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Journal of Psychedelic Studies
Psychedelics and potential benefits in "healthy normals": A review of the literature
Author: Sam Gandy 1
1 Independent Researcher, UK
https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.029
We are in the midst of a psychedelic research renaissance. With research examining the efficacy of psychedelics as a treatment for a range of mental health indications still in its early stages, there is an increasing body of research to show that careful use of psychedelics can yield a variety of benefits in "healthy normals" and so lead to "the betterment of well people." Psychedelics have been found to modulate neuroplasticity, and usage in a supportive setting can result in enduring increases in traits such as well-being, life satisfaction, life meaning, mindfulness, and a variety of measures associated with prosocial behaviors and healthy psychological functioning. The effect of psychedelic experience on measures of personality trait openness and is potential implications is examined, and the potential role of awe as a mediator of the benefits of the psychedelic experience is discussed. Special attention is given to the capacity of psychedelics to increase measures of nature relatedness in an enduring sense, which is being correlated with a broad range of measures of psychological well-being as well as a key predictor of pro-environmental awareness and behavior. The effects of particular classical psychedelic compounds on healthy people are discussed, with special attention given to the mystical-type experiences occasioned by high doses of psychedelics, which appear to be an important mediator of long-term benefits and psychotherapeutic gains. Research looking at the potential benefits of psychedelic microdosing is discussed. Potential future research avenues are explored, focusing on the potential development of psychedelics as agents of ecotherapy.
Classical or serotonergic psychedelic compounds are a subclass of psychedelic compounds whose method of action is strongly tied to the neurotransmitter serotonin, with the compounds acting as partial agonists at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, which is widely distributed across numerous cortical areas of the brain (Carhart-Harris et al., 2014; Glennon, Titeler, & McKenney, 1984). They are known for their very low physiological toxicity, being non-addictive, and exerting profound effects on human consciousness. Examples of classical psychedelics include DMT, LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and compounds of the 2C family. The tryptamine psychedelics such as DMT and psilocybin structurally resemble serotonin itself, whereas mescaline and compounds of the 2C family resemble the neurotransmitter dopamine in structure. Psychedelics, such as psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, and lysergic acid compounds, have been employed for purposes of healing and divination by some cultures for centuries if not millennia (Nichols, 2016). We are in the midst of a psychedelic renaissance, with scientific research into the properties of these compounds expanding rapidly (Sessa, 2018). Although much of this current research has been focused on their medical potential, there is an increasing body of evidence on the effect of psychedelics on "healthy normal" people without a specific mental health diagnosis (a good proportion of which may be psychedelic naive), and this research suggests a number of potential benefits of controlled psychedelic use among this population on cognition, awareness, and well-being. A large-scale survey study found that there were no significant associations between lifetime use of classical psychedelics and rate of poor mental health outcomes, and psychedelic usage may in fact confer mental health benefits (Krebs & Johansen, 2013). A further population study of 130,000 adults in the US failed to find any evidence for a link between usage of classical psychedelics and mental health problems (Johansen & Krebs, 2015). Lifetime use of classical psychedelics has been associated with significantly reduced odds of past-month psychological distress, past-year suicidal planning, and past-year suicide attempt likelihood, unlike lifetime illicit use of other drugs, which was largely associated with increased likelihood of these outcomes, suggesting psychedelics may hold promise in the prevention of suicide (Hendricks, Thorne, & Clark, 2015). Lifetime use of classical psychedelics has also been associated with reduced odds of antisocial criminal behavior (Hendricks et al., 2018). Long-term regular ritualistic use of peyote among Native Americans has not been associated with any psychological or cognitive deficits (Halpern, Sherwood, Hudson, Yurgelun-Todd, & Pope, 2005).
Psychedelics have been implicated in promoting structural neural plasticity, by robustly increasing the formation of new synapses and dendrites between neurons, facilitating the formation of new synapses and dendrites between neurons. These neuroplastic properties could at least partly explain their long-term therapeutic potency, with the label "psychoplastogen" being applied to them (Ly et al., 2018), with neuroplasticity believed to be a key mechanism in learning and adaptation, and the brain's ability to modify and change both structure and function throughout life in response to experience (Voss, Thomas, Cisneros-Franco, & de Villers-Sidani, 2017).
A correlative study assessing the values, beliefs, and emotional empathy of psychedelic users found increased values of spirituality and concern for others and lower appreciation of financial prosperity, although it is hard to say whether these values preceded psychedelic usage or resulted from it (Lerner & Lyvers, 2006). Other studies have found psychedelic users to show greater creativity than non-users (Sweat, Bates, & Hendricks, 2016), and lifetime use of psychedelics to positively predicts liberal political views, openness, and nature relatedness, while negatively predicting authoritarian political views (Nour, Evans, & Carhart-Harris, 2017).
Psychedelic usage may help facilitate creative pursuits (Sessa, 2008) and both artists and scientists have reported valuable insights as a result of psychedelic experiences (Narby, 2002; Sessa, 2008). One study using mescaline with scientists and engineers working on creative problems found that the engineers reported an enduring positive impact on their creative process (Harman, McKim, & Mogar, 1966). One study reported that lifetime use of classical psychedelics (but not that of other substances examined) was found to predict pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness, or connectedness, which can be viewed as one's self identification with nature (Forstmann & Sagioglou, 2017).
There is a substantial body of literature reporting a positive correlation between nature relatedness and a broad range of measures of psychological well-being. Nature relatedness has been found to correlate with lower levels of anxiety (Capaldi, Dopko, & Zelenksi, 2014; Martyn & Brymer, 2016); greater happiness and positive affect (Capaldi et al., 2014; Nisbet, Zelenksi, & Murphy, 2011; Pritchard, Richardson, Sheffield, & McEwan 2019; Zelenski & Nisbet, 2014); life meaning and vitality (Cervinka, Röderer, & Hefler, 2012), and improved psychological well-being at the state and trait level (Capaldi et al., 2014; Capaldi, Passmore, Nisbet, Zelenksi, & Dopko, 2015; Cervinka et al., 2012; Dean et al., 2018; Howell, Dopko, Passmore, & Buro, 2011; Kamitsis & Francis, 2013; Mayer & Frantz, 2004; Mayer, Frantz, Bruehlman-Senecal, & Dolliver 2008; Nisbet & Zelenski, 2014; Van Gordon, Shonin, & Richardson, 2018; Zelenski & Nisbet, 2014). Nature relatedness has also been found to mediate the effect of nature exposure or immersion on affect, with more positive outcomes of nature exposure observed in those who rate high in nature relatedness (McMahan, Estes, Murfin, & Bryan, 2018) while also acting as a mediator of the perceived restorativeness of natural settings (Berto, Barbiero, Barbiero, & Senes, 2018). Measures of well-being were also found to be partially mediated by degree of nature relatedness in response to perceiving natural beauty (Zhang, Howell, & Iyer, 2014), and nature relatedness may also elicit higher valuating of intrinsic aspirations following exposure to nature (Weinstein, Przybylski, & Ryan, 2009).
