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Microsoft Research Podcast
An ongoing series of conversations bringing you right up to the cutting edge of Microsoft Research.
Advancing accessibility with Dr. Meredith Ringel Morris
May 23, 2018 | By Microsoft blog editor
Principal Researcher and Research Manager Meredith Ringel Morris. Photo courtesy of Maryatt Photography.
Episode 25, May 23, 2018
With 7 billion people on the planet, you might be surprised to learn that approximately a billion of those people experience some form of disability. Enter Principal Researcher and Research Manager, Dr. Meredith Ringel Morris, and the Ability Group at Microsoft Research. They're working to remove accessibility barriers both to and through technology, empowering people with disabilities to better perform their daily tasks.
Today, Dr. Morris gives us some fascinating insights into the world of "ability," talks about how technology is augmenting not only sensory and motor abilities, but cognitive and social abilities as well, and shares how Microsoft, through its AI for Accessibility initiative, is committed to extending the capabilities and enhancing the quality of life for every person on the planet.
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Meredith Ringel Morris: In the past, there was what we call a "medical model" of disability. And this model proposes that people with disabilities are ill and need to be fixed. More recently, thinking has really evolved toward a more "social model" of disability. And so, the social model emphasizes that many people with disabilities are only disabled by the way that society treats them. So, that philosophy of the social model rather than the medical model of disability is something that the Ability and Enable teams really embrace in our thinking about technology.
Host: You're listening to the Microsoft Research Podcast, a show that brings you closer to the cutting-edge of technology research and the scientists behind it. I'm your host, Gretchen Huizinga.
Host: With 7 billion people on the planet, you might be surprised to learn that approximately a billion of those people experience some form of disability. Enter Principal Researcher and Research Manager, Dr. Merrie Ringel Morris, and the Ability Group at Microsoft Research. They're working to remove accessibility barriers both to and through technology, empowering people with disabilities to better perform their daily tasks.
Today, Dr. Morris gives us some fascinating insights into the world of "ability," talks about how technology is augmenting not only sensory and motor abilities, but cognitive and social abilities as well, and shares how Microsoft, through its AI for Accessibility initiative, is committed to extending the capabilities and the enhancing quality of life for every person on the planet. That and much more on this episode of the Microsoft Research Podcast.
Host: Merrie Ringel Morris. Welcome to the podcast.
Meredith Ringel Morris: Thank you. Glad to be here.
Host: Thanks for coming in. So, your research falls under the general umbrella of Human Computer Interaction, or HCI. But you're a Principal Researcher and Research Manager of a relatively new group in Microsoft Research. Tell us what it is and what gets you up in the morning?
Meredith Ringel Morris: So, our new team is the Ability team, and it's a new group that's focused on harnessing research at the forefront of HCI, Human Computer Interaction. And also, AI, in order to augment the capabilities and extend the abilities of people everywhere, and in particular, the approximately 20 percent of the population that has some form of disability.
Host: So, let's drill in there a minute. You have referred to some pretty surprising statistics. Give us a picture of the ability spectrum from, you know, um differing levels, categories and lengths, even, of disabilities.
Meredith Ringel Morris: So, the most recent US census indicates that about one in five Americans experience some form of disability in their daily lives. And statistics from the World Health Organization indicate that about 1 billion people worldwide are disabled in some way. And disability refers to a spectrum of different condition, that includes sensory disabilities such as challenges with vision and hearing. That includes motor disability. That can include speech and language disabilities, as well as cognitive disabilities, such as learning challenges, autism, attention challenges, et cetera. And then, of course, in our own research, I think it's really motivating to think about not only how our research advances can specifically assist those disability constituencies, but actually how advances in research for people with disabilities actually tend to benefit the usability of technology for everyone, because all of us, at some point in our lives, experience temporary, or situational, disabilities. A temporary disability in a motor space might be if someone breaks their leg. So, they might be using crutches or a wheelchair for a short period of time. And, of course, would then benefit from technologies that assist people who have more lifelong motor disabling conditions. But even situational impairments that are much more fleeting affect all of us. If someone is pushing a grocery cart or pushing a baby stroller, just in that moment, they, also, in a sense, have a motor disability.
Host: You know, that's interesting, because I don't think most of us think about disability in terms of that it might be temporary and that all of us, at some point, experience some kind of disability, so I think it's interesting to broaden the vision of what that means, and how technology can help us there. So, talk a bit about how your technologies are aiming to help us.
Meredith Ringel Morris: So, the Ability group has projects focusing in several different areas. In the cognitive space, we've been doing some work on how to make search engines easier to use for people with dyslexia. So, dyslexia is a spectrum disorder. It impacts about 15 to 20 percent of English language speakers. The incidence rate is different depending on different languages. But 15 to 20 percent of the population is quite substantial. And people with dyslexia experience a range of challenges with spelling and reading comprehension, and, of course, search engine use, to find information online is, I would argue, one of the most important modern literacy skills today. And so, we've been doing some basic studies to understand first, what are the challenges that people with dyslexia experience at different stages of web search? So, choosing their query terms, triaging the information on the search engine results page, actually finding specific nuggets of information within a webpage once they've arrived at it. And then thinking about how we might change both the ranking algorithms for search results, themselves, as well as the interface for presenting those results, to make it easier to use for that group. And I think that that's also another really interesting example of where thinking about a particular disability, such as dyslexia, might yield a user interface that impacts a much larger group of people. Children who are still just learning to read, or people learning English as a second language, might also benefit from many of these same interventions that would benefit users with dyslexia.
Host: Would you look at those as applied to a broad audience? I mean, if you're using algorithms that are on your search engine, everyone's going to experience them, right? From the person who's an early reader to someone who's a PhD…
Meredith Ringel Morris: Well, I think that's still a design decision to be made is about whether you would want these interface designs to be applied generally, across all users of the service, or whether it might be another form of personalization. So, today, major search engines generally apply different types of personalization. So, if you and I, both, were to search for "hamburger restaurant," and I was searching from Seattle, according to the geolocation of my browser, and you were searching from London, we would actually see different search results, because the results are actually being tailored to something about us, in this case, our location. So, you could imagine situations where search results might be tailored to someone's cognitive profile. Of course, that also raises potential privacy concerns.
Host: Yeah, we'll talk about that in a bit.
Meredith Ringel Morris: That's definitely something we're aware of. I think there are interesting trade-offs in how you might personalize or generalize these kinds of interface designs.
(music plays)
Host: There's another group within MSR under the umbrella of Human Computer Interaction called Enable that you collaborate with quite often. Why two groups in sort of the same zone, and how would you characterize the research going on in each group?
Meredith Ringel Morris: Absolutely. So, the Ability team and the Enable team work together closely. The Ability group's mission is in more foundational, academic work, more fundamental, scientific research, that then lays the basis for advanced engineering efforts and shipping more public-facing products by the Enable team. So, for example, the Enable team shipped the hands-free keyboard, which was inspired by their collaborations with Steve Gleason and Team Gleason, which is a foundation for people with ALS or Lou Gehrig's Disease. And so, the hands-free keyboard is an improvement on eye gaze interaction for typing and then speech synthesis. And so, the Enable team led the engineering efforts on that product. But behind the scenes, they were collaborating with myself and other members of the Ability team, and we did more underlying academic research that we shared broadly with the community that influenced that product. We did research to understand what are some of the limitations of eye trackers for different users and different lighting conditions, and how might interfaces adapt to those changes. We looked at new algorithms for mitigating error in eye typing that can now let users eye type more quickly, because they have to spend less time correcting errors. And we also did some fundamental research about what end users want from an AAC device in terms of how these communication devices can let users more authentically express their personality. So, we were out on the ground doing interviews with people with ALS to learn about their current technology needs. For example, how these devices currently don't let people express humor, sarcasm, artistic expression, you know, wanting to be able to sing through your device. So, we document those needs, and then we also propose innovations in terms of how these devices can express richer prosody and other channels of feedback that might support these needs in the future. So that's how the Enable team and the Ability team work together towards shared goals.
Host: So, back to the accessibility technology and the terminology, when we think of disabilities, we most often think of sensory and motor, because those are the most obvious ones. And you refer to some of the work you're doing with search engines for cognitive challenges as well. Is there anything else happening in the cognitive range that is interesting in this research?
Meredith Ringel Morris: So, another area that our team has been working on is technologies for people on the autism spectrum. So, Microsoft is, I think, a leader in beginning to think more actively about this space, particularly through our inclusive hiring program. So, Microsoft is now part of a consortium of companies that are actively working to change interview and hiring and retention practices to help harness the neuro-diverse talent in the software engineering industry. And so, one thing that the Ability team is involved in, in addition to consulting with that program to help design the inclusive technology program, but also to think about how our software engineering tools and practices, as a tech company, might need to be altered and updated to better support neuro-diverse talent.
Host: That's the first time I've heard that phrase, neuro-diverse.
Meredith Ringel Morris: Neurodiversity. Well, I think there's some interesting thinking in the accessibility space in the area of disability studies that's really changed over the past few years. So, in the past, there was what we call a "medical model" of disability. And this model proposes that people with disabilities are ill and need to be fixed, and that medical intervention is the focus. And more recently, thinking in that space has really evolved toward a more "social model" of disability. And so, the social model of disability emphasizes that many people with disabilities are only disabled not by their own state of being, but by the way that society treats them. The onus is really on society to adapt and be more inclusive. And the neurodiversity movement is one manifestation of that. So, I think that philosophy of the social model rather than the medical model of disability is something that the Ability and Enable teams really embrace in our thinking about technology.
Host: Again, back to the when we think of disability, we often think of sensory and motor and so on, and we also think of solutions that are meaningful and important. And so, thinking of something like social media, and how teens like to participate and be part of the group and have their friends share pictures and things like that, tell me a little about what you're doing for that group of limited vision population in the teen group.
Meredith Ringel Morris: Yes, so, this past summer, we did some really interesting research led by our intern, Cindy Bennett, who is a student nearby at the University of Washington, to understand how teenagers with vision impairment are using photography and social media. And we included, in that study, teens with a range of visual impairment. So, all of the teens who participated were legally blind. But most of them would be classified as having low vision. But the remainder of the group that we interviewed relied, to some degree, on their residual vision. Both of these groups of teenagers, whether they completely lacked vision or had some residual vision, were very interested in using visual social media tools, just as any teen would be, in order to communicate and stay in touch with their friends and participate in pop culture. So, applications like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, were all part of these teens' daily lives. And observing the usability challenges that this group experienced was really interesting for thinking about how we can redesign these kinds of photography capture and editing applications to make them more accessible. It's really important for all teenagers to be able to take flattering selfies. So. This was particularly challenging for people with low vision, because in order to take a selfie, you need to hold the camera at arm's length away from your face. That made it impossible for this group to see on the screen whether they were framed in a flattering way on the camera, or, even more challenging, if they were using some apps that tried to overlay different lenses on you while it's taking the selfie, they couldn't tell what those looked like or if they were aligned. So, thinking about how you might have better audio feedback in selfie cameras to give people information to help them position…
Host: Like, move to the left, or focus your face?
Meredith Ringel Morris: Right, or "you're completely in the frame now," or "you're out of the frame," would be really helpful to that audience. And another thing we saw the teens doing that I was really surprised by, was they used filters in an interesting way. What we saw was that teenagers with low vision, in addition to using filters for artistic purposes to kind of fit in with their friends, they were also using filters to actually improve the visual clarity of images for themselves.
Host: So they could see them.
Meredith Ringel Morris: Right. So, people would go through and choose a filter because it best matched their visual abilities to increase their own perception of a photo. And they would even do things like download other people's photos so that then they could filter them in order to see them better. And I think that suggests a lot of, again, potential for technological innovation in terms of actually designing filters specifically for different visual conditions that might be optimized to improve visual clarity for particular subsets of users, rather than only designing filters for aesthetic purposes.
Host: Is that something that your research team is looking at and studying and…?
