text:
\section{I. Introduction}

Perovskite manganites of the form $R_{1-x}A_x$MnO$_3$, where $R$ is a trivalent rare-earth cation and $A$ is a divalent alkaline-earth cation, are important systems for exploring the interplay of magnetic, electrical, lattice, and orbital degrees of freedom \cite{RamirezJPCM1997,RaveauRao1998}. La$_{1-x}$Ca$_x$MnO$_3$ has attracted particular attention \cite{SchifferPRL1995,EdwardsAP2002}. At half doping La$_{0.5}$Ca$_{0.5}$MnO$_3$ displays an antiferromagnetic ground state with CE-type charge and orbital order \cite{WollanPRW1955,GoodenoughPRW1955} that results in superlattice peaks with a $\vec{k}=(0.25, 0.25, 0)$ propagation vector. At lower doping the ground state is a ferromagnetic metal, and colossal magnetoresistance  (CMR) is observed at the combined ferromagnetic and metal-insulator phase transition. Double exchange alone is insufficient to explain the magnitude of the CMR effect \cite{MillisPRL1995}, with a role played by polarons in the insulating phase where Jahn-Teller interactions cause local CE-type distortions that trap charge carriers \cite{MillisPRL1996,MillisPRB1996}.

La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ displays a fairly significant CMR effect and evidence for both static \cite{AdamsPRL2000,DaiPRL2000} and dynamic~\cite{LynnPRB2007} polarons. Scattering near the $\vec{q}=(0.25, 0.25, 0)$ polaron position arises from correlated polarons and peaks near $T_c$. Diffuse scattering from uncorrelated polarons rises rapidly in intensity as the temperature approaches $T_c$ but remains constant at higher temperatures, suggesting that the number of polarons remains relatively constant above $T_c$ even while their correlations decrease at higher temperature. A polaron glass phase persists to 400~K. Ridges of quasielastic magnetic scattering \cite{HeltonPRB2012,HeltonPRB2014} associated with the magnetic part of diffuse polarons are only partially suppressed by a 10-T magnetic field, indicating that very large fields are needed to change the number of polarons near $T_c$. An optical Jahn-Teller phonon mode displays anomalous and increasing damping with increasing temperature and collapses above $T_c$~\cite{ZhangPRL2001}. La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$, with a higher transition temperature, displays a less pronounced CMR effect \cite{UrushibaPRB1995}, though there is evidence of significant structural distortions at $T_c$ \cite{LoucaPRB1997,WeberPRB2013} and a polaronic metal phase \cite{MaschekPRB2016}. Unlike La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$, this compound displays only dynamic polarons demonstrating that the strength of the colossal magnetoresistive effect is correlated with the polaron lifetime \cite{MaschekPRB2016,MaschekPRB2018}.

\section{II. Experiment and Results}

La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ (LCMO) and La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ (LSMO) have an orthorhombic perovskite crystal structure; however, the orthorhombic distortions are small relative to the resolution of neutron spectroscopy measurements and the crystallographic domains are equally populated so we index the samples with a pseudocubic notation where $a=b=c\approx3.9$~{\AA}. Polaron scattering has been observed at a reduced wave vector of $\vec{q}=(\pm0.25, \pm0.25, 0)$ in materials such as La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ \cite{AdamsPRL2000,DaiPRL2000} and the bilayer manganite La$_{2-2x}$Sr$_{1+2x}$Mn$_2$O$_7$ \cite{ArgyriouPRL2002}, consistent with the superlattice propagation vector of CE-type charge and orbital order \cite{GoodenoughPRW1955}. The polaron scattering structure factor is particularly intense for reduced wave vectors transverse to the (2,~2,~0) Bragg position: $\vec{Q}=(2.25,~1.75,~0)$ and equivalent. Both longitudinal and transverse phonons with $\vec{q}=(\pm0.25, \pm0.25, 0)$ feature oxygen displacements that partially match the distortions of CE-type order~\cite{WeberNM2009}. The structure factor for transverse acoustic phonons is also quite large around the (2,~2,~0) Bragg peak. Therefore we have concentrated this study on the spectroscopy of transverse acoustic phonons at positions equivalent to $\vec{Q}=(2+\xi,~2-\xi,~0)$ with $\xi$ between 0.10 and 0.25. Because the sample contains multiple crystallographic domains, at a reduced wave vector of (0.25,~0.25,~0) in the pseudocubic notation, only a portion of the sample will be oriented at the actual polaron position of $\vec{q}=(0.5,~0,~0)$ in the orthorhombic notation. A previous work found that the damping of transverse acoustic phonons in LSMO \cite{MaschekPRB2016} increased significantly upon approaching the nominal polaron position with $\xi$=0.25 but was maximized at a larger value close to $\xi=0.3$, possibly related to the averaging over multiple domains.

Neutron spectroscopy measurements utilized the BT-7 thermal triple-axis spectrometer \cite{BT7} at the NIST Center for Neutron Research with Open-50$^\prime$-50$^\prime$-120$^\prime$ collimators, a fixed final energy of $14.7$~meV, and pyrolytic graphite filters after the sample. Constant-$Q$ scans were measured for transverse acoustic phonons at $\vec{Q}=(2-\xi, -2-\xi,0)$ in LSMO for $\xi$=0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 at temperatures of $T$=250~K, 275~K, 300~K, 325~K, 350~K, and 370~K. This LSMO sample had a mass of 3~g and $T_c=351$~K \cite{VasiliuDolocJAP1998}. Constant-$Q$ scans were measured for transverse acoustic phonons at $\vec{Q}=(2+\xi, -2+\xi,0)$ in LCMO for $\xi$=0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 at temperatures of $T$=100~K, 150~K, 200~K, 250~K, and 300~K. This LCMO sample has a mass of 1.5~g and $T_c=257$~K (higher than most other single-crystal samples of LCMO) \cite{ShulyatevJCG2002}. Further constant-$Q$ scans were measured with the samples placed in a vertical field superconducting magnet. For LCMO a 10-T magnet was used and scans were measured at $\vec{Q}=(1.85, -2.15, 0)$ and $\vec{Q}=(1.80, -2.20, 0)$ at 265~K for magnetic fields of 0~T, 3~T, 6~T, and 9.5~T as well as at 140~K in zero field.  For LSMO a 7-T magnet was used and scans were measured at $\vec{Q}=(1.75, -2.25, 0)$ at 345~K for magnetic fields of 0.5~T, 3~T, and 6~T as well as at 250~K in zero field. A sloped background has been fit and then removed from data taken inside the magnet. Error bars and uncertainties throughout this paper are statistical in nature and represent one standard deviation.

Figure~\ref{LSMO_0p20_0p25} displays constant-$Q$ scans of the transverse acoustic phonons in LSMO at $\xi=0.20$ and $\xi=0.25$ (the polaron position). For both positions a qualitative change is observed upon heating above 300 K ($\approx0.85T_c$). The phonons become broadened, with extra scattering intensity observed on both the high-energy and low-energy sides of the peak. The extra scattering on the low-energy side of the peak is particularly pronounced and extends to the lowest energy transfers measured. Maschek~\emph{et~al.}~\cite{MaschekPRB2016} have reported this behavior in LSMO modelled as a phonon peak that softens and damps with increasing temperature alongside a quasielastic component arising from dynamic polarons.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{LSMO_Q0p20_0p25.eps} \vspace{-5mm}
\caption{Constant-$Q$ scans of transverse acoustic phonons in La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ ($T_c=351$~K) at a series of temperatures. (a) $\xi=0.20$ scan at $\vec{Q}=(1.80, -2.20, 0).$ (b) $\xi=0.25$ scan at $\vec{Q}=(1.75, -2.25, 0).$} \vspace{-2mm}
\label{LSMO_0p20_0p25}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{LCMO_Data} displays constant-$Q$ scans in LCMO at temperatures between 100~K and 300~K for phonons with $\xi=$0.10 to 0.25 (the polaron position). Qualitatively similar behavior is observed with phonon peaks that soften and damp upon warming through 200~K ($\approx0.78T_c$). However, the quasielastic component is significantly more intense compared to LSMO. For temperatures at 250~K and above the quasielastic component is sufficiently intense that it merges with the broadened phonon peak to yield intensity across a wide range of energy transfers on the low-energy side of the peak that are comparable in intensity to the peak position.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=18.5cm]{LCMO_Data.eps} \vspace{-8mm}
\caption{Constant-$Q$ scans of transverse acoustic phonons in La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ ($T_c=257$~K) at a series of temperatures. (a) $\xi=0.10$ scan at $\vec{Q}=(2.10, -1.90, 0).$ (b) $\xi=0.15$ scan at $\vec{Q}=(2.15, -1.85, 0)$. (c) $\xi=0.20$ scan at $\vec{Q}=(2.20, -1.80, 0).$ (d) $\xi=0.25$ scan at $\vec{Q}=(2.25, -1.75, 0).$ Successive data sets are offset for clarity. The solid lines in the first three panels are fits as described in the text. } \vspace{-2mm}
\label{LCMO_Data}
\end{figure*}

