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D

*DB

A global constant holding the external symbol {1}, the database root. All transient symbols in a database can
be reached from that root. Except during debugging, any explicit literal access
to symbols in the database should be avoided, because otherwise a memory leak
might occur (The garbage collector temporarily sets *DB to
NIL and restores its value after collection, thus disposing of all
external symbols not currently used in the program).

: (show *DB)
{1} NIL
   +City {P}
   +Person {3}
-> {1}
: (show '{P})
{P} NIL
   nm (566 . {AhDx})
-> {P}
: (show '{3})
{3} NIL
   tel (681376 . {Agyl})
   nm (1461322 . {2gu7})
-> {3}

*Dbg

A boolean variable indicating "debug mode". It can be conveniently switched
on with a trailing + command line argument (see Invocation). When non-NIL, the $ (tracing) and ! (breakpoint) functions are enabled, and the
current line number and file name will be stored in symbol properties by
de, def and dm. See also debug, trace and lint.

: (de foo (A B) (* A B))
-> foo
: (trace 'foo)
-> foo
: (foo 3 4)
 foo : 3 4
 foo = 12
-> 12
: (let *Dbg NIL (foo 3 4))
-> 12

*Dbs

A global variable holding a list of numbers (block size scale factors, as
needed by pool). It is typically set
by dbs
and dbs+.

: *Dbs
-> (1 2 1 0 2 3 3 3)

+Date

Class for calender dates (as calculated by date), a subclass of +Number. See also Database.

(rel dat (+Ref +Date))  # Indexed date

+Dep

Prefix class for maintaining dependencies between +relations. Expects a list of (symbolic)
attributes that depend on this relation. Whenever this relations is cleared
(receives a value of NIL), the dependent relations will also be
cleared, triggering all required side-effects. See also Database.

In the following example, the index entry for the item pointing to the
position (and, therefore, to the order) is cleared in case the order is deleted,
or this position is deleted from the order:

(class +Pos +Entity)                # Position class
(rel ord (+Dep +Joint)              # Order of that position
   (itm)                               # 'itm' specifies the dependency
   pos (+Ord) )                        # Arguments to '+Joint'
(rel itm (+Ref +Link) NIL (+Item))  # Item depends on the order

(d) -> T

(Debug mode only) Inserts !
breakpoints into all subexpressions of the current breakpoint. Typically used
when single-stepping a function or method with debug. See also u and unbug.

! (d)                            # Debug subexpression(s) at breakpoint
-> T

(daemon 'sym . prg) -> fun

(daemon '(sym . cls) . prg) -> fun

(daemon '(sym sym2 [. cls]) . prg) -> fun

Inserts prg in the beginning of the function (first form), the
method body of sym in cls (second form) or in the
class obtained by getting
sym2 from *Class (or
cls if given) (third form). Built-in functions (C-function pointer)
are automatically converted to Lisp expressions. See also trace, expr, patch and redef.

: (de hello () (prinl "Hello world!"))
-> hello

: (daemon 'hello (prinl "# This is the hello world program"))
-> (NIL (prinl "# This is the hello world program") (prinl "Hello world!"))
: (hello)
# This is the hello world program
Hello world!
-> "Hello world!"

: (daemon '* (msg 'Multiplying))
-> (@ (msg 'Multiplying) (pass $134532148))
: *
-> (@ (msg 'Multiplying) (pass $134532148))
: (* 1 2 3)
Multiplying
-> 6

(dat$ 'dat ['sym]) -> sym

Formats a date dat in
ISO format, with an optional delimiter character sym. See also
$dat, tim$, datStr and datSym.

: (dat$ (date))
-> "20070601"
: (dat$ (date) "-")
-> "2007-06-01"

(datStr 'dat ['flg]) -> sym

Formats a date according to the
current locale. If flg
is non-NIL, the year will be formatted modulo 100. See also
dat$, datSym, strDat, expDat, expTel and day.

: (datStr (date))
-> "2007-06-01"
: (locale "DE" "de")
-> NIL
: (datStr (date))
-> "01.06.2007"
: (datStr (date) T)
-> "01.06.07"

(datSym 'dat) -> sym

Formats a date dat in
in symbolic format (DDmmmYY). See also dat$ and datStr.

: (datSym (date))
-> "01jun07"

(date ['T]) -> dat

(date 'dat) -> (y m d)

(date 'y 'm 'd) -> dat | NIL

(date '(y m d)) -> dat | NIL

Calculates a (gregorian) calendar date. It is represented as a day number,
starting first of March of the year 0 AD. When called without arguments, the
current date is returned. When called with a T argument, the
current Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is returned. When called with a single
number dat, it is taken as a date and a list with the corresponding
year, month and day is returned. When called with three numbers (or a list of
three numbers) for the year, month and day, the corresponding date is returned
(or NIL if they do not represent a legal date). See also time, stamp, $dat, dat$, datSym, datStr, strDat, expDat, day, week and ultimo.

: (date)                         # Today
-> 730589
: (date 2000 6 12)               # 12-06-2000
-> 730589
: (date 2000 22 5)               # Illegal date
-> NIL
: (date (date))                  # Today's year, month and day
-> (2000 6 12)
: (- (date) (date 2000 1 1))     # Number of days since first of January
-> 163

(day 'dat ['lst]) -> sym

Returns the name of the day for a given date dat, in the language of the
current locale. If lst
is given, it should be a list of alternative weekday names. See also week, datStr and strDat.

: (day (date))
-> "Friday"
: (locale "DE" "de")
-> NIL
: (day (date))
-> "Freitag"
: (day (date) '("Mo" "Tu" "We" "Th" "Fr" "Sa" "Su"))
-> "Fr"

(db 'sym 'cls ['hook] 'any ['sym 'any ..]) -> sym | NIL

Returns a database object of class cls, where the values for
the sym arguments correspond to the any arguments. If
a matching object cannot be found, NIL is returned.
sym, cls and hook should specify a
tree for cls or one of
its superclasses. See also aux,
collect, request, fetch, init and step.

: (db 'nr '+Item 1)
-> {3-1}
: (db 'nm '+Item "Main Part")
-> {3-1}

db/3

db/4

db/5

Pilog database predicate that returns objects
matching the given key/value (and optional hook) relation. The relation should
be of type +index. For the key
pattern applies:

a symbol (string) returns all entries which start with that string

other atoms (numbers, external symbols) match as they are

cons pairs constitute a range, returning objects

in increasing order if the CDR is greater than the CAR

in decreasing order otherwise

other lists are matched for +Aux
key combinations

The optional hook can be supplied as the third argument. See also select/3 and remote/2.

: (? (db nr +Item @Item))              # No value given
 @Item={3-1}
 @Item={3-2}
 @Item={3-3}
 @Item={3-4}
 @Item={3-5}
 @Item={3-6}
-> NIL

: (? (db nr +Item 2 @Item))            # Get item no. 2
 @Item={3-2}
-> NIL

: (? (db nm +Item Spare @Item) (show @Item))  # Search for "Spare.."
{3-2} (+Item)
   pr 1250
   inv 100
   sup {2-2}
   nm "Spare Part"
   nr 2
 @Item={3-2}
-> NIL

(db: cls ..) -> num

Returns the database file number for objects of the type given by the
cls argument(s). Needed, for example, for the creation of new objects. See also dbs.

: (db: +Item)
-> 3

(dbSync) -> flg

Starts a database transaction, by trying to obtain a lock on the database root object *DB, and then calling sync to synchronize with possible changes from
other processes. When all desired modifications to external symbols are done,
(commit 'upd) should be called. See
also Database.

(let? Obj (rd)             # Get object?
   (dbSync)                # Yes: Start transaction
   (put> Obj 'nm (rd))     # Update
   (put> Obj 'nr (rd))
   (put> Obj 'val (rd))
   (commit 'upd) )         # Close transaction

(dbck ['cnt] 'flg) -> any

Performs a low-level integrity check of the current (or cnt'th)
database file, and returns NIL (or the number of blocks and symbols
if flg is non-NIL) if everything seems correct.
Otherwise, a string indicating an error is returned. As a side effect, possibly
unused blocks (as there might be when a rollback is done before committing newly allocated (new) external symbols) are appended to the free
list.

: (pool "db")
-> T
: (dbck)
-> NIL

(dbs . lst)

Initializes the global variable *Dbs. Each element in lst has a
number in its CAR (the block size scale factor of a database file, to be stored
in *Dbs). The CDR elements are either classes (so that objects of
that class are later stored in the corresponding file), or lists with a class in
the CARs and a list of relations in the CDRs (so that index trees for these
relations go into that file). See also dbs+ and pool.

(dbs
   (3 +Role +User +Sal)                         # 512 Prevalent objects
   (0 +Pos)                                     # A:64 Tiny objects
   (1 +Item +Ord)                               # B:128 Small objects
   (2 +CuSu)                                    # C:256 Normal objects
   (2 (+Role nm) (+User nm) (+Sal nm))          # D:256 Small indexes
   (4 (+CuSu nr plz tel mob))                   # E:1024 Normal indexes
   (4 (+CuSu nm))                               # F:1024
   (4 (+CuSu ort))                              # G:1024
   (4 (+Item nr sup pr))                        # H:1024
   (4 (+Item nm))                               # I:1024
   (4 (+Ord nr dat cus))                        # J:1024
   (4 (+Pos itm)) )                             # K:1024

: *Dbs
-> (1 2 1 0 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4)
: (get '+Item 'Dbf)
-> (3 . 128)
: (get '+Item 'nr 'dbf)
-> (9 . 1024)

(dbs+ 'num . lst)

Extends the list of database sizes stored in *Dbs. num is the initial offset
into the list. See also dbs.

(dbs+ 9
   (1 +NewCls)                                  # (9 . 128)
   (3 (+NewCls nr nm)) )                        # (10 . 512)

(de sym . any) -> sym

Assigns a definition to the sym argument, by setting its
VAL to the any argument. If the symbol has already
another value, a "redefined" message is issued. When the value of the global
variable *Dbg is non-NIL, the current
line number and file name (if any) are stored in the *Dbg property
of sym. de is the standard way to define a function.
See also def, dm and undef.

: (de foo (X Y) (* X (+ X Y)))  # Define a function
-> foo
: (foo 3 4)
-> 21

: (de *Var . 123)  # Define a variable value
: *Var
-> 123

(debug 'sym) -> T

(debug 'sym 'cls) -> T

(debug '(sym . cls)) -> T

(Debug mode only) Inserts a !
breakpoint function call at the beginning and all top-level expressions of the
function or method body of sym, to allow a stepwise execution.
Typing (d) at a breakpoint will also
debug the current subexpression, and (e)
will evaluate the current subexpression. The current subexpression is stored in
the global variable ^. See also unbug, *Dbg, trace and lint.

