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Lake Erie Crushers
Lorain County Ironmen
Donate to Clothe-A-Child
Lorain City Council votes to approve lease for…
Lorain City Council votes to approve lease for cafe
By Alan Ingram |
PUBLISHED: April 21, 2009 at 9:41 a.m. | UPDATED: July 15, 2021 at 11:51 a.m.
LORAIN — People in City Hall will once again be able to grab a bite to eat without leaving the building. City Council last night approved a lease agreement with Jaime Silva to operate the food kiosk just outside the police department on the first floor of City Hall. According to the lease agreement, Silva will pay $350 per month for the space. Silva also runs the cafe in the City Center building across the street from City Hall. The same kind of foods — such as sandwiches, muffins, coffee and juices — will likely be offered at both locations, said Doug Rangel, who works with the city's Community Development Department. It's possible the kiosk will be open again within two weeks, Rangel said. Per the lease agreement, it will be open from at least 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. The original cafe opened in 2008 and offered salads, sandwiches and other items for about 10 months before it closed in late December. City Council also voted last night, 8-3, to authorize the design and bidding of a large underground tunnel that will serve as the final phase of the project currently underway to eliminate sanitary sewer overflows in the city and the first phase of the project to relocate the Black River Wastewater Treatment Plant. Council members Mitchell Fallis, D-at-large; Anne Molnar, D-at-large, and Dennis Flores, D-2, cast the dissenting votes. The design and bid phase of the approximately 8 million gallon tunnel is expected to cost more than $3 million, officials have said. Some council members wanted to send the ordinance to committee in order to get some history on the project. Mayor Anthony Krasienko told council Malcolm Pirnie, an engineering firm, has already done some of the preliminary work on the tunnel, and the city wouldn't change firms in the middle of the project. Council members debated whether to send the matter to committee, but there were not enough votes to do so. There were, however, enough to pass the ordinance. In other business, Council decided to have a committee meeting next Monday to discuss changing the law director's salary to $55,000 per year. A special call of council will be afterward for the second reading of the ordinance and a third reading would be on Tuesday if necessary. Former Law Director Mark Provenza's salary was $73,067.39 before he resigned on March 31.
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90 Years of TIME Cover Stars: The Celebrities Who Defined a Century of Entertainment
As TIME celebrates its 90th birthday, we look back at the some of the stars who have graced its cover over the last almost-century
Marilyn Monroe and Norman Mailer
By TIME Staff Feb. 27, 2013
ISSUE DATE: July 16, 1973
It has taken Norman Mailer nearly five decades to achieve a truly Monrovian status. But he is still fantasizing. "I come from Brooklyn," says Mailer, "and she had the basic stuff out of which Brooklyn dream girls are made." Besides, "I felt some sort of existential similarities with Marilyn Monroe." Both, in fact, were seen as romantic symbols, larger than lifestyle. Both were reconciliations of opposites: Mailer described himself as a radical conservative, a combination of street toughness and book learning. Monroe was the essence of soft, vacuous femininity−but she could be as bright and unyielding as a diamond, and she had deep yearnings for intellectuality. Both were disproportionately rewarded and resented. What could be more fortuitous than the meeting of these two uniquely American superstars? The project belongs in lights: Gentleman Prefers Blonde: NM Meets MM. Out of such amalgams come great legends, heavy bestsellers−but alas, not great biographies.
Not that it matters. Mailer's new Marilyn is a book of gargantuan propensities. It is giant in format (9 in. by 11 in.), formidable in price and weight ($19.95, 3 Ibs. 3 oz.), and incalculable in impact. It will soon be excerpted for publication in a dozen countries−including Finland, France and Japan. More than a million lbs. of paper will be used for its first American printing (in Monroe County, N.Y.) of 285,000 copies. The Book-of-the-Month Club has made Marilyn its main selection for August−the most expensive book ever so offered to the membership. A TV special and screen bio are being planned. Doubtless there will also be Marilyn Monroe posters, buttons, dresses and hair styles. An industry is under way, triggered by this irresistible shotgun wedding of talents.
Next Woody Allen
Celebrities on TIME
The Dixie Chicks
Tom Cruise & Nicole Kidman
Tom Wolfe
Arsenio Hall
Glenn Close and Michael Douglas
Lily Tomlin
Mary Tyler Moore and Valerie Harper
Liza Minelli
Grandma Moses
Willa Cather
Arturo Toscanini
Eugene O'Neill

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: how to create windows bootable usb stick from ubuntu I refered many links like
How can I create a Windows bootable USB stick using Ubuntu?
and unable to create usb stick for windows 7 from ubuntu 14.04.I installed WinUsb and Unetbooin packages.Also I tried with dd.But I can not create windows bootable usb from ubuntu.how can i create Windows bootable stick from ubuntu.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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* Handles the cookie used by several JavaScript functions
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* Only a single cookie is written and read. You may only save
* simple name-value pairs - no complex types!
*
* You should only use the getValue and setValue methods
*
* @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
* @author Michal Rezler <m.rezler@centrum.cz>
*/
var DokuCookie = {
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     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
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     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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The Deli Born Out Of The 'Titanic' Disaster
April 13, 2012 09:46 GMT
By Richard Solash
Richard Hyman, great-grandson of "Titanic" survivor Joseph Abraham Hyman, in front of the family business in Manchester, England, his great-grandfather started a year after the "Titanic" sank.
Most people don't associate the "Titanic" with luncheon meat.
That's not the case, however, for the Jewish community in Manchester, England, where the cursed ship's name has long been synonymous with smoked salmon and pickles.
Titanics is a 99-year-old family business now run by Richard Hyman, 42. He's the great-grandson of Joseph Abraham Hyman, a Titanic passenger who survived when the liner struck an iceberg on April 15, 1912.
Joseph was taken to New York by the rescue ship "Carpathia," and was so inspired by the delis in the immigrant-packed U.S. city that he decided to start his own business upon returning to England.
"Really, he was like a minor celebrity in Manchester in that he survived. Not many people had survived and come back to England," Richard Hyman says.
"Whenever he was seen in the street people would point to him and in hushed voices say, 'It's the man from the "Titanic!"' And then it moved from 'going to see the man from the "Titanic"' to just 'going to Titanic's,'" he continues. "So very quickly [his business] became known as 'Titanic's.' The name just sort of stuck and it has for over 90 years now."
'Bloodcurdling Cry'
Joseph's story of survival started well before the sea disaster. Born in 1878 in Russia, he relocated to England amid increasingly frequent pogroms against Jews.
Like many who had secured third-class tickets on board the "Titanic," Hyman was seeking to start a new life. He was destined for Massachusetts, where he planned to join his brother.
Joseph Abraham Hyman (left)
Instead, of course, all did not go according to plan. After being transported safely to New York City, Joseph gave a detailed account of his ordeal to "The New York Times" and the "New York Herald."
He describes first-class passengers "admiring" a pile of ice on the ship's deck before panic spread through steerage quarters. One man, he says, was shot in the chin by a crewmember as he dashed for one of the few lifeboats in sight.
From his own lifeboat, Hyman recalls, he heard an explosion and screams. "The cry was bloodcurdling and never stopped until the 'Titanic' went down, when it seemed to be sort of choked off. The cry is ringing in my ears now and always will," he is quoted as saying.
"We sat there silent, we were terror-stricken. In less than 10 minutes there came a terrible explosion, and I could see men, women, and pieces of the ship blown into the air from the after-deck. Later I saw bodies partly blown to pieces floating around, and I am sure more than a hundred persons were blown off into the sea by that explosion."
Richard Hyman, who has supplemented the newspaper accounts with knowledge passed down through the family, explains how his great-grandfather managed to make it to safety.
"He was very lucky. He just happened to be near collapsible lifeboat C. My great-grandfather was told to get in because there were mainly women and children in there and they couldn't row the boat. They needed some men to get in because the crew weren't getting in and [many of] the upper-class people still didn't believe the boat was going to sink," Hyman says.
"So if he hadn't and nobody else could row it, then it also would have also gotten sucked down into the sea with the 'Titanic.'"
Never To Be Mentioned Again
Joseph Hyman died 13 years before his great-grandson was born. But as his deli goes on, so too does his memory. Some of the foods sold at Titanics are still made according to Joseph's recipe. His picture even adorns some of the packaging.
In the days leading up to the 100th anniversary of the "Titanic's" sinking, Richard Hyman has invited local patrons to come by the store to raise a toast to his forebear's life and story of survival.
But if Joseph were still alive, Hyman says, the mood might be very different. According to family members, Joseph rarely broached his "Titanic" story after giving his initial account.
"After that he just didn't really talk about it. He just clammed up. Posttraumatic stress disorder is what you'd call it nowadays," Hyman says.
"I think it was the elephant in the room, where basically everyone knew it was there, but nobody dared speak about it," he adds. "One of our cousins did live with him for a while when he was younger. He recalled him waking up practically every night, screaming."
