text:
Seeing Color Colorblind: Protanopia Part I
Susan has had a lifelong interest in and about "colorblindness," growing up with a colorblind father and raising a colorblind son. Color is very difficult to talk about, even among people with "normal" vision. The experience of color is so individual.
In the summer of 2015, Susan began to use what she knew about color in photography to try to produce images that would look very different to her, but might appear the same to her son. She knew in theory what she was doing should work, but was very surprised when, in fact, it did. Working with her son as "fact checker," she produced a series of diptychs in which the two images appear quite different to her but the same to her son. After years of wondering about many things, she learned to see the world through her son's eye, using photography.
There are different types and many degrees of color deficiency, otherwise known as "colorblindness." Susan's son has protanopia, or a severe form of red deficiency. These images will appear very similar to other people with the same deficiency, but very different to people with other deficiencies.
This is the first in a planned series dealing with different types and degrees of color deficiencies.
The book is a photo book printed on photo paper, with a soft cover. It is currently available at Amazon.
Below is a preview of the book:
Review of the book by Timothy Price:
5.0 out of 5 stars A wonderful resource for parents, teachers, spouses, partners and healthcare professionals
By Timothy Price on April 3, 2016
Format: Kindle Edition Verified Purchase
Many years ago, in a bicycle race through Jemez Springs to Los Alamos, NM, one of my teammates, Joe Green, broke away, and had a pretty good gap on the peloton. A few of us were up front blocking for Joe, when all off a sudden Rich, another one of our teammates, came flying around us from off-the-back with riders from other teams on his wheel, and they started chasing down Joe Green. We yelled for him to stop chasing, but Rich had blasted by so fast he couldn't hear us, so he pulled the whole peloton up to Joe Green. We were racing for Nunzio's Pizza at that time and we wore red, white and green striped team jerseys. At the end of the race, Joe Green came up to me and asked "What's the deal with Rich? Is he colorblind or what?" Rich is colorblind with a red and green deficiency, and he told me many times that the Nunzio's jersey looked pretty much the same as any other jersey to him.
If you have ever wondered how the 1% to 2% of the population who are "colorblind" see color, "Seeing Color Colorblind: Protanopia Part I" is an excellent introduction for people who see in color to see how "colorblind" people see the world (use a Kindle Fire or open it in Amazon's Cloud Reader to see the book in color).
Susan's father was colorblind and her son is colorblind, also, but she said she never really understood the impact that color blindness had on them until recently. Through her photography and the many tools available for digital image processing, she has created a series of diptychs, with a normal color photo and the same photo processed to the colors that a person with protanopia (severe red deficiency) sees set side by side. Her son has helped her with the images so when he looks at the pair they look the same to him (if you look at the photos on a regular or paper white Kindle, both photos look the same).
It's really amazing what Susan has accomplished by putting this book together and showing us what people with protanopia see when they look at color photographs. I had the common misconception that people with severe colorblindness see the world in more of a black and white or gray scale, when it turns out that they see color in black and white because they are not seeing the colors of the spectrum blended together that make black and white as I see it. "Seeing Color Colorblind: Protanopia Part I" is a fascinating view into another world, and is uniquely Susan because it is 100% art on the one hand, and 100% science on the other blended together into a single source. Which makes it a wonderful resource for parents, teachers, spouses, partners and healthcare professionals to help them understand how their loved ones, pupils and patients with colorblindness see the world.
Susan always wondered how her father and son could watch a football game on their black and white TV and talk about the "blue team" and the "yellow team". She thought it was a joke, until she finally realized they were seeing the teams in blue and yellow. Susan writes:
"On March 15, 2015 I saw the first in a series of videos made by EnChroma, a company that makes glasses that help many people with color deficiencies see a broader range of colors. I must have watched the video at least twenty times that day, and cried throughout. I thought of the times my son had said, "I wish just once, even if just for a minute, I could see the world the way other people do. 'Finally, here was a chance, I thought.' My mother saw the video, and immediately ordered some of the EnChroma glasses for her grandson."
It turned out that the glasses didn't really do a lot for her son, but they helped a little. Since the technology is not to the point that it can help her son see color more like the most people, she started to wonder if there was a way that she "could see the would through his eyes." And the answer was "yes" and the result is "Seeing Color Colorblind: Protanopia Part I."
Susan's work in photographic series, currently "Persephone's Choice: Every Woman's Dilemma," lends itself to book form for discussion of the broad context of the images in mythology and myths; being female; and defining one's self apart from Society's and societies' definition. Long interested as an anthropologist in the human division of labor by sex, Susan has published peer reviewed articles on that subject going back to the 1978. The interest was reinforced by her work as Board Certified Obstetrician/Gynecologist for much of her adult life. The photographic series and the book bring together a lifetime of work, knowledge, and thought.
"Persephone's Choice: Every Woman's Dilemma" is now available from Amazon as a Kindle book.
Two reviews of the book:
1. Persephone's Mythic Journey: The Welcoming Fusion of Light of Knowledge and Beauty
Persephone's Choice: Every Woman's Dilemma contains texts and images of Dr. Susan Graham's unique creative mythic journey into the open-ended realm of Persephone's annual return to the Underworld (Winter) cycle and return to life and the Upper world's (Spring) of new creation. Susan Graham has played many social roles as a practicing surgical medical doctor and academic social anthropologist and accomplished nature photographer based in beloved and enchanting New Mexico. Bringing together her many skills she has made a fascinating, imaginative simulation of the Goddess Persephone's annual cycle and given us revealing background on this primitive story of the annual round of earth's deep engagement with our murky inventive unconscious as the tilted planet we inhabit rocks back and forth with the deeply felt seasonal fading of the light into fall and with the death of vegetation and the slow recovery after the solstice toward spring and the rebirth of the vegetative world and the burst of birth renewal of life around us in summer. The revealing textual and photographic storytelling focus in her journey on the female perspective of this ancient storytelling tradition and demonstrate the intricate the key generative role of the female of our species participating in this revolving cycle in major religions worldwide while at the same time Graham weaves personal stories of her own interpretative storytelling journey through a busy professional life as anthropologist, obstetrician and gynecologist and prize winning photographer, as well as caring mother. Woven around the photographic narration of her journey captured in the final body of the work comes a beautiful series of sequential narrative scenes of Persephone's experiences modeled by the striking classical beauty of Kelly Angerosa in her debut as professional model in the role of Persephone, as she ponders the dilemma of every woman's choices in the dialectic of sexual pomegranate and (Eve's) power conscious apple, and their see-saw of life's bipolar role choices, in the counterpoint of sexuality and knowledge power, concluding with the modern Persephone's realization of the joy of embracing both mind and body as a path to full personal fulfillment. This reader and viewer gets the impression from this ingeniously composed insightful mythic study that the multi-talented Dr. Susan Graham's future artistic works portend surprising multilayered philosophical and aesthetic discoveries composed with empathetic ink and light. Five Stars.
2. Thought Provoking and Beautiful
A fascinating modern reworking, in photo-essay form, of the Greek Persephone myth, as a metaphor for the central feminine dilemma. It begins with a thought-provoking discussion of myth, structuralism and binary oppositions as they relate to state of women throughout history and in the 21st century. The photo essay itself is a feast for the eyes, using a modern day reincarnation of Persephone. Can't recommend highly enough!


The digital imagery with the title Procurement Manager Resume Format Fresh Sample For Purchase above, is tagged with : Procurement Manager Resume Format, .
Here is required knowledge on . We have the cool resources for Resume Format Examples. Check it out for yourself! You can find Procurement Manager Resume Format Fresh Sample For Purchase guide and view the latest in this page.
The inspiring digital imagery above, is part of editorial which is labeled within Resume Template category. We hope, you can acquire comprehensive information and guides about Procurement Manager Resume Format Fresh Sample For Purchase and , which may give more info about Resume Format Examples.
The Procurement Manager Resume Format Fresh Sample For Purchase is one of the image about Procurement Manager Resume Format.
This digital imagery of Procurement Manager Resume Format Fresh Sample For Purchase has dimension 1700x2200 pixels, you can download and obtain the Procurement Manager Resume Format Fresh Sample For Purchase digital imagery by right click on the clicking the right mouse to get the high-res version.


There are a hundred different drills you can do with a running grid. I am going to show you quite a few that you can incorporate into your practice plan right away!
In today's video blog post, we are talking about some excellent running grid drills that really works your agility and coordination, while ensuring that proper running technique is maintained.
First, pick out a focal point.
Remember to touch down light, and you want to avoid making contact with the grid whenever possible.
Touch down twice in one grid and then move on to the next grid.
You've really got to get your knees up in order to do this or you're going to miss hitting in the grid.
Next, take one step and elongate a little bit. You're going to hit the one hole, the three hole, the five hole, and then move out of the grid. So you're going to lengthen your stride and stay on the right side of the grid.
GAAgain, focus on getting the knees up, with stride elongated more like a normal run.
Touch down in the first grid with our right foot, and then you're going to hit the next grid with your left foot.
Stay close to the center line, while focusing on good running technique.
Don't get sloppy and start straggling all over the running grid – always stay close to the center line and pump the knees, staying light on the feet.
Take the right foot and step on the left side of the grid, and then you're going to take the left foot up and step on the right side.
Stay very close to the center line, lifting at the knee.
Walk through this sequence one time and then you're going to come back with a run.
The natural tendency is for people to swing out away from the center line – we don't want to do that. If you get your knees up, you will be able to put them straight up and straight down. This requires some coordination and a little bit of agility. Especially if you raise the grid off the ground.
Want more great baseball conditioning and agility drills like these? Then check out the Baseball Iner Circle! It's packed full of more great baseball conditioning and agility drills, tips and techniques, complete with video demonstrations! And don't forget to Like Us on Facebook!
"Blocking Pitches" Drill for Catchers!