Figure~\ref{Comparison} allows for a direct comparison of phonon damping and softening as well as the quasielastic scattering component in LCMO and LSMO. Constant-$Q$ scans are shown for both materials at $\vec{Q}=(1.85, -2.15, 0)$; this $\xi=0.15$ position is farther from the polaron position than some other data but allows for easier discernment between the phonon and quasielastic contributions. At temperatures well below $T_c$, shown in Fig.~\ref{Comparison}(a), the phonon is comparable in the two materials. The atomic mass difference between La and Sr is significantly less than the difference between La and Ca leading to a smaller average and greater variance of the $A$-site atomic mass in LCMO. Differing levels of $A$-site chemical disorder \cite{ShibataPRL2002} are also possible. Despite these differences the phonon spectra at $\xi=0.15$ are quite similar between the two compounds. The phonon peak is slightly softer and broader in LSMO, likely reflecting the higher temperature. Close to $T_c$ the phonon has softened and broadened to a comparable extent in both materials, as the phonon peaks shown in Fig.~\ref{Comparison}(b) still largely overlap. However the quasielastic intensity is far more pronounced in LCMO. In the LSMO data the quasielastic contribution is visible only as a plateau in intensity below 3~meV while in LCMO it presents as a peak with intensity comparable to the phonon. Fitting both data sets to a quasielastic component plus a phonon contribution we find that the quasielastic dynamic susceptibility in LCMO at 265~K is a factor of $5.3\pm1.2$ more intense than in LSMO at 350~K.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{Comparison.eps} \vspace{-5mm}
\caption{Constant-$Q$ scans for both LCMO and LSMO at $\vec{Q}=(1.85, -2.15, 0)$. (a) Scans performed at temperatures well below $T_c$. The dashed line is a Gaussian fit to the LCMO data. (b) Scans performed close to $T_c$. The dashed line is the same function as in the top panel.} \vspace{-2mm}
\label{Comparison}
\end{figure}

The constant-$Q$ scans in LCMO were fit to the sum of a quasielastic contribution and a phonon peak. Fits were performed with the phonon modeled as both a Gaussian and a damped harmonic oscillator. Fit values for the two cases were similar; values reported here used a Gaussian line shape as it provided a slightly better fit to the data. For each $\vec{Q}$-position the lowest temperature data ($T=100$~K for zero-field scans, $T$=140~K for scans measured in the magnet) were fit first with the quasielastic peak set at zero intensity. This fit was used to fix the phonon dynamic susceptibility, with the temperature dependence of the integrated phonon intensity set by the Bose factor. The quasielastic width in all fits was fixed to a half width at half maximum (HWHM) of $\Gamma=3.00$~meV~\cite{LynnPRB2007}. Fit values are shown in Fig.~\ref{LCMO_fits}. The fits for the $\xi=0.25$ data at higher temperatures did not reliably converge due to the quasielastic component overwhelming the phonon peak and are excluded from this figure. Figure~\ref{LCMO_fits}(a) shows the phonon intrinsic width (HWHM) after deconvolution with the instrumental resolution displayed as a function of temperature. Fits from the data taken at zero field in the magnet are also included here, for $\xi=$0.15 and 0.20 at $T=$140~K and 265~K. The phonon peaks damp significantly for $\xi\geq0.15$, with the width increasing from roughly 0.5~meV at low temperatures to roughly 2.5~meV (for $\xi=0.20$) at temperatures exceeding $T_c$. When comparing to the damping reported \cite{MaschekPRB2016,MaschekPRB2018} in LSMO, we find that the damping near $T_c$ is roughly comparable in the two materials up to $\xi=0.15$ (as was also demonstrated in Fig.~\ref{Comparison}) but that by $\xi=0.20$ LCMO displays a high temperature damping ($\Gamma\approx2.5$~meV) in excess of any damping observed in LSMO (with a maximum reported value of $\Gamma\approx1.5$~meV). The change in phonon peak position (from $T=100$~K) is displayed in Fig.~\ref{LCMO_fits}(b) and shows that all phonon peaks soften with increasing temperature, with a typical softening of about 0.6~meV at 300~K. Previous work on La$_{0.75}$(Ca$_{0.45}$Sr$_{0.55}$)$_{0.25}$MnO$_3$ found transverse acoustic phonons near the polaron position that displayed a similar damping and softened by about 1~meV over this temperature range \cite{KiryukhinPRB2004}.

For the data at $\xi=0.25$ the temperature dependence was also measured for $\hbar\omega=2$~meV with smaller temperature increments. This is useful as a measure of the quasielastic intensity, as there will not be much contribution from the phonon at this energy. This temperature dependence, after subtracting the background, is shown in Fig.~\ref{TempDep}(a). The quasielastic intensity begins to rise when the temperature rises above 150~K, but the sharpest rise is observed just below $T_c$. The intensity increases modestly upon warming from $T_c$ to 315~K. Previously, the quasielastic scattering from dynamic polarons in LCMO had been found to persist to at least 400~K \cite{LynnPRB2007}. The equivalent data for La$_{0.70}$Sr$_{0.30}$MnO$_3$, measured at $\hbar\omega=3$~meV, is shown in Fig.~\ref{TempDep}(b). This rise is concentrated over a narrower temperature range, rising sharply above 275~K.

Figures~\ref{Q0p15_Field} and \ref{Q0p20_Field} show the data for LCMO at $\xi=0.15$ and $0.20$, respectively, measured in a superconducting magnet at $T$=140~K (zero field) and $T=265$~K (0~T, 3~T, 6~T, and 9.5~T). In each figure the data and fits are shown in the top panel while the fit values are shown in the lower panel. The fit values for the quasielastic intensity and phonon width are shown together with the axes chosen so that the 140-K fit values (for which the quasielastic intensity is fixed to zero) occur at the same vertical position. At 265~K, the application of a 9.5-T magnetic field decreases both the quasielastic intensity and the phonon damping by half compared to zero field.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{LCMO_fits.eps} \vspace{-5mm}
\caption{Fit parameters for La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ in zero field as a function of temperature. (a) Phonon width (HWHM) after deconvolution with the instrumental resolution. (b) Change in the phonon peak position from $T=100$~K. } \vspace{-2mm}
\label{LCMO_fits}
\end{figure}

In contrast, the field dependence of the phonon position fit value at $\vec{Q}=(1.85, -2.15, 0)$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{Field_position}. The phonon position softens by about 0.5~meV upon warming from 140~K to 265~K at zero field. However, applied fields up to 9.5~T do not reverse the softening, but rather have no measurable effect on the position.

Figure~\ref{LSMOfield} shows the data for LSMO at $\xi=0.25$ measured at $T$=250~K (zero field) and $T=345$~K (0.5~T, 3~T, and 6~T). Near $T_c$ the low-field damping yields a phonon HWHM of about 1.75~meV which, while significant, is less than that observed in LCMO even at $\xi$=0.20. Conversely, this phonon is fairly broad (1 meV) even in the low-temperature data likely because of the elevated temperature in comparison to 140~K used as the low-temperature value in LCMO.  The applied magnetic field partially reverses the damping much as was observed in LCMO. The lines in Figs.~\ref{Q0p15_Field}(b), \ref{Q0p20_Field}(b), and \ref{LSMOfield}(b) have all been chosen to represent a field-dependent damping such that the width at 9.5~T is at the midpoint between the zero field width at the low and high temperatures.

\section{III. Discussion}

Across a wide range of $R_{1-x}A_x$MnO$_3$ materials a trend is observed where compounds with a high $T_c$ typically display a weaker CMR effect. Therefore La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ ($T_c=$351~K) \cite{UrushibaPRB1995} displays a significantly less pronounced CMR effect than La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ ($T_c=257$~K) \cite{SchifferPRL1995}. This was historically taken as evidence that LSMO featured weaker electron-lattice coupling and therefore displayed weaker CE-type lattice distortions in the high-temperature phase. However, more recent work has confirmed that LSMO displays lattice distortions at the transition temperature comparable to those observed in LCMO and other compounds with a significant CMR effect \cite{WeberPRB2013} as well as evidence of dynamic CE-type polarons \cite{MaschekPRB2016}. Despite the comparable lattice distortions, we find that the quasielastic scattering arising from short-lifetime dynamic polarons near $T_c$ is a factor of 5 more intense in LCMO than in LSMO. This quasielastic intensity rises sharply as the temperature approaches $T_c$ and remains significant at temperatures above $T_c$ up to at least 400~K \cite{LynnPRB2007}. This is comparable to the temperature dependence of the diffuse scattering arising from uncorrelated static polarons in this material \cite{AdamsPRL2000}. We compare the temperature dependence of the quasielastic scattering in LCMO with that in LSMO, and find that the rise in quasielastic intensity occurs over a larger temperature range in LCMO. Figure~\ref{LSMO_0p20_0p25} shows that the quasielastic intensity in LSMO is quite low up to 300~K ($\approx0.85T_c$) and rises most sharply between 300~K and 325~K. The quasielastic scattering in LCMO, as observed in Fig.~\ref{LCMO_Data}, rises steadily starting near 150~K ($\approx0.58T_c$). Figure~\ref{TempDep} shows these temperature dependencies with equally wide scales and the transition temperatures aligned. Recently, La$_{0.8}$Sr$_{0.2}$MnO$_3$ was also shown to feature a quasielastic component that appeared over a narrow temperature range \cite{MaschekPRB2018}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{TempDep.eps} \vspace{-5mm}
\caption{(a) Quasielastic scattering intensity at $\hbar\omega=2$~meV and $\xi=0.25$ for La$_{0.70}$Ca$_{0.30}$MnO$_3$. (b) Quasielastic scattering intensity at $\hbar\omega=3$~meV and $\xi=0.25$ for La$_{0.70}$Sr$_{0.30}$MnO$_3$. These data consist primarily of scattering from the quasielastic component, as the phonon contribution will be quite small at these energies.} \vspace{-2mm}
\label{TempDep}
\end{figure}

The transverse acoustic phonons in LCMO are found to damp with rising temperature for $\xi=$0.15 and 0.20, approaching the polaron position. Similar to the quasielastic intensity, the damping increases upon warming through $T_c$ but remains fairly constant as the temperature is increased further. LCMO undergoes significant local structural changes at $T_c$, with changes in the lattice parameters \cite{RadaelliPRL1995}, increases in the O and Mn atomic displacements \cite{DaiPRB1996}, and the width of the distribution of Mn-O distances \cite{BridgesPRB2010,BoothPRL1998}. It is natural to associate this damping with increased scattering of phonons from the local distortions surrounding polarons. The temperature dependence of the phonon damping is particularly reminiscent of the temperature dependence of the variance in Mn-O bond distances ascribed to polarons \cite{BridgesPRB2010}. The transverse phonons in LSMO are also found to damp with increasing temperature in agreement with previous result s\cite{MaschekPRB2016}. The high temperature damping is fairly similar between the two materials for $\xi=0.15$. However, the damping becomes more pronounced in LCMO at larger reduced wave vectors so that the damping near $T_c$  is larger in LCMO at $\xi=0.20$ (2.5 meV) than in LSMO even at the larger reduced wave vector of $\xi=0.25$ (1.75~meV).

