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Als transkriptionelle Attenuation wird eine Form der Regulation der Genexpression bei Prokaryoten bezeichnet, mit der eine begonnene Transkription vorzeitig abgebrochen werden kann.

Der Transkriptionsvorgang wird hierbei beendet, indem die transkribierende RNA-Polymerase von der DNA-Vorlage getrennt wird, wenn infolge von Wechselwirkungen innerhalb des soeben aufgebauten mRNA-Anfangsbereichs durch interne Basenpaarung eine Haarnadelstruktur gebildet wird an der Terminatorstelle, dem Attenuator. Allerdings ist diese terminierende Schleifenbildung in der Sekundärstruktur der mRNA nicht möglich bei bestimmten Positionen eines gleichzeitig voranschreitenden und die entstehende mRNA translatierenden Ribosoms. Diese Positionen nimmt das Ribosom aber nur ein bei einer verzögerten Translation, erst deren Verzögerung erlaubt somit die Fortsetzung der Transkription über den Attenuatorbereich hinaus. Verzögert wird der Translationsprozess etwa, wenn nicht prompt eine mit der spezifischen Aminosäure beladene tRNA verfügbar ist, da die betreffende Aminosäure nur in geringer Konzentration in der Zelle vorliegt. Unter solchen Bedingungen kann dann eine vollständige Transkription erfolgen – beispielsweise von Genen für die Synthese einer Aminosäure, wenn es an dieser mangelt.

Voraussetzung für diesen Regulationsmechanismus ist, dass die Vorgänge von Transkription und Translation gemeinsam und nahezu synchron stattfinden, dass also die RNA-Polymerase noch transkribiert und das mRNA-Molekül aufbaut, während bereits ein Ribosom an anderer Stelle desselben mRNA-Moleküls sitzt und gleichzeitig translatiert. Diese zeitliche und räumliche Kopplung ist nur bei Prokaryoten gegeben. Denn bei eukaryoten Zellen findet die Transkription im Zellkompartiment des Zellkerns statt, anschließend wird die mRNA aus dem Karyoplasma exportiert und die Translation läuft außerhalb des Kerns im Zytoplasma ab, zeitlich und räumlich getrennt.

Beispiel: Tryptophan-Operon in Escherichia coli
Das trp-Operon in Bakterien wie Escherichia coli ist ein klassisches Beispiel der transkriptionellen Attenuation als einer zusätzlichen Genregulationsweise, erstmals 1981 von Charles Yanofsky beschrieben. Doch vorrangig wird auch bei E. coli der Zugriff auf das Operon durch Repression geregelt. Ein trpR-Gen codiert für ein Repressorprotein, das reversibel an einen im Promotorbereich (P) gelegenen Operator (O) bindet und damit der RNA-Polymerase den Zugang verlegt, wenn es zuvor durch die Aminosäure Tryptophan (Trp) als Corepressor aktiviert wurde. Derart wird die Transkription abhängig vom intrazellulären Tryptophan-Spiegel negativ rückgekoppelt reguliert und mit ansteigendem Spiegel unterdrückt. Bei hoher Tryptophankonzentration ist das trp-Operon daher mit sehr hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit reprimiert und eine Transkription findet kaum statt.

Kommt dennoch eine Transkription in Gang, so stellt die Attenuation zunächst einen zusätzlich sichernden Mechanismus dar, mit dem bei hohem Spiegel an mit Tryptophan beladener tRNA (tRNATrp) ein vorzeitiger Abbruch erzwungen werden kann – noch bevor die nachfolgenden Strukturgene des Operons transkribiert werden. Diese aufeinanderfolgenden Gene (trpE, trpG-D, trpC-F, trpB und trpA) codieren für sieben Polypeptide, die in enzymatisch wirksamen Proteinen für die Biosynthese von Tryptophan gebraucht werden – falls an dieser Aminosäure ein Mangel besteht. Noch vor den offenen Leserahmen dieser Gene liegt nun ein sogenannter untranslatierter Bereich, die 5'-UTR oder Leader-Sequenz, mit jenen Sequenzen, die während der Bildung der mRNA eine Attenuation möglich machen.

In diesem rund 160 Nukleotide umfassenden Bereich am 5'-Anfang der mRNA finden sich nämlich vier kürzere palindromische Sequenzen: als je etwa ein Dutzend Nukleotide lange einsträngige Sequenzabfolgen (1., 2., 3., 4.), die einander ergänzen können und so durch Basenpaarungen miteinander jeweils doppelsträngige Teilabschnitte einer Haarnadelstruktur in der mRNA auszubilden vermögen. Dabei sind verschiedene Stamm-Schleifen-Bildungen möglich (1:2, 2:3, 3:4) mit zueinander komplementären Palindromen. Eine Ausbildung der hinteren (3:4) mRNA-Schleife führt – wegen der schlaufennah starken Bindungen über Wasserstoffbrücken (GCGGGC... in 4.) – zum Anhalten des RNA-Polymerase-Moleküls, und – wegen der anschließend schwachen Bindungen (...UUUUUU) – zum Ablösen vom DNA-Strang, womit die Transkription vorzeitig beendet ist, noch bevor das erste Gen des Operons (trpE) erreicht wurde. Die für diese Rho-Faktor-unabhängige Termination nötige strukturtragende Sequenz wird als das (intrinsische) Terminationssignal der Attenuatorsequenz bezeichnet.

Die davorliegenden Sequenzen erlauben innerhalb des entstehenden mRNA-Transkripts eine alternative Schleifenbildung, womit der vorzeitige Transkriptionsabbruch unterlaufen werden kann. Denn wird die Sequenz 2 mit 3 gepaart (2:3), ist die Paarung von 3 mit 4 nicht möglich.
Zur Bildung dieser Schleifenstruktur 2:3 kommt es jedoch erst bei einem deutlich verzögerten Aufenthalt des Ribosoms in Sequenz 1, das zunächst synchronisiert der RNA-Polymerase nachfolgt.

Diese entscheidende Verzögerung kann auftreten, da die Sequenz 1 zugleich auch das Ende eines anderen regulatorischen Abschnitts darstellt, der trpL-Sequenz, eines – in einer 5'-UT-Region eher ungewöhnlichen – Abschnitts mit 14 Codons. Deren fünf letzte vor dem Stopcodon, darunter zweimal das Codon für Tryptophan, liegen in Sequenz 1. Das Ribosom nun translatiert diese codierende Nukleotidsequenz trpL der mRNA in ein sogenanntes Leader-Peptid, und bleibt hier dann etwas länger hängen, wenn beladene tRNATrp für das Trp-Tandem nicht prompt verfügbar ist, so etwa bei Tryptophan-Mangel im Zytosol. Damit aber wird zugleich Sequenz 1 als möglicher Partner für Sequenz 2 entzogen, die sich sodann mit 3 verkuppelt (2:3), womit 3:4 nicht mehr geht. Die vorzeitige Termination der Transkription wird so unterlaufen.

Liegt dagegen genug Tryptophan vor, so kann ein Ribosom diesen Bereich der Leader-Sequenz rasch translatieren und der Polymerase zügig folgend über Sequenz 2 nachziehen. Es bildet sich dann keine Stamm-Schleifen-Struktur 2:3 aus; die Sequenz 3 kann daher mit 4, sobald vorliegend, die Struktur 3:4 bilden: das Terminationssignal für die RNA-Polymerase unterbricht die Transkription (und die Gene trpE bis trpA werden nicht transkribiert).

Ist zu wenig Tryptophan vorhanden, braucht das Ribosom zur Translation der Sequenz 1 in das Leader-Peptid deutlich mehr Zeit. Die verzögerte Translation führt zur Stamm-Schleifen-Struktur 2:3 im stromabwärts entstandenen Transkript, sie erlaubt damit die vollständige Transkription sämtlicher Gene trpE bis trpA durch die RNA-Polymerase in eine rund 6800 Nukleotide lange polycistronische mRNA – und ermöglicht somit die anschließende Translation dieser mRNA durch Ribosome in die Genprodukte TrpE bis TrpA: als enzymatisch wirksame Proteine machen sie eine gesteigerte Tryptophan-Synthese möglich, bei Tryptophanmangel vorteilhaft.