: (de tst (N)                    # Define tst
   (println (+ 3 N)) )
-> tst
: (debug 'tst)                   # Set breakpoints
-> T
: (pp 'tst)
(de tst (N)
   (! println (+ 3 N)) )         # Breakpoint '!'
-> tst
: (tst 7)                        # Execute
(println (+ 3 N))                # Stopped at beginning of 'tst'
! (d)                            # Debug subexpression
-> T
!                                # Continue
(+ 3 N)                          # Stopped in subexpression
! N                              # Inspect variable 'N'
-> 7
!                                # Continue
10                               # Output of print statement
-> 10                            # Done
: (unbug 'tst)
-> T
: (pp 'tst)                      # Restore to original
(de tst (N)
   (println (+ 3 N)) )
-> tst

(dec 'num) -> num

(dec 'var ['num]) -> num

The first form returns the value of num decremented by 1. The
second form decrements the VAL of var by 1, or by
num. If the first argument is NIL, it is returned
immediately. (dec Num) is equivalent to (- Num 1) and
(dec 'Var) is equivalent to (set 'Var (- Var 1)). See
also inc and -.

: (dec -1)
-> -2
: (dec 7)
-> 6
: (setq N 7)
-> 7
: (dec 'N)
-> 6
: (dec 'N 3)
-> 3

(def 'sym 'any) -> sym

(def 'sym1 'sym2 'any) -> sym1

The first form assigns a definition to the first sym argument,
by setting its VAL's to any. The second form defines a
property value any for the first argument's sym2 key.
If any of these values existed and was changed in the process, a "redefined"
message is issued. When the value of the global variable *Dbg is non-NIL, the current line number
and file name (if any) are stored in the *Dbg property of
sym. See also de and
dm.

: (def 'b '((X Y) (* X (+ X Y))))
-> b
: (def 'b 999)
# b redefined
-> b

(default var 'any ..) -> any

Stores new values any in the var arguments only if
their current values are NIL. Otherwise, their values are left
unchanged. In any case, the last var's value is returned.
default is used typically in functions to initialize optional
arguments.

: (de foo (A B)               # Function with two optional arguments
   (default  A 1  B 2)        # The default values are 1 and 2
   (list A B) )
-> foo
: (foo 333 444)               # Called with two arguments
-> (333 444)
: (foo 333)                   # Called with one arguments
-> (333 2)
: (foo)                       # Called without arguments
-> (1 2)

(del 'any 'var) -> lst

Deletes any from the list in the value of var, and
returns the remaining list. (del 'any 'var) is equivalent to
(set 'var (delete 'any var)). See also delete, cut and pop.

: (setq S '((a b c) (d e f)))
-> ((a b c) (d e f))
: (del '(d e f) 'S)
-> ((a b c))
: (del 'b S)
-> (a c)

(delete 'any 'lst) -> lst

Deletes any from lst. If any is
contained more than once in lst, only the first occurrence is
deleted. See also delq, del, remove and insert.

: (delete 2 (1 2 3))
-> (1 3)
: (delete (3 4) '((1 2) (3 4) (5 6) (3 4)))
-> ((1 2) (5 6) (3 4))

delete/3

Pilog predicate that succeeds if deleting the
first argument from the list in the second argument is equal to the third
argument. See also delete and
member/2.

: (? (delete b (a b c) @X))
 @X=(a c)
-> NIL

(delq 'any 'lst) -> lst

Deletes any from lst. If any is
contained more than once in lst, only the first occurrence is
deleted. == is used for comparison
(pointer equality). See also delete,
asoq, push1q, memq, mmeq and Comparing.

: (delq 'b '(a b c))
-> (a c)
: (delq (2) (1 (2) 3))
-> (1 (2) 3)

(dep 'cls) -> cls

(Debug mode only) Displays the "dependencies" of cls, i.e. the
tree of superclasses and the tree of subclasses. See also OO Concepts, methods, class, what, who, has and and can.

: (dep '+Number)           # Dependencies of '+Number'
   +relation               # Single superclass is '+relation'
+Number
   +Date                   # Subclasses are '+Date' and '+Time'
   +Time
-> +Number

(depth 'lst) -> (cnt1 . cnt2)

Returns the maximal (cnt1) and the average (cnt2)
"depth" of a tree structure as maintained by idx. See also length and size.

: (off X)                                    # Clear variable
-> NIL
: (for N (1 2 3 4 5 6 7) (idx 'X N T))       # Build a degenerated tree
-> NIL
: X
-> (1 NIL 2 NIL 3 NIL 4 NIL 5 NIL 6 NIL 7)   # Only right branches
: (depth X)
-> (7 . 4)                                   # Depth is 7, average 4

(diff 'lst 'lst) -> lst

Returns the difference of the lst arguments. See also sect.

: (diff (1 2 3 4 5) (2 4))
-> (1 3 5)
: (diff (1 2 3) (1 2 3))
-> NIL

different/2

Pilog predicate that succeeds if the two
arguments are different. See also equal/2.

: (? (different 3 4))
-> T

(dir ['any] ['flg]) -> lst

Returns a list of all filenames in the directory any. Names
starting with a dot '.' are ignored, unless flg is
non-NIL. See also cd and
info.

: (filter '((F) (tail '(. c) (chop F))) (dir "src/"))
-> ("main.c" "subr.c" "gc.c" "io.c" "big.c" "sym.c" "tab.c" "flow.c" ..

(dirname 'any) -> sym

Returns the directory part of a path name any. See also
basename and path.

: (dirname "a/b/c/d")
-> "a/b/c/"

(dm sym . fun|cls2) -> sym

(dm (sym . cls) . fun|cls2) -> sym

(dm (sym sym2 [. cls]) . fun|cls2) -> sym

Defines a method for the message sym in the current class,
implicitly given by the value of the global variable *Class, or - in the second form - for the
explicitly given class cls. In the third form, the class object is
obtained by getting sym2
from *Class (or cls if
given). If the method for that class existed and was changed in the process, a
"redefined" message is issued. If - instead of a method fun - a
symbol specifying another class cls2 is given, the method from that
class is used (explicit inheritance). When the value of the global variable *Dbg is non-NIL, the current line number
and file name (if any) are stored in the *Dbg property of
sym. See also OO Concepts, de, undef, class, rel, var, method, send and try.

: (dm start> ()
   (super)
   (mapc 'start> (: fields))
   (mapc 'start> (: arrays)) )

: (dm foo> . +OtherClass)  # Explicitly inherit 'foo>' from '+OtherClass'

(do 'flg|num ['any | (NIL 'any . prg) | (T 'any . prg) ..]) -> any

Counted loop with multiple conditional exits: The body is executed at most
num times (or never (if the first argument is NIL), or
an infinite number of times (if the first argument is T)). If a
clause has NIL or T as its CAR, the clause's second
element is evaluated as a condition and - if the result is NIL or
non-NIL, respectively - the prg is executed and the
result returned. Otherwise (if count drops to zero), the result of the last
expression is returned. See also loop
and for.

: (do 4 (printsp 'OK))
OK OK OK OK -> OK
: (do 4 (printsp 'OK) (T (= 3 3) (printsp 'done)))
OK done -> done

(doc ['sym1] ['sym2])

(Debug mode only) Opens a browser, and tries to display the reference
documentation for sym1. sym2 may be the name of a
browser. If not given, the value of the environment variable
BROWSER, or the w3m browser is tried. If
sym1 is NIL, the PicoLisp
Reference manual is opened. See also Function
Reference and vi.

: (doc '+)  # Function reference
-> T
: (doc '+relation)  # Class reference
-> T
: (doc)  # Reference manual
-> T
:  (doc 'vi "firefox")  # Use alternative browser
-> T

