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Note: The "SR" in the headings throughout this document is intended to distinguish these sections from those in Health Canada's Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims.
Food health claims are statements in labelling or advertising that link the consumption of a food to health. In Canada, false, misleading or deceptive product representations are prohibited. The following document is a guide to help the food industry prepare an application for a new health claim. It explains how to use an existing systematic review of the scientific literature to demonstrate that a proposed health claim is valid.
to provide specific guidance for preparing the appropriate documentation in order to substantiate a health claim based on an existing systematic review. Health Canada developed this guidance to make the preparation of a health claim submission more efficient while maintaining the standards that ensure the claim is scientifically valid.
In order to be accepted as the scientific basis for a new health claim, an existing systematic review must have been prepared according to the guidelines of a regulatory or scientific organization with standards of evidence that are similar to those of Health Canada. Furthermore, the review should be current and directly address the food/health relationship in the proposed claim. In addition to the systematic review, petitioners are required to submit information about the food that will carry the claim, the proposed health effect, how the food/health relationship relates to the general population (i.e., generalizability), and the feasibility of consuming an effective intake of the food in the context of the Canadian diet.
This document provides guidance on how to meet these requirements is provided in this document and should be used in conjunction with the Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims.
Health Canada's standards for the scientific substantiation of health claims are described in the Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims. In response to industry's concerns regarding the resources required to meet health claim substantiation standards, Health Canada developed guidance for a health claim submission process that allows petitioners to use certain existing systematic reviews as the basis for health claim substantiation.
to provide specific guidance for preparing the appropriate documentation to substantiate a health claim when an existing systematic review is used. The term "systematic review" is used throughout this document to refer to a review of scientific literature that uses explicit, systematic methods intended to minimize bias. This document will frequently refer to, and is intended to be used in conjunction with, the Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims.
A health claim is any representation in labelling or advertising that states, suggests or implies that a relationship exists between the consumption of a foodFootnote 1 and health. All health claims are subject to subsection 5.(1) of the Food and Drugs Act, which prohibits false, misleading or deceptive product representations.
Generally, disease risk reduction claims are statements that link a food to a reduced risk of developing a diet-related disease or condition in the context of the total diet. For example, "[Naming the food] may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease". Therapeutic claims refer to the treatment or mitigation of a disease or health-related condition, or about restoring, correcting or modifying body functions. For example, "[Naming the food] lowers blood cholesterol".
Health claims about the specific beneficial effects that the consumption of a food or food constituent has on normal functions or biological activities of the body are referred to as function claims. Such claims relate to a positive contribution to health or performance. For example, "[naming the food] promotes regularity or laxation".
Statements or claims to the effect that a food's energy value or a nutrientFootnote 2 contained in the food is generally recognized as an aid in maintaining the functions of the body necessary to the maintenance of good health and normal growth and development are a subset of function claims referred to as nutrient function claims.
Detailed information on the substantiation of health claims can be found in the Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims, which is applicable to all food health claims, with the exception for claims about a nutrient. SubmissionsFootnote 3 for health claims made on food sold in Canada can be made to the Food Directorate of Health Canada to ensure that claims are adequately substantiated and are compliant with applicable sections of the Food and Drugs Acts and its associated regulations. Consultation with the Food Directorate is encouraged before preparing a health claim submission. Contact information for the Food Directorate can be found in Section 1.3(SR) below.
An abbreviated process exists for assessing the acceptability of new function claims for nutrients that meet specified criteria. For information on documenting the supporting evidence for new health claims about a nutrient, please refer to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency website.
The submission should include all components outlined in the checklist in Section 4.0(SR).
Pagination must be sequential for the entire submission.
Paper copies must be bound or organized in a binder.
The applicant's identification (e.g., company name) should be included on all pages of the submission.
Submissions must be in English or French. Relevant submission material in other languages must be translated into English or French.
Applicants are responsible for clearly indicating parts of the application that contain proprietary or confidential data (e.g., results from an unpublished clinical trial, details on manufacturing, etc.).
Applicants are responsible for the accuracy of all cited references, published or unpublished. An established style for citing references must be used.
The submission must be signed by the petitioner or by his/her attorney or agent, or, if a corporation, by an authorized official.
All submissions will be screened for completeness and the petitioner will be informed of deficiencies.
Two hard copies of the submission must be forwarded by mail to the address below.
An electronic submission may be forwarded to the following e-mail address in addition to, but not in place of, hard copies: smiu-ugdi@hc-sc.gc.ca.
Contacting Health Canada with questions or for a pre-submission consultation is optional, however these steps may reduce the time it takes to review a submission by minimizing the number of deficiencies in the submission. Pre-submission consultations allow petitioners to seek clarification on regulatory requirements and on specific information that should be included in the submission. Health Canada may also be able to identify specific issues that should be addressed in the submission.
The following email address may also be used: healthclaims-allegationssante@hc-sc.gc.ca.
Within 15 days of receipt of the submission, Health Canada will notify the petitioner by letter that the submission has been received.
Health Canada may re-evaluate an approved health claim in response to a petitioner, or on its own initiative, due to new scientific evidence that brings into question the certainty of the claim or the conditions for its use.
An overview of Health Canada's requirements for full health claim submissions, described in Health Canada's Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims, is provided in Table 1(SR), below. The most resource intensive component is the evaluation of claim validity (Section 5.0); as such the main intent of this guidance is to help to make the preparation of a health claim submission more efficient while maintaining the standards that ensure the claim is scientifically valid.
Describes the regulatory status of the health claim in other jurisdictions.
If you are preparing a health claim submission using an existing systematic review, you will need to follow the steps described in Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.0, and 4.0 of the Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims. You will then need to follow the steps described in Section 3.0(SR) of the present document to fulfill the requirements for evaluating claim validity using an existing systematic review, rather than those described in Section 5.0 of the full Guidance Document. The figure in Appendix A illustrates where the requirements for the systematic review-based submission process diverge from those of the full process.
Objective: To ensure that health claim submissions that use an existing systematic review are based on an appropriate source of scientific evidence to support claim validity and to provide general information about the source report, including the relevant review question and corresponding conclusion.
In Canada, scientific substantiation of a health claim is guided by standards of evidence (see Appendix B). Based on a comparison between Health Canada's standards and those of other scientific or regulatory organizations who provide guidance for conducting a systematic review, Health Canada made the decision to accept certain existing reviews as evidence of claim validity in a health claim submissionFootnote 4. The accepted regulatory or scientific organizations that developed the guidance as well as the guidance documents used to prepare reviews are included in Table 2(SR).
The standards of evidence described in the relevant guidance documents are generally consistent with those of Health Canada; however, Health Canada will nonetheless conduct a detailed evaluation of the evidence included in the report to ensure that the health claim is substantiated.
If the review was an eligible review type prepared according to the guidance of a scientific or regulatory organization involved in the evaluation of health claims (i.e., FSANZ, EFSA), a hard copy of the full health claim application must be included as an appendix to the submission.
If the review was an eligible review type prepared according to the guidance of a scientific organization, include a hard copy of the full publication as an appendix to the submission.
Objective: To describe the original literature search and selection criteria used to identify relevant evidence and to determine whether an update to the literature search is required.
Systematic reviews used as the basis for health claim substantiation must be up to date in order to ensure that all relevant evidence pertaining to the food/health relationship is considered. In an area where the evidence is evolving rapidly, it is possible that a systematic review may require updating even at the time of publication. Recommendations from an AHRQ technical review on updating systematic reviews suggest that publishers of systematic reviews should consider a policy of requiring authors to update searches performed more than 12 months prior to submission (AHRQ, 2007b). In order to ensure that the evidence for health claim substantiation is as current as possible, Health Canada requires petitioners to update a literature search performed more than 12 months prior to submission of the application.
Complete Table 4(SR): Information about the literature search from the original review, identifying the date of search (i.e., the date the databases were last searched for studies for the review), the electronic databases searched, the search strategy(ies) employed, the selection criteria (inclusion/exclusion criteria) and whether an update to the literature search is required.
* If multiple strategies were used (e.g., for different electronic databases) please include each strategy indicating the relevant database.
Objective: To search the literature for new studies published since the original review and to maintain a record of the literature search results.
If the "no" box in Table 4(SR) is checked, please skip to Section 3.2.2(SR) Generalizability of the Data to the Target Population.
If the 'yes' box in Table 4(SR) is checked, it is recommended to seek the assistance of a qualified reference librarian/information scientist to re-execute the original literature search. Use the original search strategy(ies) described in Table 4(SR) to re-execute the search in each electronic database. Note, it will be necessary to use search limits to specify the date range for the search. If such limits were used in the original search, they can be modified for this search.
Include a copy of the literature search results in an appendix to the submission, either by printing it directly from the databases or by saving it and submitting to Health Canada electronically.
Objective: To apply the selection criteria used in the original review to the literature search results so that non-relevant/non-useful references are excluded.
Apply the selection (inclusion/exclusion) criteria to the titles of references identified during the literature search update. Note, it is best to err on the side of over-inclusion at the title-filtering stage to minimize the likelihood of excluding relevant/useful literature early on.
Apply the selection criteria to the abstracts of references that were not excluded during the title-filtering.
Retrieve full-text versions of references that were not excluded during the abstract filtering. Apply the selection criteria to the full text version of references.
Count the number of references excluded at each stage and complete Table 6(SR): Number of references excluded at each stage of the literature selection process.
If, after the selection criteria are applied, there are several new relevant studies, the systematic review may be too outdated to serve as the sole basis for claim validity. It may be appropriate to abandon the systematic review-based submission process in favour of the full process. The Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims provides step-by-step guidance on the tabulation, appraisal and interpretation of data from a group of studies.
Objective: To list the included studies and the excluded studies from the literature search update, along with reasons for their exclusion in a transparent manner.
Produce a reference list of studies that met the selection criteria at the full-text filtering stage and include it in Table 7(SR): List of references that meet the selection criteria.
Produce a reference list of all studies that were identified in the literature search update but that did not meet the selection criteria at the full-text filtering stage. Include the reference and the reason(s) for exclusion in Table 8(SR): List of references excluded and reason(s) for exclusion.
Ensure you have the full-text copy of all publications that meet the selection criteria. Copies of the full-text references should be included with the submission in an appendix. If studies in languages other than English or French were included, then translations of the studies in either English or French must be provided.
* Reason(s) for exclusion may include: report type, health effect, population health status, etc. Only one reason per reference is required.
Objective: To determine whether the new evidence identified by the updated search is consistent with the evidence reviewed as a part of the original report.
Complete Table 9(SR): Consistency between the new evidence and the systematic review.
For each new study identified, discuss how the new data impact the conclusions of the original systematic review (e.g., do the studies increase or decrease the certainty of the pre-existing results? Are the amounts of food and the observed effect sizes consistent with those in the studies originally included? Does the totality of the evidence support the claim?).
If the findings of the new studies do not support the conclusions of the original review, petitioners must explain why the health claim is still justified based on the totality of the evidence, including both the new data and the data in the original review.
Objective: To demonstrate that the food/health relationship is relevant to the target population identified in Table 2: Details pertaining to the proposed health claim (Section 2.2 of the Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims).
Using all of the studies that support a favourable direction of effect, discuss the health status of the sample populations studied and whether the baseline health status of sample populations was a factor in the effect of the food (e.g., suppose a systematic review examined the effect of whole grains on coronary heart disease among participants previously diagnosed with CHD or with existing risk factors for CHD, is the evidence still generalizable to the Canadian population?).
Objective: To understand the impact of exposure to the food on human health.
Based on the studies included in the review and those identified during the literature search update, discuss whether the effects (range of effects and/or a specific effect) observed with food exposure (range of exposures and/or a specific exposure) are physiologically meaningful/relevant to human health. Provide reasons to support your response. Include a discussion on the sustainability of the beneficial effect.
Objective: To demonstrate that the amount of food required for a meaningful beneficial effect can be feasibly consumed as part of a healthy, balanced diet by the target population in Canada.
Provide information on the feasibility of incorporating the effective amount of food into a healthy diet. Include information on the current intakes of the food (from Table 4 - Information requirements for the characterization of the food) in the target population (from Table 2 - Details pertaining to the proposed health claim).
Provide information on the expected* intakes of the food from all sources, if added to one or more foods, in the target population using Canadian intake data where possible.
Estimate changes* in usual dietary patterns (i.e., substitution or elimination of existing foods) with potential approval of the food for a health claim.
Identify the subgroups of the population expected to have the greatest exposure to the food and subgroups at risk from exposure to the food.
*Clearly communicate the assumptions (and the evidence on which they were based) and statistical simulations used for these estimations.
Objective: To justify the health claim based on the totality of the evidence.
Make concluding remarks on the food/health relationship and its relevance to public health.
Finalize claim wording, making sure that the subject of the claim and the health effect are those for which there is scientific evidence.
Comment on any adverse effects (i.e., adverse direction of effect) observed in the evaluated human studies, and subgroups at risk from excessive intakes of the food.
Propose risk management strategies (if necessary) to address adverse effects and/or restrictions on use of the food (e.g., indicate wording of recommended warning statements).
Objective: To ensure that all requested information is included in the submission. Health Canada will use this checklist when evaluating submissions for completeness. If deficiencies exist, petitioners may be asked to address them before the full evaluation can proceed.
Please complete and submit the checklist in Table 10(SR). Please ensure that all applicable required elements are addressed before submitting to Health Canada.
CFIA (Canadian Food Inspection Agency). (2009). Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising. Accessed on September 15, 2010.
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2007). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies (NDA) on a request from the Commission related to scientific and technical guidance for the preparation and presentation of the application for authorisation of a health claim. Accessed on January 7, 2011.
Health Canada. (1985). Food and Drugs Act. Accessed on February 14, 2011.
FSANZ (Food Standards Australia New Zealand). (2008). Proposed Amendments to "Applications Handbook". Accessed on January 6, 2011.
Health Canada. (2009). Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims. Accessed on January 6, 2011.
Higgins J, Green S (2009). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Accessed on September 15, 2010.
AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality). (2007a). Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Accessed on September 15, 2010.
AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality). (2007b). Updating Systematic Reviews (Technical Review no. 16, AHRQ Publication no. 07-0087). Accessed on October 4, 2010.
WCRF and AICR (World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute for Cancer Research). (2006). Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective: 2nd Expert Report: Systematic Literature Review Specification Manual Version 1.5 Accessed on January 7, 2011.
Long description: This figure summarizes the two options industry petitioners have to develop a health claim submission for Health Canada.
Step 1: Review the Food Directorate guidelines for preparing health claim submissions. The first set of guidelines are described in Health Canada's Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims (henceforth referred to in this figure as "Full Submission GD"). The second set of guidelines are described in this document, Health Canada's Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims Using an Existing Systemic Review (henceforth referred to in this figure as "Systematic Review-Based Submission GD).
Step 2: Identify the food/health relationship of interest.
Step 3: Complete the requirements described in Sections 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 of the full Submission GD.
Step 4: Referring to the list of eligible reports (Table 1(SR)) in the Systematic Review-Based Submission GD, determine whether an eligible systematic review of the scientific evidence exists to substantiate the proposed new food health claim. After this point the process diverges. If an eligible systematic review exists, the Systematic Review-Based GD may be used. If one does not exist, the Full Submission GD should be consulted.
Step 5a: If a systematic review of the scientific evidence does not exist to substantiate the proposed new food health claim, petitioners should conduct their own systematic review of the scientific literature by following steps 1-13 in section 5 of the Full Submission GD. These steps include the following activities: develop a search strategy; execute the search; develop the selection criteria; filter the literature search results; generate reference lists; tabulate the included studies; evaluate the study quality; tabulate the study findings per health outcome; assess the evidence for causality; discuss the generalizability of the findings; discuss the meaningfulness of the effect; discuss the feasibility of consuming an effective amount of the food; and make overall conclusions.
Step 5b: If an existing systematic review of the scientific evidence is used to substantiate the proposed new food health claim, petitioners should follow the requirements outlined in sections 2.1(SR) and 2.2(SR) of the Systematic Review-Based GD. Requirements in these sections include the following activities: identify the eligible systematic review of the scientific evidence to support the health claim; update the scientific evidence (if the systematic review literature search was performed more than 12 months prior to submission); discuss the generalizability of the findings; discuss physiological meaningfulness of the effect of the food; discuss the feasibility of consuming an effective amount of the food; and make overall conclusions. The "update the scientific evidence" activity includes the following sub-activities: provide information about the original search; update the search; filter the search results; generate reference lists; and evaluate the consistency of the new evidence.
Step 6a: If petitioners have used the Full Submission GD to prepare their submission, they should complete the checklist provided in Table 16 of the Full Submission GD.
Step 6b: If petitioners use the Systematic Review-Based GD, they should complete the checklist provided in Table 10(SR) of the Systematic Review-Based GD.
Step 7: Regardless of which guidance document was used to prepare the submission, the final step in the process of developing a health claim application is to submit the petition to Health Canada for evaluation.
A methodical, consistent approach is applied to substantiate a health claim.
Search strategies, literature selection and evaluation, as guided by the document, are fully disclosed, to increase the credibility of the submission and to permit reproducibility.
All original research in humans, pertaining to the health claim, is captured, including evidence in favour and not in favour of the health claim.
The focus is on original research in humans that measures the food and health effect of interest.
The health claim is supported by a high level of certainty. This means that the majority of high quality human studies support a statistically significant favourable effect. Consideration will be given to statistical significance achieved at p≤0.05.
Demonstration of causality will consider the quality and quantity of original research in humans that support a beneficial effect of the food ( i.e., direction of effect); the strength of the association between the food and health effect ( i.e., statistical significance of the favourable effect) and the relationship between the amount of the food and the health effect ( i.e., dose-response).
The claimed effect of the food is biologically/physiologically relevant and expected to benefit the health of the target population.
The amount of food to be consumed to achieve a beneficial effect can be incorporated into a healthy, balanced diet by the target population.
The health claim wording communicates the health outcome that is substantiated in the submission, i.e., it is specific to the substantiated health outcome. If, for example, the submission supports a reduced risk of infectious diarrhea, this does not mean that the product "supports healthy immune function". The correct claim wording would more directly make a statement to the effect that the product "reduces risk of infectious diarrhea".
One food/health relationship is to be addressed per submission. Multiple formulations/matrices of a food can be proposed by the petitioner, provided the scientific evidence is valid for all proposed formulations/matrices, but only a single health effect can be the object of a submission. However, more than one biomarker of a single health effect may be used - e.g., using total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol as biomarkers of one health effect - heart disease.
The term "food" refers to a food category, a food (whole or processed) or a food constituent, added or inherent.
The term "nutrient" is not defined in the Food and Drug Regulations for the purposes of food labelling and advertising. Health Canada considers a substance to be a nutrient if it is recognized as such by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Washington, DC.
The term "submission" usually refers to a stand-alone dossier containing all of the information required to substantiate a health claim.
Health Canada may be willing to consider reviews other than those listed in Table 2(SR) if the standards of evidence are consistent with those of Health Canada.
It is not necessary to complete the requirements described in this diagram in order; it might be easier to leave certain steps until others have been completed first.
These principles are also described in Section 1.4 of the Guidance Document for Preparing a Submission for Food Health Claims.