Ob es denn zur Attenuation kommt oder der Polymerase nicht der Strang entzogen wird, entscheidet sich also auf der Wanderung des ersten Ribosoms durch den Raum der Faltungsmöglichkeiten am Anfang der naszierenden mRNA. Die ungewöhnliche Aufgabe, im sogenannten untranslatierten Bereich ein kurzes tryptophanhaltiges Peptid aufzubauen, wird dabei zum Kriterium für den Transkriptionsverlauf und macht die Expression der trp-Gene von der aktuellen Trp-Konzentration im Zellmilieu abhängig. Nur bei niedrigem Spiegel kommt es dann zu jener kurzen Pause, mit der eine erfolgreiche Transkription erst möglich wird.

Weitere Beispiele transkriptioneller Attenuation
Inzwischen sind eine Reihe weiterer Operons bekannt, die transkriptionelle Attenuation als Regulationsweise nutzen. Neben Operons für die Aminosäurenbiosynthese beispielsweise von Phenylalanin, Histidin, Leucin, Threonin, Methionin oder Cystein ebenfalls solche für eine Aminosäurendegradation, und auch einige mit Abwandlungen des oben beschriebenen Attenuationmechanismus.

So enthält etwa das tna-Operon in E. coli jene Gene, die für Enzyme des Tryptophanabbaus (Tryptophanase) codieren, und vornehmlich bei Tryptophanüberschuss in der Zelle transkribiert werden. Unter diesen Bedingungen unterbindet hier ein translatiertes tryptophanhaltiges Leader-Peptid die vorzeitige – von einem Rho-Faktor abhängige – Termination, indem es dann dafür nötige Bindungsstellen in der Leader-Region blockiert.

Die Expression des Operons pyrBI in E. coli, das für ein Enzym der Biosynthese von Pyrimidin codiert, wird primär durch Attenuation reguliert. Hier ist es die Polymerase, die bei geringer Verfügbarkeit eines Pyrimidin-triphosphats (UTP) in einer bestimmten Region der Leadersequenz pausiert, und darüber auf Stellung und Bewegung des Ribosoms derart Einfluss nimmt, dass dieses die Bildung des Terminatorsignals verhindert. Beim pyr-Operon in Bacillus subtilis ist es ein besonderes RNA-bindendes Protein, PyrR, das durch ein Pyrimidin-monophosphat (UMP) aktiviert wird und dann so an die mRNA binden kann, dass der intrinsische Terminator entsteht; bei niedrigem UMP-Spiegel bleibt es dagegen inaktiv, sodass eine alternative mRNA-Struktur gefaltet werden kann, die eine vollständige Transkription möglich macht.

Beim trp-Operon in B. subtilis wird die Expression seiner sechs Strukturgene trpEDCFBA durch ein typtophan-aktiviertes RNA-bindendes Protein (TRAP) geregelt, das in der Leaderregion an die alternative Struktursequenz bindet, darüber mittelbar die Bildung des Terminatorsignals veranlasst und so zur transkriptionellen Attenuation führt. Daneben kann über hundert Nukleotide weiter stromabwärts noch eine Umfaltung der mRNA bewirkt werden, mit der die Ribosomen-Bindungsstelle vor trpE in eine Haarnadelstruktur eingelagert wird, sodass die Initiation der Translation dieses Gens blockiert ist. TRAP ist ein torusförmiger Komplex aus 11 identischen Proteinuntereinheiten, die je zwischen sich eine Nische für die Tryptophan-Bindung bilden. Sind diese besetzt, kann sich peripher um die Außenfläche des Gebildes herum einem Reifen ähnlich die mRNA-Sequenz legen, welche 11 (U/G)AG-Tripletts in Serie mit 2/3 Nukleotiden Abstand enthält, und wird von 11 KKR-Motiven (Lys-Lys-Arg) gegenüber erkannt.

Die transkriptionelle Attenuation ist also eine nicht ungewöhnliche Form der Regulation der Genexpression in prokaryoten Zellen, bei der alternative Faltungsmuster im soeben gebildeten Anfangsbereich einer mRNA die Möglichkeit bieten, je nach den aktuell herrschenden metabolischen Bedingungen in der Zelle eine begonnene Transkription vorzeitig abzubrechen – noch bevor Strukturgene in mRNA umgeschrieben wurden – oder nicht.

Charakteristika der Regulation über Attenuation
Die Möglichkeit der Attenuation stellt neben der Repression eine zusätzliche Regulationsweise der Genexpression dar. Inzwischen sind verschiedene Abwandlungen bekannt, mit denen sie realisiert werden kann.

Beim trp-Operon in E. coli liegen die Grenzen des Regelbereichs für die in Abhängigkeit von der zellulären Tryptophan-Konzentration exprimierten Strukturgene mit vorliegendem Repressor um etwa den Faktor 700 auseinander. Auch bei ausgeschaltetem Repressorgen trpR ist allein über Attenuation noch eine tryptophangeregelte Dämpfung der Genexpression um etwa den Faktor 10 möglich.

Voraussetzungen für diese Attenuation sind
 simultane Transkription und Translation mit
 synchronisierter Prozession von RNA-Polymerase und Ribosom
 bei unterschiedlichen Faltungsmöglichkeiten der naszierenden mRNA
 innerhalb des stromaufwärts der Strukturgene gelegenen Bereichs der 5'-UTR
 mit Wechselwirkung zwischen soeben entstehender Region und zuvor entstandenen,
 womit intrinsisch eine Strukturbildung möglich wird, die als ein Terminationssignal wirkt,
 zu der jedoch alternative Strukturbildungen möglich sind, die ebendieses ausschließen,
 wobei daneben weitere regulatorische Regionen oder regulierende Elemente vorliegen,
 mittels derer auf die Wahl zwischen den Alternativen entscheidend Einfluss genommen wird,
 und dies nun in Abhängigkeit von den aktuell herrschenden metabolischen Bedingungen,
 wobei dann vorrangig die Veränderlichkeit einer solchen Größe eine Rolle spielt,
 die zum Genprodukt oder dessen Wirkung in rückgekoppeltem Bezug steht.

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Nancy Trun, Janine Trempy: Gene expression and regulation. In: Nancy Trun, Janine Trempy: Fundamental Bacterial Genetics. Blackwell, Malden MA u. a. 2004, ISBN 0-632-04448-9, online (PDF; 500 kB).

Siehe auch
 Riboswitch

Weblinks
 The trp Operon – a repressible system
 Attenuation in the trp operon

Genexpression


"I probably would have had to hire three more people had I used any other program other than Axon. And I've used other programs so I know their limitations. That was key to opening this company and one of my first demands was please trust me, this (Axon) will more than pay for itself". Malissa Malugani, President, Eagle River Energy Services.
Eagle River Energy Services didn't waste any time at all. Only 16 months old at the time of this interview, the company hit the ground running and took full advantage of the boom in the US oil and gas industry.
We spoke with Malissa, the president, to see if she would share some of the knowledge that led to the huge success of Eagle River.
When did you first start using Axon?
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Do you do any factoring?
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It accommodates growth very easily, and that was a big key from day 1. We knew we were going to grow quickly, so we wanted something that would have no limits and would stay consistent, whether we had 12 trucks or 300. If not for Axon, I would have had to hire people just to babysit – keeping dispatching and accounting together.
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This week Science for the People is talking about the use – and appalling misuse – of genetics in pursuit of human perfection. We'll speak to Claudia Malacrida, sociology professor and eugenics researcher, about her book A Special Hell: Institutional Life in Alberta's Eugenic Years. We'll also talk to Hannah Brown, postdoctoral researcher at the University of Adelaide, about the ethical issues raised by the creation of a genetically modified human embryo.
This entry was posted in Follies of the Human Condition, This Mortal Coil and tagged A Special Hell, Alberta, Claudia Malacrida, CRISPR, eugenics, Hannah Brown, Podcast, science for the people, University of Toronto Press. Bookmark the permalink.


The Avatar Storm is a huge influx of spirit energy which coalesces within the Gauntlet, but its effects can be seen – and sometimes felt – throughout the Umbra. The Technocratic Union refers to it as the Dimensional Anomaly.
The Avatar Storm occurred at the end of the Week of Nightmares in 1999, leaving a disordered and devastated Horizon in its wake. At the same time, the Gauntlet thickened, apparently embedded with jagged shards of Avatars, although no one is sure if this was cause, effect, precursor or aftershock of the Avatar Storm.
The Storm's winds are drawn to Paradox and will. The costs of being caught unprotected in the path of the Avatar winds can potentially be very high. A mage caught undefended might count death a minor penalty compared to some of the effects of the Avatar Storm that have been observed.