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Heffner column: The self-centered nature of childhood
Dr. Elaine Heffner More Content Now
May 5, 2020 at 8:26 AM May 5, 2020 at 8:26 AM
Do our children feel entitled to have all the things they see around them? These days children restricted to staying home often expect to have or use an iPad, an iPhone, an iPod, an electronic game, or something else in the world of technology, which parents often feel conflicted about providing.
Children are bombarded from all sides by alluring "toys." They live in an electronic world in which it seems that exciting new gadgets appear daily. They are taught early on to use the computer in school. There is endless software of mixed value for children, and they play games on the computer at home. Preschool children have their own cell phones.
In many ways play has been commercialized to a new level. Since the early days of television, parents have been struggling with children's exposure to all kinds of games and toys presented as exciting fun. But the conflict parents feel now is more intense for several reasons. One concern is that many of these new "toys" open a world to children that may be inappropriate for their age, or have content of which parents don't approve. Many video games are violent. Children are drawn to the computer for instant messaging instead of homework. The result is many more areas of conflict between parents and children.
Another reason for parents' concern is that these new "toys" are expensive. For parents who cannot afford to buy the things children want, the issue is much clearer. Those families have greater priorities. Often parents feel inadequate because of their inability to provide these things.
Yet many parents, those who have the financial means and those who don't, are concerned about what they hear as children's demands, that children seem to feel entitled to have what they want. But in one sense, children have always thought they should have whatever they want. That is the self-centered nature of childhood, and that is why there have always been conflicts between parents and children. Children want one thing and parents want something different - whether things or behavior.
What seems to be driving this now is the cost of many of these new things, the sense that they were not really intended for children, and children's apparent lack of awareness of, or indifference to the expense involved. But sometimes I wonder if this is not our own conflict as parents, which we want our children to solve for us; we wish they wouldn't ask so that we wouldn't have to worry about whether it is right or wrong to say yes or no.
A big part of the problem lies in thinking there is a right answer. Children grow and mature, which changes the answer. Situations are different, and that changes the answer, particularly now during home confinement, which is stressful to both parents and children. Parents have different values, and that changes the answer from one parent to another.
What can help is to realize that these requests or demands are really no different than the ones children have always made. It always comes back to the same question: How do we help children learn to tolerate frustration, to accept not getting everything they want, to respect parental decisions even when they don't like them? These are the things we have to start teaching from earliest childhood: making our own decisions based on our own values, about when and when not to gratify children's wishes, and helping them deal with their disappointment or anger when they don't get what they want.
This teaching and learning have to begin even before the technology question rears its head.
Elaine Heffner, LCSW, Ed.D., has written for Parents Magazine, Fox.com, Redbook, Disney online and PBS Parents, as well as other publications. She has appeared on PBS, ABC, Fox TV and other networks. Dr. Heffner is the author of "Goodenoughmothering: The Best of the Blog," as well as "Mothering: The Emotional Experience of Motherhood after Freud and Feminism." She is a psychotherapist and parent educator in private practice, as well as a senior lecturer of education in psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College. Dr. Heffner was a co-founder and served as director of the Nursery School Treatment Center at Payne Whitney Clinic, New York Hospital. And she blogs at goodenoughmothering.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Interstate 94 is a 1,600-mile east-west interstate highway that extends through some of the coldest parts of the United States from Billings, Montana, to Port Huron, Michigan, at the Canadian border. There are several pet-friendly hotels along I-94 to accommodate travelers and their animal companions.
Located 22 miles from the Detroit Metro Airport, Candlewood Suites in Ann Arbor offers visitors spacious rooms with entertainment centers, work areas and kitchenettes with dishes and pots, plus appliances such as toasters, microwaves, refrigerators and stoves. Other in-room amenities include hair dryers, irons and ironing boards, cable television and high speed Internet. All guests have access to the fitness room and self-service mini-mart. Pets less than 80 pounds are welcome for a nonrefundable fee, but they must have a current record of all vaccinations. Guests must sign a pet agreement form at check-in.
This hotel, located minutes from Chicago O'Hare International Airport, accepts pets that weigh less than 50 pounds. Guests must pay a pet deposit at check-in that will be refunded in full if the pet causes no damages during the visit. The Holiday Inn has 245 smoking and non-smoking guest rooms including eight suites. All rooms feature a microwave, mini refrigerator, coffee maker, cable television, work desk, phone with voicemail, hair dryer, iron and ironing board. Guests can relax in the outdoor heated pool, work out in the fitness room or take advantage of the business center. Hotel staff speaks Afrikaans, Arabic, English, Hindi, Polish and Spanish.
This Country Inn and Suites is located in Brooklyn Center, a northwestern suburb of Minneapolis. All pets are welcome with the exception of pitbulls, rottweilers, dalmatians and any other animal deemed potentially threatening by the management. The hotel applies a service charge for each pet, and all pets must be kept in a crate or other suitable carrier when the responsible guest is not present. The hotel has 84 guest rooms, including some Jacuzzi suites. All rooms feature cable television, a coffee and tea maker, high speed wireless Internet access, a hair dryer, iron and ironing board. An indoor pool, fitness center and complimentary breakfast buffet are available to guests.
La Quinta does not charge a fee or deposit for pets but asks that guests with pets do not disturb other visitors. All pets less than 50 pounds are welcome, but the hotel requires that animals be crated if the responsible guest is not present. All guest rooms include a microwave, refrigerator, hair dryer, coffee maker, cable television, high speed Internet, voicemail, iron and ironing board. La Quinta also offers visitors a complimentary breakfast buffet, business center, indoor pool, fitness center and shuttle service to and from various places of interest in Fargo.
This Quality Inn in Billings, Montana, welcomes all pets for a small daily deposit. Standard guest rooms include coffee makers, hair dryers, irons and ironing boards, safes and cable television. Suites feature living rooms with sofa sleepers, work desks, refrigerators and two televisions. Guests can also access the indoor pool, sauna, hot tub and sundeck. The continental breakfast bar or a cooked-to-order hot breakfast, both complimentary, are available daily. The hotel is near the 36-hole Pryor Creek Golf Club and various restaurants.
Rose, Patricia. "Pet Friendly Hotels on Interstate 94." Travel Tips - USA Today, https://traveltips.usatoday.com/pet-friendly-hotels-interstate-94-19728.html. Accessed 20 April 2019.


text:
773 F. 2d 1066 - United States v. A Kuespert
773 F2d 1066 United States v. A Kuespert
773 F.2d 1066
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
Lee A. KUESPERT, Defendant-Appellant.
Argued and Submitted Sept. 4, 1985.
Decided Oct. 11, 1985.
Sally R. Gustafson, Bill Glueck, Asst. U.S. Attys., Seattle, Wash., for plaintiff-appellee.
Sinsheimer & Meltzer, Inc., P.S., Ronald J. Meltzer, Seattle, Wash., for defendant-appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington.
Before EUGENE A. WRIGHT, PREGERSON, and ALARCON, Circuit Judges.
PREGERSON, Circuit Judge:
Lee A. Kuespert appeals his conviction on a conditional guilty plea1 for unlawfully possessing United States Treasury checks in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1708. Kuespert contends that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress because he had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the Treasury checks found on his codefendant Johnson, who was a passenger in the car driven by Kuespert. We affirm.
Police officers stopped a vehicle driven by Kuespert, searched the occupants of the vehicle, and found stolen United States Treasury checks in the waistband of Johnson, a passenger in the back seat. On pretrial motions to suppress, the district court found that the "Terry stop" of the car, see Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), had been unreasonable and granted Johnson's motion to suppress the Treasury checks. The court denied Kuespert's motion to suppress the Treasury checks seized from Johnson's person, and the Government was not precluded from introducing in evidence the checks, which also bore the fingerprints of Kuespert, to show his unlawful possession of stolen mail.
Where the facts are not in dispute, this court may review the question of standing de novo. United States v. Pollock, 726 F.2d 1456, 1465 (9th Cir.1984); see also United States v. McConney, 728 F.2d 1195, 1201 (9th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 101, 83 L.Ed.2d 46 (1984). A person who is aggrieved by an illegal search or seizure only because the Government seeks to introduce damaging evidence secured by a search of a third person's premises or property has not had his Fourth Amendment rights infringed. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 134, 99 S.Ct. 421, 425, 58 L.Ed.2d 387 (1978). A person may contest the legality of a search only if he possessed a "legitimate expectation of privacy" in the place searched. Id. at 143, 99 S.Ct. at 430. The narrow question here is whether Kuespert, by acting jointly with Johnson to conceal the Treasury checks on Johnson, shared with him a legitimate expectation of privacy in Johnson's person. Although Kuespert may have had a subjective expectation of privacy based on an agreement with his codefendant Johnson to conceal the Treasury checks in his waistband, that expectation is not one that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable. See Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740, 99 S.Ct. 2577, 2580, 61 L.Ed.2d 220 (1979); United States v. Nadler, 698 F.2d 995, 999 (9th Cir.1983). The critical inquiry centers on the kind of intrusion that a free society is willing to tolerate. United States v. Solis, 536 F.2d 880, 881 (9th Cir.1976).
This court has held that a defendant does not have standing to challenge the legality of the search of a codefendant's body cavity. United States v. Johnson, 454 F.2d 700, 701 (9th Cir.1972). Here, Kuespert was not the person against whom the search was directed, Diaz-Rosendo v. United States, 357 F.2d 124, 131 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 856, 87 S.Ct. 104, 17 L.Ed.2d 83 (1966), nor could he reasonably assert control or supervision over Johnson's person or exclude others from access to Johnson. See Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 149, 99 S.Ct. 421, 433, 58 L.Ed.2d 387 (1978); United States v. Pollack, 726 F.2d 1456, 1465 (9th Cir.1984); United States v. Medina-Verdugo, 637 F.2d 649, 652 (9th Cir.1980).
Kuespert's reliance on this court's holdings in United States v. Jones, 707 F.2d 1093, 1100 (9th Cir.1983), rev'd on other grounds, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 881, 83 L.Ed.2d 890 (1985) and United States v. Perez, 689 F.2d 1336, 1338 (9th Cir.1982) is misplaced. Even assuming an agreement between Kuespert and Johnson for Johnson to conceal the checks on his person, Jones and Perez are readily distinguishable because Kuespert used another person as a hiding place rather than an inanimate object under his control. Unlike a house, a truck, or a package, one cannot acquire a right to exclude others from access to a third person. United States v. Brown, 743 F.2d 1505 (11th Cir.1984) (a defendant who acted jointly with a codefendant to conceal cocaine on the latter's person did not share a legitimate privacy interest in contraband hidden on that person). Furthermore, although Kuespert, as the driver of the vehicle, may have standing to challenge the search of the car, United States v. Portillo, 633 F.2d 1313, 1317 (9th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 1043, 101 S.Ct. 1764, 68 L.Ed.2d 241 (1981), this does not encompass the search of its passengers as well.
Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(a)(2) provides that:
With the approval of the court and the consent of the government, a defendant may enter a conditional plea of guilty or nolo contendere, reserving in writing the right, on appeal from the judgment, to review of the adverse determination of any specified pretrial motion. If the defendant prevails on appeal, he shall be allowed to withdraw his plea.


text:
La reserva índia Lower Sioux, (dakota: Cansa'yapi, lakota Čhaŋšáyapi) també coneguda com a Reserva Tribal Mdewankanton, és una reserva índia situada al llarg del marge meridional del riu Minnesota a Paxton Township i Sherman Township, comtat de Redwood (Minnesota). Es troba a l'est de la ciutat de Redwood Falls, i just al sud de Morton. La terra esdevingué part d'una reserva després de signar el Tractat de Traverse des Sioux en 1851, però actualment és més petita. Segons el cens dels Estats Units de 2000, té una població de 335 i una superfície de 7.006 km².

Història
Com a part de la política de terminació índia adoptada pel govern dels Estats Units des de la dècada de 1940 fins a la dècada de 1960, quatre grups d'amerindis a Minnesota en foren objectiu. Un memoràndum del 19 de gener de 1955 per a la BIA emès pel Departament d'Estat indicava que s'estaven revisant terminacions addicionals en la legislació proposada per quatre comunitats ameríndies del sud de Minnesota, inclosa la Comunitat Lower Sioux als comtats de Redwood i Scott, la Comunitat Upper Sioux al comtat de Yellow Medicine i la Comunitat índia Prairie Island al comtat de Goodhue i uns 15 individus que vivien en zones restringides al comtat de Yellow Medicine.

Les discussions entre la BIA i els indis de la zona en qüestió començaren en 1953 i va continuar al llarg de 1954. Tot i que les comunitats Lower Sioux i Prairie Island van redactar acords amb la propietat individual de la terra, els Upper Sioux s'oposaren al simple títol de terres tribals. El 26 de gener 1955 el senador Edward Thye va introduir al Congrés una llei (S704) per proveir la terminació de les tribus. L'oposició, no sols dels indis, sinó d'altres ciutadans que es van adonar que podrien augmentar les seves despeses de l'Estat, van obligar a la comissió a revisar el projecte de llei. La Comissió de Drets Humans del Governador també es va oposar a la legislació, indicant que seria "no protegir adequadament els interessos dels indis ..." El projecte de llei va morir a la comissió, sense arribar mai a la sala del Senat.

Empreses tribals

La comunitat opera el Jackpot Junction Casino Hotel, que començà en 1984 com a instal·lacions de bingo. El casino s'ha convertit en una important font d'ocupació per a les comunitats circumdants. La Lower Sioux Agency, un lloc històric en la reserva associat a la Guerra Dakota de 1862, és administrat per la comunitat en col·laboració amb la Minnesota Historical Society.

