text:
Seekers – Our Fraternity
The ideal masonic Hall
650 Fisgard St. Victoria BC.
Freemasons General Information
The plans were submitted on October 20th, 1877, and that of Brother Teague was accepted (he was also the architect of Victoria City Hall). On December 22nd, 1877 tenders were accepted at a total cost of $8,428.00. The building is 49 feet by 67 feet.
The two lots are 120 feet wide and 120 feet long and cost $1,750.00. The title to the property including Ashlar Manor next door is held by the Masonic Temple Association which was incorporated by a private act of the B. C. Legislature in 1898 as a non profit society (prior to the existence of the Society Act).
On April 22nd, 1878 the Corner Stone was laid and consecrated on October 18th, 1878 (picture in festive board room). As an aside, the first Corner Stone laid by the Freemasons in British Columbia was on June 2nd, 1863 by R.W. Bro. Burnaby for the congregation Emanu-El Synagogue here in Victoria. (newspaper article framed in festive board room).
We meet at 650 Fisgard St. Victoria BC, on the second Monday of each month (except in July and August) at 7:00pm until 9:00pm for our GP meetings. The monthly Lodge meetings are on the fourth Thursday of every month. Fellowship starts at 5:30pm, Repast 6:00pm and Lodge tyles are at 7:00 PM. To avoid any conflicts with Thanksgiving, our October meetings are posted in our calendar as TBA.
The ideal Masonic hall is to have the lodge room on the second floor of the building with the entrance marked by two columns. In some instances, the pillars are named or lettered. The main lodge room should be rectangular running east to west. The Victoria Masonic Hall conforms to these specifications subject to the grid pattern of the streets.
Main Lodge Room
The lodge room is 30′ wide, 57′ long and 27′ 6″ high. This is the same dimensions as the temple in Jerusalem constructed by King Solomon. However the interior is open by the omission of the inner sanctum. The ceiling represents the sky over Jerusalem at the Summer Solstice.
Street Entrance
The entrance door has pillars on both sides. Above the door is the stain glass window displaying a star constructed be two equilateral triangles with one inverted. Until the 1890s this symbol sometimes referred to as the Seal of Solomon was a widely used Masonic symbol. However in the 1890s, Zionism widely adopted this device (Star of David) as its' symbol which is the marker for most synagogues constructed subsequent to 1890.
Thus it fell out of Masonic use. For instance, the Emanu-El Synagogue here in Victoria constructed in 1863 displays the Rose of Damascus in their stained glass window at the entrance. It does not display either the Star of David or a Menorah on its facade like other synagogues in North America.
For there should be Wisdom to contrive, Strength to support & Beauty to adorn!
© Copyright 2022 Camosun Lodge No. 60


Being part of the Yangtze River Delta and relying on the overall strength of Shanghai, the district aims to blaze a new trail for industrialization and urbanization and develop into an international auto city that combines auto production with modern service industries. The district also wants to build itself into a new modern city that features cultural distinctiveness and harmonious social development.
Relying on industrial support, the district strives for the balanced development between the urban and rural areas by developing the central, west, south and north blocks.
Central block: Concentrating on the main area of Jiading's new urban area and taking advantage of the Shanghai International Circuit, the block focuses on the development of auto-related modern service industries in order to turn itself into a modern urban area featuring scientific research, education, sports, recreation, living and residence.
West block: The block highlights the functions of car and parts manufacturing, auto trading, exhibition, research and development to develop itself into an international auto industrial base.
South block: The block emphasizes the development of modern logistics, commerce, and productive service industries and features residential and service functions.
North block: The block emphasizes the extension of the auto-making industrial chain, the development of urban-oriented modern agriculture, the construction of an advanced manufacturing base, and a modern urban-oriented agricultural park.
Power: The existing 500-kV transformer station, two 220-kV transformer stations, four 110-kV transformer stations and 28 35-kV transformer stations can meet the demands of production and residents in the district.
Water: Jiading has rich water resources and can supply 450,000 tons of water daily.
Sewage treatment: The district has two sewage treatment plants in Fangtai and the district's new town as well as two water purification plants in Jiading and Anting. A sewage treatment plant at the Jiading Industrial Zone (north block) with a daily capacity of 200,000 tons is under construction.
Gas: The district has two gas pipelines to transport man-made gas from Shanghai and a central natural gas station in Anting. Natural gas pipelines have reached the industrial zone and the urban area of the International Auto City in the north of Jiading.
Communications: The district can provide IDD, DDN, ISDN, ADSL, FTTB and other telecom services.
By enhancing capacity, increasing totals, adjusting structures and optimizing distribution, the district emphasizes the development of the auto-related service industry, productive service industry, commerce, real estate industry and tourism so as to form a preliminary system of modern service industries that matches a modern city.
The district promulgated the 2007 Rules of Jiading District for Implementing the Opinions on Promoting the Development of Modern Service Industries. The document specifies the industries that deserve priority support: headquarters economy, modern logistics, professional services, brand exhibition, high-end tourism, general merchandise and recreation, social undertakings and other industries.
It is comprised of the nine stations of the No 11 rail line and the surrounding areas 500 to 1,500 meters from the line. The No 11 line serves as the main axis of the district, with the proposed No 13 and 17 rail lines completing the traffic network. The district aims to build an urban development corridor in Jiading and to gradually form a rail-traffic-linked belt of modern service industries in Shanghai.
The district plans to build a first-rate auto research and development base in China. It will also cultivate the core function of auto trade and develop auto sports and the cultural entertainment.
The district will promote the construction of large commercial and residential functions and construct a regional public service center. It will also promote the concentration of scientific creative industries.
The district will develop the function of commerce and logistics in Jiangqiao and promote the concentration of headquarters and business functions in Nanxiang and Jiangqiao areas. It will accelerate the construction of residential areas in Jiangqiao and Nanxiang.
Jiading will develop into a R&D, headquarters and high-tech center with the function of auto production.
The Malu Cultural and Information Industrial Park will take full advantage of Shanghai's resources and rely on teaching and research staff from the School of Digital Art of Shanghai University. The park is encouraged to develop industries featuring cultural creativeness and digital content in the area.
At the same time, Malu will further develop its grape brand. The Malu Grape Theme Park will extend its functions of sightseeing, tourism and recreation to become a "Turpan in Shanghai" and form a grape-themed recreational and sightseeing landmark in Shanghai's western suburban area.
The district's goal is to build a R&D base for the food safety and health industry and an agricultural recreational base in Shanghai.
In developing manufacturing industries, the district will focus on the development of advanced manufacturing industries with core technologies, proprietary intellectual properties, self-developed brands and strong market competitiveness.
By taking advantage of the overall strength of the international auto city and the northern base of advanced manufacturing industries, a secondary plan will be introduced for the auto city to promote the advance of infrastructure construction. The district hopes to attract high-end auto parts enterprises with core competitiveness into the area. At the same time, the district will also make vigorous efforts to introduce and cultivate new high-tech industries highlighting bio-pharmacy, new materials and optic electronics.


Earlier this month, Google celebrated Chrome's 10th anniversary by introducing a Google Material Theme for the browser, making the Omnibar smarter, and introducing a slew of other useful features. Chrome 70 is now rolling out in beta with various new APIs that developers can take advantage of.
The post Chrome 70 beta enables Android/Mac fingerprint sensors, removes mobile OS build numbers appeared first on 9to5Google.


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Q: How do I interpret the Mann-Whitney U when using R's formula interface Say we have the following data:
set.seed(123)
data <- data.frame(x = c(rnorm(50, 1, 1), rnorm(50, 5, 2)),
                   y = c(rep('A', 50),    rep('B', 50)))

Which yields the following boxplot (boxplot(data$x ~ data$y)):

Now let's say I want to test if the two samples have the same location parameters (median and/or mean). In my real case, the data are clearly not normal, so I've decided to run the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, like this:
wilcox.test(data$x ~ data$y)

However, I would like the alternative hypothesis to be that B, data$y's "second" factor, comes from a distribution with higher position parameters. I've tried setting the alternative parameter to "greater" and "less", but apparently the alternative hypotheses are not what I'm looking for. For example, alternative = "greater" tells me "alternative hypothesis: true location shift is greater than 0"; alternative = "less" tells me "alternative hypothesis: true location shift is less than 0".
How can I tweak the wilcox.test() function in order to have the alternative hypothesis I want (B comes from a distribution with higher position parameters than A)? Or should I just use another test instead?

