a bit of a shocker, really, to hear that opiate addicts are turning to anti-diarrhea drugs to get their fix. But this is actually happening.
Adapting and responding to a person's surroundings is the way people seem to live. In response to this, when we are talking about addiction, we can point out social and environmental factors that can make a person more susceptible to drugs.
The Drug Enforcement Administration has issued a nationwide warning to both public and law enforcement agencies about fentanyl, one of the strongest opioid painkillers ever created.
I had a cousin named Tim. He was an amazing guy growing up always, laughing and having a good time. Tim was the type of person who drew people to him and was always kind no matter the circumstance. He would literally give someone the shirt off of his back to make sure someone did not go without.
Let me start out by saying "any school in the Unites States will tell you Don't do drugs because they are bad." What they don't do is tell you why they are bad and what they actually do to the body and mind in long term. That being said..
As a child who grew up with parents who are addicts, I constantly found myself wanting to give up all hope that they would ever change. It was a constant battle between my head and my heart, deciding whether or not they deserved yet another chance.
The leading cause of accidental deaths in America is controlled substances. Addictive opioids are just one of the many, controlled substances that have become a lethal contender in this unfortunate situation. Opioids are used to inhibit the transmission of pain signals, people with chronic pain.


Do you scroll through Instagram or Pinterest oogling at the endless picture perfect pictures of sceneries or cute animals or beautiful home interiors that one can only dream of like I do?
It's so addictive don't you think? Imagine if you can have one of those prints on your wall.
Allow me to share with you a newfound website called Photowall .
Photowall is a Swedish based online company which is currently the Nordic leader in wall mural and canvas. They hold a plethora of beautiful prints which you convert into either a wall mural, wall canvas or a designer wallpaper – all made to measure. And the choices are endless! I kid you not!
They have images in more than 15 categories including cities, nature, food, animals, beaches, maps including fun options for kids. Their wall canvas is made from 100% cotton, and both mural and canvas are environmentally friendly as well as fire retardant which is always a useful tip to know.
With my love for travel and photography, I was considering using one of my own pictures as they have a customisation feature where you can upload your own picture and create your own canvas or mural.
Here's the best part, should you encounter a problem with your image, they have something which is unique to them – you can ask for free personal assistance. Send them a message with your request or queries about the picture and they have image editors who will get back to you by email with a corrected image.
I was very tempted to do my own creation for a wall canvas, then I came across a beach scene from Thailand with palm trees. I remember looking out of my window when I was scrolling through their images, it was the typical English cold and gray day. The sunshine and palm trees were incredibly appealing, and I thought this was the one! This will be the picture I'll have hanging in my living room to remind me of sunshine in my life.
1. You select the option of having a do-it-yourself frame or canvas only, select the size using their width and height slider with an image for you to see how it will look.
2. Click on the image and you can adjust how you like the picture within the highlighted box and crop the picture. The total price changes according to the size.
3. At checkout, you have the option of Credit Card/Debit, Paypal or SoFort Banking. Delivery is free internationally, which takes between 3 to 6 days.
Oh, Photowall has a Trusted Shop guarantee for safe checkout and don't be surprised if a pop up of Trusted Shop shows up after your checkout.
It arrived undamaged and very securely packaged. What I was most surprised about is the quality of it. I took out the canvas and immediately you can tell the difference between Photowall's quality and what you can find in the local stores. The colours are vibrant and have a luxury feel to the material. The frame is made of 3m wood, heavy and very sturdy.
What I am terrified of is the construction of the frames. You don't need any extra tools and instructions are provided. As I am a visual person, I got out their youtube video on how to construct it.
It seems simple enough, you aligned the wood to make the frame and when you have the right coordination, peel off the tape from the wood and stick it on to the canvas then use the screws to tighten the wooden pieces together.
This took me a while to get right. Initially, I followed the instructions, aligning the wood to the canvas and sticking it on but at the end, I realised the screws wouldn't go through. They were not aligned very well, my assumption was either I got the initial assembly wrong or the wood was not cut precisely to fit the canvas. Using my resourcefulness as you do. I fasten the wood together first, aligned it over the canvas then stick the sides on. IT worked! Thank god! However the canvas didn't fully cover all the side of the wood but it's ok, it's done and looks pretty secure.