Maybe this should be in the credit card section of your forum. Where you will find several other threads about the same thing.
You think staff members would know their way around their own forum!
When I first called up after receiving late payment notification on 4th September, I was told that the fee will be reversed and the balance due will be collected in next cycle. I offered to make a payment but was told it won't make a difference and any dues recorded will be taken in next cycle irrespective of any interim payments. I specifically asked about any issues to my credit report as I have an impeccable record. I was told nothing will be recorded.
They did not collect the direct debit the following cycle which was on 18th Sep. So I called them up 20th Sep and they said there is another glitch where customers who have missed one payment are having there following direct debit missed. But I was assured nothing to worry. Like last time I offered to pay the due amount but was told it won't make any difference and the subsequent cycle will include last two balances as well. Once again I specifically asked about any impact on credit score and I was told nothing to worry as it won't be affected.
In mid October I got a notification from Halifax bank that they have dropped my credit limit from £6600 to £1800. I had a balance of £1750 on it so I could only spend £50 on my Halifax clarity card. This was followed by a letter from Halifax stating that the drop was due to change in credit report.
I got a feeling Sainsburys screwed up something and checked my credit report on Noddle. To my surprise there were 2 missed payment marked against Sainsbury card and my score dropped from 5/5 to 3/5.
I was furious and called Sainsbury on 25th October. They apologized and said it would have been a mistake. The person promised to contact the concerned department immediately to get in touch with credit agencies to set the record straight. She said it will be done on same day. A complaint was formally registered when I insisted.
As I had a travel plans coming up, I reached out to Halifax to tell them about Sainbury's glitch. They said they can't do much and it will take upto 60 days even after the record is set clear for me to get a higher credit limit. Also I was told I won't get an credit limit increase automatically but have to call and put in request thanks to the efficent team at Sainsbury.
There was enough damage done but I still trusted the Sainsbury's bank to act on their promise. But that too didn't happen. 2 weeks later MSE Experian credit report came. My credit score dropped. I usually had a 95% eligibility to get top cards but that dropped to 5% on MSE credit club.
I again called back on 08-Nov and told then that last time they promised to contact the credit agencies to correct my info and how come even the new reports are having same incorrect information. They again apologized but offered to send a letter stating their mistake in case I get rejected for any credit application. I now have no idea if that will be sent as they do promise a lot on phone but forget it the phone is disconnected.
My mortgage renewal will come up soon and I want to get it sorted at the earliest. I have been offered no compensation but thats ok I just want my credit report to put back in as it was. 999 in Experian and 5/5 in Noddle.
Can MSE help in picking this case up.
I have been offered no compensation but thats ok I just want my credit report to put back in as it was. 999 in Experian and 5/5 in Noddle.
It's not unreasonable to expect your credit files to be corrected by Sainsburys advising the credit ratings agencies of their error, although whether or not this will result in exactly the same scores as before is up to these agencies (and isn't something lenders see anyway so is largely irrelevant).
I don't believe that MSE would 'pick up' an individual case like this. You should continue with your formal complaint and not allow it to be closed until the credit files have been corrected - if you're not getting anywhere by phone try their social media platforms, as some visible adverse publicity often stimulates companies into action.


text:
FROM google/golang

RUN go get github.com/tools/godep

RUN mkdir -p /gopath/src/github.com/lavab/puro
ADD . /gopath/src/github.com/lavab/puro
RUN cd /gopath/src/github.com/lavab/puro && godep go install

CMD []
ENTRYPOINT ["/gopath/bin/puro"]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I'd like to think so, but I am afraid that since he didn't kill them, that the next time they'll both come in with guns and immediately start shooting.
I've rarely seen where these kind of people ever learn the lesson that God so graciously allowed to to relieve by them not being killed at the scene.
That should say "allowed to receive"
Sadly, in many cities, it would be the elder that would find himself in the most legal trouble..
So glad the bad guys didn't shoot back. They were probably stunned at the turn of events.
I believe you're going to see more of this in our future. The elders are truly getting tired of the younger crowd thinking they can get away with anything.
It isn't just Grampa that is armed. Gramma is well prepared also. There is a problem with that video. Grampa would be in one heck of a mess in many places as he continued shooting AFTER they were fleeing. He had made his point. He should have stopped shooting. The legal ramifications could be staggering if he had actually hit one of them or an innocent bystander. He was shooting at their backs - in other words - clearly NOT defending himself or another person.
I do agree we will be seeing a great deal more of this in the future. There have been a number of incidents lately in our general area where "young people" have broken into people's homes and found Grampa or Gramma home alone. The "young people" were given a lesson.
Love it, they can run, but they can't hide!
Grandpa kicking it Old School!
The first thing I said to my daughter, who was watching this with me, this man could get in alot of trouble for shooting at them while they were running away. But you know, those little boogers deserved it. Go Grandpa!
I so wish we could carry here in Canada.
I am not familiar with Florida law, but to me it seems hard to defend shooting without any notice or warning; this video does not have audio, but it did not appear that the shooter said anything or brandished his weapon before opening fire; the potential legal issue would be the speed that he escalated the situation to gunfire and skipping intervening steps.
Having said that, I believe what he did should be considered acceptable and find it sad that it would only be considered legally acceptable in a few jurisdictions.
Once the robbers showed their weapons (to which people responded by raising their hands), G'pa was clearly in his right to protect himself and others by drawing and firing. Do you honestly think he should have drawn his weapon and tried to reason with those young men? Are you kidding me?
Any jurisdiction that wishes to prosecute G'pa will have a hard time convicting if the 12 believe as I do. When a robber shows a weapon, "game on". G'pa took care of business. Cudos to him!
Now there's a man with an intact set!
The comments concerning "he is shooting at their backs," or the older gentleman "getting in trouble for" this is very disturbing to me. How many times have criminals been shooting in schools, movie theaters, Empire State Building, etc, and noticed that their victims are running away from the gunfire, then decide to stop shooting because their are shooting at the backs of the victims? NEVER! Make sure you are prepared to defend properly and carry a weapon you feel confident in handling. Train, train, and train some more. The 2nd Amendment makes us responsible to protect our family, friends and country. We need to kick the bleeding heart liberals out of the judicial system and vote in more people like Sheriff Joe in Arizona.
TC, actually it's now being reported that the 9 injured victims at the Empire State Building were hit by fragments from the Law Enforcer's shots. So this was not a massacre, but one man who went to kill one other man. That is tragic, but at least since it was not a massacre, the anti-gun folks can't get in a tizzy about it being a massacre.
Here where I live, there isn't a jury around who would find this old man guilty.
"The 2nd Amendment makes us responsible to protect our family, friends and country"
Yes, but shooting at people as the run away is not defending yourself or others.
Go back and watch it again. Watch all of the sheeple basically ignore what is happening right before their eyes! Also, did you see the woman holding her ears almost walk into the line of fire! Good grief - if sheeple do not want to utilize their 2nd amendment right, the least they could do is "HIT THE DECK" and stay out of the way of people who are exercising that 2nd amendment right!
Diane in TX, I too was appalled at the woman holding her ears and walking into the line of fire. I actually couldn't believe it. How about the young guy that followed Grandpa over to the bar area, for the purpose of gawking and not missing anything, duh???
I used this video to teach my boys what to do / not to do if they ever found themselves in this type of situation. They are young teens, so at this point I assumed they wouldn't be armed. I paused the video at the lady covering her ears to point out her foolishness, and the guy that followed our hero to the bar area.


