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text:
Q: Why are the value for Hosted Zone ID different for ELB and Route 53 Alias Target? Here is my load balancer Sid-LB - the Hosted Zone ID is highlighted:

And this is the Route 53 (hosted zone id is highlighted) when I select the load balancer from Alias Target.

I dont understand why these two IDs have to be different. I tried to send an API call with the payload (containing the ELB hosted zone id) to create the record set, which it creates but doesnt work. How is this Alias Hosted Zone ID for Route 53 generated and does it have any connection with the ELB Hosted Zone ID??

A: You can get the Hosted Zone ID of Elastic Load Balancing here: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/elb.html
In your case I can see that the Hosted Zone ID is the one for US West (Oregon) - us-west-2.

A: The docs are a little vague about this:

This value appears automatically based on the value that you selected or entered for Alias Target.

However, the Alias Hosted Zone ID is not the same as the Hosted Zone ID. To create an Alias record, you just need the Hosted Zoned ID. Check out some of the sample requests provided here. They all take a HostedZoneId parameter.
So for your use case, I think you can just ignore it. All you need to know is that the 'Hosted Zone ID' and an Alias record's 'Alias Hosted Zone ID' are not the same thing.

A: We cannot create a record set with Hosted Zone ID as given by the endpoint, as it is not the correct mapping. We need the Alias Hosted Zone ID to map correctly.
Since it (Alias Hosted Zone ID for Route53) is generated automatically and there is no api call for getting that ID, the only workaround is to create a CNAME record set with value as the ELB endpoint (or S3 bucket endpoint or CloudFront endpoint).

A: Elastic BeanStalk use apart Hosted Zone ID list from Route 53 zone ID list.
Use this link to find you ELB Zone ID:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/pt_br/general/latest/gr/elasticbeanstalk.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Imagine an animated series that took Jonny Quest and Seventies pop culture, blended it together with some of the sharpest writing on television and unleashed it on the world and you'd have the beginnings of the beloved television show, The Venture Bros.
Last night, Adult Swim aired a new The Venture Bros. special, From the Ladle to the Grave: The Shallow Gravy Story, which encapsulated the rise and fall of the music group Shallow Gravy in a mere eleven minutes.
I was lucky enough to chat with the two geniuses behind the series, Doc Hammer and Jackson Publick, who took some time out of their very busy schedule to discuss the special, the series and potential spin-offs.
Let's start with the present, with From the Ladle to the Grave: The Shallow Gravy Story. It really felt like it could have been the subplot for an entire season. What was the choice to encapsulate it as a short?
Hammer: Because it really isn't the plot for an entire season. We didn't really want to spend an entire season talking about some ridiculous band that Hank and Dermott Fitctel have.
Publick: I think that we're totally well aware that it's a departure from what our show should actually be about, as much as we want to include it. Because it's such a departure, but it's something that we're interested in, the fifteen minute short is the perfect place to make those jokes and then we can, you know, not have to deal with it. We're not moving on to a spin-off here, we just wanted to do this thing.
The Venture Bros. is probably the only the comedic animated series that not only has a story-arc but also a really rich mythology. Was that the plan from the beginning, or did it evolve as it went on?
Hammer: Both, I would say. I mean, I think from the very beginning we were seeding back story or suggesting that there was back story and a rich history and we were dropping you into the middle of an adventure that had been ongoing, but we didn't know what a lot of that stuff would be and it developed and got huge over time.
I know that the fifth season doesn't begin until next year and I know that you've been renewed for another season after that and a future special…do you see the series having an end or do you want to keep doing this as long as you can?
Hammer: I think there is an eventual, kind of end to the series. I don't know if we foresee an end to the Venture universe, but the series itself can only go on for so long, and, you know, when that is, that's up to us, but Jackson and I are the kind of people that would give you a proper ending and not just pitter it away.
Publick: There's always, like, little legal issues with single episode and we're constantly baffled by the…we apparently don't understand parody law. Very confusing (laughs), but nothing big, certainly no big story things that anybody has put the kibosh on.
Hammer: I think that all of the story things that we don't do are because they're not appropriate, it's self-edited stuff. There's a lot of things in the show that I've fantasized. I would love to do hours and hours of like, Team Venture or what goes on with Billy and Dwight that has nothing to do with The Venture Bros., but that isn't the network telling us to stop doing it. Our discipline is that we're writing for The Venture Bros., and we have to keep the show inside the established and move forward in the Venture universe. I think that both Jackson and I have all these ideas that are tangentially related to The Venture Bros. that we would love to do, but we don't because we're quasi-disciplined (laughs) and really busy.
At this point, you have a large body of work with this animated series, do either of you have a favorite episode?
Publick: Yeah, I like them all and I hate them all…there's like a million "I-should-haves" attached to every single episode and sometimes the ones that were the most fun to write and that I thought would be the best one ever just kind of didn't end up that way. But I think they're all good.
Is it a surprise to you that it's kind of found that audience?
Hammer: I can chalk it up to there is a kind of sensitivity to our show that's absent in most of these kinds of shows, if there are these kinds of shows. There just isn't anything like this, but we have a fairly continuing narrative, we have a lot of, it's action, but if you really think about what's happening, what happens is characters are really being brought out. That's what our show is, the advancement of these characters and I would hope that men and women would find that interesting, so it doesn't really surprise me.
There's obviously influences on the show in terms of references that you guys make, but who or what would you say are the biggest influences on your work and it doesn't necessarily have to be a direct influence on the show but just in terms of inspiring?
Hammer: I geek out over The Venture Bros. (Laughs) I geek out over what Jackson just wrote. I geek out over ideas we talk about. I geek out over the crap that we've already done that I want to move forward in…I really am immersed in this crap and that's my biggest inspiration is what we've done.
Publick: That's true. Yeah, it's become that. I mean, probably the seeds were planted by everything we've watched in the 70s, like James Bond and the Pink Panther and Monty Python and everything and Marvel Comics and crap and all of the syndicated 60s and 70s crap that we watched in the 80s was also in it. That's all been absorbed and processed and crapped out as our own version of it, now it's our kind of world to play in, just kind of get off on screwing around with our own characters.
Would you ever want to see The Venture Bros. universe be translated into another medium, like into a comic book miniseries or even live action adaptation, or do you think that the animated series is pure and that's what it is, and everything else would detract from it?
Hammer: Maybe someone will fall in our laps.
To watch The Venture Bros. episodes, including the new special, visit the Adult Swim website HERE!
Special thanks to Chris Hunter for transcribing this interview!


