text:
Psychogenic amnesia
Dissociative amnesia
Reported memory loss[1]
Psychogenic amnesia or dissociative amnesia is a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde episodic memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years.[2] More recently, "dissociative amnesia" has been defined as a dissociative disorder "characterized by retrospectively reported memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature."[1] In a change from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5, dissociative fugue is now subsumed under dissociative amnesia.[3]
The atypical clinical syndrome of the memory disorder (as opposed to organic amnesia) is that a person with psychogenic amnesia is profoundly unable to remember personal information about themselves; there is a lack of conscious self-knowledge which affects even simple self-knowledge, such as who they are.[4] Psychogenic amnesia is distinguished from organic amnesia in that it is supposed to result from a nonorganic cause: no structural brain damage or brain lesion should be evident but some form of psychological stress should precipitate the amnesia,[5] however psychogenic amnesia as a memory disorder is controversial.[6]
2.1 Comparison with organic amnesia
5 Popular culture
Definition[edit]
Psychogenic amnesia is defined by the presence of retrograde amnesia (the inability to retrieve stored memories leading up to the onset of amnesia), and an absence of anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new long term memories).[7][8][9] Access to episodic memory can be impeded,[2] while the degree of impairment to short term memory, semantic memory and procedural memory is thought to vary among cases.[4] If other memory processes are affected, they are usually much less severely affected than retrograde autobiographical memory, which is taken as the hallmark of psychogenic amnesia.[4] However the wide variability of memory impairment among cases of psychogenic amnesia raises questions as to its true neuropsychological criteria, as despite intense study of a wide range of cases there is little consensus of which memory deficits are specific to psychogenic amnesia.[6]
Past literature[4] has suggested psychogenic amnesia can be 'situation-specific' or 'global-transient', the former referring to memory loss for a particular incident, and the latter relating to large retrograde amnesic gaps of up to many years in personal identity.[4][10] The most commonly cited examples of global-transient psychogenic amnesia are 'fugue states', of which there is a sudden retrograde loss of autobiographical memory resulting in impairment of personal identity and usually accompanied by a period of wandering.[6] Suspected cases of psychogenic amnesia have been heavily reported throughout the literature since 1935 where it was reported by Abeles and Schilder.[11] There are many clinical anecdotes of psychogenic or dissociative amnesia attributed to stressor ranging from cases of child sexual abuse[12] to soldiers returning from combat.[1][13]
Cause[edit]
Neurological cause of psychogenic amnesia is controversial.[4][6] Even in cases of organic amnesia, where there is lesion or structural damage to the brain, caution must still be taken in defining causation, as only damage to areas of the brain crucial to memory processing is possible to result in memory impairment.[6] Organic causes of amnesia can be difficult to detect, and often both organic cause and psychological triggers can be entangled.[14] Failure to find an organic cause may result in the diagnosis that the amnesia is psychological,[15] however it is possible that some organic causes may fall below a threshold of detection, while other neurological ails are thought to be unequivocally organic (such as a migraine) even though no functional damage is evident.[6] Possible malingering must also be taken into account.[16] Some researchers[15] have cautioned against psychogenic amnesia becoming a 'wastebasket'[15] diagnosis when organic amnesia is not apparent. Other researchers[16] have hastened to defend the notion of psychogenic amnesia and its right not to be dismissed as a clinical disorder. Diagnoses of psychogenic amnesia have dropped since agreement in the field of transient global amnesia, suggesting some over diagnosis at least.[15] Speculation also exists about psychogenic amnesia due to its similarities with 'pure retrograde amnesia', as both share similar retrograde loss of memory.[6] Also, although no functional damage or brain lesions are evident in the case of pure retrograde amnesia, unlike psychogenic amnesia it is not thought that purely psychological or 'psychogenic triggers' are relevant to pure retrograde amnesia.[6] Psychological triggers such as emotional stress are common in everyday life, yet pure retrograde amnesia is considered very rare.[6] Also the potential for organic damage to fall below threshold of being identified does not necessarily mean it is not present, and it is highly likely that both psychological factors and organic cause exist in pure retrograde amnesia.[6]
Comparison with organic amnesia[edit]
Psychogenic amnesia is supposed to differ from organic amnesia in a number of ways; one being that unlike organic amnesia, psychogenic amnesia is thought to occur when no structural damage to the brain or brain lesion is evident.[17] Psychological triggers are instead considered as preceding psychogenic amnesia,[16] and indeed many anecdotal case studies which are cited as evidence of psychogenic amnesia hail from traumatic experiences[12] such as World War II.[13] As aforementioned however, aetiology of psychogenic amnesia is controversial[4] as causation is not always clear[17] (see above paragraph), and both elements of psychological stress and organic amnesia may be present among cases.[6] Often, but not necessarily, a premorbid history of psychiatric illness such as depression is thought to be present in conjunction to triggers of psychological stress.[4] Lack of psychological evidence precipitating amnesia doesn't mean there isn't any, for example trauma during childhood has even been cited as triggering amnesia later in life,[2] but such an argument runs the risk of psychogenic amnesia becoming an umbrella term for any amnesia of which there is no apparent organic cause.[15] Due to organic amnesia often being difficult to detect,[17] defining between organic and psychogenic amnesia is not easy[16] and often context of precipitating experiences are considered (for example, if there has been drug abuse) as well as the symptomology the patient presents with.[17] Psychogenic amnesia is supposed to differ from organic amnesia qualitatively[4] in that retrograde loss of autobiographical memory while semantic memory remains intact is said to be specific of psychogenic amnesia.[2][4] Another difference that has been cited between organic and psychogenic amnesia is the temporal gradient of retrograde loss of autobiographical memory.[4] The temporal gradient of loss in most cases of organic amnesia is said to be steepest at its most recent premorbid period, whereas for psychogenic amnesia the temporal gradient of retrograde autobiographical memory loss is said to be quite consistently flat.[4] Although there is much literature on psychogenic amnesia as dissimilar to organic amnesia, the distinction between neurological and psychological features is often difficult to discern and remains controversial.[18][19][20]
Diagnosis[edit]
Functional assessment of brain activity can be assessed for psychogenic amnesia using imaging techniques such as fMRI, PET and EEG, in accordance with clinical data.[6] Some research has suggested that organic and psychogenic amnesia to some extent share the involvement of the same structures of the temporo-frontal region in the brain.[7] It has been suggested that deficits in episodic memory may be attributable to dysfunction in the limbic system,[21] while self-identity deficits have been suggested as attributable to functional changes related to the posterior parietal cortex.[2] To reiterate however, care must be taken when attempting to define causation as only ad hoc reasoning about the aetiology of psychogenic amnesia is possible, which means cause and consequence can be infeasible to untangle.[15]
Treatments[edit]
