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Bam Communications: Company Profile, Review, Careers and More!
2019-11-03 by Jim Crickell Leave a Comment
Bam Communications PR Firm Profile
A tech-focused, 8-year-old, public relations and media relations firm, that also handles hard-hitting and driven content in marketing and digital services. The firm was founded by the Emmy award-winning Beck Bamberger who has a variety of successful clients.
Beck brought the firm to life after earning an MBA at UCLA in just two years and taking her place as the youngest graduate at that level ever at Pittsburgh University, at only 21. From there she found a strong voice on TV as a news anchor, in San Diego, where she won an Emmy for her work in 2011. She left TV to focus on building Bam, and Bite, her two entrepreneurial dreams and found her calling, in telling stories of tech entrepreneurs who want to make a difference by having diverse founders and teams.
Bam Leadership and Clients
Perks and Problems @ Bam Comm
Bam Communications Careers
Bottom Line on Bam Communications
Bam Communications is a complete PR and Media Relations company, offering a unique way to present clients to the world, by telling a story. The company has been growing steadily and the teams have an impact on the industry and around the world. There are offices in New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles and HeadQuartered in San Diego.
The clients that Bam Communications serves are diverse and brilliant, from technology industries, such as agtech, AI, consumer, cybersecurity, edtech, fintech, and health tech. The firm is taking on new clients all the time, and offering established clients a unique and engaging form of promotion. All of their clients have a video of their story as they are followed for 24 hours by a team member.
Bam Communications offers a novel and ultimately new outside-the-box way to bring the latest forms of media services and public relations to the world. The company has interesting and relevant clients who are making a mark in technological circles.
The team is always searching for new and diverse members from all kinds of backgrounds. There are a number of benefits that include paid maternity/paternity leave, 401K, gym at the San Diego HQ, flex time and remote days, and a number of other great perks.
The need for unique and innovative team members is an ongoing process. The latest technology and client lists need constant care and grooming to offer the best promotion for the client's innovative product or service.
The website offers a full list of open positions at locations across the country. A passion for technology, and an attitude of determination, and desire to succeed are going to help any candidate move to the next step in the hiring process.
Bring your best and most brilliant ideas and dreams to the table, and make your pitch to the team that is always open to diversity and innovation.
Find the Careers section of the website always available for review.
Although the company is based in San Diego, the other offices are always staffed with bright and helpful personnel, who are there to help. There are stories to tell and the founder and constant advocate for her team and clients says – Stories move the world, we move stories forward.
Agencies they compete with include 5WPR, MWWPR & DKC PR.
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Filed Under: Insights, PR Firms, PR Insiders Tagged With: Bam Communications, pr firm, technology pr


It's back to business as usual at the Cold War Air Museum after the MiGs, Mils and Models photo shoot.
Our friend Ziggie stepped us through starting an Mi-24 helicopter. While we've had this video "in the can" waiting to post, it has received more than 3,000 views on YouTube.
We know that, in addition to our museum visitors, there is a large gaming community that follows our MiG and Mil videos. If you post comments about something different in your experience, please let everyone know if you are relating to a game sequence or an actual airframe.
If you are sharing actual experience with an aircraft, please provide enough specifics about the model, engine hours and revisions along with your standard procedures, time hacks and temperatures to make your comments meaningful and helpful to us all.


Immerse yourself in healing yoga and sound as we focus on balancing the chakras and clearing karmic baggage through Kundalini set to live music, Our practice will end with a healing and deeply relaxing gong bath.
We'll then enjoy a 60-minute concert of light through the sacred sounds of music.
If you'd like to join for the Kirtan concert only (from 7-8 pm) purchase this $20 pass.
To purchase a $45 pass for both the Yoga and Kirtan click here.


This is a beautiful piece about harmony in nature and realizing that we are one with one another. I love that it reminds us that we are not better than one another whether we compare ourselves to another human, a plant or an animal. We all play a vital role in our earth and this article is such a great reflection of that.


These cookies are so yummy & you can customize them in many ways. Don't limit yourself to just almond butter... you can also use an equal amount of either cashew butter, peanut butter (either smooth or crunchy) or any type of nut/seed butter you like. Make a double or triple batch & freeze them, so you'll always have some on hand for a cookie craving!
The lemon zest in this recipe makes the flavor of the blueberries pop!
This mildly spicy, yet wonderfully sweet spread is best served on Naan bread (see Tip# 1) & served with a variety of spicy Asian style foods, including Thai & Indian food. It will last for months in the frig, but mine never lasts that long... as I'm always finding new dishes to pair it up with!


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Boumediene v. Bush, Habeas Corpus & the Future of Guantanamo
In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled in Boumediene v. Bush, that suspected terrorists and foreign fighters held by the U.S. military at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, have the right to challenge their detention in federal court. Law.com blogger and co-host, J. Craig Williams, welcomes experts, Aziz Huq, Deputy Director from The Brennan Center for...
Lawyer 2 Lawyer
J. Craig Williams
J. Craig Williams is admitted to practice law in Iowa, California, Massachusetts, and Washington. Before attending law school, his...
In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled in Boumediene v. Bush, that suspected terrorists and foreign fighters held by the U.S. military at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, have the right to challenge their detention in federal court. Law.com blogger and co-host, J. Craig Williams, welcomes experts, Aziz Huq, Deputy Director from The Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law and Attorney Edward Lazarus, partner at the firm, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP and author of Closed Chambers: The Rise, Fall, and Future of the Modern Supreme Court to explore this significant ruling. They will discuss habeas corpus rights of Guantanamo detainees and others, the effect on the war on terrorism and what this means for detainees.
Podcast: Lawyer 2 Lawyer
Lawyer 2 Lawyer is a legal affairs podcast covering contemporary and relevant issues in the news with a legal perspective.
The Legalities Surrounding the U.S. Airstrike
Guests Bradley P. Moss and Rebecca Ingber discuss the legal issues surrounding the airstrike, its causes, and it's potential ramifications.
The Divorce Mediation Movement
Attorney Kelly Chang Rickert discuss the pros and cons of mediation over litigation in divorce proceedings, and the impact on the couple going forward....
A Study into Women Leaving the Law
ABA President Judy Perry Martinez and attorneys and study authors Stephanie Scharf and Roberta Liebenberg discuss the recently released research on why women are...
The U.S. Supreme Court Ruling on Sandy Hook Families' Lawsuit against Remington Arms
Professor Timothy D. Lytton and attorney Stephen P. Halbrook discuss the recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling on the Sandy Hook families' lawsuit against gunmaker...
Inside the Liability of Selfies
Attorney Mitch Jackson discusses the dangers and risk people put themselves in to meet society's obsession with capturing the perfect moment, and what may...
Inside Impeachment
Attorneys Bowman and Healy discuss the impeachment inquiry, the process, the players, and what this means for the presidency.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


hi, feeding bottle is good to start ?? my son has turned 1 year.
feeding bottle is good to start ?? my son has turned 1 year.
Yes ofcourse you can start. But care should be taken to clean n sterilize them properly before every use. Water should be well boiled.
which feeding bottle is good for 1 yr baby. ?