More importantly, it is beautiful with vivid colours and brightens my little space up.
What do you think? Isn't it a beaut! Now I can imagine myself on the beach sipping a pina colada while I work from home.
If you use my product code WhatsUpCourtneyCampaign2018 at www.photowall.co.uk – You will receive 20% discount until 30th of March.
OOOOO that looks so awesome! I will totally be checking this out 🙂 Your blog is super cute!
Wow such beautiful canvas that can indeed make a difference in someone's living room. And the quality as well looks top notch and not that expensive. I will definitely buy something from them and thanks for the discount code :D!


InThomas Edison invented the phonograph. Personal relationships with radio station format directors is the name of the game in this arena. Works directly with clients in a non-advising capacity, such as answering questions, scheduling appointments and making sure all training concerns are properly taken care off Oversee the smooth running of the daily office activities.
Although independent distribution channels Johnson, Wallace and Cordoba exist, many independent labels choose to utilize the independent distribution services offered by major labels. Bombarded by new song and album releases each month, program directors are inclined to assist those with who they are familiar and friendly.
Several manufacturers that REC is currently considering are: Each of the albums that REC produces and owns will create valuable short-term streams of revenue.
A new issue debuted weekly, sold at newsstands like a magazine.
In the UK, analog discs continued to be the preferred medium for the licence of BBC transcriptions to overseas broadcasters until the use of CDs became a practical alternative.
In countries outside the U. REC is composed of three internal divisions: Reed Music will place heavy importance on music videos, considering the national and international reach of these networks.
According to Edward Wallerstein the general manager of RCA's Victor divisionthis device was "instrumental in revitalizing the industry". We may also allow our affiliates, service providers, data management providers and advertisers to serve cookies or employ other tracking technologies from the Services.
Also, our recording studio facility and recording equipment are some of the very best in the industry. Most independents position themselves and focus within a specific music genre.
Phase 1 begins with the creation of music videos for approximately three songs from the new album project. Owning and controlling the rights to each of its albums will enable REC to grow its music catalog into a valuable asset, one of several-hundred revenue producing titles.
Please allow up to ten 10 business days for changes to your email preferences to take effect. Print List of at least 10 or more words Did student use spell check Observation of completed project Lesson 4:Thank you for purchasing the Record Label Business Plan Template.
This Template is designed in professional business plan format and includes components such as a MISSION STATEMENT, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, COMPANY DESCRIPTION, INDUSTRY ANALYSIS.
MS Access Database Templates with source code designed to save you time and help you learn - download a day free trial. To access the new Vendor Information Pages (VIP) you must select one of the options available through AccessVA login: Veteran Small Business Owners: DS Login: Veterans (including Veterans Small Business Owners (Veteran Owned Small Business (VOSB) or Service Disabled Veteran Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) or their business representatives who are also Veterans.
I f you are looking to start a Record Label, in order to operate a SERIOUS Music Business, you will need a document that summarizes the operational and financial objectives of your business, and also one that contains the detailed plans and budgets showing how your objectives are to be realized!
The record label business plan template is fully geared towards the record label business. Easily add project plans, phasing diagrams, floor plans, specific plans and more as is needed. Easily insert important data from the financial application.


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A&A Practice
June 1998 - Volume 86 - Issue 6
Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw at Anesthesia & Analgesia.
Neurosurgical Anesthesia
0.45% Saline and 5% Dextrose in Water, but Not 0.9% Saline or 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline, Worsen Brain Edema Two Hours After Closed Head Trauma in Rats
Talmor, Daniel MD; Shapira, Yoram MD, PhD; Artru, Alan A. MD; Gurevich, Boris MD; Merkind, Vladimir MD; Katchko, Ludmyla MD; Reichenthal, Eli MD
Divisions of (Talmor, Shapira, Gurevich) Anesthesiology and (Merkind, Reichenthal) Neurosurgery, Soroka Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Science; (Katchko) Department of Anesthesiology, Kaplan Hospital, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; and (Artru) Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Accepted for publication February 18, 1998.