Because psychogenic amnesia is defined by its lack of physical damage to the brain,[15] treatment by physical methods is difficult.[6] Nonetheless, distinguishing between organic and dissociative memory loss has been described as an essential first-step in effective treatments.[1] Treatments in the past have attempted to alleve psychogenic amnesia by treating the mind itself, as guided by theories which range from notions such as 'betrayal theory' to account for memory loss attributed to protracted abuse by caregivers[22] to the amnesia as a form of self-punishment in a Freudian sense, with the obliteration of personal identity as an alternative to suicide.[23]
Treatment attempts often have revolved around trying to discover what traumatic event had caused the amnesia, and drugs such as intravenously administered barbiturates (often thought of as 'truth serum') were popular as treatment for psychogenic amnesia during World War II; benzodiazepines may have been substituted later.[13] 'Truth serum' drugs were thought to work by making a painful memory more tolerable when expressed through relieving the strength of an emotion attached to a memory.[24] Under the influence of these 'truth' drugs the patient would more readily talk about what had occurred to them.[13] However, information elicited from patients under the influence of drugs such as barbiturates would be a mixture of truth and fantasy, and was thus not regarded as scientific in gathering accurate evidence for past events.[13] Often treatment was aimed at treating the patient as a whole, and probably varied in practice in different places.[13] Hypnosis was also popular as a means for gaining information from people about their past experiences, but like 'truth' drugs really only served to lower the threshold of suggestibility so that the patient would speak easily but not necessarily truthfully.[25] If no motive for the amnesia was immediately apparent, deeper motives were usually sought by questioning the patient more intensely, often in conjunction with hypnosis and 'truth' drugs.[23] In many cases, however, patients were found to spontaneously recover from their amnesia on their own accord so no treatment was required.[13][23]
Popular culture[edit]
Psychogenic amnesia is a common fictional plot device in many films and books and other media. Examples include Shakespeare's King Lear, who experienced amnesia and madness following a betrayal by his daughters;[26] and the title character Nina in Nicolas Dalayrac's 1786 opera.[26]
^ a b c d Leong S, Waits W, Diebold C (January 2006). "Dissociative Amnesia and DSM-IV-TR Cluster C Personality Traits". Psychiatry (Edgmont). 3 (1): 51–5. PMC 2990548. PMID 21103150.
^ a b c d e Arzy, S.; Collette, S.; Wissmeyere, M.; Lazeyras, F.; Kaplan, P. W. & Blank, O. (2001). "Psychogenic amnesia and self-identity: a multimodal functional investigation". European Journal of Neurology. 18 (12): 1422–1425. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03423.x. PMID 21554495.
^ American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Serraa, L.; Faddaa, L.; Buccionea, I.; Caltagironea, C. & Carlesimoa, G. A. (2007). "Psychogenic and organic amnesia. A multidimensional assessment of clinical, neuroradiological, neuropsychological and psychopathological features". Behavioural Neurology. 18 (1): 53–64. doi:10.1155/2007/193140. PMC 5469968. PMID 17297220.
^ Markowitsch, H. J.; Fink, G. R.; Thone, A.; Kessler, J.; Heiss, W-D. (1997). "A PET study of persistent psycogenic amnesia covering the whole life span". Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 2 (2): 135–158. doi:10.1080/135468097396379. PMID 25420201.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lucchelli, F.; Spinnler, H. (2003). "The "psychogenic" versus "organic" conundrum of pure retrograde amnesia: Is it still worth pursuing?". Cortex. 38 (4): 665–669. doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70033-9. PMID 12465679.
^ a b Markowitsch HJ (2003). "Psychogenic amnesia". NeuroImage. 20 Suppl 1: S132–8. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.010. PMID 14597306.
^ Yasuno F, Nishikawa T, Nakagawa Y, et al. (2000). "Functional anatomical study of psychogenic amnesia". Psychiatry Res. 99 (1): 43–57. doi:10.1016/S0925-4927(00)00057-3. PMID 10891648.
^ Mackenzie Ross S (2000). "Profound retrograde amnesia following mild head injury: organic or functional?". Cortex. 36 (4): 521–37. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70536-7. PMID 11059453.
^ Kopelman MD (2002). "Disorders of memory". Brain. 125 (Pt 10): 2152–90. doi:10.1093/brain/awf229. PMID 12244076. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
^ Abeles, M.; Schilder, P. (1935). "Psychogenic loss of personal identity". Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 34 (3): 587–604. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250210108008.
^ a b Arrigo, J. M.; Pezdek, K. (1997). "Lessons from the study of psychogenic amnesia". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 6 (5): 148–152. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772916.
^ a b c d e f g Sargant, W.; Slater, E. (1941). "Amnesic syndromes in war". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 34 (12): 757–764. doi:10.1177/003591574103401202.
^ Kopelman, M. D.; Christensen, H.; Puffett, A. & Stanhope, N. (1994). "The great escape: A neuropsychological study of psychogenic amnesia". Neuropsychologia. 32 (6): 675–691. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)90028-0. PMID 8084423.
^ a b c d e f g Renzi, E. D.; Lucchelli, F.; Muggia, S. & Spinnler, H. (1997). "Is memory loss without anatomical damage tantamount to a psychogenic deficit? The case of pure retrograde amnesia". Neuropsychologia. 35 (6): 781–794. doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00018-3. PMID 9204485.
^ a b c d Kopelman, M. D. (2000). "Focal retrograde amnesia and the attribution of causality: An exceptionally critical review". Cognitive Neuropsychology. 17 (7): 585–621. doi:10.1080/026432900750002172. PMID 20945196.
^ a b c d Kopelman, M. D.; Christensen, H.; Puffett, A. & Stanhope, N. (1994). "The great escape: A neuropsychological study of psychogenic amnesia". Neuropsychologia. 32 (6): 675–691. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)90028-0. PMID 8084423.
^ De Renzi, E.; Lucchelli, F.; Muggia, S. & Spinnler, H. (1995). "Persistent retrograde amnesia following a minor trauma". Cortex. 31 (3): 531–542. doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80064-0. PMID 8536480.
^ Lucchelli, F.; Muggia, S. & Spinnler, H. (1995). "The "Petites Madeleines" phenomenon in two amnesic patients. Sudden recovery of forgotten memories". Brain. 118: 167–183. doi:10.1093/brain/118.1.167.
^ Campodonico, J. R. & Rediess, S. (1996). "Dissociation of implicit and explicit knowledge in a case of psychogenic retrograde amnesia". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (19): 191–203.
^ Yang JC, Jeong GW, Lee MS, et al. (2005). "Functional MR imaging of psychogenic amnesia: a case report". Korean J Radiol. 6 (3): 196–9. doi:10.3348/kjr.2005.6.3.196. PMC 2685044. PMID 16145296.
^ Freyd, J. (1994). "Betrayal Trauma: Traumatic Amnesia as an Adaptive Response to Childhood Abuse". Ethics & Behavior. 4 (4): 307–330. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0404_1. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
^ a b c Abeles, M.; Schilder, P. (1935). "Psychogenic loss of personal identity". Archives of Neurology. 34 (3): 587–604. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250210108008.
^ Vattakatuchery, JJ; Chesterman, P (2006). "The use of abreaction to recover memories in psychogenic amnesia: A case report". Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology. 17 (4): 647–653. doi:10.1080/14789940600965938.
^ Lyn, S. J.; Boycheva, E. & Barnes, S. (2008). "To assess or to not assess hypnotic suggestibility? That is the question". American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 51 (2): 161–165. doi:10.1080/00029157.2008.10401658. PMID 18998383.
^ a b Goldsmith, R.E.; Cheit, R.E.; Wood, M.E. (July 2009). "Evidence of Dissociative Amnesia in Science and Literature: Culture-Bound Approaches to Trauma in Pope, Poliakoff, Parker, Boynes, and Hudson (2007)". Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 10 (3): 237–253. doi:10.1080/15299730902956572. PMID 19585333.
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text:
#include "keyboardInput.h"

