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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Repetitive tasks should be done using as many shortcuts as possible. You are not doing anything new and hence not even an extra minute should be spent on doing the same. This post refers to the shortcuts that come in handy when working on the vi/vim editor.


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Q: How to decode a string on runtime in java? I'm creating email client, when i receive emails from blackberry server it sends file name as "=?utf-8?B?anBlZ2F0dGFjaG1lbnQuSlBFRw==?=" but the original filename was "jpegattachment.JPEG", and sometime I get the plain text when I receive from other mail servers.
So here my problem is I can get a string which may or may not be encoded.
Is there any way, I can get the encoding of string and decode that into plain text.
Either the input string is "=?utf-8?B?anBlZ2F0dGFjaG1lbnQuSlBFRw==?=" or "jpegattachment.JPEG"  output should be "jpegattachment.JPEG".
Any Idea??

A: Yes, this: anBlZ2F0dGFjaG1lbnQuSlBFRw== is base64 encoded jpegattachment.JPEG. So just decode it with base64.
Answered how, here:
Decode Base64 data in Java

A: This is MIME-encoded. Even though Base64 is most popular, it may use other encodings like Quoted-printable, binary etc. So you should use an existing library to decode this. Any mail program will have decoder built-in.
You can use the decodeWord() from Java Mail,
http://java.sun.com/products/javamail/javadocs/javax/mail/internet/MimeUtility.html#decodeWord(java.lang.String)
Try deocdeText() if you want leave plain-text alone.

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Q: Rectangles in a $n \times n$ grid and the sum of the first $n$ cubes: a geometric connection? My aim is to find the number of rectangles (squares included) in a $n \times n$ grid. It is easy to get that result with combinations. The usual answer to this problem is given by
$$\binom{n+1}{2}^2$$
which makes sense, just select two parallel lines from the $n+1$ vertical lines and another two from horizontal ones. Intriguingly, this is the same as the sum of the first $n$ cubes: that is
$$1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + ... +n^3 = \binom{n+1}{2}^2$$
Are these two problems (the number of rectangles and the sum of cubes) and their results interrelated? Is there some sort of geometric connection between the two, and, if so, what is it?

A: So it would take some effort to create the figure, but here is the math.
Let $N_k=\{i| 1\leq i \leq k\}$.
Consider an $(n+1)$x$(n+1)$ grid of points $\{(i,j)| \{i,j\}\subset N_{n+1}\}$ .  The number of rectangles with vertices on those points is $\sum_{i=1}^n i^3$.  If we consider the upper left subgrid of $n$x$n$ points, there are $\sum_{i=1}^{n-1} i^3$ rectangles within the upper left $n$x$n$ subgrid.
Subtracting, we find that there are exactly $n^3$ rectangles with a vertex on either 1) the right side of the $(n+1)$x$(n+1)$ grid or 2) the bottom of the $(n+1)$x$(n+1)$ grid.  Call this set of rectangles $S$. We will group these $n^3$ rectangles into two disjoint sets: set $R$ - the rectangles with a vertex on the right side of the $(n+1)$x$(n+1)$ grid, and set $B$ - the rectangles with a vertex on the bottom of the $(n+1)$x$(n+1)$ grid that do not have a vertex on the right side of the grid.
$$S=R\cup B.$$
SET R
We can further divide set $R$ into $n$ disjoint subsets:

*

*subset $R_1$ the rectangles whose upper right vertex is $(n+1,n+1)$,

*subset $R_2$ the rectangles whose upper right vertex is $(n+1,n)$,

*...

*subset $R_{n-1}$ the rectangles whose upper right vertex is $(n+1,3)$, and

*subset $R_n$ the rectangles whose upper right vertex is $(n+1,2)$.

The cardinality of $R_i$ is $n\cdot(n-i+1)$ where $1\leq i\leq n$.
Consider the sets $$C= \{(i,j,k) | \{i,j,k\}\subset N_n\},$$
$$C_R= \{(i,j,k) | \{i,j,k\}\subset N_n, i\leq j\},\mathrm{\  and}$$
$$C_B= \{(i,j,k) | \{i,j,k\}\subset N_n, i> j\}.$$
Note that $C$ is the disjoint union of $C_R$ and $C_B$.
Also notice that the intersection of $C_R$ and the set of points with x-coordinate is 1 has exactly $n^2$ points which happens to be the cardinality of $R_1$.  The intersection of $C_R$ and the set of points with x-coordinate is 2 has exactly $n\cdot(n-1)$ points which happens to be the cardinality of $R_2$.  Continuing in this fashion, we can see that there is a 1-1 correspondence between the rectangles in $R$ and the points in $C_R$.
$$|R|=|C_R|.$$

SET B
We can divide set $B$ into $n-1$ disjoint subsets:

*

*subset $B_1$ the rectangles whose lower right vertex is $(n,1)$,

*subset $B_2$ the rectangles whose upper right vertex is $(n-1,1)$,

*...

*subset $B_{n-2}$ the rectangles whose upper right vertex is $(3,1)$, and

*subset $B_{n-1}$ the rectangles whose upper right vertex is $(2,1)$.

The cardinality of $B_i$ is $n\cdot(n-i)$ where $1\leq i\leq n-1$.
Notice that the intersection of $C_B$ and the set of points with x-coordinate is $n$ has exactly $n\cdot (n-1)$ points which happens to be the cardinality of $B_1$.  The intersection of $C_B$ and the set of points with x-coordinate is $(n-1)$ has exactly $n\cdot(n-2)$ points which happens to be the cardinality of $B_2$.  Continuing in this fashion, we can see that there is a 1-1 correspondence between the rectangles in $B$ and the points in $C_B$.
$$|B|=|C_B|.$$
We have shown that there is a 1-1 correspondence between the set of rectangles with a vertex either on the right side or the bottom of the $(n+1)$x$(n+1)$ grid of points and the points in an $n$x$n$x$n$ cube of points.
Induction could now be used to prove that the number of rectangles with vertices on a $(n+1)$x$(n+1)$ grid of points is $\sum_{i=1}^{n} i^3$.
Drawing all of this is possible but cumbersome.

A: Let $R(k)$ be the number of rectangles whose width and height are both larger than $k$. These are specified by two ordered pairs $(r_1,r_2)$ and $(c_1,c_2)$ where $r_2\ge r_1+k$ and $c_2\ge c_1+k$. Consider the ordered pairs $(r_1,r_2-k+1)$ and $(c_1,c_2-k+1)$. In both of these, the second entry is larger than the first, and both entries are between $1$ and $n-k+1$. There are $\binom{n-k+1}2$ ways to choose the modified ordered pair $(r_1,r_2-k+1)$, so the number of such rectangles is $$\binom{n-k+1}2^2.$$
Now, let us count the number of rectangles whose smallest dimension is equal to $k$. I claim this is $R(k-1)-R(k)$; we take rectangles whose dimensions are both at least $k$, and subtract the rectangles whose dimensions are both more than $k$, leaving rectangles with at least one dimension equal to $k$ and the other at least $k$. The result is
$$
R(k-1)-R(k)=(n-k+2)^2(n-k+1)^2/4-(n-k+1)^2(n-k)^2/4=\boxed{(n-k+1)^3.}
$$
Summing over $k$, we see that the total number of rectangles is the sum of $(n-k+1)^3$, so is a sum of cubes.