A: Technically, the reference category and the direction of the test depend on the way the factor variable is encoded. With your toy data:
> wilcox.test(x ~ y, data=data, alternative="greater")

    Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction

data:  x by y
W = 52, p-value = 1
alternative hypothesis: true location shift is greater than 0

> wilcox.test(x ~ y, data=data, alternative="less")

    Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction

data:  x by y
W = 52, p-value < 2.2e-16
alternative hypothesis: true location shift is less than 0

Notice that the W statistic is the same in both cases but the test uses opposite tails of its sampling distribution. Now let's look at the factor variable:
> levels(data$y)
[1] "A" "B"

We can recode it to make "B" the first level:
> data$y <- factor(data$y, levels=c("B", "A"))

Now we have:
> levels(data$y)
[1] "B" "A"

Note that we did not change the data themselves, just the way the categorical variable is encoded "under the hood":
> head(data)
          x y
1 0.4395244 A
2 0.7698225 A
3 2.5587083 A
4 1.0705084 A
5 1.1292877 A
6 2.7150650 A

> aggregate(data$x, by=list(data$y), mean)
  Group.1        x
1       B 5.292817
2       A 1.034404

But the directions of the test are now inverted:
> wilcox.test(x ~ y, data=data, alternative="greater")

    Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction

data:  x by y
W = 2448, p-value < 2.2e-16
alternative hypothesis: true location shift is greater than 0

The W statistic is different but the p-value is the same than for the alternative="less" test with the categories in the original order. With the original data, it could be interpreted as "the location shift from B to A is less than 0" and with the recoded data it becomes "the location shift from A to B is greater than 0" but this is really the same hypothesis (but see Glen_b's comments to the question for the correct interpretation).
In your case, it therefore seems that the test you want is alternative="less" (or, equivalently, alternative="greater" with the recoded data). Does that help?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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\section{Introduction}\label{intro}

Active matter describes systems such as bacterial biofilms or cellular tissues that extract energy from their surroundings at the single-particle level and convert it into mechanical work manifest in the form of self-propulsion and active stress generation~\cite{Ramaswamy10, Marchetti13, Prost2015}. The continuous injection of energy - or activity - can lead to phenomena such as collective motion~\cite{Dombrowski2004,Sanchez2012,Sumino2012}, and active turbulence \cite{Wensink2012,Dunkel2013}. In addition to their intrinsic activity, the dynamics of active materials can be influenced by the shape of their constituent particles. In particular, elongation of particles is an important factor in determining their alignment dynamics and the emergence of orientational order in active materials. Indeed, an increasing number of biological active systems including colonies of rod-shaped bacteria~\cite{Volfson08,DoostmohammadiPRL2016,Li19}, cellular monolayers~\cite{Duclos2017,Saw2017,Kawaguchi2017}, and subcellular filaments~\cite{Sanchez2012,Keber2014,Guillamat16,Kumar18}, display orientational order and topological defects, singular points in the orientation field,  that resemble features of nematic liquid crystals. These materials are commonly described as active nematics~\cite{Ramaswamy10, Marchetti13,Doostmohammadi2018}.

Linear stability analysis shows that in infinite systems a two-dimensional active nematic is unstable to any level of activity in unconfined frictionless systems~\cite{Simha2002,Ramaswamy2007}. Numerical simulations have further shown that as this instability grows, there is a transition to active turbulence, a state characterised by chaotic flows and motile topological defects \cite{Giomi2013,Thampi2013}.
This immediately points to the challenge of constraining and directing active materials.

Recent studies have, however, shown that inducing hydrodynamic screening can stabilise the chaotic flow patterns of active matter~\cite{Bechinger2016,Doostmohammadi2019}. One way of introducing the screening is by confining active matter into circular or rectangular geometries~\cite{Voituriez2005,Wensink2012,Doostmohammadi2017}. This can result in oscillations~\cite{Notbohm2016,Pearce2019,Shendruk2017,Opathalage2019,Hardouin2019,Felix2019} or unidirectional motion~\cite{Wioland2013,Doxzen2013,Wioland2016,Wu2017}. It is also possible to introduce hydrodynamic screening through frictional damping between active materials and their surroundings. Linear stability analysis shows that frictional damping increases the activity threshold required for the emergence of hydrodynamic instabilities in unconfined systems \cite{Thampi2014PRE}. Furthermore, numerical studies show that such frictional damping can stabilise active nematics into vortex-lattices~\cite{Doostmohammadi2016} and control alignment of topological defects~\cite{Pearce2019friction}.
Of particular interest, recent experiments have shown that interfacing microtubule-motor protein mixtures with anisotropic surfaces of smectic liquid crystals can streamline microtubules into a `laning' state of jets flowing in alternating directions parallel to the smectic layers. This indicates that introducing anisotropy in the hydrodynamic screening can work as a potential mechanism for directing active flows into predesigned directions.

In this paper, we numerically investigate the impact of anisotropic hydrodynamic screening by subjecting a two-dimensional active nematic to anisotropic frictional damping. By systematically varying the strength of the anisotropy, we obtain the laning state observed  in the experiments on microtubule-kinesin motor mixtures. Interestingly, we find that this state is only possible in the flow-aligning regime and we explain the mechanism for the emergence of lanes in terms of the combined effects of frictional anisotropy and the alignment of active particles with the extensional velocity gradients.
 Moreover, by changing the flow aligning parameter to values  deep within the flow-tumbling regime, we observe significant changes in the alignment of comet-like ($+1/2$) topological defects and find an unexpected state of bound defect pairs that navigate through the system  leaving long-lived distortions within the active nematic.

\section{Simulation method}
We employ the active nematohydrodynamic approach that is widely used to describe dense active nematics such as microtubule-motor protein mixtures and bacterial colonies~\cite{Giomi2012,Marchetti13,Doostmohammadi2018}. The dynamics of the system are described by the evolution of the incompressible fluid velocity $\vec{u}$ and the
 orientational order parameter, the nematic tensor $\tens{Q}$:
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec{\nabla}\cdot\bm{u} & = & 0, \label{eq:u0} \\
\rho\left(\partial_t + \bm{u} \cdot \bm{\nabla}\right)\bm{u} & = & -\vec{\nabla} p + \bm{\nabla} \cdot \bm{\Sigma} - \bm{f} \bm{u}, \label{eq:momentum} \\
\left(\partial_t + \bm{u} \cdot \bm{\nabla}\right)\bm{Q} - \bm{S} & = & \Gamma_Q \bm{H} \label{eq:Q}
\end{eqnarray}
where $p$ is the pressure, $\rho$ is the density, $\tens{\Sigma}$ is the stress tensor, and $\bm{f}$ is a diagonal tensor describing the friction between the active nematic layer and the surroundings. In our model, this friction coefficient will depend on the direction of the velocity, corresponding to situations where the underlying substrate or the surrounding medium extracts momentum from the active layer in an anisotropic manner. The nematic tensor $\tens{Q}$ is defined as $\tens{Q}=\frac{3q}{2}\left(\bm{n}\bm{n}-\frac{1}{3}\bm{I} \right)$, where $q$ is the magnitude of the nematic order parameter and $\bm{n}$ is the headless direction of orientation.

The co-rotation term $\bm{S} = \left(\lambda \bm{D}+\bm{\Omega}\right)\left(\bm{Q}+\frac{1}{3}\bm{I}\right) + \left(\bm{Q}+\frac{1}{3}\bm{I}\right)\left(\lambda \bm{D}-\bm{\Omega}\right)-2\lambda\left(\bm{Q}+\frac{1}{3}\bm{I}\right)\text{tr}\left(\bm{Q}\bm{W}\right)$ determines the alignment of elongated particles in response to gradients in the velocity field. $\tens{\Omega}$ is the rotational part of the velocity gradient tensor, $\tens{D}$ is the extensional part, and $\tens{W}$ is the total velocity gradient tensor. The alignment of particles with respect to the extensional and rotational components of velocity gradients is characterised by the flow aligning parameter $\lambda$ that is proportional to the aspect ratio of the particles. For $\lambda > 9q/(3q+4)$ the director aligns at a given angle to a shear flow (the Leslie angle), while for $\lambda \le 9q/(3q+4)$
the director field rotates (tumbles) in a simple shear~\cite{BerisBook}. The value of the flow-aligning parameter depends on the size, aspect ratio, magnitude of the order, and also interactions between the nematogens.

Indeed, one of the few attempts to extract the flow-aligning parameter, for the wing epithelium of {\it Drosophila}, has shown that it can have a range of values and even become negative~\cite{Aigouy10}. Therefore it would not be surprising if different experimental systems show distinct behaviours associated with flow-tumbling or flow-aligning behaviour. However, to our knowledge, the role of this parameter has been only marginally explored in most theoretical works and experiments with active nematics.

The relaxational dynamics of the nematic tensor $\tens{Q}$ is governed by the molecular field $\bm{H} = -\left(\frac{\delta\mathcal{F}}{\delta\bm{Q}} - \frac{\bm{I}}{3}\text{tr}\frac{\delta\mathcal{F}}{\delta\bm{Q}}\right)$, and the rotational diffusion coefficient $\Gamma_Q$ sets the time scale for the relaxation.
The associated free energy $\mathcal{F}$ is composed of a bulk contribution
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{F}_\text{bulk} = A_0\left(\frac{1}{2}\Big(1-\frac{\gamma}{3}\Big)\text{tr}(\bm{Q}^2) - \frac{\gamma}{3}\text{tr}(\bm{Q}^3) + \frac{\gamma}{4}\text{tr}(\bm{Q}^2)^2\right)
\end{equation}
giving an isotropic-nematic transition at $\gamma=2.7$~\cite{Matsuyama2002}, and a Frank free energy term $\mathcal{F}_\text{el} = \frac{K}{2}\left(\bm{\nabla Q}\right)^2$ that penalises deformations in the orientation field.

Using this free energy description, the passive part of the stress tensor can be written as
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\bm{\Sigma}^\text{passive} = 2\nu \bm{D} -\lambda\bm{H}\left(\bm{Q}+\frac{1}{3}\bm{I}\right)\\
-\lambda\left(\bm{Q}+\frac{1}{3}\bm{I}\right)\bm{H}+2\lambda\left(\bm{Q}+\frac{1}{3}\bm{I}\right)\text{tr}\left(\bm{QH}\right)\\
+\bm{Q}\bm{H}-\bm{H}\bm{Q}- \bm{\nabla Q}\frac{\delta \mathcal{F}}{\delta\bm{\nabla Q}},
\label{eq:sigma}
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\nu$ is the viscosity of the fluid. In addition to the passive part, the active stress is defined as $\bm{\Sigma}^\text{active} = -\zeta \bm{Q}$ such that gradients in the orientational order $\tens{Q}$ generate stresses that drive active flows, with $\zeta$ setting the strength of the activity.

