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Safaris & Tours
About Uganda
Call us: +256 777 912 940
Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa, bordered by Kenya, Sudan, Congo, Rwanda and Tanzania. Straddling the equator, much of her southern border is dominated by Lake Victoria. It is a tremendously lush country, dotted with lakes and rivers (the most famous being the Nile) and the west is fringed by the glacier-capped Rwenzoris Mountains. Covering an area of 235,796km² it is similar in size to Great Britain or the state of Oregon in the USA.
One of the most striking features is the lushness of the country, from the air much of the country seems to shimmer.
Endless lakes, rivers, waterfalls and wetlands make Uganda a lush tropical haven, and its borders seem naturally geographical: Lake Victoria dominates the South, her blue waters funneling into the Nile River which journeys the length of Uganda. Mountains form the Western borders, the Virunga volcanoes and the legendary and mysterious Rwenzori Mountains, known as the "Mountains of the Moon". The far North stretches towards the Sahara and the East transforms into arid plains.
Uganda covers an area of 236,580 sq. meters, is situated on the equator, and lies on a plateau which rises between the eastern and western branches of the Great Rift Valley. Most of the country is above 1,000m in altitude. It is dotted with tourist attractions from spectacular scenery, the variety of wildlife to welcoming people. Our customized safaris to Uganda in the accommodation of your choice, ranging from luxury to medium to budget will enable you get the most out of Uganda.
As safari destination, Uganda will give you a nature opportunity ranging from gorilla and chimpanzee tracking, to wild life viewing, to boat rides and white water rafting, to forest guided walks, mountain hiking and unforgettable community experiences under the great cool weather.
Safari Activities
Big game safari
Chimpanzee tracking
Forest walks
Gorilla tracking Uganda
Sand, sun and strolls Lake victoria
Learn More about Uganda's activities
Uganda's TOP ATTRACTIONS
Rwenzori Mountain
Bwindi Impenetrable Forest
Kibaale National Park
Semliki National Park
Mt Elgon National Park
Kidepo National Park
Mgahinga National Park
Learn More about Uganda's attractions
Yoweri Museveni (1986)
93,065 sq mi (236,580 sq km)
(2014 provisional.): 34.9 million (growth rate: 3.03%)
Capital and largest city:
Kampala, 1,461,600 (metro. area)
About 500 B.C. Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to the area now called Uganda. By the 14th century, three kingdoms dominated, Buganda (meaning "state of the Gandas"), Bunyoro, and Ankole. Uganda was first explored by Europeans as well as Arab traders in 1844. An Anglo-German agreement of 1890 declared it to be in the British sphere of influence in Africa, and the Imperial British East Africa Company was chartered to develop the area. The company did not prosper financially, and in 1894 a British protectorate was proclaimed. Few Europeans permanently settled in Uganda, but it attracted many Indians, who became important players in Ugandan commerce.
Uganda became independent on Oct. 9, 1962. Sir Edward Mutesa, the king of Buganda (Mutesa II), was elected the first president, and Milton Obote the first prime minister, of the newly independent country. With the help of a young army officer, Col. Idi Amin, Prime Minister Obote seized control of the government from President Mutesa four years later.
On Jan. 25, 1971, Colonel Amin deposed President Obote. Obote went into exile in Tanzania. Amin expelled Asian residents and launched a reign of terror against Ugandan opponents, torturing and killing tens of thousands. In 1976, he had himself proclaimed "President for Life." In 1977, Amnesty International estimated that 300,000 may have died under his rule, including church leaders and recalcitrant cabinet ministers.
After Amin held military exercises on the Tanzanian border in 1978, angering Tanzania's president, Julius Nyerere, a combined force of Tanzanian troops and Ugandan exiles loyal to former president Obote invaded Uganda and chased Amin into exile in Saudi Arabia in 1979. After a series of interim administrations, President Obote led his People's Congress Party to victory in 1980 elections that opponents charged were rigged. On July 27, 1985, army troops staged a coup and took over the government. Obote fled into exile. The military regime installed Gen. Tito Okello as chief of state.
The National Resistance Army (NRA), an anti-Obote group led by Yoweri Museveni, kept fighting after it had been excluded from the new regime. It seized Kampala on Jan. 29, 1986, and Museveni was declared president. Museveni has transformed the ruins of Idi Amin and Milton Obote's Uganda into an economic miracle, preaching a philosophy of self-sufficiency and anticorruption.
Western countries have flocked to assist him in the country's transformation. Nevertheless, it remains one of Africa's poorest countries. A ban on political parties was lifted in 1996, and the incumbent Museveni won 72% of the vote, reflecting his popularity due to the country's economic recovery. Uganda has waged an enormously successful campaign against AIDS, dramatically reducing the rate of new infections through an intensive public health and education campaign. Museveni won reelection in March 2001 with 70% of the vote, following a nasty and spirited campaign.
Close ties with Rwanda (many Rwandan Tutsi exiles helped Museveni come to power) led to the cooperation of Uganda and Rwanda in the ousting of Zaire's Mobutu Sese Seko in 1997, and a year later, in efforts to unseat his successor, Laurent Kabila, whom both countries originally supported but from whom they grew estranged. But in 1999, Uganda and Rwanda quarreled over strategy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and began fighting each other. The two countries mended their differences in 2002. Uganda also signed a peace accord with the Congo in Sept. 2002 and finally withdrew its remaining troops from the country in May 2003. In July 2005, parliament amended the constitution to eliminate term limits, thus allowing President Museveni another term in office. In August, a multiparty political system was reinstituted after a 19-year absence. In Feb. 2006, Museveni was reelected with 59% of the vote.
Uganda's 18-year-long battle against the brutal Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), an extremist rebel group based in Sudan, showed signs of abating in Aug. 2006, when the rebels agreed to declare a truce. Between 8,000 and 10,000 children have been abducted by the LRA to form the army of "prophet" Joseph Kony, whose aim was to take over Uganda and run it according to his vision of Christianity. The boys are turned into soldiers and the girls into sex slaves. Up to 1.5 million people in northern Uganda have been displaced because of the fighting and the fear that their children will be abducted. Kony and four other LRA leaders are wanted for war crimes by the International Criminal Court.