Here's a 4 page preview of Mister Miracle #6 by writer Tom King and artist Mitch Gerads, on sale January 10th, 2018 from DC Comics.
The hit miniseries reaches the emotional conclusion of its first arc!
Scott Free returns to New Genesis to face his punishment, but instead finds the whole world has been flipped upside down. Mister Miracle and Big Barda battle their way through monsters and New Gods to get to the Highfather, but once they reach Orion's throne room, they learn that the war against Darkseid has taken a bloody turn.


text:
Former special education teacher leaves $1 million to school district
A school district in New Jersey received a big gift from a former teacher.
Genevieve Via Cava left a million dollars to the school district in Dumont, New Jersey after she passed away. People that knew her had no idea she had that kind of money, WCBS reported.
Richard Jablonski, a friend of Genevieve said she spent her afternoons clipping coupons. She lived a very minimal lifestyle, with no vacations or even outfit changes.
"She would wear the same clothes," said Jablonski.
It came as a complete shock when he learned his friend of more than 30 years had an estate worth well over a million dollars.
"I mean she floored me with that. I didn't know she had that type of money," said Jablonski.
Genevieve had no immediate family. When she died in October of 2011, she left her home and everything in it to Jablonski. His son and grandkids now live in the house.
The rest of her estate went to the Dumont School District.
"She must have had a tremendous connection with the district and the students," said Superintendent Emanuele Triggiano.
The superintendent says Genevieve spent her entire career working as a special education teacher in the district. It took years to get to it, but a few weeks ago, they received a check for one million dollars from her estate attorney.
"The most we have ever seen from any group was in the tens of thousands but never something like this," said Triggiano.
The money will be invested and the interest will become an annual scholarship. About $25,000 per year will go to a Dumont student with special needs looking to further their education.
Via Cava also left some money to the Salvation Army, a hearing center and a few animal shelters.
COLUMBUS (WCMH) — The Westerville Division of Police is warning shoppers to take preventative measures against purse thieves.
WPD is investigating two purse thefts that recently occurred in the Westerville Square parking lot near Walmart.
by Liz McGiffin / Jan 15, 2021
We're wrapping up the week with rain and snow showers, and more are on the way this weekend.
COLUMBUS (WCMH) — Ohio will send additional National Guard members to Washington for the presidential inauguration in response to a request from the U.S. National Guard Bureau, Gov. Mike DeWine announced on Friday morning.
A news release from the governor's office said about 1,000 Ohio National Guard members will be assisting federal authorities. Inauguration Day is Wednesday for President-elect Joe Biden.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Posted inAT Finance, Myanmar
Myanmar court frees 69 student activists after Suu Kyi pledge
by Admin April 8, 2016 April 8, 2016
(From AFP)
A Myanmar court on Friday freed dozens of jailed students, in the first wave of detainee releases after Aung San Suu Kyi pledged that freeing activists and political prisoners would be the first priority of her new government.
A student protester is welcomed by his family before his trial in Tharrawaddy
There were jubilant scenes at the sweltering central Myanmar courthouse in Tharrawaddy, as a judge told young activists that they could go home more than a year after they were arrested over their education protest that was crushed in a violent police crackdown in March 2015.
"You 69 are all freed now (from this case) without charge," said township judge Chit Myat.
Two other student protesters were deemed too young to be prosecuted, however three of the 69 face further hearings in other courts.
Myanmar has scores of political prisoners languishing in its jails and hundreds of detained activists awaiting trial, despite reforms in recent years as the military loosened its grip on power after half a century of repressive junta rule.
Suu Kyi said Thursday she would prioritize releasing activists — an issue laden with significance for herself and scores of MPs in her party once jailed for democracy activism. The announcement did not specify a time-frame.
Tagged: Politics, South Asia, Technology


text:
// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.

namespace Microsoft.VisualStudio.LanguageServices.Xaml.Features.Diagnostics
{
    internal enum XamlDiagnosticSeverity
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Represents an error.
        /// </summary>
        Error,

        /// <summary>
        /// Represent a warning.
        /// </summary>
        Warning,

        /// <summary>
        /// Represents an informational note.
        /// </summary>
        Message,

        /// <summary>
        /// Represents a hidden note.
        /// </summary>
        Hidden,

        /// <summary>
        /// Represents a hinted suggestion.
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        HintedSuggestion
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Boston's Public Art Wow Factor
Thursday, October 12th, 2017 // Featured, Visual Arts
A young boy shows his new 3D-printed rooster from Chris Templeman's "Make and Take" reenway Public Art Program project in Chinatown Park
By Suzanne Volmer
BOSTON, MA — In Boston, and globally, Public Art is focused on placemaking. This means there is an active shaping of identity to build community and to foster relationship with environment.
Philadelphia pioneered the Percent for Art policy in the United States and today it is a world-class art destination with exceptional outdoor sculptures. In a percentage for art program, part of the building costs are dedicated to art in public space and that figure is customarily one percent of the total. The experience of Public Art in Philadelphia is that it fits effortlessly into the landscape and enhances the environment.
Chicago's sophisticated Percent for Art program has used the concept to bring a human dimension to vast plazas below its skyscrapers and planners have chosen permanent sculptures by Blue Chip artists such as Jean Dubuffet, Pablo Picasso, Louise Nevelson, Anish Kapoor, Alexander Calder and Jaume Plensa. In 2016, Boston announced an arts strategy designed to network institutions, philanthropy, communities and Percent for Art planning. This program was developed to provide structure to facilitate art placement across Boston's neighborhoods.
The Rose Kennedy Greenway is an open-air artery of parkland combined with a Public Art component. It unfolds across the swath of land that blankets the scar of the Big Dig and its artworks have energized in Boston the conversation of contemporary art in the public realm. Its artworks are supported by philanthropy and cultural partnerships. The art interactively knits together neighborhoods. Janet Echelman's massive temporary aerial sculpture of 2015, "As If It Were Always Here," sponsored by the non-profit Rose Kennedy Greenway Conservancy, made a wonderful indelible impression on Bostonians. At the time, people loved taking iPhone images of it and then sharing these with friends while commenting on the installation's "Wow" factor.
Sometimes Public Art can be temporary and on those occasions impermanence gives flexibility to include topical subject matter so that audiences are drawn into an immediacy of visual conversation. A shift toward non-permanent sometimes lowers presentation costs. It can also ease impediments in city permitting and for these reasons it can potentially have a quicker time-line of committee approval. Temporary also allows for variety, which perhaps appeals to the limited attention span that is a byproduct of the digital age. Bracketed duration also limits maintenance costs.
The winter months on the Greenway have dormancy, because this juncture is often time reserved for planning art that will begin its lifecycle in the spring. Cowan mentioned in a recent conversation that Boston's history is a major identifier of place and he factors this understanding into his curatorial viewpoint. "Playful Perspectives" is the park's thematic direction for this year and has included temporary sculpture installations as well as murals at Dewey Square Park.
New in Boston is The Ink Block Underpass just unveiled in late September in a previously underutilized area between the South End and South Boston. It sports a graffiti-esque street art vibe shaped with murals en masse in an expansive area under I-93. Mural art in the United States is rooted in global culture. Mexican artist Diego Rivera worked on mural commissions in San Francisco, Chicago and New York. Later the Los Angeles Chicano art community developed a unique mural style to inform its L.A. neighborhoods. The influence of Miami's Latino community should also be noted.
The muralist Imagine is one of two female artists among the eleven artists commissioned to complete projects for Underground at Ink Block. Developed by MassDOT with a mix of city, state and federal monies, the park and murals at Underground at Ink Block are managed by National Development. This is the company that won the bid to operate the parking lot and park and who is also the developer/operator of the adjacent massive Ink Block Complex. The park is meant to complement existing residential and retail at Ink Block and a new hotel still in the construction phase.
Although the emphasis of this article is on Boston's high profile use of Public Art it is important to say that a lattice of smaller scale community initiatives and artist interventions are identification vehicles and descriptors of the city as well. Mayor Walsh's art plan has been designed to help network community based Percent for Art Public Art opportunities, philanthropy and to foster applicable progressive institutional involvement.
Part of Boston's unique character is its position in the technology arena and it is a center for start-up companies. New American Public Art is a design and build firm, which is one of these start-ups. "Make and Take" by Chris Templeman on the Greenway consists of a 3D printer in a vitrine and explores the democratization of art production. It slowly and continuously dispenses tiny synthetic roosters (vending machine style). At roughly 4-hour intervals anyone lucky enough to be near can take a miniature replication of a rooster home. "Make and Take" honors the Year of the Rooster, which has placemaking significance because the installation is sited adjacent to Boston's Chinatown. New American Public Art is a start-up in residence at Autodesk, innovator of CAD design/architecture software. They worked with Chris Templeman, collaborating on the automated kiosk aspect of "Make and Take" and also programmed the interactive feature for The Greenway's "Color Commons" that allows audiences the opportunity to create variations in color and sequencing for the "Light Blades" installation by Dennis Carmichael.
2017 Design Biennial Boston concluded on October 8th which was just before the spectacle of HUBweek's festival of sharing October 10-15. For HUBweek a constellation of six geodesic domes and numerous shipping containers have been arranged at City Hall Plaza to house exhibits, seminars and performance events. MIT, Mass General Hospital, Harvard and The Globe are the sponsors.
The festival has been held in two previous years; however, this year it seems super-sized. It has an enveloping immersive quality, communicating an important layer of Boston's identity, which emphasizes crossovers between art, technology and science. Sampling is how to enjoy HUBweek with many events offered to the public free. Think self-curated experience. There will be light and sound art and a saturation of start-up companies abounding in an atmosphere that will make the experience of HUBweek a dynamic forum from morning into night form seminars to party-time (9 a.m.-10 p.m.). The thrill for audiences is in the energy and potential to be inspired by ideas on the cusp.
(Artscope publisher Kaveh Mojtabai will moderate a discussion on "A New Wave of Public Art in the Boston Area on Sunday, October 15 at noon at The HUB, 1 City Hall Square, Boston as part of HUBWeek Boston. For more information, visit hubweek.org.)