Jackpot Junction Casino Hotel era el primer casino de l'estat de Minnesota. Jackpot Junction compta amb tres bars, tres restaurants, un amfiteatre, i dues grans salons de ball. Toquen música en viu cada cap de setmana, generalment country i rock. El casino està obert vint hores al dia, set dies a la setmana.

County Highway 2 travessa la reserva, que connecta amb l'Autopista dels Estats Units 71 i l'Autopista Estatal de Minnesota 19 al nord-oest.

Referències

Enllaços externs
 Web oficial
 Reserva Lower Sioux, Minnesota  United States Census Bureau
 Lower Sioux--'Can 'sayapi, Minnesota Indian Affairs Council

Lower Sioux
Lower Sioux
Cultura de Minnesota
Tribus reconegudes federalment dels Estats Units

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Lehighton grabs third-place finish
Jim Thorpe's Trent Hunter (back) and Tunkhannock's Jaden Kozlouski battle at 195 pounds. RON GOWER/SPECIAL TO THE TIMES NEWS
Lehighton's Brett Gasker (top) controls Chandler Roman of Whitehall in their 220-pound bout. RON GOWER/SPECIAL TO THE TIMES NEWS
Published January 13. 2020 12:18PM

By Patrick Matsinko

pmatsinko@tnonline.com

Floyd Brown knows it can be hard to build confidence without a lot of momentum.
A slow start to the season, and several untimely injuries, weren't what the Lehighton head coach envisioned for his squad.
But Brown watched as the Tribe began to round into form Saturday, with the hosts posting a 3-2 mark en route to a third-place finish at the Indian Duals.
"We started the year 0-5, and three of those matches were pretty close, where we went down to the final match," said Brown. "When you lose five, it can be hard to keep that excitement up. But after today, I can see they're a little more excited, a little more energetic, and hopefully that carries over now and we can use that as some momentum going into the next couple of weeks."
Lehighton went 2-1 in Pool B of the eight-team event. The Indians defeated Panther Valley 60-24 and topped Scranton 57-16, but fell to Whitehall 52-21.
The Tribe bounced back from a 44-26 loss to Tunkhannock in the semifinals with a gritty 37-30 win over East Stroudsburg North to secure third place.
"Five matches in that amount of time just kind of gets you ready to move on (in the postseason) with conditioning and the whole nine yards," said Brown. "We're kind of in the middle of the year trying to get over that hump to get into the back part of the year."
Richard Fronheiser went 5-0 with five pins for Lehighton (3-7). Brett Gasker also went 5-0 with four pins and one forfeit. Lucas Sangiuliano was 4-1, with his only loss coming to Tunkhannock's Dave Evans, a state qualifier and District 2 and regional champion last year. Alex Zeigenfuss, Steven Fritzinger and Lukas Ferguson went 4-1, and Michael Yeakel finished 3-1.
"Our heavyweight (Yeakel) is just coming back from an injury, Lukas Ferguson is just coming back from an injury," said Brown. "Those are kids who really haven't practiced in two weeks and we got them out here, kind of catching up on some of the practices they missed, and conditioning they missed, in heat-of-the-moment situations."
The Tribe battled back from a 24-10 deficit to top East Stroudsburg North. Gasker pinned Nicolas Paredes in 4:49 to cut it to 24-16, and Yeakel followed by pulling out a tough 4-2 decision over Kyle Harris in sudden victory overtime, making it 24-19.
With neither team sending out a wrestler at 106, the Timberwolves got a pin from Manuel Lopez at 113 pounds to push their advantage up to 30-19.
But the Tribe won the final four bouts to take the match.
Lukas Ferguson picked apart Jason Conrad at 120 pounds, posting a 16-1 (4:13) technical fall to cut the deficit to 30-24. Nicholas Zeigenfuss got a forfeit at 126 to tie it, before a decision from Fritzinger (132) and a major from Lucas Sangiuliano (138) sealed the win.
Fronheiser's pin at 170, and Alex Zeigenfuss's major decision at 182, also gave Lehighton valuable bonus points.
"It was a good day overall," said Brown. "It's quality mat time. We got some good experiences today."
Jim Thorpe posted a 1-2 mark in Pool A. After falling to East Stroudsburg North (38-30) and Tunkhannock (40-38) to start the day, the Olympians ripped off three straight wins, topping Allen 49-27 before posting victories over Panther Valley (72-6) and Scranton (54-24) to finish 3-2 overall.
"It's a long day of wrestling, five duals, five matches," said Olympians' head coach Shawn Albert. "That's essentially the most you're going to be able to get in a postseason tournament in one day. And we did talk about that coming into it, that even though it's a team tournament and round robin, we look at it as getting better each round, and I think that's what we did today."
Derek Hunter, Gabe Heaney and Jared Newhall all posted 5-0 marks for the Olympians (7-5). William Schwartz, Kendall Heron and Trent Hunter finished 4-1.
Caleb McDermott and Ridge Snyder were both 3-2.
All five of Newhall's victories came by pinfall. The times were :13, 1:10, :47, 1:14 and 3:00. Hunter had three pins, a decision and a forfeit.
Heaney had three pins, a forfeit, and a hard-fought 14-12 decision over East Stroudsburg North's Cristofer Torres in his first match of the day.
"I'm proud of the team," said Albert. "We talked about making sure we come out of today with a positive record, and that's what we did."
The Panthers went 0-5. In addition to losses to Lehighton and Jim Thorpe, Panther Valley also suffered a narrow setback against Scranton (37-36), before dropping a 69-6 decision to eventual champion Whitehall and finishing with a 78-3 loss to Allen.
"We're into the heart of the season; that's what I told the guys," said Panther Valley head coach Zane Bachert. "It's not going to get any easier from here. We had the Anthracite Duals last weekend, we have duals this weekend, and we do that so they know what it's going to feel like when we get to leagues, districts and later in the season.
"I think we're headed in the right direction. Jonathan Byers went 4-1 today, and he was 2-2 last weekend, so he's progressing and heading in the right direction."
De'Antay Alston went 2-1 with two pins for the Panthers.
GRAND FINALE … Whitehall and Tunkhannock went 3-0 in Pool A and B, respectively. The Zephyrs defeated East Stroudsburg North 54-24, while the Tigers took down the Tribe to setup a showdown for the title.
A 42-25 triumph helped Whitehall capture its third title, and second straight at the tournament.
LOOKING AHEAD … Jim Thorpe will host the annual Schuylkill League Tournament this Friday and Saturday. Look for more information about the event coming up in this week's notebook. The Coal Cracker event, which will be held at Lehighton this year, and the District 11 Team Tournament, will close out the month.
Jim Thorpe Area School District
Panther Valley Area School District


Engines: 2.0 l SOHC and DOHC, 2.5 l DOHC, 4-cylinder 16-klapannye, оппозитные. On some models the turbo-supercharging is equipped.
The distributed system of injection with electronic control (MРFI).
5-step РКПП or 4-step АТ.
The forward suspension bracket completely independent, rack-mount type with telescopic shock-absorbers and screw springs, is organised by means of a cross-section beam, cross-section levers and the stabilizer of cross-section stability.
The back suspension bracket - independent, rack-mount type, with telescopic shock-absorbers, is organised by means of the cross-section beam, one longitudinal and two (forward and back) in parallel established cross-section levers and the stabilizer of cross-section stability.
The steering drive is organised by means of реечной transfer and two cross-section steering draughts. The standard complete set includes system of hydrostrengthening of a wheel.
Brake mechanisms of forward wheels have a disk design, back can be both disk, and drum-type type. The vacuum amplifier of brakes enters into a standard complete set of all models. Some models are equipped by antiblocking system (ABS).