Sends water to the water dispenser, but doesnt send water to the ice maker. I just installed a new dual valve. still not working. could the clip be plugged in upside down? is it something up top in freezer not sending signal to the silanoid in the valve?
Model FRT24XHA. turns out, after taking the unit completely out and removing the face plate, the female portion of part #16, where screw #24 goes thru cycle arm part #25, had broken off in the back plate(#16) inside. I replaced it with Gorilla Glue, let it dry and put it back together. seems to be working now. Now if I could get it to make ice faster, and get the water coming out dispenser to be colder, it would be the perfect fridge. Any ideas there? Model FRT24XHA. turns out, after taking the unit completely out and removing the face plate, the female portion of part #16, where screw #24 goes thru cycle arm part #25, had broken off in the back plate(#16) inside. I replaced it with Gorilla Glue, let it dry and put it back together. seems to be working now. Now if I could get it to make ice faster, and get the water coming out dispenser to be colder, it would be the perfect fridge. Any ideas there?
It was in the house and it works fine, except that a couple months ago stopped produce ice. Water flows in the door dispenser and I have confirmed the tube to icemaker is not frozzed inside.
If I fill in with water I have the ice after ~2hs. Instead of automatic, now it is manual!!! I have read some results about the valve in the bottom, but before start dismantle it I would like to know why it would work for the water in the front door and not for the icemaker?
First, are you sure the ice maker is cycling and then no water? If it cycles and no water check to see if the fill tube to the icemaker is frozen. Also, what is the complete model # on the sticker inside the fridge? Let me know so I can help.
Could be 2 different problems. Inlet water valve is a dual valve (2 halves). 1 half feeds water to the door dispenser, the other half fills the icemaker. The icemaker half could be bad or blocked up with sediment causing a no fill situation. 2nd problem could be the icemaker itself which sends power to the inlet valve when it needs filled. Usually the inlet valve fails first but you need to test and see.
Hello Jim czyryca - From what you are describing if the ice maker is not making ice but is dispensing water, sounds like the refrigerator has a frozen water line, faulty ice maker valve or bad component that sends power to the ice maker valve when needed. The ice maker cycles internally to call for water so I strongly suggest contacting a professional to move forward accurately to assist with the repairs.
My side by side wont make ice and it usually makes a sound like water filling something but doesnt anymore should i replace the valve part that regulates water or the ice make part???
yes its indicating towards faulty water valve.
Maybe it won't call for water until it goes through the cycle. Try putting water in the ice mold and see if it starts working when it freezes and dumps the ice. Make sure the water line is open by swapping the wires on the dual water inlet valve. Then the water dispenser will send water to the ice maker and you'll know the valve and line works.
Kenmore coldspot water dispenser stopped working. Ice maker works. What could be possibly wrong?
Ice maker not working on a samsung rf265aabp. water to selenoid no power to selenoid.
You won't have power to the solenoid till the ice maker dumps ice and sends signal requesting water. It only last for about 7 seconds.
Make sure the fill tube where the water goes into the ice mold is not full of ice. Your old valve may have been leaking and it will freeze in the fill tube. Other than than maybe start the ice maker working by filling it with water and see if it dumps and refills.
You can swap the wires on the inlet valves and try the water dispenser. The water should go to the ice maker letting you know the valve works and the line is clear.
Do you get water to the connector at the bottom of the freezer door ? if you do then the water pipe in the door is probably frozen - read new door ! if not then check thw electrical connector at the bottom of the freezer door as they have a habit of corroding.


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An Ancient Remedy for a Modern Ailment
This video was made possible thanks to The Russell Berrie Foundation.
On this episode of Life & Living with Joanna Gagis, Ryan Florio, CEO (or "Tea" EO) of Inca Tea, stops by the set to share the fascinating story behind a new brew that uses a South American ingredient famous for its health benefits.
In 2012, Florio took a trip to the land of the Incas in Peru; which inspired him to give up his job and cash in his savings. Following three previous operations on his knees and back, Florio's doctors told him not take a trip abroad. But he went anyway. Though it was often painful for him to even walk up stairs, he felt great on his hikes in Peru; and he credits an ancient tea for his positive health.
"[When my tour guide] boiled water over an open fire, he threw in purple corn, some cinnamon cloves, apples and pineapples, and made an old, ancient Incan tea," Florio tells show host Joanna Gagis. "And I drank it every day for the next 10 days during our 10-day hike; and I never felt physically better than I did during that 10-day hike."
Florio went on to detail the incredible health benefits that purple corn alone encompasses, as well as his popular teas.
For more stories that impact New Jersey residents, click over to our Hot Topics in NJ series.
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text:
Пётр IV Рареш (; ок. 1487 — 3 сентября 1546) — господарь Молдавского княжества в 1527—1538 и 1541—1546 годах, внебрачный сын Стефана III Великого от  из Хырлэу.

Первое правление

Пётр был внебрачным сыном Стефана III Великого от  из Хырлэу. Его мать Мария была женой богатого боярина, имевшего прозвище Рареш - "безбородый". Это прозвище унаследовал и Пётр.

В 1526 году Венгрия проиграла битву при Мохаче и это привело к усилению Османской империи. В таких условиях Пётр IV Рареш, пришедший к власти в 1527 году был вынужден увеличить сумму дани османам с 8 тысяч до 10 тысяч золотых.
Пётр IV Рареш вел активную внешнюю политику. Первоначально в борьбе за венгерский трон он поддерживал Фердинанда I Габсбурга. Но под османским давлением поменял политику. Он заключил соглашение с Яношем I Запольяи, о том что Пётр оказывает поддержку, но за это получает крепости Родна и Бистрица и серебряные рудники в Трансильвании. 22 июня 1529 года Пётр Рареш разбил войска сторонников Фердинанда у Фелдвар. Попытка захватить Быстрицу и Брашов осенью 1529 года закончилась неудачей. Пётр Рареш получил от Яноша Запольяи крепости Унгураш, Чичеу, Четатя де Балтэ и епископство Вад.
В 1530 году Пётр вновь попытался вернуть Покутье (уступленное в очередной раз Польше молдавским господарем Богданом III Кривым в 1505 году). Зимой 1530 года молдавские войска заняли оспариваемую территорию, но после того, как польская армия 22 августа 1531 года нанесла поражение в битве при Обертыне, молдавские войска отступили, потеряв артиллерию. Пётр Рареш был ранен В 1532 году был заключен мир с Польшей.

Пытался продолжать политику отца по укреплению центральной власти. Опираясь на мелких бояр, ограничивал влияние крупных. Недовольство последних вылилось в заговоры. Пётр Рареш начал подготовку к освобождению Молдавии от турецкого господства и установил с этой целью связи с правительствами многих стран. В 1533 году пытаясь найти новых союзников Пётр IV Рареш направил послов в Россию. В 1535 году заключил секретный антиосманский договор с Фердинандом I Габсбургом. В Европе сложилась Священная лига, которая планировала использовать вовлечённость Османской империи в войну с Персией. В сентябре 1538 года в Молдавию направилась турецкая армия во главе с султаном Сулейманом, с востока вторглись крымские татары, а с севера поляки. Войска Пётра Рареша первоначально оказывали сопротивление османам и даже разбили их при Хотине. Но после взятия турецкой армией столицы княжества Сучавы и предательства бояр, выразивших преданность султану, Пётр Рареш бежал из страны. С этого времени Молдавия окончательно попала под власть Османской империи. Султан подчинил себе области между Прутом и Днестром, а крымские татары получили Буджак. Новым господарем посадили Стефана Лакусту.

Второе правление
Пётр Рареш не найдя поддержки у бояр скрылся в Трансильвании.
Стефан V Лакуста погиб в результате заговора, Александр Корня также попытался освободиться от турецкого владычества. В такой ситуации в 1541 году Пётр Рареш снова стал господарём, получив от турецкого султана престол Молдавии. Но за это он обязался увеличить размер дани до 12 тысяч золотых, признал территориальные потери 1538 года, в Сучаве располагался турецкий гарнизон, а сын Илья в качестве заложника отправлялся в Стамбул. Пётр и на этот раз стал укреплять центральную власть, казнил главарей боярской оппозиции. В 1542 году заключил соглашение с Габсбургами, поддерживал антитурецкие силы, был связан с Россией, получая оттуда материальную помощь. Пётр Рареш основал несколько монастырей и церквей в Бае, Ботошани, Хырлэу, Тыргу Фрумосе и Романе.