text:
Understanding the Spiritual Power of Holy Water
Written By John Paul Sonnen
Many Catholics have never had a sufficiently full explanation of the signification of various principal devotions, pious practices, and sacred objects such as holy water.
The Church in her wisdom has given the faithful holy water as circumstances may demand and the spiritual welfare of her children render expedient.
The more Catholics understand their religion and the spiritual realities surrounding their faith, the more intelligently and fruitfully they can practice the Faith with sincere devotion.
Holy water is a most ready and natural element, a sacramental that is blessed by a priest with solemn prayers, imploring God's blessings on those who use it, and protection from the powers of darkness.
From the time holy water is first poured on our brow at Baptism, we encounter it often as it accompanies us through life to the last rites over our earthly remains. Even the ground to which we are laid at our final commendation is blessed with its hallowed drops.
History of Holy Water
The custom of holy water goes back to early Christian times. The proof of its efficacy is well known, in conferring blessings and repelling the attacks of the enemy.
The Apostolic Constitutions, a source of early Christian literature, testifies to this, containing a formula for the blessing of holy water, that it may have power "to give health, drive away diseases, put the demons to flight," etc.
Holy water also dates back to the Old Testament, a tradition enjoined among the Hebrews of the Old Law. The Jews under the Law of Moses with its ritual prescriptions sprinkled water on the people, sacrifices, and sacred vessels in liturgical rites.
Psalm 50:9 reads: "Thou shalt sprinkle me with hyssop, and I shall be cleansed: thou shalt wash me, and I shall be made whiter than snow."
Students of Latin and Greek classics will recall that in Greece and Rome there were lustrations and other ritual exercises in temples that the pagans made us of, such as ablutions with water.
The present rite of blessing holy water with a prayer and admixture of salt is credited to Pope St. Alexander I, who governed the Church from 109-119. It is important to note that the words which he uses in his decree suggest the rite is more ancient than the time of his pontificate.
Some even attribute the introduction of holy water to the apostle Matthew, whose action was approved by the other apostles, and soon became general (cf. Institutiones Liturgicae, p. 353). Whether we are disposed to accept this evidence as conclusive or not, it is certain from other proofs that, "the use of holy water dates from apostolic times, as St. Basil, among others, maintains" (The Sacramentals of the Holy Catholic Church, p. 110).
Today holy water is used in nearly all the blessings of the Church's ritual, such as during the Asperges (or Vidi Aquam), an optional sprinkling of holy water before High Mass.
The practice of this cherished liturgical rite with familiar Latin chant goes back to the ninth century, commonly attributed to Pope Leo IV who governed the Church from 847-855; although there are very learned authorities who trace the origins to long before.
This much-loved rite intends to renew among the faithful every Sunday the memory of their Baptism while driving away evil spirits and distractions during Mass.
Holy water is further seen in various ceremonies and sacraments such as Matrimony and Extreme Unction, the giving of Holy Communion to the sick, and in services for the dead.
Symbolism of Holy Water and Indulgences
Holy water is rich with symbolism and spiritual power. It combats evil spirits and limits the power of the devil through divine grace, the inviting of God's protection.
The natural element of water since the dawn of man has been used for cleansing and quenching fire, used to denote interior purification. Meanwhile, salt is used to preserve from decay.
The Catholic Church is eminently practical is the administration of the sacraments and sacramentals.
Similarly, the custom of salt mingled with holy water goes back at least to the second century where Pope Alexander I decreed: "We bless, for the use of the people, water mingled with salt."
The Church combines both in the sacramental of holy water, salt similarly blessed and mixed with water at the time the water is blessed, a tradition explained thus:
"Therefore the Church combines them in this sacramental, to express the washing away of the stains of sin, the quenching of the fire of our passions, and the preservation of our sols from relapses into sin. Salt is also a symbol of wisdom. Our Blessed Lord called His Apostles, 'salt of the earth,' because they were to instruct mankind" (The Visible Church, 128).
Not to mention, there is a partial indulgence for the use of holy water, which explains why Catholics cross themselves with reverence as they enter or exit a church.
This indulgence was renewed by Blessed Pope Pius IX in 1876 in a brief (cf. The Raccolta, p. 5) encouraging Catholics to sign themselves with holy water under these conditions:
The sign of the cross must be made with holy water.
We must say, "In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit."
We must have contrition for our sins.
For this, as for any indulgence, we must be in the state of grace.
This brings to mind the early Jewish custom of requiring purifications before entering the temple to offer or assist at the sacrifices. Water is freely offered and freely received by the guest who arrives at church.
Types of Holy Water
What many faithful may not know is that there are different kinds of holy water. In the tradition of the Roman Church, there are four, or in another sense, five kinds of holy water (including Epiphany water, known for its blessing on January 6th,, especially in the Eastern Churches). Each has been historically blessed in a different manner.
Ordinary Holy Water: This water is blessed by the priest for the use of the faithful at any time and in any suitable place. It is available at the doors of the church in the holy water fonts and it is used for the rite of sprinkling holy water before Mass. The faithful are also encouraged to take some home, generally from a dispenser. Priests use this holy water to bless persons, sacred objects, and homes. In the traditional ritual, it is blessed with certain exorcisms and is combined with salt.
Baptismal Water: this is blessed on Holy Saturday during the Easter Vigil Mass, and has historically also been blessed on the Eve of Pentecost. The Oil of Catechumens is mingled with it together with Holy Chrism. This holy water is used only for the administration of Baptism.
Easter Water: this holy water is distributed to the faithful on Holy Saturday, blessed at the Easter Vigil. Part of this water is used to fill the holy water stoups at the entrances and exists of the church at the end of the Vigil Mass in celebration of Easter. It is also used for the baptismal font.
Water of Consecration (or Gregorian Water), is very rare, taking its name from Pope Gregory IX who ordered its use obligatory. This holy water is used in the consecration of churches and is mingled with wine, salt, and ashes. It is also used in reconciling churches that have been desecrated.
Spiritual Efficacy of Holy Water
In the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite the blessing of holy water contains not only prayers and the mingling of blessed salt, but also of exorcisms of the salt and water.
The truth is, by the fall of our first parents, the spirit of evil has obtained an influence not only over man but also matter, inanimate nature. Hence the devil is called more than once, "the prince of this world" (John 12:31).
For this reason, when any material object is to be devoted to the service of God, an exorcism is generally first pronounced over it, to banish the evil spirit and destroy his influence; after which one or more prayers are read over it to call down the blessing of God upon it, and upon those who use it in a spirit of faith.
The formula of blessing for ordinary holy water in the Ritual implores the following effects of holy water. First, to drive away the devils. Second, to cure diseases. Third, to free houses and their contents from all evil, particularly from a plague-infected atmosphere.
After these prayers, the priest puts a little salt into the water three times, in the form of a cross, saying: "May this commingling of salt and water be made, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, of the Holy Spirit."
We see that from this prayer the Church is asking God to attach a triple efficacy to the blessed salt: (1) that it may be a means of salvation to the soul (2) that it may be a preservative against corporal dangers (3) that it may sanctify everything with which it comes into contact.
A theological nuance that is worth mentioning – holy water does not produce these effects of itself as does a sacrament. But it obtains actual graces for the pious user.
Finally, the Church in her wisdom has seen fit to offer holy water to the Christian faithful for take home use. The laity will hopefully understand the history and reasoning behind this.
The Church has received from her divine Founder, Jesus Christ, the plentitude of power for the institution of such rites and sacramentals as may seem best to her.
This is done under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit for the carrying out of the Church's exalted mission, which has its goal the salvation of souls. Hopefully this short article will help readers appreciate some of the history and reasoning behind this immemorial Christian custom.
John Paul Sonnen
John Paul Sonnen is an author and history docent. His subjects of interest include Catholic Studies, Christian culture, and civilization. His graduate degrees are from the Angelicum in Rome.
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Castle Rock season 2 casts Lizzy Caplan as iconic Annie Wilkes while Tim Robbins, Elsie Fisher and Garrett Hedlund join the series
March 20, 2019 by Ricky Church
Hulu has just added a number of actors to its Stephen King-inspired horror anthology series Castle Rock.
Lizzy Caplan (Masters of Sex) is set to take on the iconic role of psychopathic nurse Annie Wilkes of King's Misery. Joining Caplan in the second season will be Tim Robbins (The Shawshank Redemption), Eslie Fisher (Eighth Grade), Garrett Hedlund (Triple Frontier), Yusra Warsama (The Last Days of Mars), Barkhad Abdi (Blade Runner 2049) and Mathew Alan (13 Reasons Why).
Season 2 of Castle Rock will see a feud between warring clans coming to a boil when budding psychopath Annie Wilkes gets waylaid in the small town.
Robbins is Reginald "Pop" Merrill. The Patriarch of Stephen King's iconic crime family, Pop is dying of cancer and at a reckoning with his family.
Hedlund plays John "Ace" Merrill. Castle Rock's legendary bully, Ace is taking over his uncle Pop's businesses and threatening a fragile peace with nearby Jerusalem's Lot.
Fisher is Joy. Annie's home-schooled teenage daughter, Joy is starting to have questions about her mother's sanity.
Warsam is Dr. Nadia Omar. The Harvard-trained Somali medical director of a rural hospital in Jerusalem's Lot, Dr. Omar's rational and scientific mind will be put to the test.
Alan plays Chris Merrill. Pop's nephew and Ace's brother, Chris struggles to keep peace between the Merrills and the Somali community.
Abdi will portray Abdi Omar. The tough, older brother of Nadia, Abdi leads the charge to build a Somali community center that will deepen the roots of his people in Maine.
The role of Annie Wilkes was famously played by Kathy Bates in the adaptation of Misery in a role which earned her an Oscar for Best Actress in a Leading Role. The character of Annie Wilkes is often remembered as one of King's most disturbing and evil creations in his long list of novels.
Castle Rock is a fictional small town in Maine that has been featured in several of King's novels and the series explores the town's mysterious connections to King's novels and tells a different story for each season. At this point it is unknown if any of the cast from the first season will reappear in this or any future season of the anthology series.
Filed Under: News, Ricky Church, Television Tagged With: Barkhad Abdi, Castle Rock, Elsie Fisher, Garrett Hedlund, Lizzy Caplan, Mathew Alan, Stephen King, Tim Robbins, Yusra Warsama
Giveaway – Win WWE Survivor Series 2020 on Blu-ray
DVD Review – The Tall Man (2012)