A 'Titanic' Tragedy And A Small Piece Of History
'Titanic': Images Of Majesty And Disaster
From The Turks To The 'Titanic:' One Armenian's Fateful Escape
Archival Footage: The Sinking Of The 'Titanic'
'Titanic' Records Published Online


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Big O.E. online exhibition
By AkL - April 29, 2015
Our digital team at Auckland Libraries have created an online exhibition to complement the current Sir George Grey Special Collections exhibition, the Big O.E. The exhibition is running until 14 June 2015 on the second floor of the Central Library and the online exhibition is located here. Ref: Ron Clark, Oriana, 1960s, Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 1207-1448.
Onehunga soldiers' roll of honour
What must be one of New Zealand's finest and most elaborate First World War rolls of honour is found upstairs at the Onehunga RSA , 57 Princes Street, Onehunga. Sir F.W. Lang MP unveiled the Onehunga soldiers' roll of honour in the town's Carnegie Library on 25 April 1919. Ref: James D Richardson, Carnegie Library, Onehunga, 1915, Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 4-1476.
The clues are in the small print
By Auckland Libraries - April 22, 2015
Sir George Grey Special Collections, AWNS-19360506-45-4 Do you have any family members who had/have wedding anniversaries, or died between 1934 and 1970? If so, have you checked The New Zealand Herald anniversaries and death notices 1939 – 1970 [microform] : index & transcriptions slips *? You may just locate information that you have previously missed. The names index was extracted from more than 22,000 handwritten transcriptions of death and anniversary notices. The second part of this resource contains the microfiched transcription slips. The transcription slips contain the full text and date of the notice as it appeared in the newspaper. Usually the names of the people involved are included as well as a date and place. Sometimes there is even a reference to another source of information that may be followed up on later. Often five or more people are named in an anniversary transcription slip. All of these names have been included in the index. There are over 100,000
News from the Dardanelles
On 29 April 1915 Prime Minister Massey announced in Wellington that four days earlier New Zealand troops had participated in the landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula in the Dardanelles. However actual photographs of military activities and living conditions at Gallipoli were sparse in the Auckland Weekly News Supplement until late July 1915. There were photographs of the naval warships trying to force a passage through the Dardanelles and bombarding the Turkish forts there. There was also the Roll of Honour; and its seemingly never-ending portraits of casualties must have alerted readers that something BIG was happening. But either distance, censorship, early lack of official photographers or the simple fact that the troops couldn't easily get their films developed meant the Auckland Weekly News could only gradually reveal the campaign to its readers as events unfolded. This little piece might shed some light on how Auckland Weekly News readers learned about life and death in
Maps of Gallipoli
By zc - April 20, 2015
Sir George Grey Special Collections hold a number of First World War maps of Gallipoli and surrounding regions. Seven of these maps have been digitised and are accessible via the Heritage Images database. In April 1915, New Zealand soldiers, alongside those from Australia, Britain and France, invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula. This was to ensure an Allied naval force could break through the Dardanelles Strait and seize or threaten the Ottoman capital of Constantinople, and hopefully the Ottoman Empire might be forced out of the war. The British landed at Cape Helles on the southern tip of the peninsula, while the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) landed half way up the peninsula, in order to cut off the Ottomans' supply route to the south. Neither force managed to achieve their primary objectives and the conflict soon turned into a stalemate of trench warfare. Ref: The Daily Telegraph picture map of the Dardanelles... , 1915, Sir George Grey Special Colle
The forgotten New Lynn Gateway of Remembrance
New Lynn's First World War memorial was not erected until some years after the war. A proposal first made in 1920 to erect a soldiers' memorial on the Triangle Reserve in the centre of town came to nothing. Eventually, Reverend W.P. Rankin, the minister at St Andrew's Presbyterian Church Hall, took matters literally into his own hands, and erected a substantial brick 'Gateway of Remembrance' on the corner of Matai Street and Margan Avenue outside his church. The Reverend Rankin was no stranger to bricklaying, having previously built the church hall himself. Ref: excerpt from the New Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21638, 2 November 1933, page 6.
Easter - illuminated medieval manuscripts and early printed Bibles
This Easter Heritage et AL is featuring a selection of illustrations from our illuminated medieval manuscripts and images of some early (pre 1501) printed bibles. The illuminated manuscripts include a variety of liturgical and devotional books of differing types, some of which are described below. These definitions are from Medieval & Renaissance manuscripts in New Zealand Collections by Margaret M. Manion, Vera F. Vines & Christopher de Hamel which is a comprehensive text on medieval manuscripts held in New Zealand. Missal "contains the texts used for the celebration of Mass, together with a liturgical calendar." Breviary "contains the texts used for the recitation of the Divine Office, together with a liturgical calendar." Book of Hours "A devotional book, popular with the laity from the late thirteenth century onwards. It contains a selection of short Offices, prayers and devotions, and is prefaced by a liturgical calendar. The Litt
April Fool's Day - various races
The first of April marks April Fool's Day. There is a long history of practical jokes being played on April 1 in New Zealand. George Reed reported in 1883 that Noah's Ark had been discovered and the story was reprinted in papers around the world, and in 1949 the radio host Phil Shone convinced the people of Auckland that a swarm of wasps were descending . The BBC got into the fun in 1957 with a news item about spaghetti trees . More recently NZ On Screen published a hoax biography of fictional film maker Colin McKenzie . A list of other New Zealand April Fool's hoaxes can be found here . Whilst not a prank or practical joke I thought Aprils Fool's Day provided an appropriate opportunity to present some of the more humorous images in our photograph collections relating to various races staged in New Zealand through the years, plus a photo of a roller skater in a chicken suit. Ref: Halftones Ltd. for the Auckland Weekly News, The chantecler craze, 14 April
Easter - illuminated medieval manuscripts and earl...


Dog Can Sense Something's Wrong With His Owner, Knows Exactly What To Do — Amazing!
Dog really is a man's best friend when their loving nature is so deeply rooted that they can sense that something is wrong. We have all seen the video of the dog mourning his owner's loss, but there is something truly empowering when a dog knows their human is in trouble and does something about it.
Here we have an incredible service dog who not only learned how the help his owner recover after passing out, he can predict when it's going to happen. Providing security and comfort, this dog knows no bounds when it comes to helping his owner cope with a medical condition.
It's Christmas Caroling Competition Unlike Any You've Ever Seen. HILARIOUS.
His Babysitter Is Abusive, But Mom Has NO IDEA. Watch What The Family Dog Does Next.


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BSC For Business Continuity Management
What is virtual data room
There is no doubt that digitalization is an integral part of the modern working routine. Most organizations are concerned that with such aspects, it will be more straightforward to reach the most suitable results. However, it will be only with…..
How to get small business grants? To achieve their goals, participants recommend that governments take concrete policies to promote women's entrepreneurship and employment and urge the investment program to continue to mainstream gender issues in the development of the private sector. For this, small business grants are created.
A report on progress in the field of entrepreneurship and women's employment in the region indicates improved training and a corresponding increase in female entrepreneurship and employment. This list summarizes the actions taken by governments and other stakeholders in the region to promote gender equality and women's economic empowerment. Small business grants for women are being developed for them.
Business grants for women highlight barriers. In particular, this shows that:
The level of female entrepreneurship is one of the lowest in the world, despite the fact that more and more women are being trained.
Statistics on the number of women entrepreneurs and the participation of women in economic activities are often missing or incomplete.
Entrepreneurship and women's participation in the economy are relatively limited due to barriers to creating and developing a gender-related business, including cultural norms, civil law or barriers to business.
The global economic crisis has created new challenges for women's entrepreneurship common to other regions. Declining export demand, slowing capital flows and slow growth pose new risks for women and may threaten past gains and impede progress in promoting gender equality.
Exchanges between representatives of governments, enterprises, business associations, non-governmental organizations and international organizations will allow: to recognize the positive role of women in economic growth; identify all obstacles to the equality of women in business; Provide guidance to governments and other stakeholders, such as business and employer associations in the region, to reduce these barriers and facilitate policy responses to promote women's employment and business development by women entrepreneurs, driving innovation, job creation and economic growth; and collect elements of best practices on how to stimulate women's entrepreneurship and increase their participation in the economy.
Developed by government grants for small business. Following the submission of the Declaration and the promotion of women's entrepreneurship and employment, the Investment Program will support and encourage further research on gender issues. These studies will highlight the problems that women face when setting up and running their business in the region, provide suggestions on how to overcome them, and make a concrete contribution that women can make to the economy of the region based on experience and existing work.
How to get grants to start a business? The barriers and costs of setting up and leaving enterprises in the region, such as access to finance, create difficulties for all enterprises. As indicated in the Report on the Implementation of the Declaration on the Development of Women's Entrepreneurship in the Region, these problems are all the more important for women-owned companies. Legal, social and cultural norms pose an increased risk for investment in these companies. Lack of confidence in women's ability to start or run a business and pay off credit makes access to finance difficult for women. It is also reported that loans to women require greater guarantees and that their cost is significantly higher than for men. The investment program is responsible for conducting a comparative study of the legal, institutional and cultural provisions governing access to finance for enterprises, with particular emphasis on gender barriers.