Семья и дети
Муж 1) Марии 2) с апреля 1530 Елены, дочери Иоанна Бранковича, сербского деспота (-1552)

 Илья II Рареш (ок. 1531 - январь 1562), господарь Молдавского княжества в 1546—1551
 Стефан VI Рареш, господарь Молдавского княжества в 1551—1552
 Константин (- 26 марта 1554)
 Янку Сасул. Внебрачный сын Петра, рожденный трансильванской немкой Екатериной Вайс, лютеранин по вероисповеданию, господарь Молдавского княжества в 1579—1582. Муж Марии Палеолог ()
 Анна ( — 1542/1546). Жена Влада VII Инекатула (Утопленника), господаря Валахии в 1530—1532
 Мария (-1614/1616) В ряде источников называется дочерью Петра от первого брака с Марией Чернет, что маловероятно. Наиболее правдоподобно её происхождение от Елены Бранкович. Жена 1) Исаака Балиша 2) Иоанна Могилы, предка господарей из рода Могил.
 , жена Мирчи V Пастуха господаря Валахии
  ( — 1570) Жена Александра Лэпушняну, господаря Молдавского княжества в 1552—1561 и 1564—1568

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 Muşatin family
 http://istoria.md/articol/84/Petru_Rare%C5%9F

Внебрачное потомство монархов Молдавии
Правители Молдавского княжества
Свергнутые монархи
Мушаты

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


... had me a blast. Summer lovin' happened so fast.
Welcome back lovelies, I hope you don't mind but to round off what seems to be the end of our sunny summer I couldn't help but quote one of my favourite films, and as many of you have probably guessed from the many mentions in previous posts it's my birthday today!
There were many times over the years where I dreaded reaching a new age, but this year so much has happened that I've become a much more positive person and have gradually changed the way I see things. So 26, I welcome you with open arms and I say bring it on.
Being 25 was one of the most amazing years where I made more memories than I could ever of thought possible. Many people have said how I'm more confident now and most importantly I smile more than ever. Time is a beautiful thing and so is believing in yourself.
To celebrate achieving so much in the last year, I went ahead and had my first photoshoot which was both equally terrifying and amazing at the same time.
I'm honestly so proud of how these turned out and I can't quite believe its me in them. I've never been particularly confident in the way I look but as I've mentioned recently, I'm no longer shying away from doing what I love (and that my lovelies is blogging).
Thinking of all the things that have been making me extra happy recently I couldn't help but want to share them with you.
Until last month I had never gone to one but now I find myself having been to two. I was blessed with seeing Chocolat for the first time and it was absolutely amazing.
We seem to have been going to a lot recently and it's been a definite highlight this summer. Capitals Summertime Ball at Wembley, Capital Beach Festival at Cardiff Bay and the many food and drink festivals across south Wales.
Three birthday celebrations are taking place which meant we just had to go and book a group holiday to Amsterdam, and another annual trip to London to celebrate a 30th and a trip to Barcelona early next year.
This was originally meant to say cocktails in the sun as I thought it sounded better, but that would have been a lie because we all know this girl here loves her wine. From birthday BBQ's, celebrations and meals out with friends, it's been a merry old summer.
I finally went to see Ed Sheeran! Aside from the fact he made headlines news in Cardiff for needing to stop the show twice for the loo, it was a brilliant night.
No words needed for this really, there is just something so perfect about relaxing in the sun with friends whilst munching on food. A definite happy place.
As this post goes live I will in fact be on my way to London for my annual trip and if I'm anything like I usually am, I will be doing mini vlogs and taking you along with me to various locations.
Somehow I have attended four weddings this year. I've always loved any excuse to get dressed up and I'm a hopeless romantic, so to be able to witness two people on their special day is such an amazing feeling.
If you're all still with me, I would like to say a huge thank you for making 25 such a special year and I can't wait to see what 26 brings.
I would love to hear all of your favourite things about summer and what you're looking forward to most about Autumn. The wooly jumpers are officially back which means Pumpkin Spice Latte season is almost on our doorsteps.
As always, until next time.
Ah Happy Birthday Alys! It sounds like you've had a magical summer and birthday celebrations to continue on until November!! I'm really glad to hear your year went so well. It must be a "25" thing because my past year is going well too! I think you've summed up summer perfectly and now that it's coming to an end, I'm ready to pull out those fuzzy socks and blankets!
Thank you so much Jay! I'm so ready for those fuzzy socks and blankets too!
Happy Belated Birthday! I hope you had an amazing day! I love these photoshoot photos! The flowery dress you're wearing for the second lot is really pretty! This was a really nice post to read. Picnics are the best. Definitely one of my favourite things about summer as well. They're such a great way to bring family and friends together.
I'm so pleased you liked the photos, the flowery dress is a particular favourite of mine as well. Thank you so much for the birthday wishes!
I love the pictures from this shoot, your so pretty!
Hope you had a fab birthday! sounded like you had a fun-packed great summer too!
Awwh, you're honestly the sweetest girly. I had a wonderful birthday thank you, and I'm mostly definitely looking forward to Autumn!
That sounds amazing I would love to watch something at Somerset House! Thank you for the birthday wishes!
Happy birthday! this is such a sweet photoshoot! Wine in the sunshine is the best! my fav part about summer!
Couldn't agree more on the wine and sunshine, and thank you!
You look absolutely gorgeous in these photos and it's so lovely to hear that you're a lot more confident and happy than in recent years! It's so lovely to see posts like this and it honestly gives me so much hope as I've had a HELL of a few years and I'm currently waiting and hoping that things will soon turn around for me. SO glad you had such a fabulous Summer, too!
From one Alice to another, the tough times just mean better ones are coming. Please keep smiling girly, you're amazing and don't forget that!
I'm so glad you think so, thank you!
These photos are absolutely gorgeous my darling! It sounds like you had the best summer and a massive happy birthday!
Thank you so much Amie!
Spending my days writing about a little bit of everything whilst taking pictures along the way.
© With love, Alys | All rights reserved.