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Neighbours urged to 'lock doors and windows' as police hunt for Derbyshire killer continues today
Shoplifter must pay out nearly £800 after five thefts and for damaging doors
A repeat offender who stole alcoholic drinks and food during five shoplifting raids at two stores has been ordered to pay £788.33.
Friday, 6th October 2017, 2:04 pm
Updated Tuesday, 12th December 2017, 11:23 am
Chesterfield magistrates' court.
Chesterfield magistrates' court heard on Tuesday, October 3, how Jack Mottram, 18, of Wellington Street, at New Whittington, Chesterfield, admitted committing the five thefts as well as a causing criminal damage after he smashed patio doors at a social housing property.
Prosecuting solicitor Becky Allsop said: "On July 11 at a Londis store Mottram was seen stealing a bottle of vodka as he put it to his side and walked out with it."
She added that on August 16 at the same Londis store on High Street, at New Whittington, he stole two sandwiches and a four-pack of lager and he also stole a bottle of vodka from the Tesco Extra store, at Lockoford Lane, Chesterfield, on August 25.
The defendant was also recognised as having been in the Londis store at New Whittington, on August 24 and 25, when he stole wine and groceries, according to Mrs Allsop.
Mottram, formerly of Newbridge Lane, Brimington, Chesterfield, told police he had consumed the goods from the first two Londis raids and he accepted stealing vodka from Tesco but he could not recall the other two Londis store thefts.
However, he pleaded guilty to the five thefts and also pleaded guilty to causing damage to an Action Housing property on May Avenue, at Chesterfield, on August 19, after he smashed patio doors.
Defence solicitor Serena Simpson said Mottram passes on apologies for his actions.
Magistrates sentenced Mottram to an 18 month community order with a Rehabilitation Activity Requirement and an Alcohol Treatment Requirement.
He was also fined £40 and ordered to pay £408.33 in compensation, £255 costs and an £85 victim surcharge.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
U.S. border patrol agents questioning immigration laws
by SOFREP Feb 7, 2016
In a shocking reversal of policy, U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents are being told to release illegal immigrants and no longer order them to appear at deportation hearings, essentially a license to stay in the United States, a key agent testified Thursday.
What's more, the stand down order includes a requirement that the whereabouts of illegals released are not to be tracked.
"We might as well abolish our immigration laws altogether, "suggested president of the National Border Patrol Council.
Testifying on the two-year border surge of immigrant youths, Judd said the policy shift was prompted by Obama administration "embarrassment" that just over half of illegals ordered to appear in court actually do.
"The willful failure to show up for court appearances by persons that were arrested and released by the Border Patrol has become an extreme embarrassment for the Department of Homeland Security. It has been so embarrassing that DHS and the U.S. attorney's office has come up with a new policy," he testified before the immigration subcommittee of the House Judiciary Committee.
The biggest change: Undocumented immigrants are no longer given a "notice to appear" order, because they simply ignore them. Judd said that border agents jokingly refer to the NTAs as "notices to disappear."
The Department of Homeland Security, however, said that the government continues to be strict on the border.
"The U.S. Border Patrol continues to enforce immigration laws consistent with the department's enforcement priorities, which are focused on border security, national security, and public safety. As secretary Johnson has said many times, our border is not open to illegal migration and those who do so will be sent back," said spokesman Michael Friel.
He added, "The Border Patrol's resources are most effectively focused on the border – prioritizing the apprehension and removal of individuals attempting to unlawfully enter the United States. Our removal numbers reflect that. Border Patrol agents are issuing Notices to Appear, consistent with law, regulation, and the department's enforcement priorities."
Judd said the new policy "makes mandatory the release, without an NTA, of any person arrested by the Border Patrol for being in the country illegally, as long as they do not have a previous felony arrest conviction and as long as they claim to have been continuously in the United States since January of 2014. The operative word in this policy is 'claim.' The policy does not require the person to prove they have been here which is the same burden placed on them during deportation proceedings. Instead, it simply requires them to claim to have been here since January of 2014."
But even then, he added, the agency has been told not to track the illegals.
Read more at Washington Examiner
Border Patrol: U.S.-Mexico border wall could be supplemented with technology
More Illegal Immigrants are from China, not Mexico
Illegal U.S. border crossing apprehensions on the decline?
Border Patrol Encouraged to Cower, ACLU: Pushes 'Hugs Not Slugs' Agenda From Safe-Zone
WALL: Trump border wall prototypes rolled out in San Diego
U.S. soldiers arrested in alleged illegal immigration smuggling ring