Address correspondence to Alan A. Artru, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Box 356540, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6540. Address e-mail to [email protected] Address reprint requests to Yoram Shapira, MD, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology, Soroka Medical Center, P.O. Box 151, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
Anesthesia & Analgesia: June 1998 - Volume 86 - Issue 6 - p 1225-1229
doi: 10.1213/00000539-199806000-00017
In this study, we examined the effect of four IV fluids (250 mL/kg) on blood glucose and osmolality and brain tissue specific gravity after closed head trauma (CHT) in rats.CHT was delivered at Time 0; blood was sampled at 60 min; fluid infusion began at 75 min and ended at 105 min. Blood was again sampled at 105 and 120 min, and brain tissue specific gravity was determined at 120 min. Five groups (one control and four fluid-treated groups) received CHT, and five other groups (one control and four fluid-treated) did not (n = 9 in each group). 0.45% saline (1/2 NS) and 5% dextrose in water (D5W) accentuated the decrease of brain tissue specific gravity (1.0366 +/- 0.0025 and 1.0368 +/- 0.0028, respectively; mean +/- SD) caused by CHT (1.0395 +/- 0.0036), but 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline (D5NS) and 0.9% saline (NS) did not (1.0431 +/- 0.0042 and 1.0389 +/- 0.0049, respectively). In addition, 1/2 NS decreased blood osmolality (248 +/- 6 mOsm/L), D5W increased blood glucose (1095 +/- 173 mg/dL), D5NS increased blood osmolality (350 +/- 5 mOsm/L) and glucose (1695 +/- 76 mg/dL), and NS caused no significant change. We conclude that administering hypoosmolar IV fluids after CHT causes a significant worsening of cerebral edema 2 h after CHT. Implications: We previously reported worse neurological outcome and/or mortality after closed head trauma in rats when 5% dextrose in water or 0.45% saline was given IV compared with 0.9% saline or 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline. The present results and our previous findings indicate that worsening of outcome after closed head trauma in rats may be caused more by edema formation than by hyperglycemia.
(Anesth Analg 1998;86:1225-9)
SECTION EDITOR: DAVID S. WARNER.
In a model of closed head trauma (CHT) in rats, we reported that the IV administration of 250 mL/kg of 5% dextrose in water (D5W) increased the concentration of glucose in blood, increased brain edema in the noncontused hemisphere, and worsened the neurological severity score (NSS) and mortality rate four hours after CHT [1]. In contrast, the IV administration of 250 mL/kg of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's solution caused no significant change in blood glucose, brain edema, NSS, or mortality rate at four hours compared with untreated rats [1,2]. Based on these studies, it was not certain whether the worsening of NSS and mortality rate seen with D5W resulted from brain edema or from increased glucose.
Accordingly, we designed another study to examine the effects of the IV administration of 250 mL/kg of 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline (D5NS) and 0.45% saline (1/2 NS). We hypothesized that D5NS would increase blood glucose but, being hyperosmolar with respect to blood, would not increase brain edema. Conversely, 1/2 NS should not increase blood glucose but, being hypoosmolar with respect to blood, should increase brain edema. We found that D5NS decreased brain edema, increased blood glucose, and caused no significant change in NSS or mortality rate [3]. We also found that 1/2 NS increased the mortality rate and caused no significant change in blood glucose, brain edema, or NSS.
Because both D5W [1] and D5NS [3] increase blood glucose, but only D5W [1] increases edema and worsens outcome, we concluded that worsening of outcome may be caused more by edema formation (regardless of whether glucose is concomitantly increased) than by increased glucose per se. An association between hyperglycemia and poor neurological outcome has been reported in both adult and pediatric head-injured patients and experimental models of ischemia [4]. Regarding the comparison between NS and 1/2 NS in our earlier studies [1-3], because 1/2 NS worsened the mortality rate but did not cause cerebral edema at four hours as expected, these data did not address the question of whether an increase in blood glucose is required to worsen the NSS and mortality rate associated with cerebral edema formation after the IV administration of D5W after CHT.