The climate is good in Uganda all year round and the bulk of the country is tropical with daytime temperatures generally hovering between 24-28°C. It cools down considerably at night (about 16-18°C), enough to warrant bringing a sweatshirt, fleece or wrap. The rains come twice a year, in October/November (short rains) and late March to end of May. However, rainy season is no reason to postpone travel as it generally rains for an hour leaving the rest of the day clear and sunny.
Visas are now necessary for most nationals and should be obtained prior to travel. Single entry visas can also be easily obtained from the airport on arrival at a cost of $50.00 per person (please check for updates).Or The East African Visa at $ 100.00 taking you to Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda. http://www.immigration.go.ug
Yellow fever vaccinations are required and we recommend anti–malaria tablets, especially during the rainy season. Most prescription drugs can be bought affordably and with ease over the counter in Kampala. Personal insurance is strongly advised. http://www.who.int/countries/uga/en
English is the official language, but Ugandans speak many local languages and dialects, Ganda or Luganda, other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages. Swahili is also widely spoken and understood.
Currently there is one international airport at Entebbe, an hour's drive from Kampala. A number of international airlines fly direct to Entebbe, among them Kenya Airways, Emirates, KLM,SN Brussels and SAA. Most major towns have an airstrip as do most National Parks and Game Reserves.
Note Regarding Baggage Limits
Weight limits on light aircraft flights within Uganda are 12 kgs/26 lbs including hand luggage. All bags must be soft - no hard suitcases or wheeled bags permitted. No excess baggage will be allowed on these flights.
The Uganda Shilling is the local currency and it is best to bring American dollars to be exchanged. There are numerous Forex bureaux and banks in the capital and the main towns. Credit cards are accepted in major hotels and restaurants, but generally it is best to carry cash (shillings) upcountry while on safari.
With regards to clothing you are going to be hot, cold and possibly wet on the trekking. So would suggest light clothing, shorts, t-shirts, flip flops, hat, and study shoes are essential for trekking. Long sleeved-shirts and a sweatshirt or fleece for evenings. Women in rural towns may feel more comfortable wearing clothing that cover their knees and shoulders, but this is not mandatory. It gets quite hot by mid-day, but evenings are always pleasant. Lodges do not have a dress code and for the most part casual clothes are de rigueur.
Please note our recommendations for all on-foot activities in the parks (walking safaris, chimpanzee and gorilla treks):
Long sleeve shirts and trousers (old clothes recommended as they can get very dirty and torn from the thorns and jungle foliage)
Hat and sunglasses
Good comfortable sturdy hiking boots with good ankle support
Long socks to truck your trousers into or gators
Gloves for trekking (old gardening gloves, just in case the trekking gets extreme though the thick foliage).
Cameras please note that using a flash is not permitted while photographing the Gorillas.
Waterproof rucksack (or plastic bags inside your rucksack)
Insect repellent and sunscreen
Packed lunch and lots of water
A Note on Gorilla Trekking
As of recently (early 2012) there are 3 gorilla groups in Uganda's Bwindi Impenetrable national park. Buhoma group located north of Bwindi made of 3 gorilla families (Habinyanja, Mubare and Rushegura), Ruhija group in central Bwindi has (Oruzogo and Bitukura families) Nkuringo Gorilla family is on its own and Rushaga group comprises of (Nshongi, Mishaya, Kahungye and Busingye gorilla families).One nomadic family is in Mgahinga National park, this family spends a lot of time between Uganda and Rwanda. The family numbers varying between 5 and 31. Each trekking group is allowed a maximum of 8 visitors per day. Tracking commences from the Park office. Tracking is done usually with 1 park guide and 3 armed escorts and porters (should you require the services of a porter there is 1 per person to carry a single bag). The guide liaises with about 2-3 trackers who have gone ahead to ascertain the gorilla group's location. Once the gorillas have been located your group will be allowed a maximum of one hour with them (this time limit is carefully observed and protects the gorillas from undue stress).
This trip is rated as Rigorous Touring/Trekking. The time taken to track the gorillas varies enormously, from as little as half an hour to as much as 9 hours before returning to camp. The terrain is extremely difficult, with steep slopes (often steeper than a flight of stairs) covered in dense vegetation that gives the park its name. In addition, the altitude of 5,200 feet and more means participants do need to be physically fit to enjoy the track.
Tracking conditions differ greatly according to the location of the gorillas, so the exact level of difficulty for a specific trek is impossible to define in advance. Because it is impossible to predict the length and difficulty of any single tracking excursion, this program should not be attempted by anyone who is not in very good physical condition. Because of the climbing and bending required as you make your way through the thick foliage, gorilla tracking should not be attempted by anyone who has any kind of heart or back problem. Only those who are absolutely 100% fit and are capable of walking long distances at high altitudes over slippery, muddy terrain should attempt gorilla tracking. Tracking is likely to involve scrambling through, over, and under dense undergrowth with nettles, barbed vines, and bamboo thickets
Built on seven hills, Kololo, Mengo, Rubaga, Namirembe, Kibuli, Kampala and Nakasero. The name Kampala comes from the Bantu word Mpala meaning a type of antelope, which, it is said, the Buganda chiefs used to keep on the slope of a hill near Mengo Palace. In 1890 Captain Lugard, a British Administrator, established his fort, also an administrative post, on Kampala Hill (now known as Old Kampala Hill) which attracted several hundred people and a small township developed.
Kampala grew and the town spread over the surrounding seven hills. On top of three of these hills, Rubaga, Namirembe and Kibuli, places of worship were built - Catholic, Protestant and Muslim respectively. The town has continued to grow and now encompasses 23 hills over an area of nearly 200km². Over the last few years the city, the centre of most economic activity in Uganda, has changed dramatically. After systematic looting and destruction during the changes in government, it is being rebuilt with office towers, hotels, stadiums and shopping malls appearing almost monthly.
On the hills, all is calm with pleasant colonial-style buildings and pretty streets lined with jacaranda trees. Most of the buildings, if not government offices or embassies, have been turned into apartments. Downhill all is a bustle with a huge street market surrounding the chaotic matatu station and Nakivubo Stadium.
As yet untouched by mass tourism, Uganda's parks and reserves are ideal retreats for the discerning eco-tourist. The experience is very different to that in some of the parks in South Africa, Kenya and Tanzania. Here there are no tarmac roads through the parks, no mass convergence of zebra-camouflaged safari trucks and no animals turning up by appointment! The experience takes you back to basics where patience and good game tracking skills the key.