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	int test = 82;
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}

void KeyboardInput::update(SDL_Event* e) {
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Y'all, there ain't no way I can write my first songwriting appreciation post and not write about Taylor Swift. Girlfriend is the number one reason I started writing songs, so I owe her a huge shout out and a cat t-shirt. I've been a fan of Taylor ever since one of my friends gave me her first album to borrow and said "I know you don't like country, but listen to her, she's great!". And here I am, eight (!!!) years later, a total country convert and a T-Swift mega fan. I decided to wait to talk about 1989 until I got my hot little hands on it and was able to do it justice and listen all the way through, which is why I'm a little later than the rest of the world on running my mouth about it. But let me tell you something- it was worth the wait.
The second I popped this CD in my car and "Welcome to New York" started playing I swear I felt like I was in a freaking movie. The production was that cinematic and expansive and the lyrical repetition let me know exactly what I was in for, and I was ready.
I smiled to myself listening to "Blank Spaces" because girlfriend called herself out and I love her for it. Yeah, she has a "long list of ex-lovers", but so what? So do a lot of people. Yes, a good amount of the songs on this album are about a boy, but who cares? Don't girls spend a good amount of their time thinking about boys? I know I do. That's part of the reason Taylor's songs resonate, because she can call out in us experiences that we've gone through and talk about them in a way that we only wish we could. And sure, a lot of those experiences have got a whole lot to do with love, but some don't. Sometimes she's on "The Outside", or she had "The Best Day"...with her mom. And those songs are just as poignant as all the others. We've lived those moments too. Girl writes about her life, and no one should fault her for it.
As far as the writing goes, Taylor is a master. But you already knew that, right? One of the things I love about country music is the story they squeeze into every song, and one of the things I love about Taylor is that she stays true to that no matter what style of music she's doing. Listening to "Style", I knew exactly what was going on. I felt connected to the relationship she painted a picture of and I wanted to know everything she was willing to tell me. Each song on 1989 is a short story and they all add up to a killer read.
In my humble opinion, Miss T is the undisputed queen of analogies. Can we all remember when Cory's smile was like a radio? Or when Taylor was a house of cards? In 1989, she brings in a whole new set, like when she's "a nightmare dressed like a daydream" (Blank Space), or when he's on her like "a wine stained dress I can't wear anymore" (Clean). What do those lines mean? Why are they there? Because even though the two things mentioned might not seem too related, for some reason, it just feels right. You get the feeling that Taylor wanted you to have, or that she had, and that's what matters.
Speaking of feelings, this album is heavy on the emotion, which Miss Taylor is well known and loved for. From the beginning to the end, there is an emotional arc from the highs to the lows and everything in between. There's a haunted quality in the last few songs that's really interesting to me, and a complete contrast to the hair flip factor of "Shake It Off" (one of my personal favorites) or the ridiculously catchy anger of "Bad Blood" (side note: listen to that one in your car because the bass is crazy awesome). And this album is seriously catchy, like I'm pretty sure I'll be singing the chorus to "Bad Blood" for a solid week.
1989 sounds exactly like Taylor Swift, but a totally different version. How does she do it? What are her secrets? Tell me Taylor! In the meantime, I'll just be sitting here listening to 1989 with my shades on (except I'm inside right now and I don't play that game) because that's the vibe it's giving me. What vibe does it give you? What's your favorite track? I love hearing what different people react to and why, so share share share!
P.S. Just putting it out there that "Style" is my pick for the next single. Kind of obsessed with it.
I'm sensing some Lorde influences in this album!
Ooh yes! I could hear that!