Equations~(\ref{eq:u0})--(\ref{eq:Q}) are solved using a hybrid lattice-Boltzmann method~\cite{Marenduzzo2007}. Unless otherwise specified, the numerical parameters that we use are $\nu=2/3$, $\Gamma_Q=0.7$ and $p=0.25$. We use the single elastic constant approximation with $K=0.03$ and take the bulk free energy parameters as $A_0=1$ and $\gamma=2.85$, resulting in an equilibrium magnitude of the nematic order of $q_{eq}=0.24$. The default values of the parameters that we vary in this manuscript are the activity $\zeta=0.03$ and flow aligning parameter which is typically chosen as $\lambda=0.7$ and $\lambda=0.3$ which are respectively deep in the flow-aligning and flow-tumbling regime. These parameters are chosen in the range that reproduces different flow patterns of microtubule-kinesin motor mixtures in confinement~\cite{Shendruk2017}. Lastly, domain sizes are chosen as $250\times250$ lattice sites unless stated otherwise in the figure caption and all
simulations are performed with periodic boundary conditions.

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{Fig_1_final2_v2.eps}
    \caption{\textbf{Emergence of laning with increasing friction in the flow-aligning regime.}
Friction is applied along the $x$-axis making the $y$-axis the easy flow axis for the flow.
(a)-(c) Velocity field coloured by the magnitude of the rms-velocity  $u_\text{rms}$. (d)-(f) Director field coloured by the magnitude of the splay-bend order parameter $S_\text{Splay-Bend} = \partial_i \partial_j Q_{ij}$. White circles denote $+1/2$ defects with the attached lines indicating their orientation (pointed from head-to-tail) and purple trefoils denote $-1/2$ defects. (a),(d): Low friction $f_x = 0.004$, showing active turbulence. (b),(e): Intermediate friction $f_x=0.015$, leading to a laning state with active instabilities. (c),(f): High friction $f_x=0.07$, showing a stable laning state. The activity in (a)-(f) is kept constant at $\zeta = 0.03$. (g) Variation of the $y$-component of velocity  $u_y$ across a lane (red line in (c)). (h) Variation of the director angle (in radians with respect to the $y$-axis) across a lane (red line in (f)) reaching the expected Leslie angle of $ \theta_L\approx \pm 0.41$ for $\lambda=0.7$.
}
\label{fig:Laning}
\end{figure*}

\section{Emergence of laning in the flow-aligning regime}

We begin by exploring the dynamics of  flow-aligning active nematics, noting that numerical studies of the hydrodynamic screening of active nematics have  so far mostly been limited to the flow-tumbling regime~\cite{Thampi2014PRE,Doostmohammadi2016,Oza16,Pearce2019friction}. We simulate a two-dimensional active nematic with anisotropic substrate friction such that the friction in the $y$-direction $f_y$ is set to zero and the friction in the $x$-direction $f_x$ is varied, resulting in an easy flow axis along $y$. With increasing friction, the active nematic state changes from active turbulence (Fig.~\ref{fig:Laning}(a),(d) and Movies 1 and 2), to a laning state of opposing flow jets that is periodically disturbed by the nucleation of pairs of topological defects (Fig.~\ref{fig:Laning}(b),(e) and Movie 3 and 4) and then, for higher frictions, to a stable laning state without any defects (Fig.~\ref{fig:Laning}(c),(f)).

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{Fig_2_final2_v2.eps}
    \caption{\textbf{Flow-aligning regime}
(a) With increasing friction the reduced velocity difference $U = \langle (|u_y| -| u_x|)/u_\textrm{rms} \rangle$ increases from close to 0 (meaning that the velocities in $x$- and $y$- directions are approximately equal) to 1 in the state where the flow is directed solely along the $y$ axis. The inset shows the system averaged rms-velocity $u_\textrm{rms}$.
(b) Director-director correlation function for a range of frictions. Domain size for this figure was chosen as $750\times250$ lattice sites where we tripled the domain size along the anisotropic friction axis.
(c) With increasing friction, the average number of defects decreases, dropping to zero in the stable laning state.
(d) Histogram of the $+1/2$ defect orientation for $f_x=0$ (blue), $f_x=0.004$ (red) and $f_x=0.015$ (green). With increasing friction, the defects have a strong preference for moving in the positive or negative $y$-direction along the easy flow axis.
The activity is kept constant at $\zeta = 0.03$ in all graphs.
}
\label{fig:flow-aligning}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{Fig_Add_v3.eps}
\caption{
\textbf{Characterizing the laning state at intermediate friction} $\pmb{f_x=0.015}$\textbf{.}
(a) The distance between the lanes as a function of activity $\zeta$.
(b) The average speed of the active nematic in the lanes as a function of activity $\zeta$.
(c) The lanes still exhibit periodic instabilities due to defect creation events, resulting in fluctuations in the speed of the lanes. The mean frequency of this signal (inset) is dependent on the activity $\zeta$.
Figures (a-c) show linear dependencies with the activity corresponding to the experimentally reported relationships with the $\log{\text{ATP}}$ in~\cite{Guillamat16}.
(d) Non-dimensionalizing the numerical results (the circles) for different activities and comparing them with the experimental data (blue lines) allows us to find the ATP concentrations in a two-dimensional microtubule-kinesin mixture which correspond to the values of the active stress parameter $\zeta$ used here. Experimental data retrieved from~\cite{Guillamat16}.
}
\label{fig:Investigate_Laning}
\end{figure*}

To further characterise this behaviour we measure the reduced velocity difference $U = \langle (|u_y| -| u_x|)/u_\textrm{rms} \rangle$ with increasing friction $f_x$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:flow-aligning}(a)). Here $ \langle \rangle$ denotes averaging over space and time. For small friction the velocities in the $x$- and $y$-directions are approximately equal and thus $U \sim 0$. Then, as $f_x$ is increased, active flows in the $y$-direction start to dominate, leading to the emergence of the lanes along the easy flow axis. This is~marked by a sharp increase in the velocity difference $U$. Due to the ordered flow structure found in the laning state, the overall $u_\textrm{rms}$ of the system is also higher than in the state of active turbulence (Fig.~\ref{fig:flow-aligning}(a); {\it inset}).

At very high friction, the reduced velocity difference $U$ approaches $1$, corresponding to zero velocity along the $x$-axis. However, the rms velocity $u_\textrm{rms}$ remains constant in the laning state. The flow in the laning state only travels along the easy-axis, and an increase in anisotropic friction does not correspond to larger screening of the velocities. This is in stark contrast to isotropic friction and the corresponding wet to dry active nematic transition~\cite{Doostmohammadi2016}.

We also measured the director-director correlation function $C_n(\delta x) = \frac{\left\langle \bm{n}(x,y) \cdot \bm{n}(x+\delta x,y)-\frac{2}{\pi} \right\rangle_{y}}{\left\langle \bm{n}(x,y) \cdot \bm{n}(x,y)-\frac{2}{\pi} \right\rangle_{y}}$
 (Fig.~\ref{fig:flow-aligning}(b)). Because of the nematic symmetry we subtract $\frac{2}{\pi}$ to make sure that the correlation function goes to zero when there is no-long range correlation and $\langle \rangle_{y}$ denotes averaging over time and over the y-coordinate.
The oscillations observed in this correlation function indicate that alternating ordered structures are formed, which correspond to the repeating antiparallel flow lanes. The distance between the lanes decreases with increasing friction as marked by the reduction of the oscillation wavelength at higher friction values.

The active turbulent state is characterised by topological defects in the director field, and in Fig.~\ref{fig:flow-aligning}(c) we show that the average number of defects starts to decrease at the onset of laning. A similar decrease in the defect number has been seen for isotropic friction~\cite{Doostmohammadi2016}. The defects are responsible for generating flows along $x$, and their number dropping to zero coincides with perfect laning: flows only along the $y$-axis (Fig.~\ref{fig:Laning}(f)). Moreover the $+1/2$ defects orient more strongly in the $y$-direction with increasing friction (Fig.~\ref{fig:flow-aligning}(d)) because of less resistance to their self-propulsion along $y$. Similar alignment is observed for one of the three arms of the $-1/2$ defects. The preferential alignment of motile defects to the direction of lower friction has recently been reported in \cite{Pearce2019friction}, but since that work focused on the flow-tumbling regime, no laning state was observed.

A defining feature of the laning state is diagonally-aligned nematic domains separated by straight splay-bend walls (Fig.~\ref{fig:Laning}(c),(f)). The existence of these structures is highlighted with the splay-bend order parameter $S_\text{Splay-Bend} = \partial_i \partial_j Q_{ij}$ \cite{vcopar2013}. This configuration can be explained in terms of the director response to activity-induced flows in the presence of anisotropic friction.
Stresses associated with director gradients at the splay-bend walls drive antiparallel flow lanes. Within the lanes, the director responds to the extensional part of the flow and aligns at a particular orientation with respect to the shear following the Leslie angle which is $\theta_L\approx \pm 0.41$ for $\lambda=0.7$ \cite{Voituriez2005}. We conjecture that this could allow the extraction of the flow-aligning parameter from experimental active systems. The elastic interactions favour nematic alignment, and hence a uniform shear (Fig.~\ref{fig:Laning}(g),(h)). Similar director and flow profiles are seen at the onset of flow in confined active nematics \cite{Voituriez2005, Marenduzzo2007}.

Experimentally, a laning state has been reported in two-dimensional microtubule-kinesin mixtures in contact with a passive liquid crystal~\cite{Guillamat16}.
When the passive liquid crystal is in a smectic-A phase, a magnetic field can be used to align it such that the normal to the smectic layers lies parallel to the active nematic.
The passive liquid crystal flows much more easily along the smectic layers than perpendicular to them.
Consequently, the frictional damping of the active nematic layer, due to the neighbouring smectic, is anisotropic~\cite{lubensky1996hydrodynamics} and lanes form along the easy direction, parallel to the smectic layers.
It is interesting to observe that, at least in these experiments, the active material is behaving as a flow-aligning nematic as we show in the next section that lowering the flow aligning parameter dramatically changes the behaviour of an active nematic system in the presence of anisotropic friction and destroys the laning state.