In a study designed to examine the time of occurrence of the greatest change in the NSS, brain edema, and blood-brain barrier permeability after CHT in rats in the absence of IV fluid administration, we measured brain tissue specific gravity and water content before CHT and 15 minutes; 1, 2, 4, 10, and 24 hours; and 2, 4, and 7 days after CHT [5]. The graph of the data gives the appearance of an initial increase in brain edema at 2-4 hours, followed by a second larger increase in brain edema at 24 hours. Thus, it is possible that although brain edema was not demonstrable at four hours when 1/2 NS was administered IV after CHT, brain edema may be demonstrable at two hours. Accordingly, the present study was designed to examine brain edema two hours after CHT when each of the four above-mentioned IV fluids was administered.
This study was approved by the animal care committee of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Ninety adult Sprague-Dawley rats, 238 +/- 32 g (mean +/- SD), were used in this study. By random assignment, 45 rats were allocated to the groups undergoing scalp incision (Groups 1-5) and 45 rats were allocated to the groups undergoing scalp incision followed by CHT (Groups 6-10). Experimental conditions for the 10 groups are summarized in Table 1. This model has been previously described [1,2,6,7]. Briefly, 1.5%-2.0% halothane in oxygen was administered in concentrations sufficient to abolish corneal reflexes. A midline scalp incision was made, and the scalp and underlying muscles were reflected laterally. A cranial blow was then delivered (in the appropriate groups) at a prefixed point over the left hemisphere 1-2 mm lateral to the midline on the skull convexity. The blow was delivered by a free-falling plate, from the center of which protruded a silicone-tipped rod that impacted the skull. Settings on the frame controlled the distance of the fall of the platform. The energy imparted to the skull by the stereotaxically guided plate is directly and linearly related to the distance of the fall, and the nonpenetrating blow causes reproducible brain injury and deterioration of neurologic status [1,2,6,7]. After scalp incision with or without CHT, anesthesia was discontinued, and animals were returned to their cages and supplied with unlimited food and water.
One hour after CHT or scalp incision, the NSS was determined. Rats were then reanesthetized with halothane and placed in the supine position. The femoral region was infiltrated with 2% lidocaine, and 23-gauge catheters were inserted into a femoral artery and vein. A 300-[micro sign]L sample of arterial blood was obtained, and continuous measurement of blood pressure was begun. At 75 min after CHT or scalp incision, IV fluid infusion was begun as appropriate. No IV fluids were given to Groups 1 and 6. The other eight groups received 250 mL/kg of IV fluid over 30 min. At 105 min after CHT or scalp incision, IV fluid infusion was discontinued and a blood sample was obtained. Two hours after CHT or scalp incision (i.e., 15 min after completion of IV fluid infusion), a blood sample again was obtained, and all rats were killed.
The NSS was developed to assess the clinical condition of the rats after CHT [1,2,6,7]. Points are assigned for motor function and behavior. The detailed criteria for scoring have been published previously [1,2,6,7]. The NSS directly measures the deterioration of observable neurological status so that a low score represents nearly intact neurological status (minimum 0) and a high score represents severe neurological dysfunction (maximum 25). The NSS was measured 1 h after CHT or scalp incision by a blind observer.
Rats were decapitated 2 h after CHT or scalp incision, and the entire brain was immediately removed and placed on a frozen plate. In the CHT groups, brain tissue samples weighing up to 50 mg were cut from areas adjacent to the zone of maximal macroscopic damage in the left hemisphere and from the corresponding area in the right hemisphere. In groups with no CHT, brain tissue samples were taken from the corresponding left and right hemisphere areas. These small brain tissue samples were used to determine specific gravity. Specific gravity was determined using linear gradient columns of kerosene and bromobenzene [1]. A calibrated curve was generated for each column using anhydrous K2 SO4 solutions of known specific gravity (1.045, 1.040, 1.035, and 1.025).
Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures were measured via the 23-gauge catheter in the femoral artery. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was determined by electronic integration of the systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures. Blood pressure measurement began 1 h after CHT or scalp incision and was discontinued 2 h after CHT or scalp incision. Blood was sampled from the arterial catheter at 1, 1.75, and 2 h to determine plasma osmolality and blood gas tensions and concentrations of urea, glucose, sodium, and potassium.