During the years of civil war and rebel activity hundreds of thousands of animals were killed, often machine-gunned down, resulting in a huge depletion in all of the parks. Tourism is attracting investment and interest, aiding the redevelopment of infrastructure in the National Parks, and with increased control and management the animal populations are on the increase. Uganda's National Parks encompass and conserve all of the ten major habitat types occurring in Uganda.
Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park
530km south west of Kampala (10 hour drive) Nestled down in the southwest of the country, on the edge of the Western Rift Valley this 331km² of montane rainforest is the only forest in Africa where gorillas and chimpanzees occur together. The world population of mountain gorillas is currently estimated at 600, half of which live in Bwindi, alongside an estimated 350-400 chimpanzee. In addition to the gorillas and chimps this ancient rainforest - one of the few in Africa to have flourished throughout the last Ice Age (making it over 25,000 years old) - is home to several other mammals (approx. 93 species) as well as roughly 360 species of bird, including 22 of the 23 Albertine Rift endemic species.
435km southwest of Kampala (5.5 hour drive) Lying across the equator, this 1,978km² park is bordered to the southwest by Lake Edward and to the northeast by Lake George with the Kazinga Channel connecting the two. Queen Elizabeth boasts one of the highest biodiversity ratings of any game park or reserve in the world, with almost 100 mammal species and an incredible 606 bird species. To support such biodiversity the vegetation is hugely varied from open savannah to rainforest, from dense papyrus swamps and crater lakes to the vastness of Lake Edward. The rainforest in the Kyambura Gorge is home to chimpanzees and the remote Ishasha Sector is famed for its tree-climbing lions with flamingoes providing a stunning splash of colour on the crater lakes.
Semliki Wildlife Reserve
375km west of Kampala (5.5 hour drive) Previously known as the Toro Game Reserve, Semliki Wildlife Reserve is the oldest protected area in Uganda. It is unique, gifted with geographic barriers that have formed a natural haven for wildlife. Where the savannah is criss-crossed by shining river valleys, and the escarpment, the edge of the Western Rift Valley, plunges into Lake Albert. The habitat diversity within the 558km² area of the reserve supports an array of fauna including lion, leopard, elephant (both savannah and forest species) buffalo, and chimpanzees as well as a staggering number of birds, with over 400 having been recorded.
The Rwenzoris – The Snows of the Nile
For centuries these mystical mountains on the border between Uganda and DR Congo have been revered as the Source of the Nile. The ancient philosopher Ptolemy referred to them as 'the Mountains of the Moon' in 350AD and they remain little explored despite being the highest mountain range in Africa. The lofty summits of the main mountains are often enveloped in cloud so that for months the permanent ice fields of the highest peaks are hidden from view. It was not until a century ago that the Abruzzi expedition climbed many of the peaks in the range for the first time. 2006 is your chance to celebrate the 100th anniversary of that expedition by reaching the summit yourself.
The popular central circuit begins from the Nyakalengija amidst the thick forests that are home to chimpanzees and forest elephant. As you progress steadily upwards, heavy tropical forests give way to a wide variety of flora and fauna making the climb unique. The luxuriant vegetation that thrives on this rain-soaked massif is nothing short of phenomenal and with each gain in altitude, this remarkable growth changes. Each night sleeping in sturdy mountain huts constructed to survive the weather and keep you dry.
As part of the central circuit, the guided climb gives you the chance to summit Margherita Peak (5109m) on Mt. Stanley which is the highest peak in the range. The final assault on the summit will require the use of ropes and crampons on the ice fields but you do not need any previous experience. This is extremely challenging but ultimately an incredibly rewarding climb.
In all instances tipping should be treated as a personal matter and a gratuity should only be given if you feel the service warrants it. It is important to individually recognize service people such as airport transfer drivers, restaurant and camp or lodge personnel, and your local safari guides with a tip.
Kibale Forest National Park
350km west of Kampala (4.5 hour drive) This 760km² area of rainforest, interspersed with patches of grassland and swamp, supports a rich variety of fauna, 250 species of animal and over 300 birds. There are 13 different primates here, the highest total for any Ugandan National Park, including a large population of chimpanzees, some of which have been habituated.
840km north east of Kampala (1.5 hour flight or 1day drive). Tucked into the corner of Uganda's border with Sudan and Kenya, Kidepo is a truly stunning park boasting a real sense of wilderness that enchants visitors. The mountainous terrain of the park is broken by the Narus Valley in the southwest and the Kidepo Valley in the northeast and is more typical of Kenya than the rest of Uganda. Whilst the park is large (1,442km²) most of the wildlife is concentrated within the Narus Valley revealing fantastic panoramic views of vast herds of buffalo with elephant, giraffe, waterbuck and zebra grazing alongside. There are also a number of predators present including lion, cheetah, leopard, and spotted hyena.
230km southwest of Kampala (3.5 hour drive) With a varying landscape of open plains, acacia grasslands and marshes this park is home to a huge array of flora and fauna. About 68 different species of mammals can be found within its 260km². The park also has approx. 313 different species of birds including Uganda's national emblem, the crested crane.
300km northwest of Kampala (6 hour drive) The sight of the Nile River, the world's longest river, winding its way through the park and plunging through a narrow gap is unforgettable. The falls are stunning, notable not so much for their size as for their immense power, caused by the 50m-wide Nile being funneled through a narrow cleft (7m-wide) in the rocks before falling into a pool 43m below. The park is vast and beautiful. Predominantly wooded savannah, the 3,980km² area is home to many of Africa's best-known plains animals including giraffe, lions, leopards, elephants, buffaloes, hartebeests and many more. Fishing beneath the falls is quite an experience where Nile perch and tiger-fish provide an exciting challenge to anglers.
The following should serve as a useful guideline:
Tips may be given in Uganda Shillings or US Dollars.
Airport Representative: US $3 per traveller
Transfer Driver in Entebbe: US $3 per traveller per transfer
Each Airport and hotel porter: US $2 per traveller
Hotel staff (waiter): most hotels and restaurants include a 10% service charge. It is customary to leave a small tip of about US $3 per meal per traveller
Driver/guides: $5-10 per traveller per day
On The Gorilla Trek (Bwindi) Porter: US $ 20 per trek per traveller (30,000ug shillings) Guide (1 per group), Trackers (2-3 per group) and Security Personnel (2-4): US $20-30 (40,000ug shillings) per trek per traveller. This may be given to the head guide in view of the rest of the staff for distribution amongst the staff.