With all due respect to the many fine folks I've worked with in the career I've spent decades pursuing: we IT types can be an idiosyncratic, even odd, bunch. That's actually well known to us all, and it generally makes great fodder for this blog.
I find the sociology of the profession—how people interact with one another—as fascinating as everything else about it. Here are three interesting behavioral syndromes I've observed over the many years of IT projects and teams I've been a part of. And as with most of my observations of this nature, I'm not presenting them from "on high": no, I've been at times as susceptible to these behaviors as anyone. They're common, and easy to fall into, but all of them are things I strive to avoid. And all of them have a common thread, as you will see.
Here's a shocker: none of us has failed to fail at times.


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DIA to temporarily reopen Pikes Peak lot again this weekend
The shuttle lot will be open for several hours Friday and Saturday.
Author: Alexander Kirk, Angela Case (KUSA)
Published: 10:37 AM MDT October 15, 2021
Updated: 3:38 PM MDT October 21, 2021
DENVER — Denver International Airport (DIA) announced on Thursday it will reopen its Pikes Peak shuttle parking lot for two days this week.
The lot will be open from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. Oct. 22, and 4:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Oct. 23, according to the airport.
DIA said that while the lot is closed, shuttle service will continue from the terminal to the parking lot so passengers can return to their cars. Passengers returning to their cars in the Pikes Peak lot will pick up the shuttle from Level 5 on the east side only, at island 3 near door 511.
Above video: What's causing travelers' troubles at DIA?
The Pikes Peak lot is $8 per day and is located at 75th Avenue and North Elk Street. This weekend, the only acceptable form of payment at the lot is credit card or debit card.
Due to ongoing bus driver shortages, bus service from the Pikes Peak lot to the terminal will be reduced, so passengers who park in Pikes Peak should allow an extra 45 minutes to get to the terminal.
DIA recommends passengers arrive inside the airport at least two hours prior to their boarding time.
The Pikes Peak and Mount Elbert lots, the airport's two biggest shuttle lots, were closed in May 2020. Shuttle driver shortages have prevented them from reopening, according to the airport. The airport temporarily opened the Pikes Peak lot for two days last weekend due to anticipated high passenger volumes.
Shuttle service in both economy lots will be limited while Pikes Peak is open. Passengers can walk to the terminal from the economy lots if they do not wish to wait for a shuttle.
DIA said parking at off-airport facilities will likely be at or near capacity this weekend, and recommends passengers seek other forms of transportation when possible, such as the RTD A-Line or a rideshare.
The airport said their goal is to permanently reopen the Pikes Peak lot before the holidays, but that depends on the ability to hire additional bus drivers.
If you are looking for a job, ABM Aviation, the airport's shuttle bus operator, is seeking CDL drivers. Starting pay is $22 to $23 per hour. To apply, visit jobs.flydenver.com or abm.com/careers and search "driver."
RELATED: DIA's closed parking lots could mean millions in lost revenue in the holiday travel season
RELATED: Airline adds new nonstop flight from northern Colorado
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SUGGESTED VIDEOS: DIA at 25