text:
PLIC/1/0255 Denis Hayes, 9 Abbey Street Lower, Dublin. Hayes Abbey Street Lower Claim for £200 11s 8d for damage by gunfire and looting to buildings, stock and furniture at 9 Abbey Street Lower, Dublin. Payment of £150 recommended by Committee.
PLIC/1/0257 Lucy Hayes, 4 St Bridget's Terrace, Prospect Hill, Galway. Hayes St Bridget's Terrace; Prospect Hill; Moore Street Claim for £40 for personal effects destroyed at 4 Moore Street, Dublin. Payment of £20 17s recommended by Committee.
PLIC/1/0258 Michael F Hayes, 47 Fleet Street, Dublin. Hayes Fleet Street Claim for £9 15s for damage by Crown forces to doors and walls at Victoria Chambers, 47 Fleet Street, Dublin. Full payment recommended by Committee.
PLIC/1/0296 Annie Hayes, 7 King Street North, Dublin. Hayes King Street North Claim for £85 for loss of stock and cash due to looting by Crown forces at 7 King Street North, Dublin. Payment of £55 recommended by Committee.
PLIC/1/1282 PJ Hayes. Hayes No details given. Claim settled by millitary authorities.
PLIC/1/1754 J Hayes, 14 St Michael's Road, Glasnevin, Dublin. Hayes General Post Office St Michael's Road Claim for 11s 6d for leggings destroyed by fire at General Post Office, Sackville Street [O'Connell Street], Dublin. 7s 6d recommended by Committee.
PLIC/1/2687 Patrick Joseph Hayes, manager, Great Britain Street [Parnell Street] branch, National Bank Limited, Cavendish Row, Dublin. Hayes National Bank Limited Great Britain Street [Parnell Street]; Cavendish Row Claim for £63 3s 7d for damage to premises and personal effects by Crown forces in occupation and rifle fire by insurgents at 1-2 Cavendish Row, Dublin. Full payment recommended by Committee.
PLIC/1/2824 Marion Hayes, 15 North Great George's Street, Dublin. Hayes Hopkins and Hopkins, jewellers Sackville Street [O'Connell Street]; North Great George's Street Claim for £5 for loss of gold ring under repair at Hopkins and Hopkins, jewellers, Sackville Street [O'Connell Street], Dublin. Payment of £3 10s recommended by Committee.
PLIC/1/2830 James Hayes, 14 St Michael's Road, Glasnevin, Dublin. Hayes Hopkins and Hopkins, jewellers Sackville Street [O'Connell Street]; St Michael's Road Claim for £2 10s for loss of silver watch under repair at Hopkins and Hopkins, jewellers, Sackville Street [O'Connell Street], Dublin. Payment of £2 recommended by Committee.
PLIC/1/3075 Kitty Hayes, 35 Rathgar Avenue, Dublin, employee of Clery and Company Limited, Dublin. Hayes Clery and Company Limited Sackville Street Lower [O'Connell Street Lower]; Rathgar Avenue Claim for £6 3s for loss of clothing and personal effects by fire at Clery and Company Limited, 27 Sackville Street Lower [O'Connell Street Lower], Dublin. Payment of £4 10s recommended by Committee.
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text:
Long time no studio diary
Ok, so, it's been forever since we last posted about our studio progress. In fact, it's been so long, we had just finished the drum recordings. And since it's been long, we've progressed quite a bit. But of course you knew that already, since you're reading our facebook page, right? Right. Well, I thought I'd type something up in any case.
What we've mostly been dabbling in is guitars. As we're hesitant to reveal too many details about the album at this point, I'll refer to songs by their working title. We've got guitars ready for "kurozu", "lenore", "renssi", "kööri" and "ibn-qirtaiba" as well as some guitars for the intro track. At this point we're wishing we were better at playing our guitars, but also very pleased with the outcome and the sound we've managed to conjure up using the finest in awesome signal processing devices. My personal favourite is the Black Arts Toneworks Black Forest Overdrive, which I purchased just after we recorded the live at studio takes. What we've been going for is, naturally, Soviet tractors and I must say we've come pretty darn close.
We've also managed to get some bass done. Sami got himself a Rickenbacker and the end result of said acquisition is an even doomier tone than before. He's also taken up a hobby of building himself stompboxes to further benefit the sound. Here's an illustration of one particular sound with the maestro himself plucking on a fine riff. Bass tracks are done on "lenore" and "renssi", with the rest to follow soon after.
There remains also some work for the guitars yet, plus, of course, vocals, and even some extra instruments such as keyboards (don't be scared, they won't be overwhelming) and acoustic guitars.
So, don't hold your breath yet, since while we've made good time, we're not nearly there yet. In the meantime, enjoy good beers and worship vibrations while the moomins circle ever on.
Peace, love and loud noises,
-Henri
Labels: bass, diary, ever circling wolves, guitar, in the trench, of woe, studio
It's alive!
Alright, now we've got the other live cut from the drum sessions available for download. And it comes with a video! It's called "One Joyless Night" and it was originally on our first demo ep, Picturesque, Petrified.
The audio can be downloaded right here!
And the other live cut, Cœur, is here.
Posted by Unknown at 18:26 1 comment:
Labels: ever circling wolves, live, soundcloud, studio, video
Swamp wolves
Monday this week, we set foot to Kruunuvuori (located in eastern Helsinki, Finland), accompanied by the magnificent Miika Karttunen (http://www.lightpictures.fi) to take some promo pictures.
Old pic from Dec 2010
You may, or you may not, remember that Miika was the one who took our previous promo photos as well, and at the same location, even.
Well, as opposed to the snowfall last time, we were having one of the first warm days of the year. This was a welcome juxtaposition, for it aided us in our plan to confuse our audience.
In summation I'd like to urge you all to turn to Miika with your photography needs and of course drink beer and worship Satan.
Remember to do research before you rent a cabin online.
Labels: ever circling wolves, lightpictures.fi, miika karttunen, of woe, photo
Oh look, a live track
Did we or did we not threaten with live tracks two weeks ago? Well, we've got one out right now and you can find it here: http://soundcloud.com/ecwdoom/coeur-live-at-studio
I'm personally rather proud of it, seeing as it was the first time I've done a live recording. Or, well, we did have our first gig recorded, but not with such an arsenal of mics. And, frankly, we played a lot better this time around.
Labels: coeur, ever circling wolves, live, studio
The Wolves have left the studio; diary, part IV
Well now, dear readers. The Wolves left the studio less than 24 hours ago. What were we left with?
-Drum tracks for seven songs, ranging in length from roughly five minutes to a whopping fifteen minutes.
-Several mutilated drumsticks. I guess the majority of the drumsticks Niko brought into the studio were decimated.
-Very little time to sleep. Of the 56 possible hours (from Fri 4pm to Sun 12am), we spent roughly 40 hours in the studio! Bar our sleeping hours (3am-10am) the studio was constantly manned by at least three of us. Sheesh.
-All of the drum takes were done several times, in the case that our human drum machine should have done a mistake. (Well, actually, he did. Quite a few. Every now and then when he was not chopping the drumsticks into wee tiny bits (he is a lumberjack and he's okay)).
-Two studio live tracks, with video. One really slow and thick oldie goldie, reworked, and one from the new album. We were joined by three helpful gentlemen in the Sunday evening, who worked three cameras. If the videos and live takes are deemed releasable, we will treat you with a song + a video twice during the next summer!
-80-100 cups of coffee and a handful of beers consumed. Also occasional fits of pizza psychosis were witnessed.
-A promise of an excellent new full-length album full of some of the most intense and dynamic stuff we've created. But when will we record the rest of the stuff? And how? We've yet to decide, but the current consensus is that most likely the recordings will take place over the course of the next summer, starting in early June. The method of execution is still under discussion.
Keep it groovy,
Posted by Otto at 19:09 No comments:
Labels: ever circling wolves, new album, studio
Studio diary, part 3(3 1/3)
The drums are done, the drums are fucking done!
This guy is laughing.
Now for some live takes of a couple of songs, with video.
Lurve,
Henkka
Dear studio diary, part II
It's Sunday morning and we're all a bit knackered. The coffee's alright and we'll soon go on with the drum recordings. After spending 17 hours (10 a.m. to 3 a.m.) in the studio, we got 5 tracks done yesterday, which leaves 2 more for today, followed by a couple of studio live tracks. Shouldn't take more than 28 hours, I'd say.
The spirits are high and in the future, when we release a DVD (will there even be DVDs anymore, one can only guess), we'll have some prime footage for the "Behind the scenes" extras. Today's word is "ripuliylipäällikkö", and we will. conquer. the. world.
P.S. We'll post more when there is more to tell. Meanwhile, go listen to KEN mode, so did we.
The Wolves circling the studio, part I
So, the day's finally here. We managed to drag ourselves into the studio!
-We arrived to the studio Friday, 27th of April, 4 pm. With us: a handful of guitars, a bass, drum gear, Trace Elliott V6 bass head and Orange + Laboga for the guitars.
-Actually the name of the game for this weekend is to record the drums for our upcoming album; the guitar and bass stuff we brought are here only for the show. And perhaps for a studio live session, should there be enough time.
-Drums were set up by a bit past midnight, including 20 microphones. Yeah, seriously, 20 bloody microphones. Our drummer Niko and Antti - our trusty old pal behind the desk both in studio and live - went a little crazy with them now that we had access to some great microphones. (Antti stated that the official explanation for this is "Just because we can!")
-Caffeine levels are kept in check with Henri making us new potfuls of coffee the instant the previous one gets consumed.
-We returned to the studio Saturday morning, April 28th, finally ready to proceed to the recording itself. The total amount of tracks for the upcoming album is undecided to this date, but during this weekend we are supposed to record drum tracks for seven new songs (ok, one of them is previously released). If there is enough time for the studio live takes, we are going to record one new song from this album and one song that goes way back, to the beginnings of the band.
With bloodshot eyes and high expectations from the studio,
Otto.
Or, in Henri's words, "let's get those arm flabs moving, and make some massive stuff!"
Five years and going strong
Roughly this time in 2007 I first had the idea of starting a doom metal band. First it was supposed to be just a solo project for me, and this in mind I wrote the first three songs, "One Joyless Night", "Loveless Moonlight/Cruel Dawn" and "Picturesque, Petrified", all of which ended up on the Picturesque, Petrified EP. The photo on the left is our first "official" promo shot and can also be found on the cover of the EP. If I remember correctly, I came up with the name Ever Circling Wolves, inspired by the Earth song "The Dire and Ever Circling Wolves", in the spring of 2007, before recording the EP, but after the photo was taken.
Download the Picturesque, Petrified EP here (in mp3)!
Or here (in a lossless format)!
Shortly after completing the EP, I started to gather a line-up for an actual band. Musicians came and went and we weren't really going anywhere until the summer/early autumn of 2008 with (left to right in our first proper promo shot, taken by Miika Karttunen) Otto Forsberg (guitar), Arttu Kantola (bass) and Niko Karjalainen (drums) (with me between Otto and Arttu) joining the fold. New eagerness flowed within us and new songs started to take form.
In 2009 we finally got the ball rolling properly. Our first visit to a real studio (Posti Studio) ended with us recording a full-length album instead of an EP like we'd intended. We also played our first proper live gigs, first of them (pictured on the left) at Lepakkomies (Helsinki) with the ever-awesome Temples and Chestburster, and the second at Hevimesta (Oulu) with the very heavy Wandering Midget. Towards the end of the year, more new songs began to emerge.
Download The Silence from Your Room from our bandcamp page!
Working with the new tracks was what we began 2010 with. This, however, got left on the backburner somewhat when Arttu decided to leave the band due to commitments elsewhere (check out his bands: Freedomination, Thomas Nobody and Mojo Waves). Luckily, we found Sami Nevala to replace him rather quickly. With Sami in tow, we resumed our arduous task of constructing new music, and at the end of the year stepped into studio to record an EP, Chapter III, which contains a new track, "In the Trench", and a re-recording of "Picturesque, Petrified" from the old EP.
Download Chapter III from our bandcamp page!
Or buy it from Dethroned Productions!
2011 started for us with the digital release of Chapter III, along with some gigs. New songs were introduced to the live set and they've been received well. We managed to pretty much write our next full-length album during 2011 and at the end of the year also got out a physical release of Chapter III with Dethroned Productions. We also got to play one of the most memorable shows of our career, on a bloody cruise ship!
Here's a live video from one of our gigs in 2011 (not the cruise ship show, however):
What 2012 holds in store, I can only guess. But we do have an album lined up, for one. Meanwhile, thanks for the past 5 years!
Labels: bandcamp, biography, chapter III, dethroned productions, ever circling wolves, history, in the trench, new album, studio, video
...and around the next corner, you'll find...
So, Chapter III is finally out in cd form and can be bought directly from us by sending us email to contact(at)ecwdoom.com or from Dethroned Productions (which we recommend if you're outside Finland). And this means it's time to look forward to new things.
We've been busy writing and rehearsing material for a new full-length and we've now gotten to a point where pretty much the whole album is written and we've even managed to play all of the tracks through, save for the intro track, which is still under construction. The new material expands on what we've showcased before, in terms of dark, plodding doomy goodness, and adds new dimensions and dynamics to the mix, making for a (hopefully) more interesting listen than our debut, The Silence from Your Room.
Some tracks we've already showcased live, such as "Lenore", "Cœur" and "Haunted", and one we've already recorded once, namely "In the Trench", which is found on Chapter III, and they've been received well. "Cœur" has also been recorded on video on more than one occasion, and therefore I find it only appropriate to post a video of it here, so you'll know just what to look forward to.
By the pricking of my thumbs,
bandcamp (3)
challenger deep (1)
chapter III (3)
cimmerian shade recordings (7)
deeper (1)
dethroned productions (2)
ever circling wolves (21)
hell hole (1)
in the trench (5)
lightpictures.fi (1)
miika karttunen (1)
new album (11)
of woe (10)
pedalboard (1)
post-doom sludge (7)
sunrise has gone (1)
these are ashes (1)
these are roots (1)
throne records (1)
top 6 list (1)
© 2011 Ever Circling Wolves. Background photo by Maija Maronen. Awesome Inc. theme. Powered by Blogger.