Figure 3 concentrates on an intermediate friction value $f_x=0.015$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:Laning}(b),(e)) that corresponds to a laning state, which is periodically disturbed by defect formation as seen in the experiments~\cite{Guillamat16}. At this friction the spacing between the lanes $L$ scales inversely with the square root of activity $\zeta^{-0.5}$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:Investigate_Laning}(a)), which is typically found in active hydrodynamic instabilities resulting in the formation of walls~\cite{thampi2014EPL}. Increasing the active stress also results in an increase in the overall speed of active material along the lanes. The anisotropic friction suppresses the secondary lateral instability of the walls~\cite{blow2014}, by hampering deformations and flows perpendicular to the walls. This results in stabilisation of the laminar flow as long-lived lanes. In agreement with the experimental observations~\cite{Guillamat16}, unzipping of the walls is still sometimes observed as, for this friction value, defects are continuously created and annihilated within the lanes. However, due to the suppression of the secondary instability, the walls are not destroyed. The frequency of this defect creation instability scales with the activity $\zeta$ and results in fluctuations in the speed of the lanes (Fig.~\ref{fig:Investigate_Laning}(c)), which is consistent with the experimental measurements of the fluctuations in the speed and the frequency of these fluctuations~\cite{Guillamat16}. However, in our system, as previously remarked, further increasing the friction will suppress the formation of these defects and result in the system getting stuck in a state where the spacing between lanes is sporadic.

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{Fig_3_final2_v3.eps}
\caption{
\textbf{Varying the flow aligning parameter.}
(a) The reduced velocity difference $U$ as a function of the flow aligning parameter with rms-velocity in the inset.
(b) Average number of defects as a function of the flow aligning parameter. The dashed red line in (a)-(b) indicates the effective flow aligning parameter $ 9q/(3q+4)\approx0.47$ transition point, corresponding to the crossover from flow-tumbling to flow-aligning behaviour.
(c) Orientation of the nematic director relative to the easy flow axis for different flow aligning parameters.
(d) Histograms of the defect orientation for different flow aligning parameters. For large flow aligning parameters defects move mostly along $y$, but for smaller flow aligning parameters additional peaks appear around $\theta \sim \pm0.2\pi$.
}
\label{fig:vary_tumbling}
\end{figure*}

In addition to observing a similar qualitative behaviour as in the experiments, the quantitative measurements of the spacing between the lanes, the velocities within the lanes, and the frequency of the periodic instabilities within the lanes, allows us to map the activity coefficient $\zeta$ to the ATP concentrations used in the experiments. To this end, we define a dimensionless parameter based on the measurements of the speed, frequency and the length scale associated with the spacing between the lanes: $\Lambda = \left({\text {Speed}}/{\text {Freq}}\right) ^2/ L^2$. It is expected that the activity coefficient is proportional to the chemical potential of ATP hydrolysis $\zeta\propto {\text{ln(ATP)}}$. As such comparing the dimensionless number $\Lambda$ extracted from the experiments as a function of ${\text{ln(ATP)}}$ with that from the simulations for different values of activity $\zeta$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:Investigate_Laning}(d)) results in a direct mapping of the activity coefficient to the ATP concentrations used in the experiments~\cite{Guillamat16}.

\section{The flow tumbling regime}

The crossover from flow-aligning to flow-tumbling should occur at an effective flow aligning parameter  $9q/(3q+4)\approx0.47$~\cite{BerisBook}. This definition depends on the value of the nematic order $q$. For high activity systems, $q$ increases
from its equilibrium value~\cite{thampi2015}. As a result, the transition from flow-aligning to flow-tumbling, does not occur exactly at the calculated equilibrium parameter in Fig. \ref{fig:vary_tumbling}(a,b), but at a slightly higher flow-aligning value. In the flow-tumbling regime, the director rotates in a shear flow and therefore the laning state is expected to be unstable. To investigate this, we fix the friction to $f_x=0.1$ and the activity to $\zeta=0.06$ (well within the laning regime), while we reduce the flow aligning parameter. As evident in Fig.~\ref{fig:vary_tumbling}, both the velocity difference $U$ and the rms-velocity $u_\text{rms}$ decrease as the flow aligning parameter is reduced (Fig. \ref{fig:vary_tumbling}(a)), while the number of topological defects increases from its zero value in the laning state (Fig. \ref{fig:vary_tumbling}(b)). The director moves away from the Leslie angle to a more isotropic distribution, but with the expected preference for the easy flow axis (Fig. \ref{fig:vary_tumbling}(c)).

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{Fig_4_final2_v3.eps}
\caption{
\textbf{Flow-tumbling regime.}
(a) The reduced velocity difference $U$ as a function of the friction with rms-velocity in the inset. Velocity difference $U$ increases with increasing friction until the friction becomes so strong that any flow is suppressed in the system, and the reduced velocity difference becomes ill-defined.
(b) Average number of defects as a function of the friction.
(c) Orientation of the nematic director relative to the easy flow axis for different frictions.
(d) Histograms of the $+1/2$ defect angle for different frictions. At large friction, the defects start moving preferentially at a given angle with respect to the easy flow axis, which is illustrated by peaks forming at different positions.
}
    \label{fig:tumbling}
\end{figure*}

An interesting change in the behaviour of the system with decreasing flow alignment parameter is observed in the angular distribution of the motile $+1/2$ defects (Fig. \ref{fig:vary_tumbling}(d)). We showed that for large flow aligning parameters, where the system is in the flow-aligning regime and the laning state is established, the defects are mostly oriented along the easy flow axis. This is marked by a single peak in the defect angle distribution (Fig.~\ref{fig:vary_tumbling}(d); {\it black solid line}). However, as the flow aligning parameter is reduced, two additional peaks appear in the histogram. These correspond to defects moving at some angle with respect to the $y$-axis. At yet smaller flow aligning parameters, where the reorientation of the director is predominantly controlled by the rotational part of the flow gradient, any preference for moving along the $y$-axis disappears, and only two peaks remain (Fig.~\ref{fig:vary_tumbling}(d); {\it red, blue solid lines}). This occurs when flows in $x$-direction are dissipated quickly, strongly suppressing self-motility of $+1/2$ defects along $x$. At the same time, the flow-tumbling behaviour of the active nematic means that the $+1/2$ defect aligned along $y$ wants to rotate. These two counterbalancing effects lead to a state where defects travel at a preferred angle with respect to the $y$-axis.

In order to further check the behaviour of the active material in the flow-tumbling regime, we next fix the flow aligning parameter to $\lambda=0.3$, the activity to $\zeta=0.06$, and vary the friction. The rms velocity steadily decreases with the increase in friction (Fig.~\ref{fig:tumbling}(a)) and, after an initial increase, the number of topological defects falls to zero (Fig.~\ref{fig:tumbling}(b)). The reduced velocity difference $U$ increases initially, but then starts to drop down and eventually becomes ill-defined as the rms velocity goes to zero. The director field gradually develops a preference for the easy flow direction until, for sufficiently strong friction, tumbling is suppressed and nematic alignment is imposed by the flow (Fig.~\ref{fig:tumbling}(c)). Fig.~\ref{fig:tumbling}(d) shows the orientation of the defects as a function of friction. Again for higher frictions the two-peak structure is clearly visible. For lower frictions the self-propulsion defect velocity dominates and they tend to move along the easy flow axis.

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{Fig_5_final2_v3.eps}
\caption{
\textbf{Bound defect pairs at low activities.}
(a)-(c) Snapshots of different bound defect states at different activities: (a) $\zeta=0.0175$, (b) $\zeta=0.0275$ and (c) $\zeta=0.0375$. Friction is $f_x=0.3$.  White lines denote the orientation of $+1/2$ defects and purple trefoils denote the $-1/2$ defects (see also Movies 5-7).
(d) Simulation results showing the propagation of a defect pair with time. Red (blue) arrows show the $+1/2$ defect velocity direction (orientation). Purple trefoils denote the $-1/2$ defects. Simulation values are $\zeta=0.04$ and $f_x=0.5$. Snapshots are taken at times 0, 1700, 1800 and 2000 (see also Movie 8).
(e) Histogram of the defect angles for different frictions. For higher frictions the system spontaneously breaks the symmetry with the scars in the nematic ordering between the defects preferring either a clockwise or an anticlockwise angle with respect to the easy flow axis.
(f) The length of scars. This is calculated by calculating the area where the bend-splay order parameter $S_{Splay-Bend}<-0.01$ and then dividing by the number of defect pairs.
\label{fig:scarring}}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{Fig_6_final2_v2.eps}
\caption{\textbf{Wind roses of the different states.}
The $+1/2$ defect orientation and its mismatch with the velocity orientation at the defect core (color map)  for (a) small friction anisotropy,
(b) just at the onset of the laning state,
(c) for the stable laning state,
(d) within the tumbling regime, and
(e) for scarring state.
(f) Schematic showing the quantities of interest for the measurements in (a)-(e).     \label{fig:roses}}
\end{figure*}

\section{A state of bound defect pairs}

If the activity is lowered further within the tumbling regime a new feature appears in the defect dynamics (Fig.~\ref{fig:scarring}(a)-(c) and Movies 5-7). There is a breaking of the mirror symmetry and only one preferred angle is observed (Fig.~\ref{fig:scarring}(e); {\it green, black and purple lines}).
In order to better understand how this mirror symmetry-breaking mechanism works, we next focus on the high friction regime and very small activities such that only a few defects are created within the director field and their dynamics can be closely monitored (Fig.~\ref{fig:scarring}(d) and Movie 8). Upon nucleation of defect pairs - along the direction with lower friction ($y$-direction) - the defects initially move away from each other, trying to unbind. However, the activity is too weak to overcome the elastic attraction and the defect pair remains bound. At the same time, since the system is in the flow-tumbling regime, the defects slightly rotate relative to each other, so that the line of director distortions in between the defects is no longer along the $y$-direction. The bound defect pair starts moving as a single object at an angle with respect to the $y$-direction, with the $+1/2$ defect dragging the $-1/2$ defect behind. The director distortions between the defects appear as `scars' on the background nematic ordering (Fig.~\ref{fig:scarring}(a)-(c)).