text:
Lighthouses of the Philippines: Southwest Luzon
The Philippines include more than 7000 islands stretching over 1750 km (1100 mi) of the western Pacific. The archipelago was a Spanish colony until the Spanish-American War of 1898 brought the islands under U.S. administration. Japan occupied the islands during World War II (1942-45), and the country became independent shortly thereafter (1946).
Site of the capital city of Manila, the large island of Luzon dominates the northern half of the Philippines. This page describes lighthouses of the southwestern side of the island, including the greater Manila area and the southwestern coasts of the Calabarzon and Central Luzon Regions. There are separate pages for Northern and Eastern Luzon and for the Bicol region in the southeast.
The Philippines is divided into 79 provinces, and the lighthouses are listed by province.
The lighthouse preservation movement is gaining some momentum in the Philippines. Until recently, all of the historic light stations were in very poor condition. However, the Philippines Coast Guard, which operates aids to navigation in the country, has recently repaired and renovated many of the towers. An "adopt a lighthouse" program has taken hold, and there's hope more extensive restorations will be carried out within the next few years.
Lighthouses in the Philippines are maintained by the Coast Guard's Marine Safety Services Command. Filipino and English are official languages in the Philippines. In Filipino lighthouses are called parolas; an island is isla or pulo.
Many Philippine lighthouses are not well known, so better information and photos are needed.
ARLHS numbers are from the ARLHS World List of Lights. PCG numbers are the Philippines Light List numbers, where known. Admiralty numbers are from volume F of the Admiralty List of Lights & Fog Signals. U.S. NGA List numbers are from Publication 112.
General Sources
Philippine Lighthouses
8 historic photos posted by Johann Stockinger.
Lighthouses in the Philippines
Wikipedia article, with links to articles on several of the individual lighthouses.
Spanish Lighthouses of the Philippines
The Directory's own list of the Spanish light stations, with notes on their current status.
Photos by various photographers available from Wikimedia.
World of Lighthouses - Philippines
Photos by various photographers available from Lightphotos.net.
Online List of Lights - Philippines
Photos by various photographers posted by Alexander Trabas. Photos for Luzon are by Rainer Arndt.
Leuchttürme Asiens auf historischen Postkarten
Historic postcard images posted by Klaus Huelse.
GPSNavigationCharts
Navigational chart information for the Philippines.
Malabrigo Point Light, Batangas, September 2013
Wikimedia Creative Commons photo by Peter Ang
Calabarzon Region Southwest Coast Lighthouses
Southern Quezon Province Lighthouses
Bondoc Point
Date unknown. Active; focal plane at least 60 m (197 ft); two white flashes every 15 s. Approx. 15 m (49 ft) round barbell-shaped white fiberglass tower. Partck Gavino has a view from the sea, and Google has a satellite view. Located at the tip of the Bondoc Peninsula, which borders the west side of the Ragay Gulf. Site status unknown. Admiralty F2503.7; NGA 14135.5.
* Catanauan
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 11 m (36 ft); red flash every 5 s. 10 m (33 ft) square concrete pillar with a buttressed base, painted white. The local tourism office has a photo, and Google has a street view and a satellite view. Located at the foot of Nabatasan Street on the waterfront of Catanauan, a fishing port facing the Sibuyan Sea. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2594; NGA 14208.
* [General Luna (2)]
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 15 m (49 ft); white flash every 5 s. 13 m (43 ft) triangular skeletal mast. Monds Alsado has a photo, but the light is not seen in Google's satellite view. NGA describes a "concrete structure" for this light. Located at the east end of the waterfront at General Luna. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2596; NGA 14210.
* Macalelon River
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 15 m (49 ft); two red flashes every 5 s. 9 m (30 ft) square concrete pillar with a buttressed base mounted on a round stone tower (apparently the stump of a historic watchtower). A photo is available, and Bing has a satellite view. Located at the foot of the waterfront street of Macalelon. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2598; NGA 14212.
* Pitogo (2?)
Date unknown (station established 1903). Active; focal plane 24 m (79 ft); red flash every 5 s. 10.5 m (34 ft) slender white concrete tower with a buttressed or pyramidal base. No photo available, and the slender tower is not seen in Google's satellite view. Located near the historic Saint Paul's Church in downtown Pitogo. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS PHI-041; PCG-0077; Admiralty F2600; NGA 14216.
Batangas Province Lighthouses
* Malabrigo Point
1896. Active; focal plane 56 m (184 ft); three white flashes every 15 s. 17 m (56 ft) cylindrical brick tower with modern aluminum lantern and double gallery, rising from 1-story keeper's quarters. Buildings painted white; keeper's house roof is red. Peter Ang's photo is at the top of this page, a 2016 closeup is available, T. Pedrosa has a 2018 drone view, Mike Ongchua has a street view, Remerico Cruz has a 360° street view inside the light station compound, and Google has a satellite view. Stockinger has a historic photo, and Wikimedia has a 1903 historic photo. This is one of the best-preserved Spanish Philippine lighthouses. The tower has been refurbished and solarized by the Coast Guard. In February 2004 the Olympic swimmer Akiko Thomson, who has a vacation home adjoining the light station property, organized the Friends of Malabrigo and signed an agreement with the Coast Guard allowing them to develop the station as a site for youth swimming and sailing competitions. These plans came to naught. In 2006 a crew filming a movie without authorization did some damage to the light station. When Jazz Ramiro visited in 2007 nothing had been done to improve the facility, but the house appeared to be in fairly sound condition. In 2014 the municipality of Lobo signed a agreement to adopt the lighthouse. Ongchua's 2016 street view shows considerable improvement with the light station freshly refurbished and repainted. Note: in Spanish, mal abrigo means "bad shelter." Located on the southernmost point of Batangas province in southern Luzon, about 5 km (3 mi) from Lobo, overlooking the Verde Island Passage. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS PHI-046; PCG-0075; Admiralty F2604; NGA 14220.
* Verde Island
Date unknown. Active; focal plane unknown but at least 20 m (66 ft); white flash every 3 s. 9 m (30 ft) white concrete tower with four buttresses at the base. Charisse P. Macalalag's photo is at right, Ian Salacup has a 2018 closeup photo, and Google has an indistinct satellite view. In 2015 the stairway that formerly circled the tower was removed and replaced by an external ladder. Located on the northeastern point of Verde Island, an island about 6 km (3.5 mi) in diameter in the center of the Verde Island Passage. Site open; it appears that one can climb the tower. PCG-0074; Admiralty F2604.2; NGA 14221.
Arenas Point
2011(?). Active; focal plane unknown; white flash every 5 s. Light mounted on a concrete platform supported by 6 piles. Google has a street view and a satellite view. The light is on the grounds of a large power plant. Located on a point of land on the mainland directly opposite the Verde Island Light. Site and tower closed. PCG-0073; Admiralty F2604.6; NGA 14222.
Matoco (Matoca, Matuko) Point
Date unknown. Active; focal plane unknown; white flash every 8 s. Approx. 10 m (33 ft) hexagonal cylindrical white aluminum tower with gallery. Arnold Gutierrez has a distant view, and Google has a distant satellite view. Located on a steep promontory at the eastern entrance to Batangas Bay. Site status unknown; there's a good view from ferries between Batangas and Mindoro. Admiralty F2604.8; NGA 14226.
Verde Island Light, Batangas, February 2016
photo copyright Charisse P. Macalalag; used by permission
* Batangas Customs House
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 12 m (39 ft); three white flashes every 15 s. Lantern centered on the roof of the 3-story Bureau of Customs building. Mercia Gesmundo's ground-level photo of the building and Google's street view do not show the lantern, but it is seen in a Google satellite view. Located on the waterfront of Batangas City. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2604.9; NGA 14229.
Malajibomanoc Islet (Culebra Island)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane unknown; three white flashes every 15 s. 10 m (33 ft) concrete tower with gallery. Vicente Libo-on has a view from the sea, and Google has a satellite view. Located on a small island on the west side of the entrance to Batangas Bay. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2607; NGA 14224.
* Mabini (Anilao)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 14 m (46 ft); white flash every 5 s. Approx. 12 m (39 ft) round barbell-shaped white fiberglass tower. Wikimedia has numerous photos, Cho Young-chul has a sunset photo, and Google has a satellite view. Mabini is a tourist-oriented town, known for diving and snorkeling, on the east side of Balayan Bay. Located on the quay of Mabini, in front of the visitor center. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2607.5; NGA 14234.
* Cape Santiago (Punta de Santiago)