Does the mini support folder options? Meaning, if I had 4000 titles on an sd card could I put them in folders or do I have 500 button pushes?
JoeB wrote: Does the mini support folder options? Meaning, if I had 4000 titles on an sd card could I put them in folders or do I have 500 button pushes?


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Rene Rast won Saturday's DTM race at the Norisring with an advantage of nearly 35 seconds in spite of having dropped to the last position at the start.
Rene Rast won Saturday's DTM race at the Norisring to secure his third victory this season and the 13th in total in his DTM career. At the start, the 2017 DTM Champion had to restart his engine and dropped to the last position. When a safety car period became apparent, his team called Rast in to pit for a tyre change after just three laps. Shortly afterwards, he had overtaken all competitors and went on to finish the race with an advantage of nearly 35 seconds.
The Audi team celebrates its first victory on the Norisring since 2016 "That was a crazy race," said Rast. "Obviously, we were somewhat lucky with the safety car. But we were very fast today and would have been in contention at the front of the field anyhow. I just need to practice starting some more. I released the clutch too quickly and stalled the engine. We also have to do better in qualifying tomorrow."
Rast had to settle for starting third on the grid after having gotten stuck in traffic on the second set of tyres, whereas Nico Muller from Audi Sport Team Abt Sportsline secured the three additional points for pole position. His time of 46.3 seconds is the fastest that has ever been driven on the current track configuration, clearly showing the performance capability of the new Class 1 race cars and the new Audi RS 5 DTM powered by a more than 610bhp two-litre four-cylinder turbo engine.
For Audi, this was the sixth DTM victory in total at the Norisring. Most recently, in 2016, Nico Muller had won Audi's home round at the Norisring. "Unfortunately, we've traditionally struggled quite a bit in front of our fans and employees," said Head of Audi Motorsport Dieter Gass. "We were hoping that this would change with the new Audi RS 5 DTM. Rene was incredibly fast today. In spite of his early pit stop, in the end, he consistently drove fast times on the old tyres."


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A solitary protester stands in front of the federal courthouse in Phoenix Tuesday.
Arizona's tough anti-immigrant law, SB 1070, is back in the federal courts and opponents of the law are back on street. The US Supreme Court struck down most of the law in June but let stand section 2B, the so called "Papers Please" section, which calls for local law enforcement to check the immigration status of people they have to reason to believe might be in the country without documents.
Opponents of 1070 argue that the law is inherently unfair. That it lead to racial profiling of Latinos, more discrimination against Latinos and that Latinos will face more time in detention while their status is confirmed.
Thousands of people took to the streets in 2010, after the passage of the law. I was in Thailand when SB 1070 was signed into law by Governor Jan Brewer and even in Thailand, passage of the bill and its signing into law was front page news.
In the midst of the Red Shirt protests, other journalists and Thais I met, when they learned I was from Arizona, asked me what was going on with SB1070. When I tried to explain the law as I understood it and how it wasn't that different from immigration laws in some parts of Europe or Thailand, the response was inevitably, "but it's America, you're supposed to be better than that." Our state was compared to apartheid South Africa, where black Africans were required to present their papers to move around the country.
Since then the protests have gotten smaller but no less impassioned. There were only a handful of protesters at the courthouse yesterday, most of them the "usual suspects" (to steal a line from the movie Casablanca) that I've photographed at the dozens of immigration protests that have taken place in Phoenix during the last five years. It's the same for Tea Party protests and rallies supporting SB1070, the crowds have gotten significantly smaller and most of the protesters are people I've photographed so often I know them by name.
Judge Susan Bolton is hearing this latest challenge to SB 1070. Judge Bolton heard the original complaint against the bill in 2010 and ruled against the state, a ruling that was upheld by the 9th Circuit of the Court of Appeals and mostly upheld by the Supreme Court. Trying to read a judge's mind can be a dangerous thing, but her past ruling, coupled by recent revelations that the bill's architect, Russell Pearce, had apparently racist motives, has bolstered the spirits of the law's opponents.
There are more photos from the small protest in my archive.
Labels: Civil Rights, Immigration, News