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{Q0p15_Field.eps} \vspace{-5mm}
\caption{(a) Constant-$Q$ scans in La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ at $\vec{Q}=(1.85, -2.15, 0)$. Zero-field data were measured at 140~K and 265~K. Data in an applied field were measured at $T$=265~K. Successive data sets are offset for clarity. The lines are fits as described in the text. (b) Fit parameters for the quasielastic intensity and phonon width (HWHM).} \vspace{-2mm}
\label{Q0p15_Field}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{Q0p20_Field.eps} \vspace{-5mm}
\caption{(a) Constant-$Q$ scans in La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ at $\vec{Q}=(1.80, -2.20, 0)$. Zero-field data were measured at 140~K and 265~K. Data in an applied field were measured at $T$=265~K. Successive data sets are offset for clarity. The lines are fits as described in the text. (b) Fit parameters for the quasielastic intensity and phonon width (HWHM).} \vspace{-2mm}
\label{Q0p20_Field}
\end{figure}

The application of a magnetic field lowers both the phonon damping and the quasielastic scattering; however, a field of 9.5~T is sufficient to return these parameters only half way to their low-temperature values. This is in keeping with previous information about the effect of a magnetic field on the number of polarons present. Ridges of magnetic scattering arising from polaron-mediated spin correlations follows a similar field dependence \cite{HeltonPRB2014}. Near $T_c$ an applied 9-T field lowered the variance in Mn-O bond lengths about half way back to its low-temperature value \cite{BridgesPRB2010}. Correlations between static polarons are suppressed by a much smaller magnetic field of about 5~T \cite{LynnJAP2001}, comparable to the fields under which CMR is observed \cite{SchifferPRL1995}, and a field of only 1~T will suppress these correlations in a bilayer manganite~\cite{VasiliuDolocPRL1999}. These facts have been used to argue that colossal magnetoresistance follows polaron correlations rather than the number of polarons.

Transverse acoustic phonons in LCMO at all measured wave vectors soften upon warming, with phonon peaks decreasing in energy by about 0.6~meV from 100~K to 300~K. We observe comparable softening in LSMO from 250~K to 370~K, although a previous work had found significantly more softening in that material at wave vectors close to the polaron position \cite{MaschekPRB2016}. The softening is continuous, with no apparent anomaly at $T_c$. A slightly larger softening observed in La$_{0.75}$(Ca$_{0.45}$Sr$_{0.55}$)$_{0.25}$MnO$_3$ likewise featured no anomaly with temperature and could not be explained by lattice thermal expansion without a nonphysically large Gr\"{u}neisen constant \cite{KiryukhinPRB2004}. Most notably, the softening is field independent up to 9.5~T at 265~K. Colossal magnetoresistance in the manganites has often been analyzed as a percolation effect \cite{UeharaNature1999,MayrPRL2001,BaldiniPNAS2015} with a precipitous breakdown of conducting pathways occurring upon warming through $T_c$. The distribution width of Mn-O bonds has been found to display a universal relationship with magnetization for fields above 2~T with two distinct regimes; for sample magnetization below about 65\% of saturation the change in structural distortion with magnetization was found to be small \cite{BridgesPRB2010}. The magnetization of La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ at 265~K and 9~T was reported in that study to be about 70\% of saturation, indicating that our data are mostly still in the low-field regime. One explanation for these results could be that phonon softening is driven by the relative fraction of insulating clusters in the sample while applied fields in this regime primarily re-orient clusters of conducting and insulating phases with a relatively smaller effect on their relative fractions.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{Field_position.eps} \vspace{-5mm}
\caption{Phonon position fit value for La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ at $\vec{Q}=(1.85, -2.15, 0)$. Application of fields up to 9.5~T have no measurable effect on the phonon position at 265~K.} \vspace{-2mm}
\label{Field_position}
\end{figure}

\section{IV. Summary}

Transverse acoustic phonons in La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ measured near the (2,~2,~0) Bragg position damp and soften with increasing temperature. The damping remains relatively constant above $T_c$ and becomes more pronounced at wavevectors approaching the polaron position, with a maximum measured width (HWHM) of 2.5~meV at $\xi=0.20$ above $T_c$. Applied magnetic fields up to 9.5~T only partially reverse the damping, lowering the phonon width at high temperature. The temperature and magnetic-field dependence of the damping are similar to those of the distribution width of Mn-O bond distances measured by x-ray pair distribution function \cite{BridgesPRB2010}, strongly suggesting that the phonon damping arises from scattering from local Jahn-Teller distortions surrounding polarons.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{LSMOfield.eps} \vspace{-5mm}
\caption{(a) Constant-$Q$ scans in La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ at $\vec{Q}=(1.75, -2.25, 0)$. Zero-field data were measured at 250~K. Data in an applied field were measured at $T$=345~K. Successive data sets are offset for clarity. The lines are fits as described in the text. (b) Fit parameters for the phonon width (HWHM).} \vspace{-2mm}
\label{LSMOfield}
\end{figure}

In addition to the phonons, a quasielastic component arising from local distortions is observed and fit with a width of $\Gamma=3.00$~meV \cite{LynnPRB2007}. When compared to La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$, a similar compound with a higher transition temperature and significantly smaller CMR effect but comparable lattice distortions, the quasielastic component is about five time stronger in LCMO and features a temperature dependence that rises over a less concentrated temperature range. The magnetic field dependence of the quasielastic component closely matches that of the phonon damping. Phonon softening is observed at all wave vectors. While no anomaly is observed in the softening, the softening is likely too strong to be explained solely by thermal expansion. An applied magnetic field does not affect the phonon energy, possibly suggesting an effect that arises from relative concentrations of coexisting metallic and insulating phases and is insensitive to details of percolation pathways.

\section{Acknowledgement}

J.S.H acknowledges partial support from the Office of Naval Research through the Naval Academy Research Council.

emails: $\ast$ helton@usna.edu, $\dag$ jeffrey.lynn@nist.gov\\

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Brian Converse
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Mirage: Speculating on Speculative Fiction #32 Sci-fi from the 70's and 80's w/ Brian Converse
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Chris Herron
#40 Brian Converse
https://bryanaiello.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/bc-40.mp3Subscribe to my YouTube Channel for updates on other shows like Mirage: Speculating on Speculative Fiction and my vlog: Old Walks DogSubscribe on itunes:Subscribe on stitcherBrian Converse has a four hour commute back and forth to work, which is tough, but he uses it to his advantage--- to write his speculative fiction. Because of his dedication to his art he has recently published his first novel "Stone Soldiers" a Rajani novel first in a planned trilogy.Brain is a former U.S. Army medic and current marketing professional living in Colorado with his wife, four kids, two cats and two dogs.Social media links:www.Facebook.com/BrianSConverse www.twitter.com/BrianSConverse www.instagram.com/BrianS.ConverseMy Amazon author page:https://www.amazon.com/Brian-S-Converse/e/B06XXQVGMF/ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_1?qid=1501340135&sr=8-1***Music:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrRF2cAx5aQ&index=2&list=PLrbG5f3IsHD2ci12BBNlmtPnVemOGTULcSpring by Marcus Neely*Twitter: https://twitter.com/MusicbyMarcus*Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/musicbymarcus/...*YouTube: https://youtu.be/ZrRF2cAx5aQ***Follow me on twitter @bryaiello for updates on this channel and my podcast and my writing projects. My website is: http://www.bryanaiello.comEmail me with question and comments at: me@byranaiello.com Support the show on my poorly managed patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/BryanAiello

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Last year, we were invited by the Lochaline Gala Week committee to organise a short swim during their week celebrations in the summer. It was such as success with locals and visitors alike that we're doing it again this year. This is an ideal swim for absolute beginners as a gentle introduction to open water swimming. And the fact that it's located in a beautiful setting certainly helps enjoy the day.
At just 900m, this is a perfect start swim for a beginners or just somebody curious about open water swimming. In fact, this is a perfect event for the entire family, as there will be a host of other activities part of the Lochaline Gala Week celebrations. After registration, swimmers will be transported by boat across to a start position near the Ardtornish net station, and the swim back to Lochaline Marina.
All registrations for swims must be done online. The deadline to register for the Lochaline swim is Saturday, 7th July. No registrations will be accepted after this deadline - if you would like a reminder, simply join our mailing list and we'll send you an email a few days before the deadline.
After the Corran ferry, turn right and follow the A861 for about 12 miles until Strontian. Before you enter the village, take a left turn on the A844 to Lochaline and follow the road for about 18 miles. When you get to Lochaline, turn as if you were going for the ferry, but instead of going down to the pier, follow the road in front of the Lochaline Social Club.
To get to the parking area, drive approximately 100m past the Club and you can find spaces on your right. Please park considerately as this is access for the Lochaline Marina. DO NOT Park on Calmac slipway. If in doubt, please ask and you will be directed to a parking area.After parking you will need to walk past the Lochaline sand mine to the Marina. Registration point will be located near Lochaline Marina building.


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text:
Published by World Scientific, the Handbook of Porphyrin Science: With Applications to Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science, Engineering, Biology and Medicine is a multi-volume reference set edited by scientists Karl Kadish, Kevin Smith and Roger Guilard. The first ten volumes were published in 2010 and the next ten are expected to be published in 2011.

Topics covered include:
Developments in Supramolecular Chemistry Based on Porphyrins and Related Systems
Involvement of Porphyrins and Related Systems in Catalysis
Phototherapy, Radioimmunotherapy and Imaging
Advances in Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines and Related Systems
Heme Proteins

The current work stems from World Scientific's Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (JPP)  and from  the research interests of the three editors and hundreds of authors who have presented the results of their research in this society-run journal since its founding in 1997.