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Tesla police car nearly runs out of power during chase in California
A San Francisco-area police department says it still has full faith in a pilot program to use a Tesla electric patrol car, even though the vehicle reportedly ran low on power last week during a pursuit.
The East Bay Times newspaper reported that a Fremont police officer in the Tesla Model S, which the department bought in March, became involved in a police pursuit Friday but radioed dispatch to say that the electric vehicle warned that it had only 6 miles of battery life left and that he may not be able to continue in the chase.
Fremont police spokesperson Geneva Bosques told NBC Bay Area that the Tesla was not fully charged at the beginning of the officer's shift at 2 p.m. and that the pursuit didn't begin until around 11 p.m.
https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/26/tesla-police-car-nearly-runs-out-of-power-during-chase-in-california.html
Posted by HAB911 | Thu Sep 26, 2019, 07:40 AM (2 replies)
Ron DeSantis: feds, not Florida, have role to play in Bahamian crisis
TALLAHASSEE — As the humanitarian crisis deepens in the Bahamas, the head of neighboring Florida, Gov. Ron DeSantis, is taking a hands-off approach, telling reporters Monday that it is not the state's responsibility to assist in the recovery efforts.
"This is a relationship with a foreign country. The federal government is doing it,'' DeSantis said after an appearance at Florida State University. He said that after an aerial tour of the Bahamas on Friday, he concluded the U.S. Coast Guard is "doing a great job"
"The idea that it should be the state's responsibility, if you think that then you have no idea how our system of government works," he added. "I've been in contact with them. The idea that I would overstep the (U.S.) State Department is just absurd."
DeSantis has urged people to donate to those affected by Hurricane Dorian through the Volunteer Florida web site, and encouraged Floridians not to cancel their vacations to the Bahamian islands less affected by the storm. But his approach is a sharp contrast to how his two predecessors responded to natural disasters in the Caribbean in recent years.
https://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2019/09/09/ron-desantis-says-feds-not-florida-have-role-to-play-in-bahamian-crisis/
Posted by HAB911 | Tue Sep 10, 2019, 07:13 AM (6 replies)