Meredith Ringel Morris: It's on our list of things to tackle going forward. Yeah. So, we have an interesting pipeline in our research. So, we do – Human Computer Interaction more broadly encompasses several different research methods. So, it includes research to understand users' needs. So this is things like ethnography and interviews and surveys and observations to understand what users really want and need in technology. So, our team does a great deal of that kind of work. And then the next layer is to build on that, right? And now that we understand the needs in technology and the potential for innovation, to actually build new prototypes, new algorithms, new interfaces, that enable these kinds of expression that we see a need for. And that's also, again, something that our team does. So, we build prototypes, and then actually testing out these prototypes with users to understand what works and what doesn't and refine them. And then of course the next stage is actually building on that knowledge to engineer, you know, real systems that might be shippable to an end user.
Host: It sounds like you use the full spectrum of research methodology from qualitative to quantitative, and then actual lab testing of the stuff, and then getting it out into the world.
Meredith Ringel Morris: Yeah, so our team has people with backgrounds in different areas. We have one researcher with a background in psychology, others, like myself, with backgrounds in computer science. So, we really have different kinds of skills on the team.
Host: I think it's important to point out, now, that your team conducts research at, as you call it, the intersection of HCI and AI. And the AI part is super important. Without it, the research would look a lot different, I think. So, tell us how AI is changing the game for innovation in your field in ability, enabling and Human Computer Interaction.
Meredith Ringel Morris: Absolutely. I think there are a lot of AI advances that are going to enable new experiences for people with disabilities. But I think it's also vitally important that the needs of that user population be considered by people involved in the AI research directly. There's been an explosion recently, thanks to advances in deep learning, in the ability for computer vision systems to label photographs. And that's wonderful. And, of course, to me, an obvious application for a system that can automatically label photographs is to caption images for people who are visually impaired. Because when browsing the web right now, a screen reader can only describe an image if the author of a webpage has supplied an alt-text for it.
Host: Description.
Meredith Ringel Morris: That's right. And about 50 percent of images on the web right now, on major websites, lack alt-texts completely. So, a blind user wouldn't receive any description. So one might think well, we'll use these new AI technologies to caption the images. But there are some challenges with that. So, most of these technologies are not developed right now with the scenario of use by people who are visually impaired. So, there's the assumption that if a mistake is made in labeling the image, the cost of that mistake is relatively low, because a sighted user can see that a particular image maybe doesn't match the retrieval terms and just ignore that mistake. But for someone who is visually impaired, the cost can actually be quite high. And that, I think, is a more fundamental problem in AI research that I think our perspective from HCI and working with end-users can really inform through collaboration.
Host: Right. Let's talk about collaboration and circle back to the inception of the Enable group. And it began as a partnership with Team Gleason. I'm not sure everyone knows who Steve Gleason is and what the collaboration started as and how it's advanced and grown.
Meredith Ringel Morris: Sure, so the Enable team, which is led by Rico Malvar, who is the Chief Scientist of Microsoft Research, they grew out of a partnership with Team Gleason as part of Microsoft's one-week Hackathon. And so, Steve Gleason is a very well-known football player and he was diagnosed at a very young age with ALS, which is also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease. And as people with ALS progress and they lose muscle control, they need to rely on other tools such as wheelchairs for mobility and AAC devices for communication and speech generation. And Steve was not satisfied with the state of current technologies in that area. Unfortunately, there's no medical cure right now for ALS, and Steve is very well-known for a quote that I'll try to reproduce accurately here. So, his approximate quote is that, "While there is no medical cure for ALS, technology can be the cure." And so, by that, he means that technology can really, in this social model of disability, technology plays an important role in removing barriers to access and making people less disabled in their daily interactions. And so, his team has worked closely with Microsoft on two particular projects, which were the initial projects of the Enable team. One is allowing someone to use eye gaze to drive their own wheelchair, to have more autonomy. And then the other is in improved interfaces for typing with eye gaze. So, typically, the way people with ALS and other serious motor conditions communicate is through using the eyes to type. So, you would stare, with your eyes, at a particular letter on the screen with an eye tracker for a set amount of time until the system's confident that you're looking at that letter. And then that letter would be typed, and you do that one at a time. And then, when you're done typing something, you would hit a button that would speak that out in a computer-generated voice. And, typically, people achieve typing rates that are very slow, about 5 to 10 words a minute. Whereas conversational English speech is closer to 190 words a minute. So that is a huge impediment to participation in daily life when you're communicating that slowly. So, just letting people type, letter by letter, is not going to get you up to regular rates of speech. You need prediction. And that's where AI comes in again. And so, the Enable team has been working on better user interfaces and better algorithms behind the scenes, and word prediction in order to improve that kind of speech. And of course, it's not just the words. So, another thing we've been thinking about is, again, how you let people express themselves more quickly and more richly. And so, like they say, a picture is worth 1,000 words. We've looked at adding a row of keys to the communication devices that are a different emoji. So, representing the most common human emotions, anger, surprise, sadness, happiness. And if you just add one of these emoji to your sentence as a punctuation, so it's just one more key press, so low input from the user, since each input is such a great effort. And we use those to not only modify the prosody of the output behind the scenes, but we insert clips of non-speech audio. So, for example, if you add a surprised emoji to a sentence, you might get "Hhhhhhaa!" inserted, and if you add the angry emoji, you might get "Ahhhrrr!" And these communicate such a great amount of emotion and nuance for such a low effort, a single key press. And that's been really well-received by users in some of our research testing.
Host: You talked about what you do with universities and so on, and I know you're affiliated with the University of Washington, and you're involved in a program called DUB. Can you tell us what that is?
Meredith Ringel Morris: Sure.
Host: And what do you do?
Meredith Ringel Morris: DUB is a little bit of a play on words, because of course, University of Washington is abbreviated as UDub. But the DUB Research Group, it's spelled D-U-B. And it stands for Design, Use, Build. And so, it's an interdisciplinary consortium of faculty from several different departments, so Computer Science, the School of Information, Human Centered Design and Engineering, Arts and Design, that are all interested in creating technology that is more human-centric for end-users. Myself, and several other researchers from Microsoft Research, are actively involved in collaborations with DUB.
Host: So how did you end up here? Give us a little bit about your background and what brought you to Microsoft Research?
Meredith Ringel Morris: Sure, so my background is that I studied computer science as an undergraduate and I went to Brown University, which at the time, had a very traditional computer science department, so there was no HCI. And I learned about HCI by browsing the web. I found the website of the Stanford Interactive Workspaces Project, which was an early project around ubiquitous computing, so thinking about how we can design spaces where computing is embedded in the environment. And I remember that webpage had a picture of a room that at the time looked very futuristic to me, where there were these large, wall-sized displays, and a table with a display embedded in it and it was really a very futuristic-looking. So I contacted the professor in charge of that project at Stanford, who is Terry Winograd, to ask how I could get involved in this kind of work, and I ended up doing some volunteer-based research projects with him, and I eventually went to graduate school in the computer science department there and that was kind of my route into learning more about this field of HCI. And while I was at Stanford, I was fortunate to get an internship with Microsoft Research, where I worked with Eric Horvitz and Susan Dumais on thinking about how desktop search, which was very new at the time, how you could allow people to use context that they might remember to assist in search. So instead of only searching for something by the file name, you could specify other things that you might remember, like, "Oh, I remember it was that PowerPoint document that I wrote the day after the presidential election." Or, "Oh, it was that email someone sent me right after my son's birthday party." And that you could use these anchors that were more meaningful and memorable to people than file names as a way in to search for information. And so that was a really exciting project that kind of expanded again my knowledge and got me into thinking about information retrieval. But I also learned about the culture of Microsoft Research and then I was excited to come and work here when I graduated.
Host: Given the insights that you get from the work you're doing – which is both powerfully beneficial for good, but could also have some downsides – is there anything that sort of keeps you up at night?
Meredith Ringel Morris: I think one is in thinking about AI systems that are more inspectable and understandable. Not only inspectable by AI researchers, which is, in and of itself, still a challenge, but inspectable by end users so that they can really understand when to place their trust in a system and what a system is doing. I think there are challenges in developing AI systems that balance augmenting users' capabilities with the privacy needs of the users themselves and people in the surrounding environment. So, let's say one might imagine, hypothetically, that someone's who is visually impaired might benefit from having an outward-facing smart camera that's a "wearable" that could sense things in the environment using computer vision and describe that to someone. So, that could potentially have a great benefit to the end user but might have a privacy cost to people in the surrounding environment who may not be actively consenting to being captured. And I think thinking carefully about those kinds of ethical challenges is actually a really important part of AI research. And I know Microsoft has now formed a group called AETHER, A-E-T-H-E-R, which is thinking specifically about AI and ethics. The A is for AI, the E is for ethics, and I think that's one of the areas that will be really interesting to tackle.
Host: Microsoft just announced a new initiative at the annual Build Conference that's pretty exciting. Tell us what it is, who it will impact, and what it tells us about Microsoft's broader mission for technology in the 21st century.
Meredith Ringel Morris: Yes, so you're referring to the AI for Accessibility Initiative. So, this is an exciting new program that is designed to help support grass roots innovation in the accessibility space. So, Microsoft is really interested in encouraging students, entrepreneurs, et cetera, to think about how you can use Microsoft technology to enable important scenarios for people with disabilities. So, for example, how can we use these technologies to allow people to be more productive in their work life or participate more fully in social life outside of work? And so, the AI for Accessibility initiative offers funding opportunities that people can apply, so you describe how your project or app would fit into this vision, and how Microsoft can help support your success in this space, perhaps by donating compute time on our Azure servers, or allowing free API calls to our cognitive services APIs, which offer shortcuts to some of our advances in AI technology, like libraries for computer vision and for natural language processing. So, we're really excited about this initiative. We're excited to see what kinds of great project proposals and applications come in. And I think it accentuates Microsoft's commitment to its mission statement of empowering all users in their lives, and I think empowering all users really refers to all users, including the 1 billion people worldwide with disabilities. So, it's great to see that being emphasized in this new initiative.
Host: Merrie Ringel Morris, I so enjoyed our conversation today. My eyes were opened, shall we say? Thank you for coming in and sharing the work that you're doing and the passion behind it.
Meredith Ringel Morris: Great, thank you.
Host: To learn more about Dr. Merrie Ringel Morris and how AI is helping people with disabilities all over the world, visit Microsoft.com/research
CHI squared with Dr. Ken Hinckley and Dr. Meredith Ringel Morris
Episode 74, May 1, 2019 - If you want to know what's going on in the world of human computer interaction research, or what's new at the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, you should hang out with Dr. Ken Hinckley, a principal researcher and research manager in the EPIC group at Microsoft Research, and Dr. Merrie Ringel Morris, a principal researcher and research manager in the Ability group. Both are prolific HCI researchers who are seeking, from different angles, to augment the capability of technologies and improve the experiences people have with them. On today's podcast, we get to hang out with both Dr. Hinckley and Dr. Morris as they talk about life at the intersection of hardware, software and human potential, discuss how computers can enhance human lives, especially in some of the most marginalized populations, and share their unique approaches to designing and building technologies that really work for people and for society.
Microsoft blog editor
Artificial intelligence, Human-computer interaction, Medical, health and genomics
Empowering people with AI with Dr. Cecily Morrison
Episode 60, January 23, 2019 - Dr. Morrison gives us an overview of what she calls the "pillars" of inclusive design, shares how her research is positively impacting people with health issues and disabilities, and tells us how having a child born with blindness put her in touch with a community of people she would otherwise never have met, and on the path to developing Project Torino, an inclusive physical programming language for children with visual impairments.
Artificial intelligence, Computer vision, Human-computer interaction, Social sciences
When Psychology Meets Technology with Dr. Daniel McDuff
Episode 17, March 28, 2018 - Dr. McDuff talks about why we need computers to understand us, outlines the pros and cons of designing emotionally sentient agents, explains the technology behind CardioLens, a pair of augmented reality glasses that can take your heartrate by looking at your face, and addresses the challenges of maintaining trust and privacy when we're surrounded by devices that want to know not just what we're doing, but how we're feeling.
Caption Crawler
Overview Caption Crawler is a plug-in for the Edge and Chrome web browsers that provides additional information about images for screen reader users. Many images on the web lack captions (i.e., alt text). When a webpage loads, Caption Crawler identifies…
Accessibility – How Microsoft is making technology accessible to more people
Enable Group
We create technology innovations that improve the lives of people with disabilities. As part of this effort, we embrace the concept of universal design, where we aim to bring new experiences to all users with our technologies.
The Ability team conducts research at the intersection of HCI and AI, with the aim of developing innovative technologies that extend the capabilities of and enhance quality of life for people with disabilities (long-term, temporary, or situational).
Microsoft Research's Human-Computer Interaction Group (HCI@MSR) comprises a world-renowned, interdisciplinary team of research scientists, engineers, and designers who take a user-centered approach to developing, designing, and studying computing technology and its use. Areas of specialty within our team include topics such as…
Building software that automatically learns from data to create more advanced, intelligent computer systems
Redefining human experience through design, technology and hardware innovation


