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Versions: (draft-folts-ieprep-requirements) 00 01
Internet Engineering Task Force                              Hal Folts
INTERNET DRAFT                          National Communications System
Expires: December December 2002                             Cory Beard
Univ. of Missouri-Kansas City
Requirements for Emergency Telecommunication
Capabilities in the Internet
<draft-ietf-ieprep-requirements-00.txt>
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This document outlines requirements that need to be met in IP-based
networks to enable and support communications for National
Security/Emergency Preparedness (NS/EP) operations. It provides a
basis from which an emergency telecommunications service can be
negotiated and provides a set of requirements that should be met for
acceptable emergency telecommunication capabilities for disaster
recovery operations. The focus here is on network requirements,
rather than requirements for particular applications. The
requirements are general, functional, and are intended to provide
wide latitude in implementation options for service providers.
Folts & Beard             Expires - December 2002              [Page 1]
Internet-Draft          Emergency Requirements                 June 2002
1. Introduction...................................................2
1.1 Current PSTN Capabilities..................................4
1.2 Purpose and Scope of this Document.........................5
2. General Requirements...........................................6
2.2 Dependability..............................................6
2.3 Authorized Access..........................................7
2.4 Security Protection........................................7
2.5 Privacy....................................................8
3. Technical Requirements.........................................8
3.1 Identification of Emergency Traffic........................8
3.2 Signaling for Resource Requests............................8
3.3 Better Then Best Effort Service............................9
4. Special Requirements...........................................9
4.1 Application-Specific Support...............................9
4.2 Traffic Types.............................................11
5. Policy Decisions..............................................11
5.1 Emergency Service Activation..............................12
5.2 Restoration Procedures....................................12
5.3 Preemption................................................12
5.4 Cooperation Between Service Providers.....................12
6. Example Emergency Scenarios...................................13
6.1 Local recovery operations.................................13
6.2 Medical operations........................................13
6.3 Regional operations.......................................13
6.4 National operations.......................................14
7. Conclusions...................................................14
8. Security Considerations.......................................14
References.......................................................14
Natural and man-made disasters can happen anywhere, anytime. These
include, for example, earthquakes, floods, airplane crashes, and
terrorist attacks. While some advance planning is possible for
expected disaster events, most disasters happen unexpectedly.
Readily available telecommunication capabilities are essential for
emergency recovery operations to quickly start saving lives and
restoring the community infrastructure. A number of
telecommunication facilities can be involved in disaster recovery
operations. These include local mobile radio, dedicated satellite
systems, transportable capabilities, and the public
telecommunications infrastructure. Some of these facilities need to
be deployed to the disaster site and very likely may not be
immediately available. The public telecommunication services,
however, are generally at hand except in the most remote areas. The
Folts & Beard             Expires - December 2002               [Page 2]
publicly available capabilities include the traditional telephone
network and the Internet, which can both be accessed via wire line,
wireless, and various broadband facilities. Disaster recovery
operations can significantly benefit from a variety of modes for
interchange of critical information to organize and coordinate the
emergency activities. Emergency voice communications are supported
today by a preferential service through public telephone networks in
some countries. Now, however, an evolution is taking place in
traditional public telecommunication networks toward integrating
circuit-switched and packet-based technologies. This promises to
provide a rich menu of fully integrated capabilities for handling
voice, message, data, and video traffic to greatly enhance disaster
recovery operations.
Mostly voice traffic using either VoIP or conventional telephony is
used today for emergency communications over wireline and wireless
facilities. However, narrowband modes can also be effectively
applied, including instant messaging, email, and telemedicine
telemetry. In addition, wideband capabilities for video broadcast,
conferencing, and telemedicine will also greatly enhance emergency
During serious disaster events, public networking facilities can
experience severe stress due to damaged infrastructure and heavy
traffic loads. As bandwidth gets severely constrained, it becomes
difficult to establish and maintain effective communication
sessions. It is essential that disaster recovery operations be able
to readily communicate to organize and coordinate essential
activities. Authorized emergency communication sessions need to have
immediate access to available network resources and be given a high
probability of successful completion of these critical
communications to help save lives and restore community
infrastructure.
Only people authorized by the appropriate authority are permitted to
establish emergency communication sessions through public networking
facilities for facilitating immediate disaster recovery operations.
Those typically authorized are local police, fire, and medical
personnel as well as designated government officials from local,
regional, and national levels who are responsible for various
aspects of disaster recovery operations.
All emergency communication sessions should be processed as normal
traffic along with all non-emergency traffic when sufficient network
bandwidth and resources are available. ONLY when networks reach
traffic saturation is there a need for giving emergency
communication sessions a higher probability of completion over non-
emergency communications. While this occurrence may never happen in
the typical Internet-based environment, capabilities for
preferential handling of emergency traffic need to be established in
preparation for a serious catastrophe. These provisions should be in
place before a potential doomsday disaster, even for highly over-
provisioned networks. It is better to be prepared ahead of time and
not wait for the worst to happen first.
The telecommunication capabilities for handling authorized emergency
traffic should be accomplished using existing applications and
standards whenever possible. Establishment of new and different
standards would be both costly and unlikely to ever be implemented.
The desired approach is to adopt existing standards and where needed
adapt new standards with any necessary adjustments needed to support
preferential treatment of emergency traffic during severe periods of
congestion.
This document outlines requirements that need to be met in public
and private IP-based networks to enable communications for National
Security/Emergency Preparedness (NS/EP) operations.  Recovery
activities can involve person-to-person communications, group
coordination, disaster assessment application execution, remote
information retrieval, continuity of government, etc.
From a network perspective, processing communications can be
particularly difficult even if the network infrastructure has not
been the target of a terrorist or affected by a natural disaster.
This is because there can be a drastic surge in the network load in
response to a disaster.  In recent years the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN) has experienced load levels three to five
times normal immediately after an event [1], and the same is
expected for the Internet, especially as IP telephony becomes more
prevalent.
1.1 Current PSTN Capabilities
As a starting point, the model to consider for emergency
communication services is the existing service capability in the
United States PSTN, the Government Emergency Telecommunications
Service (GETS).  Some other countries have similar services.
The purpose of GETS is to increase the probability of completion of
a telephone call for authorized operations personnel in times of
emergencies.  It does not guarantee that service will be available,
but it does implement a set of functions that increase the
likelihood of finding an available circuit to complete a call in the
PSTN.
The key aspects of GETS are as follows:
o Personnel gain access to GETS by calling a specified telephone
number and presenting a credit-card type of authentication.
o Having authenticated themselves, the call is completed on a
preferential high probability of completion basis.  If calls
are initially blocked, they can be queued and switched to
alternate carriers.
o If fundamental telephone services are compromised, services
contracted under GETS are restored first. This is under the
provisions of TSP (Telecommunication Service Priority [2]),
which is independent of GETS.
These features enhance the capability of NS/EP calls to be completed
with a high probability in congested networks.  GETS will not
preempt public telephone calls, nor are there multiple levels of
precedence within GETS.
The approach of GETS is based on a preferential, high probability of
completion, treatment model. This model may also be used by
providers of Internet-based network services.
1.2 Purpose and Scope of this Document
The purpose of this document is to provide a basis from which
emergency service capabilities can be specified and negotiated
between network service providers and customers.  It provides a set
of requirements that would need to be met for a service to
acceptably support emergency communications.  The focus here is on
network requirements, rather than requirements for particular
applications. For particular requirements related to IP Telephony,
see [3].
More importantly, however, the requirements given here are quite
general and it is intended that wide latitude be available to
service providers to implement emergency services as they consider
appropriate.  In [4], recommendations are provided as to how best to
implement these services, but in this document requirements are
stated so that service providers need not necessarily follow [4].
Section 2 provides general requirements that give high-level service
capabilities that should be provided.  Section 3 then provides a
minimal set of specific technical requirements for meeting the
general requirements.  Section 4 gives special considerations that
may optionally be addressed in an agreement for emergency services.
And finally, Section 5 provides a list of policy decisions that need
to be made and explained to customers by a service provider, but no
specific requirements are given for policy issues.
2. General Requirements
This section outlines five requirements for services that aim to
provide emergency communications for the Internet-based
infrastructure (or any telecommunication medium for that manner).
They pertain to the ability to begin communications, complete
communications successfully, and conduct them in an authorized and
private manner.
2.1 Availability
The most fundamental requirement for emergency telecommunication
services is that emergency-related users must have a high likelihood
of network resources being available to them when they need them.
Authorized users must have a high probability of being able to
initiate and complete a communication session.
Two interpretations of the concept of "high availability" could be
applied, either in a relative sense or an absolute sense.  Such
options on interpretation give latitude in implementation
possibilities for emergency services.  The first interprets "high
availability" in a preferential or relative sense.  Authorized users
would have preferred access to resources over normal users.  A
service provider would implement mechanisms to identify and treat
emergency traffic in special ways.  Such an approach would allow a
service provider to avoid having to meet specific availability
targets (e.g., 95% availability) through an assurance that is given
to emergency customers that their traffic is being treated
preferentially.  If the network is stressed, availability for
emergency users may decrease, but it would still be relatively
higher (even much higher) than for normal users.
In the second interpretation, high availability would mean absolute
availability levels that would be provided regardless of the network
operating conditions.  Service providers may choose to provide high
availability levels through overprovisioning even when the network
is stressed.  They could choose to avoid using any mechanisms to
identify or preferentially treat emergency traffic, because
emergency traffic requirements would be met by the default operation
of their network.
2.2 Dependability
Authorized users must not only be able to initiate communication
sessions; they must also be able to successfully complete their
intended activities.  While PSTN services basically provide such
dependability by default, communications through the Internet might
be affected by a variety of network operating conditions, such as
congestion or link failures. An emergency telecommunication service
needs to protect authorized communications from being affected by
those conditions, at least to the extent that an emergency
communication session can still be conducted acceptably.
Definitions of acceptable performance will vary depending on the
2.3 Authorized Access
Mechanisms must be implemented so that only authorized users have
access to emergency telecommunications services.  Such authorization
could be PIN-based or based on assignment of cryptographic keys [5].
Authorization protects network resources from excessive use and
abuse.  The two purposes for this requirement are to restrict usage
of network resources only to those who are allowed to use them and
to enable proper billing.  Even when using an overprovisioning
approach where emergency users are not provided special services,
proper billing necessitates authorized access.
In today's public telephone networks a credit-card process is used.
This means entry of 32 digits of information to complete
establishment of a communication session. This is cumbersome and
time-consuming. With future technology in an Internet-based
infrastructure there is a need for a more time-responsive and
streamlined mechanism for rapid authentication.
Such authorization mechanisms should be flexible enough to provide
various levels of restriction and authorization depending on the
expectations of a particular service or customer.  For example, it
might be desirable to provide access to emergency telecommunication
services differently after a hurricane where the emergency was
caused by a natural disaster as compared to after a terrorist attack
that was caused by humans.  In the hurricane scenario, members of
the general public might be given access (e.g., at a lower
precedence level than emergency response organizations) where after
a terrorist attack security concerns might necessitate highly
restrictive access to emergency services.
Further requirements and recommended procedures are given in [5].
2.4 Security Protection
The overall problem of Internet security is being pursued by
appropriate and expert resources in the IETF and elsewhere. However,
specific problems of emergency traffic need to be considered.
Emergency traffic needs to be protected against intrusion, spoofing,
and specifically, denial of service. If overall security measures
that are established do not satisfy these specific requirements,
additional consideration should be given to protection specifically
focused on emergency traffic. This is discussed further in [5].
Some emergency communications will have a requirement that they not
be susceptible to viewing or modification by others, due to the
sensitive and urgent nature of emergency response activities. An
emergency telecommunications service should be able to protect the
integrity of all emergency user communications and have options to
encrypt certain user traffic. However, due to urgency and short-term
meaningfulness of the content at initial stages of disaster
response, encryption will have limited application.
3. Technical Requirements
The following technical requirements represent the functions that
need to be fulfilled to enable the general requirements listed above
to be realized.  For several of the requirements below, it is
assumed that networks will experience temporary scarcity of
resources, especially because of damaged infrastructure and high
demand immediately following a disaster.  If a service provider
employs an over provisioning approach to provide emergency services
so that resources are never scarce, some of the following
requirements might not be necessary.
3.1 Identification of Emergency Traffic
Emergency traffic should be recognized in the forwarding plane.  An
emergency telecommunication service should have procedures by which
emergency traffic is marked so that it can be identified throughout
the network.  The decisions about who does such marking (i.e., end
users or the network), where it occurs, who recognizes such marking,
whether re-marking might occur, and at what layer or layers marking
is implemented are left to the discretion of the policy makers and
specified in service level agreements. Standardized mechanisms,
however, should be utilized.
3.2 Signaling for Resource Requests
Emergency traffic should be recognized in the control plane.  For
applications where sessions need to be established or network
resources reserved, signaling mechanisms can be used to support the
differentiation of emergency signaling messages.
3.3 Better Then Best Effort Service
The default best-effort forwarding behavior available in existing
routers as standardized in [6] does not provide performance
assurances.  This is especially true for emergency services where
severe congestion that accompanies disasters can cause the
performance of best-effort delivery to degrade well below acceptable
Quality of service for emergency telecommunication services does not
necessarily mean better quality of voice/video as compared to what
is available to normal users. The same QoS classes, which are
already defined for normal traffic, can be utilized for emergency
traffic as well.
The fundamental quality of service requirement for emergency traffic
is this - better than best effort service.  Service providers have
the freedom to implement special quality of service mechanisms to
meet this requirement, but other approaches may be effective as
Better than best effort service is provided to emergency traffic so
that it will receive assured performance levels that are at or above
a minimum performance level.  Without such a requirement, the
dependability requirement outlined above could not be met.
Emergency traffic that suffers degraded QoS, however, should not be
terminated but should be allowed to continue. Disaster response
operations must be given the best chance to communicate, even if
with difficulty.
4. Special Requirements
In addition to the general and technical requirements given above,
this section provides additional requirements that may optionally be
requested for particular service agreements.  They primarily involve
the specification of the particular approach that is being used by
service providers for particular networks, applications, and types
of traffic.
4.1 Application-Specific Support
The requirements in this document are for network layer mechanisms
to support emergency services.  In general, these network layer
mechanisms will provide support to the rich array of applications
that could be used for emergency response operations.  Specific
applications, however, may have additional requirements to be
acceptable for emergency users.
Such requirements might include additional signalling or mechanisms
to provide preferential performance or dependability to authorized
users. Examples of applications include the following.
o  Voice on IP, using such signaling architectures as H.323 or SIP
[7].
o  Shared real-time whiteboard.
o  Instant messaging and presence.
o  Databases such as the Japanese "I am Alive" [8] service, for
communication with persons not involved in the crisis.
o  Database services for managing the crisis, including
calendaring, contact management, order and trouble report
management, legal services, medical services, etc.
o  Electronic mail.
o  Telemedicine, victim observation video, and vital-sign
o  Damage assessment applications.
o  File transfer.
o  World Wide Web.
This document does not address specific requirements for these
applications.  The focus of this document is to provide requirements
for network service providers.  Requirements for the applications
should be met by content providers and end users.  However, network
service providers may wish to provide network-based services that
could improve the performance of particular applications, for
example by providing web caching.
Of specific interest to current emergency management organizations
are IP Telephony and Voice on IP.  Further requirements and
recommended procedures for these applications, in particular, are
given in [3]. In the future, however, it is anticipated that voice
communications will be overshadowed by a number of other multimedia
modes of communication that will significantly benefit emergency
Folts & Beard             Expires - December 2002              [Page 10]
4.2 Traffic Types
Consideration should be given to the different traffic types in
supporting the different multimedia applications for emergency
telecommunication services.  The three types of traffic that may be
treated in distinctive ways are as follows.
o  Inelastic traffic - As defined in [9], inelastic traffic is
traffic which has a firm delay bound.  If packets arrive after
a maximum acceptable delay, the packets are essentially
worthless to the receiver.  Real-time audio and video are
examples of inelastic traffic.
o  Interactive elastic traffic - Elastic applications are
generally those which wait for data to arrive and do not
discard it if it is late.  This does not mean that applications
are insensitive to delay, however, because such delays could
hurt application performance significantly.  In particular,
interactive elastic traffic requires reasonable delays because
of the user interaction that is involved.  Examples of
interactive elastic traffic include HTTP and instant messaging
traffic.
o  Bulk transfer elastic traffic - Some elastic applications,
however, do not involve direct user interaction.  In such
cases, delay is not so much a concern as average throughput.
Bulk transfers can have large variations in delay as long as an
expected average throughput is obtained.  For example, if a
file can be downloaded in 100 seconds, it does not matter if
for part of the transfer the throughput was virtually zero.
Examples of bulk transfer traffic are FTP and SMTP.
As an example, service providers may wish to provide service
assurances for inelastic traffic using Diffserv [10] but use
overprovisioning for both types of elastic traffic.
5. Policy Decisions
The above general and technical requirements provide wide latitude
for creativity on the part of service providers to implement
emergency services.  In addition to meeting the requirements above,
a series of policy decisions should be made in the implementation of
emergency services.  No particular approach is prescribed regarding
these policies.  However, the policies used by a service provider to
address the following issues should be clearly defined and
communicated.
The user needs to determine specific policies for the emergency
telecommunications service, and these should be specified and agreed
upon in the service level agreement.
5.1 Emergency Service Activation
Providers of an emergency service should specify whether emergency
treatment is always available within the network or whether the
service is only activated upon declaration of emergency conditions
by an appropriate authority.  Service providers may also choose to
provide a minimal service that is available at all times, but which
could be expanded once an emergency declaration was made.
5.2 Restoration Procedures
Service providers should describe the restoration procedures they
will use when substantial damage is experienced in their network.
They should provide plans and estimates in advance of how damaged
facilities will affect the availability of emergency services and,
if a critical relationship exists, how prioritized restoration of
those vital facilities will be accomplished.  Service providers may,
of course, choose to rely upon rerouting mechanisms that would make
the restoration procedures they use irrelevant to the continued
dependability of emergency services.  The only concern in that case
is when damage could be so extensive that rerouting mechanisms would
be ineffective. Also see [2].
5.3 Preemption
Service providers may wish to provide resources for emergency
communications by interrupting particular non-emergency traffic
flows.  If such an approach is used, this should be explicitly
stated and details should be given on how preemption is carried out.
Regulatory guidelines in some jurisdictions may prohibit the use of
preemption to support emergency traffic.
5.4 Cooperation Between Service Providers
Emergency users will only be concerned with the quality of the end-
to-end communications they are provided.  However, it is possible
that no one particular service provider will be able to support that
service end-to-end.  Emergency services could be carried over a
combination of service providers, some of which would provide
emergency capabilities and some of which may not.
Service providers that do provide emergency services may choose to
provide services that are only operative within their networks and
are independent of other service providers.  Alternatively, service
providers may employ mechanisms to cooperate with other service
providers to provide emergency services.  This would result in a
considerable portion of the end-to-end path being administered in a
cooperative fashion.  If so, service providers should specify the
mechanisms they would use and the extent to which they would
cooperate with other service providers to support emergency
6. Example Emergency Scenarios
Some example instances for emergency communications are described
below. These show some different levels of emergency communication
requirements that need to be supported.
6.1 Local recovery operations
While mobile radio is the primary mode of communication for police
and fire brigade operations, there is often a need to supplement
these capabilities with access to the public telecommunication
networks. This is particularly needed during the initial stages and
immediately following a disaster event. These emergency
communications can be accomplished through use of wireless access
(cellular phone or PDA) where priority service may be necessary due
to congestion. Some mobile radio systems interface with public
networks, but their use is often discouraged or avoided because of
limited bandwidth availability in the frequency allocation.
Communications outside the immediate local radio coverage area are
often required to request additional resources from other areas and
to notify and coordinate operations with regional (e.g. county and
state) and national authorities. Public telecommunications services
provide at-hand capability to immediately support these critical
6.2 Medical operations
The process of saving lives and providing medical treatment to
victims is greatly enhanced through the use of data telemetry to
remotely provide victim vital signs to a central medical center. In
addition, treatment of victims at the disaster site can be
significantly accelerated through the use of video telemedicine
transmissions to remote medical staff. These vital life-saving
communications can be very effectively supported by an Internet-
based infrastructure.
6.3 Regional operations
The magnitude of the event may require recovery support from
resources outside of the immediate area of impact. Critical
information is provided for authorities to proclaim a disaster
crisis and activate vital support resources.
Regional emergency operations centers would need immediate and
effective telecommunication capabilities to rapidly organize and
coordinate support from elsewhere regionally, nationally, or
internationally. Public telecommunication resources are essential to
support these emergency activities.
6.4 National operations
The most serious disaster events can impact national security of a
country. Therefore, immediate action is required by government
officials to organize and coordinate the highest level of emergency
support resources. With a serious threat to national security,
actions to ensure continuity of government must be initiated. These
types of activities need to not only have priority treatment for
emergency communications in the public telecommunications domain,
but they also require protection against eavesdropping of
confidential/sensitive information. In addition, locations of source
and destination of some critical national security traffic needs
protection. While these communications can often be supported
directly by dedicated government networks, public telecommunication
facilities provide an essential alternate capability.
There are many critical requirements for emergency
telecommunications that need to be addressed as outlined above.
These are important ingredients to the total solution required for
effective and comprehensive emergency telecommunication capabilities
in a public Internet-based telecommunication service infrastructure.
Technical solutions are neither proposed nor suggested, so that full
consideration and innovation will be used in seeking effective
solutions. There are many other procedural, operational, policy,
regulatory, and full systems considerations that also need to be
addressed to ensure that the technical capabilities of Internet-
based infrastructures are established and sound.
Detailed requirements are given in [5]. Authorized access, security
protection, and privacy are presented here as general security
requirements for emergency services in Section 2.
1  B. Brewin, "Nation's Networks See Large Volume Spikes After
Attacks,", Computerworld, September 17, 2001.
2  Information Interchange Representation of National Security
Emergency Preparedness û Telecommunications Service Priority,
American National Standard T1.211-1989 (R1999).
3  Carlberg, K. and I. Brown, "Framework for Supporting IEPS in IP
Telephony," draft-ietf-ieprep-framework-00 (work in progress),
February 2002.
4  Work-in-progress.
5  Brown, I., "Securing prioritised emergency traffic", draft-brown-
ieprep-sec-00 (work in progress), February 2002.
6  Baker, F., "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers", RFC 1812,
7  Handley, M., Schulzrinne, H., Schooler, E. and J. Rosenberg,
"SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 2543, March 1999.
8  "IAA System (I Am Alive): The Experiences of the Internet
Disaster Drills", INET 2000, June 2000.
9  Braden, R., Clark, D., and Shenkar, S., "Integrated Services in
the Internet Architecture: an Overview", RFC 1633, June 1994.
10 Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z. and W.
Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated Services", RFC 2475,
Author Addresses
Hal Folts, Senior Systems Engineer
Priority Services - Internet Team, Technology and Programs
National Communications System
foltsh@ncs.gov
Cory Beard
School of Interdisciplinary Computing and Engineering
University of Missouri-Kansas City
5100 Rockhill Road
Kansas City, MO  64110
beardc@umkc.edu
Html markup produced by rfcmarkup 1.129d, available from https://tools.ietf.org/tools/rfcmarkup/