Blood pressure, brain tissue specific gravity, and laboratory results are expressed as the mean +/- SD. These data were compared using analysis of variance followed by post hoc evaluation using the Student-Newman-Keuls test. The NSS values were tabulated as median (range) and were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc evaluation using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Mortality rates were compared using Fisher's exact test. A probability value of <0.05 was considered significant.
(Table 2) summarizes the specific gravity of cortical slices taken from the injured and the corresponding contralateral hemisphere in the 10 experimental groups. Within-group comparisons indicated that in all groups with CHT, the specific gravity was decreased (water content was increased) in the injured hemisphere compared with the specific gravity in the noninjured (right) hemisphere. Between-group comparisons indicated that specific gravity of the injured hemispheres was decreased compared with that in both hemispheres in rats with no CHT. Among the groups with CHT, specific gravity in the injured hemispheres of rats given 1/2 NS (Group 7) or D5W (Group 9) was significantly decreased compared with the injured hemispheres of rats given D5NS (Group 8) or no IV fluid (Group 6). Specific gravity in the uninjured hemispheres of CHT rats given D5NS (Group 8) was significantly increased compared with the uninjured hemispheres of the other groups of CHT rats. Among the groups with CHT, the specific gravity in both hemispheres of rats given 1/2 NS (Group 2) or D5W (Group 4) was significantly decreased compared with that in rats given D5NS (Group 3), NS (Group 5), or no IV fluid (Group 1).
Brain Tissue Specific Gravity
There was no significant difference in blood pressure among the five groups with no (Groups 1-5). There was also no significant difference in blood pressure among the five groups with CHT (Groups 6-10). In Groups 1-5, the MAP was 91 +/- 11 mm Hg (combined value for all groups). In Groups 6-10, the MAP increased to 104 +/- 11 mm Hg (combined value for all groups).
Values from blood sampled after initial insertion of the femoral artery catheter were: plasma osmolality 280 +/- 7 mOsm/kg; blood concentrations of glucose 130 +/- 5 mg/dL, sodium 135 +/- 6 mEq/L, potassium 3.1 +/- 0.1 mEq/L, and urea 25.8 +/- 2.6 mg/dL; and hematocrit 40% +/- 2%. Plasma osmolality was decreased by 1/2 NS and increased by D5NS. Blood glucose was increased by D5NS and D5W; blood sodium was decreased by 1/2 NS, D5NS, and D5W; and blood potassium was decreased by 1/2 NS and D5NS Table 3.
Chemical Composition of Blood
The NSS 1 h after CHT was 18 (15-21) with no IV fluid administration (Group 6), 18 (14-21) with 1/2 NS (Group 7), 20 (17-22) with D5NS (Group 8), 16 (14-19) with D5W (Group 9), and 17 (15-19) with NS (Group 10). The NSS did not differ significantly among groups.
The principal finding of the present study is that the IV administration of 250 mL/kg of 1/2 NS or D5W after CHT caused significantly greater cerebral edema, as indicated by a significantly greater decrease of brain tissue specific gravity in the injured hemisphere, than did the IV administration of D5NS or NS or no fluid administration. The finding of greater cerebral edema at two hours with 1/2 NS and D5W permits a more complete interpretation of our previous studies [1-3] and addresses the question of whether outcome from CHT is worsened by cerebral edema only when blood glucose is concomitantly increased. In our previous studies, both D5W and D5NS increased blood glucose, but only D5W increased edema and worsened outcome after CHT [1-3]. Although we speculated that worsening of outcome may be caused more by edema formation (regardless of whether glucose is concomitantly increased) than by increased glucose per se, that conclusion could not be confirmed because 1/2 NS worsened the mortality rate but did not cause cerebral edema at four hours as expected. The finding in the present study that 1/2 NS caused cerebral edema at 2 hours confirms that the worsened outcome after CHT (mortality rate 50%) previously reported at 24 hours may relate to postraumatic cerebral edema without a concomitant increase in blood glucose [3].