The incredibly detailed window sticker for this newest 2018 version of the Lexus LX570 details no less than 37 selling points designed to entice you into purchasing this ultra-posh, all-terrain marvel. But one item that isn't listed among the "Standard Features" is the delightful surprise I stumbled on by accident while exploring hidden compartments of this ingeniously constructed SUV. That would be the lovely toolkit located inside the lower tailgate panel. You'll only notice it if you flop the bottom tailgate flat, then open the oblong compartment door at the panel's back edge. Inside, you'll discover a neatly contoured plastic suitcase containing virtually every tool you might need in an emergency. Years ago, most luxury vehicle makers provided tools that offered you a sporting chance to rectify minor problems on your own. Not any more, however. So extra points to Lexus for making the effort to continue this noble tradition of self-help.
Ironically, that toolkit is part of a vehicle with just about zero chance of needing repair. Lexus has long been a leader in JD Power's Initial Quality Survey (IQS), and continues to post such a blemish-free record that Lexus products enjoy virtual immunity from failure. That's a hard edge to maintain for years on end, but the Lexus LX570 achieves perfection in part because it is based on its bullet-proof brother, the Toyota Land Cruiser. The Land Cruiser has built up its own winning track record for stellar off-road performance. The more luxurious LX570 merely embellishes that reputation. Sure, you can save some serious cash by opting for the considerably cheaper Land Cruiser. But the prosaically equipped Toyota doesn't come close to approximating the splendor of the Lexus. Our test LX570 carried a base price of $89,980. It also included a premium of $8,140 worth of options, bringing the all-inclusive bottom line to $99,315. After a week in the commander's chair of this sumptuous land yacht, we can report that the loaded LX is definitely worth a hundred grand and then some.
What you do see in the LX is yards of semi-aniline leather trimmed with contrasting stitching. That nicety will set you back $1,190 "Luxury Package"). It also provides second row passengers with heated and ventilated seats to match the pair up front. But it's what you don't see in the LX570 that distinguishes it from virtually every other SUV on the road. The invisible matrix here consists of an exceptionally stout drive train powering one of the most sophisticated suspension systems ever invented. Under the elongated hood of the LX lies a 5.7liter V8 tweaked with 32 valves, all of which enjoy variable valve timing to provide 383hp and 403lb.-ft. of torque. 8-speeds of sequential shift automatic transmission harness the V8's output quite effectively. But the true genius of this LX lies in its full-time 4-wheel drive which distributes power through a TORSEN (torque-sensing) limited slip differential to all 4 corners. It does so with such equanimity that you never break traction. Helping in that regard are the bargain ($745) optional 21 inch, 10-spoke alloy rims equipped with Dunlop PT3A Grandtrek tires (275/50R21). Note, however, that if you stick with the standard issue 20 inch, 5-spoke alloys, Lexus equips them with tires (285/50R20) that are 10 mm wider in section width then the optional 21s on our test vehicle.
The suspension system of the LX is sophisticated enough to grapple with any terrain short of a sheer rock peak. Unlike the spring and shock supported Land Cruiser, the LX570 utilizes fully adjustable air suspension to cope with terrain differences. You can manually adjust the ride height from the cockpit, dropping it or raising it as much as 2 inches in either direction thanks to the Active Height Control (X-AHC) system that is standard, along with Adaptable Variable Suspension (AVS). Other useful standard features augmenting your sense of control over the LX570 are Crawl Control with Turn Assist for inching through the outback, Multi-Terrain Select for optimizing handling over various surfaces, and finally, Trailer Sway Control for taming trailer dance. The LX includes a 6,000lb. tow hitch with ball mount which is stashed behind a removeable lower fascia panel that keeps the SUV looking sleek when you're not actually towing anything.
It's hard not to overstate the general feeling of gracious living produced by the LX570. You quickly grow to appreciate the powerful surge of its hungry (15MPG Overall) V8. But if you can afford the sizeable gas bill ($7,250 more in fuel costs over 5 years compared to the average new vehicle), then you'll relish the V8's reassuring surge to merge with traffic. Likewise, you'll hardly notice the smooth shifts of the 8-speed as it works through the gears. What you will notice, however, are the unimpeded sightlines from the cab in all directions, as this 3-ton SUV makes waves through congested traffic. If you relish fine tailoring accompanied by high performance in any weather over any road surface, then the Lexus LX570 could prove to be the ultimate bargain, even at a hundred thousand dollars.