References

External links

Chemistry books

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Chinese plum is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

 Prunus mume
 Prunus salicina, native to China
 Loquat, Eriobotrya japonica


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text:
Lewis Brian Hopkins Jones, dit Brian Jones, né le  à Cheltenham (Gloucestershire) et mort le  à Hartfield (Sussex de l'Est), est un musicien multi-instrumentiste britannique.

Icône des années 1960, il est le fondateur et le multi-instrumentiste des Rolling Stones, groupe pour lequel il a joué de 1962 à 1969. Originellement guitariste et harmoniciste, Brian Jones maîtrise de nombreux instruments. À partir de l'album Aftermath (1966), il intègre à de nombreux titres des instruments alors peu communs dans le rock and roll comme la flûte, le dulcimer, le sitar ou encore le mellotron. Le point culminant de cette instrumentation élargie est atteint dans l'album Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967). Il influence ainsi considérablement la musique des Stones dans leur période 1962-1969.

Leader du groupe à ses débuts sans jamais être véritablement considéré comme un compositeur à part entière, il est ensuite relégué au second plan par l'influence grandissante du duo Mick Jagger et Keith Richards. À partir de 1966, il connaît de sérieux problèmes de drogue ainsi que des difficultés dans sa vie sentimentale, devenant de moins en moins impliqué et n'apportant plus son talent qu'aux arrangements. Finalement, de par son caractère déjà difficile, son absence des studios et des problèmes judiciaires qui l'empêchent de participer aux futures tournées, il est contraint de quitter les Rolling Stones en juin 1969. À peine un mois après, il est retrouvé mort dans la piscine de sa résidence au sud de Londres. Sa disparition marque un changement dans la musique du groupe.

Il est un des symboles de la révolution des mœurs des années 1960 en Europe. Le bassiste originel des Stones, Bill Wyman, a dit de lui :

Biographie

Avant les Rolling Stones

Né dans une famille de musiciens (sa mère Louisa est professeur de piano et son père Lewis joue de l'orgue dans la chorale de l'église locale de Cheltenham), Brian Jones est très tôt intéressé par la musique. À quatre ans, une attaque de croup le rend asthmatique, une affection qui le suivra toute sa vie.

Très jeune, Brian est touché par les grands bluesmen noirs américains. Il persuade ses parents de lui offrir un saxophone puis reçoit une guitare pour ses 17 ans. Au-delà de son apprentissage musical, il se révèle un élève assez brillant, obtenant notamment trois A-level en physique, chimie et biologie. Néanmoins, il a quelques difficultés avec l'autorité scolaire, puisqu'il est renvoyé à deux reprises. En 1959, à 16 ans, il est renvoyé de son école pour avoir mis enceinte une de ses camarades de classe de 14 ans, Valerie Corbett de la Girl's Grammar School. C'est le scandale, toute la ville en parle, jusque dans les journaux locaux. Résultat, ses parents l'envoient en Allemagne pendant deux semaines, le temps que les choses se calment. Brian parle d'avortement, Valérie refuse, accouche et confie son bébé à l'assistance publique. Il sera adopté plus tard. À son retour, Brian est rejeté de tous. Ses camarades, ses voisins refusent d'être vus ou associés à lui. À la maison, la situation est intenable. Il passe ses journées enfermé dans sa chambre, rêvant de devenir un musicien professionnel, ou s'amuse avec son jouet favori : un bus en bois de cerisier, avec des lumières clignotantes, que son père lui avait offert dans son enfance.

Commence alors une vie d'errance pour Brian Jones qui quitte le foyer familial en juin 1959 et se rend en Scandinavie. Il traverse l'Europe avec sa guitare, gagnant quelques sous en jouant dans la rue. De retour à Cheltenham en novembre, il joue un temps du saxophone dans un groupe nommé The Ramrods. En août 1960, il devient père pour la seconde fois (bien qu'il ne le sache pas) après une aventure avec une toute jeune mariée. Brian Jones aura en tout six enfants de six mères différentes, dont trois nés avant la création des Rolling Stones.

En octobre 1961, peu après la naissance de son troisième enfant, il s'installe avec la mère de celle-ci, Pat Andrews, à Londres, au 38 Priory Street. Fanatique du blues et très intéressé par le jazz, Brian Jones se lie d'amitié avec les  grandes figures de la (petite et naissante) scène rhythm and blues de la capitale, notamment Alexis Korner, Jack Bruce (futur bassiste de Cream), Manfred Mann ou Paul Jones. Il intègre le groupe d'Alexis Korner, le Blues Incorporated dans lequel il joue de la guitare slide dans les salles de la capitale sous le pseudonyme d'Elmo Lewis (en référence au bluesman Elmore James). En avril 1962, Dick Taylor, Keith Richards et Mick Jagger voient Brian Jones  jouer à l'Ealing Jazz Club. Les trois musiciens qui ont monté leur propre groupe Little Blue Boy and the Blue Boys se greffent au Blues Incorporated.

Soucieux de monter son propre groupe, Brian Jones passe une petite annonce dans Jazz News fin 1961. Ian Stewart répond à l'annonce. La première mouture des Rolling Stones se forme avec Brian Jones et un certain Geoff Bradford aux guitares, Ian Stewart au piano, Paul Pond au chant. Le poste de batteur est fluctuant : plusieurs batteurs payés au concert se succèdent dont Charlie Watts et Mick Avory (futur Kinks). Lorsque Paul Pond quitte le groupe, Alexis Korner suggère à Brian Jones le chanteur Mick Jagger qui a fait sa place dans le Blues Incorporated. Ce dernier impose alors son ami Keith Richards ainsi que Dick Taylor (futur membre des Pretty Things). Geoff Bradford quitte le groupe et  Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Dick Taylor et Brian Jones forment l'ossature du groupe qui prendra en juin, le nom de Rollin' Stones avant de s'appeler Rolling Stones. Selon Keith Richards, c'est Brian Jones qui trouve le nom du groupe, alors qu'il est au téléphone en train de prospecter pour trouver des engagements pour des concerts. Alors qu'on lui demande le nom de son groupe, il cite le premier nom qu'il a sous les yeux : le titre d'un morceau de Muddy Waters : Rollin' Stone, dont il est un inconditionnel. Néanmoins, il semblerait que cette anecdote ne soit qu'une légende, puisque d'après Ian Stewart, dès sa première rencontre avec Brian Jones à la suite de l'annonce dans Jazz News, Brian Jones avait déjà décidé de nommer son futur groupe Rollin' Stones.

Plus tard dans l'année, Bill Wyman remplacera Dick Taylor à la basse et Charlie Watts prendra le poste de batteur. La formation des Rolling Stones (sans Ian Stewart écarté par le manager Andrew Loog Oldham) ne bougera plus jusqu'en 1969.

Au sein des Rolling Stones
Avec les Rolling Stones, Brian Jones se révèle un brillant multi-instrumentiste, donnant un son particulier à la musique de l'époque du groupe. Lors des premières années avec les Stones, il s'illustre par ses parties de guitare slide que l'on peut entendre sur des titres comme I Wanna Be Your Man,  ou Little Red Rooster mais aussi par ses parties d'harmonica que l'on entend sur Stoned, Not Fade Away ou I Just Want to Make Love to You. Petit à petit, il intègre aux compositions des Rolling Stones de nombreux instruments traditionnels comme le hautbois (Dandelion), la trompette (Child of the Moon), le sitar (Paint It Black), le mellotron (She's a Rainbow), le marimba (Under My Thumb) ou l'accordéon (Backstreet Girl).

Cependant, l'arrivée du manager Andrew Loog Oldham en 1963 va peu à peu diminuer l'influence de Brian Jones sur le groupe. Oldham décide de pousser le duo Mick Jagger/Keith Richards à composer leurs propres titres et donc à s'imposer comme les leaders du groupe, ce qui se produira en 1965 lorsque des compositions du duo atteindront les premières places des charts. La responsabilité de Brian Jones sur les directions musicales décline de ce fait. La décision prise par Oldham et Jagger que ce dernier soit présenté comme le leader du groupe (ce qu'accepte Jones dans l'intérêt du groupe) le pousse au second plan.

Selon Oldham, Brian Jones était depuis le début à l'écart dans le groupe. Il ne voyageait pas avec les autres membres du groupe en tournée, ne dormait pas dans les mêmes chambres et exigeait une paye supplémentaire en qualité de leader, ce qui provoquait un certain ressentiment chez les autres musiciens du groupe.

Ne pouvant ni rivaliser avec le duo Jagger/Richards dans la composition ni faire émerger ses idées dans la direction musicale du groupe, Brian Jones sombre peu à peu dans une dépression qu'amplifie son fort usage de drogues et d'alcool. Son état de santé se détériore et il doit de nombreuses fois être hospitalisé. Il se rend de son plein gré dans un hôpital psychiatrique, se disant atteint « d'un énorme trouble ». Ses rapports avec ses proches sont très changeants, parfois très amicaux parfois colériques. Dans son  livre Stone Alone, Bill Wyman disait qu'il y avait à l'époque « deux Brian ». En 1967, il est arrêté chez lui en possession de cocaïne, de marijuana et de méthamphétamine. Il évite la prison mais est une nouvelle fois arrêté pour possession de cannabis en mai 1968. Ces démêlés avec la justice n'arrangent pas son état.

Sur le plan sentimental, Brian Jones connaît aussi de nombreux déboires. Le 27 février 1967, alors qu'il est hospitalisé pour une crise d'asthme en France, à Albi, où les médecins diagnostiquent une pneumonie , sur le trajet d'un voyage au Maroc, Keith Richards entame une liaison avec sa petite amie Anita Pallenberg. Lorsqu'il reviendra de convalescence encore sous le choc, Keith, Anita (mais aussi Mick Jagger et Marianne Faithfull) abandonneront Brian au Maroc, sans lui laisser un mot. Selon le père de Brian, cela l'a tué à petit feu.