This study will identify: 1. Practices applicable to access to credit in countries; 2. cultural codes related to obtaining a loan or measures to develop a business; 3. The status of property rights and warranty, including access to land; and 4. Elements of good practice to reduce barriers and costs on corporate borrowing and subsidies, including through government-supported programs. Representatives of governments, companies, business associations, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations will encourage gender responsiveness through.
Virtual Data Room Services Popular for M&A and Due Diligence
What functionality should a data room finance have?
Investing – The Four Types of Investments
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In good condition. One missing part and broken glass on one window (see pictures).
Very beautiful antique stained glass double window with Koi carps decor, typical of the taste for Japonism in the late 19th century.
Superb colors very bright and good condition.


at both federal and state levels, use these tools or their equivalent.
Are there web based tools, systems and forms to help me?
Reverse phone lookup for US cellphone and landline customers.
Please note that reverse residential landline (or fixed phone) number lookup is also available online for the United States.
Are you feeling stressed, about the possible abusive use of cellphones that happens these days? Specifically, are you getting the unwanted attention of prank callers, those harassing pests who sometimes present as marginally criminal? What can be really frightening, though, is the ominous sound of so-called 'heavy-breathers' - causing your imagination to play havoc with your mind and emotions as if the NYC underworld is on the other end of the cell phone!
What can you do to reveal the identity of the nuisance caller? How can you know for sure who is the owner of the cell phone that is calling you?
You might be happy to learn that various reverse cell phone lookup services have emerged for North America - especially since September, 2001 with the awakening of increased vigilance generally and the emergence of more electronically based community protection systems.
Thousands of Americans have been accessing these new, web based telephone number search systems provided with the cooperation of the major Telecoms companies. People are typically saying that these online search services are useful to them, particularly for the retrieval of additional U.S. public records, where these are available. There are even P.I. (private investigator) reports about the wide scope of online search services, their new time-efficiency and database accuracy. Possibly, this is all because computer and Internet based systems work constantly, night and day, allowing increased flexibility in working hours. The computer systems allow professionals to hunt down a lot more investigative sources, as well as various numbers of Telco company white pages services inclusive of reverse cellular directories, across the entire USA.
The large number of telephone companies in The United States complicates the provision of one central, national lookup service. Additionally, there are many types of second tier 411 services, telephone service organizations, 'criss-cross' directories, unlisted mobile and landline number directory services, further compounded by all the varying state government regulations on the usage of cell phones and fixed telephones.
Databases required to facilitate an advanced reverse cell mobile lookup or a local, unlisted phone number search are quite complicated because of the need for integration. That is, all companies need to be searched simultaneously. This has been achieved by a system known as Complete Investigation Services, or C.I.S.
The CIS reverse search facility links up about a thousand different databases. It provides additional information such as a phone account holder's history of known addresses. If there are any criminal records associated with the account holder, then these public records are also listed, according to the service providers.
o Circuit Court Records: includes findings, liens, bankruptcy, etc.
o Property Records: land ownership and more very useful information.
The online web page resulting from a reverse telephone number search provides you a large selection of information. Some may be relevant to your purposes while other information may be quite irrelevant and should be disregarded and disposed of. Gathering the public information is protected by the Freedom Of Information Act. The question of legality arises around how you eventually use the information that was obtained from CIS.
Consequently, even prank cell phone callers and nuisance callers can be traced, tracked down and investigated using online tools. However, the action of bringing them to justice must only be undertaken by authorized police officers. You are always responsible for your own actions, so don't take the law into your own hands. Let the local area police deal with it.
In summary, huge databases online can in fact deliver you full background reports on the pranksters, pests and criminals who may be currently causing you harassment and unpleasantness. Much associated data is accessible. A simple web form is the tool you require, worked on a case by case basis. This is how professional investigators do it and many folk simply don't realize that the tools are available to all United States citizens with an Internet connection.
With the full background report that is made, you get a person's name, current address and where available, the address location history. Acquire any recorded criminal activities records, county circuit court records as well as the entire range of legal American public records under The Freedom of Information Act, which is a US Federal Law.
So thank you for your visit to my hub page. I am positive that you will be 'over the moon' about your new information-gathering skills. You will quickly be able to find any needed data in the full background report.. This becomes rather easy with a reverse cellphone lookup facility online today. Beat the prank callers and the harassment pests once and for all. Regain the freedoms of our hi tech existence. Use your mobile smartphone, landline or regular cellphone in peace.


Cars within the UK need to adhere to the 3-1-1 system: all vehicles 3 years old or more are required to have a valid MOT test certificate which needs to be renewed annually. It is your responsibility to ensure your vehicle is tested every 12 months.
You can find the expiry date of your MOT on your existing MOT test certificate, or using the MOT Checker website (https://www.gov.uk/check-mot-status), and your vehicle can be MOT tested up to 28 days in advance.
As long as your MOT falls within the 28 day window the expiry date on your new MOT is 12 months from the expiry of your old one rather than 12 months from the day your MOT test was carried out. So you won't lose any days for having your vehicle tested early.
Without a current MOT certificate, you will be unable to drive your vehicle lawfully or renew your road tax. The police can fine you for not having an up to date MOT certificate. Also if the vehicle is involved in an accident an insurance claim could be affected by the absence of your MOT, especially in the case of injury.
Recent computerisation of the MOT testing system by DVSA means police and mobile camera units can now check remotely to see if your vehicle has a current MOT.
What do I need to take with me for an MOT?
Only the vehicle being tested! The MOT system is now operated electronically, and our MOT tester can look your vehicle up on the DVSA system to find the existing MOT details and the computer system will automatically update the new MOT certificate 12 months from the vehicles current MOT due date.
Only the vehicle being tested! The MOT system is now operated electronically, and our MOT tester can look your vehicle up on the DVSA system to find the existing MOT details and the cumputer system will automaically update the new MOT certificate 12 months from the vehicles current MOT due date.
When do I need to change my engine oil?
We recommend that you change it yearly. However, it will depend on the car make and model, some manufacturers recommend every 5,000 miles. However, today there are cars which have been built to run for anywhere between 10,000 and 20,000 miles before the engine oil needs replacing. The precise figure is usually supplied in manufacturers' maintenance manuals or searching online.
We recommend that you change it yearly. However, it will depends on the car make and model, some manufacturers recommend every 5,000 miles. However, today there are cars which have been built to run for anywhere between 10,000 and 20,000 miles before the engine oil needs replacing. The precise figure is usually supplied in manufacturers' maintenance manuals or searching online.
What PSI should my tyres be inflated to?
The PSI figure on the tyre wall is the maximum pressure the tyre can hold, not actually the figure to fill it to. The recommended PSI figures (depending on the car's load) will be found on a sticker on the inside of the fuel-filler door, inside the car's glove box or on one of the door-jambs (where the child-lock is).
Do cars steadily lose fuel efficiency as they age?
Not if you take good care of them, have them serviced regularly and drive sensibly, with the recommended tyre pressure for the load you are carrying. Yes, wear on the engine is a factor; valves and pistons will weaken with age, but regular maintenance will lessen that effect. If you are slapdash with the care of your vehicle or decide to miss giving it a service this year to save some cash, then the chances are the fuel efficiency will decrease, due to the extra wear and tear you will inevitably put it through. Take care of your car and it'll take care of you.
Do I have to get the dealership I bought my car from to do all repairs while under warranty?
Before 2003, car owners risked voiding their warranty if they did not take their car to a dealership-approved (or owned) garage for repairs and servicing.
Since 2003, European Union ordered Block Exemption Regulations mean that drivers with vehicles that are under warranty can have work done at any regulated garage or workshop without the fear of affecting their warranty.
It is a common misconception that if your vehicle has an MOT certificate, it has been comprehensively checked and is in peak condition.
Whilst MOT test checks are stringent these simply confirm that your vehicle has met the minimum road safety and environmental standards required by VOSA.
MOT test does not look into the condition of the engine, or allow the tester to dismantle any part of the vehicle. Therefore, it is no guarantee of the mechanical condition of your vehicle nor is it a guarantee that your vehicle is roadworthy for the life of the certificate.
A service, on the other hand, will not only probe deeper into the mechanics of your vehicle flagging up potential problems but it will ensure your vehicle is running efficiently and economically. By changing or topping up essential lubricants and fluids as well as replacing dirty filters, belts and pads, a service will help to prevent breakdowns and prolong the life of your vehicle.
It is another common misconception that the service schedules dictated by manufacturers are designed to line the pocket of dealerships. The recommended service schedule is there to maintain the efficiency and life of your vehicle and should be adhered to, not least because failure to do so could adversely affect your vehicle warranty.
The new European (Block Exemption) legislation means the days of market exclusivity for dealerships no longer exist. Manufactures can advise customers to use their network of authorised garages, but are no longer able to insist on this. By law you can have your vehicle serviced independently at a reputable, less expensive garage without voiding any warranty.
Many drivers fail to appreciate that service schedules fall on both a mileage and time interval basis e.g. every twelve months or 12,000 miles, whichever comes first.
It is therefore a common misconception that low mileage vehicles do not need servicing.
On the contrary, vehicles with lower than average mileage may have been subjected to numerous short, start-stop journeys and as such will have endured significant wear on their brakes, clutch and engine. Equally a relatively new vehicle but with high mileage will be in need of fluid, filter and safety checks.