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You are here » Home » Blog » Three Shows in Three Days
"London's Best Improv" – Evening Standard
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Three Shows in Three Days
I've just had the good fortune of performing in three completely different shows in three days, featuring four different groups. A couple of years ago performing in three shows would have taken about 4 months, and performing in completely different shows wouldn't have happened at all, so I feel very honoured. This means that whereas previously lessons learnt from a show would lurk around in my sock drawer for a month just before being forgotten in time for the next one, I could actually take them into the next place and do something with it.
Shows done:
Monday 13th September, Music Box, The Troubadour, Earl's Court
Tuesday 14th September, Hoopla and The Maydays, The Miller, London Bridge
Wednesday 15th September, Shotgun Impro, The Miller, London Bridge, with Jane Colenutt, Kath Martin, Nick Murphy and Rosalind Blessed.
At the moment I'm fresh out of the Shotgun show, which was completely awesome. I was a guest performer and had only met them all briefly at an audition last year sometime, so it's slightly nervy walking in, although actually I'm probably just saying that out of Englishness – actually I wasn't nervous at all and was very excited. They were exceptionally friendly and welcoming, I was greeted by the lovely Jane Colenutt and we talked through the show together in a calm and fun way. The show was a mix of games in the first half, and then scenes in the second half. In fact it was remarkably similar to a Hoopla show so I felt right at home. The Shotgunners were very calm and organised with setting things up before the show, which meant I could actually concentrate on the acting for a change – and I loved it! They were a very professional yes-anding bunch so everything got picked up on and some really funny scenes happened.
At Music Box my expectation, or more importantly my 'minimum requirement for happiness' was the room packed to standing room only with 150 people, a perfect set from us, followed by a standing ovation. I'm not joking, that's what I secretly wanted/needed from the evening. In fact the audience was no where near this, and so the whole evening I was having to cope with my mild disappointment. However with Shotgun I really didn't expect anything at all, as I hadn't been involved in organising, my expectations were low and so when we opened the doors to the audience and found a group of American drama students patiently waiting to come in I was thrilled to bits. All night I couldn't believe these people were coming to see us, it was amazing.
Only after the show did I realise that it had been exactly the same amount of people at Music Box and Shotgun. Except one I acted with mild disappointment, and the other I treated them like I was thrilled they were there.
Lesson: By all means do all you can with your organisation, but on the night drop all this, expect nothing, and be grateful, humble and joyous for everything.
Differentiating Roles
At Music Box I ended up doing front of house right up until the time I went on stage, so my warm up was basically '£7 please'. At Hoopla and The Maydays I was setting room, then welcoming audience, then moving actors around in a bossy fashion, then compering, then directing, then audience, then acting, then compering. At Shotgun I was just acting – what a difference! I really felt 'out of my head' and able to just concentrate on all the fun stuff on stage.
Lesson: Err, get someone else to do all the other stuff? Sign up to an experience agent and producer? Failing that I suppose it's just to be aware that this happens and to be conscious that you are moving from one mode to the other – front of house mode to acting mode. If you're on stage in a scene and you're worried that the door has been left open and the air conditioner is set 2 degrees too cold, then you're in trouble.
Audiences Come From Lots of Different Places
Sometimes we're under the delusion that there is a magic Nirvana where you put your show in Time Out and thousands of people turn up. The only person this worked for was Michael Jackson at the O2, and he died before the show anyway. Actually audiences come from all over the place – you might end up with 5 who know one cast member, 6 you've met at a workshop, 3 who read about it on Time Out Website, four from facebook, 1 from a flyer, 3 from the pub downstairs, 8 on a student outing they learnt about from a website I'm too old to know about, 1 in the wrong place etc etc. Theatres don't just put on 'a play' and then badaboombadabing loads of people turn up – they have complex marketing strategies and large teams getting the word out there and getting people along.
Lesson: The audience arrive fragmented from different places, it's your job to unite them in a common experience. If you want an audience, work at it. Everyone who comes is special.
The 'Simple' Impro Exercises are the Most Important Ones
I say this all the time in workshops but if you're in a performance group and you're not playing games like 'Word at a Time', 'Yes And', 'What Happens Next', 'Where Who What', 'Blocking/Not Blocking' then you're in trouble. If you think "I learnt all that yes-and stuff three years ago" then you're in even more trouble. It's always these simple things that make a massive difference, and they do work. Just before Hoopla and The Maydays I got Hoopla playing the present game, then word at a time story, then what happens next in quick succession. I told them to only concentrate on building a platform and saying yes in the show, and I was really proud of how they performed. At Shotgun they played a big circle of word at a time story before the show, and a simple game like this can get everyone in the right frame of mind.
Lesson: Do these games a lot.
Just be in a good mood, it's fun
This was reminded to me by the lovely Jane Colenutt at Shotgun. They were all in a very good mood right from the start, no stress and no worrying. 'We might not have an audience at all' – 'Oh well, we'll have some fun anyway, can't wait' – 'Actually, there's a lovely audience, they've just been waiting on the stairs' – 'Even better then, show them in'. At Music Box and Hoopla & The Maydays I was the stress head but everyone around me was uplifting and happy. As Jane said all you've really got in a show is some people on stage interacting, and all that really matters is whether they're in good mood and supporting each other or not. Otherwise the audience do pick up on bad feelings, you're under the microscope.
Lesson: Make sure you sort out and address issues within a group beforehand so that on the night you can turn up in a good mood and have some fun.
Get Some Acting Lessons
Shotgun were interesting because they are all professional actors and do lots of other acting and have done various serious acting training. It's hard to quantify exactly what difference this makes, but it does make a big difference. I think if anything it carries the show, especially the gaps between the scenes, as the audience have faith they are seeing 'something'. I think things like being heard, not fidgeting and being open to the audience and confident on stage make a massive difference.
Lesson: Get some acting lessons, not just impro.
Say Yes, even when you're not sure why.
In the Music Box show I got really confused by the plot. I started as a small time toy factory owner in Swansea but found myself caught up in an invasion of the underworld featuring a tardis and multiple Dr. Who's and a character who was a Baked Bean. Come to think of it, confusion was probably the perfect emotion for my character. At one point the offer came of 'look, there's a tardis full of baked beans'. I initially didn't react as I felt I still hadn't worked out where we were in the story. Then I though sod it, say yes, and picked up a chair to represent the tardis. This then span around to music, emptied beans on the bad guy, prompted me to do a rap (with the line "yeah motherf***** yo weren't expecting a tardis full of beans), which then ramped into the end closing number.
Lesson: Even when you don't know what's going on, say yes to offers. Especially when you don't know what's going on, say yes to offers.
Hoopla Impro
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Free virtual cycling sessions will be on offer during a taster day at gyms in Maidenhead and Windsor.
The Magnet Leisure Centre and Windsor Leisure Centre will be running the classes on Saturday ahead of the launch of its new exercise programme next week.
The virtual cycling experience sees cyclists taken on a digital journey which plays out on a big screen in the gym while the lights are down.
Sessions on offer include 'The Trip' which involves a 40-minute workout, 'Sprint' classes which include 30 minutes of high-intensity interval training and 'RPM' which has simulated climbs and sprints.
The Magnet Leisure Centre will be running classes at 10.45am, 11.40am and 12.20pm with Windsor Leisure Centre running sessions at 1.30pm, 2.30pm and 3.15pm.
From Monday, virtual cycling sessions will be free for gym members and £9.35 for non-members.


The Cusher is one of our medium sized 3 bedroom, semi detached properties available at Riverglade Meadows. Offering 1076sq. ft. of exceptionally well designed living space, including a large kitchen diner with rear patio access, an option for a utility room and generous living room. The Cusher also has three large double bedrooms (en suite to master bedroom) and main bathroom with free standing shower.
Kitchen/Dining 5.9m x 3.6m 19' 5" x 11' 10"
Lounge 4.7m x 3.8m 15' 5" x 12' 7"
WC 1.8m x 0.9m 6' 1" x 2' 11"
Bedroom 1 4.3m x 3m 14' 1" x 9' 11"
Bedroom 2 4m x 3m 13' 1" x 9' 11"
Bedroom 3 3m x 2.8m 9' 9" x 9' 2"
En Suite 2.9m x 0.9m 9' 6" x 2' 11"
Bathroom 2.9m x 1.8m 9' 6" x 5' 11"


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Velatia Projects
Ikusi deploys its Condor slot management and monitoring solution at Cuba's international airports
27 October, 2016 by VelatiaNetworks
Smart City, Trends, Velatia Projects
Ikusi, innovative solutions
Ecasa, the state-owned enterprise that operates Cuba's airports, has placed its trust in Ikusi to deploy Condor slot management, enabling it to optimize the management of airport slots in response to the growing demand for flights anticipated at the country's airports.
After an initial data-gathering and characterisation phase at Cuba's airports, the Condor slot management solution will shortly begin functioning to coordinate the country's ten international airports, the biggest ones among them being those of Havana and Varadero.
The Condor solution proposed by Ikusi is capable of ensuring an orderly management of airport slots in such a way that the airport's operating capacity will be maximised. Condor is a top-level solution that assists specialised airport coordinators not only in their work to plan the season (in accordance with the deadlines and schedules established by IATA), but also in the daily management associated with the requests of airlines and unforeseen changes that inevitably arise during everyday operations.
Condor helps to coordinate, optimise and detect operational limitations, apply the corrective measures needed to solve them, and to plan efficiently depending on the different needs of the summer and winter seasons and the actual capacity of the airports themselves, but always in accordance with the industry's international rules and regulations.
Condor enables planning and monitoring to take place on the basis of various airport resources that limit capacity. Common resources such as runways are complemented by other limitations such as what Condor regards as maximum terminal capacity per hour, docking positions, security checkpoints, etc. Condor also contributes towards better planning of air space thanks to its integration into ANSP (Air Navigation Service Provider) systems.
So Ecasa is taking a leap towards modernising its airport management systems by enhancing operational efficiency with a view to addressing the significant challenges that the Cuban state-owned enterprise will be facing over the coming months.
Velatia, Technology and Industry
Energy storage news
Ormazabal, Smart Grids experts
Ikusi, Cibersecurity and Digitalization
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Heart Evangelista shared her look online.
Heart Evangelista happily shared on Instagram that she had the opportunity to be in Buro Magazine's first print issue. Buro is a Singaporean fashion magazine.
"Breaking boundaries one day at a time—this time, wearing a bright pink power suit! I am so humbled to be part of the first ever print issue of @buro.singapore. What an enriching experience this has been," she wrote.
Heart has been known for her fashion taste and has been featured in different magazines abroad.
This is not Heart's only international gig for she recently confirmed that she will star in an international movie.