En octobre 1967, Brian Jones plaide coupable pour possession de cannabis et est condamné à 3 ans de mise à l'épreuve. Cela lui interdit d'entrer aux États-Unis et donc de participer aux tournées américaines.

Sa participation aux enregistrements des Stones devient erratique. Jones ne participe qu'épisodiquement aux sessions de Beggars Banquet, album marquant un renouveau musical et technique par rapport au précédent. On lui doit cependant la partie de guitare slide sur No Expectations et le sitar sur Street Fighting Man. Dans le documentaire One + One, tourné par Jean-Luc Godard pendant les enregistrements de Beggars Banquet, on le voit jouer de la guitare acoustique avec Mick Jagger au moment de la conception de Sympathy for the Devil. Sa partie n'est toutefois pas retenue dans l'enregistrement final. En raison de ses problèmes de drogue, il est incapable d'enregistrer l'orgue sur la chanson All Along the Watchtower de Jimi Hendrix, qui comptait sur ses qualités de multi-instrumentiste. Il ne sera finalement crédité que pour le tambourin.

The Rock and Roll Circus, show organisé par les Stones en décembre 1968 avec la participation de plusieurs grands noms du rock, dont les Who, Marianne Faithfull, John Lennon, Eric Clapton ou Jethro Tull, marquera la dernière prestation de Brian Jones avec le groupe. Pete Townshend, guitariste des Who pensait déjà que c'était le dernier concert de Brian Jones et beaucoup pensaient que son départ des Stones était proche.

Le 9 juin 1969, Brian Jones annonce qu'il quitte les Rolling Stones, officiellement pour divergences musicales. Néanmoins, ce sont les autres membres du groupe qui l'ont informé de leur intention de poursuivre sans lui et qui ont envoyé Charlie Watts pour lui annoncer leur décision.

Certaines sources affirment qu'après son éviction, il met toute son énergie dans un nouveau projet de groupe, notamment avec Alexis Korner pour fonder un nouveau groupe dans le style de Creedence Clearwater Revival, qu'il vénérait. D'autres rumeurs, moins fondées, sont basées sur le fait qu'il aurait pu rejoindre Creedence Clearwater Revival en tant qu'harmoniciste ou guitariste rythmique.

Mort

Dans la nuit du 2 au 3 juillet 1969, peu après minuit, Brian Jones est retrouvé inconscient au fond de sa piscine à Cotchford Farm dans le Sussex, par Janet Lawson, une amie qu'il avait invitée. Avant de se coucher, il a tout d'abord pris un somnifère. Apprenant que son maçon Frank Thorogood, qui habitait un des appartements de Cotchford Farm, a invité son infirmière, il décide de se lever pour lui dire de partir. Après que Thorogood a refusé de coopérer, ils boiront quelques verres et décideront de se baigner. On peut supposer qu'avec les vapeurs d'alcool, le somnifère, la température de la piscine maintenue à plus de , le mode de vie de Jones et l'heure tardive, il se soit endormi dans sa piscine. Lawson prévient la petite amie suédoise de Brian qui est infirmière, Anna Wohlin. Celle-ci tente de le réanimer mais lorsque le médecin arrive, il est déclaré mort. L'autopsie révélera que Brian Jones avait pris une certaine quantité d'amphétamines et d'alcool mais aussi que sa santé était particulièrement détériorée. Son foie et son cœur étaient hypertrophiés en raison de son usage massif d'alcool et de drogues. Le rapport d'autopsie conclut à une « mort par accident » (death by misadventure).

Néanmoins, rapidement, de nombreuses rumeurs circulent autour des circonstances de sa mort. L'une des plus communes serait que la mort de Brian Jones serait consécutive à un meurtre. Certaines théories (sans fondement) impliquent même certains Rolling Stones, particulièrement Mick Jagger et Keith Richards dans le meurtre. Cependant, le meurtrier présumé, souvent cité, serait Frank Thorogood, l'entrepreneur chargé de la rénovation de sa maison, il aurait avoué sur son lit de mort en 1994, à Tom Keylock, un ami de Brian, qu'il avait tué le musicien en le jetant dans sa piscine. Selon Janet Lawson, Frank Thorogood aurait été le dernier à avoir vu Brian Jones vivant. Les deux hommes seraient allés se baigner dans la piscine. Janet Lawson déclarera plus tard qu'elle avait vu Thorogood « sauter dans la piscine » et « faire quelque chose à Brian » pendant qu'elle cherchait un inhalateur pour asthmatique. Néanmoins, Frank Thorogood, Tom Keylock et Janet Lawson ne parleront plus, puisque les trois sont morts. Anna Wohlin, la petite amie de Brian Jones, a écrit un livre : The Murder of Brian Jones dans lequel elle soutient le fait que c'est Thorogood qui l'a tué.

De nombreux artistes rendent hommage au guitariste des Stones. Pete Townshend, guitariste des Who, écrit un poème sur Brian, publié dans The Times : A Normal Day for Brian, A Man Who Died Every Day (« Un jour normal pour Brian, un homme qui mourait tous les jours ») ; Jimi Hendrix lui dédicace une chanson lors d'un passage télévisé ; Jim Morrison des Doors écrit un poème : Ode to L.A. While Thinking of Brian Jones, Deceased (« Ode à L.A. en pensant à Brian Jones, décédé »).

Les Rolling Stones rendent hommage à leur ancien guitariste deux jours après sa mort, à l'occasion d'un concert gratuit programmé de longue date dans Hyde Park, afin entre autres à l'origine, de présenter leur nouveau guitariste : Mick Taylor. Le 5 juillet 1969, devant trois cent mille spectateurs, Mick Jagger lit des extraits d'Adonaïs de Percy Shelley en hommage à Brian Jones. S'ensuit un lâcher de papillons blancs organisé par Tom Keylock, le chauffeur et conseiller de Jones. Le groupe démarre le concert avec une reprise d'une chanson de Johnny Winter : I'm Yours and I'm Hers qui était l'une des préférées de Jones.

Brian Jones est enterré le  dans le cimetière de Priority Road à Prestbury dans la banlieue de Cheltenham. Les seuls Rolling Stones présents sont Charlie Watts et Bill Wyman.

Brian Jones est entré dans le club des 27 regroupant les figures de la musique mortes à l'âge de vingt-sept ans, comme Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Kurt Cobain, ou Amy Winehouse.

Dans le livre 25x5, Mick Jagger lui rend hommage en disant :

Vie privée
Brian Jones a fait de nombreuses conquêtes féminines au cours de sa vie, notamment Pat Andrew, Linda Lawrence, Anita Pallenberg, la chanteuse Nico, Linda Keith (ancienne petite amie de Keith Richards), Suki Potier, Zouzou, Amanda Lear en 1969, relation évoquée dans la chanson Miss Amanda Jones de l'album Between the Buttons. Sa dernière petite amie fut Anna Wohlin.

Brian a eu six enfants (tous de mères différentes) :
 Un garçon, Barry David, né le 29 mai 1960, conçu avec Valerie Corbett, quatorze ans. L'enfant sera confié à une famille et renommé Simon. Il ne découvrira l'identité de son père biologique qu'en 2004 .
 Une fille, Belinda, née le 4 août 1960, conçue avec une femme mariée nommée Angeline. Brian Jones n'aurait jamais connu son existence. Belinda découvrira l'identité de son père biologique à l'âge de 15 ans .
 Julian Mark, né le 22 octobre 1961, conçu avec Pat Andrew. Il ne vivra pas avec elle, mais s'occupera d'elle quelque temps, surtout au début des Stones. Pat Andrews et le bébé venaient dormir de temps à autre dans la colocation « stonienne » d'Edith Grove.
 Julian Brian, né le 23 juillet 1964, conçu avec Linda Lawrence, sa petite amie du moment ; relation qu'il entretenait parallèlement à celle qu'il avait avec Pat Andrew. Enfant adopté par Donovan Leitch.
 Paul Andrew (renommé plus tard John), né le 24 mars 1965, conçu avec une adolescente, Dawn Molloy. Adopté.
 Barbara, née en 1969, conçue avec Elizabeth, mannequin de nationalité américaine.

Contributions instrumentales et chœurs

Discographie

Avec les Rolling Stones

Avec les Beatles
 Yellow Submarine, bruits de verres et chœurs
 Baby, You're a Rich Man (1967), chœurs
 You Know My Name (Look Up the Number) (1970) (enregistré en 1967), saxophone
 All You Need Is Love (1967), saxophone ténor

Avec Jimi Hendrix
 Ain't Nothing Wrong With That (1968) ou My Little One.
Introduced by Brian Jones sur Live at Monterey (1999, concert à Monterey en 1967 où Brian Jones introduit le groupe de Jimi Hendrix)

Discographie solo
A Degree of Murder (1967) (soundtrack)
Brian Jones Presents the Pipes of Pan at Joujouka (1971) (enregistré en 1968)
À noter des enregistrements en Inde et au Maroc de musique traditionnelle.

Postérité

Brian Jones reste dans l'histoire du rock comme le fondateur des Rolling Stones. Selon Bill Wyman, les Rolling Stones n'auraient jamais existé sans lui. Il est souvent considéré par beaucoup de journalistes comme l'« âme » des Rolling Stones, du fait de son attachement au blues. Multi-instrumentiste de talent, il se fait connaître en Angleterre comme l'un des premiers joueurs de guitare slide du pays, une technique inconnue à l'époque. Ensuite, par sa maîtrise de nombreux instruments, il permet au groupe de se trouver un son à leurs débuts. Keith Richards disait de lui qu'il était capable de jouer de n'importe quel instrument.

À partir de 1965, lorsque le groupe prend des orientations plus pop, que Mick Jagger et Keith Richards deviennent progressivement les leaders des Stones, Brian Jones s'intéresse à d'autres styles de musique. En 1968, il enregistre de la musique traditionnelle berbère lors d'un séjour au Maroc, qui sera éditée sous le titre de Brian Jones Presents the Pipes of Pan at Joujouka.