text:
Archaeology for All
Montpelier engages public help to unearth America's buried past
From Archaeology at Montpelier
Montpelier Involves the Public in Archaeology
The first non-archaeologists participated in a public excavation on the South Kitchen in the early 1990s, launching archaeology as a public discipline at Montpelier. Since then, engaging the public has been the hallmark of the archaeology department, one that has grown to host over a dozen week-long programs annually with over 1,000 participants having worked side-by-side staff archaeologists. "Nowhere else can you spend a week working on actual archaeological sites with a fully trained staff of archaeology professionals, on the property where our nation's most important ideas were formed," says Senior Research Archaeologist, Terry Brock
Terry Brock
Doctorate in Anthropology from Michigan State University
Specializes in plantation landscapes, the archaeology of African Americans, and the use of digital tools for public engagement. Member of the Society for Historical Archaeology
. "Its an incredibly unique opportunity, and it's foundational to everything we do as a department and institution."
Rebecca Gilmore Coleman participating in an excavation with Montpelier archaeologist, Bess Badger
Including the public in archaeological research accomplishes two main objectives:
First, it pulls back the curtain on the archaeological process and offers the public a deeper understanding of how we know what we know about the past. "The goal of our programs is to make archaeological research more of a 'citizen science' and wholly accessible to the public," says Matthew Reeves
Matthew Reeves
Doctorate from Syracuse University
Specializes in sites of the African Diaspora including plantation and freedman period sites, and Civil War sites. Serves on the Executive Board for the Society for Historical Archaeology, and is a founding board member for the Orange County African American Historical Society
, Director of Archaeology and Landscape Restoration. "The public is directly involved in discoveries that shed light on the founding of our country." Whether visiting the archaeological site, exploring the lab, or spending a week excavating on-site, Montpelier offers the unique opportunity to literally get your hands dirty unearthing the past.
Secondly, the results of public inclusion and participation are visible on the landscape: every fence and building, every plate on Madison's table, every structure in the South Yard is informed by the archaeological work conducted on the property. "Authenticity is critical to our physical interpretation, and there is no greater proof that something was part of the historical landscape then discovering it in the ground," says Elizabeth Chew, Vice President of Museum Programs. "Giving the public a chance to be a part of each stage of discovery, from identifying and excavating, to analyzing and reconstructing allows for deeper understanding and more meaningful connection to the property, crystallizing the link between research and interpretation."
Public archaeology expedition members working to uncover artifacts in the South Yard
Archaeology is paramount to the honest telling the story of Montpelier. Of the thousands of objects the Madison's owned, what has come to Montpelier intact is barely enough to fill a single room
barely enough to fill a single room
A few pieces of fine art, partial services of French porcelain, two partial tea services, and fewer than ten pieces of furniture--most of which date to his parents', James Sr. and Nelly Madison's, purchasing period
. Therefore, the artifacts identified archaeologically are often the only information we have to guide the furnishing of the house, and about the day-to-day experiences of the Madison's and their enslaved laborers. The often mundane, yet vitally important, details of everyday life can only be discovered through archaeology. "Without archaeology we wouldn't know that James and Dolley Madison regularly served suckling pig and veal to show off their wealth to their guests, or that the enslaved girls living at Montpelier played with dolls to learn how to tend to their mistress" says Mary Furlong Minkoff
Mary Furlong Minkoff
PhD from University of Maryland, College Park.
Specializes in civically-engaged archaeology, community archaeology, African American archaeology, sensory archaeology, and Civil War archaeology.
, Curator of Archaeological Collections. "Through the careful analysis of the thousands of objects that we analyze in the Archaeology Lab each year, we can put together the pieces of what life at Montpelier was like."
The public archaeology programs at Montpelier are designed to give participants an immersive, team-based archaeological experience. By letting participants engage with the process of archaeology and the material history of the site, they gain a deeper understanding of the past. Montpelier offers a wide-range of opportunities for the public, including visiting the site and lab, attending week-long expedition program, participating in a field school, or volunteering in the lab.
A critical part of involving the public in this process is what we call "citizen science:" where public participants are given in-depth training on all aspects of the science of archaeology - from how we survey the land to locate sites, to how we layout a site with excavation units to uncover archaeological deposits, to the analysis of the artifacts.
The Expedition programs are the most immersive opportunities for the public. By working side-by-side with professional archaeologists, Expedition members have the opportunity to unearth the artifacts that help reveal insight into the 200-year-old story the property. "I have joined several Expeditions at Montpelier over the past few years, and I keep going back because there is always something new to learn," explains Dean Cummins, veteran of seven Montpelier Expeditions. "Guided by Montpelier's friendly, knowledgeable, and hard-working staff, I've helped uncover the plantation's history using the best archaeological methods. The expeditions offer truly unique opportunities to help define Montpelier's place in shaping and nurturing our nation during the early years. I can't wait to get back."
Public participating in lab analysis
Four different Expedition Programs are offered, spanning each portion of the archaeological process: Locating, Excavating, Analyzing, and Reconstructing.
The Location program is a partnership with the metal detecting community, and archaeologists and metal detectorists work together to identify archaeological sites. The program has been heralded by archaeological associations as the playbook for this unique collaboration, and has been supported by The National Geographic Society.
The Excavation Program is the most extensive, featuring 10 sessions each year. Participants spend four days digging side-by-side with archaeologists on our latest excavations and one day in the archaeology lab cleaning and identifying the artifacts they uncovered. Our most exciting excavation partner has been the descendant community - a group for whom the unearthing of artifacts from the ground is a powerful connection to their ancestors.
The Analysis program features work in the archaeology lab mending and analyzing ceramics, providing visitors with a more detailed understanding of what happens with objects after they've been found.
Finally, participating in the Reconstruction Program offers visitors the opportunity help build structures based on archaeological discovery, connecting the archaeological record to the interpretations of place.
These programs connect the public to the past, the past to the present, and build a community around the unique processes at Montpelier. "It's so wonderful that you all have so many opportunities for regular folks to participate and learn about Montpelier in general, and about the enslaved peoples who were instrumental in building and maintaining the plantation," says Expedition participant, Miriam Hundley.
"I have visited many old 'homes' through the years and have never been taught as much about the people who worked behind the scenes to make the site prosper."
Expedition participant, Miriam Hundley
"James Madison" bottle seal uncovered by archaeologists
A critical part of this camaraderie is creating a connection between participants and the historical significance of Montpelier. Archaeology allows participants bond with the landscape by taking part in the process of discovery, and personally connects them to unearthing the early history of our nation in a tangible and meaningful way.
Unfortunately, many of Madison's personal papers were destroyed after his death. The ones that remain aren't detailed enough to provide intimate knowledge of the lives of the Madisons and the enslaved community who built and inhabited the property. Thus is the power of archaeological discovery.
Due to the complete invisibility of slaves' daily routines from the historical record, excavating everyday belongings provides essential clues that offer insight into the slaves' lives, and provides information on the plantation available through no other source. "These people, and the structures they lived and worked in, left a very small paper trail - but the physical remains, the ceramics, bottles, bones, reveal all kinds of information their humanity," explains Reeves. "At Montpelier, the archaeological record is the primary source for understanding the plantation landscape and, in many cases, the lives of the enslaved African Americans who lived here." Excavations, coupled with insurance maps and documentary evidence from the time period, where available, provide the blueprints for reconstructing the buildings on the landscape, ranging from slave quarters to outbuildings to tobacco barns. Montpelier is actively trying to bring the landscape of the 1820s back to life so visitors can understand the lives of the Madisons and the enslaved community in the fullest and most accurate way possible.
Time-lapse of South Yard reconstruction
The public has the benefit of excavating extremely well-preserved archaeological deposits located on the property. "The historic core
Name for the area that runs from James Madison's Temple to the the field quarters
contains intact remains of the entire range of the plantation, from the formal grounds of the main house, to the homes of the house and field slaves, to intact yard surfaces, barns, outbuildings, and an overseer's house, in addition to sites from the Civil War and Post-Emancipation periods," says Reeves. Following Dolley Madison's sale of the Montpelier in 1844, all of the homes and work areas of the enslaved community were abandoned, and decayed in place. These sites provide the archaeology department with a wonderful space for the public to learn and participate in the process of interpreting the past, and critically and holistically examining the context of race and liberty in the United States, all under the umbrella of inclusivity and public engagement.
The discovery of two decorated pipe bowls demonstrates the depth of understanding that archaeologists can uncover. Both pipes were discovered in the South Yard
South Yard
Area adjacent to Madison's house where slaves lived
, contextualizing them as materials owned by enslaved laborers. The first was decorated with Masonic inconography. While it was unlikely that the enslaved laborers were members of the Masonic order, the association with Masonic ideals and values would have been understandable. "This is a fraternity that stood for concepts of manhood, justice and equality, and the claiming of craft and skill," says Brock. "For an enslaved man, forced to labor against his own will for his enslaver, and who is systematically emasculated through his bondage, these ideas likely held a lot of meaning." Even more obvious is the pipe bowl with the word "Liberty" displayed on it, found inside a slave dwelling. "We talk a lot about the political thought of James Madison, but these pipe bowls demonstrate that the enslaved community had their own ideas and concepts about politics, and that they were political agents as well, despite not having the political rights afforded to others," Brock notes.
Masonic pipe discovered during a South Yard excavation
Working closely with the descendants and local African American stakeholders adds a critical layer of understanding and responsibility to the archaeology. "Collaborating with the descendants is critical to everything we do on site," says Brock. "examining the sites where the enslaved community worked and lived carries with it tremendous responsibility, and working side-by-side with the descendants amplifies the material evidence to support our interpretation of the lives of their ancestors. It was descendants, for example, who taught us about the importance of the Masons within the African American community." The collaboration is part of a Montpelier-wide effort to engage with the growing Montpelier Descendant Community, and has driven archaeological investigations since the early 2000s when they conducted work with the Gilmore family on the Gilmore Cabin. "This collaboration is critical to our understanding of the past at Montpelier," reminds Reeves. "The community guides our interpretive efforts, aids in our understanding of slavery and the African American psyche of the time, and gives a different perspective on the lives of the people we are striving the humanize and understand."
Participating in the archaeological investigations has also been an important part of connecting descendants to their family's past. The archaeology department leads special excavations for descendants and members of the local African American community, and offers scholarships for African Americans looking to attend public excavations and archaeological field schools. "When the buildings don't exist, it's very easy to deny the presence of the people that lived in them," insists Joe McGill, founder of The Slave Dwelling Project. "But when the buildings are here, you've got to acknowledge them. Now that these buildings are being put back on the landscape, it's going to spark a conversation."
Joe McGill participating in an expedition
The ability for descendants to come to Montpelier and dig in the very same dirt as their ancestors, and recover the personal household items that slaves bought, used, and discarded provides an intimate connection with the people that made Montpelier. "It gives you a much deeper respect of the people that were not only working to service the people in the mansion, but themselves as well," says Leontyne Peck, member of the Montpelier Descendant Community upon discovering a fork during a descendant expedition. "Everything had to be made. To me, that was another distinct level of respect." This discovery of personal items once held by their family members generations before establishes an emotional connection with the past.
Leaders in the Field
Montpelier has developed a reputation for carrying out cutting-edge archaeology with unparalleled potential for yielding a wealth of data on a wide array of plantation research topics. "In addition to trying to learn more about the past lives of the Madisons and the African American community, it's important that we innovate and further our discipline," demands Reeves. Be it through public engagement programs, professional development opportunities for archaeologists and students, contributing research, or developing modern methodologies for site survey and analysis, the researchers strive to contribute to the field at large. "There are not many places that boast three PhDs in Historical Archaeology, and decades of experience among our staff members," reminds Chew. "Our archaeology team is making meaningful contributions not only to Montpelier, but to the academic discipline through public archaeology, innovative methods and research, and training future professionals in historical and public engagement."
Student and young professional development is a vital part of Montpelier's archaeology program. Montpelier offers an archaeological field school each summer, and has five competitive, full-time, year-long, paid internships available for recent graduates. "Montpelier supported my enthusiasm for working closely with the public, through expeditions and everyday visitors, to teach individuals about the Madison family, slavery, and everyday life on the plantation; and how these topics are still deeply relevant to today's society," remembers Ally Campo, former Montpelier Archaeologist and current archaeologist with the POW/MIA accounting agency. "I am honored to have been a part of this dedicated team." Former staff members continue to contribute to the discipline, using Montpelier data to complete dissertations at top-ranking PhD programs, or moved on to impressive careers at the Smithsonian, National Parks, and Department of Defense. "We provide a chance to work in a museum setting, gain experience in field and laboratory work, conduct independent research, and do public archaeology," explains Minkoff. "These are unique opportunities and provide great experience for young archaeologists. We love attending conferences to experience many of our former colleagues, interns, and field school students making their own mark as archaeologists."
Archaeology Field School
It is the public approach to scientific research and engagement with the African American community that sets Montpelier apart. "Concerns about diversity in the discipline of archaeology is a regular topic in our professional organizations, since it is predominately made up of white individuals, many of whom study societies of color," says Reeves. "Our scholarships for African American students attending our field schools, and engaging with descendants and members of the local African American community are examples of the efforts we are making to ensure our research is engaging and inclusive, and also diversify a profession that is historically monochromatic."
Building inclusive communities around discovering the past is another area where Montpelier is leading the charge. "Our metal detecting program is one of a kind," smiles Reeves. "Archaeologists and metal detectorists have historically not worked well together. Archaeologist often view metal detectorists as looters and metal detectorists see archaeologists as elitist academics, but we make it work at Montpelier by combining the metal detectorists' skill in located metal artifacts with archaeological direction through mapping and scientific recovery methods." In partnership with metal detecting distributor, MineLab, Montpelier has been recognized as a hallmark for this type of collaboration, and Dr. Reeves has served on panels and task forces organized by the Society for American Archaeology and Society for Historical Archaeology working towards making these relationships more effective, while also discovering new archaeological sites that may be overlooked with typical survey methods.
Archaeology Field School participant
The programs at Montpelier have been recognized over the years through various grants:
National Geographic Society: research and exploration grant that provided the opportunity to use metal detector surveys to discover remote and ephemeral Madison-era barn and quarters for enslaved field hands.
The National Endownment for the Humanities funded a three-year, landmark project on the enslaved community whereby Montpelier was able to uncover slave quarters at three different locations on the property. This led to the eventual reconstruction of these structures on the landscape.
Two grants from the National Park Service for the study of the Civil War camps that led to the Virginia Department of Historic Resources creating a historic easement to protect these sites.
Partnerships with Earthwatch that lead to our citizen-based research programs.
Montpelier's archaeologists are regularly cited by scholars and colleagues as leaders in public archaeology programming, and efforts to diversify the discipline through public programs, field schools, and internships. "Montpelier's archaeology has raised the bar for interpretation of plantation sites that have traditionally been alienated from descendants of the enslaved," says Dr. Michael Blakey, NEH Professor of Anthropology, Africana, and American Studies at the College of William and Mary. "Public programs have engaged African Americans in a process by which community members help Montpelier develop honest site interpretations. Montpelier is among the leading historic sites using archaeology to cultivate more plural and democratic perspectives on the past."
Uncovering the Past to Inform the Present
For each person, the ability to spend a week working in the dirt connects them to the past in ways they likely never expected. "So many people attend our programs for so many reasons," reminds Reeves.
"For some, they want to work and live at the site of the father of the Constitution, others want to pay homage to their enslaved ancestors. Others simply want to experience archaeology."
Montpelier Director of Archaeology and Landscape Restoration, Matt Reeves.
Over the past 30 years, public archaeology has become a signature element of the Montpelier experience. By making it visible and participatory, visitors not only learn about the past, but they personally connect with it. "They can see and touch the past. Everyone who comes on our program discovers something about the past we didn't know before. Our job is to give them the context and tools to make those discoveries, but for each person the opportunity to work at a Montpelier site is a uniquely personal experience, and their own moment of discovery," says Brock. "Doing so connects us all to the past in a tangible, personal, and more meaningful way."
The Madisons African Americans Enslaved Community South Yard House and Grounds Slavery Archaeology Expedition David Rubenstein
Sign up for a Dig!
A Statement on the Events of January 6, 2021
Montpelier Virtual Backgrounds
James Madison's Montpelier Names New President
Grounds, Trails, Museum Shop, and Cafe Closed Through Jan. 15; Reopening Jan. 16
Constitution 101: Amanda Frost
Constitution 101: Stuart Leibiger
A Message from The Montpelier Foundation.
Independence Day Message from The Montpelier Foundation