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Go Deeper: Resources for Further Study
For those interested in branching out or going deeper into Christian practice and belief, here are a few resources:
Bible Study with a Lutheran Perspective
The Texts of the Sunday's Lectionary
Morality, Ethics, and the Christian Life
Lutheran Theology and History
The Contemporary Context
Resources for Youth Ministry
Building Faith: Christian formation inspiration from the Center for the Ministry of Teaching at Virginia Theological Seminary
"A free website that offers practical resources for ministry with children, youth, and adults. You'll find articles, advice, reviews, features, and resources for Christian formation with people of all ages. We are here to serve you, as you make and form disciples of Jesus Christ."
21st Century Faith Formation Online Resource Center
"...designed to help leaders in congregations create faith formation using 21st century approaches, methods, technologies, and tools..."
The Faith Formation Learning Exchange
"The Faith Formation Learning Exchange is dedicated to helping leaders in all forms of Christian ministry develop Christian lifelong faith formation for all ages and generations that is informed by solid research, effective practices, cutting-edge thinking, real-world models and tools, and the latest resources."
The Center for Spiritual Resources
"serves as a clearinghouse for enriching programs, resources, and connections, both within and beyond our diocesan borders.... CSR is a shared ministry of the Cathedral of All Souls and the Episcopal Diocese of Western NC. We are also supported by the Helen Porter Foundation and the Center for the Ministry of Teaching, Virginia Theological Seminary.
Wabash Center for Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religion
A resource designed primarily for those who teach theology and religion in seminaries, colleges, and universities. Also useful for advanced students of religion. See especially its guide to Religion on the Web.
Book of Faith: Open Scripture. Join the Conversation.
"The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America has made a commitment to encourage all members of our congregations, from children to adults, to dig deeper into our book of faith, the Bible. The Book of Faith Initiative recommends a new model for our church. A grass-roots approach embracing a common vision in which all are invited to open scripture and join the conversation. Each community is encouraged to decide how the Book of Faith Initiative will become a vital part of its own ministry."
Enter the Bible
Luther Seminary offers here "a wealth of resources to help you grow in your faith, add depth to your Bible studies and truly discover the people, places and events of the Bible. Think of Enter the Bible as your guide, a helpful reference tool to accompany you in your reading of the Bible."
Online Resources: Delve deeper into the Bible
Offered by Luther Seminary
The Revised Common Lectionary
A service of the Vanderbilt Divinity Library
Revised Common Lectionary: Frequently Asked Questions
From the Library Staff at Vanderbilt University Divinity Library
The Working Preacher
Insights, ideas and inspiration related to the coming week's lectionary texts. From Luther Seminary.
CrossMarks: Exegetical Notes
On the Revised Common Lectionary by Brian P. Stoffregen
A curated site that links you to many different resources regarding the Lectionary text
History of the Christianity
Its quarterly magazine offers articles for laypeople, often by scholars expert in the areas being written about. Also offers a range of books in the history of Christianity.
History of Christianity Reading Room
Links to online and printed resources in the history of Christian, hosted by Tyndale Seminary.
16th Century Reformation Reading Room
Links to online and printed resources on the sixteenth century Reformation, hosted by Tyndale Seminary.
Living Lutheran: Lively Engagement in Faith & Life
An online "magazine" hosted by the ELCA.
Journal of Lutheran Ethics
A free, monthly, ecclesial online publication living out the Lutheran tradition of addressing social issues theologically, using the resources of historical, theological, and ethical tradition, biblical interpretation, and social sciences. From the ELCA.
A few good books (available on Kindle and in paperback)
Gill, Robin, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Christian Ethics. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Lovin, Robin W. Christian Ethics: An Essential Guide. Abington Press, 2009.
Lovin, Robin W. An Introduction to Christian Ethics: Goals, Duties, and Virtues. Abingdon Press, 2011.
Wengert, Timothy J., ed. Harvesting Martin Luther's Reflections on Theology, Ethics, and the Church. Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2004.
Christian Ethics Reading Room
Links to online and printed resources in Christian ethics, hosted by Tyndale Seminary.
A few good books (available on Kindle as well as in paperback):
Lagerquist, L. DeAne, The Lutherans (Denominations in America). Greenwood, 1999.
Gritsch, Eric W. Gritsch and Jenson, Robert W. Lutheranism: The Theological Movement and Its Confessional Writings. Augsburg Fortress, 1975.
Arand, Charles P., et al. The Lutheran Confessions: History and Theology of The Book of Concord. Fortress Press, 2012.
Marty, Martin E. Lutheran Questions Lutheran Answers: Exploring Christian Faith. Fortress Press, 2007.
Gritsch, Eric W. A History of Lutheranism. Fortress Press, 2002.
A few biographies of Martin Luther (Available on Kindle as well as in paperback)
Marty, Martin E. Martin Luther: A Life. Penguin, 2008.
Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation 1483-1521. Fortress Press, 1985.
Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation 1521-1532. Fortress Press, 1994.
Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther: The Preservation of the Church 1532-1546. Fortress Press, 1999.
Wabash Center: Religion on the Web: Christianity: Lutheran Church
Links to online resources on the Lutheran church. Unfortunately, not all links are up-to-date,
Christian Theology Reading Room
Links to online and printed resources in Christian theology and doctrine, from a variety of perspectives. Hosted by Tyndale Seminary.
Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life
The premiere source of survey information on contemporary religious life in the United States (and often around the world).
"America's Changing Religious Landscape"
The most recent snapshot of American religion from the Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life.
A few (advanced-level) books that examine the religious context in which we Americans currently live. (Available on Kindle and in paperback)
Chaves, Mark. American Religion: Contemporary Trends. Princeton University Press, 2011.
Chaves, Mark. Congregations in America. Harvard University Press, 2009.
Putnam, Robert T. and Campbell, David E. American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. Simon & Schuster, 2012.
Smith, Christian and Denton, Melina Lundquist. Soul Searching: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers. Oxford University Press, 2005.
Smith, Christian. Souls in Transition: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of Emerging Adults. Oxford University Press, 2009.
Wolfe, Alan. The Transformation of American Religion: How We Actually Live Our Faith. University of Chicago Press, 2005.
The ELCA Network for Children, Youth, & Family Ministry
"The ELCA Youth Ministry Network seeks to provide opportunities for spiritual renewal, continuing education and networking for adults who work with children, youth and families in our congregations."
Youth Ministry Links
"Our goal is to provide a curated, up-to-date listing of youth ministry links to help you navigate your work. Whether you are paid or volunteer staff, we think you'll find the contents of these pages useful."
PEW on Religion in American Life