Il était ouvert à de nombreux autres artistes et avait noué de bonnes relations avec Jimi Hendrix et Bob Dylan. En 1967, il est le seul Rolling Stone à se rendre au Festival pop de Monterey, où il monte sur scène pour présenter le set de Jimi Hendrix.

Néanmoins, Brian Jones était aussi réputé pour sa consommation excessive de drogues et pour ses humeurs changeantes susceptibles de conflit avec ses proches. Bill Wyman a déclaré qu'il y avait deux Brian : « L'un était introverti, timide et profond, l'autre était un paon, grégaire, cherchant toujours à être rassuré par ses pairs ». Selon Mick Jagger, Brian Jones était trop sensible pour être une star du rock. Keith Richards disait à Brian Jones qu'il n'atteindrait jamais les trente ans et ce dernier en avait conscience.

Marianne Faithfull déclara, dans son autobiographie, que Mick Jagger et Keith Richards l'humiliaient et le raillaient sans merci et qu'au lieu de le soutenir, tout le monde se moquait de ses problèmes ("One of the things that keeps you alive when you're on the skids is that people care what happens to you"… "It's your life line, and with Brian nobody really cared anymore."). Charlie Watts déclara qu'en le chassant du groupe, ils l'avaient presque tué.

L'une des difficultés majeures de Brian Jones au sein des Rolling Stones fut son incapacité à imposer les ébauches de morceaux qu'il composa, donc de ne pas suivre le train de composition du duo Jagger/Richards, ce qui l'avait mis dans une position de faiblesse. Selon Keith Richards, Brian n'a jamais réussi à écrire une chanson complète - uniquement des bribes, qu'il refusait de montrer aux autres membres du groupe. Néanmoins, selon Bill Wyman, les morceaux ébauchés par Brian étaient présentés au groupe mais systématiquement refusés par le duo Jagger/Richards. L'information de Keith Richards se révèle selon la quasi-totalité des sources comme infondée. Il faut dire que le duo n'a jamais apprécié de voir d'autres membres du groupe écrire des chansons : Bill Wyman n'a réussi à enregistrer sa composition In Another Land que parce que Jagger et Richards n'étaient pas au studio ce jour-là.

Les seules compositions connues de Brian Jones sont un jingle de 30 secondes pour Kellogg's, la musique du film allemand Vivre à tout prix réalisé par Volker Schlöndorff, Hear It (un morceau cocrédité avec Keith Richards mais qui semblerait n'avoir été composé que par Jones), Dust My Pyramids, Sure I Do (des morceaux qui n'ont jamais été édités par les Stones) et Play with Fire (où il a été récemment crédité sur la compilation Singles Collection: The London Years).
Néanmoins, il est à l'origine de la mélodie de Ruby Tuesday et une démo solo de celui-ci existe sur cette chanson. De nombreuses chansons des Rolling Stones se sont construites autour de lui, bien qu'il ne soit pas crédité, comme Paint It Black, Under My Thumb, Out of Time…

À noter, cinq collaborations avec les Beatles : il joue du saxophone sur You Know My Name (Look Up the Number), il est présent lors de l'enregistrement de Yellow Submarine où il participe aux chœurs et où il fait des bruits de verres, participe aux chœurs sur Baby, You're a Rich Man et joue du saxophone sur Helter Skelter et All You Need Is Love.

Style vestimentaire
Brian Jones était une icône de la mode et du Swinging London, en raison de ses tenues excentriques et de son côté flamboyant.

Hommages
 « En termes de capacité musicale pure, Mick Taylor est le meilleur guitariste que les Stones ont jamais eu. Cependant, Jones reste, haut la main, le meilleur musicien. Son éclectisme était incroyable, que ce soit au sitar, guitare slide, percussions ou n'importe quel autre instrument. Sa contribution dans l'élaboration du son du groupe ne peut pas être sousestimée », a déclaré Vincent « Vicente » Rodriguez, ancien porte-parole musique pop au Dallas Morning Nouvelles.
 L'album Blonde on Blonde de Bob Dylan sorti le 16 mai 1966, premier double album et ayant connu un véritable succès commercial, aurait été nommé ainsi par son ami Dylan, en référence à la chevelure blonde de Brian, et de sa compagne d'alors, Anita Pallenberg.
 Le concert des Rolling Stones à Hyde Park se passant le 5 juillet 1969 devant près de  est dédié à Brian Jones, mort deux jours avant. Durant l'ouverture, Mick Jagger cite en son hommage des vers de Percy Bysshe Shelley tiré du poème Adonaïs.
 La chanson du groupe The Doors, Tigthrope Ride (18 octobre 1971), écrite par Jim Morrison, a été en partie réécrite par le claviériste du groupe Ray Manzarek après la mort de Jones et de Morrison, la chanson traitant alors indirectement de ces deux hommes sous forme d'hommage.
 Dans son album Mords la vie (1973), Jean-Michel Caradec lui dédie la chanson Épitaphe pour Brian Jones.
 La chanson Death by Misadventure (13 mai 1977) de Ted Nugent lui est dédiée.
 Jane Birkin évoque sa mort dans sa chanson Ex fan des sixties (1978)
 La chanson Godstar (1985) du groupe Psychic TV traite de la mort de Brian Jones.
 La chanson Trash (1986) de Robyn Hitchcock traite de la mort de Brian Jones.
 Dans son album Défloration 13, sorti le 19 mars 2001, Hubert-Félix Thiéfaine chante Une ambulance pour Elmo Lewis, Elmo Lewis étant un pseudonyme pris par Brian Jones au début de sa carrière.
 La chanson de The Rolling Stones, Shine a Light, écrite par Mick Jagger après sa mort et apparaissant dans leur album Exile on Main St. (12 mai 1972), ou encore The Departed (6 octobre 2006) étant le nom du film musical sur les Rolling Stones de Martin Scorsese, est dédié à Brian Jones. Les paroles implorent Dieu de « faire briller l'étoile » sur son âme et demande à Brian Jones d'excuser ces « amis du bout de la nuit qui t'abandonnent dans le matin gris et froid ».

Le groupe The Brian Jonestown Massacre, nommé ainsi en son hommage.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Revues, magazines…

Livres
 Stephane Koechlin, Brian Jones, l'âme sacrifiée des Rolling Stones, Paris, Castor Astral, 1998, 185 p.

 Philippe Bas-Rabérin, Les Rolling Stones, Éditions Albin Michel / Rock & Folk, coll. Rock & Folk, Paris, 1972, 92 p. (ASIN: B0000DLOCT)
 François Jouffa, Jacques Barsamian, Stones-story, Éditions de France, coll. « Story », Paris, , 160 p. (ASIN: B0014MCSQC)
 Roy Carr (trad. ), The Rolling Stones, Éditions Delville, Paris, 1976,

 David Carter (trad. Jacques Collin), Les Rolling Stones, Éditions Hors Collection, , 1994,

 Stanley Booth, The Rolling Stones, éditions Flammarion, édité en 1984, traduit en 1999 et réédité en 2012
 François Bon, Rolling Stones, une biographie, éditions Fayard, 2002, 682 p. - Repris dans Livre de Poche 2004, 1120 p.
 Bill Wyman (Richard Havers), Rolling with the Stones Dk Pub et Epa, (2002-2003, 512 p., 2003)
 Jacques Barsamian, François Jouffa, Les Stones :  de rock & roll, Éditions Ramsay, Paris, 2003, , , CD Aux sources des Stones
 Rolling Stones, Selon les Rolling Stones, éditions Fayard, 360 p., 2003

Film et documentaires
 Le film Stoned sorti en 2005 lui est consacré, réalisé par Stephen Woolley avec Leo Gregory dans le rôle de Brian Jones.
 Des documentaires sont parus également : Brian Jones et les Rolling Stones de Richard Driscoll, sorti en 2006 ; et The Rolling Stones: In Memory of Brian Jones (2003).
 Plus récemment, a été produit No Expectations the Murder of Brian Jones du 12 juillet 2016.
En janvier 2021, la chaîne Arte a diffusé le documentaire La Vie de Brian Jones de Patrick Boudet.

Articles connexes
 Amitiés :  (Stanislas, 1942)

Liens externes

Naissance à Cheltenham
Guitariste anglais de rock
Harmoniciste de rock
Multi-instrumentiste britannique
Membre des Rolling Stones
Musicien de world music
Mort par noyade
Naissance en février 1942
Décès en juillet 1969
Décès dans le Sussex de l'Est
Personnalité liée à la musique ou à la chanson morte à 27 ans


text:
Everspace 2 will be the game that was originally intended
Everspace was an excellent game, but due to limitations in its budget, it wasn't quite the game that the developers, Rockfish Games, had set out to make, according to developer Michael Shade, as he spoke at IGN's Summer of Gaming.
The original title was supposed to be an open-world RPG but had to be cut back in scope and ended up closer to being a procedurally generated exploration game instead. But now, thanks to the success of two Kickstarter campaigns, the second game will be closer to that original vision.
Everspace 2 will be a much bigger galaxy, with between 8-12 star systems to travel between. It'll also feature more permanent sectors of space as opposed to being procedurally generated. The sequel will also have a new modular shipbuilding system allowing players to near-endlessly customize their ships with different parts and upgrades.
The game will head to Early Access on Steam in December of this year, but apparently, certain backers of the Kickstarter will get an early alpha build at some point this year.