text:
Motorola FLIPOUT and Nokia X5-01 (2010)
Announced June 2010
These days, almost every smartphone looks the same. But five years ago this month both Nokia and Motorola were experimenting with square smartphones with physical keyboards.
Motorola's take on the idea was the Motorola FLIPOUT, an Android smartphone with a little 2.8" 320 x 240 pixel display and a QWERTY keyboard that rotated out. Measuring 67 x 67 mm, the FLIPOUT was almost perfectly square apart from the rounded edges. Although it was a fully-featured Android device with GPS, 3.5G and WiFi, the small screen must have been severely limiting, and physical keyboards have since gone the way of the Dodo on most smartphones.
The quirky FLIPOUT was a bit of a flop at the time, but if this esoteric design appeals to you then new ones can still be had for less than €200 with used ones in various conditions coming in at about €70 or less.
In the same month, Nokia announced the Nokia X5-01 slider phone which wasn't as square as the Motorola and featured a 2.4" screen with the same resolution as the FLIPOUT. Unlike the Motorola, the X5-01 was a Symbian device. Symbian was a operating system much more suited to smaller displays, and overall specifications were very similar to its rival except the X5-01 lacked WiFi but had a better camera.
Unusual Nokia devices are always collectible, but the rareness of the Nokia X5-01 makes it very hard to obtain.
In the end, smartphones with tiny screens fell out of favour and on-screen keyboards such as SwiftKey and Swype meant that most people didn't want an actual keyboard. But perhaps the time is right for manufacturers to experiment with different form factors again?
Labels: 2010, Android, June, Motorola, Nokia, Symbian
Apple iPhone 4 (2010)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
South Africa and China: The Making of a Partnership
Chris Alden
Yu-Shan Wu
41pages PDF
South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA)
South Africa-China Relations
Bilateral Economic Relationship
"South Africa–China relations are developing at a steady pace, from the onset of formal diplomatic ties in 1998 to the multi-faceted partnership we see today. Its various elements include historical links, diplomatic relations, multilateral co-operation, trade and investment, and public media engagement. At the same time, there are differences between the two countries that continue to shape ties and distinguish them from China's relations with other African countries. South Africa is a diversified economy with relatively strong institutional structures and is home to a vibrant civil society; China is seen as a key competitor in sectors South Africa views as strategic, as well as being an investor in resources that enjoy a favourable trade balance. Sharing a similar global vision, the two emerging countries are working towards closer strategic co-operation that takes account of the structure of bilateral economic ties, domestic diversity and overlapping interests."