So i hit my year end maxes and it went surprisingly well. I had suspected since I didn't get much if any volume in between my last max that it wouldn't work out well but I was pleasantly wrong. I didn't hit my 1100 goal but I was pretty close minus some caveats.
I had thought that I needed 355 to get a +5lbs to my pr but I had actually needed 360. 365 was part of my 1100 plan and I had hoped I had more in the tank and after completing 365 I figured I didn't. I don't love my depth but I am beginning to think that might be a mobility issue since I fall apart if I go lower than that, I will have to keep figuring that out. [355 is fighting me on the upload] If you keep an eye on my maxes you may feel this is a step backwards since I hit 385 last year but I feel my high-mid bar [this year] technique is a little better for my body than my lowbar [last year], so I am happy with the progression.
Bench went as well as expected. Unfortunately I didn't notice my spotter was being overly handsy until I did 255 but I didn't want to attempt again, unfortunate but I don't feel it had much effect on the end result. Again this may seem like a step backwards from last years 265 but that was (a sloppy) touch and go while this is fully paused.
So I had woekn up with a bit of a stiff lower back and had to do a lot of driving this day. I had a lacrosse ball with me so I was able to work most of it out throughout the day but I was a bit skeptical about my DL since I hadn't gone over 405 since last month. Regardless that last two times I had 405 on the bar it was pretty explosive and I was happy about that and today was the same. Next I went 455 (not recorded) and it felt good but wasn't fast so I kind of realized that the next two would be grinders. 470 went moderately well and I told myself that it is only 10 more pounds for the next lift. I should have taken about 10mins instead of 5 and in the setup I was a bit tentative and I didn't get the explosiveness I needed and missed the lift. A portion of it was physical but really it was a mental fail which ended me at 1090 rather than 1100.
Last year ended on a sad note where overuse injuries caught up to me. This year I am feeling recovered and healthy for the most part and I hit one of my lifetime goals of a 500lb deadlift which was incredibly satisfying. I also cleaned up my bench and squat technique and while there is still plenty of room for improvement I feel the motions are safer and more repeatable/reliable. I am going to take a bit of time off from the strength game and do some GPP/Hypetrophy work while still hitting some occasional 85%+ work. Other than being able to hit 500 on the DL any given day I would say my goals for this year are; improve my vanity muscles a little, 405 squat, 275 bench and maybe break into the 500+ range with the DLs.
Needs more glutes. Lockout is definitely your weak point.
I'd be repping floor pause deads twice per week, at about 70%.
Yeah I recently added weighted hip extensions to increase glute activation and hypertrophy.
RDL, floor pause deads, sumo for reps.
Not sure hypers will crossover as well. Great for hamstrings, granted.
I haven't done too much recently. My friends have a 10k coming up this weekend that I will participate in so I trained running a bit and worked on a lot of Bulgarian Squats. Starting September 1st I will get re-serious about training.
So I am going to do a run of HST, it should run about 8 weeks and see if I come up with a new plan by the end of this cycle. Nothing revolutionary just some basics. Going to go 15 > 10 > 5 > 2 normalizing the INOL so that my hardest blocks are the 10s and 5s. I do my upper body, Bench, OHP and Bent over rows as a circuit. It keeps the total training time in order. I won't be trying to lose any weight but I won't be gaining either. I'm hoping to pick up some composition gains due to the increased variety and the HIIT training I do on Wednesdays with some friends.
Can't say I like 15s and 10s of deadlifts.
Do like your plan for doubles a lot though.
Yeah the high rep deadlifts definitely push your conditioning more than anything. I am not sure they do anything for hypertrophy. I just try and focus on technique rather than just ripping out the reps.
I think say, [email protected]% will do more for technique. You need the load, without going to RPE 9.
Also, re-reviewing your form, I think the cue of 'push the floor away' could really help.
@Jester thanks, I do feel my pull is neurologically coming from the "top" too much, pushing the floor away is a great cue to help me out. I will probably open up my foot angle a little, maybe go slightly wider too.
Regarding going 75%, your point makes sense and they likely won't be a permanent aspect of my training but they only total 4 workouts (2 for 15s, 2 for 10s) and I am hoping it will help get my body re-acclimated to repitition deadlifts since I haven't pulled anything but singles since I started my training towards 500 like 8 months ago.
Appreciate the feedback for sure.
Today I will hit the 50% mark for my return to HST. So far the the lift diversity has really helped with my body composition, arms and back are getting bigger, stomach a little smaller. Overall the diet has been maintenance, I've had a couple of days weighing in at 198 but realistically 200 has been my average (where I started). I am excited to get into the 5s and 2s but also excited to get back to the high rep work too.
The main thing that has worked out differently than expected is my pullup have gotten much easier. Now in the past I have done pullups a lot so likely a good portion of this is just regaining lost ground.
5s are done, deadlifts were challenging but not impossible Bench and Pullups continue to do well. The added variety of the lifts are paying off in the physique area.
Edit: First round of 2s was stupid easy, but left me surprisingly sore. Wrapped it up but for my last day of deads I had to break it into two workouts because of life. So I did my 420 x 6 x 2 and I will do the rest in a day or two when I have the time. Brought back hook grip which is way better at lifting big weights but way harder on the hands.
Week 1: Going right back into the 15s seemed like a good idea but the first session back felt terrible. I gassed out and my cardio just wasn't ready to be pushed like that particularly the deadlifts really wrecked me. In addition to that challenge on my conventional deads the clip kept slipping and the sets would end with the right hand side weights traveling substantially. I should have noticed this during the lifts but i didn't and it happened in both sets. This added a rotational component that severely hit my low back causing a lot of fatigue, no injury just fatigue. Due to the challenge level in week 1 I doubled down on recovery, cut the beer and increased my sleep.
Week 2: Coming in on the squat day I wanted to make sure it went well even though I had some lingering fatigue from the brutal deadlift session the previous Friday. Unfortunately I looked at my schedule wrong and didn't question it, this resulted in me doing 2x15 squats at my deadlift weight of 230 rather than 195. Unsurprisingly I felt like death afterwards and had to dig deep to make it happen but worked through the rest of the workout. Today, the day after, I am not feeling unduly destroyed but I don't intend to repeat that mistake again. Deadlifts went great but OHP is starting to lag, I probably jumped it up too much.
Week 3,4,5: Oops, forgot to update. Nothing special happened except I hit my recent lowest weight at 195.7 which is nice. Probably 194ish at the end.
Week 6: Midway through, everything went easy enough. Will likely be increasing squat significantly. The knee is a pretty non-issue these days but my right should is bugging me. Mainly just pain while not in use, I found the area so I will probably be able to take care of it. I will likely move to lower weight lateral raises in place for OHP, which will help too. Also I will probably take a week off and just work on mobility between this cycle and my next. Weight loss continues to go ok.
Week 7,8: Well it went well enough until the end and then I got sick, so I missed my my last deadlift session. /bummer Anyways I am going to take a week off and just do some mobility and let my body heal up. Then I think I am going to move to a 4 week cycle rather than an 8 week.
Issues: My left knee has been really tender in the back, this has been an off/on issue where somedays it feels great others not so much. It definitely feels like a muscle type issue. It really peaked during the 10k training and I am pretty sure it was related to training in running. I haven't found the solution for it yet, I am guessing it is a pain point based on a compilation of other issues with mobility, balance and alignment. Since I am done (for the most part running) it seems there are more good days than bad but i would really like to get this issue under control. Update: I think I have this pretty much figured out, it is a little tender in the mornings but it ended up being a combination multiple tight spots in my calf and shin. It will take a while but it is getting better day to day.
Just been screwing around with some high rep "body building bro" lifts like chest flys. I will follow a measure of progression getting heavier working on getting my knee and shoulder back into solid condition. Then in Feb I will start planning something more intense involving singles.
Nothing too new. Continuing to just eat at maintenance or below. Lots of higher rep work, just doing stuff intuitively.
We decided to go heavy in Bench and I ht a 245 paused that was super clean even with the minor shoulder issues. I likely could have gone higher but wasn't looking for anything special.
Next week I am going to start working with a PT and it will correspond with a week away from the gym. When I get back early Feb I am going to do a bit more strength based training.
It's been about 3 weeks and I have been working with Jake Noel for my PT. It has been going well and we are working on improving my squat mechanics. They seem to be the issue that was causing my knee the pain as that has generally subsided. It looks like I needed a lot more glute-med work. After trying some different forms of rehab type work it seems squats with the hip circle have been the best to get this fixed. Since I need the weight to be on the high side I am just trying to do some linear progression with good form at 275. I got to 4x5 this last week which was up from a 4x4 the week before. I will just continue with this until my squats are good and clean.
We haven't completely tackled the should yet so it is still a minor annoyance. I worked up to a heavy single and got 255 with a good deal of effort (rpe 9.5). After that I did some slingshot work with 225 and got 15 reps (a new personal best), then I did some of the chest work with 185 and 135 to finish it off.
I've also added in rack pulls semi-regularly and was able to work up to 585 but 635 I couldn't break off the rack. So I will keep working that up to build up my traps.
So I finished off my 4th cycle of returning to HST. I stuck with the program until I got to the 2s and then I went off reservation (so you can see a "Doubles" what I shuld have done, and "Actual Doubles" being what I did).
Squat: Felt a lot more healthy due to the PT work. Ended the cycle with a [email protected] which I was really happy with. Not that it is a PR or anything but they moved well and the movement was decent.
Sumo: This was kind of a surprise hit, my previous 1rm on sumo was 405, however I ended up working up to a 445 double. So this puts my sumo right in line with my conventional and I think I will take it serious next cycle since I think my sumo could beat my conventional very quickly. I'll post the vid shortly. Note: I pulled with straps because I couldn't get motivated to deal with everything that comes along with hook grip this cycle.
Bench: Another standout, I increased my 200+ work a lot and was able to hit lots of sets of high intensity doubles. I ended with a [email protected] and I could have continued on this until maybe 260 but I wanted to get on with my SD and get back to training so I cut it short. I feel my goal of 1rm of 275 is entirely within reach and will attempt it at the end of next cycle.
Conventional: It went fine, I pulled with straps. I ended pulling a 460 or 465 (I forget) for a double. I went to go for another set and pulled a single but fell out of position too much and called it quits. So I feel I am very close to pulling 500 again but without the cost of only training deadlifts.
Final thoughts: Staying healthy and working with the PT and Chiro have really permitted my training to go undistracted and uninterupted. Taking my SD and starting back in about a week. I am thinking about taking my sumo more seriously and giving it a dedicated training day, not sure how yet but will have a plan soon.
I reached the end of my most recent training cycle. I jumped the weights a bit too much so I had to cut some lifts on some days. After my SD I am going to repeat this cycle with some minor adjustments since I still feel I am stronger than I was at the beginning. Here are some highlights.
Squat: This went meh to bad and I cut it half way through my cycle. I jumped the weight considerably and it was proving way too taxing to squat and then sumo the next day. I am thinking for the next cycle I will squat for 15s and 10s, then pause them or lighter work and start conventional deadlifts at 5s and 2s. Not entirely sure here.
Bench: Probably best of the bunch, last night I smoked a 275 for a solid 1rm with a good pause. Unfortunately my wife took a picture rather than a video but I still love her. It was really encouraging that I am the road to 315 and I will take that serious starting with my next cycle and hopefully hit it by the end of the year.
Deadlift: Went well enough. Ended the cycle with an attempt at [email protected], I made it through the first two sets, failed on the third, took a break and came back and got the third set. Then I dropped it to 405 for the last three sets. I was pretty sore for about 5 days after this.
Sumo DL: Continues to be the star, I can do it regularly and recover well. At the end I had programmed a [email protected] but decided to go 405, the first three sets went so easy I bumped it up to 435. Very soon now my sumo will eclipse my conventional.
Every time when I come in I try and hit 30 reps of face pulls, high pulls, "skier pull down on cables". If I feel like I can do more accessory work I do after my main lifts.
Its been about 2 weeks, bench continues to progress. My former 275 was a bar speed of 0.10 (really slow) of course I didn't have my accelerometer for my 280 but it went really fast (prolly like a 0.20ish) also no belt, wrist wraps or shoes off. When I racked it my spotter said, "is that it?" I'd suppose I have the potential of a 295 if everything went perfect but I am feeling like 280-285 any given day is possible.
My 315 with the slighshot triple went really well too with my final rep being a 0.21.
I am about to take a 2 week break and travel a bit. I think end of year 315 for a single is pretty realistic.


text:
<?php

namespace SWAK\Utils\Forms;

use \SWAK\Utils\Database\Table;
use \SWAK\Utils\Database\TableColumn;

/**
 * Helper Class to create Html Forms
 *
 * @todo add comments
 *
 */
class FormCreator {

    private $form;

    private $blockLevelElementOpen = '
';
    private $blockLevelElementClose = '
';

    private $message = null;

    // map column type to suitable method
    private $mapColumnTypeToInputFunction;

    protected $mapFromColumnTypeToFormField = array(
        // datetime types
        'datetime' => 'addDatetimeField',
        'date' => 'addDateField',
        'timestamp' => 'addTimestampField',
        'time' => 'addTimeField',
        'year' => 'addYearField',