Nature relatedness has also been found to strongly predict pro-environmental awareness (Dutcher, Finley, Lulogg, & Johnson, 2007; Mackay & Schmitt, 2019; Mayer & Frantz, 2004; Restall & Conrad, 2015; Whitburn, Linklater, & Abrahamse, 2019) being perhaps the single strongest psychological predictor of pro-environmental behavior (Otto & Pensini, 2017). This is an important finding given that it is widely considered we are experiencing the sixth mass extinction of life on this planet due to human actions on the biosphere (Barnosky et al., 2011; Ceballos, Ehrlich, & Dirzo 2017; Dirzo et al., 2014; McCallum, 2015). Pro-environmental behavior appears strongly linked to prosocial behavior, sharing a mutually enhancing relationship, with an increase in one fostering an increase in the other (Neaman, Otto, & Vinokur, 2018).
Psilocybin has been found to result in increases in nature relatedness in patients with treatment-resistant depression up to 7–12 months post-experience (Lyons & Carhart-Harris, 2018). A study pooling data from eight different trials administering psilocybin to healthy volunteers found that 38% of people reported enduring positive changes in their relations to nature and the environment (Studerus, Kometer, Hasler, & Vollenweider, 2011) 8–16 months post-experience. This occurred in spite of the clinical, nature-deprived settings the trials were conducted in, which included a PET scanner, suggesting that such enduring changes to one's relationship with nature are not entirely dependent on the setting in which the experience occurs. In a classic study known as "The Good Friday Experiment," high-dose psilocybin was administered to divinity students, with the majority reporting a complete mystical experience (Pahnke, 1963). A follow-up interview survey conducted between 24 and 27 years after the original study revealed that study participants felt strongly that they had continued to benefit from their experience, reporting a deepened appreciation of life and nature, as well as enhanced joy, a deepened sense of spirituality, and appreciation for unusual experiences and emotions (Doblin, 1991). Numerous modern research studies in both healthy (Griffiths et al., 2011; Griffiths, Richards, McCann, & Jesse, 2006; MacLean, Johnson, & Griffiths, 2011) and patient (Carhart-Harris et al., 2018; Garcia-Romeu, Griffiths, & Johnson, 2016; Griffiths et al., 2016; Ross et al., 2016) populations have found that the occurrence of a mystical-type experience during a psychedelic session is a key mediator of long-term therapeutic gains and benefits post-session. Psychedelic usage has been implicated to evoke experiences of "God" or "Ultimate Reality," with a study on psychedelic users and people who have had such experiences while sober reporting that two thirds of both groups stated they no longer identified as atheists following their experience. Such experiences were associated with long-term increases in life satisfaction, purpose and meaning, and a decreased fear of death (Griffiths, Hurwitz, Davis, Johnson, & Jesse, 2019).
The experience of ego dissolution, which can occur to people under high dosages of psychedelics, appears to be tied to the experience of awe, which may be a mediator of their beneficial effect (Hendricks, 2018), with the experience of awe being linked to both enhanced well-being (Rudd, Vohs, & Aaker, 2012) and prosociality (Piff, Dietze, Feinberg, Stancato, & Keltner, 2015), two aftereffects commonly noted following psychedelic experiences, and particularly the mystical-type experiences they can occasion (Griffiths et al., 2006, 2011, 2018; Hendricks, 2018).
The psychedelic research renaissance was largely reignited by the publication of Roland Griffiths and the Johns Hopkins team's seminal paper on psilocybin and mystical experiences in 2006. The study participants were well-educated, healthy people with an interest in spiritual or religious practices. The study used a rigorous double-blind design and used community observer ratings to gain a more objective measure of post-psilocybin changes. At 2 months after the session, 67% of study participants rated the high-dose psilocybin experience to be either the single most meaningful experience of their lives, or among the top five most meaningful experiences, with 33% of people rating it as the single most spiritually significant event of their lives (Griffiths et al., 2006). In another study conducted on healthy, psychedelic-naive subjects by the Johns Hopkins team, high-dose psilocybin sessions evoked mystical-type experiences in 72% of volunteers and resulted in sustained positive changes in attitudes, mood, and behavior, with ascending dosage correlated with greater positive effects. At 14 months after dosing, ratings were undiminished and were consistent with changes rated by community observers, with 94% of study volunteers stating that their well-being or life satisfaction had been increased moderately or very much by their psilocybin experiences, with 89% reporting moderate or higher changes in positive behavior. Persistent positive changes in attitude, mood, and life satisfaction catalyzed by psilocybin-induced mystical experiences appear similar to those following spontaneous mystical experiences (Griffiths et al., 2011).
The mystical-type experiences associated with psilocybin have also been implicated with leading to long-term increases in personality trait openness, and at 14 months following dosing in the aforementioned study participant group, openness remains significantly elevated (MacLean et al., 2011). This is significant, as openness was believed to be fixed by the age of 30 years and to decline with age. Openness is correlated with a number of cognitive abilities, and appreciation for new experiences and aesthetics, creativity, imagination, hunger for knowledge, broad-minded tolerance of the viewpoints, and values of others (MacLean et al., 2011) and increased cognitive reserve in the older people (Franchow, Suchy, Thorgusen, & Williams, 2013). In addition, it correlates with nature connection and pro-environmental behavior (Lee, Ashton, Choi, & Zachariassen, 2015; Richardson & Sheffield, 2015; Tam, 2013). A recent double-blind study with healthy participants explored the effect of a number of meditation or spiritual practices in combination with psilocybin sessions (Griffiths et al., 2018). Participants embarked upon a given spiritual practice 1–2 months prior to their psilocybin (or placebo) sessions. High-dose psilocybin was found to produce greater persisting effects, and at 6-months follow-up of dosing, high-dose groups showed significant large positive changes in prosocial attitudes and behaviors and healthy psychological functioning, including in measures of interpersonal closeness, gratitude, life meaning/purpose, forgiveness, death transcendence, daily spiritual experiences, and religious faith and coping, with changes validated further by external community observer ratings. Determinants of enduring positive effects were the psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience and rates of meditation/spiritual practices. Other research has found a synergy between psilocybin and meditation practice, with psilocybin increasing meditation depth, incidence of positive experienced ego-dissolution and enhancing mindfulness and psychosocial functioning (Smigielski, Kometer, et al., 2019), extent of ego dissolution and brain connectivity predicting positive changes in psycho-social functioning of participants 4 months post-session (Smigielski, Scheiddegger, Kometer, & Vollenweider, 2019). Previous research suggests that psychedelics can help foster psychological growth when used in the context of an ongoing discipline (Walsh, 1982).