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


UK residents and overseas visitors may watch committees when they are in session. This is free of charge.
The House of Commons select committees examine the work of government departments. Some select committees have a role which covers more than one department, such as the Public Accounts or Environmental Audit committees.
The House of Lords also has select committees which members of the public can observe.
Select committee meetings usually take place in Parliament on Monday afternoons, all day on Tuesday and Wednesday, and on Thursday morning.
All select committees take evidence in public, with very few exceptions. Typically committees meet privately for a short period before starting to take evidence. Visitors can observe once the committee begins to hear evidence. Please check the Parliamentary Calendar to see when committees are scheduled to meet.
Entry is on a first come, first served basis and places are limited. Committee meetings are also webcast on Parliament TV.
If the committee is meeting in the Palace of Westminster, visitors should use the Cromwell Green Entrance. For committee meetings in Portcullis House, visitors should enter by the main entrance on the Victoria Embankment.


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Home / Firm News / Electric Shock Injuries: Neurological and Neuropsychological Injuries in the case of Kelly Douglass v. Hitachi and CH2M Hill
Electric Shock Injuries: Neurological and Neuropsychological Injuries in the case of Kelly Douglass v. Hitachi and CH2M Hill
On November 23, 2013 Kelly Douglass suffered severe electrical shock injuries while cleaning electrical switch gear at the Hitachi plant in San Jose. Kelly was working for Applied Power Systems under a contract issued by CH2M Hill Engineers, which was responsible for the maintenance and operations at the Hitachi facility.
CH2M Hill's Robert Merlot reported to Kelly's foreman that the switch gear was "cold" and safe to clean. Merlot was later fired for failing to follow detailed procedures to assure that 12,000-volt electrical equipment was de-energized and grounded before cabinets were opened for cleaning.
The burn wounds and scars to Kelly's hands and head healed well, but the neuropsychological damage left him unable to work. In the lawsuit filed in Santa Clara County Superior Court CH2M Hill attempted to avoid liability for Kelly's psychological injuries.
Facing the medical evidence that we amassed for Kelly's trial, CH2M Hill eventually conceded that Kelly had suffered lifetime electrical shock injuries.
Electrocution injuries [EI] are common in the US and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Approximately 5000 injuries were associated with electricity in a twelve-year period as reported by NIOSH in 1998 in the national Traumatic Occupational Fatalities surveillance system Program. Three percent of these injuries resulted in death. (NIOSH 1998)
It has been reported that, when comparing outcomes between low-voltage (<1000 V) and high-voltage injuries (>1000 V), high-voltage injuries lead to a greater degree of morbidity and mortality; however, many studies do not analyze the complications of low- vs high-voltage injuries (Shih et al, 2017). Canadian researchers at the University of Montreal, however, have reported that electrical shocks between 120 to 52,000 volts can cause neurological and neuropsychological symptoms (Bailey et al, 2008).
In high-voltage injuries, many of the same psychological/neuropsychological sequelae are noted. A review of records from patients with electrical and lightning (ELI) injuries, 12 were noted to have experienced high-voltage and 2 suffered from lightning strikes. Thirteen underwent neuropsychological testing, and it was found that 92% (12 of 13) showed cognitive impairments (e.g., memory, attention, anxiety, depression, irritability, poor tolerance for frustration). Furthermore, 62% (5 of 12) suffered from multiple physically aggressive outburst, noted as not being present before their electrical injury (Janus and Barrash 1996).
Recently, a paper by Andrews and Reisner (2017) examined the neurological and neuropsychological consequences of electrical and lightning injuries (ELI). Their review of the literature noted in a 2006 study that 71% of those suffering from ELI had documented problems with memory, 63% had problems with concentration, and 50% had loss of mental powers. They also note that depression, anxiety, irritability, fatigue, and PTSD are common complaints of suffers from ELI.
In trying to understand the causation of these neuropsychiatric outcomes, Andrews and Reisner quote Pliskin and colleagues, "We hypothesize that neuropsychiatric changes in EI [electrical injury] relate to electrochemical alterations in brain systems" (Pliskin et al, 2006). Andrews and Reisner concluded that "A theory of causation of ELI has been advanced, and this theory suggests that circulating neurohormones explain enigmas like the delay in the onset of symptoms, and the appearance of symptoms attributable to body systems distant from the passage of electric current" (Andrew and Reisner, 2017)
It is known that hands and head are the most common sites of electrocution injury as reported by many sources. (Duff and McCaffery 2001) Blood and nerve tissues have low resistance to electrical current and travel through these tissues is common making them most susceptible to injury. Cell membrane and vascular endothelial breakdown are common causes of cell damage found in electrocution injury.
Brain imaging studies including MRI and CT scan have revealed brain atrophy and cerebral edema in various parts of the cerebral cortex including the cerebellum following EI. Brain pathological assessment also has revealed hemorrhage and demyelination in white matter. (Grube 1990) This author also reported behavioral changes in patients subjected to electrocution injuries and noted a patient with violent behavior and others with increased anxiety, stress and reported their similarity to patients with post traumatic stress and mild traumatic head injury. Some also presented with limb pain and the authors reported their similarity to those with causalgia. Many of these patients had their complaints resolve but many authors have reported that both peripheral and central nervous system and neuropsychological problems did not improve. (Grube 1990 and Duff and McCaffery 2005)
Delayed neurological symptoms are noted to be one of four types of neurological problem associated with electrocution injury. (Cherington 2005) These include I, temporary and benign; II, prolonged and permanent, including neurobehavioral complaints; III delayed and progressive neurological consequences and IV, secondary associated traumatic complaints, for example, from falls. Delayed and progressive consequences of EI may present days or weeks, months or years after the incident injury. (Chauhan 2015).
These peer reviewed papers, in combination with Kelly's medical records and neurological examination, as well as the MRI of the brain, were remarkably consistent with the literature on EI. As a result, facing trial CH2M Hill finally agreed the electrocution injury of November 23, 2013 was responsible for Kelly's emotional lability and depression, anxiety, insomnia, chronic left upper and lower extremity limb pain, neck and back pain and the cognitive electrocution aftermath confirmed by a neuropsychological testing.