        // integer types
        'int' => 'addIntField',
        'unsigned int' => 'addIntField',
        'tinyint' => 'addIntField',
        'unsigned tinyint' => 'addIntField',
        'smallint' => 'addIntField',
        'unsigned smallint' => 'addIntField',
        'mediumint' => 'addIntField',
        'unsigned mediumint' => 'addIntField',
        'bigint' => 'addIntField',

        // string types
        'char' => 'addCharField',
        'varchar' => 'addCharField',

        'text' => 'addTextField',
        'tinytext' => 'addTextField',
        'mediumtext' => 'addTextField',
        'longtext' => 'addTextField',

    );

    protected $mapUseHintToInputType = array(
        'email' => 'email',
        'e-mail' => 'email',
        'e_mail' => 'email',
        'url' => 'url',
    );

    public function __construct($method, $action = null, $enctype = null, $class = null) {

        //
        // test for valid argument types
        //
        $methods = array('get', 'post');
        $test = is_string($method) && in_array(strtolower($method), $methods)
            && ($action === null || is_string($action))
            && ($class === null  || is_string($class));

        if($test === false) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                "Wrong usage of " . __METHOD__
            );
        }

        //
        // begin form
        //
        $form = '<form method="' . strtolower($method) . '"';
        $form .= $action!== null? ' action="' . $action . '"' : null;
        $form .= $enctype!== null? ' enctype="' . $enctype . '"' : null;
        $form .= $class!== null? ' class="' . $class . '"' : null;
        $form .= '>';
        $this->form[] = $form;

    }

    public function getFormAsHtml() {
        $this->form[] = $this->message;
        $this->form[] = '</form>';

        return implode($this->form);
    }

    public function toggleBlockInline() {
        if($this->blockLevelElementOpen !== null) {
            $this->blockLevelElementOpen = null;
            $this->blockLevelElementClose = null;
        } else {
            $this->blockLevelElementOpen = '
';
            $this->blockLevelElementClose = '
';
        }

        return $this;
    }

    public function beginFieldset($legend, array $options = null) {
        $this->form[] = '<fieldset><legend>' . $legend . '</legend>';

        return $this;
    }

    public function endFieldset() {
        $this->form[] = '</fieldset>';

        return $this;
    }

    public function addInput($type, $name, $value, $label, array $errors = array(), array $options = array()) {
        $value = htmlspecialchars($value);

        $this->form[] = $this->blockLevelElementOpen;
        $input = '' . $label . '
                        <input  id="id-' . $name . '"'
                                . ' type="' . $type . '"'
                                . ' name="' . $name . '"';

        if(isset($options['placeholder'])) {
            $input .= ' placeholder="' . $options['placeholder'] . '"';
        }
        if(isset($options['title'])) {
            $input .= ' title="' . $options['title'] . '"';
        }
        if(isset($options['required']) && $options['required'] === true) {
            $input .= ' required';
        }
        if(isset($options['maxlength']) && ctype_digit($options['maxlength'])) {
            $input .= ' maxlength="' . $options['maxlength'] . '"';
        }
        if($type == 'number' && isset($options['max']) && ctype_digit($options['max'])) {
            $input .= ' max="' . $options['max'] . '"';
        }
        if($type == 'number' && isset($options['min']) && ctype_digit($options['min'])) {
            $input .= ' min="' . $options['min'] . '"';
        }
        $input .=                 ' value="' . $value . '" />';
        $this->form[] = $input;

        if(count($errors) > 0) {
            foreach($errors as $error) {
                $this->form[] = '' . $error . '';
            }
        }

        $this->form[] = $this->blockLevelElementClose;

        return $this;
    }

    public function addHidden($name, $value) {
        $value = htmlspecialchars($value);

        $this->form[] = '<input  id="id-' . $name . '"'
                                . ' type="hidden"'
                                . ' name="' . $name . '"'
                                . ' value="' . $value . '" />';

        return $this;
    }

    public function addTextarea($name, $value, $label, array $errors = array(), array $options = null) {
        $value = htmlspecialchars($value);

        $this->form[] = $this->blockLevelElementOpen;
        $textarea = '' . $label . '
                        <textarea  id="id-' . $name . '"'
                                . ' name="' . $name . '"';

        if(isset($options['placeholder'])) {
            $textarea .= ' placeholder="' . $options['placeholder'] . '"';
        }
        if(isset($options['title'])) {
            $textarea .= ' title="' . $options['title'] . '"';
        }
        if(isset($options['required']) && $options['required'] === true) {
            $textarea .= ' required';
        }
        if(isset($options['maxlength']) && ctype_digit($options['maxlength'])) {
            $textarea .= ' maxlength="' . $options['maxlength'] . '"';
        }

        $textarea .= ' >'
                        . $value .
                    '</textarea>';

        $this->form[] = $textarea;

        if(count($errors) > 0) {
            foreach($errors as $error) {
                $this->form[] = '' . $error . '';
            }
        }

        $this->form[] = $this->blockLevelElementClose;

        return $this;
    }

    public function addCheckboxes($name, $infos, $label, array $errors = array(), array $options = null) {

        //$this->form[] = $this->blockLevelElementOpen;
        $this->form[] = '' . $label . '';
        $this->form[] = '';
        $this->form[] = '
';
        foreach($infos as $i => $info) {
            $html = '
';
            $html .= '<input id="id-' . $name . $i . '"'
                         . ' type="checkbox"'
                         .' name="'.$name.'[]"'
                         .' value="' . $info['value'] . '"';
            if(isset($info['checked']) && $info['checked'] === true) {
                $html .= ' checked="checked"';
            }
            $html .= ' />';
            $html .= '' . $info['label'] . '';
            $html .= '
';

            $this->form[] = $html;
        }
        $this->form[] = '
';
        $this->form[] = '';

        if(count($errors) > 0) {
            foreach($errors as $error) {
                $this->form[] = '' . $error . '';
            }
        }

        //$this->form[] = $this->blockLevelElementClose;

        return $this;
    }

    public function addButton($type, $name, $label, array $options = null) {
        $this->form[] = $this->blockLevelElementOpen;
        $this->form[] = '<button type="' . $type . '" name="' . $name . '">'
                            . $label .
                        '</button>';
        $this->form[] = $this->blockLevelElementClose;

        return $this;
    }

    public function setGlobalMessage($message, $class=null) {
        $this->message = '
' . $message . '
';

        return $this;
    }

    public function addMessage($message, $class=null) {
        $this->form[] = $this->blockLevelElementOpen;
        $this->form[] = '' . $message . '';
        $this->form[] = $this->blockLevelElementClose;

        return $this;
    }

    public function addNewLine() {
        $this->form[] = '
';

        return $this;
    }

    public function addFieldsCorrespondingToTable(Table $table, array $disregardColumns = array()) {
        $columns = $table->getFormColumns();
        // allow for additional exclusion of columns
        foreach($disregardColumns as $disregard) {
            if(array_key_exists($disregard, $columns)) {
                unset($columns[$disregard]);
            }
        }

        foreach($columns as $columnName => $column) {
            // not longer permitted? check
            // @todo remove
            if($column === null) {
                continue;
            }

            $this->addFielFromTableColumn($column);
        }

        return $this;
    }

    public function addFielFromTableColumn(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $customOptions = array()) {
        if($tableColumn !== null) {

            $columnName = $tableColumn->getName();
            $value = $tableColumn->getValue();
            $columnType = $tableColumn->getType();
            $errors = $tableColumn->getErrorMessages();

            $columnTypeBase = strtolower(preg_replace('/\(\d*\)/', '', $columnType));

            $method = $this->mapFromColumnTypeToFormField[$columnTypeBase];

            // hidden fields:
            $autoincrement = array('auto increment', 'auto_increment', 'autoincrement');

            if(count(array_intersect($tableColumn->getTypeOptions(), $autoincrement)) > 0) {
                $method = 'addHiddenField';
            }

            $this->$method($tableColumn, $customOptions);

        }

        return $this;
    }

    protected function addDatetimeField(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $customOptions = array()) {

        $genericOptions = array (
            'placeholder' => 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS',
        );

        $options = array_merge($genericOptions, $customOptions);

        $columnName = $tableColumn->getName();
        $value = $tableColumn->getValue();
        $errors = $tableColumn->getErrorMessages();