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From the moment InMotion Hosting Co-Founders Sunil Saxena and Todd Robinson started a hosting company in their downtown Los Angeles office, they focused on two goals: thrill the customers with outstanding support and invest in incredibly stable and performant infrastructure.
The pair saw a gap in the services available elsewhere in the industry. Very few customers could afford the jump from shared hosting to a dedicated server, which essentially were the only options available. By taking the reliability and power of a dedicated server and partitioning it among a handful of customers, InMotion became among the first providers to offer virtual private servers.
As one of the pioneers of VPS hosting, there should be no surprise that InMotion remains one of our favorites. The company balances high-tech, high-performance architecture with some of the fastest, friendliest support technicians in the business. Continue reading for our in-depth examination of InMotion's groundbreaking VPS hosting services.
Led by the company's high-powered hardware, InMotion offers a rich collection of features at a user-friendly and accessible rate. Customers of all levels of experience will benefit from the company's signature solid-state drives, which makes page loads up to 20 times faster than standard hard disk drive infrastructure.
You know how all squares are rectangles, but rectangles aren't necessarily squares? The same can be said for cloud infrastructure and virtual private servers. In InMotion's case, however, the two are one and the same.
Managed services, which minimize the amount of hands-on IT work your team must spend managing your VPS, help customers focus on growing revenue by concentrating on business objectives over server updates. With InMotion Hosting, managed services entail automatic backups, security patches, operating system updates, and two hours of service from a system administrator.
Setting InMotion apart from other mainstream hosts is the company's inclusion of solid-state drives, or SSDs, across its infrastructure. The newer, somewhat more expensive hardware signals to customers that InMotion will take the extra step to provide powerful and performant experiences for both site owners and those visitors coming to their website. We appreciate the hosts that target more advanced customers and their refined palates, as opposed to beginners who are simply looking for the cheapest option.
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The Real Cost of Bad History
Robert MacBain and Peter Shawn Taylor
The Ojibway who now live in the upper Great Lakes region were once a coastal tribe. Considerable evidence, both from Indigenous oral tradition and western-style documentation, suggests they originally lived on the Atlantic Coast, likely around the Gulf of St. Lawrence. They were pushed out of their ancient villages following devastating wars with the Iroquois, who'd been supplied with muskets by Dutch and English traders in the early 1600s. Forced west, the Ojibway then violently displaced tribes living in the Great Lakes region as far west as present-day Winnipeg.
Today, approximately 30,000 Ojibways live in a sprawling region north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. And thanks to a recent Ontario court decision, they could soon be in line for a massive and unprecedented financial gift from Canadian taxpayers. It's a giveaway made possible by an imaginative rewriting of two nearly 170-year-old signed treaties, a legal system that appears to have fallen under the spell of native mysticism, a federal government that's given up defending the taxpayers' interests and a judge who thinks she can read the minds of long-dead historical figures and mistakenly believes the Ojibway have lived in Northwestern Ontario since time immemorial.
The 1850 Robinson Treaties were intended as the final settlement between the Ojibway and the then-Province of Canada.
Canadians are thus now bearing witness to the real impact of bad history, and it's not just about fewer statues of white political and military leaders in the public square. The full bill from Canada's inability to understand, appreciate and track its own history could end up costing taxpayers untold sums, and may ultimately sever our vital connection to the truth about who we are and what has gone before.
On the facts alone, the court decision in Restoule v. Canada makes no sense given the clarity of the legally-binding documents in question. In 1850, a couple of hundred years after the start of the Ojibways' great migration westward, approximately 2,500 of them concluded two treaties with the Province of Canada over the cession of a 60,000-square-kilometre swath of Northwestern Ontario including what is now Thunder Bay, North Bay, Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie. These were the Robinson Treaties, so named for Treaty Commissioner William B. Robinson. In exchange for this land the Crown agreed to pay a lump-sum and provide a perpetual annuity to the Ojibway and their descendants.
Commissioner Robinson, at least, had no doubt what the Treaties meant at the time, and it certainly wasn't ever-evolving "land sharing".
In 2014 the current recipients of this annuity, represented by primary claimant Mike Restoule, launched a legal challenge seeking to increase these payments far beyond what was originally agreed. Last December, Justice Patricia C. Hennessy of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice instructed the lawyers representing 21 Ojibway bands and the governments of Canada and Ontario to reach an agreement on sharing a portion of net government revenue from the region with the Ojibway.
It won't be cheap. Initial demands from the Indigenous side range from 100 percent of Crown revenues in the region to two-thirds. This would presumably cover government fees and royalties from timber sales, mineral rights auctions and other Crown leasing, mining, commercial fishing, perhaps even profitable public works such as hydroelectric facilities. A second stage to the proceedings, split into three stages to accommodate the case's complexity and number of contentious issues, will get underway at the end of September.
Justice Hennessy's ruling runs counter to what was said and written at the time of the treaties. And it appears to be based largely on her mistaken claim the territory covered by the Robinson Treaties "was historically occupied and communally held [by the Ojibways] prior to contact [with Europeans]." It is a decision, in other words, that effectively rewrites historical documents and ignores available historical evidence. It also puts words in the mouths of several long-dead key players.
It's clear from the treaties themselves and associated correspondence that they were meant to be the last word on the issue of who owned the land and how much money was changing hands. In his September 24, 1850 report to the Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs, Commissioner Robinson said he drafted the treaties on the basis of an upfront cash payment and an annual payment that was not to rise above $4 per person. The treaties signed by chiefs were thus meant to be, as he put it, "the immediate and final settlement [emphasis added] of the matter."
Lieutenant-Governor Alexander Morris, who negotiated four of the seven treaties the government of Canada entered into with bands living west of Thunder Bay between 1871 and 1877, wrote in 1879 that the Robinson Treaties' provision of an upfront payment of £4,000 and a total annuity of about £1,000 "avoid[s] any dispute that might arise as to the amounts actually received by the Government." The government kept the promise Commissioner Robinson made in 1850 by increasing the annuity to the maximum $4 per person in 1875.
Lieutenant-Governor Morris wrote the book on treaty negotiations in 1880 but has been largely ignored in the Restoule case.
Justice Hennessy ruled, however, that Commissioner Robinson "did not intend to fix a [$4] cap on the annuity." She cited no evidence for doing so. She further claimed the $4 cap only limited the amount individual Ojibways were to receive each year and not the collective amount that was to be paid out to the bands as a whole. Nothing written or said at the time the treaties were negotiated, however, supports this claim.
Justice Hennessy's ruling frequently leaps from the speculative to the declarative without citing any evidence to support having done so. Throughout her judgment, she uses the word "reasonable" 29 times, "likely" 19 times and "assume" 14 times. Justice Hennessy says, for example, that Commissioner Robinson would have discussed a clause requiring the annuities to be increased to a maximum $4 per person with Governor-General Lord Elgin before he negotiated the treaties. But nothing in the known historical record indicates that anyone said this at the time.
Also without citing evidence, Justice Hennessy declares: "With the Governor General's approval, Robinson ultimately proposed an agreement that the Anishinaabe [Ojibway] Chiefs could accept on behalf of their people." She also says Chief Shingwaukonse, the political leader of the Lake Huron Ojibway, "likely understood" how low the annuities would be in the early years. She further declares: "He confidently took the risk that the territories would increase in value and, in that way, that his people would be more appropriately compensated in the future." Justice Hennessy seems to have read Chief Shingwaukonse's mind on his negotiating tactics 164 years after his death in 1854. The treaties further make no mention that the Ojibway were to receive reports on future land sales or other revenues, as Justice Hennessy has ordered.
Chief Shingwaukonse (with his wife at right), political leader of the Lake Huron Ojibway in the 1850s, would have his mind read in an Ontario courtroom in 2018.
Possibly the most momentous assertion Justice Hennessy made and, if allowed to stand, the finding with the greatest implications for other Indigenous litigation is her ruling that the treaties were not meant to be one-time transactions but "future-oriented agreements situated within an ongoing relationship." In other words, not final, but subject to change.
The notion that historical treaties should not be read as written − as clear and final land surrender agreements – but instead as opportunities to explore new and inventive forms of "land-sharing" among natives and settlers has become a popular political narrative. It has no basis in fact or history. But through endless repetition it is gaining credibility, and this "narrative" if left unchallenged entails grave consequences. Cases being litigated in British Columbia take this land-sharing doctrine even further by provocatively claiming the Crown never held clear title to any land anywhere in Canada. Given that all private property in Canada was once Crown land, this undermines the entire concept of fee simple property ownership anywhere in the country and, in turn, the legal rights of property-owners ranging from cottage and homeowners to the largest industrial facilities and even municipalities.
A radical upending of traditional legal practices is similarly the motivation behind former federal Justice Minister Jody Wilson-Raybould's "Practice Directive", issued just before she was shuffled out of her cabinet position in January as Minister of Justice and Attorney General. It is a set of 20 guiding principles for engagement in Indigenous legal cases sent to all federal litigators. It upends a century-and-a-half of government practise and essentially neuters the Crown's ability to defend itself in contentious legal challenges by ordering government lawyers to seek "reconciliation" rather than aggressively defending Ottawa's position via legal or historical precedent. If not amended or abandoned, it paves the way for unimpeded success by Indigenous claimants.
Setting aside Justice Hennessy's curious acceptance of Indigenous mythology as fact, we know that at the time of their self-described creation the Anishinaabe (or Ojibway) could not have been placed in Northwestern Ontario. They originated on the Atlantic Coast and are essentially newcomers to the area, having arrived after the first European explorers.
In keeping with the federal government's new "surrender" directive, Crown-Indigenous Relations Minister Carolyn Bennett announced in January that Ottawa would not appeal the Restoule decision because it prefers "negotiation to litigation." Ontario, to its credit, has filed a notice of appeal, although it has also agreed to participate in the ongoing out-of-court revenue-sharing negotiations.
The current political confusion and legal capitulation fit hand-in-glove with Justice Hennessy's lack of historical context, perhaps the most deeply troubling aspect of this case. Her judgment repeatedly conflicts with relevant and necessary historical facts. With reference to the approximately 2,500 Ojibways living along the north shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior in 1850, for example, she wrote: "They were giving [Canada] the greatest gift of all — 'the land and water over which countless generations of their ancestors had presided.'"
Such a statement is blind to the prodigious historical evidence attesting to the Ojibway's relatively recent arrival. Anishinaabe-speaking historian William Whipple Warren wrote in 1850 that an Ojibway medicine man told him his "forefathers, many strings of lives ago, lived on the shores of the Great Salt Water in the east." American historian Henry Schoolcraft recorded similar evidence in 1847, writing that "the Ojibwas…affirm they came from the east."
Even before the Robinson Treaties, Commissioner of Crown Lands D. P. Papineau – who is quoted in Justice Hennessy's decision — advised the government that the Ojibway were "not the original proprietors of the soil." But nowhere in her 39-page section on Ojibway history, customs and traditions does Justice Hennessy acknowledge their ancient connection to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Iroquois wars or their violent migration west.
Rather than sticking to the historical facts, Justice Hennessy extensively quoted an Ojibway elder's account of his people's cosmology and creation story, and then herself claimed: "As the last placed within creation, the Anishinaabe [Ojibways] could not act in ways that would violate those relationships that came before their placement on the land and that were already in existence across creation." Setting aside her curious acceptance of Indigenous mythology as fact, we know that at the time of their "creation" the Anishinaabe could not have been placed in Northwestern Ontario. They originated on the Atlantic Coast and are essentially newcomers to the area, having arrived after European explorers.
Captivated by Indigenous creationism: Justice Hennessy ignored historical evidence that the Ojibway were latecomers.
In its notice of appeal, Ontario rejects Justice Hennessy's finding that the 30,000 Ojibways now living in the area are entitled to an unspecified share of net Crown revenues. The province also argues she failed to define what constitutes a "fair share" and doesn't take into account the fact "no such principles were agreed to or discussed during the Treaty negotiations." But Ontario ultimately wavers in its convictions on this point by claiming there was an "implied term" in the treaties to increase the annuities at some future date "to mitigate the extensive erosion of purchasing power that has resulted from persistent inflation." This implication appears to be another latter-day invention, because the British pound (Canada's currency until 1867) maintained its purchasing power throughout the 19th century and into the 1920s, making it difficult to see how inflation could have been a concern for either side.
Still, the province is suggesting an increase from $4 to approximately $120 per person – or about $3.4 million per year. While this may be a politically expedient move, nothing Commissioner Robinson or any other government official said or wrote at the time supports Ontario's supposition that purchasing power was a topic of discussion during the treaties, either implied or direct. Canada and Ontario have also agreed that taxpayers should cover the Ojibways' substantial legal costs, although Ontario says this should be reduced to $9.2 million from the $14.5 million Justice Hennessy awarded. And that's just Stage One.
Nowhere in Ontario's appeal notice does the province take issue with the judge's belief the Ojibway lived on the north shore of Lake Huron and Lake Superior prior to European contact – a critical point around which much of the case revolves. Neither does it mention that a judge from an allegedly secular court of law eagerly accepted Indigenous mysticism in the face of conflicting factual history and Western jurisprudence. It appears instead that the legal teams on both sides of the court were utterly in the thrall of Indigenous hospitality and story-telling.
Court proceedings were moved to a native community centre, where the judge and lawyers took a deep dive into native spirituality.
The Restoule case began in Thunder Bay in September 2017 and later hearings were held at the Garden River First Nation Community Centre near Sault Ste. Marie and on Manitoulin Island before concluding in a regular courthouse in Sudbury.
In her decision, Hennessy effusively thanked the Ojibway plaintiffs for being "warm and generous hosts" during legal proceedings in their communities. She explained how the entire judicial entourage attended sweat lodges, pipe and smudge ceremonies, Sacred Fire teachings, eagle staff and eagle feather presentations, and feasts. "During the ceremonies," the judge wrote, "There were often teachings, sometimes centered on bimaadiziwin – how to lead a good life." She added, "The entire court party expressed their gratitude for the generosity of the many knowledge keepers who provided the teachings. I believe I speak for the counsel teams when I say that the teachings and the hospitality gave us an appreciation of the modern exercise of ancient practices."
Aside from being breathtaking in its credulity, such a statement is quite disturbing coming from a judge tasked with impartially deciding a case that entails enormous financial consequences and hinges on the intricacies of historical evidence and differing cultural viewpoints. Before signing her decision, Justice Hennessy added the final words "Miigwech, Miigwech, Miigwech". That's the Ojibway term for "thank you". It's not a sentiment the Canadian taxpayer, or anyone with an interest in historical accuracy or legal coherence, is likely to share.
Toronto author Robert MacBain has monitored Indigenous affairs for more than 58 years – as a newspaper reporter, consultant to the Department of Indian Affairs and the author of two books. www.RobertMacBainBooks.ca
Peter Shawn Taylor is a contributing editor at Maclean's magazine. He lives in Waterloo, Ontario.