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Korean game companies diversify to move past former glories
From a stock trading platform to water purifier services, South Korean game companies are diversifying their business portfolios, joining the economy-wide trend of finding auxiliary business models as their growth faces limits.
Though Korea's No.1 game company Nexon posted the best quarterly revenue of 434.4 billion won ($353 million) -- a 78 percent surge on-year -- thanks to the steady sales of MapleStory and Fifa Online 4, the fast-changing nature of the games industry means that "steady" can be seen as synonymous with "stagnant."
Nexon has been playing safe lately, printing out mobile versions of already successful PC games.
In May, the game company launched KartRider Rush+, a mobile version of racing game KartRider made in 2004. It will also launch Fifa Online 4 M in June, a mobile version of Fifa Online 4 introduced 2018. Earlier, Nexon had created MapleStory M in 2016, a mobile version of MapleStory that came out in 2003.
Nexon's heavy reliance on successful old-school games seemed to have taken a toll, with its revenue plunging 42 percent to 366.1 billion won in China. Among other things, it was due to the COVID-19 outbreak preventing users from visiting internet gaming cafes and playing Dungeon & Fighter, Nexon's most popular game in China launched in 2005 in Korea.
To reduce its dependence on more than decade-old games, NXC -- the holding company of Nexon -- has recently established a subsidiary called Arques. It aims to develop a friendly financial trading platform with a user interface based on tycoon games. The firm hopes the platform will attract Generation MZ -- millennials and Gen Z -- who are discouraged by intricate interfaces despite their deep interest in investments.
"Arques aims to develop a service where users can trade conveniently and escape from candlesticks and charts that always pop up whenever you launch investment apps," said Arques CEO Kim Sung-min.
NCSoft, another major player in Korea, has been milking an MMORPG game, Lineage, for more than two decades. After launching Lineage in 1998, Lineage 2 came out in 2003. Then, NCSoft came up with mobile versions of each of the two games Lineage M and Lineage 2M in 2017 and 2019, respectively.
NCSoft's dependence on Lineage series was pronounced in the first quarter this year, as Lineage M and Lineage 2M each brought in 212 billion won and 341.1 billion won, respectively, accounting for 75.6 percent of its total revenue. The four Lineage series games combined take up 85.3 percent of the total revenue.
To spur growth, NCSoft is repositioning itself as an artificial intelligence company, exploring various real-world applications.
The company this month updated its AI-based baseball information app Paige. The update allows users to ask questions to an AI interface to get the information they want. For example, when a user asks who hit a homerun in a particular game, the AI comes up with the homerun video and related statistics. Last month, NCSoft partnered with a local news agency, providing automated weather articles using machine learning and natural language processing algorithms.
While competitors are seeking software transitions, Netmarble -- a Korean firm that focuses on mobile game development and distribution -- is going the opposite way by focusing on hardware, as witnessed by its acquisition of water purifier rental firm Woongjin Coway in December.
"Netmarble currently doesn't have a specific plan for Coway," a company official said.
The acquisition portrays Netmarble Chairman Bang Jun-hyuk's vision to reach 5 trillion won in revenue this year as Coway's rental business guarantees steady flow of cash, according to industry sources. Last year, Netmarble and Coway posted 2.17 trillion won and 3.18 trillion won in revenue, respectively.
The acquisition of cash cow Coway is expected to cushion Netmarble's lackluster performance in the first quarter. In the January-March period, Netmarble launched an aggressive marketing campaign, spending 95 billion won, a 51.3 percent spike on-year, for its newly released game A3: Still Alive and The Seven Deadly Sins: Grand Cross, leading to a 38 percent decline in operating profit to 20.4 billion won.
Meanwhile, Dragonfly -- one of the first generation of Korean game companies -- is jumping into the bio and webtoon businesses.
Dragonfly this month bought a 2.7 percent stake in TE Bios, a research and development company that focuses on artificial cornea and cancer immunotherapy. Dragonfly is expected to make a second investment in the third quarter as the firm aims to transform into an entertainment-bio company.
"Dragonfly is developing augmented reality and virtual reality technologies, which might create synergies with TE Bios' artificial corneas," a Dragonfly official said.
Dragonfly is also collaborating with an animation and webtoon start-up Studio W.Baba to create interactive webtoons by using its game engine.
Dragonfly's new project Alive Toon aims to apply multiple layers for each webtoon drawing, allowing viewers to zoom in and zoom out of overlapping panels. Also, Dragonfly is using its game engine to generate similar drawings automatically, which can free artists from drawing almost the same cuts.
According to data from the Korea Creative Contents Agency, the overall value of the domestic webtoon market jumped from 52.9 billion won in 2010 to over 880 billion won last year, with the figure expected to exceed 1 trillion won this year.
By Kim Byung-wook (kbw@heraldcorp.com)