        $this->addInput('datetime', $columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $options);
    }

    protected function addDateField(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $customOptions = array()) {

        $columnName = $tableColumn->getName();
        $value = $tableColumn->getValue();
        $errors = $tableColumn->getErrorMessages();

        $this->addInput('date', $columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $customOptions);
    }

    protected function addTimeField(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $customOptions = array()) {

        $columnName = $tableColumn->getName();
        $value = $tableColumn->getValue();
        $errors = $tableColumn->getErrorMessages();

        $this->addInput('text', $columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $customOptions);
    }

    protected function addIntField(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $customOptions = array()) {

        $genericOptions = array (
            'min' => '-2147483648',
            'max' => '2147483647',
            'step' => '1',
        );

        $options = array_merge($genericOptions, $customOptions);

        $columnName = $tableColumn->getName();
        $value = $tableColumn->getValue();
        $errors = $tableColumn->getErrorMessages();

        $this->addInput('number', $columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $options);
    }

    protected function addHiddenField(TableColumn $tableColumn) {

        $columnName = $tableColumn->getName();
        $value = $tableColumn->getValue();

        $this->addHidden($columnName, $value);
    }

    protected function addCharField(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $customOptions = array()) {

        $genericOptions = array();

        foreach($tableColumn->getValidationRules() as $rule) {
            if(     isset($rule['validator'])
                &&  $rule['validator'] == 'validateString'
                &&  isset($rule['options'])
              ) {
                    if(isset($rule['options']['maxLength'])) {
                        $options['maxLength'] = $rule['options']['maxLength'];
                    }
              }
        }

        $options = array_merge($genericOptions, $customOptions);

        $inputType = array_key_exists($tableColumn->getUseHint(), $this->mapUseHintToInputType)
                ? $this->mapUseHintToInputType[$tableColumn->getUseHint()]
                : 'text'
        ;

        $columnName = $tableColumn->getName();
        $value = $tableColumn->getValue();
        $errors = $tableColumn->getErrorMessages();

        $this->addInput($inputType, $columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $options);
    }

    protected function addVarCharField(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $customOptions = array()) {
        // get maxlength from type
        $type = $tableColumn->getType();
        $matches = array(); // save 'length' as matches[1], for ex. 40 for varchar(40)
        $valid = preg_match('/^varchar\(([1-9][0-9]*)\)$/', strtolower($type), $matches);

        if(!$valid) {
            throw new UnknownColumnTypeException(
                "Unknown column type {$type}."
            );
        }

        $genericOptions = array (
            'maxlength' => $matches[1],
        );

        $options = array_merge($genericOptions, $customOptions);

        $inputType = array_key_exists($tableColumn->getUseHint(), $this->mapUseHintToInputType)
                ? $this->mapUseHintToInputType[$tableColumn->getUseHint()]
                : 'text'
        ;

        $columnName = $tableColumn->getName();
        $value = $tableColumn->getValue();
        $errors = $tableColumn->getErrorMessages();

        $this->addInput($inputType, $columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $options);
    }

    protected function addTextField(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $customOptions = array()) {

        $genericOptions = array (
            'maxlength' => 65535,
        );

        $options = array_merge($genericOptions, $customOptions);

        $this->addGenericTextField($tableColumn, $options);

        return $this;
    }

    protected function addTinyTextField(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $customOptions = array()) {

        $genericOptions = array (
            'maxlength' => 255,
        );

        $options = array_merge($genericOptions, $customOptions);

        $this->addGenericTextField($tableColumn, $options);

        return $this;
    }

    protected function addMediumTextField(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $customOptions = array()) {

        $genericOptions = array (
            'maxlength' => 16777215,
        );

        $options = array_merge($genericOptions, $customOptions);

        $this->addGenericTextField($tableColumn, $options);

        return $this;
    }

    protected function addLongTextField(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $customOptions = array()) {

        $genericOptions = array (
            'maxlength' => 4294967295,
        );

        $options = array_merge($genericOptions, $customOptions);

        $this->addGenericTextField($tableColumn, $options);

        return $this;
    }

    protected function addGenericTextField(TableColumn $tableColumn, array $options = array()) {
        $columnName = $tableColumn->getName();
        $value = $tableColumn->getValue();
        $errors = $tableColumn->getErrorMessages();

        $this->addTextarea($columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $options);

        return $this;
    }

        //~ 'char' => function($columnName, $columnType, $value, $errors, $options) {
                //~ // add maxLength attribut
                //~ $suc = preg_match('/^char\((\d*)\)$/', $columnType, $res);
                //~ if($suc) {
                    //~ $opt = array( 'maxLength' => $res[1]);
                    //~ $options = array_merge($options, $opt);
                //~ }
                //~ // type => 'text' for now
                //~ $this->addInput('text', $columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $options);
            //~ },
//~
            //~ 'varchar' => function($columnName, $columnType, $value, $errors, $options) {
                //~ // add maxLength attribut
                //~ $suc = preg_match('/^char\((\d*)\)$/', $columnType, $res);
                //~ if($suc) {
                    //~ $opt = array( 'maxLength' => $res[1]);
                    //~ $options = array_merge($options, $opt);
                //~ }
                //~ // type => 'text' for now
                //~ $this->addInput('text', $columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $options);
            //~ },
//~
            //~ 'autoincrement' => function($columnName, $columnType, $value, $errors, $options) {
                //~ // type => 'hidden' for now
                //~ $this->addHidden($columnName, $value, $errors, $options);
            //~ },
//~
            //~ 'int' => function($columnName, $columnType, $value, $errors, $options) {
                //~ // type => 'number' for now
                //~ $this->addInput('number', $columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $options);
            //~ },
//~
            //~ 'datetime' => function($columnName, $columnType, $value, $errors, $options) {
                //~ // type => 'datetime' for now
                //~ $this->addInput('datetime', $columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $options);
            //~ },
//~
            //~ 'text' => function($columnName, $columnType, $value, $errors, $options) {
                //~ $this->addTextarea($columnName, $value, ucwords(strtolower($columnName)), $errors, $options);
            //~ },

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
create table [MyFirstTable] (
       Id UNIQUEIDENTIFIER not null,
       SomeText NVARCHAR(255) not null,
       primary key (Id)
    )


At about 0645 Mountain time, the airplane impacted terrain and was substantially damaged. The commercial pilot and his passenger received serious injuries. Visual conditions prevailed. The pilot was maneuvering at about 300 feet agl on a wildlife-spotting mission.


11 months. My baby is 11 months old. In one month he will celebrate his first birthday. Whaaaa? I can't believe a year ago we were heading into our last month of preparation for his arrival. It's seriously no joke that the time just goes by so fast! So, how did the last month go for our little cutie?
Weight - We did a rough estimate at home this morning and we think he's clocking in around 23 lbs or so.
Height - Didn't get a good check of this, I feel like he's likely 28-29 inches though as he was around 27 1/2 in September and I do feel like he's gotten a little longer.
Nicknames - Ollie, Ollie Boy, Buddy, Bud, Kiddo, Pretzel Boy, Squirmy Worm (sensing a pattern here?), Ollie Monster, Crazy Boy, Little Man or Little Guy.
Sleep - I feel like a broken record on this one. Nope, still not quite sleeping through the night. I honestly thought he would be by now, but it's just still a work in progress. He does have some great stretches though, last night for example he was down from 9:45 to 4:30 with no problem and still went down after that 4:30 feed until getting up at 6:30. So I do think we're getting closer. Naps were all over the board this month but he seems to be getting his groove back there too.
Eating - ALL THE FOOD! Ok, I'm kidding, but he has really had a chance to try just about anything and everything. He is a big meat fan. Loves most of his veggies. Starting to love cheese and bread. His favorite is getting to go to a restaurant with mommy and daddy and getting bits of what they're having! We went to Cossettas, an italian restaurant in St. Paul the other night and he loved the mostaccioli! He's a great eater. He is still nursed, though I am slowly seeing signs he may be ok with weaning by his first birthday. It's bittersweet, but I'm thinking by then we'll both be ready. I'm definitely ready to say goodbye to Bessie the Breastpump!
Diapers - Consistency! We're still in size 4, hooray! The biggest change here is we pretty much do Pampers Cruisers all day and Pampers Baby Dry at night and naps, we stopped buying the Pampers Swaddlers.
Clothes - 18 month size and holding. A handful of 24 month things are starting to fit, but not too much yet. Most of our 12 month stuff we're done with, unless it's something that is sized 12-18 or even 12-24.
Mood - Super happy pretty much all of the time. I know I say that a lot in these updates lately, but he really is a pretty content little guy! Sure he has his fussy moments, but I swear those are fewer and far between these days.
Loves - Swinging, being outside, walks, watching mommy and daddy play disc golf, eating at big people restaurants, sitting in a shopping cart, crawling around and getting into everything, playing with anything that isn't a toy, playing with things that spin, petting the kitty, silly songs like Old McDonald and The Itsy Bitsy Spider, Raffi music, playing in the leaves, bathtime, being naked, watching Curious George and the Cat in the Hat, Sandra Boynton books.
Dislikes - Diaper changes and clothing changes, being cold, having things taken away from him, waiting for his food, longer car rides when it's dark, walking outside too long in the dark.
Milestones/Things I want to remember - we went to another wedding this month, his first Oktoberfest, his first Halloween. His first bad fever - but we survived. Watching him crawl and pull to stand and get into everything. We visited the Science Museum for the first time. Watching him try and love all sorts of fun and interesting foods. Enjoying as much of the fall weather as we could by spending lots of time outside.