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philip-witts
Philip Witts
Philip Witts is an American male model that has been in editorials for Details Magazine, M Magazine and Harper's Bazaar.
Philip Witts is signed with Why Not Model Management Milan, Ford Models New York and Elite Paris. His mother agency is Ford Models in New York.
In 2013 Philip Witts modeled for an editorial in the September edition of Numero, which was called Heroines Couture. He modeled for an editorial in the fall edition of V Man, which was called 10th Model Search Winner. He modeled for an editorial in the November edition of Harper's Bazaar UK, which was called Romeo and Juliet. He was in the fall ad campaign for Dior Homme.
In 2014 he walked the fall runways for Antonio Azzuolo, Opening Ceremony, Ovadia & Sons, J. Crew, Timo Weiland and Fingers Crossed. He walked the spring runways for Diesel Black Gold, Frankie Morello and Bespoken. He modeled for an editorial in the spring edition of Visual Tales Magazine. He modeled for an editorial in the spring edition of M Magazine, which was called Soft Power. He modeled for an editorial in the December edition of Drew, which was called Stay Righ.
In 2015 he walked the fall runways for Garciavelez and Banana Republic. He walked the spring runway for Ordinary People. He modeled for an editorial in the February edition of Details Magazine, which was called Mixed Message. He modeled a lookbook for Steven Alan.
In 2016 he walked the fall runways for General Idea, Billy Reid and Siki Im. He walked the spring runway for Katama. He modeled for an editorial in the August edition of Desire Homme Magazine, which was called Sweet Twenties.
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Claude Carignan  (born December 4, 1964) is a Canadian lawyer and politician.  He was leader of the Conservative Party in the Senate of Canada, first as Leader of the Government in the Senate from 2013 to 2015 and then as Senate Opposition Leader from 2015 until 2017.

Carignan was appointed to the Senate on August 27, 2009, by the Prime Minister Stephen Harper.

Background
A native of Champlain, in Mauricie, Carignan is married to lawyer Brigitte Binette and has three children, Jérémie, Jean-Francis and Anne-Charlotte. He holds a law degree from the Université de Sherbrooke and a graduate degree in administrative law from the Université de Montréal. Carignan has worked as a lawyer since his admission to the Quebec Bar in 1988, specializing in civil litigation, labour relations, and health and social services law. He is coauthor of Loi sur les décrets de convention collective annotée, published by Wilson & Lafleur in 1990.

While practicing, Carignan also taught labour law administration at the Université de Montréal Faculty of Law and at the Université du Québec à Montréal. He also taught at the École nationale d'administration publique (ENAP).

Political and public service career
In March 1994, Carignan was a founding member of the Action démocratique du Québec and active supporter until 2003. He acted as legislative counsel for the ADQ a number of times.

Carignan was elected mayor of Saint-Eustache in November 2000 a position he held until August 29, 2009, when he was called to the Senate of Canada.

After serving as chair of its justice and public safety commission, he became second vice-president of the Union des municipalités du Québec. In April 2008, he was appointed president of the Conseil sur les services policiers du Québec, an advisory body created to advise the Quebec Minister of Public Security on all policing matters. With his public safety expertise, Carignan went on to moderate and chair several seminars and workshops at a number of national conferences and symposia. From 2007 to 2009, he was president of the Centre for Expertise and Research on Infrastructures in Urban Areas (CERIU).