text:
Tulsi Gabbard Challenges Sanders And Biden To Stand On Principle And Demand DNC Let Her Debate
JIM WATSON/AFP/Getty Images)
March 07, 2020 12:15 PM ET
Democratic Hawaii Rep. Tulsi Gabbard called on her 2020 presidential primary rivals to stand on principle and demand the Democratic National Committee (DNC) allow her to debate.
Gabbard, whose last debate appearance was in November, addressed independent Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders and former Vice President Joe Biden directly, challenging them to call on the DNC to allow her to participate in the next debate. (RELATED: DNC Announces 'Of Course' Threshold Will Increase After Tulsi Gabbard Clears Previous Debate Requirements)
"I'm sure you would agree that our Democratic nominee should be a person who will stand up for what is right. So I ask that you have the courage to do that now in the face of the DNC's effort to keep me from participating in the debates," Gabbard tweeted.
.@JoeBiden @BernieSanders I'm sure you would agree that our Democratic nominee should be a person who will stand up for what is right. So I ask that you have the courage to do that now in the face of the DNC's effort to keep me from participating in the debates. #LetTulsiDebate
— Tulsi Gabbard ???? (@TulsiGabbard) March 7, 2020
Gabbard then claimed that the DNC had implemented a rule change that was designed to exclude her, adding, "To keep me off the stage, the DNC again arbitrarily changed the debate qualifications. Previously they changed the qualifications in the OPPOSITE direction so Bloomberg could debate. I ask that you stand w/ me against the DNC's transparent effort to exclude me from the debates."
To keep me off the stage, the DNC again arbitrarily changed the debate qualifications. Previously they changed the qualifications in the OPPOSITE direction so Bloomberg could debate. I ask that you stand w/ me against the DNC's transparent effort to exclude me from the debates.
Gabbard, whose two delegates would have put her over the debate threshold under the DNC's previous rules, was bumped from contention when new rules were implemented.
Just in: The DNC announced the threshold for the next debate (March 15) and it'd be virtually impossible for Tulsi Gabbard to make it.
Candidates will need 20% of all delegates awarded thus far – she has (delegate, <1%).
Joe Biden vs. Bernie Sanders, alone.
— Alex Seitz-Wald (@aseitzwald) March 6, 2020
Gabbard (who hasn't been in a debate since Nov.) has 2 delegates.
You need 20% of all delegates by March 15 to debate, which is ~374. There are only 352 delegates *total* available on March 10, so…
Biden (596 delegates) vs. Sanders (528 delegates).https://t.co/KhC0Hc6xHg
Following the most recent wave of campaign dropouts, Gabbard is the only Democratic candidate remaining who is neither male nor white.
Tags : 2020 democratic debates 2020 elections bernie sanders dnc joe biden tulsi gabbard