1890. Active; focal plane 27 m (89 ft); two white flashes every 10 s. 15.5 m (51 ft) brick tower with lantern and gallery. Lighthouse painted white; the modern Japanese aluminum lantern is white. 1-story keeper's house painted white with a red roof. Jazz Ramiro's photo is at right, Jena Gonato has a March 2007 photo showing the need for some fresh paint on the tower, a 2017 photo shows little improvement, Stockinger has a historic photo, Lighthouse Digest has a feature article on the lighthouse by Clarita Amora Gultiano, and Google has a satellite view. A relatively well-maintained light station, renovated in the 1990s by the Coast Guard. However, by 2007 there were concerns about its deteriorating condition. In October 2007 the region's Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary proposed to adopt and restore the lighthouse as its headquarters. There's no evidence this has happened. Located on the cape, at the southwestern corner of Batangas province. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS PHI-078; Admiralty F2614; NGA 14244.
Fortune Island
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 126.5 m (415 ft); white flash every 10 s. 9 m (30 ft) white aluminum tower with gallery. No closeup photo available, but Google has a satellite view. Fortune Island is a small island 14 km (9 mi) west of Nasugbu in northern Batangas. A notorious hazard for ships northbound to Manila, the island has been the site of countless shipwrecks. Located at the highest point of the island. Site status unknown; the island is a privately owned resort. Admiralty F2624; NGA 14260.
Cape Santiago Light, Batangas, March 2007
Panoramio photo copyright Jazz Ramiro; used by permission
* Nasugbu (Port Wawa)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 12 m (39 ft); green flash every 5 s. Approx. 10 m (33 ft) slender square concrete tower, with an external concrete stairway winding around the tower. A closeup photo is available, Jayzl Villafania Nebre also has a closeup, Erwin Gabia has a street view, and Google has a satellite view. Nasugbu is a fishing port and beach resort at the southern edge of the Manila metropolitan area, south of Cavite. Located on the pier on the east side of the port entrance. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2626; NGA 14262.
Cavite Province Lighthouses
Note: Cavite is a city of about 100,000 residents on the southern shore of Manila Bay, about 35 km (22 mi) by road from downtown Manila. The city was the site of a major U.S. Navy base during the American administration, and the base is now operated by the Philippines military.
[La Monja]
Date unknown (station established about 19080. Active; focal plane 39 m (128 ft); white flash every 5 s. Approx. 8 m (26 ft) white concrete tower with gallery. A distant view is available, and Google has a satellite view. La Monja is a steep-sided islet about 5 km (3 mi) west of Corregidor. Located at the highest point of the islet. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown; the island is a nature reserve. Admiralty F2632; NGA 14264.
**** Corregidor (2)
1950 (station established 1835). Active; focal plane 193 m (633 ft); three white flashes every 20 s. 14.5 m (48 ft) octagonal cylindrical stone tower with lantern and double gallery, rising from the center of 1-story stone keeper's house. Windows on the four sides of the tower are arranged in the shape of crosses, and light shines through them at night. Buildings painted white. Ben Bligh's photo is at right, Laz'andre Cawagas has a good closeup, Wikimedia has a photo, and Google has a street view and a satellite view. Wikimedia also has an 1893 historic photo. Corregidor, a rocky island in the entrance to Manila Bay, is famous as the heavily armed fortress where American troops resisted Japanese invaders for five months until forced to surrender in May 1942. The lighthouse was heavily damaged during the war; Lighthouse Digest has a 1945 photo showing the damage. This historic light station was recently restored with funds from the Spanish government, and the lantern was replaced with modern equipment by the Japanese government. The Pacific War Memorial is nearby. Located at the highest point of the island, known as Topside. Site and tower open. ARLHS PHI-021; PCG-0045; Admiralty F2634; NGA 14272.
[El Fraile (Fort Drum)]
2001. Active; focal plane about 15 m (49 ft); white flash every 5 s. Approx. 6 m (20 ft) hexagonal white concrete post with gallery. Kymnerfe Balang has a photo, Patrick Villaflores has another view and an aerial photo (just over halfway down the page) is available, and Google has a satellite view. The tiny islet of El Fraile (The Friar) was covered in concrete before World War II and armed with guns from a ship, so that it resembles a warship from the air. Located about 3 km (2 mi) off the south side of the entrance to Manila Bay, south of Corregidor. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2635; NGA 14276.
San Nicholas Shoal (4?)
1997 (station established 1880). Active; focal plane 11 m (36 ft); red flash every 5 s. 11 m (36 ft) red post mounted on a square concrete platform supported by piles. Trabas has Arndt's photo and Bing has a distant satellite view. This is a historic light station. The original prefabricated iron tower was overthrown by a typhoon in August 1881. The Spanish built a second tower on the shoal late in their administration; U.S. authorities put it in service in 1905 and replaced it with (probably) a sturdier tower in 1914. Located on a shoal on the south side of Manila Bay about halfway between Corregidor and Cavite. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS PHI-055; Admiralty F2643; NGA 14284.
Corregidor Light, Manila Bay, December 2009
Flickr Creative Commons photo by Ben Bligh
* Cavite
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 15 m (49 ft); two white flashes every 5 s. Approx. 13 m (43 ft) round cylindrical tower; a spiral stairway winds around the tower. Entire lighthouse is white. Jhay Adriano has a closeup photo, Israel Garcia has a distant street view, and Google has a satellite view. Located next to the Bancaan Fish Port on the Cavite waterfront. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2644; NGA 14282.
Laguna and Rizal Provinces: Laguna de Bay Lighthouses
Note: Laguna de Bay is a large freshwater lake on the southeast side of Manila. With an elevation of about 2 m (6.5 ft) above sea level, the lake drains to Manila Bay through the Pasig River. It is named for the town of Bay (or Bae) located on the south shore of the lake.
* Calamba (Lingga)
2005. Active; focal plane about 12 m (39 ft); white flash every 5 s. Approx. 9 m (30 ft) round barbell-shaped white tower. Google has a street view, but the tower is not distinguishable in Google's satellite view. Located in Laguna Province just south of the jetty at Calamba, on the southwest shore of the lake. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2651.
* Tanay
2005. Active; focal plane about 12 m (39 ft); white flash every 5 s. Approx. 9 m (30 ft) slender square concrete tower, with an external concrete stairway winding around the tower. Ester Cahongcoy has a 2017 closeup photo, another 2017 photo is available, and Google has a satellite view and a distant street view. Located n Rizal Province, on a platform next to the pier at Tanay, on the north shore of the lake. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2672.9.
National Capital Region (Metro Manila) Lighthouses
City of Taguig: Laguna de Bay Lighthouse
Napindam
2005. Active; focal plane 9 m (30 ft); red flash every 5 s. 9 m (30 ft) round concrete tower mounted on a concrete pier. No photo available, but Google has a satellite view. Located just off an island near the entrance to the Pasig River from the Laguna de Bay. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2650; NGA 14304.
City of Manila Lighthouses
Manila Yacht Basin
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 11 m (36 ft); red flash every 5 s. 8 m (26 ft) square cylindrical white concrete tower. Trabas has Arndt's photo, another photo is available, and Google has a satellite view. Located at the end of the curved breakwater of the yacht basin on the south side of downtown Manila. Site and tower closed. Admiralty F2662; NGA 14296.
[Manila West Breakwater]
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 12 m (39 ft); green flash every 5 s. 10.5 m (34 ft) steel post. Post painted green. Trabas has Arndt's photo, Christian Lucas Sangoyo has a distant photo, and Google has a satellite view. Located at the end of the west breakwater of the harbor, just south of the mouth of the Pasig River. Accessible only by boat (the breakwater is not walkable). Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2654; NGA 14316.
* Manila Customs House
Late 1930s? Active; focal plane 60 m (197 ft); red flash every 10 s. Light mounted atop the central tower of the Customs House. No current photo available, the building appears at the lower left in a historic aerial photo, and Google has a great satellite view. According to the Philippine Star, the Customs House is a Neoclassical building designed by the architect Antonio Toledo in the late 1930s. Located on the Manila waterfront on the Muelle San Francisco about 800 m (1/2 mi) south of the Pasig River. Site open, tower status unknown. ARLHS PHI-117; Admiralty F2653; NGA 14320.
* Pasig River (3)
1992 (station established 1642). Active; focal plane 13 m (43 ft); white flash every 5 s. 14 m (46 ft) round concrete block tower with lantern and gallery. The Philippines Coast Guard station for Manila is adjacent to the lighthouse. Stephen Wong's photo is at right, David Montasco has a photo, and the lighthouse is centered in Google's satellite view. This is the oldest light station in the Philippines. The present tower replaced an elegant Spanish tower built in 1846; Klaus Huelse has posted a postcard view of that lighthouse, and Wikipedia's article has two historic photos. The new tower is built on the base of the old one, according to Manuel Noche. Located on the dike on the north side of the entrance to the river from Manila Bay. The location is downstream from downtown Manila but upstream from the main port area, next door to a shantytown neighborhood called Parola. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS PHI-095; Admiralty F2669; NGA 14324.