Carignan also played an active role in several committees and commissions in the Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal (CMM) and served as vice-warden of the Deux-Montagnes MRC and on the Conférence régionale des élus executive council. From 2005 to 2009, he was vice-president of both the Conseil intermunicipal de transport des Laurentides and the Association des Conseils intermunicipaux de transport du Québec.

Carignan has helped promote numerous charitable causes, sat on the boards of several social agencies in his region and created the Fondation Élite Saint-Eustache, which helps talented young people in his community.

He ran for the Conservatives in the 2008 federal election in Rivière-des-Mille-Îles

Senate career
Since his appointment to the Senate in 2009, Carignan has served on the following committees:
 Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs
 Steering Committee of the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs
 Standing Senate Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration
 Standing Senate Committee on Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament

In May 2011, Marjory LeBreton, Leader of the Government in the Senate, appointed him Deputy Leader of the Government. In this role, Senator Carignan supports the Leader of the Government in managing the government's priorities in the Upper House. He also plays a key role in ensuring that parliamentary rules are followed during Senate debates, as well as assisting his Senate colleagues with any questions on parliamentary issues.

In September 2013, after two years to serve as deputy Leader of the Government, Carignan was named Government Leader in the Senate on August 30, 2013 upon the resignation of his predecessor, Marjory LeBreton.  He was made a member of the Privy Council of Canada, though not of the Cabinet. However, from September 2013 to November 2015, he was a member of the Cabinet Committee on Operations. This Committee provides the day-to-day coordination of the government's agenda, including issues management, legislation and house planning, and communications.

As a result of the 2015 federal election in which the Conservative government was defeated, Carignan became the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate. He stepped down from his role as Conservative Leader in the Senate in 2017.

Electoral record

References

External links

1964 births
Canadian senators from Quebec
Conservative Party of Canada senators
Mayors of places in Quebec
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Living people
People from Saint-Eustache, Quebec
21st-century Canadian politicians
Action démocratique du Québec candidates in Quebec provincial elections

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
FedEx Announces Successful Conclusion of Internet Pharmacy Case
Memphis, Tennessee – June 17, 2016 – FedEx Corporation (FedEx) (NYSE:FDX) announces that the U.S. Department of Justice has dismissed all remaining criminal charges pending against FedEx and its subsidiaries.
"FedEx is and has always been innocent," said Patrick Fitzgerald, Senior Vice President, Marketing and Communications, FedEx. "The case should never have been brought. The government should take a very hard look at how they made the tremendously poor decision to file these charges. Many companies would not have had the courage or the resources to defend themselves against false charges. The power of the government was greatly misused when the case was initiated, but the government's integrity was redeemed by the decision to dismiss the charges today."
FedEx remains committed to its long-standing cooperation with law enforcement authorities to prevent misuse of its transportation networks.
About FedEx Corp.
FedEx provides customers and businesses worldwide with a broad portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services. With annual revenues of $49 billion (not including TNT Express), the company offers integrated business applications through operating companies competing collectively and managed collaboratively, under the respected FedEx brand. Consistently ranked among the world's most admired and trusted employers, FedEx inspires its nearly 400,000 team members to remain "absolutely, positively" focused on safety, the highest ethical and professional standards and the needs of their customers and communities to connect people and possibilities around the world. For more information, please visit www.fedex.com or contact:
Email: patrick.fitzgerald@fedex.com
FedEx Small Business Grant Contest Made Possible by Kelli
FedEx Office®, RushMyPassport Offer Expedited U.S. Passport Services for Summer Travelers
Saving Fuel to Defend our Nation


Inspirational south Texas Buick Gmc Mcallen Tx is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at April 2, 2017 upload by in GMC Car Reviews.
Inspirational south Texas Buick Gmc Mcallen Tx is high definition wallpaper and size this wallpaper is 1166x775. You can make Inspirational south Texas Buick Gmc Mcallen Tx For your Desktop Wallpaper, Tablet, Android or iPhone and another Smartphone device for free. To download and obtain the Inspirational south Texas Buick Gmc Mcallen Tx images by click the download button below to get multiple high-resversions.


CHICAGO, March 18, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Brilliant™, an award-winning direct-hire, contract and consulting practice specializing in accounting, finance and information technology (IT), released its Q2 2019 Hiring Forecast today. The data indicates that businesses are reporting an elevated number of open positions in accounting, finance and IT heading into Q2 2019 with plans to increase hiring over the next 12 months, especially for accounting and finance.
The Brilliant Q2 2019 Hiring Forecast, produced by Brilliant, analyzes the hiring trends and economic factors affecting accounting, finance and IT professionals throughout the Greater Chicago and South Florida labor markets.
The data shows 41 percent of businesses in the study reported unfilled positions in accounting and finance, and 26 percent reported openings in IT.
Sagar Pandya, CPA, Practice Director for Brilliant Financial Search (a division of Brilliant) explains, "More than 40 percent of the human resources professionals and hiring managers who participated in the study reported unfilled jobs in accounting and finance. While this number is slightly lower than the last two quarters, it's well above any quarters prior to that." Pandya continues, "For IT, there was a decrease in the number of openings, 26 percent down from last quarter's 38 percent, and the lowest percent reported in over a year."
Brilliant President Kathy Spearing adds, "Our study brings important insight into the future of the accounting, finance and IT professions, and the overall health of the labor market. We remain optimistic that elevated numbers of open positions and plans to increase hiring of both permanent and contract professionals indicate continued growth for at least the near term."
The Brilliant Q2 2019 Hiring Forecast survey was conducted between January 22, 2019, and February 25, 2019.
Close to 300 human resources professionals and hiring managers responsible for hiring accounting, finance and/or IT professionals for their teams participated in the study.
To download the full Brilliant Q2 2019 Accounting, Finance and IT Hiring Forecast, click here.
Brilliant is an award-winning direct-hire, contract and consulting practice specializing in accounting, finance and information technology for the Greater Chicago, South Florida and Dallas-Fort Worth labor markets. The firm represents high-quality accounting, finance and information technology talent and matches them with hiring companies throughout various industries including manufacturing, distribution, health care, professional services, retail, legal, technology, real estate, nonprofit organizations, software and hospitality, among others. Many of Brilliant's team members include former hiring managers, and accounting and finance professionals from the Big 4 accounting firms, as well as other leading professionals in the industry. Since its inception in 2009, Brilliant has ranked on various award lists including Forbes America's Best Professional Recruiting Firms two years in a row including No. 2 in 2018, Forbes America's Best Executive Recruiting Firms in 2017, Crain's Chicago Business Fast 50 for four straight years including No. 1 in 2015, Staffing Industry Analysts Fastest-Growing U.S. Staffing Firms for four straight years including No. 2 in 2015, Inavero's Best of Staffing Talent for North America four years in a row, Inc. 5000 for three straight years, Best Places to Work South Florida in 2016 and 2018, 101 Best and Brightest Companies to Work For® five straight years, and others. To learn more about Brilliant, visit www.brilliantfs.com, call 312.582.1800 or follow @BrilliantFS on social media.


Situated in the heart of Monkton's horse country, Maryland Polo Club is a diverse mix of players, supporters, volunteers, and friends. Their recent 30th anniversary marked a celebration of the Club's distinguished history, as well as the launch of their new site.
During polo season, there's always something happening at Maryland Polo Club. From upcoming tournaments to weather-related cancellations, keeping members and spectators informed is top priority. As such, we prominently featured upcoming events on the homepage (equipped with a 'cancellation' widget) and implemented a color-coded calendar system for easy reference. All easily administered by anyone on their staff.
Great venue + beautiful horses + talented athletes = amazing photos. Naturally, they must be displayed and shared. The new site houses unlimited galleries and photos, promotes local photographers, and encourages fan photo submissions.
What better way to celebrate the players than to give them their own profile on the new website? The new site highlights club officers and players with a photo and unique write-up for each. New player? No problem. MD Polo Club can easily add, edit, and remove quickly and easily at their leisure.