Some Came Running (1958) was a prestigious adaptation of James Jones's second novel, a gargantuan tome about a serviceman (Frank Sinatra) who returns to his rural Indiana hometown following World War II. While struggling to find his purpose in life, he is torn romantically between a luckless floozie (Shirley MacLaine) and an intellectual schoolteacher (Martha Hyer) who appreciates his ambitions as a writer but spurns him romantically. The film features first-rate performances—including Dean Martin as a laconic gambler—and masterful direction by M-G-M's Vincente Minnelli.
Some Came Running was scored by a composer ideally suited to capturing all of the film's aspects: Elmer Bernstein. This was Bernstein's most glorious period, in which he was writing landmark scores for everything from biblical epics (The Ten Commandments) to westerns (The Magnificent Seven) to dramas (To Kill a Mockingbird)—with jazz scores like The Man With the Golden Arm especially capturing the public's attention. Some Came Running continued his association with Frank Sinatra—for whom he scored The Man With the Golden Arm and Kings Go Forth—and offered another opportunity for his brand of big band "film jazz" that had become one of the most dominant and effective sounds in cinema.
Some Came Running required from Bernstein not only a jazz score, but moments of musical Americana for high-minded drama involving life in small-town America. The film practically uses his music as a narrative device to illustrate the two "worlds" in which Sinatra walks: a "legit" orchestral sound for polite society, measured yet evocative, with a love theme for the schoolteacher; and a bluesy, jazzy sound world for the nightlife, with questing woodwinds, ominous bass lines and madcap piano climaxing in a furious chase sequence that leads to the film's tragic conclusion.
Some Came Running is an Elmer Bernstein masterpiece that would have been released on CD by Rhino or FSM years ago but for an odd defect in the stereo master tapes (still not fully understood) that resulted in missing instrumentation in some cues. Fortunately, between the surviving stereo masters in the Warner Bros. vaults, a monaural tape kept by the composer, and acetates stored at the University of Southern California, the complete score has been reconstructed, almost entirely in stereo, with exemplary sound quality. This is cause for celebration, as this is one of Bernstein's—and the era's—very best. Liner notes are by Lukas Kendall.
to mix and match from different elements,etc?
Yes a fine underrated score by Elmer, beautiful love theme and as you said a very attractive main theme one does not forget.
Anyone unfamiliar with this score should really check it out. Start with sampling tracks 1 and 16!
FSM's promotion article says it best: "this is one of Bernstein's—and the era's—very best."
I had the CLoud Nine CD release of the score and jumped immediately when FSM released this complete edition - a lot of work and well worth the effort on their part.
I bought the DVD when it was released a few years ago, having seen it on TV years before but more importantly, having also seen it in a screening at the National Film Theatre in London, in which Elmer sat in on and participated in a talk afterwards with Cynthia 'bright red tights' Millar. The film was very, very powerful on the big screen and Elmer was surprised when most of the audience laughed at the scene where a nun nursed Dean Martin's Bama in hospital after his diabetes diagnosis and didn't know if it was due to her flirtacious behaviour or her nurses hat.
It was part of an Elmer Odyssey, as we chatted at the NFT on the Saturday, then interviewed him on the Monday for Soundtrack magazine (along with three other film music journalists from other publications/websites) and finally attended his eightieth birthday concert at the Albert Hall a couple days after that, where he was whisked away at the end by Michael Aspel, for his surprise This Is Your Life recording.
Elmer commented when he watched the film at the NFT, when the opening titles started he said to himself 'sonofagun, that's Bernard Herrmann!' in terms of the tone of the cue - which he'd never really thought about before. I zeroed in on one aspect of the score, the cue underscoring Dave Hirsh's (Frank Sinatra) settling into his hotel room, underscored by the bluesy saxophone and then being interrupted by a classical violin as the camera focuses on the classic literature books he pulls from his kitbag. Elmer wanted to help illustrate the 'other side' of Dave's persona.
Funny story, at the end of the interview, I said to Elmer 'I'm not envious of your talent or your wealth - but you've got FORTY YEARS on me and you have more HAIR than I do!'. Then, standing alongside him for a photo, I looked over and said 'Well, at least I'm taller than you' and he replied 'EVERYone's taller than me!'.
Thank you, Dirk, for your post and for the amusing story with Elmer. I will have to check the film out!
I don't always jump at the release of a score but this one was quickly on my shopping list - highly recommended!