Larry Heider is a camera operator and cinematographer.
Check all the awards nominated and won by Larry Heider.
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control - Series Whose Line Is It Anyway?
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control - Miniseries, Movie Or A Special Sinbad and Friends: All the Way Live... Almost!
For premiere episode \"The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean\"


and Lower Your Own Stress Level During the Process!
Parents are urged to read all of the "IMPORTANT LINKS" on this website before proceeding with AIT Sessions, so they are well informed.
"Don't over plan the child's day, or week - or yours. Berard AIT can be emotionally and energy draining for YOU as a parent as well as for your child."
"Pray for your child and/or get a Prayer Team for your child for each day - a prayer team helped us achieve amazing results, by the grace of God!"
"Keep your child home from school the week before Auditory Integration Training so they won't get sick."
"Read all the articles you can on this web site - especially precautions"
"Be ready to just "BE" there with your child. Relaxing, massaging your child's feet, snuggling, holding, calmly breathing, etc. This is quiet time for the parent, too, and your child will imitate your calmness during sessions."
"Prepare your child that this is sitting time - that is is 'QUIET LISTENING' time."
"Take notes about the changes you see in your child, both positive and negative."
"Keep a journal of post AIT observations. Also ask for feedback from your child's teacher, babysitter, other family members, etc. It's so rewarding to look back and see all the progress your child has made because of Auditory Integration Training over time!"
"Have a watch or clock there that counts backwards on a timer to see the time going down at sessions for younger children. It helps children understand how long they will be sitting through a session better."
"Talk about your expectations prior and work out a good reward system for your child. It's worth it! Never under-estimate the power of motivation!"
"Have compelling prizes and/or rewards lined up for each day of excellent cooperation by your child with the Auditory Integration Training protocol of just listening quietly (meaning: no complaints, no issues, quiet listening, sitting calmly, etc.).
"Do NOT let your child eat or the Auditory Integration Training may not be as effective!"
"Explain to you child she or she is there to LISTEN - to RECEIVE Auditory Integration Training, NOT any other kind of stimulation."
"After reading the books on Auditory Integration Training, we learned that many parents saw adjustment periods for Auditory Integration Training typically at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months.
Dr. Guy Berard's book "Hearing Equals Behavior talks about the 7th day of AIT as being a key day in AIT treatment to see changes. Try to find this excellent out of print book and read it - it's fascinating!
"Prepare yourself emotionally for possible adjustment periods, periods of aggression, etc. in your child. Try not to panic if they happen - or worry if they don't."
"Keep sensory stimulation to a minimum during the 10 days of AIT."
"Consider not doing any other therapies during this time. Major things are happening in the brain - don't overload your child!"
"Get a babysitter for your other child(ren) and help at home if needed so that you can focus on your child during AIT sessions."
"Keep things as normal as possible at home; or low key is better."
"Don't over-do it! Don't over plan as a family during your 10 days of AIT ."
"Watch food intake during Berard AIT. Keep everything healthy, as always."
"Don't over-stimulate your child! Kids can get quite physically tired during AIT."


How to setup clustering in Postgresql?
Do I have to setup replication to have clustering setup in Postgresql? Can I not have just clustering setup in two servers.
As of Feb 14, 2019, DigitalOcean's Managed Databases product allows you to create managed PostgreSQL clusters quickly via the Control Panel UI or API.
I am not a big Postgre user myself but doing a bit of searching found this. It sounds like Postgre only supports replication ( a couple types ) out of the box but there are third party utilities that allow you to create a clustered postgre environment.
Hi kshitijajoshi , Did u find a way to set up PostgreSQL HA cluster ? If yes would u please guide me in setting up a 2 node high available, load balanced postgresql cluster?
(both read/write requests) from the clients?


I would hope to prepare you for the theory test which every learner needs to pass. You'll also receive valuable tips and information.
The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency recommends that most learners take at least 45 hours of professional tuition lessons and at least 20 hours with friends and family.
Your driving test will start with an eyesight check and two vehicle safety questions. The driving part of your test will last about 40 minutes.
Throughout the test your examiner will be looking for an overall safe standard of driving, including when you carry out one of the manoeuvres. Your test will include a period of independent driving where you will be required to drive following guidence from a sat-nav or from a verbal set of directions.
You can make up to 15 driving faults and still pass the test (16 or more results in failure). However, if you commit one serious or dangerous fault you will fail the test. If you repeatedly commit the same driving fault you may also fail the test.
Check out the My Prices tab above.


Interior Concepts prides itself on providing a fantastic project management service. We are able to deliver this top notch service for both very large and very small scale projects which we carry out. Our project managers are exceptional at their work and timeline and budget the works we take on very accurately. They do include a certain amount of contingency for any surprises which can happen with any project; even the most straightforward. As such, we almost never exceed either the budget or the time schedule set in place for each task.
We are committed to providing complete support to our customers so that both on site and off site we are supporting the work happening in their property. We fully understand and appreciate the stretch it can be for a business to embark on refurbishments and renovations and new layouts so we work hard to support each business we work with.
From the very initial stages of your project we spend a lot of time chatting with our clients so we can fathom their exact requirements and desires.
Once this is established and the project management and budget has been worked out and signed off by our client, we are ready to begin work! At this point we take over every aspect of the project using our tried and tested processes of monitoring. We always ensure that health and safety issues are flagged up in risk assessments and are overcome by applying health and safety policies at each stage of the project. We keep all of the documents and paperwork and receipts throughout the project.
While undertaking the project, we work hard to ensure as little interruption and disruption is made to your business as is practically possible. One of the ways we can manage to achieve this is because of our project management chart which details what part of the process is happening on what date. This enables managers of the business to work around tradesmen and make allowances for some of the interruptions which are impossible to avoid.
To make the office relocation – or new office renovation – as simple and straightforward as possible, we label all your goods and create a plan of when and how electrical goods will be moved and installed, as well as the furniture delivered and set up.
Storage is important in these office relocations so we provide storage for each of our clients while the office move is happening, or while an office area is having a fresh look and new layout. If new furniture is being delivered we can store this. Sometimes businesses have already started to buy furniture before the project is at a stage to receive the items.