The present study also provides information about changes in factors two hours after CHT that may affect edema formation. This two-hour data complements previously reported data on changes in factors four hours after CHT that may affect edema formation [1-3]. We previously reported that at four hours, D5W caused no significant change in blood osmolality and decreased the blood sodium concentration; NS caused no change in osmolality or sodium; D5NS increased osmolality and decreased sodium; and 1/2 NS decreased osmolality and sodium. In the present study, we found that at two hours, all four IV fluids produced the same changes in osmolality and sodium as at four hours. Our findings of worsening cerebral edema two hours after CHT when D5W or 1/2 NS were administered are consistent with previous reports that edema formation is inversely related to the increase or decrease from normal values of blood osmolality and sodium concentration [8].
Several of the findings of the present study are consistent with previously reported results and support the validity of this model. In the present study, the lower brain tissue specific gravity in rats given 1/2 NS or D5W but not subjected to CHT is consistent with the time course of equilibration of hypoosmolar solutions across the blood-brain barrier [5,9]. The greater brain tissue specific gravity in the uninjured hemisphere of rats with CHT that received D5NS is consistent with the well known effect of hyperosmolar solutions to decrease brain water content [9,10]. The lower brain tissue specific gravity in the injured hemisphere of all groups of rats with CHT is consistent with previous reports of rapidly developing cerebral edema after cranial impact [5]. The NSS at one hour are consistent with values previously reported for this model and indicate that an adequate cranial blow was delivered [1-3,11,12].
Limitations of the present study are that the rats breathed spontaneously during and after CHT, that systemic arterial blood pressure was not measured during the 0- to 60-minute period after CHT, and that brain temperature was not measured. Two consequences of spontaneous ventilation that might affect the present outcome measures are hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Because PaO2, PaCO2, and blood pressure were not measured during the 0- to 60-minute period after CHT, there are no data to prove that hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and hypotension did not occur. However, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and hypotension severe enough to affect outcome measures might also be expected to have affected the NSS one hour after CHT. In the present study, the NSS at one hour did not differ among groups. PaO2, PaCO2, and MAP values did not differ among groups during the 60- to 120-minute period after CHT. In a later study using this same model, MAP was monitored during CHT and the 0- to 60-minute period after CHT and did not differ between groups [13]. In another subsequent study using this same model, temporalis muscle temperature (and rectal temperature) were measured during CHT and 1, 4, 24, and 48 hours after CHT and did not differ between groups [14].
In summary, in our previous studies, both D5W and D5NS increased blood glucose, but only D5W increased edema and worsened outcome. These results suggested, but did not prove, that worsening of outcome after CHT may be caused more by edema formation than by increased glucose per se. The results of the present study and those of our previous studies indicate that 1/2 NS given after CHT increases edema and worsens outcome without altering blood glucose. Further, NS or lactated Ringer's solution does not alter edema, blood glucose, or outcome. The present results support the proposal that edema is a greater risk factor for worsening of outcome after CHT than is increased blood glucose.
1. Shapira Y, Artru AA, Qassam N, et al. Brain edema and neurological status with rapid infusion of 0.9% saline or 5% dextrose following head trauma. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1995;7:17-25.
Cited Here |
View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
2. Feldman Z, Zachari S, Reichenthal E, et al. Brain edema and neurological status with rapid infusion of lactate Ringer's or 5% dextrose solution following head trauma. J Neurosurg 1995;83:1060-6.
PubMed | CrossRef
3. Gurevich B, Talmor D, Artru AA, et al. Brain edema, hemorrhagic necrosis volume, and neurological status with rapid infusion of 0.45% saline or 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline following closed head trauma in rats. Anesth Analg 1997;84:554-9.
4. Avellino AM, Lam AM, Winn HR. Management of acute head injury. In: Albin MS, ed. Textbook of neuroanesthesia: with neurosurgical and neuroscience perspectives. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997:1137-75.
Cited Here
5. Shapira Y, Setton D, Artru AA, Shohami E. Blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebral edema, and neurological function after closed head injury in rats. Anesth Analg 1993;77:141-8.
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© 1998 International Anesthesia Research Society
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Anesthesia & Analgesia86(6):1225-1229, June 1998.
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