my period was on april 9. and for the past couple of days i've had alot of cm that is looks like nose snot. is this normal, or a sign of pregnancy??
I guess it all depends on how long your cycles are. If you are near ovulation, this could be what you are seeing.
I think vanessa is right what you are noticing is the clear stringy cm women have prior to ovulation. If your period was on the 9th then you would be ovulating around this time if you are on a 28 day cycle or close to that. CM is a sign but this soon after your period probably not.
what could my spotting be from then??
It could be a sign of pregnancy.
c, some women actually have a slight amount of spotting around ovulation time, it is normal. It does sound like you are ovulating. Hope this helps and good luck!!
I don't think I've heard of "ovulation bleeding" before. I've heard of Implantation bleeding... could this be what your doctor was telling you? Are you late for your period?
my period this month was different. the first day i only seen blood when i went pee it was on the t.p and a slight flow on the second and third day. but the last day was just like the first day.>>> not late, i was three day early, just weird bleeding for me.


This passage is interposed by the writer of Chronicles between two sentences of the parallel passage in Samuel. It contains a detailed account of the service which David instituted at this time, a service out of which grew the more elaborate service of the temple. The language of much of the passage is remarkably archaic, and there can be no reasonable doubt that it is in the main an extract from a record of the time of David.
The occurrence of the name "Jeiel" twice in this list is considered suspicious. Hence, the first "Jeiel" is thought to be a corrupt reading for "Aziel" 1 Chronicles 15:20, or "Jaaziel" 1 Chronicles 15:18.
The Psalm here put before us by the Chronicler, as sung liturgically by Asaph and his brethren on the day of the ark's entrance into Jerusalem, accords closely with the passages in the present Book of Psalms noted in the marg reff.
It is, apparently, a thanksgiving service composed for the occasion out of Psalms previously existing.
This is the first mention that we have of Gibeon as the place at which the tabernacle of the congregation now rested. Previously it had been at Nob 1 Samuel 21:1-6, from where it was removed probably at the time of the slaughter of the priests by Doeg 1 Samuel 22:18-19. It is uncertain whether Gibeon was regarded as a "high place" before the transfer to it of the tabernacle: hut thenceforth, until the completion of Solomon's Temple, it was the "great high place" 1 Kings 3:4 - a second center of the national worship which for above 50 years was divided between Gibeon and Jerusalem.
Upon the altar of the burnt offering - The original altar of burnt-offering Exodus 27:1-8 continued at Gibeon with the tabernacle 2 Chronicles 1:3, 2 Chronicles 1:5. David must have erected a new altar for sacrifice at Jerusalem 1 Chronicles 16:1. The sacrifices commanded by the Law were, it appears, offered at the former place; at the latter were offered voluntary additional sacrifices.
- Rather, "the rest of the chosen ones, who were mentioned by name." The "chosen ones" were "mentioned by name" in 1 Chronicles 15:17-24. A portion of them, namely, those named in 1 Chronicles 16:5-6, conducted the service in Jerusalem; the remainder were employed in the worship at Gibeon.
Let God be glorified in our praises. Let others be edified and taught, that strangers to him may be led to adore him. Let us ourselves triumph and trust in God. Those that give glory to God's name are allowed to glory in it. Let the everlasting covenant be the great matter of our joy his people of old, be remembered by us with thankfulness to him. Show forth from day to day his salvation, his promised salvation by Christ. We have reason to celebrate that from day to day; for we daily receive the benefit, and it is a subject that can never be exhausted. In the midst of praises, we must not forget to pray for the servants of God in distress.
21. Suffered no man. This is a poetic generalization expressing the idea that God considers His people the object of His supreme regard. In the care exercised toward Israel He manifested His infinite love and never-failing solicitude. When man turns from God he turns away God's protecting arm, and evils that might otherwise have been averted now befall him. However, not all the evils that afflict the human family arise from this source. Because of the involvements of the great controversy between good and evil Satan is permitted to persecute the righteous so that an experience of suffering is not necessarily an evidence that the Lord has forsaken the sufferer (see Job 1 and 2; John 9:2, 3).
He reproved kings. See Gen. 12:17; 20:3; Ex. 3:20; 12:29-33.