A study on healthy people who had complained of a lack of purpose or meaning in their lives found that a supervised LSD session resulted in higher self-reported measures of self-actualization and creativity, with participants reporting a greater sense of meaning and purpose in their lives, oneness with humanity, decreased valuation of superficial pursuits such as material gains and social status, and an increase in confidence and assertiveness, with many of these changes still apparent months later (Savage, Fadiman, & Mogar, 1966).
Modern research has found that an LSD experience in a controlled setting can result in elevated levels of optimism and trait openness 2 weeks post-experience (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016). The administration of a single large (200 μg) dose of LSD in a supportive setting to 16 healthy participants was found to lead to increases in positive attitudes about life and/or self, positive mood changes, altruistic/positive social effects, positive behavioral changes, and well-being/life satisfaction at 1 and 12 months following dosing, with no negative effects on attitudes or behavior attributed to the LSD experience. After 12 months, 10 of 14 participants rated their LSD experience as among the top 10 most meaningful experiences of their lives, with five rating the experience as among the most meaningful experiences of their lives (Schmid & Liechti, 2018).
Ayahuasca use in a ritual setting is considered safe and may confer benefits (Barbosa, Mizumoto, Bogenschutz, & Strassman 2012), with lower rates of alcoholism and addiction observed among ritualistic users (Fábregas et al., 2010). Its use has been associated with long-term beneficial changes such as lower ratings on all psychopathology measures, with higher ratings of life purpose, well-being, and prosocial behavior as compared to non-ayahuasca-using controls (Bouso et al., 2012). Additional research has found long-term ayahuasca use to be associated with higher positive perception of health and healthy life style, and reduced intake of prescription drugs (Ona et al., 2019). Ayahuasca usage has also been found to increase measures of "acceptance" (associated with a more detached and less judgmental stance toward potentially distressing thoughts and emotions) as effectively as an 8-week mindfulness course, a more lengthy and costly intervention (Soler et al., 2016). Ayahuasca usage has been linked to reductions in stress and improvements in convergent thinking 4 weeks post experience (Uthuag et al., 2019). Repeated ingestion of ayahuasca in a ritual setting has been found to increase visual creativity (Frecska, Móré, & Vargha, 2012). Ayahuasca users have been found to rate more highly in self-transcendence (Bouso et al., 2012), which has been found to be a significant positive predictor for nature relatedness and environmental concern (Dornhoff, Sothmann, Fiebelkorn, & Menzel, 2019).
Anthropologist Jeremy Narby accompanied three molecular biologists to the Amazon rainforest where they partook of an ayahuasca ceremony. While all three found the experience to be personally meaningful, two of the three gained perspectives on their research they considered valuable following the session (Grant, 2006).
5-MeO-DMT
An online survey study reported that the psychedelic compound 5-MeO-DMT was commonly used infrequently and primarily for spiritual exploration, and was well-tolerated with very few problems associated with usage (Davis, Barsuglia, Lancelotta, Grant, & Renn, 2018). The use of 5-MeO-DMT (in the form of vaped Incilius alvarius toad secretion) in a naturalistic setting has been implicated in unintended but substantial reductions in measures of depression (80%) and anxiety (79%). Its usage in naturalistic settings has also been implicated in increasing measures of well-being and mindfulness long term (with the latter measure gaining statistical significance a month after dosing), with long-term benefits correlating with a greater intensity of mystical experiences and higher ratings of spiritual significance and personal meaning (Davis, So, Lancelotta, Barsuglia, & Griffiths, 2019). A single inhalation of 5-MeO-DMT (again in the form of vaped I. alvarius toad secretion) resulted in a significant increase in ratings of life satisfaction and convergent thinking immediately after intake, and was sustained at follow-up 4 weeks later. Ratings of mindfulness increased over time and attained statistical significance at 4 weeks. Ratings of depression, anxiety, and stress decreased after the sessions and reached significance at 4 weeks. High levels of ego dissolution and oceanic boundlessness during the experience were correlated with higher ratings for life satisfaction and lower ratings of depression and stress (Uthaug et al., 2019). The short lasting effects of 5-MeO-DMT and its consistency in inducing mystical-type experiences, which have been implicated in long-term benefits and therapeutic gains, are notable (Barsuglia et al., 2018).
Psychedelic Microdosing
Research on psychedelic microdosing is still in its preliminary stages, but studies conducted to date warrant further research. Surveys of psychedelic microdosers have yielded reported benefits of improved mood, cognition, and creativity, which in some cases help counteract symptoms of depression and anxiety, although various challenges were also associated with the practice (Anderson, Petranker, Christopher, et al., 2019; Johnstad, 2018). One observational study found that microdosing was associated with a general increase in reported psychological functioning on dosing days, but little evidence of residual effects on following days. Analyses of pre- and post-study measures showed reduced levels of depression and stress, lower levels of distractibility, increased absorption, and increased neuroticism. Effects that were believed likely to manifest were also unrelated to the observed patterns of reported effects (Polito & Stevenson, 2019). In an additional observational study, former and current microdosers scored lower on measures of dysfunctional attitudes and negative emotionality and higher on measures of wisdom, open-mindedness, and creativity compared to non-microdosing controls (Anderson, Petranker, Rosenbaum, et al., 2019). Microdosing may lead to improvements in convergent and divergent thinking, although further research is warranted using rigorous placebo-controlled study findings to investigate this further (Prochazkova et al., 2018).
Future Research Avenues
There are a number of interesting studies currently underway exploring the effects of psychedelics (psilocybin especially) in healthy people. At present, there is still a lack of knowledge of the prospective, causative role of psychedelics and their effects on cognition, well-being and personality in healthy psychedelic naive people, particularly their longer-term effects. Longer-term qualitative assessments and MRI brain scans comparing psychedelic naive people pre- and post-psychedelic experiences (both short-term and long-term assessments) would help elucidate the longer-term effects of psychedelics. At present, despite its vast importance for individual well-being and in facilitating pro-environmental awareness, the capacity of psychedelic to enhance nature relatedness in the long term remains under explored. Although there are a number of correlative studies linking psychedelic use to increased nature relatedness, there is only one small study (n = 7) that shows a causative, prospective role of psychedelics in increasing nature relatedness, and further prospective research is warranted to explore this in greater detail. Such data could be obtained via online prospective surveys, or via prospective clinical trials, comparing measures of nature relatedness in psychedelic naive people, pre- and post-psychedelic experiences, including longer-term measures. Due to strict regulations governing clinical trials of psychedelics at the present time, psychedelic trials are conducted in clinical nature-deprived environments. In the future, it will be interesting to investigate the influence of nature-based settings, and how these may influence measures of nature relatedness and associated well-being. It would also be interesting to conduct a comparative study to see whether ingestion of organic or synthetic psychedelics influences subsequent measures of nature relatedness. Further research is warranted to explore the potential of psychedelics to act as agents of ecotherapy. Given promising past pioneering research findings on psychedelics and creativity among scientists and engineers in the 1960s, modern rigorous research on the potential effect of psychedelics on creativity and divergent thinking is warranted. Research on psychedelic microdosing is still in its preliminary stages, and it would be useful for future clinical studies to investigate the effects of microdosing on biological and cognitive parameters to better evaluate potential beneficial and negative effects, and assess the potential risks of repeated administrations of psychedelics in low doses, using rigorous placebo-controlled study designs.