text:
The Script Lab Podcast with TEEN SPIRIT Writer/Director Max Minghella
By Shanee Edwards Blogs, Movie Reviews, Screenwriting 101, TSL Podcast
Writer/director Max Minghella's new film Teen Spirit stars Elle Fanning as a shy teenager who dreams of escaping her small…
The 44th Annual Humanitas Prize Announces Winners, Including: "Dear White People," "On the Basis of Sex," "Mary Poppins Returns"
By Rebecca Norris Blogs, Events, Features, Film Festivals, Main
The writers of Netflix's "Dear White People," Focus Features' "On the Basis of Sex," and Disney's "Mary Poppins Returns" were…
Top 10 Movie Yelling Matches for the Ages
By Shanee Edwards Apathy First Draft, Movie Reviews, Screenwriting 101
Conflict is king when it comes to writing screenplays. While conflict must be present in every scene, only a few…
Introducing coverflyX: Free Peer-to-Peer Screenplay Feedback
In case you missed it, The Script Lab team has been hard at work on a new service called Coverfly,…
2018 Sundance Institute Screenwriters Lab Fellows Announced
By Admin Announcements, Blogs, Features, Film Festivals, Main, News, Screenwriting 101, Sundance Film Festival
Bold Innovation and Risk-Taking Encouraged at Immersive Lab, Part of Ongoing Creative Support; Twelve Alumni Projects to Premiere at 2018…
The History of Hollywood Screenwriting Competitions
By Ken Miyamoto from ScreenCraft Blogs
You've heard of screenwriting competitions – but how reputable are they? How can you know which contests are legitimate, and…
An Open Letter to Press Screenings
By Randal Stevens Apathy First Draft
Dear Press Screenings, I love you. Having said that, I hate you. Having said that, let me explain the dichotomy. …


text:
Humphrey Hume Wrong
Humphrey Hume Wrong c. 1915
Hume Wrong
Mary Joyce Hutton
Dennis Wrong and June Rogers
Humphrey Hume Wrong (September 10, 1894 – January 24, 1954) was a Canadian historian, professor, career diplomat, and Canada's ambassador to the United States.
1 Background and early life
2 Diplomatic appointments
Background and early life
Wrong was the grandson of Liberal Party leader Edward Blake and son of historian George MacKinnon Wrong. At age five he suffered the loss of an eye in an accident.[1]:111
Hume Wrong graduated from high school at Ridley College and was a graduate of the University of Toronto where he joined The Kappa Alpha Society. During World War I, Wrong served in the British Expeditionary Force where he was sent to the front before being invalided. After the war, he went to the University of Oxford for graduate study, and in 1921 became a history professor, working at his fathers Department at the University of Toronto until 1927.
Hume was one of five siblings: educator, Margaret Christian Wrong (1887–1948); historian, Oxford academic, and Magdalene College Don, Edward Murray Wrong (1889–1928); British Army officer, Harold Verschoyle Wrong (born 1891, killed in action July 1, 1916, at the Battle of the Somme); and Agnes Honoria Wrong (1903–1995).
Diplomatic appointments
In April 1927 he became First Secretary to Vincent Massey, head of the Canadian Embassy in Washington, DC. Thus Wrong joined the newly expanded Canadian Department of External Affairs around the same time as fellow future star diplomats Lester Pearson, Norman Robertson, and Hugh Keenleyside; this expansion was engineered by Oscar D. Skelton.[1][2] Wrong served in the League of Nations and in 1938 he represented Canada at the Évian Conference.
In 1941 he went to Washington when Leighton McCarthy was made Ambassador, then 71 years old. That made Hume the de facto head of the delegation for Canada in Washington, performing such duties as implementation of the Ogdensburg Agreement.
He articulated the principle of functionalism in 1942 as follows:
The principle, I think, is that each member of the grand alliance should have a voice in the conduct of the war proportionate to its contribution to the general war effort. A subsidiary principle is that the influence of the various countries should be greatest in connection with those matters with which they are most directly concerned.[1]:126
The placement of C. D. Howe on the Combined Production and Resources Board, and of other seats on the Combined Food Board, were evidence of the practice of functionalism. In the estimation of Jack Granatstein, "Canada's massive war effort, coupled with its tough advocacy of the functionalism principle, made it one of the leaders of the middle powers for a few years during and after the war."[1]:133
In 1946 Hume Wrong was appointed the Ambassador for Canada and he remained in the post until 1953. He was one of the key architects of the North Atlantic Treaty, which would give rise to NATO. He later rose to become the Canadian Undersecretary of External Affairs and was named undersecretary to NATO, but died before he could take up the post.
Hume Wrong and the Canadian Delegation to the United Nations, May 1945. Wrong is 5th from the right.
Wrong is buried at Maclaren Cemetery in Wakefield, Quebec with his fellow diplomats and friends Norman Robertson and Lester B. Pearson.[3] He is the father of renowned sociologist Dennis Wrong, and the grandfather of documentary filmmaker Terence Wrong.
^ a b c d Jack Granatstein (1982) Ottawa's Men, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-540386-X
^ Shadow of Heaven: The Life of Lester Pearson, volume 1, by John English, London 1990, Vintage publishers
^ MacLaren Cemetery. Igougo.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-26.
Humphrey Hume Wrong Biography at The Canadian Encyclopedia


The America's Cup Lounge at 220 M.A.C. Avenue (at the corner of Albert) was one of E.L.'s most popular spots for students from the late 70s to the early 90s. Don't even bother trying to find it today (it's a townhouse next to CVS). The Cup was a great live music spot back when East Lansing hosted really great live music acts (many of which went on to national fame), and sat above a basement spot called B'zar (which eventually became a BW3). America's Cup enjoyed a long run until it changed hands in the early 90s and a spot called Small Planet opened in its place.


text:
Alerts and Messages for U.S. visitors to Chile.
U.S. Citizens with emergencies, please call (+56) 2 2330 3716
Outside of Office Hours, contact: (+56) 2 2330 3000
Additional Resources for U.S. Citzens
Ambassador Bernadette M. Meehan
Deputy Chief of Mission – Richard H. Glenn
U.S. & Chile
U.S. and Chile
Drawing on our close bilateral relations and shared values, we support Chile's leadership in spreading the benefits of democracy and free markets throughout the region.
Doing Business in Chile
Find the closest American Space in Chile where you can connect with the U.S.
English Programs
Youth Ambassadors Program for Chile
Grants Corner
U.S.-Chile Science, Technology and Innovation Council (STIC)
Learn more about this exchange program!
U.S. Embassy Santiago
Phone: (56-2) 2330-3000
#ChileEEUU200
DHS Announces New Migration Enforcement Process
DHS implements new processes for Cubans, Haitians, and Nicaraguans and eliminates cap for Venezuelans.
#NationalHumanTraffickingPreventionMonth
#UnitedForUkraine
Updates on U.S. Travel Policy Requiring Vaccination
Ensure that you are ready to travel internationally and return by reviewing the information at COVID-19 Traveler Information (state.gov) and at cdc.gov.
This is the official website of the U.S. Embassy in Chile. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein.


This is a placeholder page for Corrine Thrush, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Corrine Thrush.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Corrine Thrush. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Corrine Thrush. We created this page automatically in hopes Corrine Thrush would find it. If you are not Corrine Thrush, but are an alumni of Montabella High School, register on this site for free now.


Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos speaks at a recent event. In addition to Web sales and e-readers, Amazon rents cloud storage.
(CNN) -- An outage of one of Amazon's cloud computing data centers knocked out popular sites like Reddit, Foursquare Pinterest and TMZ for some users on Monday.
The outages, which began early afternoon Eastern time, appeared to be gradually improving as the afternoon went on. As of about 5 p.m. ET, Amazon Web Services was reporting "degraded" performance at one of its centers in northern Virginia.
In addition to online retail, Amazon rents cloud storage space for clients to store Web data.
Other sites that were impacted included Instagram, Flipboard, AirBnB, Imgur and GetGlue.
During the height of the outages, many took to Twitter to complain and seek solace. Here are some of their updates.
If you are unable to see the Storify below, click here.


text:
package org.apache.ambari.server.security.encryption;

import java.io.File;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import org.apache.ambari.server.security.credential.Credential;
import org.apache.ambari.server.security.credential.GenericKeyCredential;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;

import com.google.common.base.Ticker;

import junit.framework.Assert;

public class CredentialStoreTest {

  @Rule
  public TemporaryFolder tmpFolder = new TemporaryFolder();

  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    tmpFolder.create();
  }

  @After
  public void cleanUp() throws Exception {
    tmpFolder.delete();
  }

  @Test
  public void testFileBasedCredentialStoreService_AddCredentialToStoreWithPersistMaster() throws Exception {
    addCredentialToStoreWithPersistMasterTest(new FileBasedCredentialStoreServiceFactory(), new DefaultMasterKeyServiceFactory());
  }

  @Test
  public void testFileBasedCredentialStoreService_AddCredentialToStore() throws Exception {
    addCredentialToStoreTest(new FileBasedCredentialStoreServiceFactory(), new DefaultMasterKeyServiceFactory());
  }

  @Test
  public void testFileBasedCredentialStoreService_GetCredential() throws Exception {
    getCredentialTest(new FileBasedCredentialStoreServiceFactory(), new DefaultMasterKeyServiceFactory());
  }

  @Test
  public void testFileBasedCredentialStoreService_RemoveCredential() throws Exception {
    removeCredentialTest(new FileBasedCredentialStoreServiceFactory(), new DefaultMasterKeyServiceFactory());
  }

  @Test
  public void testInMemoryCredentialStoreService_AddCredentialToStoreWithPersistMaster() throws Exception {
    addCredentialToStoreWithPersistMasterTest(new InMemoryCredentialStoreServiceFactory(), new DefaultMasterKeyServiceFactory());
  }