text:
Astrophysicists Unveil Biggest-Ever 3D Map of Universe
July 21, 2020 Rakesh SashmalComments Off on Astrophysicists Unveil Biggest-Ever 3D Map of Universe
The map involves efforts of scientists from 30 institutions worldwide
The project launched more than two decades ago
The map relies on the observations of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
Astrophysicists on Monday published the largest-ever 3D map of the Universe, the result of an analysis of more than four million galaxies and ultra-bright, energy-packed quasars.
The efforts of hundreds of scientists from around 30 institutions worldwide have yielded a "complete story of the expansion of the universe", said Will Percival of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.
In the project launched more than two decades ago, the researchers made "the most accurate expansion history measurements over the widest-ever range of cosmic time", he said in a statement.
The map relies on the latest observations of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), titled the "extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey" (eBOSS), with data collected from an optical telescope in New Mexico over six years.
The infant Universe following the Big Bang is relatively well known through extensive theoretical models and observation of cosmic microwave background — the electromagnetic radiation of the nascent cosmos.
Studies of galaxies and distance measurements also contributed to a better understanding of the Universe's expansion over billions of years.
'Troublesome gap'
But Kyle Dawson of the University of Utah, who unveiled the map on Monday, said the researchers tackled a "troublesome gap in the middle 11 billion years".
Through "five years of continuous observations, we have worked to fill in that gap, and we are using that information to provide some of the most substantial advances in cosmology in the last decade," he said.
Astrophysicist Jean-Paul Kneib of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne, who initiated eBOSS in 2012, said the goal was to produce "the most complete 3D map of the Universe throughout the lifetime of the Universe."
For the first time, the researchers drew on "celestial objects that indicate the distribution of matter in the distant Universe, galaxies that actively form stars and quasars."
The map shows filaments of matter and voids that more precisely define the structure of the Universe since its beginnings, when it was only 380,000 years old.
For the part of the map relating to the Universe six billion years ago, researchers observed the oldest and reddest galaxies.
For more distant eras, they concentrated on the youngest galaxies — the blue ones. To go back even further, they used quasars, galaxies whose supermassive black hole is extremely luminous.
The map reveals that the expansion of the Universe began to accelerate at some point and has since continued to do so.
The researchers said this seems to be due to the presence of dark energy, an invisible element that fits into Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity but whose origin is not yet understood.
Astrophysicists have known for years that the Universe is expanding, but have been unable to measure the rate of expansion with precision.
Comparisons of the eBOSS observations with previous studies of the early universe have revealed discrepancies in estimates of the rate of expansion.
The currently accepted rate, called the "Hubble constant", is 10 percent slower than the value calculated from the distances between the galaxies closest to us.
Rakesh Sashmal
China Kicks Off Work on 6G Research: State Media
November 7, 2019 Anindita Ghosh
China has officially started researching sixth-generation telecoms technology, state media reported on Thursday, a move it described as aiming to promote the latest wireless innovation. Chinese government ministries and research institutes met this week in a "kick-off" meeting to establish a national 6G technology research and development group, according to a report […]
International Space Station Power Upgrades Nearly Finished After NASA Spacewalk
July 17, 2020 Rakesh Sashmal
HIGHLIGHTS The batteries store power gathered by the station's solar panels The effort to replace all the 48 batteries began in January 2017 The Lithium-ion batteries have a mass of more than 400 pounds Spacewalking astronauts completed their part of a three-year power upgrade to the International Space Station on Thursday, replacing six more outdated […]
How to Bridge Theory and Practice in the Classroom—With a Real World Tech Twist
"Here's how this lesson is going to apply to a job you may someday have." These are important words to Jennifer Johnson. Spoken by her favorite university professors, they bridged the gap between classroom theory and workplace reality and went a long way toward preparing her for a 15-year career in accounting. Not all of […]
Asus ROG Phone 3 Alleged Renders Leaked, Design Tipped Ahead of July 22 Launch
BSNL Launches Rs. 151, Rs. 251 Data Packs, Rs. 108 Promotional Pack Reintroduced With 60 Days Validity
Redmi Note 9T 5G Launch Date Set as January 8; Price, Specifications Leaked Ahead of Launch
Facebook Shutting Irish Units at Centre of Tax Dispute
4 Tips for Buying Office Furniture on a Budget
Peace Out, 2020: How to Say Goodbye to a Tough Year in a Healthy Way
Samsung Galaxy S20 FE 5G Receiving Android 11-Based One UI 3.0 Update
Copyrights © 2018 Ithinked | All rights reserved. | Editorial by MysteryThemes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


George Michael was spotted outside his London home with large scars on the back of his skull as well as a large scar on his left elbow, following his near fatal crash in May.
George Michael has suffered permanent damage from his near fatal car crash.
The 'Careless Whisper' hitmaker was spotted outside his London home with large scars from a deep gash on the back of his head as well as another large scar on his left elbow.
The photographs acquired show the damage after he fell out the passenger seat of a Range Rover on a busy M1 motorway near St.Albans, close to London, in May.
The 50-year-old singer was airlifted to hospital - where he remained for two weeks - after suffering head injuries, cuts and bruises.
George is now said to be "on the mend" and is maintaining positive spirits following the tragedy.
A source the People newspaper: "George is enjoying life, a few scratches but he's glad to be alive."
The crash follows an incident in 2010 where the star received an eight-week jail sentence for crashing his Range Rover while under the influence of cannabis.
The scarring is the latest in a string of health troubles for the singer after he nearly died as a result of contracting pneumonia in November 2011.


Antigua, Guatemala – With assistance from inbound and outbound tour operators in Latin America, the United States and Europe, the Rainforest Alliance has launched Tour Operators Promoting Sustainability (TOPS), a global network of tour operators dedicated to promoting and supporting sustainable tourism in their respective markets. The Rainforest Alliance, an international conservation organization, made the announcement today in Antigua, Guatemala, in recognition of yesterday's World Tourism Day.
Network tour operators will have access to regularly updated information on sustainable suppliers, discounts on the Rainforest Alliance's verification services (this applies only to inbound operators) and training and other business development opportunities. Through fairs, press events and familiarization (FAM) trips, network members will also have frequent opportunities.to establish business relationships and engage in promotional activities in European and North America.
"We have established agreements that allow TOPS members to receive special rates for their participation in promotional events and tourism fairs," commented Cristina Suhr, international marketing manager for sustainable tourism at the Rainforest Alliance.
By unifying the individual efforts of its network members, TOPS will allow them to have a greater impact on social and conservation projects in the Latin American destinations where they work.
To become a TOPS member, interested inbound tour operators must apply for Rainforest Alliance verification of their businesses, comply with at least 50 percent of the program's established requirements and commit to reaching a minimum of 70 percent compliance by the following year. Outbound operators must sign a memorandum of understanding with the Rainforest Alliance; at least 30 percent of their suppliers must be sustainable and that figure must increase to a minimum of 50 percent by the following year.


Farmers & Merchants Bank (F&M Bank) announced today its continuing commitment to the Long Beach community through their monetary support for Camp Fire USA Greater Long Beach's urban forest upgrade.
With the current phase of the project complete, Camp Fire celebrated with a ribbon cutting event last Saturday at 2:00pm at Camp Fire's Camp Shiwaka at 7070 East Carson Street, Long Beach, CA 90808.
Farmers & Merchants Bank, along with other contributors, has been a supporter of the redevelopment project since its inception in 2013.
To find out more about Camp Fire's programs or to participate in the rebuild project, go to http://www.campfirelb.org or call (562) 421-2725.
Founded in Long Beach in 1907 by C.J. Walker, Farmers & Merchants Bank has over $5B in assets and 23 branches across Orange County, Long Beach and the South Bay. The Bank specializes in commercial and small business banking, business loan programs, home loans, and a robust offering of consumer retail banking products including checking, savings and youth accounts. Farmers & Merchants Bank is a California state chartered bank with deposits insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (Member FDIC) and an Equal Housing Lender.


For the ninth time in his event-filled life, Jim Hudak has enrolled into a new college or university. This time it's Diablo Valley College, a highly regarded Northern California school, where he's taking a class in the (what else?) Department of Music. The class is titled "Sound On Picture," which is geared toward students who want to provide music or "sound designing" into films, soundtracks, and television shows. The class also focuses on the world of music and sound in the huge and growing world of gaming.
"I feel like a kid again," said Hudak last week. "Just being on campus with all the young kids - mostly 18 to 21 year olds more or less, is thrilling. Every time I've taken classes at different colleges over the years, I get a special feeling as the new semester begins. After all, the whole point of school is to develop specific skills in areas that you're interested in. I've always felt that my music is suited for films and soundtracks, and hopefully this class will help me jumpstart into that world."
For the record, Jim has attended the following colleges and universities spanning four decades: Lewis and Clark College in Portland, OR; Portland State University, also in Portland; California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, CA; Community College Of Allegheny County in Pittsburgh, PA; Duquesne University, also in Pittsburgh; Belmont University in Nashville, TN; Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN; Los Medanos College, Pittsburg, CA; Diablo Valley College, Pleasant Hill, CA.
While music and music business have been the common denominators in his college level courses, Jim has also studied in several other fields, including journalism, economics, technology, and communications, among other disciplines.
"You can never have too much knowledge," he reasons. "I always enjoy hearing stories about people in their 80's or 90's who go back to school to complete a degree program, or otherwise take classes just for the sake of learning. I keeps you sharp, after all, and we can all benefit by keeping our minds active."
Jim is especially excited about working with the class instructor, Tim White. Roughly Jim's age, Tim has a huge amount of varied experience in the music business, serving as a composer, sound engineer, musician, producer, and other areas within the industry. He's accessible, friendly, and extremely bright.
"I liked Tim instantly," says Jim Hudak. "He's so personable and so smart. That's a combination you don't always find in college level instructors. It's a privilege to be able to work with and learn from him."
The gaming business has been an area that Jim hasn't paid a lot of attention to up until now, but he expects that might be changing. The San Francisco Bay Area is home to countless companies who specialize in gaming and technology, and Jim hopes to add composing for gaming into his skill set.
"My long term hope with this is that I can learn and master ProTools, the primary software used in music for gaming and soundtracks," he says. "It would be great to utilize the many songs I've written and music I still hope to write into these areas of application. I see it as a way to stay active in music as I move into what many consider to be their 'retirement' years. As long as I've got something to offer, I hope to keep working in music as long as I'm alive. Music has been very good to me, and there are more opportunities for music and composition now than ever before. You just have to go out and find them."
Spoken like a true student of nine different institutions of higher learning, wouldn't you say?


Yesterday, HTC Vive announced a new bundle for their headset featuring Bethesda's upcoming VR title, Fallout 4 VR. Now until December 2, 2017, Fallout 4 VR will be included free with every purchase.
Fallout 4 VR is a VR remake of Bethesda's critically-acclaimed 2015 title bearing the same name. The VR edition features minor modifications to in-game battling, crafting, and building to accommodate to integrate the capabilities of the headset and the motion track controllers.
Currently, Fallout 4 is available for $29.99, (or $59.99 if you purchase the Game of the Year Edition). Speaking of prices, this past August, the HTC Vive received a permanent $200 price drop, which decreased the cost from $799.99 to its current price $599.999.
If you would like more information on the VR port, you can check out our hands-on preview as well as a few screenshots accompanied with the official announcement trailer from this year's E3. Or, in case you missed it, check out our review of the original game.
Fallout 4 VR is set to be released on December 12 exclusively for the HTC Vive. Those who purchase the bundle will receive a redemption code, which can be used when the game is officially available.