F. SCOTT FITZGERALD (1896-1940) was the quintessential Jazz Age writer. While he's known today primarily as the author of the near-perfect novel The Great Gatsby, in his lifetime he was far more famous for his short stories, which millions of readers encountered through big-circulation magazines like The Saturday Evening Post. Fitzgerald published 65 stories in The Saturday Evening Post, including "Babylon Revisited," which tells the story of an American father living in post-Crash Paris, hoping for a reunion with his nine-year-old daughter–but fearing the reminders from his past that might make that impossible.
NOTE: This is a self-contained episode of The History of Literature, in which both the story and a discussion of it are provided. No reading necessary (unless you'd prefer it that way)!
Help support the show at patreon.com/literature or historyofliterature.com/shop. (We appreciate it!) Find out more at historyofliterature.com, jackewilson.com, or by following Jacke and Mike on Twitter at @thejackewilson and @literatureSC. Or send an email to jackewilsonauthor@gmail.com.


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The 'Osrs' are here and we are not the enemy
The Indian Army on Friday declared a day of mourning over the Om Puran attack on the temple of Lord Buddha.
The army's General Staff said the attack was a "terrorist attack" and a "terror attack".
"The 'Osras' are an army of savages.
They have attacked the temple on a holy day of worship and have not only killed a human being but a Buddha too," General Staff spokesman Lt.
Gen. Ranbir Singh told reporters.
"The Army is taking necessary steps to neutralise the 'Osr' menace and defeat them," he said.
Singh also said that the "Osr" have attacked many places in the country and even "killed innocent civilians" in the course of their activities.
The army has been carrying out operations in the jungles and hills of Kashmir in the last two weeks in response to the attacks on the temples and pilgrims.
The "Osrs" are the indigenous tribe who are believed to live in the hills of Pakistan and are allied to the Haqqani Network.
The attack on Monday also targeted the Jammu and Kashmir state police station in Srinagar, killing at least two officers.
The state police had responded to an alarm on the spot by an unknown group of attackers and opened fire.
The Jammu-Srinagar Highway is considered the most important highway in the state.
The attack has prompted many people to flee the area to avoid further bloodshed.
crafting osrs
Why is this item not being sold in stores?
A new, smaller home for my husband's craft room


Yesterday, we posted the winner of the 2009 Cicely & Colin Rigg Contemporary Design Awards, and now today we've received some of the other entries.
The Cicely & Colin Rigg Contemporary Design Award is a generous legacy of the late Colin Rigg (1895–1982), a former Secretary of the National Gallery of Victoria Felton Bequests' Committee. This 'Award of Excellence' focuses on contemporary design practice in the state of Victoria. This award is arguably the most prestigious offered to a contemporary designer in Australia, with a prize of $30,000. In 2009 the exhibition is dedicated to contemporary furniture design.
Visit the website of the National Gallery of Victoria – here.


Choosing the right fin set can be a daunting task , and what works on your standard performance shortboard doesn't necessarily work on that short wide tail board.
We recommend a quad fin set with a larger surface area set such as the Futures Controllers which resemble a keel template thats been split in two , fin material is fiberglass lending itself to a ton a drive while maintaining a skatey feel.
Controllers are ideal for larger surfers who want untapped speed with control. If your looking for the feel of the split keel design with performance in mind the Futures Seaworthy quad is the ticket, smaller template, reduced weight, increased flex, and more rake in the rears to help with release, tighter turns, this set is the perfect balance for the small to medium size surfer. Fin choices are many and we encourage experimenting with different fin sets and applications on all Zen models, so whether it's the Palm Reader, Arc-Tail Stubby, Aftermath, or any of our alternative custom shapes, bend the rules and enjoy the ride!


Indonesian shrimp exporters are maintaining an upbeat outlook on selling their produce to the United States, despite a US panel ruling to exempt its rivals from countervailing duties.
The US International Trade Commission said on Friday (Saturday, Jakarta time) that the government subsidies given to shrimp industries in China, Ecuador, India, Malaysia and Vietnam did not harm US shrimp producers; therefore, it would not impose punitive duties as previously planned.
Last month, the US Department of Commerce imposed temporary duties ranging from 1.1 percent to 54.5 percent on shrimp exports from the five countries, while sparing Indonesia and Thailand from similar tariffs as their governments were not proven to have provided improper subsidies to their industries that exported produce to the US market.
Indonesian Fisheries Product Processing and Marketing Association (AP5I) chairman Thomas Darmawan said on Monday that Indonesian producers were ready to meet US consumers' surging demand after US importers had previously temporarily halted shipments on the fear that punitive duties would be imposed on their deliveries when they arrived.
Global shrimp supplies are currently shrinking as major producing countries, like China, Thailand and Vietnam, are struggling with a common shrimp disease known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), which according to Thomas is offering opportunities to Indonesian shrimp exporters.
Thomas said the shrimp industry was being revitalized in a number of areas, including Lampung, Sumbawa and Lombok in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB); East and South Kalimantan, and South, Southeast and North Sulawesi.
In June, for instance, shrimp farmers on Seram Island, Maluku, harvested their first output from 400 hectares of farms that had been revitalized, according to Thomas.
Indonesian exporters may, however, have to deal with buyers who would push for lower prices due to the revocation of the US countervailing duties as well as the depreciation of local currencies against the US dollar, he said.
"We are being challenged to boost productivity while at the same time increase efficiency and productivity in order to compete," he said.
Indonesia ships nearly half of its total shrimp exports to the US.
The country's shrimp exports to the US amounted to US$484 million between January and October last year. That figure was 4.8 percent higher than during the same period in 2011 and equal to 47 percent of overall shrimp exports.
Indonesia was the second-largest shrimp exporter to the US, after Thailand, in 2011, according to US statistics.
Today's Stories 25 September 2013 Subsribe Now !