Pasig River Light, Manila, 2010
photo copyright Stephen Wong; used by permission
Central Luzon Region West Coast Lighthouses
Bulacan Province Lighthouses
Note: Bulacan Province faces south on the north shore of Manila Bay.
* Binuangan
2015. Active; focal plane 18 m (59 ft); two white flashes every 5 s. 16 m (52 ft) square solid concrete tower with a staircase spiralling around the tower. Entire lighthouse is white. The lighthouse is too new to appear in Google's satellite view. Note: there is another Binuangan Light in Northern Mindanao. Located on the waterfront in Binuagan, a fishing village in the Obando municipality, 16 km (10 mi) north of Manila. Admiralty F2642.5.
Pugad River
1930s(?). Reported inactive since 2014; listed with a white flash every 5 s. Approx. 13 m (43 ft) round concrete tower. No photo available, but Google has a satellite view. Endangered. Battered by waves, the lighthouse has developed an obvious lean. Located off the mouth of the Pugad River in the northernmost section of Manila Bay. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2642.2.
Bataan Province Lighthouses
Note: The mountainous Bataan Peninsula projects southward, separating Manila Bay from the South China Sea.
* Lamao Point
2016. Active; focal plane about 20 m (66 ft); two white flashes every 6 s. 18 m (59 ft) round cylindrical tower with an external stairway winding around the tower. Entire lighthouse is white. An aerial photo is available, and Bing has a satellite view. Located on the ferry quay at Lamao on the east coast of the Bataan Peninsula. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F2639.5.
* Sisiman Cove (Gorda Point) (2)
2015. Active; focal plane about 20 m (66 ft); white flash every 5 s. Approx. 14 m (46 ft) square concrete tower with an external stairway winding around the tower. Entire lighthouse is white. Jap Salem's December 2013 photo shows that the tower was completed by then, but the light had not been installed. It was finally activated in August 2015. Google has an indistinct satellite view. The original light, an 11 m (36 ft) concrete post light with an external stairway spiralling around the tower, collapsed in 2011 due to beach erosion. Keith Kennedy visited this site on 30 October 2011 and found only ruins of the light; it fell sometime after Apol Seban's photo of 29 August 2011. Built on the southern tip of the Bataan Peninsula, this light marks the east side of the entrance to the bay of Mariveles. The new light is about 80 m (260 ft) north of the original location. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS PHI-119; PCG-0043; Admiralty F2631; NGA 14270.
Zambales Province Lighthouses
** Subic Bay Lighthouse Marina
2006. Active (privately maintained and apparently unofficial); two white flashes every 8 s. 27 m (89 ft) octagonal pyramidal tower with lantern and gallery. Lighthouse painted white with red trim, lantern red. Grisel Garcia has a photo, John Willy Uy has a closeup, Ryan Parker has a street view from the beach, and Google has a satellite view. This lighthouse was built as part of a large marina development. There is a bar in the lower level, and the second floor has an observation deck. The owners have applied for official recognition for the light. Located about 1.5 km (1 mi) southeast of Kalaklan Point, on the southwest corner of the Subic Bay Free Port, which has been developed on the grounds of the former U.S. Navy base. Site open, first and second floors of the tower open. Owner/site manager: Lighthouse Marina Resort.
Kalaklan Point (Subic Sector) (2)
2007 (station establishment date unknown). Active; focal plane 23.5 m (77 ft); continuous light, white, red or green depending on direction. Approx. 15 m (49 ft) concrete post, mounted on a 1-story equipment shelter and carrying a large lantern structure. Entire lighthouse is white. Kristina Ramirez has a 2017 photo, Elvin Prado has a 2017 photo, and Google has a satellite view. The original lighthouse was a 10 m (33 ft) concrete tower with lantern and several buttresses at the base, painted white. Located at the north side of the entrance to the Subic Bay naval harbor, south of Olongapo. Site status unknown. ARLHS PHI-115; Admiralty F2675; NGA 14376.
Mayanga Island
Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 40 m (131 ft); white flash every 5 s. Approx. 15 m (49 ft) white concrete tower, flared at the top and bottom. Nemesio Pontevidra has a 2018 photo, but the light is hard to see in Google's satellite view. International light lists have this light with a green flash every 6 s; NGA misspells the name "Mayagna." Located on an islet in the northern end of Subic Bay about 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Kalakhan Point. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty F2676; NGA 14377.
Grande Island (2?)
Date unknown (station established 1903). Active; focal plane about 25 m (82 ft); two white flashes every 10 s. Approx. 20 m (66 ft) square skeletal tower with gallery. No photo available, but Google has a satellite view. Grande Island, about 1.5 km (1 mi) long, is located in the center of Subic Bay. The light is at the northwestern tip of the island. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty F2675.8; NGA 14366.
Sueste Point (Subic Bay) (1)
1905. Inactive. 9 m (30 ft) cylindrical cast iron tower; lantern removed. This is one of the French tourelles purchased by the Spanish government, but it was not activated until the U.S. administration took control. The historic lighthouse is in very poor condition, and the keeper's house is in ruins. Thanks to Jun Avecilla for the photo at right. Located on a headland at the west side of the entrance to Subic Bay. Accessible only by boat. Site believed to be open, tower closed.
Date unknown (station established 1905). Active; focal plane 63 m (207 ft); white flash every 5 s. 9 m (30 ft) round hourglass-shaped white fiberglass tower. Jun Avecilla's photo is at right, and Google has a satellite view. Located on a headland at the west side of the entrance to Subic Bay. Accessible only by boat. Site believed to be open, tower closed. ARLHS PHI-059; PH-0039; Admiralty F2673; NGA 14364.
Old and New Sueste Point Lights, Zambales, July 2007
photo copyright Jun Avecilla; used by permission
Capones
1890. Active; focal plane 75 m (245 ft); three white flashes every 15 s. 17 m (56 ft) square cylindrical brick tower, with lantern and gallery, attached to a 1-story brick keeper's house. Tower painted white with red trim. The original 1st order Fresnel lens and lantern have been replaced with a Japanese aluminum lantern and a modern solar-powered light. The keeper's houses and other buildings are in a ruined condition. Jazz Ramiro's photo is at right, Bing Ramos has a March 2008 photo, Teresa Dosado's 2010 photo shows visitors on the gallery, Stockinger has a historic photo, and Google has a satellite view. The lighthouse traditionally marks the beginning of the northern approach to Subic and Manila Bays. In March 2004 the Philippines chapter of the Environmental Protection of Asia Foundation proposed that the island be set aside as a marine sanctuary and the light station restored by the Foundation as a showcase for its programs. It does not appear that anything has come of this proposal. The light tower has been restored and repainted, as seen in Ramiro's photo and a set of November 2005 photos, but nothing has been done to restore or rebuild the keeper's house. Located on an island off the coast of Zambales province about 15 km (9 mi) north of the entrance to Subic Bay. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS PHI-018; Admiralty F2680; NGA 14380.
Date unknown. Active; focal plane unknown; three white flashes every 15 s. Approx. 10 m (33 ft) round barbell-shaped white fiberglass tower. Jovan Leano has an aerial photo, and Bing has a satellite view. Located about 5 km (3 mi) south of Botolan. Site status unknown. Admiralty F2677; NGA 14381.
Palauig Point
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 27 m (89 ft); two white flashes every 10 s. 9 m (30 ft) "white metal framework tower," according to NGA. No photo available, and the light has not been found in Bing's satellite view of the area. Located on heights above Palauig. Site status unknown. Admiralty F2682; NGA 14384.
Capones Light, Zambales, February 2007
photo copyright Jazz Ramiro; used by permission
Hermana Mayor Island (2)
Date unknown (station established 1914). Active; focal plane 48 m (157 ft); white flash every 5 s. 9 m (30 ft) round white concrete tower with gallery. Keeper's house in unknown condition. No photo available, but Google has a satellite view. This is a landfall light for the city of Santa Cruz, in northern Zambales. The original light was on a wood skeletal tower of the same height. Located on the highest point of the island, in Dasol Bay about 13 km (8 mi) due west of Santa Cruz. Site status unknown. ARLHS PHI-028; Admiralty F2684; NGA 14388.
Information available on lost lighthouses:
Notable faux lighthouses:
Adjoining pages: North: Northern and Eastern Luzon | Southeast: Bicol | Southwest: Mindoro and Romblon Area
Return to the Lighthouse Directory index | Ratings key
Created July 24, 2005. Checked and revised August 3, 2018. Lighthouses: 40. Site copyright 2018 Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.