Alerts911 announces new 4G LTE medical alert technology for Home & Mobile use.
Alerts 911 is a medical alert system company that offers a family of state-of-the-art, easy to use devices and accessories that help seniors stay in their home and live independent lives.
Delray Beach, FL – Alerts911 Medical Alert Systems is pleased to announce a new paradigm for the emergency response system industry with its life saving 4G LTE technology for both home users and for on-the-go mobile users. These new devices incorporate state-of-the-art technology and ease of use into one powerful solution.
Alerts911 is a medical alert system company that offers a family of state-of-the-art, easy to use devices and accessories that help seniors stay in their home, live independent lives, and have peace of mind knowing help is only a button push away. These life-saving devices range from in-home systems that can include base stations that can link up to 32 accessories including a wall mount device that responds to push button and now voice commands in the event of a fall. Our on-the-go mobile device is one of the first of its kind to include new 4G LTE connectivity, with a wide range of features in a stand-alone take-anywhere device.
"In the US alone, 77 million Baby Boomers have begun turning senior, and 44 million of these individuals are already acting as caregivers to elderly parents and loved ones. Our new easy to use state-of-the-art products bridge the gap between seniors and their tech-savvy caregiving children". Said Mitchell Salzman, Director of Sales & Marketing for the Company.
The new generation of medical alert devices offers younger seniors the safety, reliability, and peace of mind that they are being cared for without having to change their lifestyle and helping them to maintain it for as long as possible. These devices are no longer considered to be suitable only for the home restricted senior along with the stigma associated with wearing personal alert devices. These systems now accompany them as they age and adapt to their needs over time. Plus, they get to manage those devices from their smartphones. These mobile solutions are attractive for people who would never have considered wearing an old help button but are now more than willing to display and use these lightweight take-anywhere devices now and for their future wellbeing – empowering them to lead life by their rules. As a result, market demographic has grown drastically.
Some of the features of this new leading-edge technology includes 4G LTE connectivity on the nation's largest cellular network, enhanced audio capability, built-in GPS, water resistant, two way talk voice, long-lasting battery life with car charging ability (in case of loss of power due to a hurricane, etc.), and fall detection technology that automatically connects to a US-based emergency monitoring center.
Alerts911 offers the most technologically advanced lineup of emergency response systems for home and on-the-go users while simultaneously delivering highly intuitive and easy to use devices. Coupled with a 24/7 US-based emergency monitoring center with highly trained customer care consultants and free 24/7 technical support, we are changing the way seniors look at medical alert devices.