Other Park Guides (Kidepo) Park Guide/Ranger: US $5 per traveller each time of guiding service Lodges and Camp Staff outside Kampala and Entebbe Entire camp/lodge staff: US $6 per traveller per day.
The lodges will have a staff tip box from which tips are distributed equitably amongst the entire staff.
EXCHANGE RATES: As of 01/Jan/2016, the exchange rate was as follows: $1US = 3670.00 Ugandan Shillings
The currency in Uganda is the shilling, and it is available in useable denominations of 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 notes.
Please note: US$ Dollar bills smaller in denomination than US$100 may attract a less favorable rate of exchange and notes older than 2009 are not accepted by hotels, banks etc. The reason for this is there were a huge amount of imitation/fake US $ notes, so only the new notes are widely accepted here.
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England's Queen Elizabeth set for Irish visit
The Queen of England is set to become the first British monarch to visit the Irish Republic. In Dublin, the o...
ANTOINETTE KELLY
The Queen of England is set to become the first British monarch to visit the Irish Republic.
In Dublin, the outgoing British ambassador has said that he is "very hopeful" that the visit will take place soon.
David Reddaway said he expected the trip to happen "before too long," and added; "I hope it'll happen soon."
Reddaway said the political atmosphere had been "transformed."
"We are no longer defined by what divides us," he said, instead "we are defined by the advantages of working together and what we have in common."
Informed sources say the visit will take place once the devolution of policing and justice institutions has been completed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As of August 2017, Docker containers can be used in Jenkins jobs in Wikimedia CI. We hope that in the future, these images could run on a Kubernetes cluster instead.
Administrative tasks are currently handled solely by Jenkins. The containers you create should be self-sufficient and leave nothing behind, except logs. The behaviour of the container should rely only on environment variables provided by Jenkins (ZUUL_URL, ZUUL_REF, etc).
The Docker images for CI are published at docker-registry.wikimedia.org under the releng namespace.
These images are created from Dockerfiles in the integration/config.git repository.
docker-pkg is a python3 program that is used to build Docker images, with Jinja for additional templating.
Run it normally and let it build all images in the CI system (this may take several hours, and ± 40GB disk space).
Or, download the latest versions of these images from wikimedia.org instead (if your connection is 20MB/s or better then this is probably faster, will download ± 40 GB).
This will scan the dockerfiles/ folder. For each one, it will find the last version tag in changelog, and then if you don't have that version present in your local Docker registry, it will build start building it from the Dockerfile.
"git status" in integration/config should show a change to the changelog file for the image you are updating.
Make sure that the name used in the changelog file is correct, and matches your intended image name.
Look for any errors in "docker-pkg-build.log".
Make sure that you ran "docker-pkg -c dockerfiles/config.yaml dockerfiles" and not "docker-pkg -c dockerfiles/config.yaml dockerfiles/path-to-image"; docker-pkg will figure out which images to build by detecting modifications to the changelog.
This happens because docker-pkg (by default) fetches parent images from wikimedia.org and only rebuilds the child locally. If you are updating a parent from 0.3.0 to 0.4.0 and also incrementing the child images' versions, the parent will update fine, but then it will fail to build the children, despite the newer versions existing locally.
The change to integration/config repository should first be merged in Gerrit.
After that, deploy it to the CI infrastructure. To do this, ensure you have Fabric installed. We currently still use Fabric 1. Package managers like apt-get or Homebrew likely offer you Fabric 2, which is incompatible with our fable.py, and is also incompatible with Python3. If you have python2 and associated pip installed, use pip install 'fabric<2'. If you have python2 without pip (like on macOS), but do have python3 available, use pip3 install fabric3. The fabric3 package is a port of Fabric 1 to Python 3.
In the integration/config directory, run fab deploy_docker. This connects to the cont1001.wikimedia.org server and instruct it to build newer versions of Docker images in integation/config.
Use the below steps to test a docker image locally. This can be unpublished image you've built locally with docker-pkg, or one that was pulled from the wikimedia.org repository.
Note that the below uses urls for the names of the images, but these refer to the ones you have locally (either created or pulled), they do not need to have been deployed or uploaded there yet. You can list the images you have locally using the docker images command.
The debug-image script can be used to run a RelEng docker container locally.
Once the new container is pushed to docker hub it should be tested on one of the integration-slave-docker-100x machines. As of August 2017 there are 4 such machines: integration-slave-docker-100[1:4].
ssh to one of the integration-slave-docker machines and su to the jenkins-deploy user.
If everything is working as anticipated, update JJB with the Dockerfile version that has been pushed to the Wikimedia Docker registry.
To create an additional Jenkins node that can run Docker-based Jenkins jobs.
Create a new VM instance in Horizon with a name following the pattern 'integration-slave-docker-100X'.
Wait for the first puppet run to complete and log in.
For larger instance types (m1.xlarge and bigram) specify true for the docker_lvm_volume parameter.
This page was last edited on 10 April 2019, at 16:24.


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UNITED STATES EARLY RADIO HISTORY
THOMAS H. WHITE
s e c t i o n
Arc-Transmitter Development (1904-1928)
Next Section: Audion and Vacuum-tube Receiver Development (1907-1916)
Previous Section: Alternator-Transmitter Development (1891-1922)
Home Page: Table of Contents / Site Search
Jump to Section... Home / Table of Contents / Site Search 1. Period Overview 2. The Electric Telegraph 3. News and Entertainment by Telephone 4. Personal Communication by Wireless 5. Radio at Sea 6. Early Radio Industry Development 7. Pioneering U.S. Radio Activities 8. Alternator-Transmitter Development 9. Arc-Transmitter Development 10. Audion and Vacuum-tube Receiver Development 11. Pre-War Vacuum-tube Transmitter Development 12. Pioneering Amateurs 13. Radio During World War One 14. Expanded Audion and Vacuum-tube Development 15. Amateur Radio After World War One 16. Broadcasting After World War One 17. Big Business and Radio 18. Broadcasting Becomes Widespread 19. The Development of Radio Networks 20. Financing Radio Broadcasting 21. Fakes, Frauds, and Cranks 22. Word Origins 23. Early Government Regulation 24. Original Articles
A more compact -- although not quite as refined -- method for generating continuous-wave radio signals was the arc-transmitter, initially developed by Danish inventor Valdemar Poulsen. Because arc-transmitters were less complicated than alternator-transmitters, a majority of the early experimental audio transmissions would use this device.