  @Test
  public void testInMemoryCredentialStoreService_AddCredentialToStore() throws Exception {
    addCredentialToStoreTest(new InMemoryCredentialStoreServiceFactory(), new DefaultMasterKeyServiceFactory());
  }

  @Test
  public void testInMemoryCredentialStoreService_GetCredential() throws Exception {
    getCredentialTest(new InMemoryCredentialStoreServiceFactory(), new DefaultMasterKeyServiceFactory());
  }

  @Test
  public void testInMemoryCredentialStoreService_RemoveCredential() throws Exception {
    removeCredentialTest(new InMemoryCredentialStoreServiceFactory(), new DefaultMasterKeyServiceFactory());
  }

  @Test
  public void testInMemoryCredentialStoreService_CredentialExpired() throws Exception {
    getExpiredCredentialTest(new InMemoryCredentialStoreServiceFactory(), new DefaultMasterKeyServiceFactory());
  }

  private void addCredentialToStoreWithPersistMasterTest(CredentialStoreServiceFactory credentialStoreServiceFactory,
                                                         MasterKeyServiceFactory masterKeyServiceFactory) throws Exception {
    File directory = tmpFolder.getRoot();

    String masterKey = "ThisIsSomeSecretPassPhrase1234";
    File masterKeyFile = new File(directory, "master");

    MasterKeyService masterKeyService = masterKeyServiceFactory.createPersisted(masterKeyFile, masterKey);
    CredentialStore credentialStore = credentialStoreServiceFactory.create(directory, masterKeyService);

    String password = "mypassword";
    credentialStore.addCredential("myalias", new GenericKeyCredential(password.toCharArray()));
    Credential credential = credentialStore.getCredential("myalias");
    Assert.assertEquals(password, new String(credential.toValue()));

    Assert.assertTrue(masterKeyFile.exists());
  }

  private void addCredentialToStoreTest(CredentialStoreServiceFactory credentialStoreServiceFactory,
                                        MasterKeyServiceFactory masterKeyServiceFactory) throws Exception {
    File directory = tmpFolder.getRoot();

    String masterKey = "ThisIsSomeSecretPassPhrase1234";
    File masterKeyFile = new File(directory, "master");

    MasterKeyService masterKeyService = masterKeyServiceFactory.create(masterKey);
    CredentialStore credentialStore = credentialStoreServiceFactory.create(directory, masterKeyService);

    String password = "mypassword";
    credentialStore.addCredential("password", new GenericKeyCredential(password.toCharArray()));
    Credential credential = credentialStore.getCredential("password");
    Assert.assertEquals(password, new String(credential.toValue()));

    credentialStore.addCredential("null_password", null);
    Assert.assertNull(credentialStore.getCredential("null_password"));

    credentialStore.addCredential("empty_password", new GenericKeyCredential(new char[0]));
    Assert.assertNull(credentialStore.getCredential("empty_password"));

    Assert.assertFalse(masterKeyFile.exists());
  }

  private void getCredentialTest(CredentialStoreServiceFactory credentialStoreServiceFactory,
                                 MasterKeyServiceFactory masterKeyServiceFactory) throws Exception {
    File directory = tmpFolder.getRoot();

    String masterKey = "ThisIsSomeSecretPassPhrase1234";

    MasterKeyService masterKeyService = masterKeyServiceFactory.create(masterKey);
    CredentialStore credentialStore = credentialStoreServiceFactory.create(directory, masterKeyService);

    Assert.assertNull(credentialStore.getCredential(""));
    Assert.assertNull(credentialStore.getCredential(null));

    String password = "mypassword";
    credentialStore.addCredential("myalias", new GenericKeyCredential(password.toCharArray()));
    Credential credential = credentialStore.getCredential("myalias");
    Assert.assertEquals(password, new String(credential.toValue()));

    Assert.assertNull(credentialStore.getCredential("does_not_exist"));
  }

  private void getExpiredCredentialTest(CredentialStoreServiceFactory credentialStoreServiceFactory,
                                 MasterKeyServiceFactory masterKeyServiceFactory) throws Exception {
    File directory = tmpFolder.getRoot();

    String masterKey = "ThisIsSomeSecretPassPhrase1234";

    MasterKeyService masterKeyService = masterKeyServiceFactory.create(masterKey);
    CredentialStore credentialStore = credentialStoreServiceFactory.create(directory, masterKeyService);

    // replace cache ticker with manual to avoid timeout issues during check
    TestTicker ticker = new TestTicker(0);

    Field cacheFiled = InMemoryCredentialStore.class.getDeclaredField("cache");
    cacheFiled.setAccessible(true);

    Object cache = cacheFiled.get(credentialStore);

    Class localManualCacheClass = Class.forName("com.google.common.cache.LocalCache$LocalManualCache");
    Field localCacheField = localManualCacheClass.getDeclaredField("localCache");
    localCacheField.setAccessible(true);

    Class localCacheClass = Class.forName("com.google.common.cache.LocalCache");
    Object localCache = localCacheField.get(cache);

    Field tickerField = localCacheClass.getDeclaredField("ticker");
    tickerField.setAccessible(true);
    tickerField.set(localCache, ticker);

    String password = "mypassword";
    credentialStore.addCredential("myalias", new GenericKeyCredential(password.toCharArray()));
    Assert.assertEquals(password, new String(credentialStore.getCredential("myalias").toValue()));

    // 250 msec
    ticker.setCurrentNanos(250*1000*1000);
    Assert.assertEquals(password, new String(credentialStore.getCredential("myalias").toValue()));

    // 550 msec
    ticker.setCurrentNanos(550*1000*1000);
    Assert.assertNull(password, credentialStore.getCredential("myalias"));

  }

  private void removeCredentialTest(CredentialStoreServiceFactory credentialStoreServiceFactory,
                                    MasterKeyServiceFactory masterKeyServiceFactory) throws Exception {
    File directory = tmpFolder.getRoot();

    String masterKey = "ThisIsSomeSecretPassPhrase1234";

    MasterKeyService masterKeyService = masterKeyServiceFactory.create(masterKey);
    CredentialStore credentialStore = credentialStoreServiceFactory.create(directory, masterKeyService);

    String password = "mypassword";
    credentialStore.addCredential("myalias", new GenericKeyCredential(password.toCharArray()));

    Credential credential = credentialStore.getCredential("myalias");
    Assert.assertEquals(password, new String(credential.toValue()));

    credentialStore.removeCredential("myalias");
    Assert.assertNull(credentialStore.getCredential("myalias"));

    credentialStore.addCredential("myalias", new GenericKeyCredential(password.toCharArray()));
    credential = credentialStore.getCredential("myalias");
    Assert.assertEquals(password, new String(credential.toValue()));

    credentialStore = credentialStoreServiceFactory.create(directory, masterKeyService);
    credentialStore.setMasterKeyService(masterKeyService);

    credentialStore.removeCredential("myalias");
    Assert.assertNull(credentialStore.getCredential("myalias"));

    credentialStore.removeCredential("does_not_exist");
  }

  private interface CredentialStoreServiceFactory {
    CredentialStore create(File path, MasterKeyService masterKeyService);
  }

  private class FileBasedCredentialStoreServiceFactory implements CredentialStoreServiceFactory {
    @Override
    public CredentialStore create(File path, MasterKeyService masterKeyService) {
      CredentialStore credentialStore = new FileBasedCredentialStore(path);
      credentialStore.setMasterKeyService(masterKeyService);
      return credentialStore;
    }
  }

  private class InMemoryCredentialStoreServiceFactory implements CredentialStoreServiceFactory {
    @Override
    public CredentialStore create(File path, MasterKeyService masterKeyService) {
      CredentialStore credentialStore = new InMemoryCredentialStore(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, false);
      credentialStore.setMasterKeyService(masterKeyService);
      return credentialStore;
    }
  }

  private interface MasterKeyServiceFactory {
    MasterKeyService create(String masterKey);

    MasterKeyService createPersisted(File masterKeyFile, String masterKey);
  }

  private class DefaultMasterKeyServiceFactory implements MasterKeyServiceFactory {

    @Override
    public MasterKeyService create(String masterKey) {
      return new MasterKeyServiceImpl(masterKey);
    }

    @Override
    public MasterKeyService createPersisted(File masterKeyFile, String masterKey) {
      new MasterKeyServiceImpl("dummyKey").initializeMasterKeyFile(masterKeyFile, masterKey);
      return new MasterKeyServiceImpl(masterKeyFile);
    }
  }

  private class TestTicker extends Ticker {

    private long currentNanos;

    public TestTicker(long currentNanos) {
      this.currentNanos = currentNanos;
    }

    @Override
    public long read() {
      return currentNanos;
    }

    public void setCurrentNanos(long currentNanos) {
      this.currentNanos = currentNanos;
    }
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Until recently, mainstream 'thinking' about food and health has been to avoid 'fats' to prevent getting 'fat'. But, whilst this is broadly true of today's Western diet of highly processed foods, it risks throwing the baby out with the bath water.
For kids in particular, unsaturated, as well as saturated fats (unprocessed and in their natural form) are vital for wellbeing and normal growth and development – it's worth remembering that a mother's milk is actually rich in saturated fats!
Fortunately cocoa butter consists of a combination of unsaturated and saturated fats. Almost 40% of the fat in cocoa butter is either mono- or poly-unsaturated fat, of which oleic acid makes up the largest proportion. Oleic acid is the heart-healthy fatty acid that's also abundant in olive oil (think healthy Mediterranean diet).
Of the saturated fat in cocoa butter, more than half is something called stearic acid. Numerous studies have shown that this unique saturated fatty acid has a neutral impact on blood cholesterol, unlike many other unnatural saturated fats. Studies show that, thanks to both of these types of fat, cocoa butter overall has no effect on the level of 'bad' cholesterol in your blood.
The cocoa butter we use is 100% pure and natural, with nothing added. It gives our Supertreats bars the familiar 'snap' and melty-mouth-feel of chocolate, but without the yucky stimulants that chocolate contains.