In cars that are sat idle, condensation can lead to water collecting in the oil leading to emulsification. This can be identified by a milky appearance once you open the oil cap.
By failing to properly maintain your vehicle it is unlikely to run efficiently and economically. Check your vehicle handbook for the recommended service intervals as these can differ from make to make and model to model. In a modern vehicle take note of any illuminated service light on the dash telling you that your vehicle is in need of some technical TLC.
There is no such thing as a standard service. Not only can the type of service vary depending on the make and model of your vehicle, the different components in your vehicle have different service requirements depending on vehicle age and usage. These components, i.e. filters, fluids, belts, pads and spark plugs etc. are often changed at different intervals.
To confuse matters further, special offer service packages may vary from garage to garage, from a basic interim service with a simple oil and filter change to a full service with comprehensive fluid, filter and safety checks.
Making sense of it all can be a logistical nightmare and the only thing you can be clear about is that opting for the cheapest deal is unlikely to meet the specific service requirements of your vehicle. Often the recommended service schedule in your vehicle handbook will provide a breakdown of when different components need to be checked and changed.
Even when your vehicle falls outside its warranty period and is free from the constraints of the manufacturers recommended service schedule, your vehicle's filters, fluids, belts, pads and spark plugs together with many other components will still need to be checked and changed at regular intervals. It is a common misconception that servicing is only necessary during the currency of any vehicle warranty. By failing to maintain your vehicle after the expiry of this period could result in additional fuel costs, mechanical breakdowns and even reduce the value your vehicle.
Vehicles with a full service history typically attract more buyers and higher prices. It is therefore standard industry advice from any garage to continue to follow the manufacturer's recommended service schedule.
What's involved in an Air Con service?
• Pressures in the system are measured, and the quality of refrigerant present is checked to make sure that it is not contaminated.
• All components and functions are also checked.
• The contents of the system are then recovered, separating the refrigerant and oil.
• The process involves subjecting the entire system to a vacuum which causes any moisture in the system to actually boil away.
• The system is then re-charged with the required weight of refrigerate (Re-Gas) and the lubricant is also replenished.
• If necessary the system is also treated with a steriliser – an anti-bacterial which kills any bacteria in the system.
How often should my vehicle's Air Con systems be serviced?
• For average use with approx. 12,000 miles a year intervals of every 18 months to 2 years should be sufficient to ensure the air-conditioning and all components operate at maximum efficiency.
• Vehicles that are used off-road or have annual mileages of over 24,000 miles should be serviced every 12 months.
How long does an Air Con service take?
A straightforward service where there are no faults to rectify will take about one hour, anything less means that the service is not being performed correctly.
My car is regularly serviced, surely the Air Con system is part of the service?
Most garages and many main dealers do not service Air Con systems as part of any of their services. They may check and advise it as part of a Major/Full Service but otherwise it is a stand alone service. This is because it requires specialist Air Con engineers, with the appropriate equipment and trained personnel, like ourselves to conduct a service on your Air Con.
Most garages and many main dealers do not service Air Con systems as part of any of their services. They make check and advise it as part of a Major/Full Service but otherwise it is a stand alone service. This is because it requires specialist Air Con engineers, with the appropriate equipment and trained personnel, like ourselves to conduct a service on your Air Con.
How can I tell if my auto Air Con system is low on refrigerant?
There is no easy way to identify refrigerant levels in your Air Con system. The pressure gauge readings provide a pressure, not the amount of refrigerant in the system. The only way to make sure you have the correct amount of refrigerant in your system is to vacate the system with use of a vacuum pump and refill with the correct weight of refrigerant specified by the manufacturer i.e. perform an Air Con service.
Why does my car Air Con system run low on refrigerant?
Air Con systems will tend to lose refrigerant over time as refrigerant permeates through the physical joints between components. In normal working conditions all automotive Air Con systems will lose about 10% to 15% of refrigerant each year which is considered natural leakage. Within an Air Con system the compressor lubricating oil is suspended within the refrigerant gas. Letting the system run low on refrigerant can lead to extensive wear and even serious component failure.
How much refrigerant (gas) does an average car's Air Con system take?
It varies with make and model. The amount of refrigerant required is specified by the manufacturer and is metered by weight and not pressure, which is a common misconception.
How often should I run the Air Con in my car?
Ideally, it should be run all the time. It is false economy to turn the system off in the winter. This can lead to deterioration of the seals and gaskets in your system and, even more rapid refrigerant loss. Air Con should be used during winter as it is the most effective way to ensure that the windows are demisted and the interior of the car is comfortable.
Contrary to popular belief this does not greatly reduce your mpg. It is only on the hottest of days when the system is working the hardest does the Air Con noticeably effect fuel consumption.
When I switch my Air Con on I get an unpleasant damp smell, what causes it and how do I get rid of it?
The smell is the result of bacteria/algae breeding in the condensation that collects in the system. The by-products produced by the bacteria cause the unpleasant odours. These can cause allergic reactions, coughs, sneezes and sore throats. As part of our service we offer and recommend treatment with a steriliser, it is an anti-bacterial spray which will kill any bacteria present in your system.
Can I service the Air Con system myself?
Specialist equipment and training is required to do this, as it is a high pressure system and the process involves recovery of refrigerant. It is ILLEGAL to vent the refrigerant into the environment. Refrigerants are very dangerous to handle, and can easily cause freeze burns if they come into contact with skin. To ensure removal of all moisture the system needs to be pulled down to a near total vacuum, which cannot be achieved without specialist equipment.
I have recently had my Air Con system topped up but it has stopped working again, what could it be?
This indicates that there may be a small leak. Over time refrigerant will work its way out, this will happen in a healthy system let alone a system which has recently required filling or re-gassing for the first time. In these situations we place a UV tracker dye into the system. The UV dye shows up under a bright UV light source, allowing for identification of any current leaks present in the system or if future leaks were to develop.
The Air Con isn't coming on. What could the problem be?
It could be that the Air Con clutch isn't engaging, there are several different reasons why this may occur. The most common cause is that the system is low on refrigerant. Low refrigerant prevents the cycling switch from engaging the compressor, as a safety mechanism. Bypassing this safety switch can cause serious damage to your system and vehicle.
Due to constant and very wet weather we are seeing more cases of the clutch mechanism becoming seized with corrosion and/or debris, which has been picked up when fording flooded roads. The Air Con compressor is usually mounted low down in the engine bay, therefore by driving through floods it can be quite seriously damaged if not checked and maintained.
A contract will be binding between Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd and the customer upon booking your vehicle in.
If you book your vehicle in person, via the phone or internet you warrant that you are legally capable of entering into a contract of sale and you are at least 18 years old and reside in the UK.
Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd will provide details of the cost of each car repair and the work required before the work is done. All work and costs, including additional work must be approved by the customer before any work is carried out.
All work is subject to VAT as required by law.
All parts used will adhere to the manufacturers' service schedule and warranty, and will be of "original equipment" (OE) standard – ensuring all manufacturers' warranties are validated.
Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd are able to support your vehicles service history through completing and stamping your Service Book, providing Service Documentation and updating where possible Digital Service Records.
In addition to your Statutory Rights, a Parts & Labour Warranty is provided for a period of 12 months (or within 12,000 miles – whichever comes first) of work carried out by Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd. The Warranty covers replacement defective parts or related workmanship.
The manufacturer's vehicle operating instructions being followed.
Having the vehicle serviced according to the manufacturers recommended schedule (at the time or distance specified).
Full compliance with Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd advisories, warnings and information or any instructions provided by Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd.
The parts or workmanship carried out not being subjected to abnormal conditions or unreasonable wear and tear.
Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd does not accept any liability for any damage or losses suffered by the Customer from the storage of its vehicle at Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd garage.
Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd will not be responsible or liable for any unforeseeable losses; losses that were not caused by Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd.'s employees, agents or representatives' negligence or for any business losses. This does not affect any claim that the customer may have for death or personal injury. Nothing in this condition will affect the customer's statutory rights that the works are performed with due skill and care, that the goods supplied are of satisfactory quality and are fit for their purpose and that the products and services correspond with their description.
Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd will not be responsible for any loss of valuable items left by the customer and are not connected to the vehicle or damage to such items.
Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd will not be liable for any damage or delay in the services provided if the reasons are down to "an act of God", "industrial action such as strikes", "government disputes" or factors to be deemed out of control of Albyn Garage Aberdeen Ltd.
Health & Safety laws will apply where applicable when each customer's vehicle is serviced.
By agreeing to these terms and conditions you are aware of what the service you are purchasing includes (this can be found in the detailed full/interim service schedule). We will also follow your manufacturers' service schedule, and any additional items not included in our full / interim service may be charged at an extra cost, but will not be completed without prior authorisation.
Not found your question? Just ask us!


Oh my goodness, meet the sweet and smiley Reid! I mean this kid was all smles. He really took to our photography session like it was a great adventure. Do many things to discover when your one. And we had a blast.
Reid was so energetic. Such a little explorer. We definitely played a bit of chase during our session. Love those little legs, moving just as fast as they can.