Pokemon Go: Chen San-yuan is the most popular Pokemon hunter as he has so far caught 45 million creatures since he began playing "Pokemon Go" in 2016.
A 70-year-old man in Taipei rides long distances daily with 24 smartphones on his bicycle to chase his passion: hunting Pokemons.
This game of augmented reality requires players to seek and capture characters -- from the Pokemon saga, which are hidden at real places -- and fight with them, which require wide movements and gathering of many players.
Chen is Taoist Master of divination and Feng Shui -- an ancient system that establishes rules about architecture and the arrangement of objects to ensure good fortune.
The Taiwanese grandfather, fondly called "Uncle Pokemon", was introduced to the game by his grandson. Soon he became so famous that it is hard for someone on the island not to recognise him. His entry into the Pokemon world was relatively late, at 66.


text:
Kituyi: I will not drop my presidential bid in favour of anyone
Sunday, June 6th, 2021 00:00 | By
Mukalo Kwayera
Former UNCTAD secretary general Mukhisa Kituyi. Photo/PD/FILE
Former secretary-general of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Mukhisa Kituyi has said he will not drop his 2022 presidential bid in favour of another candidate or coalition.
Kituyi said he is in the race to succeed President Uhuru Kenyatta for the long haul.
"It is not a question of 'if or whether I can'. The reality is that - unlike others who simply threaten - I will be on the ballot," Kiyuyi said.
The former Trade Miniser was speaking at Pwani Primary Schoool in Togaren constituency, Bungoma County, during the funeral service of Violet Malumasi, who was the Deputy Principal of Pwani Secondary school.
She was the wife of prominent Bungoma businessman George Malumasi and the daughter or former editor of the National Assembly's Hansard, the late Daniel Lirunjiro.
Kituyi was responding to a challenge by Kakamega County Assembly Deputy Speaker Leonard Soita who had asked him to explain how he hoped to clinch the presidency when there were other leaders from the region who are angling for the same seat in addition to his perceived leaning towards former Prime Minister Raila Odinga who is also expected to run.
Soita was referring to Amani National Congress leader Musalia Mudavadi, Bungoma senator Moses Wetang'ula and Kakamega Governor Wycliffe Oparanya, all who have declared their interest to compete in next year's State House race.
Said Kituyi: "Let no one have this notion that I am going to pull out of the race in favour of another candidate. I am running for the presidency"
"The reason why I want to become Kenya's next president is because I want to change the politics and economy of this country.
My meetings with Raila and other like-minded Kenyans are purely strategic. I am moving around the country explaining myself to Kenyans why I want to be President. I will go to every corner of this country doing that," said the former MP for Kimilili.
Massive squalor
Kituyi observed that in spite of its vantage position in the growth of the country's economy, the Western region had deliberately been marginalised by subsequent governments since independence, which he said had resulted in massive squalor and unemployment in the area.
"Right now, President Uhuru Kenyatta is launching massive development projects worth billions of shillings in (the former) Nyanza (Province), yet there is nothing for Western.
This discrimination has been there since independence. There is very little to write home about regarding the economy of this region," Kituyi said.
Mukhisa Kituyi
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I can't help but make more of these 3D hearts, there's so many things you can do to them. Add wiggle eyes and all sorts of features to these silly hearts.
See the tutorial below, and don't forget to be creative and unique.
Step 1. Cut strips of paper at about a half an inch, these will be your hearts, mine are about 6 inches long. Put glue on one side at one end and flip and glue, hold together for several seconds to ensure it will stay.
Step 2. Glue the hearts to your canvas, then crumple up tissue paper to glue inside. You can paint the inside, add glitter, use pom-poms or any materials that you may already have.
Step 3. Add wiggle eyes, I especially like the ones with the eyelids and lashes. Embellish the background with small hearts, stickers, or more tissue paper.


What has been the subject of speculation for several months is now official: Bob Stringham is running for Congress from Utah's 3rd District.
Stringham, the Utah County Democratic Party chairman, officially announced his candidacy Tuesday at the Provo Excelsior Hotel and immediately held a kickoff fund-raising reception in the hotel's Presidential Suite."I am running for this office because I'm concerned about the future of our children," Stringham told an audience of supporters. "As I see it, all political issues fall under one great umbrella children's issues. And those children's issues the economy, education, the environment will be the focus of my campaign.
"The only thing necessary to ask about any legislative issue or problem we face today is this: What effect will it have on our children."
The announcement was made with surprising fanfare, and Stringham promised to campaign aggressively. That would be in contrast to the low-key congressional campaigns 3rd District Democrats have mounted since the district was formed in 1982.
He outlined an ambitious schedule that will take him to campaign stops in Salt Lake, Wasatch, Summit, Duchesne, Uintah, Daggett, Carbon, Emery, Sevier and Sanpete counties in the next five days. Two more counties, San Juan and Grand, are scheduled for a campaign tour in May.
Stringham, a retired Geneva steel worker who now runs a management consulting firm, joins Craig Oliver of Taylorsville in the race for the Democratic nomination to challenge the 3rd District Republican incumbent Howard Nielson in November.
Much of Stringham's speech took direct aim at the Republican Party, although he did not mention Nielson by name.
"The Republicans have had their opportunity for the past seven years to show what they can do," he said. "But during that time the 3rd District has suffered. Ten thousand manufacturing jobs have been lost at Geneva Steel, Kennecott Copper and in other basic industries."
Those and as many as 30,000 additional lost support jobs have been replaced by jobs in a proliferating number of 7-Eleven stores, Stringham said. He lamented the 3rd District's low wage scale, which he said pays from 50 cents to $2 per hour less than for comparable jobs in other parts of the state.
"A positive approach to creating jobs in the 3rd District is needed to turn that situation around," he said.
Quoting former President John F. Kennedy and echoing a campaign theme already established by Democratic gubernatorial candidate Ted Wilson, Stringham called children America's and Utah's greatest resource.
He said Utahns are paying taxes to educate their children, only to see them leave the state after that education is complete to find jobs paying enough to support a family.
"The future of our nation will depend upon how we treat the stewardship we have been given to protect and preserve this great resource our children," he said.


text:
Čárový lept je hlubotisková technika využívající kresbu do vrstvy pevného krytu na kovové matrici a její následné vyleptání. Mimo čárového leptu byla zavedena řada dalších technik, které obměňují původní postup.

Historie

Leptání do kovu je známo od středověku, kdy si tak ulehčovali práci řemeslníci, kteří zdobili zbraně, brnění nebo nádobí a své obtahy uchovávali ve vzornících. Jedním z nich byl Daniel Hopfer (kolem 1470–1536) z Augsburgu, který jako první užil lept do železné matrice kolem roku 1493. Veškeré rané lepty byly provedeny v železné desce, protože leptání v mědi nebylo známo. První datované lepty jsou Dürerův sv. Jeroným (1512) a dílo Urs Grafa z roku 1513. Lept do měděné desky, který zavedli patrně Italové, začal brzy konkurovat mědirytu.

S leptem do železné desky experimentoval Albrecht Dürer a po něm např. Sebald Beham, ale oba nebyli s výsledkem spokojeni a vrátili se k mědirytu. Také jiní umělci, jako Lucas van Leyden nebo Pieter Breughel podnikli s leptem jen několik pokusů. Lept sloužil jako pomocná technika k zachycení obrysů kresby při mědirytu, ale větší uplatnění našel až od druhé poloviny 16. století při tisku drobných komerčních ozdob. Bylo obvyklé, že umělci obě techniky kombinovali. Větší soubor portrétů technikou leptu zhotovil až Anthonis van Dyck (1599-1641).