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text:
How to find a lost pension
Products to help you save
Retiready Personal Pension
Retiready Stocks & Shares ISA
Get Retiready
Track your savings
Pre-retirement
Claims - you are here
Claims experience
We know that before choosing a protection provider, you'll want to know more about its claims payment history. That's why we share our claims payment information - to help you understand the cover you're getting, the importance of giving us accurate information and when we'll pay claims.
In 2018, we paid a total of £128.6 million in claims, helping 1,552 families and businesses. Find out more in our full summary of the claims we paid in 2018(Opens new window).
Supporting you during difficult times
If you need to make a claim, our team of experienced claims assessors will handle your claim with sensitivity and support you through the process.
Our tele-claims service(Opens new window) makes the claims process even easier. An assessor will complete the claim form with you over the phone, removing the hassle of completing paper forms.
More than just financial support
Our protection policies provide you, and your immediate family, with additional support when you're going through difficult times.
Our support services are available from the start of your policy, at no additional cost, and you don't need to claim to use them.
Life protection claims
In 2018, we paid out 98% of life claims. We declined less than 2% due to misrepresentation and 0.5% because the definition wasn't met due to a suicide exclusion in the first 12 months of their policies.
The most common condition leading to death was cancer, with 47% of claims, and the average age of a claimant was 62 years old.
See our full life protection claims information and case studies(Opens new window).
Terminal illness claims
Terminal illness benefit is a feature on life protection policies. It's an early claim payment of the life protection benefit amount, giving the terminally ill customer the opportunity to get their finances in order before they die.
We'll pay a terminal illness claim when both the customer's consultant and our Chief Medical Officer agree that their life expectancy is less than 12 months, and they're likely to die before their life protection policy expires.
In 2018, we received 23% of life protection claims as terminal illness claims. We paid 95% of these claims in 2018.
Cancer was the reason for 95% of terminal illness claims in 2018.
See our full terminal illness claims information and case studies(Opens new window).
Critical illness claims
We'll pay a critical illness claim when a customer is diagnosed with a illness that meets one of our critical illness definitions.
In 2018, we paid out 93% of critical illness claims. We declined 1.6% due to misrepresentation and 5.4% because the definition wasn't met.
Cancer, heart attack and stroke were the most common critical illness claims.
See our full critical illness claim information and case studies(Opens new window).
Income protection claims
With income protection cover, we'll pay the customer a monthly income while they're not able to work.
In 2018, we paid 93% of income protection claims and declined 7% because the definition wasn't met.
The average age of a claimant was 48 years old. Cancer, mental health and neurological conditions were the most common income protection claims.
See our full income protection claim information and case studies(Opens new window).
Avoiding misrepresentation
It's important you take the time to make sure your application is complete and all answers to the questions are accurate. This is just one way that you can help to avoid misrepresentation on any future claim.
If your adviser submits your application using our online services, we'll send you a copy of the answers. You should check these and return the Confirmation form - noting any required changes, or to confirm you're happy the information your adviser has provided is correct. Remember to sign the Confirmation form before you send it back to us.


15 Summer Camp Style Friendship Bracelets You Can Make Right Now. A step by step guide can be found here. 9. Update your old jewelry by incorporating them into your friendship bracelets.DIY Friendship Bracelet. I have always struggled with how to do the chevron patterned bracelets. Thank you for this easy step-by-step instruction I cant wait to try it Cant wait to make more with different color patterns Chevron is may fav pattern so happy I found this DYI DIY Heart Friendship Bracelet. Creating a heart pattern involves just a simple modification to the chevron patterned friendship bracelet. Start by cutting 4 strands of each color at about 24 inches each for a total of 8 strands. Alternate the thread colors before tying them together in a knot. Heart patterned friendship bracelets done.
You searched for black blue bracelet Etsy is the home to thousands of handmade vintage and one-of-a-kind products and gifts related to your search. No matter what youre looking for or where you are in the world our global marketplace of sellers can help you find unique and affordable options.50pcs Wholesae BULK Jewelry lots Colorful Braid Friendship Cords Strand Bracelet 3.5 out of 5 stars 77. 12.99. Camp Daze Mad Libs Roger Price. 4.9 out of 5 stars 113. Paperback. 4.99. Green Orange And Yellow For Girls Party Favors Goody Bag Birthday Parties Summer Camp Programs Durable Adjustable 144 Piece - By Kidsco.4.45(10)Price 10.93A colourful chain patterns in red orange yellow and green make this macram woven bracelet an eye catching additional to your outfit. This string bracelet was handmade by an artisan living in a village in the Andes Mountains in Ecuador. The basics about the Red and Yellow Macrame Bracelet Handmade in Cotacachi Ecuador.


text:
Q: Loop throug form fields on angular I'm trying to set pristine all the form fields but this way doesn't work
  angular.forEach($scope.userForm, function (item) {
        item.$setPristine();
      });

on this form <form novalidate name="userForm" ng-submit="formSubmit()">

A: You can just do:
$scope.userForm.$setPristine();

To set the form pristine.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Feasibility of vendoring binary executables within a gem? I've written a sprockets processor for losslessly compressing jpgs and pngs, you check it out it here: https://github.com/botandrose/sprockets-image_compressor
However, I can't use this gem on heroku, because the jpegoptim and pngcrush programs aren't available within their environment. Furthermore, users of the gem will need to remember to install these programs on every system they want to use my gem. So, I think it'd be nice if I could vendor in these binaries as a fallback if the system doesn't have them installed already.
So, is this totally crazy? Would I need to provide a 64bit binary as well as a 32bit? Would I still require some sort of external library to be installed? Would I be better off writing some sort of C extension that hooks into these programs?

A: I haven't seen many gems in the wild that do this sort of thing. One other option, however, is to provide rake tasks that go out and fetch the programs if they aren't already installed on the machine. It might be tricky to make it work for all the different platforms, though.

A: With regard to using your gem on Heroku: remember that Heroku has a read-only filesystem (except for the /tmp directory), so running Sprockets processors like yours on Heroku isn't really a practicable option anyways. I personally just use rake assets:precompile and commit all the precompiled assets to my Git repo before pushing to Heroku. Yes, I know it messes up the repo history, but it's the easiest way to go (at least for now). Hopefully Heroku will come up with some other option in the future.
As far as the main question you asked, hopefully someone else can provide a good answer. Your project looks very cool; I am just going to try it out.