The author has no financial assistance to acknowledge but would like to thank Dr. Rosalind Watts for the inspiration to write the paper.
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Ona, G., Kohek, M., Massaguer, T., Gomariz, A., Jiménez, D. F., Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E. C., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á., & Bouso, J. C. (2019). Ayahuasca and public health: Health status, psychosocial well-being, lifestyle, and coping strategies in a large sample of ritual ayahuasca users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(2), 135–145. doi:10.1080/02791072.2019.1567961
Ona, G., Kohek, M., Massaguer, T., Gomariz, A., Jiménez, D. F., Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E. C., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á., & Bouso, J. C. (2019). Ayahuasca and public health: Health status, psychosocial well-being, lifestyle, and coping strategies in a large sample of ritual ayahuasca users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs,51(2), 135–145. doi:10.1080/02791072.2019.156796110.1080/02791072.2019.1567961)| false
Otto, S., & Pensini, P. (2017). Nature-based environmental education of children: Environmental knowledge and connectedness to nature, together, are related to ecological behaviour. Global Environmental Change, 47, 88–94. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.009
Otto, S., & Pensini, P. (2017). Nature-based environmental education of children: Environmental knowledge and connectedness to nature, together, are related to ecological behaviour. Global Environmental Change,47,88–94. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.00910.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.009)| false
Pahnke, W. N. (1963). Drugs and mysticism: An analysis of the relationship between psychedelic drugs and the mystical consciousness: A thesis (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Pahnke, W. N. (1963). Drugs and mysticism: An analysis of the relationship between psychedelic drugs and the mystical consciousness: A thesis (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.)| false
Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(6), 883–899. doi:10.1037/pspi0000018
Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,108(6), 883–899. doi:10.1037/pspi000001810.1037/pspi0000018)| false
Polito, V., & Stevenson, R. J. (2019). A systematic study of microdosing psychedelics. PLoS One, 14(2), e0211023. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211023
Polito, V., & Stevenson, R. J. (2019). A systematic study of microdosing psychedelics. PLoS One,14(2), e0211023. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.021102310.1371/journal.pone.0211023)| false
Pritchard, A., Richardson, M., Sheffield, D., & McEwan, K. (2019). The relationship between nature connectedness and Eudaimonic well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1–23. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00118-6
Pritchard, A., Richardson, M., Sheffield, D., & McEwan, K. (2019). The relationship between nature connectedness and Eudaimonic well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies,1–23. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00118-6)| false
Prochazkova, L., Lippelt, D. P., Colzato, L. S., Kuchar, M., Sjoerds, Z., & Hommel, B. (2018). Exploring the effect of microdosing psychedelics on creativity in an open-label natural setting. Psychopharmacology, 235(12), 3401–3413. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5049-7
Prochazkova, L., Lippelt, D. P., Colzato, L. S., Kuchar, M., Sjoerds, Z., & Hommel, B. (2018). Exploring the effect of microdosing psychedelics on creativity in an open-label natural setting. Psychopharmacology,235(12), 3401–3413. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5049-710.1007/s00213-018-5049-7)| false
Restall, B., & Conrad, E. (2015). A literature review of connectedness to nature and its potential for environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management, 159, 264–278. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.022
Restall, B., & Conrad, E. (2015). A literature review of connectedness to nature and its potential for environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management,159,264–278. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.02210.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.022)| false
Richardson, M., & Sheffield, D. (2015). Reflective self-attention: A more stable predictor of connection to nature than mindful attention. Ecopsychology, 7(3), 166–175. doi:10.1089/eco.2015.0010
Richardson, M., & Sheffield, D. (2015). Reflective self-attention: A more stable predictor of connection to nature than mindful attention. Ecopsychology,7(3), 166–175. doi:10.1089/eco.2015.001010.1089/eco.2015.0010)| false
Ross, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., Su, Z., Corby, P., & Schmidt, B. L. (2016). Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(12), 1165–1180. doi:10.1177/0269881116675512
Ross, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., Su, Z., Corby, P., & Schmidt, B. L. (2016). Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology,30(12), 1165–1180. doi:10.1177/026988111667551210.1177/0269881116675512)| false
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Rudd, M., Vohs, K. D., & Aaker, J. (2012). Awe expands people's perception of time, alters decision making, and enhances well-being. Psychological Science,23(10), 1130–1136. doi:10.1177/095679761243873110.1177/0956797612438731)| false
Savage, C., Fadiman, J., & Mogar, R. (1966). The effects of psychedelic (LSD) therapy on values, personality, and behavior. International Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 2(3), 241–254.
Savage, C., Fadiman, J., & Mogar, R. (1966). The effects of psychedelic (LSD) therapy on values, personality, and behavior. International Journal of Neuropsychiatry,2(3), 241–254.)| false
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Schmid, Y., & Liechti, M. E. (2018). Long-lasting subjective effects of LSD in normal subjects. Psychopharmacology,235(2), 535–545. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4733-310.1007/s00213-017-4733-3)| false
Sessa, B. (2008). Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity? Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8), 821–827. doi:10.1177/0269881108091597
Sessa, B. (2008). Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity?Journal of Psychopharmacology,22(8), 821–827. doi:10.1177/026988110809159710.1177/0269881108091597)| false
Sessa, B. (2018). The 21st century psychedelic renaissance: Heroic steps forward on the back of an elephant. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 235(2), 551–560. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4713-7