Valdemar Poulsen -- Lee DeForest -- Federal Telegraph Company -- Charles Herrold and the National Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company -- United States Navy -- Additional Early Experimenters
VALDEMAR POULSEN
Due to their size, complexity and cost, alternator-transmitters were mostly employed for longrange radiotelegraphy, and rarely used for audio transmissions. But another developing continuous-wave technology also showed promise -- the arc-transmitter, which had been perfected beginning in 1902 by Valdemar Poulsen of Denmark. At the 1904 Saint Louis International Electrical Congress, Poulsen submitted a paper reviewing his discoveries, System for Producing Continuous Electric Oscillations, and expressed the hope that this new transmitting system would soon be used for "syntonic wireless telegraphy and telephony". Another Selective Wireless, which appeared in the July, 1906 Electrician and Mechanic, reported on Poulsen's on-going progress, followed by a more detailed review, The Poulsen Wireless Station at Lyngby, from the June, 1908 issue of Modern Electrics. (In addition to his radio inventions, Poulsen was also well known for developing a wire "Telegraphone" sound recording device, reviewed by E. F. Hearns in A Spool of Wire Speaks from the December, 1906 Technical World Magazine). Meanwhile, Wireless Telephony, in the December 8, 1906 Electrical World, reprinted a report from the November 15, 1906 Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift that German experimenter Ernst Ruhmer had successfully employed Poulsen's invention to transmit speech across a laboratory room, which "makes wireless telephony at once possible".
The November 22, 1906 New York Times carried a short announcement, Backs Wireless Invention, that a Lord Armstrong in Great Britain had procured the U.S. rights to Poulsen's patents for $500,000, and a letter to the editor from E. M. Trinks in the June 17, 1907 New-York Daily Tribune, reviewing the potential of the Poulsen system of Wireless Telegraphy, optimistically predicted that there was "every reason to believe that commercial communication will be shortly established between America and Europe". Wireless Over Atlantic, from the July 28, 1907 New York Times also foresaw the imminent establishment of a transatlantic radiotelegraph service, while a report in the December 19, 1907 Philadelphia Inquirer, May Telephone From Ireland to America, further stated "Professor Poulsen said that he hoped to communicate with America, via Ireland, by telephone in February next". This was followed by a couple reviews of Poulsen's predictions about transatlantic radiotelephony in the New York Times: Poulson Confident of Oversea 'Phone, in the December 20, 1907 issue, and Voice Will Carry Across the Sea from January 12, 1908. Finally, a short notice on the front page of the January 1, 1908 New York Times claimed that during the upcoming year, in addition to the radiotelephone service, it would also become possible to send transatlantic Pictures by Wireless. However, none of these bold predictions were ever realized.
LEE DEFOREST
One person attending the Saint Louis conference, Lee DeForest, was particularly impressed by Poulsen's invention, and would spend many years trying to develop arc-transmitters for audio transmissions, both for point-to-point communication and for broadcasting entertainment and news. Forced out of United Wireless in late 1906, DeForest formed the Radio Telephone Company, to promote "sparkless" arc-based transmission systems. But although DeForest made a number of well publicized experimental and publicity transmissions, he was ultimately unsuccessful in developing a reliable arc system. (A major problem likely was the fact that he never got around to purchasing the rights to use Poulsen's patents, which seems to have led to some hit-or-miss engineering work. In his autobiography, DeForest claimed, not very convincingly, that he had read that another inventor had anticipated Poulsen's development of the hydrogen arc, which meant it was all right for him to use it). According to his autobiography, on December 31, 1906 DeForest was able for the first time to transmit his voice across a room. He then moved rapidly, and prematurely, to develop commercial sales. Wireless 'Phone Transmits Music, from the March 7, 1907 New York Herald, reviewed test transmissions made in New York City of music produced by Thaddeus Cahill's electronic synthesizer, the Telharmonium. Reporting Yacht Races by Wireless Telephony from the August 10, 1907 Electrical World boasted that "The first actual application of radio-telephony to practical work anywhere in the world was made at Put-in-Bay, in Lake Erie, during the week of July 15 to 20, in reporting the regatta of the Interlake Association." Around October, 1907 -- details about the broadcast are poorly documented -- Eugenia Fararr sang two songs into DeForest's experimental transmitter located atop the Parker Building, which is thought to be the first live radio performance.
DeForest next promoted his system to the U.S. Navy, and in the October 12, 1907 issue of The Outlook, Wireless Telephones at Sea reported initial tests being conducted on the Connecticut and Virginia using his equipment, which included broadcasts of phonograph records from the Connecticut for the amusement of the other vessels. These tests were impressive enough for the Navy to have DeForest supply its "Great White Fleet" with 26 arc radiotelephones for an around-the-world voyage, and this innovation merited articles in two 1908 issues of Telephony magazine: Wireless Telephony in the Navy, by N. J. Quirk, appearing in January, and Wireless Telephony for the Navy, by Herbert T. Wade, which ran in May. Some experienced radio operators were unaware that radiotelephone experimentation had started, which could lead to humorous results, as a banner headline on the front page of the November 25, 1908 Hawaiian Star, Mysterious Voices Startled Him, reported that when the fleet visited Hawaii, one local operator "thought I heard the angels talking", although when the facts were sorted out, it led to speculation that the islands could set up a commercial service. Franklin Matthews' 1908 book, "With the Battle Fleet", included his first-hand impressions of the Fleet's Wireless Telephones, noting that although the innovation was "largely in the experimental and almost the infantile stage", naval electricians "were confident that as soon as certain difficulties were overcome, difficulties no more serious, they said, than the ordinary telephone encountered in the beginning, the apparatus would be workable as readily as a telephone on land." However, at this early stage the transmitters proved impracticable, and the Poulsen interests threatened a patent infringement lawsuit against the navy, so they were scraped at the end of the voyage, documented by reports such as Wireless Phone Hopeless Failure from the January 19, 1908 San Francisco Call, and Wireless Telephone On Battle Fleet a Total Failure from the August, 1909 Popular Mechanics. In The Radiotelephone Failure section of Linwood S. Howeth's 1963 History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy, the author wrote: "One of the first mistakes of the [USN Radio Division head Lt. Comdr. Cleland] Davis regime was that of becoming too quickly convinced of the capabilities and promises of the radiotelephone equipment by De Forest in the summer of 1907. Under ordinary circumstances De Forest equipment was noted for its lack of engineering design and perfection and under such hurried procurement the equipment delivered was far below this normal low quality."