As many of you are aware by now, the New Blue Improvements Project is currently underway. The south closure of the Blue Line will last through May, and the north closure is expected to take place from May through late July. And some of you may still be wondering: why will this project take so long?
As Metro's oldest and busiest light rail line, the Blue Line has had its share of wear and tear, with mechanical issues becoming more prevalent in recent years. Knowing that, I thought it was important to take a look back at the history of the Blue Line and how we got to this point.
For more information on the project please visit metro.net/newblue.
The bus substitute is not as bad as I thought it would be. But I can sure see why people will ride rail lines and drive before riding a bus. I road the 860 freeway express. I road at the end of rush hour and it took about as long as the train. But bus ride was cramped, nosie, very bumpy and overall not a good experience. Occasionally I will take the bus, but I would mostly drive if the Blue soon to be the A line were not coming back. At least I did not have to deal with venders, homeless and rouadey fellow passengers. Do you think that they would close the 405 or 5 freeways for 6 months during improvements or widening to make it easier for Caltrans and their comtractoco?
So is the Blue Line finally getting quad gates at all of the crossings instead of just the Compton area?
I would like to see several improvements once it's completed: an effective way of ensuring only paying riders board the trains; staff that will enforce the no eating, drinking or loud speaker cell phone conversations/music nobody else wants to listen to. Better security for passengers from unruly or potentially dangerous people. Enforcement of the "senior/disabled seating" only being used by seniors or disabled people. Too many times people that need those seats are standing while a young perfectly healthy person is occupying a senior/disabled seat. These people should be fined, just as if parking in a handicap parking when they should not.
Are you going to do a photo essay on how the Blue Line bus shuttles are going? I'd like to see a first-hand account of how operations are actually going.
Despite the hiccups and delays, I am very glad all of this is being done. People have been complaining that the Blue Line gets no love. Well now it's finally getting its upgrades, up to the standards of the other newer lines. I'm most looking forward to the signal and relay upgrades (so we don't get failures during the rain), the new crossovers (so trains can get around car accidents), and the improvements to Willowbrook station.
Metro needs to address the impact the Blue Line closure is having on the Silver Line. The Silver Line is packed and sometimes skip pickups at stations on the 110 Freeway. Buses are too crowded!


Earl Grey Lavender Duo | Loose Leaf Tea & S.A. Plunkett Tea Infused Soap | The Jasmine Pearl Tea Co.
Includes a 2.2-oz canister of our Earl Grey Lavender Tea and an Earl Grey Lavender infused bath soap by S.A. Plunkett Naturals. Comes with gift bag and tissue wrapping paper.
Bright citrus and lovely floral notes of lavender meld together in this beautiful hand-crafted soap. Using beneficial, skin loving, organic oils and rich botanical ingredients it'll leave your skin soft, refreshed, and pleasantly clean. S.A. Plunkett Naturals is a small-batch, handcrafted natural bath and body business based in Portland, OR.
Palm Oil*, Distilled Water, Extra Virgin Olive Oil*, Coconut Oil*, Sodium Hydroxide**, Chinese Black Tea, Sri Lankan Black Tea*, Lavender*, Bergamot Essential Oil*, Lavender Essential Oil*, Rosemary Leaf Extract*.
Palm Oil is Ecosocial/RSPO and Rainforest Alliance Certified.
Our classic medium bodied Earl Grey is blended with aromatic lavender blossoms to form this delightful blend of citrus and floral flavor. Delicious both hot or iced.
Chinese Black Tea, Sri Lankan Black Tea*, Lavender*, Bergamot Essential Oil.
Use one heaping teaspoon per 8 oz of hot water at 212° F (boiling). Steep for 3-5 mins.