9 out of 10 based on 842 ratings. 3,826 user reviews.
Methyl soyate is the product of soybean farmer initiative. Every farmer in the country contributes to the soybean checkoff at the rate of 0.5 percent of the market price per bushel solde funds are invested in programs that can add value and increase demand for U.Seans.
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text:
Page last updated at 10:59 GMT, Friday, 31 October 2008
The M1 appreciation course
By Stephanie Holmes
There's more to motorways than tarmac, tailbacks and tepid coffee served at tourist prices. To prove it a lecturer took a minibus of students on a day-long tour of the M1.
Many people suppress feelings of mild dread at the idea of spending any time at all on a motorway. Few struggle with secret yearnings for the over-lit service stations areas that dot their routes.
Certainly, most would not choose to spend half their weekend thundering down the M1 - the road leading 193 miles (311 km) out of London - without the promise of, at least, arriving somewhere else.
M1 in 1959 BC (Before Congestion)
But, according to David Lawrence, who is equipped with a PhD on motorway service areas, it was very different in the not-so-distant past.
As the shiny super-roads opened in the 1950s, "they became playgrounds for the fast and rich, rubbing shoulders with the newly affluent and motor-borne middle and working classes," says Mr Lawrence.
"When the first motorways opened," he adds, "service stations were incredibly glamorous, modern venues which people would visit simply for the thrill of driving up the motorways."
As part of the London-based alternative education institute, the School of Life, Mr Lawrence is taking a small class of travellers, who have paid £95 each for the privilege, on a journey up and down the spine of England's motorway network - the M1. This is a trip into the familiar, to reveal the unknown.
Commerce and culture
He conjures up pictures of 1950s motorway service stations with staff whose sky-blue suits match the faux leather stools, neon light gleaming off the steel and Formica.
While many might dismiss both motorways and their rest stops as inconvenient conveniences, Mr Lawrence wants us to view them as fascinating microcosms of modern life.
"They are these strange concentrations of commercialism, branding, people, architecture and design," he says. "They change quite rapidly, becoming wonderful platforms to see how perceptions of popular and commercial culture are made, and erased, in rapid cycles."
It is sometimes when you are on the road, that some of your best ideas come, that allow you a new perspective on your life
Alain de Botton, writer
It isn't all about the shopping, either, though you could be fooled into thinking otherwise as you wander amidst the bewildering array of items on sale - from milkshakes to Mars bars, via electric massage chairs and padded corduroy slippers.
It's not just service areas that are the subject of this day-long lesson in motorway culture. There's the 193 miles of unbroken tarmac that connects Staples Corner in London with Hook Moor in West Yorkshire.
Mr Lawrence enthusiastically points out how clumps of trees, varying gradients and curving embankments were incorporated in the original design of the road, which opened in 1959, to offer a subtly stimulating driving experience, or to prevent you falling asleep at the wheel.
The way we adopt a grin-and-bear-it attitude to motorway traffic jams reveals much about British culture.
"It's like something out of JG Ballard novel - all these people in their steel and glass bubbles, prepared to put up with moving at an incredibly slow pace just to ensure privacy," says Mr Lawrence, who actually does not own a car - preferring to get about with a combination of public transport and folding bicycle.
Writer and philosopher Alain de Botton, who meets this class of itinerant scholars at the Welcome Break, Newport Pagnell, is another unlikely fan of the service station.
For him, the squat concrete buildings, harsh neon lighting and bland pop tinkle that tries, in vain, to strangle the drone of cars has a poetry all of its own.
M1 CONSTRUCTION FACTS
One of first motorways to be opened in the UK, in 1959
193 miles (311 km) in length
Major north-south route
20 million tonnes of earth and rock excavated to build road
5,000 road builders brought to work on double-decker buses
Workers' canteens needed every 2.5 miles
Construction cost in 1959, £50m
In pictures: Motorway sign madness
"They are the sort of places that most people think of as nightmarish," he says, sitting at a table near the hot food counter.
"They are lonely, but in a nice way. They are ugly but in a fun, interesting way. There is a special quality about them."
It's a quality, he points out, that has inspired artists like Edward Hopper, who returned repeatedly to the empty warmth of road cafes and petrol stations in paintings like Gas and Automat.
There is also a relief, Mr de Botton says, in surrendering to the embrace of loneliness in such a synthetic environment, where the feeling is almost a communal experience.
"It is a wonderful place to indulge that side of you that is lonely, that is sad, that is passing through. It's like listening to a very sad Leonard Cohen song. In a way it is grim, but it is also redemptive."
And, mingling with the heavy smell of fried food, there may also be just a whiff of romance.
Where better, Mr de Botton asks, to feel that pang of desire than spotting a potential love interest across the food hall of a motorway service station - isolated, vulnerable and even unhappy. And flat broke from the cost of an over-priced full English, one supposes.
"That unhappiness, far from being off-putting, can actually be a peg on which your feelings of love can hang," he says.
Altar to speed
Love has oft blossomed in venues on the edges of motorways. In the 1960s, for example, the Ace Cafe - with its prime spot at the centre of a knot of motorways - gave teenagers a place to meet, listen to music, and, crucially, flirt.
Ace cafe owner, Mark Wilsmore, has recreated a slice of motorway hey-day
The man who brought the biker cafe back to life, recreating a venue where English breakfasts are served round-the-clock to hungry, leather-clad men and women, is 51-year-old Mark Wilsmore.
"It may sound corny but this space is as much about England as Windsor Castle, Tower Bridge or Stratford-upon-Avon," he says proudly.
"This is almost a place held in as much esteem as Mecca and the Vatican. For those who love speed - who love wheels, rubber, tarmac and petrol engines - it's the high altar of speed."
And, if the motorway is some kind of destination in its own right, then maybe we can all be pilgrims, spiritually inspired while moving at speed.
"It is sometimes when you are on the road, that some of your best ideas come, that allow you a new perspective on your life," muses Mr de Botton.
Mr Lawrence agrees.
"We can still have adventure, even in our compressed and condensed society. That is the one thing that only the motorways can give us - the unpredictable unknown."
Below is a selection of your comments.
Driving on the M1 was an amazing experience when a child in the 60s. My parents would take me out in their Lotus and we would be the only car on the road. How things have changed now with the amount of traffic but every motorway journey is a new adventure in to the unknown. The motorway has its own history, its own chain of events and is alive with people.
Arnold Miles, Jacobs Well, Guildford, Surrey
The idea that people would choose to visit a motorway service station as a leisure time pursuit is big business here in Japan; a new stretch of motorway near my house attracts visitors from hundreds of kilometres away in 2008. Come to Japan; where the 60s spirit still lives.
David Samworth, Yokkaichi, Japan
I was brought up near Newport Pagnell and as a teenager used to go to the service station which I (and my friends) regarded as being a different thing to do on a Saturday night. Later on in my teens several of my friends earned good summer holiday wages working there. We used to roll pennies across the footbridge to see how far we could get them. Happy days!
Sara, Northampton, England, UK
I spend 20 minutes on the motorway every day. I'd sooner be going at a constant speed, listening to the radio, than shuffling into a major town or city on B-roads. I'm lucky, my daily drive on the M6 isn't that bad and in a short time I'm 30 miles from home and sitting at my desk. By public transport the same journey would take three hours (I know, I've done it). The odd instance where there is a crash or a traffic jam is a minor pain compared to sitting in traffic jams in towns and cities daily. Beautiful? Perhaps not, but they allow a lot of people to see beautiful parts of the UK easily.
Leigh Geary, Cannock, Staffordshire
I stop at the Woodhall Services south of Sheffield every Thursday evening on my way to my French class. I love it - just an hour or 40 minutes or so of peace and anonymity and a nice coffee to boot. If I could just persuade the bloke trying to sign me up for a new credit card that I'm never going to do it and he does not need to stop me EVERY week then it would be perfect. Very soothing.
Lesley, Hope Valley
When I was a child my parents did not have a car and one of the highlights of any holiday was the coach journey, and in particular the stops at the motorway service stations. We would often take the overnight coach from London Victoria coach station to Blackpool. When you are only eight or nine it is incredibly exciting to sit in a service station eating bacon and egg at 3am. Now I am old and cynical I still feel a thrill when we drive into a service station, even though the reality may not be as glamorous.
Pauline Keys, London
There's certainly a kind of tacky magic to these places. It can be hard to see during the day, with the more immediate concerns of traffic and work, but make a long solo late-night journey and things change. First, there is the sense of alienation - the solitary outsider coming in from the dark, probably not interacting with anyone else, only to go back out into the darkness a few minutes later. And the places themselves have an odd quality in the small hours: you come out of the darkness into an island of glare and shiny surfaces, a sort of artificial reality designed to make you feel human again by offering you the chance to buy countless humdrum things you don't really want. Just like real life. But don't try to apply too much psychology or sociology to how service areas work, because ultimately they're just a way of extracting money from a punter who's stopped for a pee.
Simon Harvey, Colchester, UK
For a change, I decided to go to the South West not by motorway, but by the non-motorway route. I arrived much later and exhausted. I went back on the motorways for sure. We thunder here and there, complaining, totally unaware of the wonder around us, or the sheer wonder of what we are using or doing. We fly around the world complaining about the food, legroom or movies unaware that we are flying at 50,000ft in our casual clothes. The trouble is we are often in a kind of zone when we are travelling. Especially driving. We go into these service station with a kind of refuel refresh get-on-our-way mentality. That may not be a bad thing. Motorways are dangerous places, and maybe it takes a non-driver to point these things out. It could be a driver taking into account all the beauty and history of things around him/her is not concentrating on the road.
Kevin, Brighton
No mention of the role they played in the Acid House movements of the late 80s? Many a rave kicked off with a meeting point at a service station (in our case Heston Services), then a convoy of hundreds of ravers would cruise round the M25 looking for the elusive venue.
Stef, Vancouver, BC
Am I the only person who doesn't see misery as a mandatory aspect of either the motorway or service stations? Granted, for £95 I'd have sooner got the train to Alton Towers with a friend, but I don't get steeped in depression whenever I close the passenger door. In fact, with the radio playing and somewhere exciting to be - even in traffic jams - I rather like the motorway. And service stations have always just seemed like any other cafe to me - somewhere warm you can go for a rest and a drink before you get on with whatever the hell else you were doing. Am I the only person who hasn't felt suicidal purely at the sight of the decor?
Steve Doran, Nottingham, UK
"Service stations... glamorous" - back in '63-64, when a student at Luton Tech, one or two of us had access to cars, and on a Saturday night, after the pubs had closed, or after our game of 10-pin bowls, we'd roar up the few miles from Junction 11 of the M1 (but no junction numbers in those days) to Toddington Service Station - treating this as a late-night glamorous version of a coffee-bar.
Paul, Braunton, UK
When I have to drive down into London I look forward to those service stations on the M74, M6 and M1. They're a kind of exciting stop because sometimes the journey is just as fun as the destination. It's the atmosphere of transience, of hot coffee and resting in the middle of something big. I hate jams though - so I tend to hit these places at night. And there's something very special about a usually busy place that's quiet.
Andy, Highlands of Scotland
Although I live in the North West, I find that travelling to the South East using the M1 is more pleasant via the M62 and the M1 from the Leeds area than taking the M6 down to the Midlands and joining the M1 near Rugby. With regular congestion on the M6 in Cheshire/Staffordshire/Birmingham and no intention of paying to use the M6 Toll Road, this gives me the reason to go other ways. The A1 & A1(M) are also both more enjoyable than the M6 so sometimes I will use these instead for a variation of route.
John R Jones, Preston, Lancashire
The M1 is my second home as I live in Leicester and have lived in Sheffield, Wakefield and Leeds - all served by the M1. I have family living in Nottingham, Chesterfield and Sheffield as well. The MOST annoying thing about the M1 now is the average speed restrictions. They serve no purpose at all, apart from annoying me!
Helen, Leicester
Helen, why do you and so many other drivers think the Road Traffic Acts don't (or at least shouldn't) apply to you? The Acts set speed limits; people like you won't keep to the limits voluntarily, so we have to pay for speed cameras. I drive thousands of miles a month, and the arrogance of the average speeding driver still leaves me a bit gobsmacked. Those average cameras are there to save lives.
John Knight, Beverley UK
I think these guys should stop looking at the motorway through heavily-rose tinted spectacles before they have an accident.
Mike, Nottingham
Only a person who does not own a car and therefore does not have to experience the complete horror that is driving on motorways in this country would say they are good.
Craig, London
And let us not forget the vital role played by Watford Gap services in the social life and development of 60s pop. This was the place where long-haired musicians poured, exhausted, out of their cramped tour vans on their way to or from the next gig. As schoolboys from the north Midlands, on our way to the continent on a school trip, there was something exotic about Watford Gap beans-on-toast... with the chance of rubbing shoulders with the Rolling Stones. In some way the M1 was the UK's Route 66.
Andy Finney, Godalming, UK
I travel the same stretch of the M1 Motorway, between Junction 24 and 44, Nottingham South to Rothwell, Leeds most days. Have done for 13 years in the same job. I have never considered it in the way that it is described in your article, though have seen some BIG changes during that time... most recently the demolition of the iconic Cooling towers near Meadowhall, Sheffield. I will maybe look upon it in a different light on the way home tonight.
Dave Goodman, Nottingham, UK
Of course the M1 was originally built to connect the two most important cities in Britain, namely, London and Leeds. But surely the A1 (which it flows into) is more romantic, and more historic?
Hamish McGlobbie, Leeds
Utter Nonsense.
Ian Collins, Derbyshire
How elephants helped to shape human history, by David Cannadine
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/ Teacher Created Resources Patriotic Scalloped Borders, 420ft.
Teacher Created Resources Patriotic Scalloped Borders, 420ft.
Use these colorful border trims from Teacher Created Resources to liven up your classroom! Create fresh looks for bulletin boards, windows, walls, and class projects. Layer them for extra impact or mix and match them with coordinating products (stickers, notepads, awards, etc.) to promote a classroom theme. These borders have a shiny, protective coating for durability.