DeForest was one of the first persons to suggest using radio signals to broadcast entertainment to a wide audience, and in the June, 1907 issue of The American Monthly Review of Reviews, Herbert T. Wade's Wireless Telephony by the De Forest System noted the possibilities for "the distribution of music from a central station", and also reported that "the inventor believes that by using four different forms of wave as many classes of music can be sent out as desired by the different subscribers". However, DeForest was also known for being excessively optimistic, as this review also reported, very prematurely, that "Dr. De Forest has reached the conclusion that wireless telephony on a practical and commercial scale has been realized." Wireless Telephony at Last from the June 15, 1907 The Literary Digest further reviewed radio-telephone systems developed by DeForest, and by Adolphus Slaby in Germany. Barnard Girls Test Wireless 'Phones, from the February 26, 1909 New York Times, reported on a test where Mrs. Stanton Blatch, DeForest's mother-in-law, used the new technology to promote the then-controversial idea that women should be allowed to vote. DeForest's later entertainment broadcasting efforts included an opera, direct from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, reviewed in Grand Opera by Wireless, in the March 5, 1910 issue of Telephony, plus a concert by Mme. Mariette Mazarin, reported by Radio Telephone Experiments in the May, 1910 issue of Modern Electrics. However, the Mazarin concert was the final effort for many years for his broadcasting experiments -- the technology for quality audio transmissions just did not exist yet. These technical issues, plus legal troubles, caused DeForest to suspend his development of arc-transmitters for audio transmissions, and it wouldn't be until 1916, following the introduction of vacuum-tube transmitters, that he would return to audio radio development.
A subsidiary, the Great Lakes Radio Telephone Company was formed, and the February 13, 1909 Coos Bay Times reported What The Wireless Telephone is Doing for the Great Lakes, as the company claimed it would soon provide radiotelephone communication between ships and the shore, in addition to the "supplying of music and other forms of entertainment to passengers traveling on the passenger vessels". The next day, De Forest Tells of a New Wireless in the New York Times included DeForest's completely incorrect prognostication that: "I confidently predict that within the next five years every ship of a certain size that goes to sea will be equipped with the wireless telephone". In the March 1, 1910 New-York Tribune, Wireless Sent Afar reported a successful exchange of radiotelegraph messages between stations in New York City and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with DeForest quoted as saying "Commercial wireless service will be assured in 1910." This was reminiscent of the 1906 American DeForest proclamation of "transatlantic wireless now assured" and equally as inaccurate. The attempt to set up a point-to-point radiotelephone service along the Great Lakes also collapsed at this time, as reported in a short note appearing in the August 6, 1910 issue of Telephony: Great Lakes Wireless Telephone Out of Business. DeForest's various companies fell into bankruptcy, and he would soon face criminal charges for stock fraud. In 1911, DeForest was able to temporarily find employment at the one company that actually was operating a successful arc-transmitter radiotelegraph service, the Federal Telegraph Company.
FEDERAL TELEGRAPH COMPANY
Francis J. McCarty's short life did have one lasting impact -- he was indirectly responsible for the formation of one of the more successful, albeit least known, early U.S. radio companies. After graduating from Stanford University, Australian-born Cyril F. Elwell was hired by local businessmen to evaluate the commercial potential of the McCarty patents. This initially caused some conflict with the university, covered on the front page of the July 9, 1908 San Francisco Call: Phone Magnate Bars Wireless From Stanford. A few months later, the September 13, 1908 Call reported about a Test Given McCarty Wireless Telephone, which bridged a distance of one mile (1.5 kilometer). Elwell eventually concluded that the McCarty system was not practical, however, while doing this research he also determined that the Poulsen patents were commercially viable, and in 1909 helped organize a local syndicate to purchase the U.S. patent rights to Poulsen's arc-transmitter, with Elwell -- who by now had gained a reputation as A Wireless Expert, according to the March 3, 1910 Woodland Daily Democrat -- becoming President of a company set up in San Francisco. Shortly after the new company was founded, Elwell reviewed The Poulsen System of Wireless Telephony and Telegraphy in the April 2, 1910 issue of the Journal of Electricity, Power and Gas. (Although the arc-transmitter worked well, the automated high-speed telegraphing equipment reviewed in the article still needed some work, according to Charles V. Logwood's High Speed Radio Telegraphy, from the June, 1916 issue of The Electrical Experimenter.) An early demonstration of the Poulsen system, operating between Stockton and San Francisco -- also one of the few occasions when it was used to make an audio transmission -- was reported in "Yankee Doodle" Sung by Wireless, in the July 6, 1910 San Francisco Call.
Elwell's company was undercapitalized, and a new, larger company was formed, with Beach Thompson as President and Elwell the Chief Engineer. Local Men in Wireless Company, from the front page of the December 21, 1910 Call, reported the incorporation of a holding company, the Poulsen Wireless Company, although the enterprise was better known by the name of its operating company, Federal Telegraph. In the December 30, 1910, Hawaiian Gazette, Wireless Wizard to Work Wonders interviewed president Beach, who outlined the new company's ambitious plans. Federal Telegraph went on to produce progressively more powerful and sophisticated arc-transmitters for radiotelegraph use, and Wireless Across the U.S. by E. A. Mayne, from the May, 1911 Modern Electrics, reported the successful introduction of an overland radiotelegraph service, crossing the desert and Rocky Mountains between San Francisco and El Paso, Texas. A Federal Telegraph advertisement in the May 7, 1912 San Francisco Call offered its radiotelegraph "wireless service for Pacific Coast business", while Some Recent Developments of the Poulsen System of Wireless Telegraphy, by "W. C. R." from the July, 1912 Electrician and Mechanic, contrasted Federal's recent advances with the less successful attempts to develop the Poulsen system in Europe and Canada. Longest News Air Line in World "Bridges" Honolulu and This City, in the July 29, 1912 San Francisco Call, heralded the company's addition of a Hawaiian link as the "most distinctive achievement in the history of wireless telegraphy". The September 8, 1912 issue of the same newspaper further reviewed the Wireless Wonders Worked in San Francisco, as Federal Telegraph continued to expand its activities. However, although initially the company planned to establish a nationwide radiotelegraph service in addition to trans-Pacific links, the idea of a national service was eventually abandoned, and the company concentrated on a limited overland service in the west, plus extensive naval contracts.