Major improvements to creativity confidence and art-making skills cannot happen overnight. We intellectually understand this, that you don't go from nervous amateur to confident master in the course of a making few drawings. But why then, immediately after making something, do you expect to see something "better," more finessed and perhaps even worthy of being hung in a gallery? Why are we so disappointed when what we've made doesn't match the imagined image in our minds? We can get disappointed after only a handful of art-making sessions because we're essentially expecting to run before we can walk.
Are you allowing plenty of space and time for your inner artist to grow gently? Commit to making a small piece of art every day and let of the expectation to be "better" immediately.


"Unauthorized code" was inserted into Juniper's ScreenOS, the OS that runs its firewall and VPN services.
Juniper Networks this week dislcosed that "unauthorized code" had been inserted into ScreenOS, the operating system that runs its firewall and VPN services.
According to Juniper, this code "could allow a knowledgeable attacker to gain administrative access to NetScreen devices and to decrypt VPN connections." That's troubling because the whole point of having a virtual private network (VPN) is to keep your connection secure, especially if you're logging on from a neighborhood coffee shop's public Wi-Fi.
"Once we identified these vulnerabilities, we launched an investigation into the matter, and worked to develop and issue patched releases for the latest versions of ScreenOS," Juniper said.
The problem came to light during "a recent internal code review." But the big question is, how did it get there? Given that the NSA reportedly likes to hack into routers, switches, and firewalls, the secretive government agency is a likely suspect.
Juniper told Forbes that it did not work with the NSA to add backdoors into its system. A 2013 Der Spiegel piece, however, said that NSA specialists "succeeded years ago in penetrating [Juniper's] digital firewalls."
Malware known as Feedtrough "burrows into Juniper firewalls and makes it possible to smuggle other NSA programs into mainframe computers," Der Spiegel said. "Thanks to Feedtrough, these implants can, by design, even survive 'across reboots and software upgrades.' In this way, US government spies can secure themselves a permanent presence in computer networks."
For the time being, NetScreen users running ScreenOS 6.2.0r15 through 6.2.0r18, and 6.3.0r12 through 6.3.0r20 are affected, and require patching.
"At this time, we have not received any reports of these vulnerabilities being exploited," said Bob Worrall, Juniper CIO. "However, we strongly recommend that customers update their systems and apply the patched releases with the highest priority."
Detailed instructions for applying the update can be found online; customers with questions about their system should email sirt@juniper.net.


Ideally located in the prime touristic area of Porta Venezia, Hotel Teco promises a relaxing and wonderful visit. The hotel offers guests a range of services and amenities designed to provide comfort and convenience. 24-hour front desk, luggage storage, room service, laundry service, dry cleaning are just some of the facilities on offer. Guestrooms are fitted with all the amenities you need for a good night's sleep. In some of the rooms, guests can find internet access – wireless, internet access – wireless (complimentary), non smoking rooms, air conditioning, heating. The hotel offers various recreational opportunities. For reliable service and professional staff, Hotel Teco caters to your needs.
Hotel Hotel Teco cost depends on the season and prices can be much different basing on selected dates. The diagram below illustrates price changing dynamic for Hotel Teco hotel by months. For example, the lowest prices - on the average $116 - are in July, and by September hotel Hotel Teco cost grows on the average up to $179.


The Mediator Skills Training course relies heavily on interactive teaching methodology. This demands an extremely high level of competence in spoken English and English language comprehension from delegates, including the ability to understand regional accents. As the accreditation assessments are practical spoken assessments, delegates should be aware that insufficient English language capabilities can affect their chances of accreditation.
There are no other prerequisites other than a willingness to engage in shared learning through role-plays and interactive exercises. Substantive knowledge of law is not required.
Participants will need to prepare thoroughly for this demanding programme and a minimum of 16 hours pre-reading should be anticipated. The Mediator Handbook, case studies and role-play instructions are dispatched one month in advance and maximum benefit can only be achieved if all participants are familiar with these key materials.
Each delegate is required to complete three written assignments for a deadline two weeks after the end of the course.
A written settlement agreement; this is based on the case study undertaken on day three of the course. You are welcome to use the CEDR Model Settlement Agreement as a skeleton for this assignment.
A written self-assessment of your mediation skills; this is in relation to the strengths you bring to mediation and the areas you feel you need to work on.
The third assignment is to write a brief action plan about how you wish to take mediation forward in your career. By completing this assignment we have found that delegates are able to put their plans into action and also give CEDR the opportunity to support delegates where appropriate.


Discussion in 'General' started by RMJL, Sep 28, 2003.
Every Year: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) issues its annual Uniform Crime Report (UCR), which provides drug offender arrest totals for the previous year. Nearly seven out of every eight arrests for marijuana continue to be for possession of the drug.
October 1, 1998: National news is made when the increased funding of prisons (largely driven by warehousing drug offenders) and decreased spending for schools prompts massive protests by California high school students.
October 2, 1982: Ronald Reagan, in a radio address to the nation on federal drug policy, concluded, "we're making no excuses for drugs -- hard, soft, or otherwise. Drugs are bad, and we're going after them. As I've said before, we've taken down the surrender flag and run up the battle flag. And we're going to win the war on drugs." That was about 20 years and half a trillion ($500,000,000,000) dollars ago.
September 21, 1969: In an attempt to reduce marijuana smuggling from Mexico, the Customs Department, under Commissioner Myles Ambrose, subjects every vehicle crossing the Mexican border to a three-minute inspection. The operation lasts only two weeks and wreaks economic havoc on both sides of the border. Mexico agrees to more aggressively attack marijuana trade, but the operation doesn't seriously impact the flow of marijuana into the US.
you cant change the existance of cannabis.
but you can change the existance of laws against cannabis.
same goes for all drugs and drug laws, but cannabis especially.
That was about 20 years and half a trillion ($500,000,000,000) dollars ago.
In time, North America will have Thailand influence. But recently, Canada's been doing our own thing and that's pretty cool. I'd love to live in a Europe-style country and stay in Canada but the US is always on our case. I reallllly hope US citizens elect a better government soon because they're starting to get on my nerves. All this pressure and stuff. The next prime minister for Canada will be Paul Martin and I don't trust that guy.
To all Americans: please please please don't let Bush control your lives!! Don't forget to vote next election, please!!


Ableton Live 9 will be the latest sort of music creation software. Essentially the most modern version of Ableton Live 9.7 match comes with new enhancement inside the program. It can be the professional audio application solely designed to help the user to create the monitor enormously efficiently.
Ableton Live 9 Crack will come with latest music instruments, so the format could seem a lttle bit overwhelming in the beginning look. Most of the users related to music area locate the significantly better generation software program that allows them produce the music. Perfectly, it's an obvious issue that it supports MIDI tones coupled with delivers oriental musical performances live. Its often known as DAWs (Digital Audio Workstation). Ableton Live 9.7 professional suite lets you produce and perform the music inside a particular intuitive interface. You'll find it retains everything refreshed and sync in authentic time. Right after downloading it, you can modify and play your musical creative ideas lacking interrupting the movement on the music keep track of.
Ableton Live 9 suite with crack will come along with the multipurpose collection of instruments for fine quality music. It happens to be utilized to create and produce the music files. Record your voice by means of mic and incorporate the sufficient beats to trace. It provides you with accurate music editing experience. Those that are new to the music editing or creating music, then it happens to be the better options for you. It is usually a multitrack audio software program that lets you record, edits and efficiently mixes the music. Digital Audio Workstation often called DAWs are added for the perfection of this software. In case you are curious to get full selection music software then Ableton Live 9 crack is right here. This software provides manual and useful tutorials to start out working with this software. Additionally, it enables you to automate mixer controls and automate devices. Furthermore, it allows you to go for various MIDI effects and lengthen the functionality for the app employing AU plugins and VST.
Ableton Live 9 is outstanding music sequencer for Windows operating system and Mac devices. Ableton Live 9 free download is specially designed for professional DJs and music producers. It is always supposed to always be an instrument for live performance including recording, managing, mixing and mastering the music. When you are having live performances, then it delivers session watch that may be often called the view of clips. Little doubt it's always a nonlinear method where the user can play and record your options promptly.


text:
Gaming Ads: Epyx
Jon Freeman and Jim Connelley met in 1977 while playing the pen-and-paper game Dungeon & Dragons. Freeman assisted Connelley during the development of his first game, Star Fleet Orion, and the two of them founded Automated Simulations in 1979 to publish the game. Temple of Apshai was the company's next game and it sold quite well, leading to a number of expansions and sequels. However, Jon Freeman was not involved beyond the first game as he left the company in 1981 following a series of business-related arguments with Connelley. In 1982 the company name was changed to Epyx, Inc., which is a name they came up with after their first choice Epic was already owned by Epic Recordings.
Another one of the company's early big hits was Jumpman (no relation to Nintendo's Mario who was originally known as Jumpman) but it was 1984's Summer Games that took the company to the next level. Summer Games led to a line of popular "Games" titles that includes Winter Games, Summer Games II, California Games, World Games, and California Games II. Epyx developed its own titles, like Jumpman and Summer Games, but also published games for other developers. Other hit titles from the developer and publisher are Pitstop II, Impossible Mission I & II, G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero, World Championship Karate, The Eidolon, Street Sports Baseball, and Spiderbot.
Despite releasing more than 100 games and having many successes, Epyx ultimately had to declare bankruptcy in 1989. Epyx did manage to remain open following massive layoffs and the sale of the complete rights to its in-development handheld unit to Atari; Atari was already signed on to handle production of the system that would eventually be named the Atari Lynx. In 1993 the few remaining employees opted to sell off the remainder of the company's assets.
Being a big fan of sports games when I was younger, Epyx was one of my favorite companies during my Commodore 64 days. I played a lot of the "Games" titles, and the other Epyx Olympic games: The Games: Summer Edition and The Games: Winter Edition. Street Sports Baseball and The Sporting News Baseball are two other sports titles that kept me in front of the computer for many hours. Aside from its sports titles, I also enjoyed the Impossible Mission games though I never did get too far in the original (one of my favorite game openings) before completing the sequel.
Flickr album: Epyx
Posted by Jonathan at 6:21 AM
Labels: ads, epyx, gaming
Vault 1541
Vault 1541 is primarily about video games and toys with a strong -- but not exclusive -- focus on the '80s and '90s.
If you have any feedback you can send an email to vault1541 at gmail.com. Thanks for visiting!
Follow @Vault1541
Gaming Ads: Flying Edge
1991 Electronics Boutique Winter Catalog
November Update
Gaming Ads: Fanfare, Firebird Licensees, First Row...
The Electronic Learning Machine
[YouTube] Superman & Wonder Woman Stuff ('70s/'80s...
[YouTube] The Joker Cycle Unboxing (1990)
[YouTube] Batman Stuff ('70s/'80s/'90s)
DC Comics/JLA Week
Gaming Ads: Event Horizon Software and Extreme Ent...