Sessa, B. (2018). The 21st century psychedelic renaissance: Heroic steps forward on the back of an elephant. Psychopharmacology (Berl),235(2), 551–560. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4713-710.1007/s00213-017-4713-7)| false
Smigielski, L., Kometer, M., Scheidegger, M., Krähenmann, R., Huber, T., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2019). Characterization and prediction of acute and sustained response to psychedelic psilocybin in a mindfulness group retreat. Scientific Reports, 9, 1–13. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50612-3
Smigielski, L., Kometer, M., Scheidegger, M., Krähenmann, R., Huber, T., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2019). Characterization and prediction of acute and sustained response to psychedelic psilocybin in a mindfulness group retreat. Scientific Reports,9, 1–13. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50612-310.1038/s41598-019-50612-3)| false
Smigielski, L., Scheiddegger, M., Kometer, M., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2019). Psilocybin-assisted mindfulness training modulates self-consciousness and brain default mode network connectivity with lasting effects. NeuroImage, 196, 207–215. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009
Smigielski, L., Scheiddegger, M., Kometer, M., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2019). Psilocybin-assisted mindfulness training modulates self-consciousness and brain default mode network connectivity with lasting effects. NeuroImage,196,207–215. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.00910.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009)| false
Soler, J., Elices, M., Franquesa, A., Barker, S., Friedlander, P., Feilding, A., Pascual, J. C., & Riba, J. (2016). Exploring the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: Acute intake increases mindfulness-related capacities. Psychopharmacology, 233(5), 823–829. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4162-0
Soler, J., Elices, M., Franquesa, A., Barker, S., Friedlander, P., Feilding, A., Pascual, J. C., & Riba, J. (2016). Exploring the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: Acute intake increases mindfulness-related capacities. Psychopharmacology,233(5), 823–829. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4162-010.1007/s00213-015-4162-0)| false
Studerus, E., Kometer, M., Hasler, F., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2011). Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: A pooled analysis of experimental studies. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(11), 1434–1452. doi:10.1177/0269881110382466
Studerus, E., Kometer, M., Hasler, F., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2011). Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: A pooled analysis of experimental studies. Journal of Psychopharmacology,25(11), 1434–1452. doi:10.1177/026988111038246610.1177/0269881110382466)| false
Sweat, N. W., Bates, L. W., & Hendricks, P. S. (2016). The associations of naturalistic classic psychedelic use, mystical experience, and creative problem solving. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 48(5), 344–350. doi:10.1080/02791072.2016.1234090
Sweat, N. W., Bates, L. W., & Hendricks, P. S. (2016). The associations of naturalistic classic psychedelic use, mystical experience, and creative problem solving. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs,48(5), 344–350. doi:10.1080/02791072.2016.123409010.1080/02791072.2016.1234090)| false
Tam, K.-P. (2013). Concepts and measures related to connection to nature: Similarities and differences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 64–78. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.004
Tam, K.-P. (2013). Concepts and measures related to connection to nature: Similarities and differences. Journal of Environmental Psychology,34,64–78. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.00410.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.004)| false
Uthaug, M. V., Lancelotta, R., van Oorsouw, K., Kuypers, K. P. C., Mason, N., Rak, J., Šuláková, A., Jurok, R., Maryška, M., Kuchař, M., Páleníček, T., Riba, J., & Ramaekers, G. (2019). A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting is related to sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, mindfulness-related capacities, and a decrement of psychopathological symptoms. Psychopharmacology, 236(9), 2653–2666. doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05236-w
Uthaug, M. V., Lancelotta, R., van Oorsouw, K., Kuypers, K. P. C., Mason, N., Rak, J., Šuláková, A., Jurok, R., Maryška, M., Kuchař, M., Páleníček, T., Riba, J., & Ramaekers, G. (2019). A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting is related to sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, mindfulness-related capacities, and a decrement of psychopathological symptoms. Psychopharmacology,236(9), 2653–2666. doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05236-w)| false
Uthaug, M. V., van Oorsouw, K., Kuypers, K. P. C., van Boxtel, M., Broers, N. J., Mason, N. L., Toennes, S. W., Riba, J., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2018). Sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on affect and cognitive thinking style and their association with ego dissolution. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 235(10), 2979–2989. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-4988-3
Uthaug, M. V., van Oorsouw, K., Kuypers, K. P. C., van Boxtel, M., Broers, N. J., Mason, N. L., Toennes, S. W., Riba, J., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2018). Sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on affect and cognitive thinking style and their association with ego dissolution. Psychopharmacology (Berl),235(10), 2979–2989. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-4988-310.1007/s00213-018-4988-3)| false
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Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., & Richardson, M. (2018). Mindfulness and nature. Mindfulness,9(5), 1655–1658. doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0883-610.1007/s12671-018-0883-6)| false
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psychedelics; benefits; nature; psilocybin; LSD; ayahuasca
Can 3,4,-methylenedioxymethamphetamine therapy be used to treat alcohol use disorder?
Author: Ben Sessa
Treating drug dependence with the aid of ibogaine: A qualitative study
Authors: Eduardo Ekman Schenberg, Maria Angélica de Castro Comis, João Felipe Morel Alexandre, Bruno Daniel Rasmussen Chaves, Luís Fernando Tófoli, and Dartiu Xavier da Silveira
The antiaddictive effects of ibogaine: A systematic literature review of human studies
Authors: Rafael G. dos Santos, José Carlos Bouso, and Jaime E. C. Hallak
Detoxification from methadone using low, repeated, and increasing doses of ibogaine: A case report
Authors: Clare Wilkins, Rafael G. dos Santos, Jordi Solá, Marc Aixalá, Pep Cura, Estefanía Moreno, Miguel Ángel Alcázar-Córcoles, Jaime E. C. Hallak, and José Carlos Bouso
Anxiety, panic, and hopelessness during and after ritual ayahuasca intake in a woman with generalized anxiety disorder: A case report
Authors: Rafael G. dos Santos, Flávia L. Osório, José Alexandre S. Crippa, and Jaime E. C. Hallak
Subjective effectiveness of ibogaine treatment for problematic opioid consumption: Short- and long-term outcomes and current psychological functioning
Authors: Alan K. Davis, Joseph P. Barsuglia, Austin-Marley Windham-Herman, Marta Lynch, and Martin Polanco
A phenomenological analysis of the subjective experience elicited by ibogaine in the context of a drug dependence treatment
Authors: Eduardo Ekman Schenberg, Maria Angélica de Castro Comis, João Felipe Morel Alexandre, Luís Fernando Tófoli, Bruno Daniel Rasmussen Chaves, and Dartiu Xavier da Silveira
An ontology of psychedelic entity experiences in evolutionary psychology and neurophenomenology
Author: Michael James Winkelman
Mental health of a self-selected sample of psychedelic users and self-medication practices with psychedelics
Authors: Natasha L. Mason and Kim P. C. Kuypers