With the help of FortiGuard's in-house Threat Intelligence Platform (Kadena), FortiGuard Labs discovered a series of attacks targeted at service centers in Russia. These service centers provide maintenance and support for a variety of electronic goods.
A distinctive feature of these attacks is their multi-staging. These attacks use forged emails, malicious Office documents with exploits for a vulnerability that is 17 years old, and a commercial version of a RAT that is tucked into five different layers of protective packers.
In this article we will overview every stage of these attacks. In addition, we will try to find any connection to another attacks carried out by the same group. An IOC section is also provided at the end of the article.
At the end of March, an undisclosed Russian service company engaged in the repair and servicing of electronic devices received several emails. These emails seemed to be from representatives of the Samsung Company. An example of such email is provided in the figure below.
The email was specifically sent to the service company that repairs Samsung's electronic devicess.
This company is based in Russia, and the email is written in the Russian language with a Russian name in the "From" field.
The sender falsely claims to be from the Samsung Company.
The email contains a file with the name Symptom_and_repair_code_list.xlsx that is related to the targeted company's profile.
After carefully examining this email, we have concluded that it is highly unlikely that a native Russian speaker wrote this text. Instead, this text was probably the product of some machine translation. Therefore we can reasonably assume that while these attackers targeted a Russian company, they are not Russian speakers.
We also analyzed the headers of this email. We can see that authentication attempt results in soft-fail, which means that the IP address of the sender does not known to be related to the domain in the "From" field.
While all of the emails we detected have different attachments, they are all united by a common pattern: the attached files are all .XLSX, and they all looks legit. An example of the internals of such files is shown in the figure below.
Another common feature that unifies all these samples is that they all contain an exploit. We will discuss this in more detail in the next section.
Side note: Inside the malicious documents there is a printer configuration string, shown in the figure below.
We have conducted our investigation and concluded that this string is related to the original source of these files and did not belong to the attackers. Instead, the IP from these strings is probably related to the organization where these documents were initially created. All of the printers in the documents are Samsung models. The attackers later modified these files to contain an exploit.
During our dynamic tests with these suspicious documents we recorded the malicious activity of the eqnedt32.exe. This gave rise to a suspicion that CVE-2017-11882 is being used. Later, we confirmed that all fresh samples are exploits from the same vulnerability: CVE-2017-11882. The malware authors clearly love this vulnerability because it allows them to achieve a stable exploitation across all current Windows platforms. The reason lies in the fact that the component "eqnedt32.exe" has not been updated for 17 years.
This component was so old that some researchers supposed that Microsoft had lost the source code of eqnedt32.exe and had to do a binary patch of the existing executable to fix this vulnerability. You can find more analysis of this vulnerability in this comprehensive article.
It parses the export directory of the kernel32.dll and locates the addresses of two key functions: LoadLibraryA and GetProcAddress. With these two functions it can get access to any function it's need to execute its payload.
With help of LoadLibraryA and GetProcAddress, the shellcode obtains the addresses of the other needed functions. It is interesting that in this case the "hashing names" technique is not used. This shows us that the shellcode author was not actually limited by the code size and could "afford" to store function names in plain text.
The two most important functions "imported" by the shellcode are: URLDownloadToFileW and ExpandEnvironmentStringsW.
The purpose of the first one is obvious. The last function is used to determine the exact location where the shellcode should store downloaded payload, since this location will be different under different platforms.
Finally, Shellcode downloads a file from the URL: hxxp://brrange.com/imm.exe, stores it in %APPDATA%server.exe, and then tries to execute it.
Before analyzing its malicious function, the sample needs to be unpacked. This sample has multiple-layer multi-packer protection.
The first layer of protection – is the well-known ConfuserEx packer. This packer obfuscates objects names, as well as names of methods and resources, to make it hard to read and be understood by humans. In addition, ConfuserEX contains a lot of case jumps, which are used to alter the executions workflow. Therefore, with only a static analysis it is hard to predict which part of code will be executed next.
From those resources with decrypted names, it reads the blob of bytes and forms an array. This array is a next stage of the payload, encrypted by DES encryption.
Finally, it decrypts the resource and executes the decrypted file. In the figure below, we can see the internals of the "sender2" array, which starts from 0x4D, 0x5A, which is the MZ magic value from the DOS header. In this case, the name of the decrypted file is "BootstrapCS" and we will analyze it in the next section.
BootstrapCS is the internal name of the executable in the second stage of its multi-layer protection. This layer is not obfuscated, but contains a lot of anti-analysis checks. Which checks should be taken are determined by the structure "settings" in the resources section (showed in the picture below). Notice the binary resource mainfile - this is the encrypted stage 3 of the Payload.
Hides the file by assigning it system and hidden attributes.
Please note that among the "settings" resources there are binaries—one with a name mainfile—this is an encrypted executable, which represent the third level of packing protection. The encryption scheme used here is a simple XOR algorithm with the KEY = 0x20.
After decryption, the payload is injected into one of the processes based on the value in the settings resource file.
Proceeding to the decrypted payload "mainFile", we can see that its internal name is "im3.exe" and it contains two entries in the resources "application" and "_7z". We can also observe an interesting line called "Imminent-Monitor-Client-Watermark".
If we check the mentioned domain "imminentmethods.net", we find that this is the official website for a commercial Remote Administration Tool called "Imminent Monitor".
Anyone can purchase the license, set up a server, and build its own client stub. Developers clearly state their policy by explicitly prohibiting any usage of the tool in a malicious way. So, they are probably including this watermark to make sure that people won't use their tool as a payload in their malicious campaigns.
As we found, the watermark has been included in the code from 4.4 version of Imminent Monitor software. At the moment of writing, there are only 3.9 and 4.1 cracked versions publicly available. Therefore, there is possibility that a person who purchased this license officially also compiled it. But we cannot determine this for sure.
Once we proceed in our further analysis of the file, we then have to unpack the resource called "application". For the unpacking procedure, the file uses the legit "lzma.dll" library from 7zip.
At this stage we encountered...ConfuserEx. What? ConfuserEx again?
The first two modules are capable of recording video from a victim's webcam. The last three contain different spy and control functionalities. The full list of IMM features are available on the official website. Therefore, we will not describe them here in full.
We also analyzed the C2 servers used in these attacks. Based on the registrant data we have found 50 domains which were all registered on the same day. Some of these domains have already been used for malware spreading. Another group was linked to the phishing campaigns. These domains are currently blocked by our WebFilter. The full list of these domains is provided in the IOC section at the end of this paper.
Additionally, we conducted a search among our collection of samples and found several .XLSX samples that use the same C2 servers as the samples from these attacks. These samples are older and use different vulnerabilities. We believe that this same group of attackers are behind both groups of samples. The list of the samples is also provided in the IOC section.
FortiGuard Labs discovered multi-stage attacks targeted at Russian service centers. We also noticed that the pattern of these attacks has become quite popular today. The use of exploits is more efficient than the use of simple executable files, especially since the level of threat-awareness among users has sufficiently grown in recent years. It is simply not that easy to trick a user to opening executable file as it was before. Exploits are a different case.
If your workflow demands that you have to open MS Office documents from external sources, then the most reliable security solution in this case must be based on sandboxing technology. FortiSandbox, for example, can detect exploitation attempts even for unknown vulnerabilities. If your organization has FortiSandbox protection and you have received an MS Document from an unknown source, it is better not to open it right away. Wait for 3-5 minutes: If malicious, the file will be detected during sandboxing, a special signature will be released, and your FortiClient will alert you about the sample. If your organization also has FortiMail configured together with FortiSandbox, then FortiMail will wait until the sandboxing process is finished before delivering the email to recipients.
FortiGuard will continue to monitor the remaining registered domains and other activities of this attacker group.


All-day Robinson excursion by fishing boat that takes place in the Pag Bay, the Doors of Pag and Velebit channeL. The main goal of excursion is for you to see the beautiful untouched and isolated parts of Pag that are reachable only with a boat.
We invite you on a one day Robinson excursion by a fishing boat that takes place in the Pag Bay, the Doors of Pag and Velebit channel, for which you need only good will and bathing equipment. See the beautiful untouched and isolated parts of Pag that are reachable only with a boat!
We leave at 9.30 a.m. from Pag promenade. After the panoramic drive along the coast of Pag Bay we stop in Metajna, a small fisherman's village where we spend about 60 minutes.
The next stops are the beaches in the Doors of Pag and on the one of them we prepare a traditional fish lunch. You're welcome to join the crew in preparing it!
For those who don't enjoy fish, chicken or vegetarian menu are available, with prior notice!
After lunch, we go towards the exit of the Doors of Pag where the boat crew takes you to numbers of caves and underwater tunnels with the untouched flora and fauna: corals, fish, shells… You can swim and jump off the cliffs. If you have mask and flippers you will be able to experience this beauty completely!
Finally, we visit Velebit channel where we also stop on one of the beaches.
Return in Pag is scheduled around 6 p.m.


In 2005 Mylan Inc. sought to launch a generic version of Takeda Chemical Industries' successful Type 2 diabetes that effectively gave Judge Cote the background and facts drug ACTOS® (pioglitazone hydrochloride). In their she needed to render in Takeda's favor.
Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) fi lings to the CaseSight's tutorials helped EAPD convincingly fi ght off FDA, Mylan and three others argued Takeda's Actos patent the claim of obviousness by showing to the judge the was invalid due to obviousness and inequitable conduct. complex nature of the lead compound in question in the Takeda hired Edwards Angell Palmer & Dodge (EAPD) to prior art, and its millions of potential variations. The tutorials bring suit in the Southern District of New York against Mylan also demonstrated abundant evidence of Takeda's good and the others to roll back the ANDA bid, assert the validity faith before the PTO, rendering the defendants' arguments of the patent, and reassert the profi table ACTOS market.
Cote wrote in her February 21, 2005 ruling, "the [ACTOS] Due to the sheer complexity of the compounds under Patent discloses a remarkable invention. After decades dispute and the diffi cult legal arguments employed by the of work to develop an anti-diabetic treatment, Takeda defendants, Judge Denise Cote of the U.S. District Court discovered a pharmaceutical agent that was both effective for the Southern District of New York asked EAPD before and nontoxic. This represented a signifi cant advance over the trial for two DVDs that she could review on a standard compounds disclosed in the prior art. Faced with the task home DVD player: one, an organic chemistry tutorial on the of proving their cases by clear and convincing evidence, background and development of pioglitazone hydrochloride, both Alphapharm and Mylan have failed to make even a and the other, a synopsis of the patent validity arguments.