text:
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED CHITOSAN ON THE PRESERVATION OF TIGER PRAWN PENAEUS MONODON
June – July 2020, vol.9, no.6
Authors: Rajesh Rajendran, Paari K. A.
Article type: Food Sciences of Food Sciences
DOI: 10.15414/jmbfs.2020.9.6.1176-1180
Abstract: Native chitosan, irradiated chitosan (5kGy and 10 kGy) and grafted chitosan was characterized and employed for the preservation of sea food Penaeus monodon. The grafting of metha acrylate onto natural native polymer chitosan was executed and the configuration and arrangement of covalent bonds in the grafted chitosan was demonstrated by performing, SEM, XRD, FTIR, TG and DSC analyses. The modified chitosan conferred antioxidant and antibacterial potential equivalent to or better than that of the unmodified chitosan in the stored Penaeus monodon. Modified chitosan treated Penaeus monodon produced less TBARS and TVB values than the control group.
Keywords: Irradiation, chitosan, antioxidant, lipid oxidation, frozen storage
Full text pdf download link: Issue navigation: June – July 2020, vol.9, no.6:
prev. article |p. 1170-1175| next article |p. 1181-1186|
Rajesh Rajendran, Paari K. A.
Native chitosan, irradiated chitosan (5kGy and 10 kGy) and grafted chitosan was characterized and employed for the preservation of sea food Penaeus monodon. The grafting of metha acrylate onto natural native polymer chitosan was executed and the configuration and arrangement of covalent bonds in the grafted chitosan was demonstrated by performing, SEM, XRD, FTIR, TG and DSC analyses. The modified chitosan conferred antioxidant and antibacterial potential equivalent to or better than that of the unmodified chitosan in the stored Penaeus monodon. Modified chitosan treated Penaeus monodon produced less TBARS and TVB values than the control group.
Irradiation, chitosan, antioxidant, lipid oxidation, frozen storage
Foods products from sea are generally perishable that spoil sooner than other foods. Mounting alertness with reference to the safety of sea food commodities have recently led to copious developments in the field of fish preservation. Storage and processing of seafood products are constrained mainly due to the problems related to the progress of lipid oxidation and off-flavours associated rancidity (Ali et al., 2019). In order to evade the usage of synthetic preservatives, natural substances that carry a 'green' image for preservation of sea food are now being developed in various studies. Chitosan, an amino polysaccharide constituting of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine, has been used widely in food processing, medicine and biotechnology fields (Majeti and Ravi, 2000; Harish Prashanth and Tharanathan, 2007). In the recent past, chitosan becomes an appealing molecule due to its antibacterial, film forming property, antioxidative and biodegradable ability (Fan et al., 2009; Song et al., 2018; Kim and Thomas, 2007; Rhoades and Roller, 2007). Wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity for chitosan was reported against human pathogenic microorganisms (Chen et al., 2010; Raafat and Sahl, 2009). Although a lot of studies have published the antimicrobial nature of this under used polymer, the precise mechanism for its antimicrobial activity remains vague. Fang et al. (2010) stated that the antimicrobial nature of chitosan is caused due to the distraction of the cell membrane of food borne pathogens. Shelf life of fishery products was extended by inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas and Shewanella by the addition of chitosan (Cao et al., 2009). Radiation is now considered as a handy tool for modification of chitosan for enhancement of their biological activity (Feng et al., 2008). Irradiation was effective in enhancing the antimicrobial action of chitosan against Escherichia coli (Kume et al., 2002). However, a research carried out by Lopez-Caballero et al. (2005) demonstrated negative influence on microbial growth in the presence of powdered chitosan. Investigations on the radiation effects of chitosan showed pronounced increase of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity (Czechowska-Biskup et al., 2005; Park et al., 2004). Enhancement of antioxidant activity of chitosan by gamma irradiation at three different doses was stated by Feng et al. (2008). Suitability of irradiated chitosan in inhibiting oxidative rancidity in meat sample has been reported (Kanatt et al., 2004). Among the diverse modifications that are practicable, blending of synthetic polymer is also a handy mode where the properties of chitosan are personalized and a novel flexible material was developed (Suyatma et al., 2004; Pourjavadi et al., 2003; Mahdavinia et al., 2004; Don et al., 2002). PMMA was blended with chitosan for usage in various biomedical applications (Radhakumary et al., 2005). El-Tahlawy et al. (2006) investigated the changes in the properties of chitosan grafted by methyl acrylate and found that the grafted copolymer was having enhanced antiviral property compared to the unmodified chitosan. Synergistic consequence of chitosan covalently tagged with antimicrobials have been described (Song et al., 2002; Chen et al., 1996). In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of chitosan was enhanced using irradiation. The effect of modified chitosan derivatives were analysed during the preservation of Penaeus monodon.
Chitosan was irradiated at doses of 5 and 10 kGy in the Gamma chamber facility available with the CIF, Pondicherry University. Cobalt 60 was the irradiation source. Irradiated chitosan was prepared following the protocol of Kannat et al. (2004). Treatment groups for Penaeus monodon preservation were divided as: control (without chitosan treatment): 5kGy irradiated chitosan treated group: 10kGy irradiated chitosan treated group: Blended chitosan treated group. Penaeus monodon was purchased from the local retail market. Immediately after purchase they were taken back to lab under sterile conditions.
Synthesis of poly (methyl acrylate) polymer grafted chitosan (Chitosan-g-PMMA-Scheme- 1)
A 2g of 2% w/v chitosan solution was prepared in 250 ml of 1 % aqueous acetic acid. The reaction was carried out at 70 0C in nitrogen atmosphere. 0.1M Ceric Ammonium Nitrate in 10 ml of 1N nitric acid was then added. 4g MMA was added drop wise with continuous stirring. Sodium hydroxide solution was used to precipitate the product by continuous stirring for four hours and washed with distilled water several times. The homopolymer was extracted in a soxhelet from the grafted product using acetone as solvent. The percentage of grafting was calculated from Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA)
Scheme of the graft
FT-IR spectra of chitosan and its graft was recorded in the range 4000–500 cm–1 using Nicolet Nexus 470 spectrometer. Chitosan and its graft copolymer was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron micrograph (SEM). The degradation process and thermal stability of chitosan and its graft copolymer was also analysed.
DPPH radical Scavenging Activity
The potential to suppress the DPPH radical was monitored based on the method of Blois (1958). Chitosan (0.1 ml) was mixed with 0.9 ml of DPPH (0.041 mM). After 60 min dark incubation, the reduction of the radical intensity was determined at 517 nm. The radical-quenching potential was calculated using the equation:
Reducing Power
The reducing power was determined following the method of Oyaizu (1986). Chitosan (1 ml) was mixed with 0.2 M phosphate buffer (1 ml) and potassium ferricyanide (10 mg/ml) and incubated at 50°C. 1 ml of trichloroacetic acid (100 mg/ml) was added and centrifuged for 10 min. To the upper layer, 1 ml of H2O and 0.1 ml of FeCl3 (1.0 mg/ml) was added and the absorbance was read at 700 nm.
β-carotene bleaching assay
β-carotene bleaching assay was carried out based on the method of Matthaus (2002). β-carotene was dissolved in 1 ml of chloroform. After removing chloroform, 40 mg of linoleic acid, 100 ml of distilled water and Tween 80 emulsifier were added. 0.2 ml of prepared chitosan extracts were added to this mixture and incubated at 50°C. The zero time absorbance and subsequent absorbance was recorded (470nm) at every 30 min intervals until the control sample had changed colour. Antioxidant potential was measured using the following equation:
TBA assay
Oxidation of lipids was measured by the TBA assay as ascribed by Ruberto and Baratta (1999). 0.05 g of sample (Penaeus monodon) was mixed with distilled water, 1.5 ml of 20 % acidic acid and 1.5 ml 0.8% of TBA in 1.1% SDS and heated to 100°C for 60 min. After cooling, 5 ml butan-1-ol was added. Samples were then centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 15 min. The absorbance of the upper layer was determined spectrophotometrically at 532 nm.
Determination of Total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN)
Microdiffusion method was employed to analyse total volatile base in Penaeus monodon. Briefly, 1 ml of H2S04 was added into the inner chamber of the conway unit along with Tashiro's indicator. In the outer unit of apparatus, 1 ml of 20% C2HCl3O2 extract and K2CO3 was added. The contents of the inner chamber of unit was titrated against NaOH (0.1 N) until a colour change was observed. A blank was carried out with 2% TCA.
Microbial count in raw Penaeus monodon:
Total viable count was determined in the stored samples from control and all treatment groups. At time 0 and days 5, 10, 15, triplicate samples of each treatment were chosen for total plate count. For microbial analysis, tissue samples (10 gm) was aseptically homogenised using 90 ml of 0.85 % saline, for 1 min and was spread on the surface of plate count agar and incubated at 30° C for two days. Microbial load was expressed as log CFU/g
One-way analyses of variance were conducted to find out significant differences at p<0.05 using a SPSS package. Experiments were replicated thrice on dissimilar occasions with different fish samples.
FT-IR spectra of pure chitosan and chitosan-g-PMMA reveal the process of successful grafting (Fig. 1A). In the spectrum of chitosan-g-Poly methyl methacrylate, the distinctive absorption bands around 3421, 1657 cm-1 can be seen. The broad absorption band at 3421cm-1 denote that -OH and -NH2 groups are hydrogen bonded and absorption at 1657 cm-1 point out the amide linkage of chitosan backbone with external grafting polymer. In figure 1A (b) the bending frequency of -NH2 (1457cm-1) and -OH (1590cm-1) peaks are shifted approximately by 15cm-1 compared to the spectra of native chitosan which assures the successful polymerization.
Figure 1 (1A) -FT-IR spectrumof chitosan (a) and chitosan-g-PMMA (b). (1B)-XRD spectrum of pure chitosan (a) and chitosan-g-PMMA (b)