With time an additional pair can be nucleated at a scar, with the new $+1/2$ defect annihilating the original $-1/2$ defect, and the new $-1/2$ defect binding to the original $+1/2$ defect. Increasing activity leads to a larger number of defect nucleation events and shorter distances between the defects in a bound pair (Fig.~\ref{fig:scarring}((a)-(c),(f)). The scarred defects are descendants of an original defect pair, and due to the frictional damping, they retain the original orientation after creation. This results in the scars tending to point in the same direction over long time scales. The scar dynamics is reminiscent of the polar ordering of $+1/2$ topological defects that was observed in a study of over-damped active nematics with broken Galilean invariance~\cite{putzig16}.

\section{Discussion}

The results presented in this paper demonstrate the important interplay between the flow-aligning behaviour of active particles and anisotropy in hydrodynamic screening. By varying the flow aligning parameter from flow-aligning to flow-tumbling, we are able to consolidate different observations of active nematic behaviour in anisotropic environments including the laning state in the flow-aligning regime and preferential alignment of $+1/2$ defects in the flow-tumbling regime. Moreover, when the nematic is flow-tumbling, and at low activities, we identify long-lived and motile bound defect pairs that spawn new pairs and that appear as scar-like distortions within the otherwise aligned nematic.

In order to more clearly summarise and distinguish the different behaviours observed, we generate wind rose plots of $+1/2$ defect alignment with respect to the direction with lower friction and coloured by the angular mismatch between the alignment of the $+1/2$ defect and the direction in which it moves (Fig.~\ref{fig:roses}). In the absence of any friction anisotropy, the angular distribution would be uniform and the $+1/2$ defects self-propel along their direction of alignment (mismatch angle will be identical to zero) regardless of the flow aligning parameter.

Let us begin with the flow-aligning case and increasing friction: at low friction (Fig.~\ref{fig:roses}(a)) the angular distribution of $+1/2$ defects is uniform as expected, but due to the active turbulent flows there is the possibility of mismatch between a defect's orientation and its velocity. This starts to change as the friction anisotropy is increased, such that at the onset of lane formation (Fig.~\ref{fig:roses}(b)), defects show a higher tendency to be aligned along the easy flow axis, and they predominantly move along this direction. Deep into the laning state (Fig.~\ref{fig:roses}(c)) the majority of $+1/2$ defects align along the easy flow axis, and any mismatch between their orientation and their velocity is greatly diminished. There is also a small number of defects pointing perpendicular to the easy flow axis. These are defects just after nucleation events, where wall formation results in their orientation being perpendicular to the easy flow axis. However, due to the large velocity gradients in between the lanes, these defects rapidly turn to align with the easy flow axis.

A different behaviour of the active defects is observed in the flow-tumbling regime ({\it bottom row in} Fig.~\ref{fig:roses}): At low friction anisotropy and high activity the $+1/2$ defects predominantly align and move along the easy flow axis and two other preferred directions (Fig.~\ref{fig:roses}(d)). This is consistent with the behaviour reported in \cite{Pearce2019friction} and is due to the balance of the friction anisotropy trying to reorient defects along the easy flow axis with the flow-tumbling behaviour. Increasing the friction anisotropy and reducing activity dramatically changes this picture (Fig.~\ref{fig:roses}(e)): The $+1/2$ defects align predominantly away from the easy flow axis, but move at an angle that has a large mismatch with their alignment, creating the scarring state introduced in the previous section.

It is noteworthy that we do not observe a similar laning behaviour for contractile active nematics as the splay deformations that form at the centre of the lanes are unstable for contractile stresses. On the other hand, the possible reverse case of the stabilization of bend at the centre of the lanes does not work since this would result in the situation that the nematic director and the velocity orientation are perpendicularly orientated, which is not stable due to the flow-aligning effect. Therefore, in the contractile case, we retain the active chaotic flows with increasing anisotropic friction. The defects become more aligned, similar to the results found in~\cite{Pearce2019friction}, until the flows are completely killed due to very high frictional damping.

\section{Conclusions}
We have numerically investigated the impact of anisotropic hydrodynamic screening on the behaviour of active nematics by imposing anisotropic friction between an active nematic and its surroundings. We find that competing effects between the torques induced by frictional anisotropy and the flow-induced torques result in dynamics that are strongly sensitive to the flow aligning parameter that characterises the aspect ratio of elongated particles. At high values of the flow aligning parameter, where the orientation of particles is predominantly affected by the extensional flows, we recover and explain the laning state previously reported in microtubule-motor protein mixtures in contact with a smectic liquid crystal~\cite{Guillamat16}. From this, we have shown that it would be possible to extract the flow aligning parameter and get an estimate of the corresponding active stresses from experimental data. As the alignment parameter is reduced to values corresponding to the flow tumbling regime, in which rotational flows predominantly determine particle orientations, we observe a dramatic change in the flow patterns. The laning state disappears and the self-propelled $+1/2$ defects align along specific orientations relative to the direction of the friction anisotropy. Furthermore, at low flow aligning parameter values and small activities, we find a peculiar arrangement of topological defect pairs, where bound $\pm 1/2$ topological defects navigate through the otherwise aligned active nematic, breaking the mirror-symmetry of the system and creating scar-like distortions in the director field. In addition to confirming the mechanism of previous experimental observations, our work could motivate new sets of experiments exploring the effects of the flow aligning parameter on the patterns of motion in active nematic materials as our results showcase that the flow aligningparameter results in distinct behaviours associated with flow-tumbling or flow-aligning behaviour.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Lubiss the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 722497 for K.T. and DiStruc Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 641839 for L.M. Additionally, A.D acknowledges support from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant agreement No. NNF18SA0035142).
\section{References}

\bibliographystyle{apsrev4-1}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Home News Apple to Fix iPhone 7 Units Affected by The 'No Service' Issue...
Apple to Fix iPhone 7 Units Affected by The 'No Service' Issue for Free
Apple has initiated a free repair program for iPhone 7 units that are reportedly displaying a "No Service" message in the status bar even when cellular networks are available. According to the company, it's a hardware flaw that's stemming from a faulty logic board component but is only affecting a small percentage of devices manufactured between Sept. 2016 and Feb. 2018. The company is offering to repair affected devices for free at its official service centers, or reimburse customers for repair charges already incurred.
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Pixie Lott: Bio, Height, Weight, Measurements
Pixie Lott is an English singer, songwriter and actress. In June 2009, Lott released her debut single 'Mama Do (Uh Oh, Uh Oh)' which achieved remarkable success, reaching the number one spot in the UK Singles Chart. Her second single, "Boys and Girls", also hit the UK Singles Chart in September 2009. Her debut album, Turn it Up, peaked at number six on the UK Albums Chart. It also received the certification of 2x Platinum in Britain. She played Judy, Fred Figglehorn's love interest, in the movie Fred: The Movie, starring alongside Lucas Cruikshank. Born Victoria Louise Lott on January 12, 1991 in Bromley, London, England to Beverley and Stephen Lott, she is of partial Italian descent. She began singing in her church school and when she was five she went to the Italia Conti Associates Saturday school in Chislehurst. She awarded a scholarship to train at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts when she was eleven years old. She has been in a long term relationship with model Oliver Cheshire; they became engaged in November of 2016.
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Birth Place: Bromley, London, England, UK
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Enright, W.J. "The Language, Weapons and Manufactures of the Aborigines of Port Stephens, N.S.W." in Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales for 1900. Vol. XXXIV Sydney: The Society pp. 103 - 118.
Article entitled "The Aborigines of Port Stephens" from the Newcastle Morning Herald & Miners Advocate, 14th November 1900 p.8.
Article entitled "Aborignes' (sic) Mission - A Missionary From Newcastle" from the Newcastle Morning Herald & Miners Advocate, 11th April 1905.
The Cyclopedia of N.S.W. (illustrated) : an historical and commercial review, descriptive and biographical, facts, figures and illustrations ; an epitome of progress. Sydney: McCarron, Stewart & Co., 1907. Excerpt N4-N5 recounts story of 1799 conflict between Aborigines and crews of colliers reported to Governor Hunter, who sent Mr A. Hacking to investigate.
McKiernan, Bernard. "Some notes on the Aborigines of the Lower Hunter River, New South Wales" in Anthropos Vol. 6 (1911): pp. 885 - 892.
Article entitled "Early Newcastle Cemetery - Borough Market Site" from the Newcastle Morning Herald & Miners Advocate, 11th November 1915 p.6.
Article entitled "Early Burial Place - Borough Market Site" from the Newcastle Morning Herald & Miners Advocate, 13th November 1915 p.3.
Etheridge Jnr, R. The Dendroglyphs, or "Carved Trees" of New South Wales. Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, 1918.
Part 3 Teleteglyphs, or Bora-Trees.
Cambage, R.H. and Selkirk, Henry "Early Drawings of an Aboriginal Ceremonial Ground." in Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales for 1920. Vol. LIV Sydney: The Society pp. 74 – 78.
Doyle, Martin. "Aboriginal Place Names" from the Newcastle Morning Herald, 24th March 1923 p.11.
Enright,W.J. 'Notes on an Aboriginal Stone Axe discovered in West Maitland, NSW', Pan-Pacific Congress (Australia), Proceedings 1 (1923): 269-70.
Hall, Lesley D. "Some Aboriginal Flakes from Morna Point, New South Wales." in Records of the Australian Museum Vol. XVI No.5 (Sydney May 29th 1928).
Bennett, Gordon. The earliest inhabitants : Aboriginal tribes of the district : the blacks of Dungog, Port Stephens and Gresford.
Enright, W.J. "The Kattang (Kutthung) or Worimi: An Aboriginal Tribe" in Mankind 1:4 (March 1932): 75-77.
Thorpe, W.W. "The 'Elouera'" in Mankind (March 1932):88.
Enright, W.J. "An Old Aboriginal Paddle" in Mankind 1:5 (Aug 1932):103.
Articles relating to the death of W.W. Thorpe including "The Late W.W. Thorpe", "An Appreciation" by William Walford Thorpe and "The Closing Chapter of Mr Thorpe's Life" by Essie Roughley in Mankind 1:6 (Dec 1932): 133 - 135.
Walton, W.J. "An Aboriginal Devil Rock" in Mankind 1:6 (Dec 1932): 140 - 141.
Enright, W.J. "Further Notes on the Worimi" in Mankind (Aug 1933):161 – 162.
Goddard, R.H. "Notes on Certain Massive Flaked Implements Found in the Port Stephens District." in Mankind 1:8 (Jan 1934):191 – 193.
White, H. O'Sullivan (Ed. W.J. Enright) "Some Recollections of the Aborigines of New South Wales in the Years 1848, 1849 and 1850" in Mankind (May 1934):223- 227.
Enright, W.J. "Aboriginal Rock Paintings at Wollombi" in Mankind 1:10 (Oct 1934):234 - 235.
Article entitled "Skull and Bones Church-street Discovery Probably Aboriginal" from the Newcastle Morning Herald, 15th May 1935 p.6.
Enright, W.J. "Distribution of Merewether Chert" in Mankind 1:12 (Dec. 1935): 8.
Enright, W.J. "The Worimi Tribe" in Newcastle and Hunter District Historical Society Journal and Proceedings. Vol.1 Pt.1 (1936): 85-89.
Enright, W.J. "Aboriginal Axe Factory" in Mankind 2:1 (Apr. 1936): 23.
Certain observations of Aboriginal rock-carvings in the Wollombi district/ by R.H. Goddard. Interpretation of the drawings at Burragurra and Yango / by Frederic Slater Auckland Meeting 14th January 1937.
Article entitled "Aboriginal Relics Need for Legislation Anthropologists' Plea " from the Newcastle Morning Herald, 19th March 1937 p.15.
Article entitled "Human Skeletons Unearthed on Gold Links Probably Female Aborigines" from the Newcastle Morning Herald, 4th June 1937 p.12.
Enright, W.J. "Notes on the Aborigines of the North Coast of New South Wales." in Mankind 2:4 (June 1937): 88-91.