Whiplash is one of the most frequently seen accident injuries. It can occur in low and high speed wrecks, and can result from car accidents, truck accidents, and motorcycle accidents. What is whiplash, and is it really a significant injury, or is it something accident victims use to get more money?
Whiplash is specifically a neck injury. It occurs when the force of an accident "whips" the head back and forth, straining the neck muscles and vertebrae far beyond their normal capabilities in just a few seconds.
Is Whiplash a "Real" Injury?
Whiplash may not be noticeable right after a car, truck, or motorcycle accident. This is why it's so important to go to the hospital or see your doctor immediately after being involved in a wreck. A doctor can check for signs of whiplash and treat you before the symptoms worsen.
The initial treatment of whiplash is to stabilize the neck, usually with a neck brace. Treatment may also include pain medication and anti-inflammatory drugs. In some cases, chiropractic care can help "reset" the neck by getting the muscles and vertebrae back into alignment. Rest, ice, and sometimes muscle relaxers will also help reduce the discomfort of whiplash.
Typically, whiplash resolves on its own with proper medical care. In some cases, victims can be left with chronic pain and other symptoms that make life difficult. Whiplash generally isn't life-threatening, but it can be life-changing.
Treatment for whiplash is costly, and you may be eligible for compensation if someone else is at fault for your accident. Contact the Sarkisian Law Offices today for more information on how to file an injury claim by calling (219) 942-7171. Our attorneys are available now to assist you.


The Brighton born accessory designer, Rosie Fox, went into design at an early age, qualifying as one of the youngest gemmologists at 17. She then went on to study for three years at The London College of Fashion, combining her love of fashion with gemstones.
Rosie set up her own label in 2006 inspired by British heritage fused with trends and vintage charms. She targeted women looking for quirky, vintage inspired jewellery, offering them affordable luxury. Starting with hair accessories and brooches, Rosie's collection has expanded into a wide range of jewellery, scarves and hair accessories, with her statement cuffs a regular feature in the fashion press. Rosie is also well known for the unique and quirky detailing she adds to her pieces, which include her signature rose and fox charms.


text:
Iouja (en ) est une ville de l'oblast d'Ivanovo, en Russie, et le centre administratif du raïon de Iouja. Sa population s'élevait à  habitants en 2014.

C'est une des régions touchées par les incendies de forêt de 2010 en Russie

Géographie
Iouja se trouve au bord du lac Viazal, à  au nord-est de Kovrov, à  au sud-est d'Ivanovo et à  au nord-est de Moscou.

Histoire

Un village existe à l'emplacement actuel de la ville de Iouja depuis le début du . La première mention du village de Iouja date de 1628. Iouja a le statut de ville depuis 1925.

La Seconde Guerre mondiale : Le 19 avril 1940, Beria informe Staline que les 5 175 soldats et 293 officiers  prisonniers soviétiques relâchés par les Finlandais, à la suite des accords de Moscou, sont sur le point d'arriver sur le territoire national.  Il propose de les envoyer non pas dans une caserne ordinaire, mais dans un camp spécial du NKVD, à  Iouja, pour y procéder à une filtration impitoyable. Le 29 juillet, il informe Staline que "414 traîtres actifs" ont été démasqués. Pour le NKVD, ces hommes ne sont plus des combattants mais des suspects. La peur de nourrir une Cinquième Colonne d'anciens prisonniers  demeurera vive jusqu'au dernier jour de la guerre .

Population
Recensements (*) ou estimations de la population

Économie
La région de Iouja cultive des céréales (seigle, blé, orge, avoine), des légumes (carottes, choux, betteraves), les pommes de terre, et pratique l'élevage de bovins, de porcs et de volaille.

La principale entreprise industrielle est une usine textile : OAO Ioujskaïa priadilno-tkatskaïa fabrika () : filature et tissage de coton.

Articles connexes
 Incendies de forêt de 2010 en Russie

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Cartes topographiques
  Informations sur Iouja

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Filed under: Bedding plants, Suttons Seeds.
Dahlia Plants – Harlequin Mix from Suttons.
A dwarf, early flowering, collarette type dahlia producing a superb array of unusual bicoloured and single-coloured, semi-double and double blooms. Flowers May-September. Height 30-35cm (12-14).


text:
Mourinho plays Barcelona pitch jibes for laughs
Jon Brodkin
Fri 17 Feb 2006 20.19 EST
Jose Mourinho yesterday branded Barcelona "stupid" if they believe that he has deliberately kept the Stamford Bridge pitch in poor condition for Wednesday's Champions League game. There have been suggestions from Catalonia that Chelsea have chosen not to relay the grass because a low-quality surface will suit the home team better, but Mourinho responded strongly.
"Only stupid people can think a team like Chelsea, with the qualities Chelsea players have, can be happy to have this pitch at the time," he said. The manager used heavy sarcasm in addressing theories of skulduggery. "They [Barcelona] can think what they want but I think we can analyse that we have no technical players, we have no skilful players, we have just the kind of player that kicks the ball and runs: [Arjen] Robben, [Damien] Duff, Shaun Wright-Phillips, Frank Lampard. Because we have no technical players we need a potato field. So we play in a potato field."
Mourinho claimed that at least 10 Premiership pitches are as bad as or worse than Chelsea's and said his team have not trained at Stamford Bridge all season - and will not on the eve of playing Barcelona - to keep the surface in the best possible condition. He expects spring to bring an improvement and said he was reluctant to relay the pitch because an injury to Scott Parker last season was down to resurfacing. He could not resist a dig at Barcelona ahead of a tie dripping with ill-feeling from the teams' meetings in the Champions League a year ago.
"Maybe you have to ask Barcelona why they have so many knee injuries," Mourinho said. "I think in the last two or three years it was around 10. Crossed ligaments, internal ligaments, meniscus. They have a lot of problems with knees. Maybe it's because the pitch is very good - too good."
Chelsea's immediate focus is on tomorrow's FA Cup tie at home to Colchester United as they try to win the treble. Mourinho confirmed he is certain that the Premiership title will end up at Stamford Bridge when asked whether his team can claim three major trophies. "I think we can lose two of the three," he said. He does not see anyone overtaking Chelsea in the league: "They can next season but this season I don't think so."
Chelsea's most recent game was a 3-0 defeat at Middlesbrough and Mourinho said he shared the blame with his players because he had not prepared the team mentally. He said the opening goal was down to six errors and added: "It's a day when you wake up and you shouldn't leave the hotel."
He knows what he wants if Chelsea overcome Colchester. "I would love, for the quarter-final, Middlesbrough-Chelsea," he said. "The easiest game for me to prepare at this moment."


Click here to be notified by email when BRINICOMBE THINK COMPLETE GRANULES becomes available.
High specification vitamin and mineral supplement. The granules provide a combination of inorganic, naturally sourced and chelated minerals to maximise absorption from the gut and ensure these products will be fully utilised throughout the body. This product is BETA NOPS approved.


Background/Aims: Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a value representing the heterogeneity in the size of red blood cell, and it is usually used in distinguishing types of anaemia. Recently, it was reported that it could reflect the burden of inflammation in diverse diseases and their progno..
Background/Aims: Brucellosis patients present various non-specific clinical symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, sweating, joint pain, arthritis, myalgia, and headache. Based on the nonspecifity of its clinical signs and symtoms, we decided to evaluate whether mean platelet volume (MPV) , neutrophil to..
Background/Aims: It is not clear which tests are indicative of the activity and severity of tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and to determine the origin of NSE in TB patients. Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis was..
Background/Aims: The fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illnesses, and loss of weight (FRAIL) scale is a screening tool for frailty status using a simple 5-item questionnaire. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical feasibility and validity of the Korean version of the FRAIL (K-FRAIL) scale..
Background/Aims: This study aimed to verify the reliability of the alcoholic liver disease (ALD)/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) index (ANI) for distinguishing ALD in patients with hepatic steatosis from NAFLD, and to investigate whether ANI combined with γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) woul..
Hepatic or splenic lesions in hematologic patients are not defined well because they are not easy to evaluate due to limitations of invasive procedures. Management typically depends on the clinical diagnosis with few microbiological data.
The application of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for the diagnosis of diabetes is currently under extensive discussion. In this study, we explored the validity of using HbA1c as a screening and diagnostic test in Chinese subjects recruited in..
In type 2 diabetic patients, coronary artery disease (CAD) is usually detected at an advanced stage due to a lack of symptoms. The aim of this study was to define which clinical parameters or non-invasive tests predict CAD in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients..