Yesterday, I had the pleasure of appearing on The Aiden Feron Show. We spoke about music, politics, getting verified on Instagram, how to market beats and more. It's a great episode so I'll put the links below for you to check out.
The full episode is available on iTunes, Stitcher, Google Play and YouTube.
A big thank you to The Aiden Feron Show for having me on.


text:
Novak Djokovic defeated Diego Schwartzman in the final, 7–5, 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2020 Italian Open. It was his fifth Italian Open title and record 36th Masters 1000 title overall. Djokovic entered his 287th week as world No. 1 (surpassing Pete Sampras in second place) following the tournament.

Rafael Nadal was the two-time defending champion, but lost to Schwartzman in the quarterfinals.

Casper Ruud became the first Norwegian to reach a Masters 1000 semifinal, surpassing his father Christian Ruud, who reached the quarterfinals of Monte Carlo in 1997.

Seeds
The top eight seeds received a bye into the second round.

The players who also received a bye into the second round were as follows, corresponding each semifinalist from the US Open:
  Pablo Carreño Busta

The other seven byes were removed and therefore seven players were added into the main draw.

Draw

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

Qualifying

Seeds

Qualifiers

Lucky loser

Qualifying draw

First qualifier

Second qualifier

Third qualifier

Fourth qualifier

Fifth qualifier

Sixth qualifier

Seventh qualifier

Eighth qualifier

References
 Main draw
 Qualifying draw

Men's Singles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
World Data Atlas Singapore Topics Forecast
Earth Policy Institute
Earth Policy Institute is an independent non-profit environmental organization based in Washington, D.C. in the United States. It was founded by Lester R. Brown in 2001 and functions as an environmental think tank, providing research and analysis on environmental indicators and making policy and lifestyle recommendations aimed at promoting environmental and economic sustainability.
All datasets: P
Population, Health and Society, with Projection till 2100
Source: Earth Policy Institute
Uploaded by: Knoema
Accessed On: 26 June, 2015
Select Dataset
This is part of a supporting dataset for Lester R. Brown, Full Planet, Empty Plates: The New Geopolitics of Food Scarcity (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Category Archives: Theory
Politics, Right watch, Sex, Theory, Violence-Conflict
14/01/2020 Aditya Nigam	2 Comments
Guest Post by JAYA SHARMA
This article that explores the enjoyment of violence, epsecially in the social media world, in the wake of the brutal violence perpetrated by the Yogi Adityanath regime in Uttar Pradesh. It should be read as a sequel to Jaya Sharma's earlier article published in Kafila in June last year.
'Maza aa gaya Yogiji maza…Lathi aisi lagi ki maza aa gaya…'
Maza is a word used often in tweets in response to police attacks on CAA-NRC protestors in UP. Unlike it's staid, sanskritized counterpart anand, maza has a charge, a buzz and could translate into English as 'thrill'. 'Thrilling Yogiji thrilling'… 'The way the lathi struck…thrilling'. I'll return to such tweets to explore the following questions.
Might it be that there is an erotic charge to political violence? Might it be that the erotic charge is not limited to those who perform the violence but also animates the millions who hear, see or read that such violence has been meted out? Well beyond "not caring", might it be that they "get off" on such violence? Can the proactive, enthusiastic support for political violence be understood only in terms of "ordinary folk" being corrupted by evil leaders? Might we also need to see what within the collective psyche could be pushing them towards a terrible kind of enjoyment of such violence? Continue reading The Yogi and the Erotics of Violence: Jaya Sharma →
enjoymenterotics of violencePolice Repressionprotests against CAA/NRC
Left watch, Politics, Theory
To Gain a View of the Elephant – India, History, Modernity, and Marx : Ravi Sinha
22/03/2018 subhash gatade	1 Comment
Guest Post by Ravi Sinha
(Marx Bicentennial lecture – Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, March 16, 2018)
etaddhastidarshana iva jatyandhah
That is like people blind by birth viewing an elephant.
(Shankaracharya's bhasya on Chandogya-Upanisad 18.1)[1]
It was six blind men of Indostan,
To learning much inclined,
Who went to see the Elephant
(Though all of them were blind),
That each by observation
Might satisfy his mind.
John Godfrey Saxe[2]
The ancient Indian parable of blind men and the elephant, popularized in modern times by John Godfrey Saxe's nineteenth century poem, has often been deployed in philosophical discourses about the nature of reality and its relationship to sense perception. It has served as a useful metaphor in many an argument about empiricist epistemology, moral relativism, cultural plurality, even religious tolerance. No such usage is intended here. My purpose in starting out with the parable is mostly methodological – how does one put together a vision of the beast based on necessarily partial observations of it. Continue reading To Gain a View of the Elephant – India, History, Modernity, and Marx : Ravi Sinha →
Achin VanaikAijaz Ahmadcultural nationalismdiachronic methodEdward SaidErnst GellnerHindutvahistorical materialismIrfan HabibMarxismMarxist LeftMax WeberMichael WalzerPerry AndersonRomila ThaparSudipta Kaviraj
Bad ideas, Debates, Politics, religion, Right watch, Theory
Nehru, Ambedkar and Challenge of Majoritarianism
19/01/2018 subhash gatade	3 Comments
( Photo courtesy : The hoot)
(To be published in the special issue of 'Janata')
The spectacle of what is called religion, or at any rate organised religion, in India and elsewhere, has filled me with horror and I have frequently condemned it and wished to make a clean sweep of it. Almost always it seemed to stand for blind belief and reaction, dogma and bigotry, superstition, exploitation and the preservation of vested interests.
– Toward Freedom: The Autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru (1936), pp. 240–241.
If Hindu Raj does become a fact, it will no doubt, be the greatest calamity for this country. No matter what the Hindus say, Hinduism is a menace to liberty, equality and fraternity. On that account it is incompatible with democracy. Hindu Raj must be prevented at any cost.
– Ambedkar, 'Pakistan or Partition of India', p. 358.
India's slow ushering into a majoritarian democracy is a matter of concern for every such individual who still believes in pluralism, democracy, equality and a clear separation of religion and politics. The way people are being hounded for raising dissenting opinions, for eating food of their choice or entering into relationships of their own liking or celebrating festivals according to their own faith is unprecedented. The situation has reached such extremes that one can even be publicly lynched for belonging to one of the minority religions or for engaging in an activity which is considered to be 'suspicious' by the majority community.
No doubt there is no direct harm to the basic structure of the Constitution, its formal structure remains intact, de jure India does remain a democracy as well as a republic, but de facto democracy has slowly metamorphosed into majoritarianism and the sine qua non of a republic—that its citizens are supreme—is being watered down fast. It does not need underlining that this process has received tremendous boost with the ascent of Hindutva supremacist forces at the centrestage of Indian politics. Continue reading Nehru, Ambedkar and Challenge of Majoritarianism →
All India Scheduled Castes FederationAmbedkarBuddhismcasteGandhiHindu Code BillHindu MahasabhaHindu PakistanHindu Rajhindu rashtraHinduismMajoritarianismMarxMarxismNavayanNehruPatelRashtriya Swayamsewak SanghRSSShyama Prasad MookerjeeState SocialismStates and Minorities
Capitalism, Countryside, Debates, Left watch, Theory
'Revolution against Das Kapital' and the 'Lonely Hour of the Economy'
This is a modified version of the article that was published earlier in The Wire