I love when it all comes together just perfectly. Fall colors, falling light, perfect outfits and a smiling little boy. Reid has awesome parents and they were all just so precious together. Feeling the love here!


To protect your eyes and your vision, it is important to wear sunglasses when outside enjoying the sunshine.
Ask Dr. Rose to make sure your sunglasses provide 100% protection from UVA and UVB rays. Remember, you don't need an appointment to stop in and check out our sunwear!


At DumpsterBook, we strive to bring you the best service at the best price available. We have a wide selection of dumpster sizes in stock in Hemphill, TX, with flexible & timley pickup and delivery. Give us a call today for all your dumpster rental and roll off needs.
Your roll-off dumpster in Hemphill, TX is only a phone call away. Don't delay!
The average expense of a 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill, TX is all about $500. The maximum pricing is generally close to $1,200, while you're on the low conclude, it could run around $100. Local, property owner projects is likely to need a dumpster across the $500 size, whilst larger business companies will likely need the more expensive model. You'll probably want to contact around to various companies to find price rates before you make a last selections. Most companies will also have sizes they can present you with as well, according to your needs. For anyone who is unsure how big you will need, explain to the company and they also can help you narrow down your options to the size and style you want.
Not only will you chuck out whatever you decide to need to, yet dumpster service likewise allows you focus on your own timeframe rather than having to conform to a number of outside pick-up schedule. For anyone who is doing just about any construction or maybe renovation challenge, or if simply know that it will take you a couple of days off to actually get a cleanout job done, letting a dumpster is an excellent choice. If you rent from your community junk transporting pros, you will get to say when you require the unit when you'd like these to pick it up. Because of this, you're not pressured to do a job more quickly than you want to (or maybe than you'll be able to), and you will not have to clutter increase property using debris when you finish the task.
Renting some sort of dumpster makes a home remodeling project far less difficult and more quickly and it doesn't have to cost you a lot of money. There are tiny differences amongst markets and so ask some sort of waste supervision professional using specific issues you might have about your project just before deciding on the 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill, TX firm that's right for you.
Receiving a dumpster service to assist you to to clean out that will big, outdated garage set with who-knows-what is a good idea. Though many people do not realize it, you must not use a conventional garage pick-up as a way to eliminate the debris in addition to old items you've stored in this room. You may confront fines or maybe limitations according to what you have got included in the idea. Rather, this is a good idea to hire a company to drop off dumpsters in the home so that you can work through the actual mess as you have to and chuck away what exactly you need to as you go. There are a number of benefits to carrying this out.
Finally, the construction crew can put on the actual finishing details of your fresh baseboards in addition to molding during the entire entire house. Your home is likely to look like some sort of showplace once things are completed. Not merely is your fresh living room and residential gorgeous, however it is clean and extremely comfortable in your case and your family. You cash in on your aspirations come true in the house you want to are living in.
Going for a 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill, TX doesn't involve any major strategic programs as in situation of your major business troubles. You just need to book a dumpster indicating the period of 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill, TX. To book some sort of dumpster, you need to place an order with 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill, TX vendor. A prior intimation of 24 hours may help the 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill, TX vendor to place the right size dumpster in your door phase.
The 30 cubic yard dumpster can be used for main construction you may be doing for the majority of your house. The 30 cubic yard dumpster comes to 10 pickup truck lots.
After these 3 main aspects are decided, different prices and bundle options can be looked into, so when much money can be saved as it can be by eliminating unneeded parts of the work. Same day services available in most examples, to make sure your waste products are taken care of as rapidly and successfully as possible. In any other case same day, many places guarantee their bins to be right now there by the subsequent business day to create your project operate more efficiently. By using a dumpster anyone climate stocked full garbage disposal containers and having to advance waste around your work place. Instead every little thing goes into the garbage receptacle, and that is certainly hauled down when it is whole or convenient for you. Instead of being the friend with a lawn full of trash you can be your hero of the block, and enjoy the safety in addition to pleasure of an well retained work place available for you next building or destruction endeavor.
Ahead of dumpster arrives to your physical location, make sure that you help to make enough space at your work site to set the dumpster. It needs to be placed in a place where it is easy for the trucker to deliver in addition to pick up your dumpster. Last but not least, you should check with your 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill company with regards to the pricing of the 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill, check if the business has just about any hidden charges. You should also understand about the fee imposed by the organization on the additional disposal loaded into the dumpster and so forth.
Having a particular dumpster as a home owner will help with cleaning, moving or maybe renovating. Any unwanted rubbish bin go strait into the dumpster as opposed to filling up in addition to overflowing your trash containers. There will be nowhere to put all of it! There will be space to work and produce in fresh items very easily.
Work with a smaller provider. Big Box companies cost big box prices, mostly mainly because you're paying for their national advertising campaign every time you write these people a check. Small companies do their business and advertising and marketing on a smaller scale, meaning they should be in a position to offer you a superior price on the trash 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill.
Understanding there are a number of dumpster companies offering their services, you need to take your time to get the best. Consequently, you need to consider some doubts about hiring assistance from such organizations. The first thing you have to ask yourself is do I want commercial dumpsters, lasting dumpsters, or must i require a short term a set of move off dumpsters? This is going to be determined by the type of junk that you need to take care of. The first kind, as the name suggests, is wonderful for commercial premises and the second is for householders.
Who knows precisely what you'll find dumpster scuba diving: old furniture, TVs, personal computers, other old electronics or maybe musical gear. The really positive things always occupies space, thus plan to have trunk space or a number of boxes in the event you find much larger items. If traveling when walking, you might be able to use boxes or maybe containers you get in or maybe near the dumpster. On-the-fly field making is the place where your numerous tools are available really practical.
Keep Old Town looking as stunning as it ever was when you rent the dumpster to get any work performed you need on your home or business although making by yourself happy with the value you paid out and the support that was provided to you.
When you have all of the items and a company to do all the work you will need to rent a dumpster. You ought to find a company you could easily rent the dumpster from. Will help you you and the building contractors if you can make use of a company that delivers next day dumpsters.
Dumpster Primary is online roll away container rental supplier based in USA renowned for this customer centered service through the country. The consumer friendly developed website making you experience how the navigation straight away of the cope to completion of the deal never was this easy previously. The fleets of items of Dumpster one on one range from 10 metres to 45 yard dumpster offering any kind of requirement according to custom made needs with the customer.
Hear carefully towards the person who will certainly answer your query get in touch with. If the human being sound skilled and if they know what services they offer, most likely you are talking to a pro.
Has been there ever before really any doubt about the fact you'll end up with a ton of waste after you kick off the demolition or even home improvement undertaking? Since the a pair of usually are not mutually special, you're quite likely going to find yourself with construction spend coming out your proverbial hearing before a long time! The solution is simple-rent a dumpster. Have got decided which, the only thing quit to figure out is how much it is possible to toss in your rental dumpster! Ideal for DIYers or long-term tasks, 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill, TX can make it simple to collect all of your junk in a for easy junk hauling. For do-it-yourselfers who don't intellect a little hard work, 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill, TXs take away the hassle and also added serious amounts of financial price of hauling insert after insert of rubbish towards the dump within your sedan. As an alternative to making journey after journey, you can just toss all of your unwanted items--including bulky furnishings or appliances that wouldn't fit in your car--right into the dumpster. If you're done, the particular dumpster company will certainly remove the container--and your junk--in one easy stage. And because many offer containers in various sizes, your rental can be custom made for your distinct project, aiding keep your clean-up as cost-effective as you possibly can. Roll-off 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill, TX also helps corral spend in one place, turning it into great for possessing on-site during the time period of a redevelopment or long-term house cleanout.
Next day dumpster renting are convenient and helpful. Dumpsters are needed for many different household tasks including sorting through the basement, shed or even garage. Dumpster rental inside Maryland is available the very next day for your leisure and swift cleanup work. Keeping Maryland beautiful and also clean is an effort that each and every homeowner will need to take part inside. Regular trash pickup are unable to handle the particular heavy insert of trash accumulated throughout a construction undertaking, cleanup undertaking or throughout a move.
These lenders take the information you've offered them, simply by entering it on a simple type, and find the best deal and location of your perfect dumpster for your needs. The company you decide on will drop off the dumpster, then pick it up once again once it can be full. The corporation will usually certainly be a local one particular so it's more cost-effective and more quickly than getting a roll away 15 Yard Roll Off Dumpster in Hemphill, TX from some remote location hundreds of miles away, or even out of state. As you grow your estimate they will without doubt want to know should you have all trash, some recyclables, precisely what types if you possess the latter. It's always safer to recycle supplies when you can.


Owned by Cuba, NY natives, Shawn and Marlene Doyle, The Inn at 28 was purchased to help with Cuba's growth and offer a luxury place to stay, near Olean, NY, with small town charm. The Inn at 28 and "Grocerie" are part of Cuba's initial history. The entire staff loves dogs so offering pet-friendly vacation accommodations was unanimous.
We are proud of and support "local" every way we can including using local products in our food offerings. While you explore the inn, be sure to notice the local artwork in the shared areas and guest rooms. Many of the pieces are available for purchase to enjoy at home and remind you of your stay at The Inn at 28.