In 1913, Cyril Elwell left Federal Telegraph, and Leonard Fuller, who organized critical basic research needed for increasing the power of the transmitters, became the company's new Chief Engineer. But Elwell continued to work as an Poulsen arc-transmitter designer on both sides of the Atlantic, and an article which appeared in the September 6, 1919 Electrical Review, Developments of Poulsen Wireless System Shown, reviewed Elwell's radiotelegraph station engineering work for the period from 1909 through 1919.
During World War One, the Navy Department asked the U.S. Congress for funds to purchase the Federal Telegraph radio stations and patents. This request was denied, however, the Navy then found in its budget the money needed to make the purchase anyway, which, not coincidentally, also served to block Marconi's South American activities. Following the sale of its stations, Federal Telegraph continued to operate a telegraph service in the west, but now over leased telephone wires. Then, after the war, an unhappy Congress found out about the Navy Department's purchase, which it felt was done through subtrafuge, and instructed the Navy to return the stations to their original owners. Dr. Washington Dodge, who had taken over as Federal president in 1917 and arranged the 1918 sale of most of the company's assets to the Navy, was later found to have used an intermediary company to pocket a large share of the sales fee, and was forced out as president in early January, 1919. Six months later, facing legal challenges to his actions, he committed suicide. A committee organized by new president R. P. Schwerin worked to untangle the company's finances, as reviewed in detail by Poulsen Wireless Company Presents Plans for Winding Up Its Entangled Affairs in the February 21, 1920 San Francisco Chronicle. (The company's complicated history was summerized in the Federal Telegraph Co. section of the 1922 Moodys Manual of Railroads and Corporation Securities.)
In late 1917, Federal Telegraph became the junior partner with American Marconi in forming the Pan-American Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Company, to develop a network of long-distance radiotelegraph links throughout South America. A New Wireless Chain Between the Americas by John V. L. Hogan, from the November, 1918 Popular Science Monthly, reviewed the proposed system in detail. Following World War One, Federal Telegraph found itself back in the radiotelegraph business, and the company's reorganization and expansion plans were explained by Acting Chief Engineer Haraden Pratt in New Stations of the Federal Tel. Co., from the February, 1921 Pacific Radio News. Despite Federal's various plans over the years -- including stations in China -- it ultimately proved unable to expand beyond its Pacific coast roots. Ironically, after years of suggesting that the radiotelegraph was destined to make landline telegraphs and undersea cables obsolete, Huge Radio System Started by Postal, from the August 25, 1927 New York Evening Post, announced that Federal Telegraph was being purchased by Mackay, an organization with extensive telegraph and cable holdings, although the new owner had plans for the "building up of a world-wide radio communication system". But, less than a year later, the June 26, 1928 Niagara Falls Gazette reported, in Series of Mergers Creates Impressive Radio Competition, that Mackay had in turn been swallowed up, by the International Telegraph and Telephone Company.
CHARLES HERROLD AND THE NATIONAL WIRELESS TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY
In early 1909, Charles D. Herrold established the Herrold College of Engineering and Wireless in San Jose, California. As part of the school's activities he built a radio station located atop that city's Garden City Bank building, for experimental work with high-frequency spark and arc transmitters, initially using the callsigns of FNFN and SJN, and later receiving an experimental licence as 6XF. The station became known for making experimental entertainment broadcasts, in order to publicize the school and attract students. Herrold also appears to be the first person to broadcast entertainment programs on a regular schedule, beginning in 1912 -- an early report of his broadcasting activities appeared in the July 21, 1912 San Jose Mercury Herald, which announced that Herrold Will Give Concert By Wireless Telephone, while the next day's San Jose Evening News reported Wireless Telephone Proves Successful. In addition to his school, Herrold worked to develop a commercial radio-telephone system that could be marketed to clients such as the U.S. Navy. In March, 1912, the National Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, headquartered in San Francisco, was incorporated, and a few months later Herrold began doing developmental work with the firm, becoming its chief engineer. National Wireless built a group of stations in central California, of which the most prominent, which later received an experimental licence as 6XO, was located on the roof of the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco. In the December 10, 1922 issue of the Mercury Herald, Emile Portal, who had been one of Herrold's students, and later worked with him professionally, reviewed the events which had occurred a decade earlier in Former San Jose Boy Now Foremost Expert in Radio, as Portal recalled the weekly broadcasts from the Garden City Bank station, plus his own work at the Fairmont Hotel station, "where more ambitious programs than those sent from his San Jose station were broadcasted". (In his memoirs, Robert H. Marriott reported that "...in July, 1915, I stopped at the Panama Pacific Exposition... In San Francisco I visited a station on the roof of the Fairmont Hotel, where phonograph records and local-talent music programs were being broadcast with an arc in alcohol vapor.")
The January 30, 1912 San Jose Mercury Herald reported successful radio-telephone tests between the Fairmont Hotel station and a U.S. navy station at Mare Island, with the hopes for even greater distances in the future expressed in the title of the review: "Hello Frisco, 1--9--1--5----This is Honolulu". In the July 27, 1913 issue of the same newspaper, San Jose Scientist Achieves Distinction reported Herrold's success in establishing a radio-telephone link between the stations at San Jose and San Francisco, as the inventor claimed to have developed "the most simple and practical system yet put in operation, in this country or abroad". A short review of his work by Milton E. Hymes, Correspondence, which appeared in the November, 1913 The Electrical Experimenter, reported that the transmission of the song "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine" had been heard 900 miles (1,450 kilometers) away, and in the April, 1914 issue of the same magazine, University of California Doing Good Radio Work reviewed additional radio-telegraph and radio-telephone activities. Despite on-going development, Herrold was never able to produce a commercial product, and in late 1913 had a falling-out with National Wireless and sued his former employer, only to have his successor, in Rival Engineer Testifies from the April 9, 1915 San Jose Mercury Herald, claim that "most of the improvements made by Herrold were ultimately abandoned by the company".