Situated a short distance from the charming town of Luang Prabang, the Sala Prabang serves as a warm and welcoming haven where elegant designs and an enriched sense of heritage showcase some of the greatest aspects of the regions Colonial architecture. Consisting of seven World Heritage Buildings that make up this idyllic residence, guests are treated to numerous comforts, spacious settings and distinct local elements that help set the tone for a soothing stay, combining traditional overtones with modern day styles. Hosting a total of 49 plush filled accommodations to choose from, an in-house dining venue and plenty to see and do around the vicinity, this boutique escape has been a favourite for artists, ambassadors, business and leisure travellers all seeking a private hotel experience deep in Northern Laos.
The Sala Prabang is a boutique escape nestled amongst the beauty and splendour of Northern Laos that serves as a welcoming getaway for business and leisure travellers seeking a setting that seamlessly combines a sense of tradition and heritage with modern day comforts and styles to bring the best of both worlds to the fore. Designed with distinct Luang Prabang Colonial era architecture and consisting of seven World Heritage Buildings, the residence-style getaway is perfect for those seeking to relax in comfort or for those looking to immerse themselves in the soothing ambiance of the region, and with 49 lavishly furnished accommodations to choose from and plenty of exploration opportunities, a memorable time is easily within reach.
The Villa Riverside Room offers guests a beautiful accommodation designed with distinct Lao Colonial architecture accompanied by plush comforts and modern amenities. The room features a private balcony that showcases gorgeous external views.
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The Lattana Classic Room offers guests a sumptuous accommodation elegantly fitted with Colonial furnishings and elements that grant the setting a distinct, authentic feel.
The Chalinee Riverside Room offers guests a classic accommodation designed in World Heritage Luang Prabang and boasts of views overlooking the Mekong River. The room features a private balcony that showcases gorgeous external views.
The Chalinee Studio Room offers guests a classic accommodation designed in World Heritage Luang Prabang and boasts of views overlooking the Mekong River.
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The Vanida Studio Room offers guests a generously spacious accommodation fitted with lavish furnishings and quality amenities while also being ideally located opposite the renowned Wat Choumkhong and Wat Xiengmoune temples.
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Suan Nam Restaurant – Start the day with a sumptuous breakfast served at this idyllic dining venue.


David L. Stein, D.M.D, F.A.G.D.
Known for his easygoing nature and wry sense of humor, Dr. Stein joined the practice in 1981 after a two-hour meeting and "a handshake" at the home of then-owner Dr. Edward McComsey. He took the helm in 2000 when Dr. McComsey retired, renaming the practice Riverfront Dental Care.
He's wanted to be a dentist since he was a teenager. After his father died when Dr. Stein was 17, the first adult role model who had a positive influence on him was his family dentist. That was inspiration enough to attend the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine after graduating from Lebanon Valley College with a B.S. in biology. He completed a general-practice residency at Monmouth Medical Center and later earned a fellowship from the Academy of General Dentistry in 1991.
While he loves the precision and artistry of his profession, Dr. Stein is especially passionate about the relationships he's built over the years with both staff and patients—and he's enjoyed serving the generations of families who've been loyal patients since Dr. McComsey's tenure.
In addition to providing excellent dental care, his goal is to maintain a warm, friendly atmosphere where people can feel relaxed and welcome. Plus, he likes anyone who will laugh at his jokes!
When not in the office, Dr. Stein enjoys playing keyboards, watching baseball (if the Phillies are winning) and enjoys spending time with his grandchildren Rex, Alex and Fiona.


text:
Ofè ist ein Arrondissement im Departement Collines im westafrikanischen Staat Benin. Es ist eine Verwaltungseinheit, die der Gerichtsbarkeit der Kommune Savè untersteht. Durch das Dorf Gobé führt die Fernstraße RNIE2/RNIE5, die ostwärts nach Savè und zum Flugplatz Savè führt und westwärts in das Arrondissement Thio in der Kommune Glazoué.

Demografie und Verwaltung
Gemäß der Volkszählung 2013 des beninischen Statistikamtes INSAE hatte das Arrondissement 15.381 Einwohner, davon waren 7720 männlich und 7661 weiblich.

Von den 60 Dörfern und Quartieren der Kommune Savé entfallen sieben auf Ofè:

Weblinks
 [climatedataorg Ofè] auf climate-data.org (englisch)
 Ofè auf toutbenin.com (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Arrondissement in Benin
Savè

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Which is the right way to clone component in Reactjs? I am a newbie to React. I am using react-chartjs-2 to create line chart. There are 6 different type of data with the same structure. I created a single Line chart component and cloned 5 others. Then I passed data like this:
let liveChart1 = <LiveChart1
                        name= {t('chart.30min')}
                        segmentType = {30}
                        currentTime={this.state.currentTime30}
                        predictedTime={this.state.predictedTime30}
                        density={this.state.density30}
                        predictedValue={this.state.predictedValue30}
                        same_anchor_params={this.state.same_anchor_params30}
                        prev_anchor_params={this.state.prev_anchor_params30}
                        historyData={this.state.historyData30}
                        isFirst={this.state.isFirst}
                    />

When it is rendering and updating data, It blinks 6 times due to 6 charts. I have two problems:

*

*Should I create 6 different components with the same content or
Should I create 1 component, clone it and pass different props as
above

*Is there any methods to render 6 components at once or stop re-render
the previous?
Here what I am using:
let charts = [
  liveChart1, liveChart2, liveChart3, liveChart4, liveChart5, liveChart6
];

{
  charts.map((element, index) => {
    return (<React.Fragment>{element}</React.Fragment>)
  })
}

Sorry for not providing the whole script!!!