text:
Q: Zeta function of abelian variety with CM In his book, "Introduction to the arithmetic theory ..." (Ch 7, section 8) Shimura constructs the Zeta function of an abelian variety with CM and expresses it as a product of L-functions.
Since I found his proof of the main theorem of complex multiplication for elliptic curves very messy, (along with other proofs - and it's not clear that this one can be made simpler) I'd like to ask:
Are there other sources where the zeta function of an abelian variety is constructed (elliptic curve case is in Lang's Elliptic functions), or would you suggest learning this from Shimura?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q1 Exports of Medicinal, Ornamental Plants, Herbs at $49m
EghtesadOnline: A total of 29,000 tons of medicinal and ornamental plants and herbs worth $49 million were exported from Iran during the first quarter of the current Iranian year (March 21-June 21), according to the director general of Agrifood Exports Coordination Bureau of the Trade Promotion Organization of Iran.
"Saffron was the most important exported item, which accounted for 53% of the value of Iran's total exports, with 52 tons worth $26 million," Mahmood Bazari was also quoted as saying by IRNA.
According to the spokesperson of the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration, a total of 324 tons of saffron worth $190 million were exported from Iran to 60 countries in the last fiscal year (March 2020-21), with five countries accounting for 79% of weight and 78% of the value of total shipments.
"Hong Kong with more than 74 tons worth $46.62 million was the biggest customer of Iranian saffron over the period. The country alone accounted for 23% and 24.5% of the total volume and value of the exports respectively," Rouhollah Latifi was also quoted as saying by IRNA.
Hong Kong was followed by the UAE with 59 tons worth $33.94 million, Spain with 49 tons worth $26.44 million, China with 40 tons worth $22.5 million and Afghanistan with 33 tons worth $19.17 million.
Other export destinations for Iran's red gold are France, Italy, Australia, Bahrain, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, the UK, Canada, Germany, India, Switzerland, Malaysia, Turkey, Iraq, Indonesia, Japan, South Africa, Austria, Poland, Norway, Kenya, Lebanon, the US, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and the Philippines.
Iran is the world's biggest producer of saffron, the most expensive spice in the world, accounting for about 90% of global production.
The lion's share of Iranian saffron is exported by air.
The saffron industry has created some 200,000 jobs along the pre-harvest, harvest, post-harvest, processing, sorting and packaging chain. The livelihood of these people, farmers in particular, mainly depends on exports.
According to Deputy Agriculture Minister Ali Tahmasebi, Iran's area under saffron cultivation exceeds 115,000 hectares, which is 20 times bigger than the total land dedicated to growing saffron in the whole world.
"Iran is annually increasing the area by 5,000 hectares and saffron cultivation is no longer restricted to the three provinces of North Khorasan, South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi," he said.
"Farmers now also harvesting saffron in various parts of the country, including Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari Province, a cold and mountainous region in central Iran, as well as in Khuzestan, a southern province known for its hot and humid climate."
Per capita consumption of saffron in Iran has been put at 1 gram. Annually, 80 tons of saffron are consumed domestically.
However, Gholamreza Miri, the deputy head of Iran National Saffron Council, says local demand for saffron has dropped by 70% following the outbreak of Covid-19 and a decline in the number of wedding and funeral receptions, adding that saffron is no longer a priority in the food basket of Iranian households.
Saffron, the world's costliest spice by weight, is derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, commonly known as the "saffron crocus". The vivid crimson stigma and styles, called threads, are collected and dried for use mainly as a seasoning and coloring agent in food.
Saffron is widely used in Persian cuisine for its distinct aroma, color and taste.
Q1 tea exports stood at 4,000 tons worth $4 million, registering a 642% and 728% growth in weight and value respectively, year-on-year.
There are currently 28,000 hectares of tea plantations in the country, 22,000 hectares of which bear yields, according to Iran Tea Organization figures.
More than 55,000 farmers earn their living through tea cultivation in Iran's northern provinces and of Gilan and Mazandaran where the product is considered an economically strategic commodity.
Some 90% of Iran's tea plantations are located in Gilan Province. Lahijan County in eastern Gilan is known as Iran's tea production capital.
Iran's Tea Association puts domestic demand for tea at 120,000 tons per year.
The country consumes about 5% of the total annual world tea production. Local tea production meets 30% of the annual domestic demand and the rest is mainly imported from India and Sir Lanka.
Turkey, Germany, China, Japan, Vietnam, Kenya, Poland are other exporters of the product to the country.
Licorice root and extract, cut flowers, flower buds and other ornamental plants were among other exported products in Q1.
Bazari noted that China, the UAE, Spain, Pakistan, Iraq and Germany were the main export destinations.
exports Agrifood Medicinal
Kiwi Exports Resume
Iran Agrifood Exports Rise to 3m Tons Worth $2.1 Billion in 5 Months
10% Rise in Agrifood Exports
Agrifood Exports Up 6% YOY to $1.7 Billion in Four Months
Agrifood Exports Rise 6.8% to $1.6 Billion in Four Months


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Eat Featured News Travel Wine & Dine
Soneva partners with Michelin Guide for 20 culinary events in Maldives
m@ldives	235 views September 17, 2018
Soneva has announced a unique partnership with the Michelin Guide for 20 dinner events which will be hosted at its resorts in the Maldives.
The dinners, which run from August 2018 until mid 2019, are part of Soneva's Festival of Colour, a celebration of Soneva's diverse array of visiting experts and designed to offer unique guest experiences.
Throughout the festival, some of the world's most celebrated and decorated chefs, all of whom have come from Michelin starred restaurants, will be hosting highly exclusive dinner events at Soneva properties, each for a maximum of eight resort guests at a time.
It is the first time that the Michelin Guide has done any kind of event in the Maldives. The partnership is also designed to appeal to the international foodie scene and cement Soneva's reputation as an epicurean destination.
"This partnership is an extraordinary opportunity for Soneva guests to celebrate culinary excellence in an outstanding environment. This collaboration is totally in line with Michelin's desire to offer travellers unique fine dining experiences all over the world," Alexandre Taisne, Michelin Group Food and Beverage Director, was quoted in a statement, as saying.
Under the terms of the collaboration, Soneva and the Michelin Guide will be jointly promoting the following chef events, most of which feature chefs from restaurants worldwide with two or three Michelin stars:
Kiko Moya, from two starred Spanish restaurant L'Escaletta, cooked at Soneva Fushi between August 26-31, 2018
Gert de Mangeleer, from three starred Belgium restaurant Hertog Jan, who will be cooking at Soneva Fushi from October 7-12, 2018
Bruno Oger, from two starred French restaurant La Villa Archange, who will be cooking at Soneva Fushi from October 15-21, 2018
Yoann Conte, from two starred French restaurant Bord du Lac, who will be cooking at Soneva Fushi from November 5-12, 2018
Pere Planaguma, from two starred Spanish restaurant Les Cols who will be cooking at Soneva Fushi from November 25 to December 02, 2018
Tim Raue, from two starred German Restaurant Tim Raue, who will be cooking at Soneva Fushi from December 5 t0 14, 2018
Ronan Kevarrec, from two starred French restaurant La Table de Plaisance, who will be cooking at Soneva Fushi and Soneva Jani from December 22 to January 04, 2019
Tom Aikens, from two starred UK restaurant Toms Kitchen, who will be cooking at Soneva Fushi from February 14 to 17, 2019
Guillaume Bracaval, from two starred French restaurant Michel Troisgros, who will be cooking at Soneva Fushi from March 4 to 9, 2019
Maxime Meilleur, from three starred French restaurant La Bouitte, who will be cooking at Soneva Fushi from October 6 – 11, 2019
The remaining chef events are to be announced soon.
More than 30 chefs are confirmed to visit Soneva properties in 2018 and 2019, most of which have originated from restaurants that have received Michelin stars.
"Gastronomy is now one of the most important factors when deciding where to stay, especially in the luxury travel segment when 'good food' is no longer enough. We focus on creating rare, lasting experiences for guests and part of this is welcoming these incredible chefs to create their renowned dishes using our organic and locally sourced ingredients. We hope that our guests will experience a life changing meal when they stay with us, and we are delighted to have this opportunity to partner with the MICHELIN Guide," Sonu Shivdasani, Soneva's CEO and Co-Creative Director, said.
In addition to the chefs, Soneva will be welcoming explorers, free-divers, astronauts, astronomers, authors, wellness experts, wine producers, sake experts, and other people who will all be offering guest activities.
Soneva, a world-leading luxury resort operator, runs two resorts in the Maldives, Soneva Fushi and Soneva Jani.
Opened in December 2016, Soneva Jani is Soneva's newest property and its second resort in the Maldives.
Soneva Jani encompasses a collection of 24 overwater villas and one island villa set in a 5.6 kilometre private lagoon located in the northern Noonu atoll. The resort spans five islands surrounded by pure white beaches, covered in rich tropical vegetation, offering the ultimate in privacy and luxury.
Each of the resort's multilevel water villas has its own private pool and a retractable roof that allows guests to sleep beneath the stars. Many villas also have slides that transport guests directly from the top level into the lagoon below. Other hotel highlights include a spa, an observatory — home to the largest telescope in the Indian Ocean — and an outdoor cinema.
Since its opening, Soneva Jani has created a lot of buzz amongst luxury travellers with its exciting features such as the retractable roofs and the water slides. It has been named the Best Over-the-Top Luxury hotel of the year by Jetsetter.com, the best new resort in the world by CNN, and the Leading Luxury Hotel/Resort in South Asia and Leading Luxury Hotel/Resort in Maldives.
TagsCulinaryculinary eventsculinary events in MaldivesdinediningFine diningMichelin Star ChefSonevaSoneva FushiSoneva GroupSoneva JaniSoneva ResortsThe Soneva GroupWine & DineWine and Dine


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