(T)he economic dialectic is never active in the pure state; in History, these instances, the superstructures etc – are never seen to step respectfully aside when their work is done or, when the Time comes, as his pure phenomena, to scatter before His Majesty the Economy as he strides along the royal road of the Dialectic. From the first moment to the last, the lonely hour of the 'last instance' never comes. – Louis Althusser, For Marx, London: Verso 1979, p. 113
The event known to the world as the 'October' revolution in Russia – or simply as the 'Russian revolution' – took place on 7-8 November, a hundred years ago. But then why call it the October revolution? Thereby hangs a tale – the tale of modernity, myth-making and of a new imagination of Time.
The moment of revolution, image courtesy libcom.org
As a matter of fact, the Revolution occurred on 25-26 October, according to the Julian calendar (so called because it had been promulgated by Julius Caesar), which Russia, along with a large part of the Western world, followed at that time. It was only in January 1918 that the Soviet government decreed the shift to the Gregorian calendar. The reason was that Russia should join 'all cultured nations in counting time', as a decree cited by historian Mark Steinberg put it. Accordingly, the first anniversary of the revolution was celebrated on 7 November 1918 throughout the Soviet Union.
What is interesting here is not so much the shift but the reason assigned for it – joining other 'cultured nations' of the world, which in the language of the early twentieth century meant only one thing – the modern West, which had long been setting the norm for everything desirable. Ways of 'counting time' too had to be aligned with Europe, lest one be considered insufficiently modern. Spatially, the Czarist Russian empire straddled both Europe and Asia, which had already, in the new reckoning of Time, been cast as 'advanced' and 'backward' respectively. The desire to become modern and join the 'cultured nations' was to run through the history of the revolution and its consolidation into the new Stalinist state. This desire was to be manifested in its deep distrust of the peasantry and rural life on the one hand, and in the frenetic drive to 'catch up' with Western Europe. As Stalin would say, he wanted to accomplish in a couple of decades what Europe had in a few centuries, compressing time, as it were, into one dizzying experience for entire society. The continuing 'past' had to be annihilated.
Continue reading 'Revolution against Das Kapital' and the 'Lonely Hour of the Economy' →
ALthusserforced collectivizationGramsciKarl MarxLeninOctober RevolutionRussia
Culture, Debates, Identities, Politics, Right watch, Theory
When Charlatans Become Ideologues – The Real 'Prisoners of the Binary'
Present day Hindus are probably the strongest opponents of Marxism. They are horrified at its doctrine of class-struggle. But they forget that India has been not merely the land of class struggle but she has been the land of class wars. – B. R. Ambedkar, Philosophy of Hinduism.
I often find myself in a bind over whether or not to respond to supposed RSS ideologues, given that they simply trade in lies and hatred with the supreme arrogance of ignorance. One such is the upcoming star on the RSS horizon, a gentleman called Rakesh Sinha, who like the rest of his pack (led by the supreme leader) is currently engaged in a cheap attack on the outgoing Vice-President, Hamid Ansari. His piece in the Indian Express today (linked above) is an instance of a combination of all these things. So, why should one bother about such a character? Why take him and his discourse seriously? Well, someone had better respond because, because, for one thing they are in power, and are going to teach generations of students that valorous 'Hindus' like Maharana Pratap won all the wars, though by some magic, 'Muslims' continued to rule for about 8 centuries! For another, there are enough gullible types who really think these people 'have a point of view', which should be debated.
As we have repeatedly seen, their 'having a point of view' has nothing to do with debate. It is to be enforced by gangs of gorakshaks, anti-romeo squads, hoodlums deciding what will or will not be taught in universities and schools, what will be written, how people should dress and love – and when nothing works, 'win' a 'debate' like Arun Jaitley claimed they did, by simply arresting the opponents and slapping sedition charges on them. Given this, I do not really address, in person, the ideologue, Rakesh Sinha, who has now made it a fine art to pick up some phrases from the toolkit of what is understood as 'postmodernism' by many. Wasn't it postmodernism, one can hear them say, that said all viewpoints are equally valid and 'everything goes'? Wasn't it postmodernism that challenged the hegemony of Western thought, its logocentrism, its Rationalism (with a capital R) from within that very tradition? Wasn't it postmodernism again, that by decentering West's logocentrism, actually gave these RSS-type creatures the gumption to claim that their utterly unsubstantiated viewpoint about the past too was as valid as that of historians who struggled with evidence, painstakingly putting together texts, artefacts and procedures of dating in order to produce a plausible account of the past?
Continue reading When Charlatans Become Ideologues – The Real 'Prisoners of the Binary' →
Hamid AnsariHindutvanationalismpostmodernismRakesh SinhaRSS
Debates, Education, Frontiers, Theory
Mathematics, Decolonization and Censorship: C. K. Raju
25/06/2017 Aditya Nigam	13 Comments
Guest post by C.K.RAJU
Did you find math difficult in school? Does your child? If so, what is the solution: change the teacher or change the child? Blaming the teacher or the child for math difficulties is a common but unsound explanation. Thus, problems with teachers or students should equally affect all subjects, not only math.The right solution is to change math. That seems impossible. People naively believe that math is universal. In fact, the math taught today, from middle school onward, is called formal math; it began only in the 20th c. with David Hilbert and Bertrand Russell. It differs from the normal math which people earlier did for thousands of years, across the world, and still do in kindergarten.Formal math adds enormously to the difficulty of math but nothing to its practical value. The practical value of math comes from efficient techniques of calculation, used in normal math, not prolix formal proofs. For example, the proof of 1+1=2 took Whitehead and Russell 368 pages of dense symbolism in their Principia. That proof is a liability in a grocer's shop. In contrast, normal math is easy. One apple and one apple make two apples as most people learn in kindergarten. So should we switch back to normal math at all levels?
Continue reading Mathematics, Decolonization and Censorship: C. K. Raju →
CK Rajudecolonizing knowledgeEuclidformal mathematics
Bad ideas, Capitalism, Debates, Government, Law, Politics, Theory
The Elephant in the Room – Silence on Class Issues in Indian Politics : Sanjay Kumar
Guest Post by SANJAY KUMAR
Ramesh has been working as a daily wager in a Government of India office in Delhi for ten years. He is one of the army of peons, office assistants, security guards, gardeners, and cleaning staff which government offices, city municipalities, hospitals, schools and colleges of the metropolis employ regularly. He is a graduate, but gets the wage of an unskilled worker. He is among the fortunate ones who at least get government mandated minimum wage. Most private employers in the city violate the minimum wage act; either they pay less than the mandated amount, or make daily wagers work more than eight hours without any overtime.
Ramesh was pleasantly surprised this April when he noted a more than 30% increase in his wages. His daily wage that stood at Rs 360/ earlier was now Rs 513/. This was due to a Government of Delhi notification issued on 3rd March, 2017. The news was covered in the inner pages of some newspapers. Most TV news channels ignored it. Hence, it is not surprising that employees like Ramesh who are not associated with any organsiation of workers were not aware of this increase. Continue reading The Elephant in the Room – Silence on Class Issues in Indian Politics : Sanjay Kumar →
Aam Aadmi PartyAAPArvind KejriwalclassDemocratic PartyMarxminimum wagepopulism