Every year, an estimated 263,000 new cases of cancer affect children under the age of 20 worldwide. Recognizing this, members of Fischell Department of Bioengineering (BIOE) Assistant Professor Christopher Jewell's Immune Engineering Lab are working to develop new nanotechnologies to help stop pediatric cancers – like those for which Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation works to fight.
It's a cause for which Jewell Lab researchers are passionate – so much so that they joined forces with BIOE staff, faculty, and students this past September to pound the pavement to further their impact.
In 2004, a form of cancer known as neuroblastoma claimed the life of Alexandra (Alex) Scott, a little girl who garnered national attention for using her lemonade stand to raise money for cancer research. In 2014, Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation – the organization established in her memory – awarded the Jewell lab a three-year, $375,000 research grant to support the pre-clinical development of a cancer vaccine technology that could give children like Alex a better chance to live long and happy lives.
Each September, ALSF hosts Alex's Million Mile – a month-long effort through which more than 15,000 people collectively run, walk, or bike one million miles while raising funds to support childhood cancer research in observance of Childhood Cancer Awareness Month. This year, the Jewell Lab united 12 members of the BIOE community in support of the initiative under the team name, "Engineers for Alex!" The group raised nearly $5,000 in donations and logged just under 1,000 total miles on foot.
"This is not only a chance to give back, but also to build awareness in the community for our future engineers and scientists to think about how they can work together," Jewell said. "Getting more people from all areas of science and engineering to work together as a team is important for creating real strides in the fight against pediatric cancer. Opportunities like these – and our lemonade stand, which we host in the summer – also inspire members of my lab as they meet some of the kids and families who are faced everyday with these awful diseases."
Jewell and his researchers have had a long track record of working toward advancing the fight against cancer and other diseases both in and outside the lab. In addition to volunteering for the Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation by hosting ALSF lemonade stands and participating in initiatives like Alex's Million Miles, the Jewell lab also maintains a year-round partnership with Wheaton High School to advance bioengineering education opportunities for teenagers.
In 2013, Jewell and his researchers worked with Wheaton High School to launch the Program to Enhance Participation in Research (PEPR), through which BIOE students serve as mentors to high school students as they take on the challenge of conducting in-depth research on bioengineering topics of their choosing.
In addition to working with a BIOE mentor, each of the PEPR students has the opportunity to take part in more than 10 workshops throughout the year covering areas such as how to present different topics and how to analyze data.
"PEPR students are learning skills that are going to be important no matter what they might pursue as they move on," Jewell said.
Learn more about the Jewell Lab's latest research, philanthropic efforts, and STEM outreach initiatives online.


Two histologically colorectal carcinomas subsets from the serrated pathway show different methylome signatures and diagnostic biomarkers.
Abstract: Background: Altered methylation patterns are driving forces in colorectal carcinogenesis. The serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC) and sporadic colorectal carcinoma showing histological and molecular features of microsatellite instability (hmMSIH) are two endpoints of the so-called serrated pathological route sharing some characteristics but displaying a totally different immune response and clinical outcome. However, there are no studies comparing the methylome of these two subtypes of colorectal carcinomas. The methylation status of 450,000 CpG sites using the Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip array was investigated in 48 colorectal specimens, including 39 SACs and 9 matched hmMSI-H. Results: Microarray data comparing SAC and hmMSI-H showed an enrichment in functions related to morphogenesis, neurogenesis, cytoskeleton, metabolism, vesicle transport and immune response and also significant differential methylation of 1540 genes, including CD14 and HLA-DOA which were more methylated in hmMSI-H than in SAC and subsequently validated at the CpG, mRNA and protein level using pyrosequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: These results demonstrate particular epigenetic regulation patterns in SAC which may help to define key molecules responsible for the characteristic weak immune response of SAC and identify potential targets for treating SAC, which lacks molecular targeted therapy.


This is a wonderful guided imagery exercise.
This is called meeting your spirit animal, or meeting your spirit guides.
spirit animals that can accompany you on your journey.
her guides to accompany them.
Now, get into a comfortable position.
Gently close your eyes and breathe deeply.
Settling into your relaxed body.
Now, I'm going to take you on a journey into a place of a wilderness.
You're walking down a road and it turns into an enchanted forest.
the air on your skin, and the smells in the forest.
As you look around you see animals around in the forest.
This is a very safe and enchanted mystical place.
you can hear the beautiful water gently rolling over the rocks.
And there's a wonderful, small little bridge.
Walking over this bridge, you can hear your footsteps on the wooden planks.
special forest where everything's alive.
And you have a sense of awe and wonder.
As you walk through this forest you come to a meadow.
And this meadow is surrounded by beautiful mountains.
And standing in the clearing you can see yourself.
Look around and see where you are.
a spirit animal making itself present to you.
they have a message for you.
feel what it feels like to be that animal.
Feel the animal's body, the animal's way of being, the animal's patterns.
The experience and being-ness of this animal is a message for you.
the animal's way of being is a gift, and a teaching to you.
giving thanks and gratitude for its companionship and its guidance.
spirit guide n whatever form it takes.
Dwell in the presence of its energy.
It is here to serve you.
they're always there that you can call them back into your consciousness.
surrounded by mountains in this field.
the little pathway on which you came.
Feel yourself walking through the forest.
You come across the little bridge.
and the temperature of the forest, and the smells and the light.
began your guided imagery, beautiful.
This is a very important exercise.
your spirit guide and create a relationship with them.
Invite them, invite their protection, their guidance and their companionship.
This is your spirit guide.
write about this guided imagery experience.