Our staff has spent years enjoying the country living that this area offers and will gladly provide any information you may need. It's our desire to be your lodging alternative to hotels for vacations in New York State. Do not hesitate to ask us about anything that will make your stay with us perfect. We do not have staff in house 24/7, but we are always just a call away.
Shawn and Marlene Doyle; Owners: Welcome to The Inn at 28! My husband Shawn and I (with our dog, Petri) are the owners of The Inn at 28 and sincerely hope you enjoy your stay. We love kids, dogs, and traveling. We also enjoy our empty nest. If you have kids or dogs or prefer an "empty nest," we can accommodate you.
We love our Allegany County small town, and hope to share all country life offers. I (Marlene) hope to use my QA experience and love of meeting new people to offer the best possible experience to our guests and employees. We couldn't be more excited about the possibilities of this four-acre property. We have many plans for the property! Be sure to visit our Facebook page often to see our progress.
Our entire staff is here to make your stay perfect!
In 1852, Russell Smith built his family "mansion," now known as The Inn at 28, for his immediate family. With their notable wealth, the Smith family was a vital part in establishing Cuba, NY along with General Calvin T. Chamberlain (Chamberlain Room). It is said that Smith and Chamberlain were in competition acquiring property in Cuba, with Smith owning most of north Cuba and Chamberlain the south. The prominent Smith family even attended the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln.
The adjacent building, "Grocerie," was constructed as a warehouse and hardware store to serve Genesee Valley Canal travelers. The canal ceased operation in 1878, and the building became a residence for more of the Smith family before being used as a schoolhouse.
The Chamberlain Room: In 1835, General Calvin T. Chamberlain built the first public house, opened the first mercantile and was instrumental in the growth of Cuba, NY.
The Ackerly-Sill Room: Ackerly, Sill and Co. was formed in 1871 to purchase and cure local cheddar. During this time, Cuba became the cheese center of the world.
Descendants of the Smith family, the Mountains, took over ownership of the property and lived at the residence for many years, up to the early 1980s. The Mountain Lake Room (link) was named for the Mountain family & Cuba Lake. Our beautiful lake was created in 1858 to help maintain the water levels on the Genesee Valley Canal.
Since then, The Inn at 28 has functioned as a bed and breakfast and a private residence. The "Grocerie" building had various functions over the years including a grocery, a gift shop, an apartment dwelling and several restaurants.
In 2016, business professionals looking to help the growth of Cuba, purchased the property and began the mission of re-establishing a historic, country bed and breakfast. In 2017, Marlene and Shawn Doyle took over sole ownership and are moving full steam ahead in developing the property into something Cuba can be very proud of.
For more on the history of Cuba, NY visit Cuba's Historical Society.


> >> > > > some of you know that we have a list for security / CVE issues.
> >> > > > some of you did not know this.
> >> > > > to review/fix issues then they will never get fixed.
> >> > > > speak up.
> >> > > > so please dont ask me questions about it.
> >> > > I guess, i "de facto" admin the security "email/list".
> >> > How to get on the ffmpeg-security "list"
> >> > restrictive on who is added.
> >> > and pushed them ?
> >> > the oom kind.
> >> > these too but for this category there are open issues.
> >> I'd like to get on the ffmpeg-security mailing list to review patches.
> > so maybe there were less than 20 patches ever posted to that list.
> > sent to the better.
> So others are sending CVE reports directly to you?
there is occasional something that is sent to me directly.
Maybe some people trust me more than the alias i dont know.
and dont miss it just because i dont look in a seperate "folder"


text:
Home › Body System › Cranberry & Buchu Concentrated (100 caps)
Cranberry & Buchu Concentrated (100 caps)
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Cranberry & Buchu Concentrate is specially formulated to support urinary tract health.
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Supports the body's healthy action against bacteria in the urinary tract.
Cranberry has been traditionally used for centuries to support the urinary system. Some studies reveal that compounds in cranberry juice may support the body's healthy action against bacteria in the urinary tract. Buchu leaf, a shrub native to South Africa, is part of this unique formula because of its historical reference as "woman's best friend.
Cranberry fruit and buchu leaf extract.
Take 1–2 capsules with a meal three times daily. Use daily to help maintain a healthy urinary tract.
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text:
22.1: Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
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Unit 5: Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
22: The Respiratory System
Conducting Zone
The Nose and its Adjacent Structures
Respiratory Zone
Alveoli
List the structures that make up the respiratory system
Describe how the respiratory system processes oxygen and CO2
Compare and contrast the functions of upper respiratory tract with the lower respiratory tract
The major organs of the respiratory system function primarily to provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove the waste product carbon dioxide, and help to maintain acid-base balance. Portions of the respiratory system are also used for non-vital functions, such as sensing odors, speech production, and for straining, such as during childbirth or coughing (Figure 22.1.1).
Figure 22.1.1: Major Respiratory Structures. The major respiratory structures span the nasal cavity to the diaphragm.
Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone. The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes the organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange. The gas exchange occurs in the respiratory zone.
The major functions of the conducting zone are to provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air. Several structures within the conducting zone perform other functions as well. The epithelium of the nasal passages, for example, is essential to sensing odors, and the bronchial epithelium that lines the lungs can metabolize some airborne carcinogens.
The major entrance and exit for the respiratory system is through the nose. When discussing the nose, it is helpful to divide it into two major sections: the external nose, and the nasal cavity or internal nose.
The external nose consists of the surface and skeletal structures that result in the outward appearance of the nose and contribute to its numerous functions (Figure 22.1.2). The root is the region of the nose located between the eyebrows. The bridge is the part of the nose that connects the root to the rest of the nose. The dorsum nasi is the length of the nose. The apex is the tip of the nose. On either side of the apex, the nostrils are formed by the alae (singular = ala). An ala is a cartilaginous structure that forms the lateral side of each naris (plural = nares), or nostril opening. The philtrum is the concave surface that connects the apex of the nose to the upper lip.
Figure 22.1.2: Nose. This illustration shows features of the external nose (top) and skeletal features of the nose (bottom).
Underneath the thin skin of the nose are its skeletal features (see Figure, lower illustration). While the root and bridge of the nose consist of bone, the protruding portion of the nose is composed of cartilage. As a result, when looking at a skull, the nose is missing. The nasal bone is one of a pair of bones that lies under the root and bridge of the nose. The nasal bone articulates superiorly with the frontal bone and laterally with the maxillary bones. Septal cartilage is flexible hyaline cartilage connected to the nasal bone, forming the dorsum nasi. The alar cartilage consists of the apex of the nose; it surrounds the naris.
The nares open into the nasal cavity, which is separated into left and right sections by the nasal septum (Figure 22.1.3). The nasal septum is formed anteriorly by a portion of the septal cartilage (the flexible portion you can touch with your fingers) and posteriorly by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (a cranial bone located just posterior to the nasal bones) and the thin vomer bones (whose name refers to its plough shape). Each lateral wall of the nasal cavity has three bony projections, called the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae. The inferior conchae are separate bones, whereas the superior and middle conchae are portions of the ethmoid bone. Conchae serve to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and to disrupt the flow of air as it enters the nose, causing air to bounce along the epithelium, where it is cleaned and warmed. The conchae and meatuses also conserve water and prevent dehydration of the nasal epithelium by trapping water during exhalation. The floor of the nasal cavity is composed of the palate. The hard palate at the anterior region of the nasal cavity is composed of bone. The soft palate at the posterior portion of the nasal cavity consists of muscle tissue. Air exits the nasal cavities via the internal nares and moves into the pharynx.
Figure 22.1.3: Upper Airway.
Several bones that help form the walls of the nasal cavity have air-containing spaces called the paranasal sinuses, which serve to warm and humidify incoming air. Sinuses are lined with a mucosa. Each paranasal sinus is named for its associated bone: frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoidal sinus, and ethmoidal sinus. The sinuses produce mucus and lighten the weight of the skull.
The nares and anterior portion of the nasal cavities are lined with mucous membranes, containing sebaceous glands and hair follicles that serve to prevent the passage of large debris, such as dirt, through the nasal cavity. An olfactory epithelium used to detect odors is found deeper in the nasal cavity.
The conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses are lined by respiratory epithelium composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (Figure 22.1.4). The epithelium contains goblet cells, one of the specialized, columnar epithelial cells that produce mucus to trap debris. The cilia of the respiratory epithelium help remove the mucus and debris from the nasal cavity with a constant beating motion, sweeping materials towards the throat to be swallowed. Interestingly, cold air slows the movement of the cilia, resulting in accumulation of mucus that may in turn lead to a runny nose during cold weather. This moist epithelium functions to warm and humidify incoming air. Capillaries located just beneath the nasal epithelium warm the air by convection. Serous and mucus-producing cells also secrete the lysozyme enzyme and proteins called defensins, which have antibacterial properties. Immune cells that patrol the connective tissue deep to the respiratory epithelium provide additional protection.
Figure 22.1.4: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium. Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Seromucous glands provide lubricating mucus. LM × 680. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)
View the University of Michigan WebScope at http://141.214.65.171/Histology/Basi....svs/view.apml? to explore the tissue sample in greater detail.