text:
Florida doctor used unapproved procedure on cancer patient
On behalf of Kurzban Kurzban Tetzeli and Pratt P.A. | May 27, 2011 | Medical Malpractice
When a patient is told that the medical condition they have is serious, panic can set in. Often patients seek the help of medical specialists, doctors who are known in the profession to have expertise in a particular area of medicine. So when a doctor suggests a...
U.S. Supreme Court upholds state employment immigration law
On behalf of Kurzban Kurzban Tetzeli and Pratt P.A. | May 26, 2011 | Employment Immigration
The United States Supreme Court handed down a ruling Thursday in a challenge to a law penalizing businesses that hire undocumented workers. Miami employment immigration attorneys have been watching the litigation challenging an Arizona immigration law that threatens...
Proposed changes to EB-5 program unveiled
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has announced new proposed rules regarding the EB-5 visa program that seek to shorten the process for some EB-5 applicants. The new rules propose three changes in the way the agency processes Regional Center filings....
Woman injured on cruise ship is awarded settlement
On behalf of Kurzban Kurzban Tetzeli and Pratt P.A. | May 24, 2011 | Cruise Ship Injuries
Cruise ships are intended to be a one-stop vacation for passengers. There are a number of exciting activities to do and places to see. But for some individuals, cruises are not the relaxing vacation they may have hoped for. A cruise ship injury can quickly change a...
Feds may investigate Secure Communities program, next year
On behalf of Kurzban Kurzban Tetzeli and Pratt P.A. | May 20, 2011 | Deportation and Removal
This blog reported earlier this month that members of Congress have sought an investigation of the Secure Communities program from the Homeland Security's Office of the Inspector General. On May 10, acting Inspector Charles K. Edwards reportedly responded that...
Car accidents can happen, even while backing out of driveway
On behalf of Kurzban Kurzban Tetzeli and Pratt P.A. | May 20, 2011 | Car Accidents, Firm News
It can happen in an instant. A car accident is often unanticipated and can cause serious injuries to those involved. Motor vehicle accidents can occur on highways or on back roads. Regardless, the collision between two vehicles can lead to significant consequences and...
Florida man files wrongful death lawsuit against estranged wife
On behalf of Kurzban Kurzban Tetzeli and Pratt P.A. | May 18, 2011 | Wrongful Death
The story became national news: a military officer who was in the Middle East at the time was informed that his wife had killed their two children and attempted suicide in their Florida home. She had previously been diagnosed with manic depression but had recently...
Computer glitch invalidates U.S. visa lottery
On behalf of Kurzban Kurzban Tetzeli and Pratt P.A. | May 17, 2011 | US Permanent Residency
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services have a number of opportunities for foreign nationals to seek visas or residency in the United States. Various employment based visas, family preferences-such as fiancée visas and visas for close relatives of U....
New Florida bill changes the rules for product liability lawsuits
On behalf of Kurzban Kurzban Tetzeli and Pratt P.A. | May 13, 2011 | Products Liability
Ten years ago, the Florida Supreme Court ruled that evidence of the primary cause of a car accident cannot be used in a product liability case. But now the Florida House has passed a bill that would overturn that ruling. The bill, which has already been passed by the...
Sonic restaurants in South Florida to be financed with EB-5 visas
The Sonic restaurant chain is expanding in Florida. A development firm has the rights to develop the franchise in South Florida. The developer hopes to open as many as 50 locations in Miami-Dade and Broward over the course of the next four years. The restaurants are...
child citizenship
Deportation and Removal
Employment Immigration
Fiancée Visas
Immigration Review
US Immigration Law
US Permanent Residency
Federal judge gives reprieve to H-1B visas, overturns Trump rules
Unjust Florida law allows legal recoveries for some, but not for all
What are signs of acute renal failure?
Dealing with the aftermath of a car accident
Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals rules that noncitizens in immigration court are bound by the statements of their attorneys


text:
Felix von Bendemann (8 August 1848 – 31 October 1915) was an Admiral of the German Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine).

Early life

Bendemann was born in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony.  He was the son of the painter Eduard Julius Friedrich Bendemann (1811–1889) and Lida Schadow, who was the daughter of the sculptor Johann Gottfried Schadow. The painter Rudolf Bendemann was his brother.

Naval career
Bendemann and three brothers served in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870–71.  He was in the Prussian Navy as an officer on the gunboat  in Key West when the war began. On 23 October the news of the outbreak of war reached the ship's captain, Eduard von Knorr.  The SMS Meteor sailed for Cuba where, on 9 November they fought the only serious naval battle of the war with the French aviso Bouvet commanded by capitaine de frégate Alexandre Franquet.  After an artillery exchange and an attempts by the Bouvet to ram the Meteor, both ships were incapacitated.  Although the French left the scene of battle, the outcome was indecisive. As a result of this wartime conduct, he was honored with the then rarely given Iron Cross.

Bendeman was enrolled in the German Imperial Naval Academy (Marineakademie) in 1874.  In his class would be three other future admirals: Otto von Diederichs, Viktor Valois and Gustav von Senden-Bibran.

Lieutenant-Commander (Korvettenkapitän) Bendemann  commanded the SMS Olga in 1884 as part of the newly formed West African-cruiser squadron (Westafrikanische Geschwader), again under  Rear Admiral Eduard von Knorr, to carry out "gunboat diplomacy" in Germany's Western African area of interest, the colony of Kamerun, against a local revolt. Troops landed from Knorr's SMS Fürst Bismarck and the Olga stormed the rebels and by 22 December succeeded in defeating the rebels. This led to treaties with France and Britain recognizing Cameroon as a German Colony. Afterward, a pleased Kaiser Wilhelm I awarded Bendemann the Prussian Order of the Royal Crown, 3rd Class with Swords.

He and the German navy suffered a misfortune on 16 February 1894. While Captain of the SMS Brandenburg taking a trial trip with forced drought the main boiler-tube burst, the explosion causing the death of over forty men.

From 14 March until 31 December 1899, he served as Chief of the Admiralty Staff (Admiralstab). In this position he expressed his concern for what he saw as Germany's hopeless situation with a weak navy and facing Britain in isolation. One solution he saw an alliance with the United States, which was already a valuable trading partner of Germany.
He also favored such realpolitik actions as the violation of Danish neutrality, in case of war with Great Britain, by immediately occupying  the waterways of the Danish archipelago (The Belts) to deny the Royal Navy access to the Baltic Sea and Russia.

From February 1900 until 1902, he commanded the German East Asia Squadron (Ostasiengeschwader) from his flagships the SMS Irene, and then the SMS Hertha. When Bendemann took command of the East Asia Squadron, he found it unprepared for the challenges presented by the Boxer Rebellion. He actually had to borrow charts from the Russians and maps from the British in order to operate in the Yellow Sea. Nevertheless, he forcefully advanced the idea of taking the Taku Forts and the ships under his command were able to make a noteworthy contribution in the Battle of Taku Forts. On 8 June 1900 he brought the large cruisers SMS Hansa, SMS Hertha and the small cruisers SMS Gefion and SMS Irene before the Taku Fort (together with warships of other nations) to landing detachments of Seebataillone (marines) for the protection of their citizens in Tientsin
From 1903 through 1907, he was head of the North Sea Naval Station Marinestation der Nordsee in Wilhelmshaven.

Admiral von Bendemann died in Halensee (Berlin) on 31 October 1915.

Honors
 1870—Honored with the then rarely given Iron Cross
 1884—Prussian Order of the Royal Crown, 3rd Class with Swords.
 1902—Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George.
 1905—Bendemann was raised to the Prussian nobility (knighted).
 1906—Japan's ribbon bar 1st Class, Grand Cordon was conferred on May 8, 1906, recognizing  his actions as Commander of the  Squadron during the Boxer Rebellion.
 1909—Inducted as member 390 of the Gesetzlose Gesellschaft zu Berlin.
 'Mount Bendemann' and 'Bendemann Harbour' in New Guinea were named in his honor by his friend Wilhelm Knappe, who was German colonial commissioner (Reichskommissar) in the area, 1887–1910.

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography
  Bronder, Dietrich Karl Heinz. (1975). Bevor Hitler kam (Before Hitler Came). Geneva, Switzerland: Marva.

External links

 michaeltillheinze.de

1848 births
1915 deaths
German untitled nobility
German people of Jewish descent
19th-century German people
Admirals of the Imperial German Navy
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
Military personnel from Dresden
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George


Bodyslam are a 5-four piece band from Thailand that plays Rock/Pop music. The members are:Toon - vocals, guitarPid - bassChad - drumsYod - lead guitarOhm - keyboard/chorusDiscography:Bodyslam (9 July 2002)Drive (9 September 2003)Believe (22 April 2005)Save My Life (18 September 2007)Kraam(Thai:คราม, azure) (6 June 2010)The band was once named La-On (Thai ละอ่อน), meaning kids or younger people in Northern dialect of Thai language.
Then the six-member band entered a band music competition for high school students "Hot Wave Music Awards" in 1996 and grabbed the top prize out of nearly a hundred bands. The band was quickly signed with Music Bugs label and released a self-titled album in 1997.
It is a pop-rock album and is best remembered for a very popular song then Dai Rue Plao (ได้หรือเปล่า). The band members played in a lakorn (means Thai TV series) Thep Niyai Nai Sano (เทพนิยายนายเสนาะ) and involved with soundtracks of the lakorn.
A soundtrack album was released in 1997.The band returned in 2002 with the new name Bodyslam due to the shift to heavier rock music. Only three of the original six members remained. Their first album under the new name (also self-titled) was successful.
They follow in 2003 with the second album Drive which enjoy equally success. They won Channel Thailand Music Video Awards for favorite group for the MV Plai Thang. After their second album, the band saw many changes.
They left the Music Bug label and signed with Genie Records label of GMM Grammy, Thailand largest label. Ratthapol Pannachet, nicknamed Pao, the guitarist left the band for a solo career (with an album in November 2005).
Bodyslam then became a 4 piece band, their long time drummer Chad was finally given an official place on the band roster and now actively appears in MV's, Posters and Album covers while also being credited on the Album sleeves.
The 4th member was Yod a guitarist brought in to replace Pao, although not as good as Pao and appearing quite shy, he's become loved by the fans. The bands third album Believe was released in April 2005 and made them one of GMM Grammy's premier bands, they also embarked on a long tour of concerts taking up most of 2005 and some of 06'.
They won 4th Fat Awards for Favorite Album and Khwam Chuea as Song of The Year. They released their 4th album "Save my life" on September 15th 2007 with a major concert in Bangkok to follow in early in October.
The success of their new CD has brought an even bigger fanbase for Bodyslam and they are one of the most popular bands in Thailand at the moment. They won Season Awards for the best rock group, best rock album Save My Life, and best rock song Yahpid in March 2008.
After their release of their fifth album "Kraam" Bodyslam hosted the largest concert in Thailand in November 2010, called "Bodyslam Live in Kraam" This concert was held in the Thai national soccer stadium, or the Rajamangkala National Stadium in which 65,000 fans attended.
Bodyslam performs indie, rock music and can be booked for (private) corporate events, personal appearances, or other music performances. The estimated booking fee range to book Bodyslam for your event, Please Contact. Bodyslam has more than 8.3K listeners worldwide and really knows how to entertain your audience. Similar artists are . Contact AAE Music agency for ratings, reviews, videos and information on scheduling Bodyslam for an upcoming event.


text:
Q: Writes, Deletes, but won't read text file I just started learning python today. This is a simple script to either read, write one line to, or delete a text file. It writes and deletes just fine, but when choosing the 'r' (read) option i just get the error:

IOError: [Errno 9] Bad file descriptor

What am I missing here...?
from sys import argv

script, filename = argv

target = open(filename, 'w')

option = raw_input('What to do? (r/d/w)')

if option == 'r':
    print(target.read())

if option == 'd':
    target.truncate()
    target.close()

if option == 'w':
    print('Input new content')
    content = raw_input('>')
    target.write(content)
    target.close()