text:
| Sputnikmusic
Essential: Industrial albums
By DrGonzo1937 Saturday January 8, 2022
When you look at industrial as a genre, I don't think it has an equal in terms of just how broad, vague and elusive it can be. On the one hand, the sounds pertaining to industrial are tangible, distinct, and inimitable; on the other hand, the genre has fragmented and infected so many other styles of music over the years, it gets to the point now where you wonder what prerequisites are required to even make an "authentic" industrial record anymore – if there is such a thing. I recently gave Skinny Puppy's magnum opus Last Rights a spin; the jam had such a lasting felicity, it made me want to go through some of my favourite industrial albums again. After all, as some of you may well know, the genre is somewhat of a staple of mine, albeit one I tend to overlook these days – which is a shame, because in recent years, incidental or otherwise, industrial has been getting a resurgence that's creeping back into the stratosphere (mainstream or otherwise) again. Bands and artists from all walks of life are implementing industrial's cold, sterile drum snaps and dystopian electronic backdrops into their own styles of music – styles of music as far-reaching as pop, or the deepest crevasses of metal's underbelly. So, if you're new to this genre and you want some of my essential recommendations (for whatever they're worth), grab a coffee and dive into the disparate world of industrial with the Doctor.
Throbbing Gristle – The Second Annual Report (1977)
It's up for debate, but Throbbing Gristle's debut album is considered to be the birth of the industrial genre. As such, it seems somewhat appropriate to start the list off here. This album should come with a disclaimer: because of how explicit and irreverent The Second Annual Report is, it won't be for everybody. Released in the same year as Sex Pistols' Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols, Throbbing Gristle had the controversial limelight taken away from them due to Sex Pistols', I suspect, gaudy, impertinent attitude and ugly image. And yet, compare Never Mind the Bollocks… with today's standards and Sex Pistols' debut feels somewhat flat and juvenile in comparison; stack The Second Annual Report up with today's climate however, and it's just as repugnant, disturbing, and disgusting as I imagine it would have been for someone listening to it forty-five years ago. It's hard to really pinpoint where the horror starts and stops with this LP – the whole record seems to emit a misanthropic disposition from the very beginning. It's the groundwork for the album, and the songwriting and compositional decisions bring these themes of horror to life, but this level of inaccessibility indefinitely makes up the framework for industrial's ugly and antisocial tropes for future generations.
Sounds like: A minimalistic experimental nightmare, using minacious electronic soundscapes that scuttle and creep around before subtly imbedding themselves into your subconscious, so they can give you bad dreams for the rest of your life.
Marilyn Manson – Antichrist Superstar (1996)
Manson has always utilised industrial elements for his albums, but Antichrist Superstar feels more in line with the traditional representation of the industrial [metal] sound. Antichrist Superstar is a surprisingly deep experience that deserves a handful of attentive listens before giving out a final verdict. It's a dour journey filled with very little melody, outside of the first third of the record. The end result is one not too dissimilar to Nine Inch Nails' The Downward Spiral (which isn't too hard to imagine, since Trent Reznor produced Antichrist Superstar), in that it descends into madness the further you go down the rabbit hole. It's not the most refined chapter in Manson's discography, but that's what makes it so different and engaging from the rest of his discography.
Sounds like: Broiling dissonance, using abrasive industrial metal elements with a punk-like execution, via rough takes and simple compositions that emit incalculable amounts of energy.
Fractured – Only Human Remains (2005)
Firstly, this Canadian-based band is depressingly underappreciated and largely forgotten about, bar the enthusiastic elite that keep the torch burning. They were never quite able to reach the apex of their potential like they should have, or indeed able to garner the crowds that were justly deserved of Fractured's talents. It's a damn shame honestly, since Only Human Remains is an incredible artistic achievement. Clocking in at just under one hour, the record gives the listener a truly unique experience that melds EBM and industrial with a peculiar handling and expertise. It juxtaposes serene beauty with an underbelly of grotesque decay, with each track serving up a multifaceted puzzle that puts you in the thick of it. Only Human Remains creates a lugubrious and cold world filled with broken pockets of light, and its idiosyncratic methods warrant barrel loads of adulation.
Sounds like: Only Human Remains is a cross between moody, crunchy industrial thuds and body-shaking EBM, with the final product being executed in an almost soundtrack-esque, narrative-driven way. Really unique stuff.
HEALTH – Vol.4 :: Slaves of Fear (2019)
The L.A. noise-rock outfit created a true watershed moment with their fourth full-length album Vol.4 :: Slaves of Fear, back in 2019. Showing no signs of moving onto the industrial battleground prior to this album, Vol.4 :: Slaves of Fear is an incredibly versatile offering that uses big industrial electronics, whilst staying true to the band's core selling points. Make no mistake; the band might be better known for their structureless noise rock, but Vol.4 :: Slaves of Fear whole-heartedly embraces the genre's dystopian electronics and melds them with chugging metal guitars in a way that feels completely organic to everything they'd worked towards up to that point. The album hears Jake's benign vocals delicately layered on top of a landmass of metallic, war-ravaged wreckage, and the results are simply genius.
Sounds like: Vol.4 :: Slaves of Fear sounds like an A-bomb hitting the ground, with a musician riding on the back of it singing the most beautiful melodies before dissolving into the blast.
Kanga – You and I Will Never Die (2021)
Kanga carries the proverbial industrial torch into the contemporary era, using some of industrial's most glorious tropes to create something distinctly hers. Like Vol.4 :: Slaves of Fear, it's not necessarily a traditional industrial experience, but as we are seeing in recent years, it's the type of album that certainly has the genre at its framework so it can introduce other elements to spice things up. This is because, generally speaking, industrial sounds extremely detached and oppressive; thus, Kanga uses her gorgeous vocals to colligate these two opposing things together. Ultimately, You and I Will Never Die is a very accessible and enjoyable record when compared to most trad-industrial records, so this may well be a good starting point for those seeking to get into the sound.
Sounds like: A well-balanced amalgamation of synthwave, pop, and NIN-styled industrial.
3TEETH
3TEETH – Shutdown.exe (2017)
3TEETH have always held an overt reverence for the industrial pantheon. I've always respected their clear inspirations – in spite of those inspirations being a double-edged sword at times – and their love for the genre. Shutdown.exe, thus far, is the band's best album. It's a hard-hitting industrial record that displays all of the great qualities the genre has to offer music lovers, but it's also the only album so far to show real ambition. Shutdown.exe has all of the hallmarks of a great industrial album, but at times it can be one of the heaviest albums of the '10s, having one of the most face-melting album openers ever devised by man. In short; it's an ambitious project that brings as much metal to the table as it does industrial, and the results are pretty unique at times.
Sounds like: A cauldron filled with Rob Zombie, Frontline Assembly, and Ministry, as well as a small, much-needed, injection of their own identity.
Ministry – Psalm 69 (1992)
I'll be honest in saying, I'm not the biggest Ministry fan out there. Psalm 69 is what I'd call their anomaly album, albeit a really seminal piece of work that blends industrial and thrash in a way that doesn't work out as well for their proceeding efforts. Out of all the albums on this list, Psalm 69 is one of the most influential in terms of its colossal impact, and how it changed the environment after its release. It's easy to see Psalm 69 as being a true benchmark record, allowing bands like Rammstein to build upon the framework this album helped design.
Sounds like: Psalm 69 is thrash-meets-industrial, and is responsible for numerous household names like Fear Factory and Rammstein reaching for the stars with their classic records shortly after Psalm 69's release. It's fast, it's despondent, and it deserves your attention.
Combichrist – This is Where Death Begins (2016)
This pick is shrouded in contention and might well cause some of you to strip me of what little credibility I ever had. However, this album will be six years old in 2022, yet it still has the same allure it had when I first heard and reviewed it all those years ago. Combichrist is an established electronic brand, better known for crafting fantastic EBM, power noise, and techno songs. This is Where Death Begins, however, gave the status quo a shake-up and went all in as an industrial metal album. The thing is, as an industrial metal album it works. This is Where Death Begins is heavy, catchy, and resides closer to a Marilyn Manson album from the early '00s than a grimy underground dance record its hardcore fanbase were yearning for. It still has plenty of Combichrist's electronic experimentation in there, it's just that This is Where Death Begins focuses more on concise industrial metal boppers with commercial viability in mind than anything Andy was known for in the past.
Sounds like: Generic industrial metal with Combichrist's personality in it, bringing these industrial derivatives to life in a different way.