text:
Michael S McKenna
Scholarly Works (67)
Dive into the research topics where Michael S McKenna is active. These topic labels come from the works of this person. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Moral Responsibility Arts & Humanities 100%
Free Will Arts & Humanities 88%
Compatibilism Arts & Humanities 84%
Compatibilist Arts & Humanities 75%
P. F. Strawson Arts & Humanities 65%
Derk Pereboom Arts & Humanities 60%
Manipulation Argument Arts & Humanities 56%
Reactive Attitudes Arts & Humanities 53%
Scholarly Works per year 1997 2008 2012 2014 2016 2017 2018 2021 2022
Scholarly Works per year
MANIPULATION ARGUMENTS AGAINST COMPATIBILISM
Pereboom, D. & McKenna, M., Jan 1 2022, The Oxford Handbook of Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press, p. 179-200 22 p.
REASONS- RESPONSIVENESS, FRANKFURT EXAMPLES, AND THE FREE WILL ABILITY
McKenna, M., Jan 1 2022, The Oxford Handbook of Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press, p. 27-52 26 p.
Forgiveness: An introduction
Warmke, B., Nelkin, D. K. & McKenna, M., Jan 1 2021, Forgiveness and Its Moral Dimensions. Oxford University Press, p. 1-28 28 p.
Forgiveness 100%
Revenge 27%
Blameworthiness 27%
Foundational Issues 27%
Wrongdoing 26%
Forgiveness and its moral dimensions
Warmke, B., Nelkin, D. K. & McKenna, M., Jan 1 2021, Oxford University Press. 309 p.
Self-respect 9%
Moral philosophers 9%
Resentment 8%
Apology 8%
On Manipulated Agents and History-Sensitive Compatibilism
McKenna, M., Jul 2021, In: Criminal Law and Philosophy. 15, 2, p. 285-298 14 p.
Alfred Mele 100%
Compatibilism 98%
History 51%