text:
It is Now Easier to Create a House Extension in Bucks
Permitted development rights allow certain house alterations and extensions to be performed without full planning applications needed, reducing the red tape involved in extending or altering a property. In 2014 these rules were temporarily extended to allow bigger extensions to be created under the scheme.
What is Permitted Development?
Permitted Development Rights were a set of building rights which automatically grant planning permission for certain types of building or alteration works.
Works covered under permitted development rights include single-storey rear extensions, double storey rear extensions, side extensions and loft conversions. There are strict rules that apply to the alterations that can be undertaken using Permitted Development Rights, these include the size of the extension, roof heights, roof pitches and the distance from the perimeter of the extension to the outer walls/boundary of the house.
Properties in conservation areas or listed buildings must apply for full planning permission for extensions.
There are many house renovations that can be undertaken without full planning permission. Read our article below for more information.
19 HOME PROJECTS YOU CAN DO WITHOUT PLANNING PERMISSION
Updates to Permitted Development
After a consultation period starting in 2012, the Permitted Development Rights were extended to allow for larger house extensions. The idea was to allow more households to extend their existing home rather than having to move.
The extension to the rights allowed for significantly larger extensions to be built on properties.
Single storey rear extensions could now be up to 8m deep for detached houses (increased from 4m) and 6m deep for semi-detached houses (previously 3m).
After the scope of Permitted Development was temporarily extended in 2013, over 110,000 properties have taken advantage, making additions and extensions to homes at much larger sizes.
Broadened Rights are Now Permanent
In May 2019 the government announced that these extended rules to Permitted Development Rights were being made permanent, making it much easier to complete a house extension in Buckinghamshire.
Under the new and permanent Permitted Development Rights, it is possible to add a 6m single-storey rear extension onto a semi-detached home or an 8m extension onto a detached home without having to go through a full planning application procedure.
These new permanent rights will allow many more households to gain the additional space they need without fighting through the red tape of planning permission applications.
How Can Sky House Help with House Extensions in Bucks?
The Sky House Design Centre is full of experts in home improvement and extension projects. They work with architects, contractors and developers all over the UK to create house extensions that are of extremely high quality.
Whether you are planning a side infill extension, loft extension or double height rear extension, the experts at Sky House are available to help.
Get in touch with us to book your VIP meeting. You can also hire one of our meetings rooms for free to conduct a full project meeting with all members of the project team (the end client, architect, interior designer, garden designer etc).


Outsource2india's transition management draws up detailed project transition plans on how to manage the transfer of our customers' inhouse processes from their environment to ours. Our transition strategy aims at accomplishing the relocation of specific operations from the outsourcing company (or the donor) to our offshore development center within the timeline defined in the service contract; with minimal or no disruption to business operations and quality of output. Effective transition management and in-depth transition planning is the key to any successful offshore endeavor.
Learn more about the advantages of our comprehensive transition management process.
Our transition managers enter the process much before the deal is signed to understand the customers' outsourcing vision and to evaluate the feasibility of outsourcing the process under consideration. They represent O2I's outsourcing 'face' and play a very crucial role at the onset of an outsourcing relationship. During the teething stages of a project, our transition manager interacts extensively with the customer and works towards designing a comprehensive enterprise transition plan before project roll-out.
At O2I, transition management covers a series of steps, some of which continue well into advanced stages of the project lifecycle.
During this stage we do an analysis of the feasibility of outsourcing as well as O2I's business competency to handle the process. Regulatory and compliance issues are looked at and risk analysis conducted.
These steps help to further assess risks related to outsourcing the function and the do-ability of the project.
Once the above evaluations have been completed and the outcomes are favorable to going ahead with the project, O2I designs an outsourcing solution in collaboration with the customer. The process work flow, volume analysis, costs and cyclical trends are taken into consideration while designing a solution. Our team makes sure that we leverage the best practices from previous transitions and arrive at an optimized solution from both business and IT perspectives, which is discussed in detail with the customer for final implementation.
After the contract has been signed and the solution designed, we get into the nitty-gritty of planning how the process transition should take place. Giving enough thought on process transition helps us to keep to project schedules and minimal downtime during the transition period.
This involves finalizing all aspects such as the composition of a new team, reporting hierarchy, shift timing details, performance evaluation measures, timelines, escalation procedures in case of disputes or issues and communication and interaction protocols.
This involves detailing each step of the process as it is to occur at O2I development center. This ensures that the process transition to our environment takes place with maximum attention to outcomes, turnaround times and optimization of people and resources.
The project is now rolled out for implementation. First-time projects require a lot of communication between O2I and the customer location. The transition manager's role is very crucial at this stage and goes a long way to enhance mutual understanding and partnering between the customer and O2I team.
The project manager co-ordinates between facilities, IT, infrastructure, technology, HR, legal, donor teams and the offshore team to ensure that each is performing the tasks assigned to them.
At O2I, we use the latest project measurement tools to track key project related metrics. Microsoft Project or Excel are used for tracking smaller sized projects and for more complex and high volume projects, our teams use Six Sigma, PMI and RPPS. Regular status-update meetings attended by both our managers and the customer help to fine-tune and drive the project forward.
Our Quality teams are fed back into the process to fine-tune the functions and add value to the solution that we offer our customers.
The management team at Outsource2india has years of working experience in different industry verticals. Their experience has been the driving force behind our company, enabling us to provide outsourcing solutions to customers all over the world.
Contact us to know how you can benefit from O2I's seamless transition process!


Just Across the Road: To Hagyard!
For our final internship fieldtrip, we interns and Melissa, the Educational Programs Director and Volunteer & Adoption Coordinator of the Secretariat Center, ventured just across Iron Works Pike to Hagyard Equine Medical Institute. While driving through the entrance to the facility, the first thing we noticed was the large banner on the outside of the building declaring that Hagyard is "The World's Oldest and Largest Equine Practice." I have lived in Kentucky for almost four years and I never knew that Kentucky was home to such a famous institution. However, being the self-proclaimed Horse Capital of the World, these findings really should not surprise me anymore.
We proceeded to the Equine Pharmacy and were greeted by our two tour guides, Nicole and Anna. As we began our tour, we learned that Hagyard's pharmacy not only can make and fill their own prescriptions, but also compound them. The benefit of compounding means that the lab can mix different medicines to alter the taste or composition for the unique needs of certain horses – a process that proves much more efficient than shipping out prescriptions to be completed by other facilities.
After visiting several of the barns they have, most of which can stable 30-50 horses at a time, we trekked inside the surgery prep room. I was taken by how large and complex the operation equipment for hoisting these large animals around the building was. The reality that horses require hydraulic lifts and machinery to position them for even the simplest of surgeries and treatments puts small animal clinical care in less-than-daunting perspective.
After visiting the surgery prep room, we made our way to the back of the campus. We then walked into another large surgery room with several hallways leading into it. Down one of these hallways, there was a specialized stall that filtered oxygen for rare equine breathing problems. This therapy was made possible by owners of a horse afflicted with respiratory issues from a donation of over $100,000 to Hagyard.
We then met some equine patients and several foals that were born with some special problems naked to my untrained eye, at least. What was clearly obvious to me, however, was the Guinness beer that one vet grabbed out of the fridge and poured into a mare's afternoon meal. We learned that Guinness is good for horses too, as alcoholic drinks not only help a horse increase his appetite, but are also useful for horses that suffer from anhidrosis, a condition that inhibits their ability to sweat.
We wrapped up our tour by going into a room consumed by a large hyperbaric chamber. Being around horses so much now for this internship, my immediate thought upon entering the chamber was from a horse's perspective: oh, what a big and scary white alien monster-thing that looks like it's going to eat me! (Alright, I took some liberties there, but you get the idea). This hyperbaric chamber is not very common in many vet practices with cost being a factor, but is a valuable oxygen therapy treatment in treating acute or chronic injuries. As the chamber fills with oxygen, the horses receive an increased amount of dissolved oxygen in their plasma, reducing tissue swelling and delivering an oxygen shot to damaged tissues. Horses can have several treatments that last up to an hour for rehabilitation.
As we thanked our tour guides and made the short trip back to the Maker's Mark Secretariat Center, I reflected on how intriguing it was to finally visit a real equine vet practice. Those visits occur surprisingly little for non-horse owners such as myself. I was impressed by all the large instruments and advanced technology Hagyard has. What a huge difference between the tiny vet practice that I take my own cats to back home in Cincinnati. Until one personally delves into the economic commitment that comes with owning a horse and keeping it healthy, I don't think anyone can fully comprehend the amount of money that is shelled out by horse owners to care for their beloved animals – especially in Kentucky! It makes me appreciate that ALL of the horses at the Secretariat Center – and the Horse Park – are extremely well-cared for. It just exemplifies the fact that the Horse Capital of the World not only is a mecca for horses, but a resource for them as well.