Freakangel
Freakangel – Let It All End (2012)
Let It All End is a good, solid electronic album that integrates industrial and EBM with death metal in a way that's deeply gratifying. It's a pretty incisive album that has very little fat on it, making it easy to go back to. It might not have the importance of Psalm 69 or The Second Annual Report, but as its own thing Let It All End executes its ideas very competently.
Sounds like: A cross between early Marilyn Manson and Psyclon Nine, with an EBM backdrop.
Eisbrecher – Schock (2015)
It's so hard listening to a German industrial metal band and not being reminded of how most bands of this style sound like Rammstein. Thankfully for Eisbrecher, they manage to overcome this, frankly, insulting comparison. That's because they manage to integrate a lot of their own identity into their industrial metal music. All of their albums are solid, but Schock is just a very wholesome, well-rounded album filled with big choruses and tight compositions.
Sounds like: Rammstein, but with a lot of juicy melodies to sink your teeth into, and some really interesting songwriting ideas that distinguish it from its peers.
Rammstein – Reise, Reise (2004)
Picking a favourite Rammstein album is like picking a favourite child for me. They've never made a bad album hitherto, and every one of their albums brings a new and exciting sound to the table. Reise, Reise is what I'd call their most refined work to date. It takes Mutter's incredible template and gives it punctilious, minute alterations to deliver the most near-perfect experience of their career. This album is filled with cover-to-cover bangers that represent the essence of the band. Similarly, they created one of the best industrial metal albums for the new millennium. While their earlier works stick close to the industrial ethos, Mutter and onwards focuses on accessibility and all the hooks and melodies that go with it. As such, maybe Sehnsucht is deservedly meant to be on this list for its more reliable fidelity to the genre, but the crisp perfection of Reise, Reise can't be overlooked, and neither can its importance to industrial metal.
Sounds like: The quintessential industrial metal sound.
Skinny Puppy – Last Rights (1992)
Last Rights hates you as much as the band hated making it. To make a succinct remark on this album would be to say it's a kernel of chaos and hatred – the critical traits of a trad-industrial album. Last Rights subverts expectations to quite a degree; starting off with a string of traditional Skinny Puppy tunes (which are incredible by the way), the album slowly decays and spirals into utter madness. Skinny Puppy are a really important band who helped push the genre into great places, and with that, it's challenging to pick an album to better suit this list, but the album's daring lust for adventure is matched by nothing else. The album's like an audible allegory for the broken communication within the band at the time of writing, which would evidently go on to break up the band for a spell after its release. If you've got the minerals to stick this one out, its rewards will have been worth it. If you want streamlined Skinny Puppy in their prime, check out their 1990 classic, Too Dark Park instead. Either way, you'll be getting some of the best industrial music out there.
Sounds like: You're in a mechanical hell.
Dawn of Ashes
Dawn of Ashes – The Antinomian (2020)
A contemporary near-masterpiece that caught me by surprise at the time of its release. Dawn of Ashes' interpretation of the genre resides in it lending black metal influence – the results of which are surprisingly effective. Though Psyclon Nine does something similar, and a tiny bit better, The Antinomian feels very modern in practice. It doesn't have the flabby baggage a lot of industrial albums have, telling what it needs to with methodical precision, and the album overall can be downright brutal at times.
Sounds like: A pithy version of Suicide Commando with black metal influences.
Godflesh – Streetcleaner (1989)
The big one. Is there anything more iconic and pioneering than Justin Broadrick's vocal style? Like Psalm 69, its influence is immense. The UK-based Brummie duo entered the smog-filled arena with their very respectable self-titled EP in 1988, but would go on to decimate the competition with their 1989 debut masterpiece, Streetcleaner. If Throbbing Gristle is penned for formulating the electronic industrial style, Godflesh are regarded as the founding fathers of its mutated variant: industrial metal. Look at it this way: no Godflesh, no NIN etc, etc… They are that important. As an album, while their last album, Post Self comes damn close to this album's perfection, Streetcleaner is still unprecedented in so many ways. Its sound cannot be match, and Broadrick's one-worded barks are iconic. This is far from easy listening, but regardless, everyone needs to experience its oppressive hypnosis at least once.
Sounds like: You're in a factory with bombs going off in the background.
Rob Zombie – Hellbilly Deluxe (1998)
To leave White Zombie at the peak of their popularity to start a solo career, to many, was a fool's errand. Yet here we are, with Rob Zombie coming out of the gates in 1998 with his barnstorming classic debut LP. It's a moot point that any of his albums after this are worth a damn, but it's hard for many to contest Hellbilly Deluxe as being anything other than great or, at the very least, fun. Filled with all of his signature Creature Feature soundbites, the album is chock-full of tight, hook-infested industrial metal bangers that made him the household name he is today. In fact, it wouldn't be hyperbolic of me to say it was a game changer in terms of what it offered the genre. It not only put industrial metal into the mainstream consciousness, it helped promote Zombie's real passion: old horror movies. That's what gave Rob Zombie the distinction he needed from his peers; that blend of horror aesthetics with pop-laced industrial metal. A marriage made in heaven. Basically, if you don't like "Dragula", you don't have a soul.
Sounds like: A love letter to industrial metal and archaic horror movies.
Nine Inch Nails – Downward Spiral (1994)
I think one of the biggest drawing points to NIN's music around this time, was the fact Reznor poured every ounce of his being into his projects. Downward Spiral is the purest form of this – a record that oozes his own self-loathing, hatred, lust, and addictions. Its pacing is pitch perfect, the structure and narrative to Downward Spiral is spellbinding and engrossing. Ironically, when I was getting more into music, this was my introduction to NIN – having had the band pushed in my face, and this album incidentally, at every given turn – and I hated it. This is not an easy listen by any stretch of the imagination, so its adulation left me somewhat perplexed at the time. However, with perseverance, you'll come to understand Downward Spiral's greatness if you're more inclined to hearing more accessible music. Its intricate, sprawling tale will leave you perturbed, aghast, and intrigued, and that's the whole point. I will give this album one criticism though: Johnny Cash's version of "Hurt" is better.
Sounds like: The internal struggles of Trent Reznor.
Black Light Burns – Cruel Melody (2007)
Far from being my favourite BLB album, but it's the one that leaned heavily on industrial metal, thus the results leave it sitting on this list. Similar to Rob Zombie, Rammstein, and Combichrist, there's an effortlessness to enjoying these types of records. Wes Borland being known as the Riff Lord, you can bet your ass there are mountains of big riffs to be enjoyed here, however, Borland's vocals and ear for great melodies make it an utter joy to sit through as well.
Sounds like: Latter day NIN with massive riffs.
Psyclon Nine
Psyclon Nine – [Order of the Shadow: Act I] (2013)
I remember hearing this for the first time and being totally blown away by its menacing sound. Never had I heard such a combination of sounds coming together like [Order of the Shadow: Act I] had achieved. The album had that Marilyn Manson The Golden Age of Grotesque aesthetic to it, but Nero's Dani Filth-styled vocals created a truly unique and punishing experience. These tracks are so dense and multi-layered – so many things going on in them – it opened up boatloads of potential for revisits. And revisited I have, many times. The record's brutal precision is matched only by Nero's incredible talent for world-building. There's a palpable oppression present throughout [Order of the Shadow Act I]'s entirety, and the results are still as sharp now as they were then.
Sounds like: A flawless fever dream, filled with garish, nightmarish monsters.
Chelsea Wolfe
Chelsea Wolfe – Abyss (2015)
Industrial is hardly the focal point of Abyss, but while its influences are small in the conventional sense, the album's awareness for despair and futility are core characteristics for the genre. Abyss is a compilation of many styles, such as doom, darkwave, folk, and goth, but, as this list has pointed out over its course, it cherry-picks the best parts from the genre in question. Things like the drums on "Carrion Flowers" with their robotic simplicity and icy, effects-laced symbol hisses, or the dejected ambience and electronics that saturate the album's tracks. There's plenty here that makes the distinction a pertinent one. Regardless, this is a truly dark journey that is still my favourite Wolfe album to date.
Sounds like: Literally sounds like the cover conveys – Chelsea floating in the abyss.
Front Line Assembly
Front Line Assembly – Tactical Neural Implant (1992)
Front Line Assembly can be hit and miss at times; the band have a tendency to stretch their tracks out to needless, detrimental lengths. However, when the band get it right, they sound like nothing else. Tactical Neural Implant is one of those occasions. Leaning more towards melody on this 1992 album, the LP brings a distinct flair to the table, music that serves up all of that juicy EBM energy and plonks it front and centre. Surprisingly, Tactical Neural Implant doesn't sound all that bleak when compared to the band's other works – the album rides on a pretty vibrant tone, making it a good place to start if you're looking to get into these industrial titans' albums.