Get Healthy - Heart Treatment that Works!
Home » Get Healthy - Heart Treatment that Works!
Heart disease is nothing new to me. At the age of only 55 years old, my mother had a heart attack. She wasn't the only one in her family to have heart problems. Both of her brothers have undergone bypass operations because of plaque build-up. After conversing with my one night with my Uncle Ray on various health topics, I halfheartedly told him that I hoped I would not inherit his heart problems. Uncle Ray's smile faded and he got very serious. Looking me straight in the eye, he informed me that I needed to do a lot more to take care of my heart than he did or else I very well may end up like him. After pondering for a while about heart health, I began researching too. I dove into all sorts of medical literature, searching and reading everything I could find on the matter of heart health. My initial research led to the same old basic information that most everyone knows about helping your heart such as: loosing weight, eating right, and of course, exercising. But as I delved further into my research, I found the results of another researcher - Dr. Linus Pauling and Dr. Matthias Rath. What I learned from their discoveries was astonishing and quite frankly – life saving!
These two doctors determined that the accumulation of plaque on the interior lining of the artery, otherwise known as atherosclerosis, is primarily due to mechanical stress. They explained that the arteries are very flexible and also work very hard, opening and closing every time the heart beats. The arteries that are closest to the heart undergo the greatest mechanical stress. Over time, this so-called mechanical stress can cause lesions to occur within the arteries. For healthy people who get the proper nutrients, this is not too big of a deal. The body will actually heal itself. However, for those whose bodies do not have the proper nutrients, this could lead to big problems. Get Healthy When a body does not have the proper nutrients, it cannot produce substances such as collagen that is necessary for repairing the arterial lesions. When this happens, the body will do whatever it can to stop the artery from leaking. So it grabs anything it can find that happens to be floating around in the blood stream and makes a patch out of it and places it on the torn lining. Over time, these patches thicken and cause what we know as plaque build-up in the arteries. For those who receive and maintain the proper nutrients in their body, the amount of plaque build-up can be reduced and sometimes even eliminated. A large number of people believe they are getting all the nutrients they need just because they eat a healthy diet of fruits and vegetables. However, due to modern day farming and the use of new pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides, the fruits and vegetables sold at the grocery store lack many of the nutrients that they once did. Dr. Pauling's research revealed that the chances of heart disease can actually be prevented if proper nutrients are given at the right levels.
Get Healthy - Try Pauling Therapy For Yourself!