During 2014, the composition of Lemminkäinen's Executive Team changed significantly. At the beginning of the year, the members of the Executive Team were: Timo Kohtamäki, President and CEO; Robert Öhman, CFO; Casimir Lindholm, EVP Building construction, Finland; Harri Kailasalo, EVP Infrastructure construction, Finland and the Baltic countries; Marcus Karsten, EVP Technical building services; Timo Vikström, EVP Scandinavia; Maaret Heiskari, EVP Russian operations; Tiina Mikander, Chief Strategy Officer; Tiina Mellas, EVP, HR, and Jouni Pekonen, EVP, Procurement.
President and CEO Timo Kohtamäki left the company on 2 April 2014 and CFO Robert Öhman on 7 April 2014. In connection with the divestment of the Technical building services business segment, Marcus Karsten left the company on 13 June 2014. Jouni Pekonen left the company on 9 June 2014 and Tiina Mellas on 19 June 2014. In connection with the strategy revision, Timo Vikström left the company on 30 July 2014. Tiina Mikander left the company on 1 November 2014.
At the beginning of the year 2015, the members of Lemminkäinen's Executive Team were (the date of appointment): Casimir Lindholm, President and CEO (1 August 2014); Ilkka Salonen, CFO (11 June 2014); Harri Kailasalo, EVP Infra projects; Robert Blumberg, EVP Paving (1 January 2015), Pauli Mäkelä, EVP Building construction, Finland (1 November 2014); Maaret Heiskari, EVP Russian operations; and Tania Jarret, EVP HR (1 November 2014).
Berndt Brunow, Chairman of the Board of Directors, acted as Lemminkäinen's interim President and CEO from 3 April to 31 July 2014.


text:
import * as testutils from './testutils.js'

import './action.js'
import './aggregate.js'
import './arrayEnumerable.js'
import './convert.js'
import './dictionary.js'
import './enumerable.js'
import './errorHandling.js'
import './functional.js'
import './grouping.js'
import './iterator.js'
import './join.js'
import './ordering.js'
import './paging.js'
import './projection.js'
import './set.js'
import './whereSelectEnumerable.js'

testutils.runAll(false);

if (testutils.getFailedTests().length > 0)
    console.log(testutils.getFailedTests());


text:
package org.apache.ambari.server.state.svccomphost;

import java.util.Map;

import org.apache.ambari.server.state.ServiceComponentHostEvent;
import org.apache.ambari.server.state.ServiceComponentHostEventType;

public class ServiceComponentHostStartEvent extends
    ServiceComponentHostEvent {

  public ServiceComponentHostStartEvent(String serviceComponentName,
      String hostName, long opTimestamp, Map<String, String> configs) {
    super(ServiceComponentHostEventType.HOST_SVCCOMP_START,
        serviceComponentName, hostName, opTimestamp, configs);
    // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
  }

}


Those who patiently persevere will truly receive a reward without measure!
The darkness of the night after Syedna Burhanuddin RA passed away lasted for many days - the sun of our lives, Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin was no more. The thickness of the heavy clouds that darkened the skies seemed ever increasing as we faced the most testing hours, days and months of our lives.
Our beloved Dai's janaza mubaraka was to be taken to Saifee Masjid from Saifee Mahal the morning after wafaat.
The usurpers had done their homework - they had planned the takeover meticulously, just as the usurpers had done after the wafaat of Rasulullah SA. They had shamelessly abused the person of the Dai for their own ends, both in the years before Syedna Burhanuddin's wafaat and then in the hours after wafaat. Before wafaat, they took Syedna Burhanuddin from place to place in an extreme state of infirmity to fulfil their self-serving agenda of trying to legitimize their fraud in the eyes of people. Four days before wafaat, they even brought him to Rozat Tahera for a program which was hours long, all through which Syedna Burhanuddin's eyes were closed.
After wafaat they put our beloved Dai's janaza mubaraka out in the open, displaying it for the world to see – this had never been done before in the history of the Imams and Du'at Mutlaqeen. After wafaat, they continued to use Syedna Burhannudin to further their agenda to beguile people into believing their fraud.
That morning tens of thousands of people gathered for the janaza mubaraka.
Syedna Khuzaima Qutbuddin RA spent the previous eve (17 Rabiul Awwal 1435H/ 18 January 2014), with one overwhelming concern: leading the janaza namaaz of his beloved predecessor Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin RA. Syedna Qutubuddin wrote a letter to Shz Qaid Johar Bhaisaheb and Shz Mufaddal Bhaisaheb informing them that he was the true successor of Syedna Burhanuddin and that he was the 53rd Dai-l-Mutlaq, and therefore it was his right to lead the janaza namaaz of his predecessor Syedna Burhanuddin.
There was no reply to the letter.
From Darus Sakina, Syedna Qutbuddin's bayaan was made available to all Mumineen all over the world, in which he conveyed that he was the true successor of Syedna Burhanuddin, he was the 53rd Dai-l-Mutlaq, and it was his right to lead the janaza namaaz of his predecessor Syedna Burhanuddin.
In the face of such an enormous tragedy, immense heart crushing difficulties continued to arise – the 53rd Dai-l-Mutlaq was denied the right to lead the janaza namaaz of his predecessor. The usurpers continued to misuse Syedna Burhanuddin's janaza mubaraka. In yet another self-serving step with no historical precedent, they unashamedly placed the janaza mubaraka on a truck, and sat next to it. Syedna Burhanuddin had walked behind the janaza mubaraka of Syedna Taher Saifuddin RA all the way from Saifee Mahal to Saifee Masjid, and Mumineen carried the janaza mubaraka on their shoulders the entire journey. The sunnat of Rasulullah is that a janaza should not be put on a vehicle unless it is necessary. After Syedna Burhanuddin's wafaat, there was no shortage of people to carry the janaza mubaraka – Syedna Burhanuddin was our beloved Dai, the loving father of all Mumineen.
Syedna Qutbuddin had made the call of truth, guidance, principle, and of good future for the community; but the battle was yet to start. We did not know that what we were bracing for was probably the biggest storm that Dawat had faced for hundreds of years. Not since Abdul Majeed's usurpation of the Fatemi throne had Dawat seen such a scale of upheaval; perhaps even greater than the fitnat of Jaafar, almost 500 years ago, when in Ahmedabad whole Mohollas turned away from the Dai, when the enemies of Dawat took the children of Mumineen and crushed them under grind-stones.
We had heard about these tragic events in the history of Dawat in bayaans and waaz. But these stories of fitnat seemed to be at a far distance from us because the age of Syedna Taher Saifuddin and Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin seemed to be of plenty, and of security.
But we soon found ourselves face to face with a beast far more vicious and terrible than we had ever imagined. Soon after the janaza mubaraka of Syedna Burhanuddin was laid to rest, the usurpers convened a Majlis, supposedly for sipara of Syedna Burhanuddin. In reality, it was a rally for laanats - laanat on one who had been Mazoon of Syedna Burhanuddin for fifty years, one who they had sworn allegiance and loyalty to in Misaaq taken by Syedna Burhanuddin himself for fifty years. Many broke their oath during those days, if indeed they had not already broken it long before when they started opposing the Mazoon of Syedna Burhanuddin in his lifetime.
Between these calls to curse, henchmen were sent to intimidate Mumineen in their homes, forcing them to sign a piece of paper professing their loyalty to the usurper Shehzada Mufaddal Saifuddin. Many succumbed to the pressure, some held out. One elderly gentleman who lived with his wife, daughter and grandson in the center of Mumbai, who had long served Dawat steadfastly, stood up to these goons, and refused to sign. He debated with them, until they left with their heads bowed with nothing left to say. He faced them off with courage and conviction.
In Darus Sakina, thousands of messages and calls poured in, many professing their support and faith in Syedna Qutbuddin. Some, caught up in the mob that had been stirred up spewed hate and threats. The henchmen came to Darus Sakina to shout slogans and throw stones. The police of Thane provided full protection and stationed a van outside the bungalow.
Of the many who had come to Darus Sakina with Syedna Qutbuddin, some lost their wits, got scared, and left. But most stayed, with courage, the conviction of their faith, and their steadfast and unshaking belief in the truthfulness and strength and resolve of Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin and Syedna Khuzaima Qutbuddin.
In the first two months after Syedna Burhanuddin's passing away, there were close to a hundred people living in Darus Sakina, the home of Syedna Qutbuddin. Syedna Qutbuddin safeguarded and nurtured them in his home bestowing priceless shafaqat and doa that gave them courage to face all the challenges that arose. They faced the storm with unflinching confidence and put everything on the line – their families, their livelihoods, their homes, and their own personal safety – for the sake of truth, principle, faith, and their love of and belief in Syedna Qutbuddin. They served in khidmat, in the eye of storm without ever asking if it was day or night.
In the center of this storm, Syedna Qutbuddin was the mountain of strength and resolve. Moment to moment, he instructed and guided his family and all khidmat guzars on what was to be done.
And he consoled them through this time of grief and mourning through sincere and heart rending prayer. Every day before maghrib, for forty days, Syedna Qutbuddin convened a Majlis for tilawat of Qur'an Majeed on the niyyat of Syedna Burhanuddin. He recited sadaqallah doa with mourning and fervor of love for Syedna Burhanuddin. He composed a qasida in remembrance of the shaan of his predecessor and additionally in the Majlis newly composed qasidas and marsiyas, humble expressions of grief and loss, were recited.
Darus Sakina was the eye of the storm. It was pilloried and buffeted, physically, and virtually, from all sides, but inside, because of the presence of this Dai of Imam-uz-zaman SA—this epitome of conviction, faith, and tranquility— there was peace.
In the next chapter of the series, insha'Allah I will narrate details of Syedna Qutbuddin's guidance and instructions to Mumineen, especially those in Darus Sakina.
May Allah Ta'ala grant Syedna Qutbuddin afdal al-jaza on behalf of all Mumineen, and Dawat, and may He prolong the life of his successor, our Dai and our Aqa, Syedna Taher Fakhruddin TUS till the day of Qiyamat, and give him fath-e-mubin, clear victory over the usurpers very soon.