text:
package com.emitrom.ti4j.mobile.client.ui.style;

import com.emitrom.ti4j.core.client.JsoHelper;
import com.emitrom.ti4j.core.client.ProxyObject;
import com.emitrom.ti4j.mobile.client.core.Unit;
import com.emitrom.ti4j.mobile.client.ui.UI;
import com.google.gwt.core.client.JavaScriptObject;

public class ShadowOffset extends ProxyObject {

    public ShadowOffset() {
        jsObj = JsoHelper.createObject();
    }

    public ShadowOffset(int x, int y) {
        this();
        setX(x);
        setY(x);
    }

    public ShadowOffset(String x, String y) {
        this();
        setX(x);
        setY(x);
    }

    public ShadowOffset(String x, String y, Unit unit) {
        this();
        setX(x, unit);
        setY(x, unit);
    }

    private ShadowOffset(JavaScriptObject obj) {
        jsObj = obj;
    }

    public void setX(int value) {
        UI.get().setSizePropertyAsDouble(jsObj, "x", value);
    }

    public void setX(String value) {
        UI.get().setSizePropertyAsString(jsObj, "x", value);
    }

    public void setX(String value, Unit unit) {
        UI.get().setSizePropertyAsString(jsObj, "x", value, unit);
    }

    public void setY(int value) {
        UI.get().setSizePropertyAsDouble(jsObj, "y", value);
    }

    public void setY(String value) {
        UI.get().setSizePropertyAsString(jsObj, "y", value);
    }

    public void setY(String value, Unit unit) {
        UI.get().setSizePropertyAsString(jsObj, "y", value, unit);
    }

    public native <T> T getX() /*-{
		var jso = this.@com.emitrom.ti4j.core.client.ProxyObject::getJsObj()();
		return jso.x;
    }-*/;

    public native <T> T getY() /*-{
		var jso = this.@com.emitrom.ti4j.core.client.ProxyObject::getJsObj()();
		return jso.y;
    }-*/;

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


For a long time, Leesa Sparks didn't want to be called by her given first name. She went by Rhae, because hearing "Leesa" reminded her of the voice of her attacker, a man who held her hostage and tortured her for two days.
Her nightmarish experience began in 2013, when she got a call from an ex-boyfriend. He said he was being released from a mental hospital and needed her help. Leesa picked him up and drove him to a hotel. What happened for the next 48 hours would change her life forever.
The man she was trying to help blocked her exit from the hotel room with a refrigerator, restrained her, savagely beat and strangled her, and mentally and emotionally tortured her. After two days of fighting back and struggling just to survive the attacks, Leesa's attacker decided he couldn't kill her with his bare hands. It was then that he forced her to take drugs, telling her he was going to make it look like she had overdosed accidentally. If she refused, he said, he would find and hurt her son.
The drugs knocked her unconscious. When she woke up, she was again threatened with death. Leesa's attacker even told her where he was going to dismember and bury her body. "He kept saying, 'if I can't have you, no one can.' I knew I was going to die," Leesa said.
After more than 48 hours of captivity, Leesa was able to escape and run to a nearby convenience store, where she called the police. They arrived and arrested her attacker, but what should have been the end of her ordeal was only the beginning of another traumatizing experience: navigating the criminal justice system.
Her attacker was sentenced to four years in prison, and Leesa never received notification of court dates or even a notification of her attacker's sentence. In 2016 he was released for "good behavior." The Parole Board never notified her he was being released, and a letter she wrote and sent to the Board with the help of a friendly Oklahoma City victims advocate apparently fell on deaf ears.
"No one ever asked me how I felt. No one told me how I could make my voice heard. The fact is that this is a very sick man. A repeat violent offender. He cannot be rehabilitated," said Leesa.
After being attacked, Leesa suffered from post-traumatic stress. She left Oklahoma, hopping from state to state, before returning and settling in Pottawatomie County. There she connected with a domestic violence agency who introduced her to resources for victims and a strong support network. "I don't know what I would have done if I hadn't found this county, these advocates, and these people," said Leesa.
Today, Leesa is still struggling to escape her attacker. Her family receives anonymous calls she suspects are from him. She also received a single dollar bill in the mail with a note that said, "Now my debt to you is paid in full." "I know it was him, I just can't prove it," said Leesa.
Today, she is working with Marsy's Law to make sure other victims are given guidance and resources that were not made available to her.
"When you are beaten up and traumatized, you struggle with not knowing what to do, or where to go, or whom you can go to. When you do find the courage to finally call you get passed around, shrugged off, or ignored. The justice system only focuses on the perpetrator, and often the system is just looking for a quick plea deal. They aren't thinking about the victims and what has been done to them.
"I don't want another victim to ever have to go through what I have been through. It was unfair and unjust. That's why I support Marsy's Law." said Leesa.


text:
package petablox.analyses.provenance.kcfa;