The pharynx is a tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane that is continuous with that of the nasal cavities (see Figure 22.1.3). The pharynx is divided into three major regions: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx (Figure 22.1.5).
Figure 22.1.5: Divisions of the Pharynx. The pharynx is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.
The nasopharynx is flanked by the conchae of the nasal cavity, and it serves only as an airway. At the top of the nasopharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils. A pharyngeal tonsil, also called an adenoid, is an aggregate of lymphoid reticular tissue similar to a lymph node that lies at the superior portion of the nasopharynx. The function of the pharyngeal tonsil is not well understood, but it contains a rich supply of lymphocytes and is covered with ciliated epithelium that traps and destroys invading pathogens that enter during inhalation. The pharyngeal tonsils are large in children, but interestingly, tend to regress with age and may even disappear. The uvula is a small bulbous, teardrop-shaped structure located at the apex of the soft palate. Both the uvula and soft palate move like a pendulum during swallowing, swinging upward to close off the nasopharynx to prevent ingested materials from entering the nasal cavity. In addition, auditory (Eustachian) tubes that connect to each middle ear cavity open into the nasopharynx. This connection is why colds often lead to ear infections.
The oropharynx is a passageway for both air and food. The oropharynx is bordered superiorly by the nasopharynx and anteriorly by the oral cavity. The fauces is the opening at the connection between the oral cavity and the oropharynx. As the nasopharynx becomes the oropharynx, the epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium. The oropharynx contains two distinct sets of tonsils, the palatine and lingual tonsils. A palatine tonsil is one of a pair of structures located laterally in the oropharynx in the area of the fauces. The lingual tonsil is located at the base of the tongue. Similar to the pharyngeal tonsil, the palatine and lingual tonsils are composed of lymphoid tissue, and trap and destroy pathogens entering the body through the oral or nasal cavities.
The laryngopharynx is inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx. It continues the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the digestive and respiratory systems diverge. The stratified squamous epithelium of the oropharynx is continuous with the laryngopharynx. Anteriorly, the laryngopharynx opens into the larynx, whereas posteriorly, it enters the esophagus.
The larynx is a cartilaginous structure inferior to the laryngopharynx that connects the pharynx to the trachea and helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs (Figure 22.1.6). The structure of the larynx is formed by several pieces of cartilage. Three large cartilage pieces—the thyroid cartilage (anterior), epiglottis (superior), and cricoid cartilage (inferior)—form the major structure of the larynx. The thyroid cartilage is the largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx. The thyroid cartilage consists of the laryngeal prominence, or "Adam's apple," which tends to be more prominent in males. The thick cricoid cartilage forms a ring, with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region. Three smaller, paired cartilages—the arytenoids, corniculates, and cuneiforms—attach to the epiglottis and the vocal cords and muscle that help move the vocal cords to produce speech.
Figure 22.1.6: Larynx. The larynx extends from the laryngopharynx and the hyoid bone to the trachea.
The epiglottis, attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea (see Figure 22.1.3). When in the "closed" position, the unattached end of the epiglottis rests on the glottis. The glottis is composed of the vestibular folds, the true vocal cords, and the space between these folds (Figure 22.1.7). A vestibular fold, or false vocal cord, is one of a pair of folded sections of mucous membrane. A true vocal cord is one of the white, membranous folds attached by muscle to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages of the larynx on their outer edges. The inner edges of the true vocal cords are free, allowing oscillation to produce sound. The size of the membranous folds of the true vocal cords differs between individuals, producing voices with different pitch ranges. Folds in males tend to be larger than those in females, which create a deeper voice. The act of swallowing causes the pharynx and larynx to lift upward, allowing the pharynx to expand and the epiglottis of the larynx to swing downward, closing the opening to the trachea. These movements produce a larger area for food to pass through, while preventing food and beverages from entering the trachea.
Figure 22.1.7: Vocal Cords. The true vocal cords and vestibular folds of the larynx are viewed inferiorly from the laryngopharynx.
Continuous with the laryngopharynx, the superior portion of the larynx is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, transitioning into pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells. Similar to the nasal cavity and nasopharynx, this specialized epithelium produces mucus to trap debris and pathogens as they enter the trachea. The cilia beat the mucus upward towards the laryngopharynx, where it can be swallowed down the esophagus.
The trachea (windpipe) extends from the larynx toward the lungs (Figure 22.1.8.a). The trachea is formed by 16 to 20 stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that are connected by dense connective tissue. The trachealis muscle and elastic connective tissue together form the fibroelastic membrane, a flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of the trachea, connecting the C-shaped cartilages. The fibroelastic membrane allows the trachea to stretch and expand slightly during inhalation and exhalation, whereas the rings of cartilage provide structural support and prevent the trachea from collapsing. In addition, the trachealis muscle can be contracted to force air through the trachea during exhalation. The trachea is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, which is continuous with the larynx. The esophagus borders the trachea posteriorly.
Figure 22.1.8: Trachea. (a) The tracheal tube is formed by stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage. (b) The layer visible in this cross-section of tracheal wall tissue between the hyaline cartilage and the lumen of the trachea is the mucosa, which is composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells. LM × 1220. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)
The trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi at the carina. These bronchi are also lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing mucus-producing goblet cells (Figure 22.1.8.b). The carina is a raised structure that contains specialized nervous tissue that induces violent coughing if a foreign body, such as food, is present. Rings of cartilage, similar to those of the trachea, support the structure of the bronchi and prevent their collapse. The primary bronchi enter the lungs at the hilum, a concave region where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves also enter the lungs. The bronchi continue to branch into bronchial a tree. A bronchial tree (or respiratory tree) is the collective term used for these multiple-branched bronchi. The main function of the bronchi, like other conducting zone structures, is to provide a passageway for air to move into and out of each lung. In addition, the mucous membrane traps debris and pathogens.
A bronchiole branches from the tertiary bronchi. Bronchioles, which are about 1 mm in diameter, further branch until they become the tiny terminal bronchioles, which lead to the structures of gas exchange. There are more than 1000 terminal bronchioles in each lung. The muscular walls of the bronchioles do not contain cartilage like those of the bronchi. This muscular wall can change the size of the tubing to increase or decrease airflow through the tube.
In contrast to the conducting zone, the respiratory zone includes structures that are directly involved in gas exchange. The respiratory zone begins where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole, the smallest type of bronchiole (Figure 22.1.9), which then leads to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli.
Figure 22.1.9: Respiratory Zone. Bronchioles lead to alveolar sacs in the respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs.
An alveolar duct is a tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli. An alveolus is one of the many small, grape-like sacs that are attached to the alveolar ducts.
An alveolar sac is a cluster of many individual alveoli that are responsible for gas exchange. An alveolus is approximately 200 μm in diameter with elastic walls that allow the alveolus to stretch during air intake, which greatly increases the surface area available for gas exchange. Alveoli are connected to their neighbors by alveolar pores, which help maintain equal air pressure throughout the alveoli and lung (Figure 22.1.10).
Figure 22.1.10: Structures of the Respiratory Zone. (a) The alveolus is responsible for gas exchange. (b) A micrograph shows the alveolar structures within lung tissue. LM × 178. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)
The alveolar wall consists of three major cell types: type I alveolar cells, type II alveolar cells, and alveolar macrophages. A type I alveolar cell is a squamous epithelial cell of the alveoli, which constitute up to 97 percent of the alveolar surface area. These cells are about 25 nm thick and are highly permeable to gases. A type II alveolar cell is interspersed among the type I cells and secretes pulmonary surfactant, a substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. Roaming around the alveolar wall is the alveolar macrophage, a phagocytic cell of the immune system that removes debris and pathogens that have reached the alveoli.
The simple squamous epithelium formed by type I alveolar cells is attached to a thin, elastic basement membrane. This epithelium is extremely thin and borders the endothelial membrane of capillaries. Taken together, the alveoli and capillary membranes form a respiratory membrane that is approximately 0.5 mm thick. The respiratory membrane allows gases to cross by simple diffusion, allowing oxygen to be picked up by the blood for transport and CO2 to be released into the air of the alveoli.
DISEASES OF THE...
Respiratory System: Asthma
Asthma is common condition that affects the lungs in both adults and children. Approximately 8.2 percent of adults (18.7 million) and 9.4 percent of children (7 million) in the United States suffer from asthma. In addition, asthma is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in children.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation and edema of the airway, and bronchospasms (that is, constriction of the bronchioles), which can inhibit air from entering the lungs. In addition, excessive mucus secretion can occur, which further contributes to airway occlusion (Figure 22.1.11). Cells of the immune system, such as eosinophils and mononuclear cells, may also be involved in infiltrating the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles.
Bronchospasms occur periodically and lead to an "asthma attack." An attack may be triggered by environmental factors such as dust, pollen, pet hair, or dander, changes in the weather, mold, tobacco smoke, and respiratory infections, or by exercise and stress.
Figure 22.1.11: Normal and Bronchial Asthma Tissues. (a) Normal lung tissue does not have the characteristics of lung tissue during (b) an asthma attack, which include thickened mucosa, increased mucus-producing goblet cells, and eosinophil infiltrates.