text:
Ново Село () је насеље у Северној Македонији, у северном делу државе. Ново Село припада општини Куманово.

Ново Село има велики значај за српску заједницу у Северној Македонији, пошто Срби чине већину у насељу.

Географија
Ново Село је смештено у северном делу Северне Македоније. Од најближег града, Куманова, село је удаљено 15 km јужно.

Ново Село се налази у историјској области Жеглигово, у равничарском крају, на приближно 260 метара надморске висине. Село је смештено у долини реке Пчиње. Западно од села издиже се побрђе Которци, а источно се издиже Градиштанска планина.

Месна клима је континентална са утицајем Егејског мора (жарка лета).

Становништво
Ново Село је према последњем попису из 2002. године имало 274 становника, што је пад за 13,2% у односу на попис из 1994. године (316 ст.).

Већинско становништво у насељу су Срби, а мањина су етнички Македонци. Почетком 20. века сеоско становништво су били Торбеши, који су се иселили у Турску. На њихово место су насељени Срби.

Савремени етнички састав:

Претежна вероисповест месног становништва је православље.

Види још
 Срби у Македонији
 Општина Куманово

Референце

Извори
 Попис у Македонији 2002. - Књига 10.

Спољашње везе
 www.kumanovo.gov.mk Званична страница општине Куманово

Општина Куманово
Насеља са српском мањином у Северној Македонији
Насељена места у Северној Македонији
Википројект географија/Насеља у Македонији


text:
Бенджамин Николас «Ник» Монро (; родился 12 апреля 1982 года в Оклахома-Сити, США) — американский теннисист; победитель четырёх турниров ATP в парном разряде; призёр теннисного турнира Панамериканских игр (2011) в парном разряде.

Общая информация
Николас в теннисе с пяти лет; любимое покрытие — хард.

В начале 2000-х годов Монро учился в университете Северной Каролины и успешно играл за него в теннисном турнире NCAA, где успел неплохо себя проявить, завоевав ряд второстепенных трофеев и наград.

Спортивная карьера

Больших успехов добился в парном разряде. В одиночном разряде за карьеру смог выиграть 11 турниров серии «фьючерс» и только поучаствовать в квалификационных отборах на турнирах серии Большого шлема. Высшая позиция, которую он занимал в одиночном рейтинге 253-е место. В парном разряде в 2013 году, выступая совместно с немецким теннисистом Симоном Штадлером трижды дошёл до финала турниров ATP. На турнирах в Буэнос-Айресе и Умаге им не удалось завоевать титул. Первый успех пришёл к ним на турнире Бостаде, где они завоевали дебютный титул на турнирах ATP.

Рейтинг на конец года

Выступления на турнирах

Финалы челленджеров и фьючерсов в одиночном разряде (17)

Победы (11)

* количество побед в одиночном разряде + количество побед в парном разряде.

Поражения (6)

Финалы турниров ATP в парном разряде (13)

Победы (4)

* количество побед в одиночном разряде + количество побед в парном разряде.

Поражения (9)

Финалы челленджеров и фьючерсов в парном разряде (59)

Победы (26)

Поражения (33)

Примечания

Ссылки

Теннисисты США


text:
Q: ASP.NET MVC 5 and Web forms combined I'm using a combined ASP.NET application.
The first website was made with webforms and the added functionality (secondary) website is made with MVC 5.
I have one page that I need in both websites and this was made in Webforms (.aspx). I want to use the same functionality in the MVC website.
I made the following:
Controller:
    public ActionResult Test()
    {
        return View();
    }

View:

@ViewBag.Title

The webforms page uses a MasterPage.
If I am in the MVC website I will use a blank MasterPage.
This is working well but I don't know if this is the best solution. The webforms page is loading a bit slower than the original page.

A: You are not need to use iframes in this situation. Just you can copy your design in view, logic in controller.. Then you can get your solution.. I will prefer you Razor view.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Jain made many small vases in a variety of patterns. The marigold 7-inch Panji Peacock on the left and the 5-inch Diamond Hearts are typical. Prices, when they sell, vary dramatically, especially on eBay. These both sold on eBay in 2005; the Panji Peacock for $51, the Diamond Hearts for $10 (with only one bid). Bear in mind that until about the year 2000, Jain items were considered rather exotic. Then the market was flooded with them and priced dropped dramatically.


text:
44 aphorisms · 23 comments
Aphorisms in This Category
1–20 (44) > >> · Submit an Aphorism · Post a Comment
Comment# · ★★☆☆ Fair (397 ratings) · submitted 1997
There are some experiences in life which should not be demanded twice from any man, and one of them is listening to the Brahms Requiem.
George Bernard Shaw, in Art and Literature
Comment# · ★★☆☆ Fair (1198 ratings) · submitted 1997
Imagination, not invention, is the supreme master of art as of life.
Joseph Conrad, in Art and Literature
It is not necessary for the public to know whether I am joking or whether I am serious, just as it is not necessary for me to know it myself.
Salvador Dalí, in Art and Literature
Picasso is a communist. Neither am I.
Art is anything you can get away with.
Terence Trent D'Arby, in Art and Literature
Learning music by reading about it is like making love by mail.
Luciano Pavarotti, in Art and Literature and Wisdom and Ignorance
Art is the lie that makes us realize the truth.
Pablo Picasso, in Art and Literature
Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist after one grows up.
I don't know anything about music. In my line you don't have to.
Elvis Presley, in Art and Literature
I choose a block of marble and chop off everything I don't need.
François-Auguste Rodin, (on how he created his statues), in Art and Literature
Comment# · ★★☆☆ Fair (1047 ratings) · submitted 1999 by Erwin van Moll
Mir Bahadur Ali is, as we have seen, incapable of evading the most vulgar of art's temptations: that of being a genius.
Jorge Luis Borges, "The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim", in Art and Literature
There is no intellectual exercise which is not ultimately useless.
Jorge Luis Borges, "Pierre Menard, Author of Don Quixote", in Art and Literature and Wisdom and Ignorance
Everywhere I go, I'm asked if I think the university stifles writers. My opinion is that they don't stifle enough of them.
Flannery O'Connor, in Art and Literature
There's many a bestseller that could have been prevented by a good teacher.
Always read stuff that will make you look good if you die in the middle of it.
P. J. O'Rourke, in Art and Literature
I didn't like the play. But I saw it under unfavorable circumstances -- the curtains were up.
Groucho Marx, in Art and Literature
A book is a mirror; if an ass peers into it, you can't expect an apostle to look out.
G. C. Lichtenberg, in Art and Literature and Wisdom and Ignorance
If poetry comes not as naturally as the leaves to a tree, it better not come at all.
John Keats, in Art and Literature
No sane man will dance.
Cicero, in Art and Literature
The difference between fiction and reality is that fiction has to make sense.
Tom Clancy, in Art and Literature


text:
"It just requires a certain amount of common sense"
Buffett and Munger say there are "enormous differences in the economic characteristics of our businesses," so there are different compensation plans for CEOs of Berkshire's subsidiaries.
"I would make Paul Volcker look like a sissy"
"I would not run from the United States"
Munger: McDonald's is a better educator than universities
"Talent can't be inflated away"
"We won't trade reputation for money"
Buffett defends Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs "helped build Berkshire Hathaway"
Why NetJets has cost Berkshire hundreds of millions of dollars
Buffett: No standard system for CEO compensation
Greek debt crisis: "I don't know how this movie ends"
Work "like you would if you were an owner of the place"
In investing, you can't be scared when others are scared