Sounds like: You're on a futuristic alien planet.
So, there we have it. In no particular order, these are some of my favourite albums from the genre. I kept the list to one album per band, and tried to highlight a couple of the less appreciated artists out there, in an attempt to bring their great work to potential new fans. If people enjoyed this list, I might do another addition with even more obscure numbers.
– Simon K.
DrGonzo1937
skinny puppy spurred this list on and rekindled my love for the genre. if people take to this, i might do more.
parksungjoon
quite the jump from gristle to godflesh
no love for coil, foetus, spk, einsturzende etc ?
the idea was to highlight the broad spectrum the genre inhabits, listing some of my favourites in the process.
like i say, if this is well received, we'll dive deeper into the rabbit hole.
although, i'd never heard of foetus until you said, so this is a good opportunity to expose each other to more great music from the genre.
btw Coil's Musick To Play In The Dark is a total slapper
List is in dire need of including "All The Way Down" from Dead When I Found Her.
Otherwise, great list and I need to listen to a lot of those already existing entries.
MiloRuggles
Yo, love this gonz! Nice work!
I ended up blazing the Coil/Nurse With Wound/weird shit path when I ran through industrial, looking forward to working through what I haven't heard from here
Great read! Will defo check out the stuff I haven't heard yet. I have blind trust in a fellow Godflesh enjoyer.
This is an awesome blog post. I'm not huge on industrial but I love Downward Spiral and Antichrist Superstar. I'll have to check others from this list.
love the bangers on Reise, Reise and You And I Will Never Die (and the 3-4 great songs on Abyss), yay!
still unfortunate that 90% of the internal struggles of Trent Reznor are indistinguishable from edgecred angst, but there's a fair bit here that I needed a good push to get round to; will have a proper start-to-finish read and hopefully Get There v soon
ddassault
"Confessions of a knife" from My Life With the Thrill Kill Kult is the biggest omission imo. Great list overall
I also would definitely pick
Coil - Horse Rotorvator
Suicide Commando - Stored Images
Wumpscut - Bunkertor 7
No Static-X?!
But still a nice list
"quite the jump from gristle to godflesh"
yea, gristle seems to be a token here. killing joke, nurse with wound, clock dva, spk, kmfdm, my life with the thrill kill cult are all absolutely essential.
insomniac15
Great albums here! Haven't listened to Fracture yet, but will do it asap.
There was an event created for Skinny Puppy somewhere in Germany and was labeled as farewell tour. Sigh... I hope I can catch them live before they call it quits.
GhandhiLion
This is bait
https://www.houseofblues.com/EventDetail?tmeventid=vv178Zp6GklhJ-6S&offerid=0
Excellent post. A lot of really good albums here. I did something similar way back in 2010:
https://www.sputnikmusic.com/list.php?memberid=252470&listid=37901
R6Rider
No Statiqbloom?
Thanks a lot for the kind words guys.
@ins
Awh, I didn't even know they were calling it quits! They haven't released an album for a while, have they? I'd definitely go to that if I could.
@willie
Cool list! I'm glad you picked too dark park for your puppy choice; it was a tough call haha
It's been almost a decade since Weapon was released. They haven't been too active since then either. It would be nice to have a farewell album from them.
bedpage01
The best free HD brazzers and bangbros videos are available on - https://www.bedpage.com/videos/
Man I used to listen to EBM like it was nobody's business back in the day. Hocico, C-Lekktor, all them cats
--Cool list! I'm glad you picked too dark park for your puppy choice; it was a tough call haha--
Too Dark Park is easily my favorite Skinny Puppy album followed by The Process.
BallsToTheWall
Lol no Cabaret Voltaire or Throbbing Gristle?
No Foetus or Coil? Booo
Or Cabaret Voltaire?
Too much industrial metal, not enough other industrial
coil was always my favorite
"Lol no Cabaret Voltaire or Throbbing Gristle?"
Did you actually look at the list?
"Too much industrial metal, not enough other industrial"
Maybe. But then, it's still a variety of different types of industrial metal. And again, this is a list of my favourite essentials. I could easily do another list with more elemental industrial choices. I might do one later on in the year.
is ' the new official format for blog comments?
accurate list, will we also get a rabbit hole list UwU?
*banger list actually
Flugmorph
great list, love seeing some more exposure for these classics
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This was my second lot of baking for the All About Dads round for Baking for Hospice.
My dad absolutely LOVED shortbread. I could never understand why. I mean, I like shortbread: you can't really beat it for its buttery crumbly goodness but it was never my first choice out of those Assorted Biscuits tins we used to always get for Christmas from relos. I'm all about the glamour cookies - the chocolate coated ones, the choc chippies, the ones with the creamy filling, the malt ones. But there was no other cookie as far as my Dad was concerned. It was shortbread or nothing. He could mow through whole bags of Farmbake shortbread all by himself. Even when he was staying at the hospice, a piece of shortbread dunked into a milo was his daily afternoon tea.
So seeing as the theme was All About Dads, I just had to bake shortbread. No two buts about it. I knew that a couple of other bakers were making shortbread for the B4H round (perks of doing the organising :P), so I thought I'd mix it up a little and make Matcha Green Tea Shortbread. I'd seen recipes for Matcha Sables or Green Tea shortbread doing the rounds on tastespotting and I just couldn't resist trying a batch myself.
I used the Matcha Sables recipe from Okashi Treats by Keiko Ishida that I found on the beautiful Evan's Kitchen Ramblings blog, which a number of blogs have raved about. I really like green tea ice cream and matcha mochi so the idea of a green tea flavoured shortbread cookie sounded pretty amazing. Matcha is the powdered form of green tea. I bought mine from the Japanese supermarket in Newmarket but I'm sure you can find it in other asian supermarkets too.
The recipe was, well, easy peasey japanesey. Pretty much everything in the bowl, chill, cut and bake. The colour of the cookies was gorgeous - a beautiful deep green colour. No food colouring needed, it was all the matcha!
Matcha powder is pretty expensive, around NZ$8 for a tiny wee tub and I used the whole cannister in this recipe. But I have to be totally honest, I wasn't a massive fan of the taste of the cookies. As with any tea, too much and it can be bitter. Perhaps I was a bit green (da dum chi) and used too much matcha powder, or my matcha powder as on the bitter side becuase the cookies were really, a bit too bitter for my liking. And the herbaceous flavour of green tea, which to me goes so well in ice cream and mochi, just didn't taste quite right in a buttery cookie.
Since matcha is so expensive I'm not sure I'd make these again but if you are a massive matcha fan you might want to give them a go. If I was to make these again, I would definitely put in less matcha powder and up the icing sugar. They are a really pretty olive green colour and would make pretty gifts for matcha fanatics!
1. Sift flour and matcha powder twice and set aside.
2. Cream butter, icing sugar and salt. Add egg yolks and vanilla and mix well.
3. Add flour/matcha mixture and fold in with a spatula. The dough will be quite crumbly. Line a bowl with a piece of plastic wrap big enough to hold the all the cookie mixture. Transfer mixture into the plastic wrap and wrap up. Chill in the fridge for around 15 minutes.
4. Divide the dough into two portions, wrap with plastic wrap and roll into two logs around 3 cm thick (squeezing the dough together will help it bind). Chill for a further 20-30 minutes.
5. Preheat the oven to 150oC. Line two baking trays with baking paper.
6. Cut the logs into slices around 1cm thick and place on the tray around 2cm apart. Bake one tray at a time for 20-25 minutes - try not to let them brown. Also make sure the try is cool before you put the next lot on...I usually hurry the process up by waving the cookie tray around like a fan to cool it off. While the cookies are baking, put about 1/4 cup icing sugar into a small bowl and set aside.
7. Cool on a wire rack until they are just cool enough to touch (but still warm) and coat in icing sugar in the bowl. Place cookies back on the wire rack to cool completely. Store in an airtight container.
lol about the glamour cookies. Me too. This a super idea to combine the matcha and shortbread. So pretty as well. You glamorized them with the color. Love them!
Gina Marie Vintage: Thanks Lora! I loved the colour...totally want a dress that colour!


text:
Lélection de l'Assemblée nationale constituante allemande, dite assemblée nationale de Weimar, eut lieu le . Il s'agissait des premières élections nationales depuis la Révolution allemande de 1918-1919 qui avait conduit à la chute de l'Empire. Ces élections avaient pour but la formation d'une Assemblée nationale constituante et le remplacement du Conseil des commissaires du peuple par un gouvernement ayant une légitimité démocratique. Ces élections ont été les premières, au niveau national, à utiliser le système proportionnel et à autoriser le vote des femmes. 37 femmes sont élues.

Elles portèrent au pouvoir une coalition entre le Parti social-démocrate (SPD), le Zentrum et le Parti démocrate (DDP).

Résultats

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Révolution allemande de 1918-1919
 Liste des membres de l'assemblée nationale de Weimar

Bibliographie
  Wahlen in der Weimarer Republik

1919
Allemagne
1919 en Allemagne
Janvier 1919

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