The text of the government's proposed bill outlawing data re-identification looks worse than researchers feared.
Apart from the legislation's maximum two-year stretch for anybody that cracks whatever key an agency applies to the data, there's also the points that government agencies are exempted from the bill (giving them what looks like permission to discover identities from datasets), and there's no exemption for academic research.
The best researchers can hope for is that if they apply to the Attorney-General George Brandis, he might issue a determination that it's okay to carry out research; or that after being subjected to an investigation, the researcher might be cleared by the Privacy Commissioner.
In other words, academic research is within the personal gift of a ministerial determination, unless the researcher has a vast appetite for risk and uncertainty.
Since agencies are allowed to re-identify data (as the ludicrous law says, the law doesn't apply if an agency really wants identities "the act was done in connection with the performance of the agency's functions or activities" or there's a court order, the law lends the same exemptions to contractors to agencies.
As well as two years contemplating the prison cell wash-basin, the law provides for civil penalties of up to AU$144,000 (800 penalty units, which currently stand at $180 apiece).
A second offence under the law would be reasonable, if the rest of the law wasn't such a mess: if you re-identify data (unless you're doing so inside a government agency because why shouldn't the Tax Office strip away the anonymity of medical records?) you must not disclose the data to anybody but the originating agency.
Again, government agencies (and their contractors) are exempted from this clause – was this drafted by George Brandis' press secretary after the Parliamentary Midwinter Ball or something? – so not only can the Australian Taxation Office re-identify medical data, it seems to be allowed to publish that data.
The penalty for disclosing data is two years, but only $108,000 (600 penalty units) – that is, disclosure is less serious than researching the strength of the anonymisation.
As well as the Kafkaesque construction of the legislation, the bill suffers the same potential for abuse as laws that protect digital rights management schemes: it doesn't matter if the anonymisation applied is weak.
If an agency chooses, it now has license to use this very weak key as its "anonymisation" with the protection of the law. If I used Google to identify myself in a published data set, I've broken the law.
The amendments, as they currently stand, are so mind-bendingly out-of-touch they make your correspondent cry.


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Home » People of color more exposed than whites to air pollution
People of color more exposed than whites to air pollution
by The Black Wall Street Times May 3, 2021 Updated September 16, 2022
FILE - In this Monday, March 23, 2020 file photo, a playground outside the Prince Hall Village Apartments sits empty near one of the petrochemical facilities in Port Arthur, Texas. According to a study published Wednesday, April 28, 2021 in the journal Science Advances, across America, people of color are disproportionately exposed to air pollution from industry, vehicles, construction and many other sources. (AP Photo/David J. Phillip)
FILE – In this Monday, March 23, 2020 file photo, a playground outside the Prince Hall Village Apartments sits empty near one of the petrochemical facilities in Port Arthur, Texas. According to a study published Wednesday, April 28, 2021 in the journal Science Advances, across America, people of color are disproportionately exposed to air pollution from industry, vehicles, construction and many other sources. (AP Photo/David J. Phillip)
By DREW COSTLEY, AP Science Writer
Across America, people of color are exposed to more air pollution than whites from industry, vehicles, construction and many other sources, a new study has found.
Using government air pollution and census data, researchers found that disproportionate numbers of non-white people were exposed to potentially hazardous fine particle pollution from nearly all major U.S. emission sources, regardless of where they live or how much money they make.
The study, published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances, also found that Blacks were the only group disproportionately exposed to each of the pollution sources examined.
Researchers found that on average Black, Hispanic and Asian people were exposed to higher than average levels of fine particle pollution, while white people were subjected to lower than average levels.
"It doesn't matter how poor, it doesn't matter how wealthy, the racial disparities exist for all African-Americans and other people of color," said Paul Mohai, a professor of environmental justice at the University of Michigan who was not involved with the study. He's researched racial disparities in the distribution of hazardous waste dumps, industrial facilities and air pollution at schools — and why and how these disparities exist.
"When you look at the impact of air pollution in the U.S. from all the sources that contribute to fine particulate matter in the atmosphere, there is an overall systemic bias against people of color," said study co-author Jason Hill, a biosystems engineering professor at the University of Minnesota.
Fine particulate matter comes from a variety of sources, including coal-fired power plants, diesel trucks and farms. Past research shows associations between exposure to particulate matter and health problems such as premature death in people with heart or lung disease, heart attacks, irregular heartbeat and asthma.
While other studies have shown that non-white people are exposed to more air pollution compared to white people, and that Blacks and Hispanics breathe far more air pollution than they make, this new study breaks it down by source of pollution.
The researchers sorted the Environmental Protection Agency's emissions inventory of over 5,000 types of fine particulate matter into 14 sources such as industry, passenger cars, diesel trucks, construction and agriculture. Then they modeled exposure to those pollution sources by calculating average ambient air quality levels for racial groups based on their residential locations in 2014.
"Given that we have this national inequity in pollution exposure, what (sources are) actually driving that?" Hill said. "What this paper shows is that it's pretty much everything."
When looking at exposure disparities in urban areas, researchers found a notable exception: Asians are less exposed to particulate matter than average in urban areas in California such as San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Jose. The study didn't examine the cause of this, said lead author Christopher Tessum, an environmental engineering professor at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
This study appeared days after President Joe Biden convened a summit of world leaders to discuss emissions reductions, as well as shaping policy to protect vulnerable communities like ones disproportionately exposed to air pollution.
Hill said policymakers can use the study's findings to help make the case for tougher federal and state standards for regulating air pollution. "This is something that needs to be done at a national level," he said in an interview.
Said University of Virginia Economics Professor Jonathan Colmer: "By decomposing disparities in fine particulate matter into their component sources, their research shines a light on where researchers, policymakers, and communities might focus efforts going forward." Colmer, lead author on a 2020 paper about disparities in air pollution, was not part of the new study.
Other researchers said the study illustrates racial disparities in air pollution exposure that can't be explained by income level. Mohai said studies have shown race was a greater predictor of exposure than income, but he's unaware of any others that show racial disparities at each income level.
He said the disparities in air pollution exposure are part of "a long history of slavery and racial discrimination in the U.S."
"We started to see a pattern with the history of racial discrimination and segregation of industry being located where people of color are concentrated," Mohai said. "Racism isn't just about racial animus. It's about not caring about the welfare of people of other races and I think that's been a factor."
Follow Drew Costley on Twitter: @drewcostley
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First, thank you @Norbo for creating the most powerful open source physics engine.
I found there has a gap between two convex colliders when they contact each other.
Mobile mesh collider also has this problem, too.
Did I miss something in doc?
This is (probably) the collision margin. v1 uses an algorithm called GJK for shallow collision detection between many shape types including convex hull pairs. Standard GJK only works with separated objects, so the collision margin is used to keep the shapes apart. You can think of it as adding a little bit of rounded 'padding'.
You can change the collision margin by setting the shape's CollisionMargin property. If not directly set, it uses CollisionDetectionSettings.DefaultMargin, which defaults to 0.04. For smaller objects or simulations, that can produce excessively large gaps.
You can reduce the collision margin to 0, but performance and quality may suffer a little bit. Collision detection would be forced to fall back to a different algorithm.
I feel so embarrassing that I didn't see this setting in code.