text:
Bono: Counties in region looking toward reopening
Donna Thompson / donna@timestelegram.com
County leaders are looking for ways to safely reopen businesses, Herkimer County Legislature Chairman Vincent J. Bono said during a news conference Friday afternoon.
"We'll need to do it in a safe way and maintain the safety level," he stressed during the briefing in the county Legislature chambers, but added the process could begin here prior to the governor's current extension to May 15 for the New York PAUSE shutdown.
Bono said the matter of reopening and how to reopen is being discussed during conference calls with officials in neighboring counties. All are planning to consult members of their business communities as well as working with health officials to discuss when and how this can be done. He hopes to have a projected date within a week, but said this will be a phased-in process.
Herkimer County currently has about 30 active cases of coronavirus, said Bono. A total of 73 people in the county have tested positive for COVID-19; three people have died and some 40 have recovered. Here, as in a six- or seven-county surrounding region, the number of positive cases seem to be coming down and as test results come back more quickly, the number of people testing negative is rising, he said.
Bono also addressed complaints that public health is not releasing the names of the towns or communities where people testing positive for the virus live. This is in keeping with recommendations from public health and state health officials, he said. One reason is to keep people from flocking to areas with a lower concentration of cases or from thinking they are safe because the virus has not been reported in a particular community, he said. The county also wants to avoid hurting the businesses that are open.There has been at least one case in nearly every community in the county, he said, and people can have and spread the virus without knowing it.
"Herkimer County is relatively safe, but the numbers could change at any time," said Bono. "We certainly don't want a second wave."
He also reported that the Department of Motor Vehicles is "inundated with work from other counties." He added Herkimer County residents' items are being handled first.
Herkimer County Emergency Services Coordinator John Raymond reported his department is handling the logistics of obtaining personal protective equipment and distributing it where it is needed. While first responders are the top priority, he has been able to supply Little Falls Hospital and nursing homes at times.
"The supply chain is starting to open up," said Raymond.
On Monday, the state contacted him to say it had 20,000 cloth masks available and his department has been distributing them to food pantries, Catholic Charities, the Office for the Aging and other sites to get them to people who might not be able to obtain them otherwise. Some will also be available at stores such as Kinney's and Stewart's for the general public, said Raymond.
Acting Herkimer County Public Health Director Diane Ward reported people testing positive for the coronavirus now have had fewer contacts with others. When someone tests positive, public health reaches out to those who may have had contact with that person, she said.
"At the beginning, that meant contacting about 80 people; now it's about 10," said Ward. "It's made the workload a lot easier."
Sheriff Scott Scherer said his department has been responding to NY PAUSE complaints about nonessential businesses that are continuing to operate. He said a deputy looks into the complaint to find out if the business is considered essential or has been granted a waiver. The department received 52 complaints this month; 37 businesses were in compliance, 15 were not. A deputy visits those who are not considered essential to advise them of that fact and give them the phone number they can call to request a waiver. If a business does not comply, the matter would be turned over to the local or state police and fines could be imposed.
Department of Social Services Commissioner Tim Seymour said his department had reduced its staff by about 50%, made modifications to the lobby and installed a drop box to reduce traffic in and out of the building.
"We had to look at different ways of doing business," said Seymour.
County Administrator James Wallace discussed the impact the shutdown will have on the county's budget. Sales tax revenues will be impacted and the state is planning to cut the amount going to counties. A check from the state is due May 7 and will give officials a better idea of where the county stands, he said. He is also watching to see what impact the internet sales tax will have on those revenues.
The county's fund balance should help see it through, said Wallace. A hiring freeze and a purchase freeze have also been put in place. He credited the county Legislature for its work in responding to the crisis.


TAG comments on: http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/WD-curie-20071126/ "CURIE Syntax 1.0"
With respect to your work on "CURIE Syntax 1.0" , the TAG has asked me to post the comments attached below on its behalf.
The TAG reached concensus on the comments it wished to send during their meeting on 27th March 2008 (minutes to be published).
I'd like to thank you for your patience in awaiting our comments.
The TAG appreciates that the XHTML 2 WG is attempting to address a frequently expressed need with the CURIE design.  Aside from the relatively minor comments given at the end, which we hope you can address to improve the way the spec. reads, we have some overall concerns which we invite you to consider.
you are trying to address?
'about', as containing URI references.
expected, causing tools to break and users to be frustrated.
in a valid XML document.
people to deploy broken data.
of combining a namespace name with a local part to generate a URI"
should be removed, or at least heavily modified.
Section 1.  "1) [QNames] are NOT intended for use in attribute values"
define the allowed content of both attributes and elements.
mappings and CURIEs seem to inherit all of those problems.
Section 3.  Prefixes and even colons are optional (again/still).
of _any_ visible signal seems very dangerous.
CURIE and its reference MUST be an IRI [IRI]."
(I hope so) or the IRI-reference production (I hope not)?
value" (or "value as URI", depending on which you actually mean).
If this spec. is in fact intended to define an XSD datatype, a schema document, or at least simple type definitions for CURIEs and safe CURIEs, would be a good addition.
Next message: Ian B. Jacobs: "[Fwd: Errata for XML Events: An Events Syntax for XML]"
Previous message: Roland Merrick: "Re: Notes about XML Events 2 W3C Working Draft 16 February 2007"