A: This is happening because you have 6 charts in a single component and when the state of each chart is changed it is re-rendering all of the charts.
The best way is to create one child component for your chart and pass your data, title, etc through props so you can reuse this component and the re-rendering problem will be solved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Music To Move The Soul:
Bellini Comes To Life in Detroit
By Susan W. Bowen
La Sonnambula (The Sleepwalker)
Opera in two acts by Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835)
Libretto by Felice Romani (1788 -1865)
Premiered in Milan, 1831
Michigan Opera Theatre
March 29- April 6, 2008
Conductor: Richard Bonynge
Director: Renata Scotto
(Read more reviews at http://www.schillerinstitute.org/educ/reviews/reviews_main.html)
The world needs more bel canto singing! And we especially need more of Bellini's bel canto operas, to nourish the soul and uplift the population, especially those oppressed by circumstances of economic crisis and political instability. "La Sonnambula" (The Sleepwalker), Vincenzo Bellini's bel canto opera, produced under the skilled baton of Richard Bonynge and direction of soprano Renata Scotto, opened the Spring 2008 Michigan Opera Theater season in Detroit this March. Its final Sunday matinee performance was broadcast live over the local public radio station, but this beautiful performance of "La Sonnambula" should have been experienced by many more people, including those for whom the ticket prices were out of reach.
"La Sonnambula" is the pastoral tragic-comic opera composed by Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835) and librettist Felice Romani (1788-1865), which premiered in 1831 at the Teatro Carcano in Milan, just a few weeks after the composer's 30th birthday. Unlike their other collaborations, which presented opera as classical tragedy in various historical settings of the past and addressed the burning issues of the day—nation building, overthrowing oppression, battling tyranny, political exile, and the conflicts of love and national duty that arise— La Sonnambula is always described as completely "non political."
It is true that there are no invading armies or oppressive tyrants here, but there is a profound political lesson in this simple pastoral story, and the singers at the Michigan Opera Theater conveyed that intention of the composer quite powerfully. "La Sonnambula" celebrates reason over superstition, true love over spoken words of love, and it wages an effective attack against the senses being the unique arbiter of truth. With his genius for employing beautiful, long melodic lines, which require clean, meticulous shaping of tone and contrapuntal voice transparency, Bellini accomplished a breakthrough in composition, the germ of which is heard in the great dramatic operas of Giuseppe Verdi.
Bel Canto Opera
Photo by John Grigaitis
The Michigan Opera Theatre chorus with Ekaterina Siurina (Amina) and Kathleen Segar (Teresa)
Bel Canto, the traditional art of Italian singing which emphasizes elegant phrasing, shaping of tone, and technique is the most natural, beautiful, and most efficient way to sing. Discovered in the fifteenth century by the artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and his circles, bel canto ("beautiful singing") starts from the principle that the human singing voice is innately endowed with differentiated voice registers and other qualities, which allow a composer to utilize the full palette of vocal "colors" to express different ideas. With a properly placed and supported voice, the trained artist singing a classical work will use many possible shadings and coloration: the composer knows that each of the 6 different voice species (soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, bass) has a specific register break, and the registers (the range of intervals between the register breaks in each voice) are actually heard as different "colors."
Ekaterina Siuirna as Amina and Charles Castronovo as Elvino
Other colorations may include dynamics (louder, softer), lightening or darkening the tone, shifting to a cantabile (sweetly singing) or a legato (a connected, smooth line) from a marcato or a staccato (short, unheld, rapidly articulated notes), and other ways of shaping the tone, corresponding to a change in the poetic text or dramatic idea. Vocal flexibility is only one aspect of bel canto; another is the "lasing effect"—the power that enables a complete opera to be performed without any extra amplification other than the singers' own (biological) vocal apparatus!
An audience will perceive a clear register shift from the second to the third, high register as a "change in color." Physically, the shift from the soprano's first to second register, is located in the scale precisely where the tenor's shift from second to third register occurs, which is between the F-F♯ above middle C, (with C tuned to the scientific tuning of C=256Hz, or A at 430.5- 432Hz.) Third register notes, when sung with the right "impostazione" (placement), have a particular brilliance, which is lost if the notes are shouted, or sung in the throat or the wrong register.
Michigan Opera Theater Production
Bellini wrote the parts of Amina for soprano Giuditta Pasta, and tenor Giovanni Rubini, singers whose range, expression, and vocal facility became famous throughout Europe. In this performance, the orchestra, conducted by Richard Bonynge, was tender enough to allow the singers to show off virtuoso capabilities in delivering the long Bellini lines, and successfully convey the innermost thoughts of the characters.
All the singers, as well as the chorus, were a delight to hear. Ekaterina Siurina's Amina communicated the deep emotion that Bellini would have wanted to convey (see box), bringing tears to the eyes of many. Of special note was her florid but not over-embellished singing, which both hit the right notes, and the idea "between the notes."
From the opening chorus and cavatina of Majeski's Lisa, her duet with Carrico's Alessio, right through to the final scene, the "long lines" of Bellini's lovely melodies are made to appear effortless by the skilled bel canto singers. Segar's mezzo soprano voice was well suited for Teresa, whose strong voice was audible in the ensembles, where the inner voices are often "mushed" together. Tenor Charles Castronuovo (Elvino) navigated his high register passages skillfully, singing "piano" (softly) when pouring his heart out, which was very effective.
The simplicity of Renata Scotto's set and staging enabled the audience to focus on the idea, and the acting was quite fine, without a lot of superfluous motion to divert the focus from the singers. Richard Bonynge did not perform at the lower pitch, which would have been very interesting to hear: imagine what might an audience might have discovered had he used the Verdi pitch of C=256Hz.
Based on a ballet by the same name, "La Sonnambula" is set in a Swiss village in the early 1800s, and opens with all the villagers, except Lisa, (Amanda Majeski, soprano) celebrating the wedding of the locals Amina (Ekaterina Siurina, soprano) and Elvino (Charles Castronovo, tenor) where the notary has signed the contract and Elvino gives Amina his deceased mother's ring, to be finalized at the altar the next day. Lisa is the owner of the inn, who spurns Alessio (Seth Carrico, bass), a local peasant in love with her, in hopes of marrying the richer Elviro. Amina, raised by the mill owner, Teresa (Kathleen Segar, mezzosoprano), is an orphan, whose virtue and beauty has made her the shining light of the village. The festivites are interrupted by the arrival of an older stranger, actually Count Rodolfo (Andrew Gangestad, bass) on his way to the castle, who emotionally recalls the memories, scenes, and love of his youth. He is reminded of his young love by the beauty of the bride, sung here in very warmly, almost paternally, but which comments enrage the jealous groom. Rodolfo decides to stay the night at the inn, as Teresa warns the celebrants to disperse before the terrifying ghost that stalks the village comes out.
Ekaterina Siurina as Amina singing "Ah! non credea Mirati"
The Count dismisses the superstition of the villagers, but they all insist that they have all seen this mysterious, therefore dangerous phantom with their own eyes; the senses cannot be wrong. As Amina and Elvino leave, a second duet between them on Elvino's jealousy (of the count, of the wind, of the brook, of everything) and on Amina's pure and deep love; he promises to reform, and she gives him her heart always, even in slumber. This scene was beautifully done. In the Count's room, Lisa recognizes the stranger as the long lost son of the recently deceased Count, and they begin a flirtation, interrupted by Amina entering his room through a window. Lisa leaves, and the Count realizes that Amina is sleepwalking, dreaming of Elvino. Amina falls asleep in his room, and the Count decides to make an exit. Meanwhile, the villagers, upon discovering that the stranger is actually the Count, come to honor him, and find Amina on his sofa. She awakens, confused, as an angry Elvino, brought in by Lisa, enters.
It's clear as day to everyone that she has been unfaithful; after all, the proof is right there before their very own eyes to see! She cannot explain her presence, in her nightclothes, in the room of the Count who had "flirted" with her earlier. They are shocked, but everyone can see she is guilty. Elvino calls off the wedding.
Act II opens in the woods with the villagers traveling to see the Count, who can help them verify Amina's innocence. Amina meets Elvino on the way, who angrily takes back his ring. Even after the Count has affirmed Amina's innocence, the enraged Elvino refuses to believe him, and decides to take Lisa to the altar instead. Teresa arrives and asks the group to be more quiet, as Amina has finally fallen asleep after crying through the night. She learns of Elvino's plan to marry Lisa, she spills the beans, and produces Lisa's scarf found in the Count's room, and continues to assert Amina's virtue. Elvino is not convinced. But then he sees the sleepwalking Amina, to the terror of all, walking on a rickety bridge, or in this production, a rickety branch, part of which falls off. It's too dangerous to wake her, so they all watch with bated breath, as the virtue of her own soul is expressed in song as she relives the joy and the horror of her wedding, and then her rejection by Elvino. They watch until she walks to safety, to the rejoicing of all. The music of the finale encompasses the melodic ideas that preceded it.
The composer and librettist had orginally wanted to compose Hugo's "Hernani," but they could not get it past the censors—that subject had to wait for Verdi. By 1831, Bellini and Romani had worked together on four other operas, Il Pirata (1827), La Straniera (1829), Zaira (1829), and I Capuleti e i Montecchi in 1830, and also a revision of Bianca e Fernando called Bianca e Gernando in 1828, all of which had elements dealing with the complexities that arise when love conflicts with patriotic duty, themes which resonated with the Italian populace of the 1820s and 1830s. I Capuleti e i Montecchi is based on the same story as Shakespeare's more famous "Romeo and Juliet."
The 1830 attempts at national sovereignty had failed in Italy and Poland, and many Italians, then subjects of various kingdoms, including the Austrian empire's repressive regime, were ready for the ideas of Benjamin Franklin's "Povero Riccardo." It was a very political time in Europe, and many American patriots, artists and writers were traveling through Italy in this period of the late 1820s through the 1830s. American painter Samuel Morse was in Italy, as was opera aficionado James Fenimore Cooper, who published the "The Bravo" in 1831. Cooper participated in the inaugural, annual celebration for George Washington's birthday in Rome, in 1830, at the residence of Vittorio Alfieri (1749-1803), where hopes were high for the Polish and Italian (failed) struggles, and speeches were made calling for support of the fight. (Alfieri was the famous nationalist Italian poet and playwright whose plays promoted the American Revolutionary ideal, and who dedicated his odes to George Washington. Alfieri's was introduced in America by Mozart's librettist, Lorenzo Da Ponte.)