text:
Ocasio-Cortez fires back at party's criticism
Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is fighting back against criticism from her own party. CNN's Jason Carroll finds a new report says Democrats are looking for ways to rein in their newest member.
Posted: Jan 13, 2019 10:47 AM
Updated: Jan 13, 2019 11:10 AM
Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's campaign was fined by the state of New York for not having required workers' compensation for a month last year, according to the New York state Workers' Compensation Board.
"The employer did not have the required workers' compensation coverage from March 31, 2018 to April 30, 2018 and was issued a final penalty of $1,500, which was paid," New York state Workers' Compensation Board spokeswoman Melissa Stewart said in a statement provided to CNN.
Stewart also added that the workers compensation coverage is "vital to ensuring workers are protected for on-the-job injuries."
The New York Daily News was the first to report this.
CNN has reached out to Ocasio-Cortez's spokesperson for comment.
Ocasio-Cortez, a first time candidate, delivered a shocking upset last year when she ousted 10-term incumbent Rep. Joe Crowley in New York's 14th congressional district. At 29, she is the youngest woman ever elected to Congress. Ocasio-Cortez, a self-described Democratic socialist, has sought to establish herself as an advocate for working class Americans and has pushed for Medicare-for-all and a federal jobs guarantee program, among other progressive proposals.
Ocasio-Cortez fires back at McCaskill over criticism of rhetoric
Ocasio-Cortez claps back at trolls
¿Quién es Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez?
Conservative media's Ocasio-Cortez obsession
The age of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
Glasser: Ocasio-Cortez 'made a mistake'
Tapper presses Ocasio-Cortez on spending plan
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's shoes are making history
McCaskill: Ocasio-Cortez a 'shiny, new object'


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text:
Home » Books » The Ann Ireland Library
The Ann Ireland Library
The Blue Guitar / A Certain Mr. Takahashi / Exile / The Instructor
Ann Ireland
See more in this series.
eBook (EPUB): $28.99Add to cart
This special 3-book bundle collects three masterful novel by one of Canada's finest writers of literary fiction.
A Certain Mr. Takahashi: To Mrs. Hopper, Yoshi Takahashi may be just another name from her daughters' past, but for Jean and her sister, Colette, he stands for much more. Years ago, Mr. Takahashi moved into their Toronto neighbourhood and sent the adolescent lives of Jean and Colette into a tailspin. They weren't content merely to befriend the Japanese pianist - in their infatuation they sought to mirror his life as closely as possible. The enchantment lingers into adult life in ways both sisters are reluctant to recognize. This weekend they have been invited to an extravagant family celebration in Victoria, B.C. As the party gains momentum, so does the tension between the sisters. As before, the larger-than-life Mr. Takahashi casts his spell.
Exile: Rescued from the dangers he faces in a Latin American military dictatorship, writer Carlos Romero Estevez is given a new life in Vancouver. His rescuers, a benevolent group devoted to aiding oppressed writers, believe they've found a poster-boy. Carlos thinks he's found a new life, new freedom, and new, powerful friends. But soon everyone's illusions are dispelled, and Carlos finds life in exile to be a new kind of prison.
The Blue Guitar: At the International Classical Guitar Competition in Montreal, top-flight musicians fly in from all over the world to compete in a gruelling week. A career can be made or lost here, and the slightest mishap - a lapse of memory, a shaking right hand, a broken fingernail - can ruin years of preparation. Judges and contestants alike battle and scheme to achieve what they most desire here. There is much more than pretty music being performed on this stage.
The Instructor: Simone Paris is nineteen when she leaves a small town bound for Mexico with her art instructor, Otto Guest. Their affair is loaded with desire, not only physical but intellectual. Theirs is a mutual addiction made up of philosophy and shared aesthetic interest, entwined with sexual fascination. Six years after their relationship crumbles, Otto returns to Simone. His reappearance triggers vivid memories which she expresses in a voice matured by experience and regret.
A Certain Mr. Takahashi
Short-listed
Governor General's Literary Award for Fiction
Roger Writers' Trust Fiction Prize
Seal Books First Novel Award
Books in Canada First Novel Award
Ontario Trillium Literary Award
Discover These Great New Writers, Barnes and Noble award
It may sound unlikely, but Ireland has managed to create a page-turner of a novel about a classical guitar competition: You want to know who will make it to the next round, and who will win.
Exile is social commentary at its subtle and witty best.
Posted by Dundurn Guest on October 30, 2014
Ann Ireland was the author of A Certain Mr. Takahashi (winner of the Seal First Novel Award), and Exile (shortlisted for the Governor General's Literary Award for Fiction and the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize). The first edition of her novel The Instructor was a finalist for the Ontario Trillium Award.
Read more about Ann Ireland
Other titles by this author
Read more about The Blue Guitar
Read more about The Instructor
Read more about A Certain Mr. Takahashi
Read more about Exile
In the same series
Posted by Dundurn Guest on January 19, 2015
Read more about The Ann Ireland Library


The Medical Ceramics Market deals with the development of medical technology. Ceramics are a kind of products which are manufactured by firing non-metallic materials at high temperatures. The basic materials that are used in producing medical ceramics or bioceramics are bio-inert ceramics, bio-active ceramics, bio-resorabable ceramics and piezoceramics.
Different ceramic implants are present in the market, for example dental implants, orthopedic implants, implantable electronic devices and some others. The biocompatibility of these medical ceramics makes them highly usable in prosthetics, surgical implants, and a number of invasive medical devices and tools.
Increasing number of incidents of cardiovascular, orthopedic and dental diseases is the major key growth factor of the Medical Ceramics Market. Growing aging population in most of the regions is also another major factor for the growth of the market demand. Hence, this market is expected to experience a great demand for ceramics specially in medical field during the forecast period. Among all the applications, dental implant is registering the highest growth rate across the world.
In addition, growing advanced ceramic technology coupled with increasing number of medical procedures which include dental implants, cardiovascular implants, orthopedic implants and medical imaging equipment is the major growth driver of the market. Although medical ceramics are nontoxic, very minor traces of radio elements can be found in even fully refined ceramics, which can have a negative impact on organs and tissues. This is the major factor that hinders the Medical Ceramics Market growth.
Asia-Pacific is leading high in the Medical Ceramics Market, due to growing applications like dental implants, orthopedic implants, surgical & diagnostic instruments, implantable electronic devices, and others. Also, Asia-Pacific is projected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period. North America is also expected to register significant growth during the forecast period followed by Europe.


text:
Standards in Commercial Dealings
Contact Hours: The total class time is between 24 and 26 hours.
Applicants without legal qualifications should note that subjects are offered in the discipline of law at an advanced graduate level. While every effort will be made to meet the needs of students trained in other fields, concessions will not be made in the general level of instruction or assessment. Most subjects assume the knowledge usually acquired in a degree in law (LLB, JD or equivalent). Applicants should note that admission to some subjects in the Melbourne Law Masters will be dependent upon the individual applicant's educational background and professional experience.
The Melbourne Law Masters welcomes applications from students with disabilities. The inherent academic requirements for study in the Melbourne Law Masters are:
The ability to attend a minimum of 75% of classes and actively engage in the analysis and critique of complex materials and debate;
The ability to clearly and independently communicate in writing a knowledge and application of legal principles and interdisciplinary materials and to critically evaluate these;
Students who feel their disability will inhibit them from meeting these inherent academic requirements are encouraged to contact the Disability Liaison Unit: www.services.unimelb.edu.au/disability/
For more information, contact the Melbourne Law Masters office.
Email: law-masters@unimelb.edu.au
Website: www.law.unimelb.edu.au/masters
This subject will explore a fundamental question affecting commercial law, namely: what are the standards of conduct demanded by our legal system in commercial dealings? Topics will include: good faith and fair dealing, unconscionable dealing, fiduciary duties, breach of confidence, estoppel, mistake, remoteness and remedies. The effect of these standards will be considered throughout the life of a transaction; negotiations, performance and termination of the relationship. The subject will address a range of transaction types, including long-term contracts, joint ventures, franchises and service relationships. The subject will also address the flexible use of remedies in responding to breaches of the relevant standards. Common law, equitable doctrines and statute, such as the Australian Consumer Law, will be considered, along with overseas equivalents. Comparisons will be made between Australian approaches and those in other jurisdictions, including New Zealand, Singapore, Canada, India, England and the United States. The subject will identify areas of overlap and also of best practice.
The subject will be relevant to transaction lawyers involved in planning and ingratiating deals and in drafting contracts, and lawyers advising corporations and small businesses on their legal duties in the marketplace and commercial litigators.
Principal topics will include:
The role of standards in commercial dealings
The concept of 'commercial morality'
The standards used to regulate commercial dealings:
Good faith and fair dealing
Unconscionable dealing in equity
Misleading or deceptive and unconscionable conduct under the Australian Consumer Law
Fiduciary duties
Estoppel
Breach of confidence
Remoteness
Remedies, including under the Australian Consumer Law.
A student who has successfully completed this subject will:
Have a specialised understanding of the legal standards used by courts to regulate commercial dealings in Australia and also in other jurisdictions;
Be able critically to examine and assess the effectiveness of these legal standards;
Have the technical skills independently to examine, research and analyse the application of legal standards of conduct to commercial disputes;
Be able to apply specialized knowledge about the standards used to regulate dealings to inform the negotiation and drafting of contracts;
Have the communication skills clearly to articulate and convey complex legal concepts in order to advise clients about the conduct demanded from them in commercial dealings.
Take-home examination (100%) (28 June–1 July)
Core subject materials will be provided free of charge to all students. Some subjects require further texts to be purchased. Visit the Melbourne Law Masters website for more information about this subject.
http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/subject/LAWS70438/2013


text:
Palepicorsia ustrinalis är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Hugo Theodor Christoph 1876. Palepicorsia ustrinalis ingår i släktet Palepicorsia och familjen Crambidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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