text:
Maternal Emotional Health
Prenatal Symptoms of Depression, by Prenatal Insurance Coverage (California Only)
View Prenatal Symptoms of Depression Overall by Family Income (California Only) by Maternal Age (California Only) by Race/Ethnicity (California Only) Choose a Different Indicator
Years 2013-2015
Coverage Type Insured - Medi-Cal Insured - Private California - All
Definition: Estimated percentage of women with a live birth who for a period of two weeks or longer during pregnancy felt sad, empty or depressed for most of the day and lost interest in most things they usually enjoyed, by prenatal insurance coverage type (e.g., an estimated 7.6% of privately insured California women with a live birth in 2013-2015 experienced prenatal symptoms of depression).
Data Source: California Department of Public Health, Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health (MCAH) Division, & University of California, San Francisco, Center on Social Disparities in Health, Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (MIHA) Survey (Jun. 2018).
Footnote: MIHA is an annual population-based survey of California resident women with a live birth in the calendar year. Percentages are weighted to represent all women with a live birth in California and counties during the time period. Refer to the MIHA technical notes for information on weighting methods.
Learn More About Maternal Emotional Health
Measures of Maternal Emotional Health on Kidsdata.org
Kidsdata.org provides estimates of the percentage of women with a recent birth who experience perinatal symptoms of depression (i.e., for a period of two weeks or longer feel sad, empty or depressed for most of the day and lose interest in most things they usually enjoy), which are measured both during pregnancy and after delivery. Data are available at the county level for prenatal and postpartum symptoms of depression overall, and at the state level by family income level, maternal age, prenatal health insurance coverage, and race/ethnicity.
Prenatal Symptoms of Depression
by Family Income (California Only)
by Maternal Age (California Only)
by Prenatal Insurance Coverage (California Only)
by Race/Ethnicity (California Only)
Postpartum Symptoms of Depression
by Mother's Race/Ethnicity
Mothers with a Recent Birth Living in Families in Poverty
Mothers with a Recent Birth Living in Low-Income Families
In-Hospital Breastfeeding of Newborns
Basic Needs Not Met
Basic Needs Not Met, by Family Income (CA Only)
Basic Needs Not Met, by Maternal Age (CA Only)
Basic Needs Not Met, by Prenatal Insurance Coverage (CA Only)
Basic Needs Not Met, by Race/Ethnicity (CA Only)
Parental Legal Trouble/Incarceration
Parental Legal Trouble/Incarceration, by Family Income (CA Only)
Parental Legal Trouble/Incarceration, by Maternal Age (CA Only)
Parental Legal Trouble/Incarceration, by Prenatal Insurance Coverage (CA Only)
Parental Legal Trouble/Incarceration, by Race/Ethnicity (CA Only)
Parental Divorce or Separation
Parental Divorce or Separation, by Family Income (CA Only)
Parental Divorce or Separation, by Maternal Age (CA Only)
Parental Divorce or Separation, by Prenatal Insurance Coverage (CA Only)
Parental Divorce or Separation, by Race/Ethnicity (CA Only)
Family Hunger
Family Hunger, by Family Income (CA Only)
Family Hunger, by Maternal Age (CA Only)
Family Hunger, by Prenatal Insurance Coverage (CA Only)
Family Hunger, by Race/Ethnicity (CA Only)
Moved Due to Financial Problems
Moved Due to Financial Problems, by Family Income (CA Only)
Moved Due to Financial Problems, by Maternal Age (CA Only)
Moved Due to Financial Problems, by Prenatal Insurance Coverage (CA Only)
Moved Due to Financial Problems, by Race/Ethnicity (CA Only)
Foster Care Placement
Foster Care Placement, by Family Income (CA Only)
Foster Care Placement, by Maternal Age (CA Only)
Foster Care Placement, by Prenatal Insurance Coverage (CA Only)
Foster Care Placement, by Race/Ethnicity (CA Only)
Domestic Violence Calls for Assistance
Infant Mortality Rate
by Leading Causes of Death
Infant Mortality per Year (California & U.S. Only)
Low Birthweight and Preterm Births
Infants Born at Low Birthweight
by Mother's Age
Infants Born at Very Low Birthweight
Preterm Births: Last Menstrual Period (LMP) Estimates of Gestation
Infants Whose Mothers Received Prenatal Care in the First Trimester
The emotional and behavioral health of women before, during, and after pregnancy is central to the well being of the entire family. Depression during pregnancy, if untreated, puts women at increased risk for preterm births and low birthweight when compared to women without depression (1). Other negative outcomes associated with depression around the time of pregnancy include problems with mother-infant attachment, poor physical and cognitive development, and emotional and behavioral difficulties in childhood and adolescence (2). Paternal depressive symptoms during this period also can affect children's emotional and behavioral outcomes (2). Among mothers, symptoms of depression in the perinatal period are a strong predictor of depressive symptoms at four years postpartum (3).
Substance use around the time of pregnancy also can have serious adverse effects on mothers and children (4). Alcohol consumption, particularly binge drinking, is especially harmful during pregnancy and is associated with miscarriage, birth defects, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome, and a host of long-term physical, mental, and behavioral impairments, referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (4, 5). Tobacco use during pregnancy is linked to preterm birth, low birthweight, and disruptions in children's intellectual and emotional development (4,5).
If a pregnancy is not planned before conception, pre-pregnancy risk behaviors can continue into the first weeks of pregnancy, before a woman realizes that she is pregnant. Public health initiatives increasingly are focusing on improving preconception health by targeting social and environmental factors that influence the health behaviors and health status of women entering pregnancy (6).
For more information on maternal emotional and behavioral health, see kidsdata.org's Research & Links section.
1. Jarde, A, et al. (2016). Neonatal outcomes in women with untreated antenatal depression compared with women without depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(8), 826-837. Retrieved from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2526241
2. Stein, A, et al. (2014). Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. The Lancet, 384(9956), 1800-1819. Retrieved from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61277-0/fulltext
3. Woolhouse, H., et al. (2015). Maternal depression from early pregnancy to four years postpartum in a prospective pregnancy cohort study: Implications for primary health care. BJOG, 122(3), 312-321. Retrieved from: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1471-0528.12837
4. Mental Health America. (n.d.). Prevention and early intervention in mental health: Prenatal period to early childhood. Retrieved from: http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/issues/prevention-and-early-intervention-mental-health-prenatal-period-early-childhood
5. Maternal and Child Health Bureau. (2014). Child health USA 2014. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from: https://mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa14/health-status-behaviors.html#hsbi
6. Healthy People 2020. (n.d.). Maternal, infant, and child health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/maternal-infant-and-child-health
In 2013-2015, prenatal symptoms of depression were at least as common as they were postpartum: Statewide, estimates of women with a birth who suffered depressive symptoms during pregnancy and those who suffered symptoms of depression in the months after pregnancy each were 14%. Across counties with data, however, there was substantial variation. Prenatal symptoms of depression ranged from 9% in San Mateo County to 20% in Stanislaus County in 2013-2015, while postpartum depressive symptoms were 10% in Yolo County and 19% in San Joaquin County.
African American/black and Hispanic/Latina mothers had higher rates of perinatal symptoms of depression when compared with other groups in California; e.g., depressive symptoms during pregnancy were nearly twice as common for African American/black (20%) and Hispanic/Latina (17%) women as they were for either Asian/Pacific Islander or white women (10%) in 2013-2015. Women with Medi-Cal for prenatal insurance coverage had higher rates of perinatal depressive symptoms (19% prenatal, 17% postpartum) when compared with privately insured mothers (8% prenatal, 10% postpartum). In general, estimates of prenatal and postpartum symptoms of depression were highest among women in families with income below the federal poverty guideline (21% and 18%, respectively), and declined as income increased.
Emotional and behavioral wellness before, during, and after pregnancy can have long-term effects on maternal and child health (1, 2). Depression and substance use around the time of pregnancy, for example, have been linked to negative birth outcomes and developmental deficits in children (1, 2). Policymakers have a role in helping to ensure that all women and couples have access to culturally and linguistically appropriate guidance and care—including mental health and substance abuse treatment if needed—before conception, during pregnancy, and after childbirth.
Policy and program options to promote perinatal emotional and behavioral health include:
Advancing prevention strategies that improve social and environmental conditions in which women live, acknowledge the history of trauma common among those with emotional and behavioral health conditions, and build individual and community resilience (3, 4)
Supporting evidence-based, culturally- and linguistically-appropriate public education and communication strategies to promote healthy behaviors across the lifespan for youth and adults, reduce stigma around perinatal emotional and behavioral problems, and provide resources to address mental health and substance abuse issues (4, 5)
Promoting a comprehensive approach to women's health, including integration of the following into routine care: reproductive planning, screenings for substance use and depression using validated tools, and trauma-informed treatment for emotional and behavioral conditions (5, 6, 7)
Addressing barriers to mental and behavioral health care and fragmented delivery systems through improved collaboration between maternal health and mental health care providers, along with workforce development to ensure an adequate supply of culturally and linguistically diverse providers (4, 8)
Ensuring that funding and reimbursement mechanisms support implementation of evidence-based best practices for perinatal mental health and substance use screening, referral, and treatment in all prenatal and postpartum care and service settings (4, 5)
In alignment with the Affordable Care Act, supporting continued research on emotional and behavioral conditions before and after pregnancy; as part of this, expanding and improving existing perinatal data collection systems (5, 9)
For more policy information about perinatal emotional health, see kidsdata.org's Research & Links section. Also see Policy Implications on kidsdata.org for Health Care, Prenatal Care, and Low Birthweight and Preterm Births.
3. Prevention Institute. (2017). Back to our roots: Catalyzing community action for mental health and wellbeing. Retrieved from: https://www.preventioninstitute.org/www.preventioninstitute.org/publications/back-to-our-roots
4. California Task Force on the Status of Maternal Mental Health Care. (2017). California's strategic plan: A catalyst for shifting statewide systems to improve care across California and beyond. Retrieved from: https://www.2020mom.org/ca-task-force-recommendations
5. Secretary's Advisory Committee on Infant Mortality. (2013). Final recommendations for a national strategy to reduce infant mortality. Health Resources and Services Administration. Retrieved from: https://www.hrsa.gov/advisory-committees/infant-mortality/reports.html
6. Siu, A. L., & U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2016). Screening for depression in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA, 315(4), 380-387. Retrieved from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2484345
7. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). SAMHSA's concept of trauma and guidance for a trauma-informed Approach.. Retrieved from: https://store.samhsa.gov/product/SAMHSA-s-Concept-of-Trauma-and-Guidance-for-a-Trauma-Informed-Approach/SMA14-4884
8. Hoffman, M. C., & Wisner, K. L. (2017). Psychiatry and obstetrics: An imperative for collaboration. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(3), 205-207. Retrieved from: https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16111233
9. Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs. (2015). Opportunities and strategies for improving preconception health through health reform: Advancing collective impact for improved health outcomes. Retrieved from: http://www.amchp.org/Transformation-Station/Documents/AMCHP Preconception Issue Brief.pdf
2020 Mom: Closing Gaps in Maternal Mental Health Care Through Education, Advocacy, and Collaboration
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials: Healthy Babies Initiative
Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University
Depression Among Women, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Is It Safe?, March of Dimes
Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Division: What is Maternal Mental Health?, California Dept. of Public Health
MedlinePlus: Postpartum Depression, U.S. National Library of Medicine
Moms' Mental Health Matters, National Child and Maternal Health Education Program
Office on Women's Health: Reproductive Health and Mental Health, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services,
Perinatal Mental Health Alliance for Women of Color, Postpartum Support International
Postpartum Depression Facts, National Institute of Mental Health
Stress and Pregnancy, March of Dimes
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): Maternal Depression
Tobacco Use and Pregnancy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Addressing Maternal Depression in the Context of Home Visiting: Opportunities and Challenges, 2018, National Home Visiting Resource Center Research Snapshot Brief, Peters, R., & Genua, D.
Alcohol Use and Binge Drinking Among Women of Childbearing Age — United States, 2011–2013, 2015, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Tan, C. H., et al.
Back to Our Roots: Catalyzing Community Action for Mental Health and Wellbeing, 2017, Prevention Institute
California's Strategic Plan: A Catalyst for Shifting Statewide Systems to Improve Care Across California and Beyond, 2017, California Task Force on the Status of Maternal Mental Health Care
Consensus Bundle on Maternal Mental Health: Perinatal Depression and Anxiety, 2017, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kendig, S., et al.
Depression During and After Pregnancy: A Resource for Women, Their Families, and Friends, 2006, Health Resources and Services Administration
Home Visiting Is a Valuable Investment in California's Families, 2018, California Budget & Policy Center, Hutchful, E.
Maternal Depression Can Undermine the Development of Young Children, 2009, Harvard University, Center on the Developing Child
Opportunities and Strategies for Improving Preconception Health Through Health Reform: Advancing Collective Impact for Improved Health Outcomes, 2015, Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs
Preconception Interventions, 2014, Reproductive Health, Belizan, J. (Ed.)
Prevention and Early Intervention in Mental Health: Prenatal Period to Early Childhood, Mental Health America
SAMHSA's Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach, 2014, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Screening for Depression in Adults, 2016, JAMA, Siu, A. L., & U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Screening for Perinatal Depression, 2015, Obstetrics and Gynecology, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Symptoms of Depression During and After Pregnancy, 2018, California Dept. of Public Health, Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Division
Bringing Light to Motherhood: A Systems Change Proposal for Preventing and Treating Perinatal Depression and Anxiety in Los Angeles County, 2014, Los Angeles County Perinatal Mental Health Task Force
Collaborative Care: The Integration of Perinatal Mental Health into Medical Settings, 2015, Los Angeles County Perinatal Mental Health Task Force
Perinatal Smoking in Communities Across Los Angeles County: Recent Progress and Why It Matters, 2017, Children's Data Network, McCroskey, J., et al.
More Data Sources For Maternal Emotional Health
Child Trends Databank: Parental Depression
Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (MIHA), California Dept. of Public Health & University of California San Francisco
PeriStats, March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center
Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Before 1906, an alien could be naturalized in any court of record. Many immigrants, anxious to become citizens, began the citizenship process by taking out papers in the county where they first arrived in the United States. One might have started the process somewhere on the East Coast, for example, and then completed the requirements in the county or state when final residency was established somewhere else. This presents a challenge for family historians seeking the naturalization records of their ancestors. Fortunately, as more and more of these records are being made available online through collections like those on Ancestry, that search is getting easier. Even where the actual records are not available, indexes can lead us to the actual records.
Naturalization records can be rich in detail, providing the date of immigration and the ship, names, ages, and addresses of family members, birth information, current and past residences, signatures, and affidavits from witnesses.
The collection of naturalization and citizenship records on Ancestry includes indexes, which in the case of some records are linked to images of the actual records. In Canada, only people who were not British subjects needed to register for their citizenship.
The U.S. Census records for 1900-1930 included questions about citizenship status. Entries in the "Naturalized" column can indicate a person's progress toward citizenship. "NA" was written for naturalized citizens, while the entry "PA" might indicate that first papers (also called a "declaration of intent") had been filed. "AL" indicates the immigrant had not yet begun the naturalization process. Additionally, the 1920 census asked the year of naturalization for immigrants who had naturalized.
Naturalization records may include more than one page. If you find a record, view the original image and use the arrow keys to scroll to the next page to make sure you've seen all the pages.
Be sure to note and research the names of witnesses on naturalization records. They were often relatives, employers, or friends from the immigrant's previous home. Tracing these individuals in census, directory, or immigration records may help you learn about your ancestor's life before and after they arrived in their new country.
Keep in mind that your immigrant ancestor may not have used the English version of his or her given name and that the surname may also have ethnic variants. Learn the ethnic equivalents and try searches in the immigrant's native language.
Try searching for other variations of your ancestor's name in case it was spelled incorrectly. Wildcards can be used to search for name variants. Click here to learn more about wildcards.
Learn about pronunciation in your immigrant ancestor's native language. In some cases clerks may have recorded the name as they heard it.
When searching the Native American collections within this category, you'll have better luck if you know the name of the person and the tribe.