The alteration of chitosan structure after polymerization was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction. The powder XRD marks, revealed successful grafting on the chitosan surface. Figure.1B (a, b) depicts the X-ray diffractograms acquired from pure chitosan and chitosan-g-PMMA. Four peaks of pure chitosan with high intensity at 2θ = 20 0, 44 0. 52 0 and 72 0 were observed and the obtained values matches the report of Joshi and Sinha et al. (2002) indicating the crystalline nature of chitosan. Subsequent to polymerization, three peaks on chitosan surface fully disappeared (Figure 1B (b)) which informs the loss of crystallinity in the grafted chitosan. A broad peak at 20 0 in grafted chitosan that signify the crystalline structure of chitosan is wholly transformed in to amorphous nature due to the polymerization. In the case of blended chitosan there was noteworthy variation in the intensity of distinctive peaks. The varied differences in the diffraction patterns between chitosan and grafted chitosan could be ascribed due to the adaptation in the arrangement of molecules in the crystal lattice.
Chitosan was observed as homogeneous particles in scanning electron microscopic images. Scanning electron image of native chitosan was used as the reference. The peripheral surfaces of grafts were accumulated in the form of globules as a consequence of the porosity of the graft which are the implications of graft copolymer. The SEM image also showed clustered configuration, indicating the connections between chitosan molecules (Figure 2). Following graft copolymerization, irregular rod like and globular shapes were visibly observed.
Figure 2 SEM image of (A,B) pure chitosan (C,D) chitosan-g-PMMA.
DSC shows the difference in Glass transition temperature (TG) between the pure chitosan and the grafted chitosan (Fig. 3A). Increase in molecular weight due to random polymerization and decline in glacious crystalline nature of grafted chitosan resulted in the decline of glass transition temperature. The blue shift in TG of grafts is due to external graft polymerization. Exothermic peak was found to be decreased in grafts due to increased molecular weight of external polymerization.
The degradation trend and thermal constancy of chitosan and chitosan grafts were evaluated through thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments Weight loss in pure chitosan was 54.16% and starts at 245°C whereas weight loss starts at 208°C for PMMA grafted chitosan and the total weight loss for PMMA grafted chitosan was 49.63%. Decreased weight loss in case of grafted chitosan compared to native chitosan might be due to the reduction of saccharide units and increased polymerization.
Figure 3 (3A)- DSC of (a) pure chitosan and (b) chitosan-g-PMMA. (3B)- Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of (a) pure chitosan (b) chitosan-g-PMMA.
Figure 3B, shows thermograms of (a) pure chitosan and (b) chitosan-g-PMMA respectively. Pure chitosan show evidence of an endothermic peak at temperature around 91.84 0C, which ascribes to the water holding aptitude of chitosan by the -OH and free –NH2 groups. Additionally, chitosan displays an exothermic peak at 304.60 0C informing decomposition of polysaccharide unit. In the case of figure 3B (b), endothermic peak appear at 101.92 0C and exothermic peak appear at 284.05 0C which explores the decreased decomposing peak of chitosan grafted polymer, indicating successful polymerization. Similarly, the glass transition temperature of the chitosan-g-PMMA progressively increased which confirms the decreased crystalline temperament of chitosan due to the grafting.
Scavenging activity of modified chitosan:
Antioxidant activity of the chitosan determined by the bleaching of β-carotene was presented in fig. 4. Antioxidant activities were 62.33±3.39%, 67.3±5%, 81.2±2.34%, 87.9±2.2%, for unmodified chitosan, blended chitosan grafts, 5 kGy irradiated chitosan derivative, 10 kGy irradiated chitosan derivatives respectively. In the presence of customized chitosan, samples retained their colour for a longer time demonstrating the antioxidant potential of modified chitosan. The extent or potential of radical neutralisation varied with different modified chitosans. Modified chitosan reduced the extent of β-carotene destruction by neutralizing the linoleate free radical formed in the system. The high radical quenching property of chitosan might be due to reaction between the generated free radicals and the residual free amino groups (Tamer et al., 2016).
The antioxidant activity in our study was found to be concomitant with the reducing power of native and modified chitosan samples. The highest reducing power was observed for irradiated chitosan derivatives compared to the unmodified and grafted chitosan. Difference in reducing power was also observed between the groups subjected to irradiation. A higher irradiation dose (10 kGy) exhibited higher radical scavenging activity and higher reducing power compared to chitosan irradiated at 5 kGy. The modified chitosan showed higher potential as electron donors to quench free radicals compared to the control (unmodified chitosan). Generally, radical reducing properties are coupled with the endurance of reductones, which split down the radical chain by donating a hydrogen atom (Singh et al., 2002). Reducing powers obtained were in the following order: unmodified chitosan > blended chitosan> 5kGy irradiated chitosan > 10kGy irradiated chitosan derivative.
Figure 4A Antioxidant potential of chitosan extracts: A-chitosan. B-Blended chitosan C- 5 kGy irradiated chitosan. D- 10 kGy irradiated chitosan.
4B Evolution of TBARS values in Penaeus monodon (mg MDA Kg-1 of fish) during refrigerated storage.
DPPH assay offers a rapid method for accessing the radical quenching potential. Proton radical scavenging potential was higher in 10 kGy irradiated chitosan derivative (84±2.5%) followed by 5 kGy irradiated chitosan derivative (77.35±2.57%), blended chitosan (65±1). Minimal DPPH scavenging activity was observed in unmodified natural chitosan (63.11±1.1%). It is evident from our result, that irradiation of chitosan enhance the antioxidant activity of chitosan. Also the enhancement or increase in antioxidant potential is dose dependent in case of irradiation (Figure 4A).
A similar study carried out by Kannat et al. (2004) revealed that irradiated chitosan exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity than the unirradiated chitosan. In another study carried out by Feng et al. (2008) chitosan irradiated at 20 kGy exhibited higher reductive capacity and better radical scavenging potential. Irradiation treatment has been reported to depolymerise chitosan, thus revealing the free amino groups which increase the DPPH radical quenching activity (Kannat et al. 2004).
Effect of chitosan on t-bars evolution
This study demonstrated the effectiveness of native and modified chitosan as a natural anti-oxidant, when it was supplemented to the Penaeus monodon. Data generated using the TBARS assay in Penaeus monodon during refrigerated storage are presented in Figure 4B. Throughout the study period, Penaeus monodon treated with modified chitosan exhibited lower TBARS values indicative of higher antioxidant activity than the control (no treatment). Though Penaeus monodon treated with unmodified chitosan exhibited antioxidant activity better than control (without chitosan treatment), it was lower than the activity executed by the modified counterparts. The susceptibility of sea food products to endure rancidity mediated disorders during storage is chiefly due to the elevated amounts of unsaturated lipids. By the end of storage time, significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between the control (2.03±.15) and each of native chitosan, blended chitosan, 5 kGy , 10 kGy irradiated chitosan infused Penaeus monodon, which exhibited values of 1.43±.15, 1.3±.05, 1.03±.15, 1±.1 respectively. Throughout the study period, difference in TBARS value was not significant between the unmodified chitosan and blended chitosan but was significant with the samples treated with irradiated chitosan. Similarly, irradiated chitosan exhibited a better anti-oxidant activity in lamb meat than autoclaved chitosan (Kannat et al., 2004). Darmadji and Izumimoto (1994) proposed that the anti-oxidative properties of chitosan are accountable for minimising the TBA values in minced beef.
Total volatile base
TVB-N contents augmented for all samples during the storage period, with the utmost values recorded for control samples followed by chitosan, blended chitosan, 5 kGy irradiated, 10 kGy irradiated chitosan (Figure 5A).
Figure 5A Evolution of TVB values in Penaeus monodon (TVB-N mg/100g) during refrigerated storage.
5B. Profiles of antimicrobial activity in Penaeus monodon treated with chitosan during refrigerated storage.
TVB values also intensified for chitosan treated samples during storage period. At the end of storage period, TVB value of control P. monodon was found to be 36±3.5which was higher than chitosan(26±2), blended chitosan treated (25±2), 5 kGy irradiated chitosan treated (24.3±2.5) 10 kGy chitosan treated (21±2). No lag phase was detected for control samples during total volatile base generation; a rapid increase in TVB was evident from day-5. Stored control samples surpassed the acceptability margin (35 mg TVBN/100 g of fish) set by the European Union for total volatile base values of fish. Though limitation of TVB was not significant between the chitosan treatment groups, all chitosan treated samples, limited the generation of TVB throughout the storage period. A TVB value of 30 mg which is measured to be spoilage level for human consumption (Harpaz et al., 2003) was attained in control samples by day-10 whereas none of the chitosan treated groups reached this boundary. Reduction in TVB values by chitosan treatment was reported in fishery products (Jeon et al., 2006; Cao et al., 2009). Reduction of microbial load was evident in chitosan treated samples (Fig. 5B). Chitosan has been reported for its antimicrobial nature due to its polycationic character in various studies (Chen et al., 1998; Shin et al., 2001; Xie et al., 2002). Efficiency of irradiated chitosan on limiting the growth of E. coli was studied by Matsuhashi and Kume (1997). Log reduction was high in irradiated chitosan treated samples (1.5 Log) compared to the unmodified chitosan (1.3 Log) treated samples (Figure 5B). Though Log reduction was not significant during early days of storage, marked reduction was noted during later days of storage between the control and treatment groups.
Our research discusses the application of radiation degraded (5 and 10 kGy) and grafted chitosan (CH-g-PMMA) for the preservation of sea food Penaeus monodon. Study confirmed that the modified chitosan exhibited better antioxidant and antibacterial potential in the stored Penaeus monodon which is evident from the less TBARS and TVB values and better sensory values. Designing a process or material for preserving and processing the sea food plays a crucial role in fulfilling the demands of the food industry.
Acknowledgement: Authours acknowledge the support received from the centre for research, CHRIST (Deemed to be University).
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