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

import petablox.project.analyses.provenance.ConstraintItem;
import petablox.project.analyses.provenance.LookUpRule;
import petablox.project.analyses.provenance.Model;
import petablox.project.analyses.provenance.Tuple;
import petablox.util.tuple.object.Pair;

public class KCFAModel implements Model {
	Set<Tuple> tupleSet;
	int weight;
	PTHandler ptHandler;

	public KCFAModel(PTHandler ptHandler) {
		this.ptHandler = ptHandler;
		this.tupleSet = new HashSet<Tuple>();
		weight = 10;
	}

	private boolean isLikelyTrueTuple(Tuple t) {
		return t.getRel().toString().startsWith("reachable");
	}

	public void build(List<LookUpRule> rules) {
		int x;
		tupleSet.clear();
		for (LookUpRule r : rules) {
			Iterator<ConstraintItem> iter = r.getAllConstrIterator();
			while (iter.hasNext()) {
				ConstraintItem it = iter.next();
				Pair<Tuple, Boolean> ht = ptHandler.transform(it.headTuple);
				if (ht != null && isLikelyTrueTuple(ht.val0))
					tupleSet.add(ht.val0);
			}
		}
	}

	public int getTotalWeight() {
		return (weight * tupleSet.size());
	}

	public int getNumConstraints() {
		return tupleSet.size();
	}

	public Set<Pair<Tuple,Integer>> getWeightedTuples() {
		Set<Pair<Tuple,Integer>> res = new HashSet<Pair<Tuple,Integer>>();
		for (Tuple t : tupleSet) {
			res.add(new Pair<Tuple,Integer>(t, weight));
		}
		return res;
	}
}


text:
Kevin Gibson
Kevin "Norm" Blake Gibson – suddenly at his Georgian Bluffs home on Monday December 19, 2022 at the age of 47 years. Beloved son of Mac and Cathy Gibson. Dear brother of Alison Gibson (James Rouse). Proud uncle of Miranda (Kevin Leipscher), Zachary Gibson (Miranda), Brandon Bell (fiancée Kristine Hill), Bryanna (Will Weir), and Kaidin Higgs; and great-uncle of Austyn, Brooklynn, Lincoln, Maverik, Gavin, and Jack. He will be sadly missed by his aunts, uncles, cousins, and many close friends. Family invite you to a Memorial Gathering at the Royal Canadian Legion Br. 208, 330 Boyd St, Wiarton on Friday December 23, 2022 from 3-5 PM, with a Time of Sharing beginning at 4 o'clock. Donations to the Town of South Bruce Peninsula Fire Department "Fill the Boot", or to the Royal Canadian Legion Br. 208 Wiarton would be appreciated. Arrangements made from the Thomas C. Whitcroft Peninsula Chapel (519) 534-5341. Condolences may be expressed online at www.whitcroftfuneralhome.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The SpinHalf class is a specialization of SiteSet which initializes its sites to be of type SpinHalfSite, representing a S=1/2 spin.
The SpinHalfSite class can also be used to create custom SiteSets which mix SpinHalfSites with other types of sites.
SpinHalf and SpinHalfSite are defined in the file "itensor/mps/sites/spinhalf.h"


Exel Oyj, a Finnish corporation and its fully owned subsidiary, Exel Sports NA, manufacturer of cross-country ski, alpine ski, Nordic Walking and trekking poles today announced it has won an International Steve® Award.
Exel Oyj, a Finnish corporation that specializes in composite technology and its fully owned subsidiary, Exel Sports NA, manufacturer and developer of composite consumer products including cross-country ski, alpine ski, Nordic Walking and trekking poles today announced it has won an International Steve® Award for "Best Product Development Organization" in the 2006 International Business Awards (IBAs). The International Business Awards are the only global, all-encompassing business awards program honoring great performances in the workplace.
Recipients of 82 International Stevie Award trophies were selected from more than 700 nominations received from companies and individuals in more than 30 countries. Twenty-two nations have at least one International Stevie winner each, including Austria, Australia, Canada, China, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, Nigeria, Portugal, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the U.S.A.
Exel Sports NA is a fully owned subsidiary of the parent company Exel plc. of Finland, the original manufacturer and developer of the Nordic Walking technique and poles back in 1997. Nordic Walking uses specifically designed poles to engage the upper body during fitness walking. The activity can help users burn up to 46 percent more calories than walking without poles. Most recently, Exel Sports NA has signed partnership deals with companies like Reebok to help generate awareness for Nordic Walking as well as offering an extensive network of trainers and events to expose consumers to the sport.
Nicknamed the Stevie for the Greek word "crowned," the awards will be presented to winners at a gala dinner on Monday, June 26 in the Marriott Marquis Hotel in New York City. The ceremonies will be videocast live worldwide by HB Group, and will be broadcast live on radio in the U.S.A. by the Business TalkRadio Network.
Members of the Awards' Board of Distinguished Judges & Advisors and their staffs selected International Stevie winners from among the Finalists, which were determined by volunteer judges around the world during two months of preliminary judging.
Companies from all over the world are eligible to compete in The International Business Awards, and can enter in any of more than 40 categories from Best Multinational Company and Best New Product to Best Corporate Social Responsibility Program and Best Executive.


Who needs cupid and chocolates when you can have beers and burgers? Come make pour decisions at Broken Barrel Bar's Anti Valentines Day Party on Thursday, February 14!
Michael Jordan's Restaurant has planned some swoon-worthy dishes to make this Valentine's Day truly special for you and your loved ones.
This Super Bowl Sunday, join the Radisson Blu Aqua Chicago in the Fireside Lobby and Filini Bar for food and drink specials while you enjoy the big game on one of their many screens.
North Shore Restaurant Month is back, and it's bigger and better than ever before!
February is North Shore Restaurant Month!
North Shore Restaurant Month is back for its 11th year and is bigger and better than ever!
The arrival of a new year often includes a renewed commitment to health and fitness.
Valentine's day is a special holiday everywhere, but it is particularly near and dear to the hearts of Sarah Stegner, George Bumbaris and Rohit Numbiar, owners of Prairie Grass Cafe.
You don't have to be in Chicago to experience Chicago Restaurant Week, now through February 7.
Josephinum Academy to Celebrate Year of Chicago Theater with Productions of "Ubu Roi"
Josephinum Academy of the Sacred Heart will showcase work by student actors and artists in the high school's adaptation of Alfred Jarry's, Ubu Roi.
Gemini, Lincoln Park's favorite neighborhood spot, is serving up both brunch and dinner for Restaurant Week this year.


the doctor's office into the waiting room, where his son was waiting.
celebrate when things don't go so well. In this case, things aren't so well.
pub and have a few pints."
"I've only got a few weeks to live; I have been diagnosed with AIDS."