text:
English skills raise wages for some, not all, in India
Nishith Prakash, Aimee Chin, Mehtabul Azam 26 May 2010
Does it pay to speak English? This column presents evidence from India that being fluent in English increases the hourly wages of men by 34% and of women by 22%. But the effects vary. Returns are higher for older and more educated workers and lower for less educated, younger workers, suggesting that English is becoming a complement to education.
One in five Indian adults can speak English. Four percent report that they can converse fluently in English, and an additional 16% report that they can converse a little in English according to the 2005 India Human Development Survey. English-speaking ability is higher among men (26% of men speak at least a little English, compared to 14% of women), younger people, more educated people, higher castes, and urban residents. Figure 1 shows mean English ability by states or union territory. The smaller territories tend to have the highest English ability, suggesting that English serves as a working language in a linguistically diverse country where people will often not share a mother tongue.
Figure 1. Mean English-speaking skills by territory
It is widely believed that there are sizable economic returns to English-language skills in India. Due to India's British colonial past, English remains an official language of the federal government, and is still used in government and education. Moreover, due to the rapid expansion of international trade and outsourcing in recent decades, English has become even more important. Despite this, there are surprisingly no estimates of the wage returns to English skills in India. The impediment appears to have been the lack of a microdata containing measures of both earnings and English ability. In our study (Azam et al. 2010), we quantify the English premium using data from the newly available 2005 India Human Development Survey (IHDS). The Development Survey is a nationally representative dataset covering over 40,000 households located throughout India. Closely related to our study are Rosenzweig (2006) and Chakraborty and Kapur (2008), who estimate the returns to attending a school with English as the medium of instruction – but the returns to attending an English medium school is not in general the same as the returns to English-language skills. (Also on the topic of English and Indian economic development are Clingingsmith 2008 and Shastry 2008).
How big are the returns to English in India?
Figure 2 shows the (unadjusted) mean hourly wages by English skill among male and female workers. At first glance, these unadjusted means suggest significant returns to English – but this probably overstates the returns because the means have not been adjusted to take into account factors such as that more educated people tend to earn more (with or without English skills) and that wage levels tend to be higher in urban areas and in certain states. In the estimated returns to English that we report below, we use a regression framework to control for likely confounding factors so that we can obtain a credible estimate of the causal effect of English-language skills. We focus on workers of the same age, gender, social group, educational attainment, secondary school leaving certificate test performance, district of residence and sector of residence (urban or rural), and then compare the wages of those who speak English with those who do not.
Figure 2. Unadjusted mean hourly wages by level of English
Estimates from Table 1 suggest that for men, hourly wages are on average 34% higher for workers who speak fluent English and 13% higher for workers who speak a little English relative to workers who speak no English. These effects are not only statistically significantly different from zero, but also economically meaningful. For example, the return to being fluent is as large as the return to completing secondary school, and half as large as the return to completing an undergraduate degree. For women, the average return is 22% for fluent English and 10% for a little English.
Table 1. Estimated returns to learning English
Returns to fluent English
Returns to little English
No BA, aged 36-65
With BA, aged 36-65
Note: Each point estimate also has a band of standard error suggesting that small differences in point estimates should not be used to draw conclusions.
Returns to English by age and education
We find that the returns to English-language skills are on average higher for older workers and for more educated workers. Most intriguing are the returns by both experience and education of the worker. To show this, we report in the last four rows of Table 1 the estimated returns to schooling for four groups of workers: less educated (less than Bachelor's degree) older (aged 36-65) workers, more educated (at least a Bachelor's degree) older workers, less educated younger (aged 18-35) workers, and more educated younger workers.
A striking finding is that older workers earn high returns to English regardless of their educational attainment while younger workers earn high returns only when they are highly educated. For example, older men without an undergraduate degree receive a 53% wage premium for being fluent in English, compared to 28% for older men with an undergraduate degree. In contrast, younger men without a degree receive a 13% wage premium for being fluent in English, compared to 40% for younger men with a degree. Among younger men, the returns to English are increasing in educational attainment. Furthermore, we find that English skills do not raise wages at all for younger men who have not completed their secondary school education.
These results are consistent with the idea that education and English skills have become more complementary over time. For example at the entry level, workers with English skill may have been able to find a good job decades ago whereas now only the subset with more education would find a good job. This could be because it has become more competitive to get good jobs – because the supply of educated workers has expanded so much – or because there are new jobs that require both higher education as well as English skill to perform – such as many jobs in information technology.
Quantifying the returns to English-language skills in India is of interest for several reasons. First and foremost, a deeper understanding of the returns to learning English will help individuals and policymakers in India make decisions about how much to invest in English skills.
But the amount to invest is the subject of active debate. In India, as well as many other developing countries, there are those who favour promoting the local language as a way to make primary schooling more accessible and to strengthen national identity. At the same time there are those who argue that learning English leads to economic prosperity given the role of English in the global economy and many Indians are willing to spend extra money on schools and tutors to gain English proficiency. Given that English skills are costly to acquire – it takes time, effort, and often money, to learn English – choosing the optimal amount to invest in English-language skills involves comparing expected costs to expected benefits. This study provides the first estimates of these expected benefits.
This study also provides insight on the more general question of the value of English in a context where English is not a prevalent language. English is often used as a working language and many countries, even ones that are not former British or American colonies, invest in English skills.
What does this mean for the future?
We find that there are large, statistically significant returns to English-language skills in India. But the returns are considerably lower for younger workers – who are more recent entrants into the labour market. For recent entrants English skills help increase wages only when coupled with more education – those who have not completed their secondary schooling will not see their wages increase due to acquisition of English-language skills. As a result, providing English to adults may not necessarily raise their wages.
Policymakers should be aware of the complementary nature of language-skills when designing policies. For example, English programmes for children in schools – which would be in time to influence their educational attainment – would be more effective than adult English classes.
Azam, Mehtabul & Chin, Aimee & Prakash, Nishith (2010), "The Returns to English-Language Skills in India," IZA Discussion Papers 4802.
Clingingsmith, D (2008), "Industrialization, Bilingualism, and Linguistic Heterogeneity in Mid-20th Century India", Case Western Reserve University unpublished paper, November.
Desai, S, R Vanneman, and National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi (2005), India Human Development Survey (IHDS), ICPSR22626-v5. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
Kapur, S and T Chakraborty (2008), "English Language Premium: Evidence from a Policy Experiment in India", Washington University in St. Louis unpublished paper, September.
Munshi, K and M Rosenzweig (2006), "Traditional Institutions Meet the Modern World: Caste, Gender, and Schooling Choice in a Globalising Economy", American Economic Review, September, 96(4):1225-1252.
Shastry, GK (2008), "Human Capital Response to Globalisation: Education and Information Technology in India", University of Virginia unpublished paper, October.
Topics: Education Labour markets
Tags: India, returns to education, English, language skills
Nishith Prakash
Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Aimee Chin
Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Houston
Mehtabul Azam
Economist at the World Bank