Symptoms of an asthma attack involve coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and tightness of the chest. Symptoms of a severe asthma attack that requires immediate medical attention would include difficulty breathing that results in blue (cyanotic) lips or face, confusion, drowsiness, a rapid pulse, sweating, and severe anxiety. The severity of the condition, frequency of attacks, and identified triggers influence the type of medication that an individual may require. Longer-term treatments are used for those with more severe asthma. Short-term, fast-acting drugs that are used to treat an asthma attack are typically administered via an inhaler. For young children or individuals who have difficulty using an inhaler, asthma medications can be administered via a nebulizer.
In many cases, the underlying cause of the condition is unknown. However, recent research has demonstrated that certain viruses, such as human rhinovirus C (HRVC), and the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae that are contracted in infancy or early childhood, may contribute to the development of many cases of asthma.
Visit this site to learn more about what happens during an asthma attack. What are the three changes that occur inside the airways during an asthma attack?
The respiratory system is responsible for obtaining oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide, and aiding in speech production and in sensing odors. From a functional perspective, the respiratory system can be divided into two major areas: the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. The conducting zone consists of all of the structures that provide passageways for air to travel into and out of the lungs: the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles. The nasal passages contain the conchae and meatuses that expand the surface area of the cavity, which helps to warm and humidify incoming air, while removing debris and pathogens. The pharynx is composed of three major sections: the nasopharynx, which is continuous with the nasal cavity; the oropharynx, which borders the nasopharynx and the oral cavity; and the laryngopharynx, which borders the oropharynx, trachea, and esophagus. The respiratory zone includes the structures of the lung that are directly involved in gas exchange: the terminal bronchioles and alveoli.
The lining of the conducting zone is composed mostly of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The mucus traps pathogens and debris, whereas beating cilia move the mucus superiorly toward the throat, where it is swallowed. As the bronchioles become smaller and smaller, and nearer the alveoli, the epithelium thins and is simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli. The endothelium of the surrounding capillaries, together with the alveolar epithelium, forms the respiratory membrane. This is a blood-air barrier through which gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion.
Answer: Inflammation and the production of a thick mucus; constriction of the airway muscles, or bronchospasm; and an increased sensitivity to allergens.
Q. Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone?
A. pharynx
B. nasal cavity
C. alveoli
D. bronchi
Q. What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?
A. increase surface area
B. exchange gases
C. maintain surface tension
D. maintain air pressure
Q. The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?
A. nasopharynx
B. laryngopharynx
C. nasal cavity
D. oral cavity
Q. Which of the following are structural features of the trachea?
A. C-shaped cartilage
B. smooth muscle fibers
C. cilia
Q. Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree?
A. alveoli
B. bronchi
C. terminal bronchioles
D. respiratory bronchioles
Q. What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
A. to secrete pulmonary surfactant
B. to secrete antimicrobial proteins
C. to remove pathogens and debris
D. to facilitate gas exchange
Q. Describe the three regions of the pharynx and their functions.
A. The pharynx has three major regions. The first region is the nasopharynx, which is connected to the posterior nasal cavity and functions as an airway. The second region is the oropharynx, which is continuous with the nasopharynx and is connected to the oral cavity at the fauces. The laryngopharynx is connected to the oropharynx and the esophagus and trachea. Both the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are passageways for air and food and drink.
Q. If a person sustains an injury to the epiglottis, what would be the physiological result?
A. The epiglottis is a region of the larynx that is important during the swallowing of food or drink. As a person swallows, the pharynx moves upward and the epiglottis closes over the trachea, preventing food or drink from entering the trachea. If a person's epiglottis were injured, this mechanism would be impaired. As a result, the person may have problems with food or drink entering the trachea, and possibly, the lungs. Over time, this may cause infections such as pneumonia to set in.
Q. Compare and contrast the conducting and respiratory zones.
A. The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes the organs and structures that are not directly involved in gas exchange, but perform other duties such as providing a passageway for air, trapping and removing debris and pathogens, and warming and humidifying incoming air. Such structures include the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and most of the bronchial tree. The respiratory zone includes all the organs and structures that are directly involved in gas exchange, including the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
Bizzintino J, Lee WM, Laing IA, Vang F, Pappas T, Zhang G, Martin AC, Khoo SK, Cox DW, Geelhoed GC, et al. Association between human rhinovirus C and severity of acute asthma in children. Eur Respir J [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2013 Mar 22]; 37(5):1037–1042. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/gca?submi...%2F1037&allch=
Kumar V, Ramzi S, Robbins SL. Robbins Basic Pathology. 7th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Ltd; 2005.
Martin RJ, Kraft M, Chu HW, Berns, EA, Cassell GH. A link between chronic asthma and chronic infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2013 Mar 22]; 107(4):595-601. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/gca?submi...%2F1037&allch=
(plural = alae) small, flaring structure of a nostril that forms the lateral side of the nares
alar cartilage
cartilage that supports the apex of the nose and helps shape the nares; it is connected to the septal cartilage and connective tissue of the alae
alveolar duct
small tube that leads from the terminal bronchiole to the respiratory bronchiole and is the point of attachment for alveoli
alveolar macrophage
immune system cell of the alveolus that removes debris and pathogens
alveolar pore
opening that allows airflow between neighboring alveoli
alveolar sac
cluster of alveoli
alveolus
small, grape-like sac that performs gas exchange in the lungs
tip of the external nose
collective name for the multiple branches of the bronchi and bronchioles of the respiratory system
portion of the external nose that lies in the area of the nasal bones
bronchiole
branch of bronchi that are 1 mm or less in diameter and terminate at alveolar sacs
bronchus
tube connected to the trachea that branches into many subsidiaries and provides a passageway for air to enter and leave the lungs
region of the respiratory system that includes the organs and structures that provide passageways for air and are not directly involved in gas exchange
cricoid cartilage
portion of the larynx composed of a ring of cartilage with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region; attached to the esophagus
dorsum nasi
intermediate portion of the external nose that connects the bridge to the apex and is supported by the nasal bone
epiglottis
leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is a portion of the larynx that swings to close the trachea during swallowing
external nose
region of the nose that is easily visible to others
portion of the posterior oral cavity that connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx
fibroelastic membrane
specialized membrane that connects the ends of the C-shape cartilage in the trachea; contains smooth muscle fibers
glottis
opening between the vocal folds through which air passes when producing speech
laryngeal prominence
region where the two lamina of the thyroid cartilage join, forming a protrusion known as "Adam's apple"
laryngopharynx
portion of the pharynx bordered by the oropharynx superiorly and esophagus and trachea inferiorly; serves as a route for both air and food
cartilaginous structure that produces the voice, prevents food and beverages from entering the trachea, and regulates the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs
lingual tonsil
lymphoid tissue located at the base of the tongue
meatus
one of three recesses (superior, middle, and inferior) in the nasal cavity attached to the conchae that increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
naris
(plural = nares) opening of the nostrils
bone of the skull that lies under the root and bridge of the nose and is connected to the frontal and maxillary bones
nasal septum
wall composed of bone and cartilage that separates the left and right nasal cavities
nasopharynx
portion of the pharynx flanked by the conchae and oropharynx that serves as an airway
portion of the pharynx flanked by the nasopharynx, oral cavity, and laryngopharynx that is a passageway for both air and food
palatine tonsil
one of the paired structures composed of lymphoid tissue located anterior to the uvula at the roof of isthmus of the fauces
paranasal sinus
one of the cavities within the skull that is connected to the conchae that serve to warm and humidify incoming air, produce mucus, and lighten the weight of the skull; consists of frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses
pharyngeal tonsil
structure composed of lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx
region of the conducting zone that forms a tube of skeletal muscle lined with respiratory epithelium; located between the nasal conchae and the esophagus and trachea
concave surface of the face that connects the apex of the nose to the top lip
pulmonary surfactant
substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli; made by type II alveolar cells
respiratory bronchiole
specific type of bronchiole that leads to alveolar sacs
respiratory epithelium
ciliated lining of much of the conducting zone that is specialized to remove debris and pathogens, and produce mucus
respiratory membrane
alveolar and capillary wall together, which form an air-blood barrier that facilitates the simple diffusion of gases
includes structures of the respiratory system that are directly involved in gas exchange
region of the external nose between the eyebrows
thyroid cartilage
largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx and consists of two lamina
tube composed of cartilaginous rings and supporting tissue that connects the lung bronchi and the larynx; provides a route for air to enter and exit the lung
trachealis muscle
smooth muscle located in the fibroelastic membrane of the trachea
true vocal cord
one of the pair of folded, white membranes that have a free inner edge that oscillates as air passes through to produce sound
type I alveolar cell
squamous epithelial cells that are the major cell type in the alveolar wall; highly permeable to gases
type II alveolar cell
cuboidal epithelial cells that are the minor cell type in the alveolar wall; secrete pulmonary surfactant
vestibular fold
part of the folded region of the glottis composed of mucous membrane; supports the epiglottis during swallowing
22.0: Prelude to the Respiratory System
22.2: The Lungs