Mistrovská grafická díla vytvořil leptem v mědi Rembrandt van Rijn a nikdo z dalších výtvarníků ho již nepřekonal. Rembrandt se technice leptu naučil během učednických let v Leydenu a teprve po něm se lept stal rozšířenou grafickou technikou. Významné inovace zavedl Francouz Jacques Callot. Měkký voskový kryt nahradil tvrdším lakem, užívaným výrobci louten, který lépe bránil náhodnému proleptání a tvorbě skvrn. Zavedl také opakované leptání desky s vykrýváním a vynalezl šikmo sbroušenou jehlu, tzv. ešop (échoppe), která umožňovala měnit šířku linií jako v mědirytu. Jeho následovník Abraham Bosse vydal roku 1645 první příručku techniky leptu, která byla přeložena do hlavních evropských jazyků.

K nejvýznamnějším umělcům, kteří techniku leptu užívali, patří Nizozemci: Adriaen van Ostade, Jan Both, Rainier Nooms Zeeman, Adriaen van de Velde, Carel Dujardin, Jan Lievens, Ferdinand Bol, Nicolaes Berchem, Allaert van Everdingen, Paulus Potter, Cornelis Bega, Anthonis Waterloo, Jacob Ruisdael, Italové: Frederigo Barocci, Guido Reni, Jusepe de Ribera, Salvatore Rosa, Stefano della Bella, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo a jeho syn Domenico, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, Canaletto, Bernardo Belotto a Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Francouzi: Jacques Callot, Claude Lorrain, Jean Honoré Fragonard, Gabriel St. Aubin, Eugène Delacroix, krajináři barbizonské školy (Jean-Francois Millet, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Théodore Rousseau, Charles-François Daubigny), Němec Adam Elsheimer, v Anglii Václav Hollar a později Seymour Haden a James McNeil Whistler, v Belgii Félicien Rops a James Ensor, ve Švédsku Anders Zorn.

Z českých umělců se leptu věnovali Julius Mařák, Max Švabinský, Tavík František Šimon, Vojtěch Preissig, Helena Emingerová, Zdenka Braunerová, v moderní poválečné grafice vytvořil významné lepty Jiří Sozanský, Karel Nepraš, Karel Pauzer, Jiří Anderle a další.

Postup
Technika leptu umožňuje kresbu jehlou do vrstvy ochranného krytu, který neklade odpor. Protože nevyžaduje školení v rytectví, jako technicky náročný mědiryt, je pro malíře mnohem jednodušší. Kromě mědi lze použít i mosaz, která je tvrdší a snese větší počet tisků, nebo zinek, který je naopak měkčí a před tiskem je vhodné ho galvanicky poocelit. Deska o síle 1,5-2 mm, která musí být dokonale rovná, se přebrousí na ploše i hranách a odmastí plavenou křídou v lihu nebo v roztoku louhu. Pro přilnutí krytu není žádoucí příliš vyleštěná deska, proto je lépe povrch předem zmatnit třením křídou nebo krátkým ponořením do 3% roztoku kyseliny dusičné (měď).

Ochranný kryt se nanáší za tepla koženým válečkem nebo tamponem. Kryt musí být odolný vůči leptadlu, přilnavý, neprýskavý a dostatečně tuhý, aby netál teplem ruky. Receptury různých autorů se mírně liší, ale většinou jde o směs syrského asfaltu a mastixu nebo kalafuny, změkčenou včelím voskem. Vzájemný poměr složek určuje měkkost nebo tvrdost krytu, ale pro čárový lept je přibližný poměr 2:1:2 nebo 1:1:2. Pro nanášení krytu štětcem za studena lze rozpustit směs složek v terpentýnu nebo olejovo-syntetickém ředidle. Stejná směs se užívá k vykrývání vyleptaných ploch a ke korekturám při opakovaném leptání desky. Kryt je průsvitný a proto se před kreslením většinou začadí nad svíčkami. Zadní stranu desky je třeba před leptáním rovněž chránit krytem nebo přelepením plastickou fólií.

Kresbu lze na kryt přenést pomocí světlého kopírovacího papíru, který se užívá v krejčovských dílnách, světlým pastelem nebo popisovačem. Pro kreslení v krytu se užívají různě silné jehly s obroušenou špičkou, aby se nezarývaly do kovu, nebo jehla se šikmo sbroušeným hrotem (ešop), která pootáčením umožňuje plynule měnit sílu linie. Nejtmavší místa se tvoří hustým šrafováním. Vyryté linie se oprašují vlasovým štětcem a korektury nebo větší plošky světel ve šrafovaných partiích se provádějí tekutým krytem. Obvykle se provede celá kresba najednou a síla a hloubka linií se koriguje až během přerušovaného leptání postupným vykrýváním. Pro větší diferenciaci síly linií při jednorázovém leptání lze místa, kde mají být linie silnější, částečně prorýt ostrou jehlou do povrchu kovu. Mezi dokončením kresby a leptáním by neměla být dlouhá časová prodleva, aby odhalený povrch kovu neoxidoval.

Lept v měděné nebo mosazné desce se provádí roztokem chloridu železitého v destilované vodě (o hustotě 32-34° Bé) při teplotě kolem 24 °C. Vznikající vrstva chloridu měďnatého se průběžně stírá a vyčerpaný roztok leptadla se vyměňuje. Zinkové i měděné desky lze leptat zředěnou kyselinou dusičnou (zinek 1:5-1:7, měď 1:2-3), do které se přidává kamenec jako antioxidant. Leptání v kyselině probíhá rychleji a při delším působení se linie prohlubují i rozšiřují do stran a zvlňují po okrajích. K lokálnímu prohloubení kresby je možno na taková místa nanést silnější kyselinu s přídavkem arabské gumy pomocí štětce. Vytvořené bublinky plynu je třeba neustále stírat, aby bylo leptání plynulé.

Tisk
Po dokončení leptání se deska důkladně omyje vodou, usuší a poté zbaví krytu benzinem. Drobné korektury kresby je možno udělat jehlou nebo rydlem, přeleptaná místa se zeslabí škrabkou a hladítkem. Je-li síla vyleptaných linií příliš slabá, pak se do vyleptané kresby zatře barva, zapráší asfaltovým prachem a celá deska se znovu pokryje tenkým nátěrem pevného krytu slabě obarveného tiskařsku barvou tak, aby kryt nepronikl do liní. Pak lze leptání opakovat.

Při tisku je možno do jisté míry provádět korekci tzv. retrusáží, kdy se tisková barva po naválení desky vytáhne do okolí rýh flanelem nebo mulem s jemnými chloupky, případně jemným přítlakem dlaně. Výsledkem je změkčení linií a prohloubení tonality. Pro tisk s retrusáží se užívá tzv. dlouhá (plastická) barva, zatímco pro ostřejší linie se užívá barva máslovité konzistence (krátká).

Linie leptu jsou na rozdíl od ostrých čar mědirytu mírně zrnité, na obou koncích tupé a obvykle mají různou hloubku. Ostrost čáry není po celé délce stejná, její okraje jsou rozechvělé, protože leptadlo působí do hloubky i do stran.

Reference

Literatura
 Petra Jánská, Rozpoznání a optické porovnání grafických a polygrafických technik, bakalářská práce, Fakulta restaurování v Litomyšli, Univerzita Pardubice 2010
 Antonín Odehnal, Grafické techniky, nakl. ERA Brno 2005,
 Jan Baleka, Výtvarné umění. Výkladový slovník (malířství, sochařství, grafika), Academia Praha 1997,
 Oldřich J. Blažíček, Jiří Kropáček, Slovník pojmů z dějin umění, Odeon Praha 1991,
 Aleš Krejča, Techniky grafického umění, Artia Praha 1981
 Jindřich Marco, O grafice: kniha pro sběratele a milovníky umění, Mladá fronta Praha 1981

Externí odkazy
 Ondřej Michálek: Kapitoly z černého umění. Přehled grafických technik a některých průmyslových technologií tisku. Čárový lept s. 52-57, Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 2014

Lept