A: You've opened the file in write mode, so you can't perform read on it. And secondly 'w' automatically truncates the file, so your truncate operation is useless.
You can use r+ mode here:
target = open(filename, 'r+')

'r+' opens the file for both reading and writing

Use the with statement while opening the file, it automatically closes the file for you:
option = raw_input('What to do? (r/d/w)')

with  open(filename, "r+")  as target:
    if option == 'r':
        print(target.read())

    elif option == 'd':
        target.truncate()

    elif option == 'w':
        print('Input new content')
        content = raw_input('>')
        target.write(content)

As @abarnert has suggested it'll be better to open the file as per the mode entered by user, because read only files may raise error with 'r+' mode in first place:
option = raw_input('What to do? (r/d/w)')

if option == 'r':
    with open(filename,option) as target:
        print(target.read())

elif option == 'd':
    #for read only files use Exception handling to catch the errors
    with open(filename,'w') as target:
        pass

elif option == 'w':
    #for read only files use Exception handling to catch the errors
    print('Input new content')
    content = raw_input('>')
    with open(filename,option) as target:
        target.write(content)


text:
var
	fc = require('turf-featurecollection'),
	pol = require('turf-polygon'),
	poly2tri = require('poly2tri');

/**
*	turf.constrainedtin
*	Function that process a {@link Polygon} and make a tin constrained to it
* @requires	http://r3mi.github.io/poly2tri.js/dist/poly2tri.js
* @param {Feature<(Polygon)>} poly - single Polygon Feature
* @param {[Feature<(Point)>]} steinerpoints - Array of Steiner Point features: {@linkhttp://www.iue.tuwien.ac.at/phd/fleischmann/node54.html|Steiner Points and Steiner Triangulation}
* @return {FeatureCollection<(Polygon)>}, triangle.properties.constrained_edge = [boolean] which index is the same as the opposite vertex
* @author	Abel Vázquez
* @version 1.1.0
*/
module.exports = function(poly, steinerpoints){

	if (poly.geometry === void 0 || poly.geometry.type !== 'Polygon' ) throw('"turf-tin-constrained" only accepts polygon type input');

	var
			spoints = (steinerpoints!= void 0)? steinerpoints.map(function(p){
					var pp = (p.geometry!=void 0)? p.geometry.coordinates : p;
					return new poly2tri.Point(pp[0], pp[1]);
				}) : [],
			triangles,
			ctx =  poly.geometry.coordinates.map(function(a){
				var c = a.map(function(b){
					return new poly2tri.Point(b[0], b[1])
					});
				c.pop();
				return c;
				}),
			contour = ctx.shift(),
			swctx,
			features;
	try{
		swctx = new poly2tri.SweepContext(contour, {cloneArrays: true});
        swctx.addHoles(ctx).addPoints(spoints);
        swctx.triangulate();
	}catch(e){
		console.log(e);
		return -1;
	}

	triangles = swctx.getTriangles() || [];

	features = triangles.map(function(t){
		var
			points =[],
			cell;
		 t.getPoints().forEach(function(p) {
			points.push([p.x, p.y]);
		});
		points.push([t.getPoint(0).x, t.getPoint(0).y])
		cell = pol([points])
		cell.properties.constrained_edge = t.constrained_edge;
		return cell;
	});

	return fc(features);

}


Return to Sender by Julia Alvarez, captures the enduring struggles and fears many undocumented workers face in the United States. The story begins and takes place on the Paquette's dairy farm in Vermont. Tyler Paquette's father suffers a tractor accident and is unable to complete the daily laborious farm duties. The family decides to hire a Mexican migrant family as workers to save the farm from going out of business. Twelve-year-old Tyler is torn between loyalty to his country and helping the migrants from being deported. Return to Sender, is told by the perspectives of Tyler and twelve-year-old Mari, one of the migrant's daughters. Although Tyler and Mari's backgrounds are different, their lives are somewhat similar. Both of them struggle with issues and challenges way out of their control. I listened to this story as an audio book, but I think I would have enjoyed it better as a book.


R&B singer Alonda Rich. Photo by Michelle G.
Stainless Steele, a talented rhyme spitter/producer, represents the Lancaster area. Peep his instrumental mix CD titled Emerald Serum—Steele has always been on some surreal ish. Click here to download the CD. We'll post more info on Steele in the near future.
Danny Devine spray paints a mural in 2008. Photo by Leon Laing.
On August 9, 2008, specialty car company WRTeam shut down Harrisburg's State Capitol and threw a memorable car competition/festival called WRevolution. Aside from whips, WRevolution offered breakdancing, a performance from D.C.-based rapper Tabi Bonney and live graffiti from Danny Devine of Pittsburgh.
Much Ado About Nothing: The Nothing will perform at Gettysburg's Ragged Edge Coffee House at 7 p.m. on Nov. 28. Photo by Leon Laing.
On 2008's Closer, The Nothing crafted an eclectic album. The production ranges from jazzy horn loops to soulful grooves, which includes the somber instrumental from James Brown's classic "King Heroin." Influenced by the Soulquarians, such as Common, J Dilla, Mos Def and De La Soul, the group delivered witty, lighthearted lyrics and skits on Closer.
The 2009 American Music Awards airs tonight, and the attention-grabbing Toni Braxton/Trey Songz kiss on the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards airs Nov. 29. See below for local events.
Nov. 27: Wiz Khalifa. Doors open at 7 p.m., Gemini Entertainment Center in Harrisburg. Phone: 717.623.0956 and 610.931.5665.
Dec 3: Lady Gaga w/ Kid Cudi. 7:30 p.m., Susquehanna Bank Center in New Jersey. Phone: 215.336.2000.
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SM U 19 war ein U-Boot der deutschen Kaiserlichen Marine.

Technisches
U 19 gehörte zum Projekt Typ 20 der U-Boots-Inspektion und war das Typschiff der Serie U 19 bis U 22. Es wurde am 20. Oktober 1911 auf Kiel gelegt und am 6. Juli 1913 in Dienst gestellt.

U 19 war das erste U-Boot der Kaiserlichen Marine, das nicht mehr mit einem petroleumbetriebenen Verbrennungsmotor arbeitete, sondern mit einem Dieselmotor. Tatsächlich hatte dies auch nahezu alle Vorteile, die man sich davon erwartet hatte. So stiegen die Betriebssicherheit und die Manövrierbarkeit, während der Brennstoffverbrauch sank und die Wartung der Motoren deutlich vereinfacht wurde. Dass die Marine offenbar mit dieser U-Boot-Klasse sehr zufrieden war, zeigt sich auch daran, dass der Typ bis hin zu U 41 im Wesentlichen unverändert blieb. Lediglich bei den Motoren von U 19 gab es einen kleinen Konstruktionsfehler. Der Bereich der kritischen Drehzahlen, also der Bereich, in dem sich die Drehmomente plötzlich um ein Vielfaches erhöhen, lag deutlich niedriger als erwartet. Da dieser Bereich bereits bei einer Geschwindigkeit von mehr als 12 Knoten erreicht wurde, wurden im September 1915 schließlich die Maschinen ausgetauscht und das Boot generalüberholt.

Einsätze
Vom 1. August 1914 bis zum 15. März 1916 wurde U 19 von Constantin Kolbe kommandiert. Er wurde von Raimund Weisbach abgelöst, der vorher als Wachoffizier auf U 20 gedient hatte und auf Befehl von Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger den Torpedo abschoss, der die Lusitania versenkte. Dies hatte schließlich zu einer schweren diplomatischen Krise mit den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika geführt.

Während seines Kommandos hatte Weisbach eine ungewöhnliche Mission zu erfüllen: U 19 brachte am 20. April 1916 den irischen Revolutionär Sir Roger David Casement und zwei Kameraden in die Ballyheige Bay in Irland, da sie dort für die Unabhängigkeit Irlands von Großbritannien kämpfen wollten (siehe: Osteraufstand). Davon erhoffte sich das Deutsche Reich eine Ablenkung Großbritanniens vom Kriegsgeschehen auf dem europäischen Festland. U 19 sollte in der Ballyheige Bay mit dem Waffentransporter Libau zusammentreffen, der unter dem norwegischen Tarnnamen Aud operierte. Aus bis heute unbekannten Gründen verfehlten sich die beiden Schiffe und Casement konnte keinen Kontakt zum Waffentransporter aufnehmen.

U 19 unternahm insgesamt 29 Feindfahrten, auf denen es 55 Schiffe mit einer Gesamttonnage von 101.789 BRT versenkte. Das größte von U 19 versenkte Schiff war am 1. März 1918 der britische Hilfskreuzer Calgarian (17.515 BRT) in der Nähe der nordirischen Insel Rathlin Island.

Missgeschicke
Am 24. Mai 1917 wäre U 19 beinahe ein folgenschwerer Irrtum unterlaufen, die Beinahe-Versenkung von U 155, einem der zu der Zeit modernsten deutschen U-Boote. In der Annahme, auf ein britisches U-Boot gestoßen zu sein, ließ Spieß einen Torpedo klarmachen. Kurz bevor er den Befehl zum Auslösen des Torpedos gab, entdeckte er jedoch gewisse Eigenheiten deutscher U-Boote. Hier lag der Fehler jedoch beim Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote, welcher U 19 nicht vom Auslaufen von U 155 informiert hatte.

Am 24. April 1918 stieß U 19 auf offener See auf die deutsche Hochseeflotte. In der Meinung, einen großen Teil der britischen Grand Fleet gesichtet zu haben, meldete Spieß, er sei auf einen großen britischen Verband gestoßen, was die Hochseeflotte zu einer längeren, aber natürlich erfolglosen Suche bewog.

Verbleib

Nach Kriegsende wurde U 19 am 24. November 1918 nach Großbritannien ausgeliefert. Zwischen 1919 und 1920 wurde das Boot dann in Blyth abgewrackt. Das Deckgeschütz, eine 10,5-cm L/45 Utof C/16, wurde von der Admiralität den Bewohnern von Bangor geschenkt in Anerkennung der besonderen Verdienste von Commander Edward Barry Stuart Bingham an Bord der HMS Nestor in der Skagerrakschlacht im Juli 1916, für die er das Victoria-Kreuz bekam. Sie befindet sich heute in der Nähe des Kriegerdenkmals im Ward Park der Stadt.

Von U 19 versenkte Schiffe (Auswahl)
 Calgarian (17.515 BRT)
 Carmanian (1867 BRT)
 Santa Maria (5.383 BRT)
 Tiberia (4.880 BRT)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Militär-U-Boot (Kaiserliche Marine)
U-Boot im Ersten Weltkrieg
Kaiserliche Werft Danzig