"Culture, so identified, has two principal aspects. On the one side, culture, as expressed as language-culture, especially as truly Classical modes of music, drama, and poetry, and in science, is a more powerful expression in nature, intrinsically so, than any political government. At the same time, the innate creative powers of men and women, afford mankind the capacity to make willful changes of the characteristics of its cultures, and its governments." (Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. EIR, London's Brutish Fairy-Tale, January 11, 2008)
Many artists in the 1830s, like Chopin, for example, did not make dramatic public speeches about politics, but their artistic works, like Bellini's creations, make clear where their passions lie. One need not have heard Bellini singing Italian patriotic songs about liberty during his short stay in London in 1833, as his friends reported, to know his stand with respect to the human condition.
One researcher located Romani's original draft of the "La Sonnambula" libretto, which he found to be more in keeping with Bellini's thread—it presented Rodolfo not just as an expatriate, but rather "an exile returned to his native land after a long absence." The young nobleman Rodolfo fell in love with a village maiden, fathered a child out of wedlock, and was banished by his parents as a result. The maiden, after giving birth, died of grief and shame. The child of this union was none other than the opera's heroine, Amina. Although this aspect of the plot was dropped, there are still traces of it in the final version of the libretto: Amina remains an orphan, and when Rodolfo meets her, he sees in her eyes a reflection of the beautiful young woman he loved so many years back.
The libretto was reworked, and "La Sonnambula" was a success. The English language premiere opened in London in May 1, 1833 and in New York in November 1835, and it premiered in Italian in New York eleven years later, in May 1844. Only 9 months after presenting "La Sonnambula," Bellini and Romani presented the sublime operatic masterpiece "Norma," again with Pasta and Rubini in the title roles. Ironically, "Norma" was considered a "flop" at its La Scala premiere in December 1831, but went on to become known as one of the greatest works in opera repertoire. Composer and librettist then created Beatrice di Tenda in 1833, their last collaboration, due to a falling out. They reconciled and hoped to produce more masterpieces, and might have, had the composer not died so young. Bellini's last opera, I Puritani, premiered in 1835 in Paris, where the composer had moved after a short stay in London in 1833. His librettist was the exiled Italian revolutionary Carlo Pepoli, whom he met at one of the intellectual salons he frequented there.
Bellini was born in Catania, Sicily, into a very musical family. His musical talents were soon discovered, and reports abound of his abilities to play while still a toddler. He was composing as early as age 6. He needed better musical education, so the local Catania government sponsored his study at the Naples Conservatory. He left Sicily in 1819, and studied there under Maestro Zingarelli, working through the masters of the Neapolitan school and the orchestral works of Haydn and Mozart. Bellini's first opera, "Adelson e Salvini" was composed for his 1825 graduation from the Conservatory, after which he received a commission for "Bianca e Gernando". With that success, he got an offer from the impresario for an opera at La Scala in Milan. Here Bellini began his wonderful collaboration with the poet Felice Romani, mentioned above, and also with the singers with whom he worked closely until his death.
Bellini was in Milan from 1827 to 1833. He went to London to oversee his opera productions in 1833, stayed for a few months, and moved on to Paris, which had by then become the musical center of Europe. Bellini's command of spoken French was poor, and he was not very comfortable in these circles, and it was here that he first became familiar with Beethoven's works. His social circle included Fredrick Chopin, the Polish nationalist composer, who composed for piano as Bellini wrote for the voice: his nocturnes were to be "bel canto for the pianoforte." The poet and writer Heinrich Heine, after describing the youthful Bellini and his physical characteristics in unflattering tones, wrote, "It was only at a later period, when I had been acquainted with Bellini for some time, that I felt any inclination toward him. This resulted from the discovery that his character was, throughout, noble and good. His mind had certainly remained pure and unsullied by contact with evil. He was endowed also with that harmonic, good-natured, that child-like nature, which is never found wanting in men of genius, even if they do not expose it to the gaze of all mankind" (1837 Florentine Nights).
It was Bellini's creative genius that gave Heine concern that Bellini might follow his fellow young geniuses Mozart and Schubert to the grave too early. Unfortunately, he did, and all of Europe mourned the loss of the "Sicilian swan."1 Bellini left us ten operas, Italian "lieder" for voice and piano, and a unique contribution to vocal music and drama that was later advanced by Verdi's own genius.
After experiencing this wonderful opera, in the beautiful but partially empty opera house, it became glaringly obvious that the future of culture in American life is the more general question that is begged. A number of young people who had hoped to attend the opera were unable to afford ticket, given the current economic situation. And although the Michigan Opera Theater impresario Dr. DiChiera and associates have reached out to local schools and Detroit communities with programs to interest students in opera and classical singing, it is simply not sufficient.
Availing society of such fundamental contributions as Bellini's work is critical for the soul of our nation. The USA needs a national cultural imperative, like the one developed as part of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's WPA program (see box), and the one developed right after Sputnik, under the auspices of NASA. In those times of national mobilization, not only was the industrial infrastructure developed, but the educational and cultural "infrastructure"—the creative capacity of society was developed as well. The government knew it needed to marshal the cultural resources of the USA in order to change the prevailing cultural axioms, so it funded programs to celebrate American and other artistic contributions. Still today, most of the museums in the nation's capitol remain free of charge and open to the public. It's exciting to imagine the profound impact on society were we to begin bel canto training in American schools, and provide public performances of opera and other classical music.
Creating an audience for such wonderful works as "La Sonnambula" and other classical bel canto opera, in a live opera setting, will assist us greatly in developing our republic, and saving it from the same oligarchic enemies that Bellini and Romani opposed.
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Verdi Tuning
Vincenzo Bellini : "I study attentively the dispositions of the characters, the passions which sway them and the sentiments which they express. Possessed by the feelings of each of them, I imagine myself for the moment to have become the one who is speaking, and I make an effort to feel like him, and to express myself in his manner. Knowing that music results from the employment of a variety of sounds, and that the passions of mankind manifest themselves by means of utterance of diverse tones, I have reproduced the language of passion in my art through incessant observation.
"Then in the seclusion of my study, I begin to declaim the parts of the different characters of the drama with the utmost warmth, observing in the meanwhile all the inflections of my voice, the degree of haste or languor in their delivery—the accent, in short—and the tone of expression which nature gives to the man who is in the throes of emotion; and I find in this way the musical motives and tempi best adapted to their communication to others through the medium of sounds.
"I transfer the results to paper, try it on the piano, and if I feel in it the corresponding emotion, I consider myself to have succeeded. If I do not, then I begin again."
Franklin Delano Roosevelt spoke at the dedication of the National Gallery of Art, on March 17, 1941, as the United States was gearing up for war, a war that was already devastating Europe, and which would soon draw the United States into its cauldron: "The people of this country know now, whatever they were taught or thought they knew before, that art is not something just to be owned, but something to be made: that it is the act of making and not the act of owning that is art. And knowing this they know also that art is not a treasure in the past or an importation from another land, but part of the present life of all the living and creating peoples, all who make and build; and, most of all, the young and vigorous peoples who have made and built our present wide country.
"It is for this reason that the people of America accept the inheritance of these ancient arts. Whatever these paintings may have been to men who looked at them generations back, today they are not only works of art. Today they are the symbols of the human spirit, symbols of the world the freedom of the human spirit has made, and, incidentally, a world against which armies now are raised and countries overrun and men imprisoned and their work destroyed.
"To accept, today, the work of German painters such as Holbein and Duerer, of Italians like Botticelli and Raphael, of painters of the Low Countries like Van Dyck and Rembrandt, and of famous Frenchmen, famous Spaniards—to accept this work today for the people of this democratic Nation is to assert the belief of the people of this democratic Nation in a human spirit which now is everywhere endangered and which, in many countries where it first found form and meaning, has been rooted out and broken and destroyed.
"To accept this work today is to assert the purpose of the people of America that the freedom of the human spirit and human mind, which has produced the world's great art and all its science shall not be utterly destroyed. . . .
"The dedication of this Gallery to a living past, and to a greater and more richly living future, is the measure of the earnestness of our intention that the freedom of the human spirit shall go on, too."
1 Donizetti composed a beautiful Italian "lied" entitled, "A lament on the Death of Bellini", entitled, "A lament on the Death of Bellini", for Maria Malibran and piano, to words by the poet Andrea Maffei. Maffei, a very close friend of Giuseppi Verdi, was the person most responsible for translating and promoting the works of Friedrich Schiller into Italy.


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This paper estimates the effect of early exposure to toxic waste on academic achievement. We analyze longitudinal information from individuals attending primary and secondary schools in Arica (northern Chile). Between 1984 and 1989, the city received more than 20,000 tons of toxic chemicals containing high concentrations of lead, arsenic, and mercury. We implement difference-in-differences and reduced-form models to document robust relationships between residential and school proximity to the polluted area and academic performance. We find that attending a school 1 kilometer farther away from the polluted area significantly increases math and language scores by 0.09 and 0.07 standard deviations, respectively. Finally, we use georeferenced blood tests and administrative records on labor income to estimate that children living in the area could lose up to US$60,000 over the course of their lifetime as a result of their early life exposure to toxic waste.