HD Rare and Unique encases all of his philosophy into his name: HD as Davide Halevim, the great personalità at the base of such an exclusive and well-defined concept, and rare and unique as irreplaceable and necessary qualities which characterise every item sold in all of his shops.
The extremely important, first choice gemstones are very rare, sometimes unique. According to their value, even more unique pieces of high jewellery are created; the same is for the vintage jewellery collection by Van Cleef & Arpels, Bvlgari, Cartier and many other names in the jewellery market , all of which are fundamental to excellence.
Furthermore, some special watches by Rolex, Patek Philippe, Cartier, as well as very rare examples of other exclusive brands, and pre-owned crocodile skin Hermes bags, thoroughly selected for their untraceable colours.


text:
I still love just how creative this theme is in regards to implanting the "VCR" motif.
Constellations (Remixed)
Constellations (Remixed), an album by August Burns Red on Spotify
Sapphireangelbunny 2019-11-23 20:21:49 UTC #1688
and also alot of piano for a thing I'm getting ready to write early next year ^^
Dark Flag
Dark Flag, an album by Phinehas on Spotify
Mari 2019-11-24 06:22:48 UTC #1693
I've never watched naruto but I remember when shippuden or whatever started airing in japan and my childhood friend linked the OP to me like I think you would like this and bruh
This is my cleaning song lmao
@Mari
That's a classic for sure. I remember when Shippuden first came out. I listened to that one CONSTANTLY XD
i feel old
Holding on to What We Know
Holding on to What We Know, an album by Across the Atlantic on Spotify
I was in high school or something when shippuden started airing, so I feel you....
Gorgeous guitar solo in this one. So much soul.
Stand Up And Fight, a song by Saxon on Spotify
I'm not the hugest Maiden fan. You'd think I would be, given the amount of metal I enjoy. But, they've got a handful of songs I like well enough. I'm more into Judas Priest and Saxon when it comes to NWOBHM bands
Die with Your Boots On - 2015 Remaster
Die with Your Boots On - 2015 Remaster, a song by Iron Maiden on Spotify
One of my fave current anime shows- and opening theme...
Real talk: Will Smith is actually a surprisingly rapper.....
I mean...is he though...?
I mean, he did get his life flip-turned upside down that one time, though....
Aye. That he did now that you mention it XD
Working on Office Drone, which requires music about wishing life was better than it is.
A Life Worth Living
A Life Worth Living, an album by It Prevails on Spotify
I remember I'd watch so many "Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" mash-ups when I was first getting into meme culture as a kid back in 2010-2011.....
I just straight up watched Fresh Prince when I was a kid. (I'm OLD! I predate meme culture) yes...go ahead. You can say it, everybody now, "Ok...Boomer." XD
The Inspriration
The Inspriration, an album by It Prevails on Spotify
Yeah, OK Boomer... Whatever you say....


text:
Q: PHP form error only present in Internet Explorer I am working on a PHP form for bootstrap my site. (http://camp.impactak.com/signup.html) This form works perfectly in every browser EXCEPT internet explorer. It comes up with and error:
"Please correct the following error:
YOUR NAME
Hit back button and try again."
I put code in the PHP that should have eliminated an error message if some of the blanks are not filled. However, it still sends an error (only in IE)
PHP:
    <?php
/* Set e-mail recipient */
$myemail = "erinpavek@gmail.com";

/* Check all form inputs using check_input function */
$name = check_input($_POST['inputName'], "Your Name");
$address = check_input($_POST['inputAddress'], "Street, PO Box, company");
$address2 = check_input($_POST['inputAddress2'], "Apt, Unit, Suite");
$village = check_input($_POST['inputVillage'], "Your Village");
$state = check_input($_POST['inputState'], "State, Providence, Region");
$zip = check_input($_POST['inputZip'], "Your Zip");
$tel = check_input($_POST['inputTel'], "Your Phone");
$email = check_input($_POST['inputEmail'], "Your E-mail Address");
$pname = check_input($_POST['inputParent'], "Parent/Guardian Name");
$subject = check_input($_POST['inputSubject'], "Message Subject");
$message = check_input($_POST['inputMessage'], "Your Message");
$select = check_input($_POST['inputSelect'], "Certified");
$select2 = check_input($_POST['inputSelect2'], "NonCertified");

/* If e-mail is not valid show error message */
if (!preg_match("/([\w\-]+\@[\w\-]+\.[\w\-]+)/", $email))
{
show_error("Invalid e-mail address");
}

/* Let's prepare the message for the e-mail */

$subject = "Someone has sent you a message";

$message = "

Someone has sent you a message using your contac form:

Name: $name

Address: $address
Address2: $address2
Village: $village
State: $state
Zip: $zip

Cell: $tel

Email: $email

Parent/Guardian: $pname

Certified: $select

NonCertified: $select2

Subject: $subject
Message:
$message

";

/* Send the message using mail() function */
mail($myemail, $subject, $message);

/* Redirect visitor to the thank you page */
header('Location: http://www.camp.impactak.com');
exit();

/* Functions we used */
function check_input($data)
{
    $data = trim($data);
    $data = stripslashes($data);
    $data = htmlspecialchars($data);
    return $data;
}
?>

HTML:
    <form name="contactform" method="post" action="mailer.php" class="form-horizontal" role="form">

                        <form name="contactform" method="post" action="http://wedding-space.net/01_admin_resources/blog/contact_form/mailer.php" class="form-horizontal" role="form">

                                Full Name

                                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputName" name="inputName" placeholder="First and Last Name">

                                Address1

                                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputAddress" name="inputAddress" placeholder="Street">

                                Address2

                                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputAddress2" name="inputAddress2" placeholder="Apt, Unit, Building">

                                Village

                                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputVillage" name="inputVillage" placeholder="Village">

                                State

                                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputState" name="inputState" placeholder="State">

                                Zip Code

                                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputZip" name="inputZip" placeholder="Zip">

                                Email

                                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputEmail" name="inputEmail" placeholder="Your Email">

                                Parent/Guardian

                                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputParent" name="inputParent" placeholder="Parent/Guardian Name">

Each student much choose one class from the either the Certified or Non-Certified class list:

                      <select class="form-control" id="inputSelect" name="inputSelect">
<option value="none">Certified Classes</option>
  <option value="DriversEd">Drivers Ed. (get license, village youth only)</option>
  <option value="NSTC">NSTC- (Seniors or 2014 graduates)</option>
  <option value="LifeGuard">Life Guard Training</option>
  <option value="ArcticSurvival">Arctic Survival Certification</option>
</select>

                       <select class="form-control" id="inputSelect2" name="inputSelect2">
<option value="none">Non-Certified Classes</option>
  <option value="cook">Cooking</option>
  <option value="Art">Arts from the Earth/Crafts</option>
  <option value="poetry">Creative Writing/Poetry</option>
  <option value="guitar">Guitar Lessons</option>
  <option value="engineering">Science and Engineering</option>
  <option value="drama">Drama/Acting</option>
  <option value="taeKwonDo">Tae Kwon Do</option>
  <option value="sodHouse">Sod House Design</option>
  <option value="SkinSewing">Skin Sewing</option>
  <option value="DrumDance">Drum Dancing</option>
  <option value="Aviation">Aviation</option>
  <option value="Rap">Rap/Hip-Hop Class</option>
</select>

                     </form>

                                    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">
                                        Sign Up
                                    </button>

                        </form>

A: The answer was staring us in the face.
You put a form in a form.
That is not allowed.
you cant have forms submit forms.
Please readjust your markup accordingly to not have forms in Forms, they can be siblings though.  Problem solved.
You have:
<form><form></form></form>

You need to either remove the inner form, or separate it out:
<form></form>

or
<form></form>
<form></form>

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