In this inspirational show focused on Easter, Dr. David Kolbaba shares his passions about life and asks these questions to ponder: "What is the most important decision that you're ever going to make? What word best describes you, your life, your passion and what you stand for?" Listen to the song, "With All I Am" by the band "Hillsong".
… loyal til the end. Dr. David Kolbaba discusses the analogy between our bodies and a dog; they can be good or they can be bad in regards to proper hormone balance. Risks of hormone therapies, hormone imbalance symptoms, a "should-do" list and strategies to bring you back in balance are discussed.


The Executive are a working group of 11 students who are elected by you to help implement students' ideas, run campaigns, support student led activities and represent students' interests with the University at every level.
What do the Executive do?
Each Executive member has responsibility to act as the main representatives for a particular aspect of student life on campus. They must consult with and listen to students to be effective representatives. The President is the primary UL student representative within the university and nationally.
The Exec meet in the Student Centre weekly and attend Student Council every second Tuesday. They report to Council on the work they have done on students' behalf and feedback on the University meetings they attended. The Exec members meet with students daily whether it be to hear their ideas for UL Student Life or give guidance on the many issues students may be dealing with e.g. medical, financial difficulties, accommodation, exam papers, progression, etc.


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Advocate Chenoy Ceil
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The rapid expansion of commercial transactions and globalization has given rise to spiraling growth in arbitration at the national as well as international stages. Arbitration is one of the modern techniques of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) that has gained a lot of prominence due to the freedom it offers to the disputants. Online Arbitration is a mixture of conventional Arbitration under Arbitration & Conciliation Act 1996, combined with technological features requiring application of Information Technology Act 2000. This paper looks at the dimensions of online arbitration in India along with the difficulties, advantages and legal complexities that this form of dispute resolution entails. The future of arbitration is online arbitration if India wants to cut down on its ever increasing backlog of cases and this form of ADR would allow quick settlements to international as well as domestic business entities.
The rapid expansion of commercial transactions and globalization has given rise to spiraling growth in arbitration at the national as well as international stages. The disputes arising out of the huge volumes of business transactions need solutions by various forms of settlement. Arbitration is one of the modern techniques of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) that has gained a lot of prominence due to the freedom it offers to the disputants. Arbitration is the procedure by which disputant parties agree to submit their disputes to an independent neutral third party, known as arbitrator, who listens to the arguments and considers the evidence submitted before declaring a final award which is binding upon the disputant parties.
The formal legal system is ill-equipped to handle the insurmountable arrears of disputes that continue to plague the legal system in India. The idea of arbitration was to ease the process of access to justice as reported by several expert bodies[1]. The first instance of arbitration in India was The Bengal Regulation Act, 1772 that introduced the role of arbitrators in dispute resolution. Since then arbitration has undergone a lot of developments in India with the introduction of the The Arbitration Act, 1940 which repealed the Arbitration Act 1899 and finally the formation of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. Today, arbitration has developed further and a new form of arbitration has come to the fore which is known as online arbitration.
The Indian judicial system is marred by delays and the backlog of cases is continuing to surmount even with the various methods of ADR existing under the given legal system in India. Online dispute resolution seems to be the only alternative left to cut down the huge arrears of cases and this form of dispute resolution has been used effectively by the National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) for domain name dispute resolution[2]. Online Arbitration is a mixture of conventional Arbitration under Arbitration & Conciliation Act 1996, combined with technological features requiring application of Information Technology Act 2000. It is similar to traditional arbitration but the only difference is that it is conducted over the internet. The development and wide spread acceptance of online arbitration proceedings can be attributed to its cost-effectiveness and quickness. This is made possible because online dispute resolution by using internet and the parties autonomy, makes the proceedings quick and free from outside interference[3]. Online arbitration in India has to face difficulties of digital inclusion and widespread acceptance of the dispute resolution method via internet but India can definitely improve its technology infrastructure and develop institutional facilities to make Online Arbitration successful in India.
Key Features of Online Arbitration in India
Online arbitration in India follows the Information Technology Act 2000 as well as the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996. Under the Information Technology Act, Sections 4 & 5 read with Section 65-B clearly enumerates that electronic records and signatures can be introduced as evidence and given legal recognition under the Indian legal system. Submitting a dispute to online arbitration can occur when there is an e-contract containing an online arbitration clause, or when there is normal written agreement with a clause mentioning reference to online arbitration or when the dispute arises the parties agree to resolve the matter via online resolution. Arbitration and Online Arbitration comprises mainly of the arbitration agreement, nature of arbitral proceedings, the arbitral award and the method of enforcement of the arbitral award.
Arbitration agreement entered into by exchange of emails has been accepted as a valid form of agreement in India by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the cases of Shakti Bhog[4] and Trimex[5]. In Trimex, the Hon'ble Supreme Court held that if the intention of the parties to arbitrate any dispute has arisen in the offer and acceptance thereof, the dispute is to be settled through arbitration. The only requirement of the arbitration agreement is that the parties must clearly spell out the technology to be used in settlement of disputes, the place of arbitration, laws governing the contract entered into between the two parties, jurisdiction of courts and whether it is going to be ad-hoc arbitration or institutional arbitration. The Online arbitration agreement is the most important document of the arbitration and since the parties do not meet personally but rather virtually, it is pertinent that the agreement clearly defines all particulars of the dispute resolution mechanism. There must be meeting of minds and the agreement must be according to Section 7 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996.
The arbitral proceedings in online arbitration are conducted virtually and all the claims and defenses are presented in electronic form. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) has formulated certain guidelines to maintain standards in online arbitration proceedings. Some of the rules state:
a) File names should always be given a unique name/identifier for each electronic document so as to identify the originator, class of document and place of arbitration.
b) The same form of file naming system should be used throughout the arbitration for all electronic documents.
c) The file name and the date of the original document (e.g. the date shown on a letter that is submitted as evidence) shall appear on the first page of the electronic document, either at the top right corner or at the bottom.
d) If data loss occurs and the affected participant cannot itself reconstitute the lost electronic documents, the other participants shall help to reconstitute the electronic file(s) by providing copies of the pertinent files that they control.
e) A uniform method of mode of transmission and storage of emails should be practiced.
f) Whether any confirmation of receipt of email has to be given should be mentioned beforehand.
g) File format for sending attachments, like. PDF, Doc, HTML, ASCII should be generally followed unless specifically mentioned otherwise.
For audio and video conferencing during online arbitration ICC has stated that the arbitral tribunal, in consultation with the parties, will issue directions giving details for the conference, such as:
i) day and hour and applicable time zone;
ii) places where a conference front-end is required;
iii) who shall participate and number of persons at each front-end;
iv) special requirements, such as visualization of documents;
v) any other requirements.
The arbitration proceedings should adhere by these rules and every detail must be clearly mentioned in the arbitration agreement. The arbitrators must always try to maintain equality and impartiality during the proceedings and comply with Sections 12 and 18 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996.
Finally, once the arbitral award has been formulated it can be exchanged between the parties via email and signed by the arbitrators as enumerated under Section 31 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996. Scanned copies of the award can be sent via email while the original documents can be sent via post at a later date for reference. This would complete the arbitration proceedings. The arbitral award can be enforced according to the law and there should not be any difficulty arising out of the award.
Around the world, there are several ODR providers who offer services by using their owned IT software technology. However, in India a lot of development is required before ODR providers are accepted by the general public. Arbitration via internet is still in its nascent stage though the law is well established regarding the validity of such proceedings.
Pros and Cons of ODR
There are several benefits arising out of online arbitration in India. Online arbitration encompasses the use of Internet, email, streaming media, websites, web chat sessions and various other technological features which are part of the online dispute resolution proceedings. Business community, government and ADR institutions have emphasized on the importance of online arbitration because it would supplement offline dispute resolution mechanisms[6]. The most important benefit arising out of online arbitration is speed of process. Business entities need smooth functioning of their commercial transactions and to end their disputes speedily they would definitely accept online arbitration. Further, online arbitration provides ease of access and convenience to the disputants. Internet availability is a key part of online arbitration and though the spread of internet connectivity has not reached remote villages but for the business community online arbitration is definitely a source of efficient time management cost savings. Lastly, online arbitration cuts down geographical barriers and it also provide immense storage space for storing documents. Most courts in India do not have place to store the immense amount of papers and several court files are destroyed each year. However, online storage space used in online arbitration can definitely help in storing innumerable documents and records.
The problems with online arbitration in India are the lack of infrastructure and human institutions who are well versed with arbitration proceedings. Trust and confidence must be instilled in the litigant public who generally prefer courts to arbitration since they are not aware of arbitration proceedings. Technology gap between the old and the young generation should be shortened to further develop online arbitration. Lawyers should be instructed to not engage in frivolous litigation and encourage clients to settle their disputes amicably via online arbitration proceedings. Education barrier and lack of access to technology is another main drawback behind implementation of online arbitration in India. Online arbitration may not be suitable for resolving all sorts of disputes such as criminal matters and matrimonial disputes which do need other forums for access to justice. However, in spite of the drawbacks linked with online arbitration, it remains one of the most significant methods of resolving Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Consumer (B2C) disputes in the current era.
Future of Online Arbitration in India
Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) and Online Arbitration have a lot of significance in the present world where technology drives almost every moment of our lives. However, in India, there is paucity of access to simple, affordable and appropriate computers or internet connections which forms the backbone of any online arbitration. The development of technology has not been evenly distributed around the globe so there is the risk that India would suffer tremendously if online arbitration becomes an important feature of dispute resolution in India. Though online arbitration is most frequently utilized to resolve disputes between e-commerce Business to Consumer (B2C) disputes but there are certain developing countries where individuals frequently engage in online businesses and thereby disputes do arise which needs amicable solutions. India, for instance, engages in a lot of online transactions but the number of online users is miniscule compared to the population of the country. Under such circumstance, technological readiness is the key to help individuals who get embroiled in online disputes.
Online arbitration may present several difficulties but in essence it is not different compared to normal arbitration. Entering into arbitration agreements in certain online settings may conflict with the basic principle of international arbitration law that the consent of the parties is a conditio sine qua non to validly agree on arbitration because under certain situations the parties might state that they had not read the agreement carefully before accepting it by a single click of a mouse[7]. However, if the online arbitration agreement has been meticulously formulated then there should be no reason to deny validity to the arbitral award arising out of such proceedings.
Digital inclusion is the need of the hour and socio-cultural change can only help India to cut down its ever increasing backlog of cases. People who are skeptical about the online environment must be trained to gain trust in online arbitration. The international community is under an obligation to assist developing countries such as India to achieve global digital inclusion. Developing human and institutional capacities to address online arbitration issues is also the need of the hour. With time, India would definitely embrace online arbitration and it has already set out on the course to achieve it.
[1] Report of the Committee on Legal Aid (1971).
Report of the Expert Committee on Legal Aid: Processual Justice to the People, (1973), Government of India, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs.
Report on National Juridicare Equal Justice – Social Justice, (1977), Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs.
[2] Anurag K. Agarwal. Is India Ready For Online Dispute Resolution? IIMA. W.P. No.2006-10-03.
[3] Ibrahim Al Swelmiyeen. Online Arbitration and Defamation in Social Networks. BILETTA 26th Annual Conference. Manchester Metropolitan University. School of Law.
[4] Shakti Bhog Foods Ltd. V. Kola Shipping Ltd., AIR 2009 SC 12
[5] Trimex International FZE Ltd. v. Vedanta Aluminium Ltd. (2010) 3 SCC 1
[6] E. Katsh & J. Rifkin, Online Dispute Resolution: Resolving Conflicts in Cyberspace (John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2001).
[7] A. Broches, Commentary on the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (Deventer: Kluwer, 1990) at 38; J. Coe, International Commercial Arbitration: American Principles and Practice in a Global Context (New York: Transnational Juris, 1997) at 55; B. Poznanski, "The Nature and Extent of Arbitration Powers in International Commercial Arbitration" (1987) 4 J. Int"l Arb. 71 at 71; A. van den Berg, The New York Convention of 1958: Towards a Uniform Judicial Interpretation (Antwerp: Kluwer, 1981) at 173.
Tags alternative dispute resolution, alternative dispute resolution india, arbitration and conciliation india, dispute resolution india, online arbitration, online arbitration hurdles, online arbitration india, online arbitration law india, online arbitration rules india, online arbitration status, online conciliation, online dispute resolution, online dispute resolution india
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