Herrold continued to operate the arc transmitter at his school, as documented by articles in the San Jose Mercury Herald, with Wireless Music Christmas Day on December 24, 1916 telling of an upcoming seasonal concert, while two days later Concert by Wireless Heard by 300 People reported that listeners had successfully received the 20 minute program "by connecting their own wireless apparatuses with the central apparatus of the Herrold-Portal aerial system of telephony", and a week later, Pistol Shot by Wireless as Old Year Goes publicized a New Year's Eve broadcast. In addition, the January 15, 1917 The Talking Machine World's Music Through the Air reported on a recent test transmission from the Fairmont Hotel station. However, these would be some of the last audio transmissions made by an arc-transmitter. In April, 1917, the stations were shut down due to the start of World War One, moreover, despite their relative refinement, arc transmitters had already become an obsolete technology for audio transmissions, due to the development of vacuum-tube transmitters.
In 1912, the U.S. Navy constructed a new station, NAA in Arlington, Virginia, as the first in a chain of high-power international links. This station initially used a 100 kilowatt NESCO rotary-spark transmitter designed by Reginald Fessenden. However, as recounted in The Federal Telegraph Co. of California and the Poulsen Arc Transmitter and The Radio (Arlington), Virginia, Station sections of Linwood S. Howeth's 1963 History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy, Cyril Elwell convinced the Navy to grudgingly let Federal Telegraph install a 35 kilowatt arc-transmitter for comparison trials. The Navy was amazed to find that the compact and virtually silent arc-transmitter outperformed the rotary-spark set, even though it was using just 1/3rd the power. At this point the Navy made an abrupt shift in its policies, and made increasingly powerful Federal Telegraph arcs the predominant transmitters in its new installations, as described in the Development of the High-Powered Chain chapter of Howeth's book. (Ironically, in a comprehensive paper on continuous-wave transmitters presented before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1908, Fessenden had dismissed Poulsen's approach as an inefficient step backward from earlier researchers, worth mentioning in passing only "on account of the interest it appears to have excited in Europe").
ADDITIONAL EARLY EXPERIMENTERS
Numerous companies on both sides of the Atlantic and in Japan tried developing arc-transmitters for audio transmissions, and over the years, Poulsen licenced the rights to his arc-transmitter patents to a variety of firms, while others seem to have developed arc-transmitters without first obtaining permission from the rights holders. A. Frederick Collins developed an arc-transmitter system which was reviewed in The Collins System of Long-Distance Wireless Telephony in the September 19, 1908 Scientific American, and in greater detail by William Dubilier's Wireless Telephony chapter in the 1909 book Wireless Telegraphy and High Frequency Electricity. The October 15, 1909 Flint Daily Journal reported on the efforts by M. F. Brown of Los Angeles in Music by Wireless Is Plan of Company Formed in Chicago, but there is no evidence that this effort got beyond the idea stage.
For eighteen months in 1908-1909, equipment designed by a German company, Telefunken, was evaluated by the U.S. Army Signal Corps in New York Harbor -- in Experiences in Wireless Telephoning, from the April, 1912 Electrician and Mechanic, Austin C. Lescarboura reported that "the practicability of the wireless telephone was found to be uncertain". However, a few months later Telefunken reported success, which made it possible to Hear Music by Wireless on a ship in the North Atlantic, transmitted from its Long Island, New York station, according to the March 1, 1913 The Music Trade Review. Boy Experts in Wireless Telephoning, from the October 8, 1911 New York Herald, reviewed the low-powered experiments being made by the Junior Wireless Club. In the October 27, 1912 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Young Brooklynite Talks by Wireless reviewed the work of Elman B. Myers.
American Marconi also did some limited development of arc transmitters in the United States, with information on test transmissions from a station located atop the Wanamaker's department store reviewed in New York to Philadelphia by Wireless Telephone in the June 1914 issue of The Wireless Age and Wireless 'Phone Used from the May 31, 1914 Oregonian. The next year the company, somewhat belatedly, purchased the English rights to use the Poulsen patents, announced in Marconi Absorbs Rival from the September 15, 1915 New York Times, just as the technology was becoming obsolete for audio transmissions due to the development of vacuum-tube transmitters. Wireless System To Aid Commerce Of Pan-America, from the December 26, 1917 New-York Tribune, announced the creation of the Pan-American Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Company, a joint venture with Federal Telegraph, with Marconi acting as the senior partner. This new company intended to build arc radiotelegraph stations, after the conclusion of World War One, to "connect all of the Americas for commercial wireless communication". However, Edward J. Nally, general manager of American Marconi, and president of the new corporation, was guilty of wishful thinking when he claimed this was an "enterprise the United States government has set its seal of approval" -- actually the U.S. government was opposed to what it saw as undue British influence, and would help to block the new company's efforts.
C. D. Tuska developed his own form of arc transmitter, using tungsten electrodes, reviewed in Hartford Youths Construct an Efficient Wireless Telephone from the March 19, 1916 Hartford Courant, which he used to broadcast occasional concerts.
Overall, although arc-transmitters were a significant advance over spark transmitters, they still were somewhat complicated, generally limited to radiotelegraphy, and were relatively quickly supplanted by the development of vacuum-tube transmitters, which were even more efficient and reliable. (In his 1922 book Amateur Radio, Maurice J. Grainger, writing about the superiority of vacuum-tube transmitters for broadcasting purposes, wrote "Certainly an arc transmitter could be used, but the sounds that would be projected through the air by this means would be so inextricably mixed up with 'clicks, hisses, gurgles and howls' that nobody would have the patience to listen to it.")
"In 1903, Poulsen raised the arc to the status of a practically operative generator of radio frequency energy in considerable quantity by the following changes: placing the entire arc in an atmosphere of hydrogen or a hydrocarbon vapor (e.g., alcohol or gasoline), using a carbon electrode for the negative side and a copper anode water-cooled for the positive side, rotating the carbon electrode slowly by motor drive, and placing an intense deflecting magnetic field transverse to the arc. Except for certain constructional and electrical details, this is the Poulsen arc of to-day."--Alfred N. Goldsmith, Radio Telephony, 1918.


text:
Tucker Carlson: Biden sought Griner's release over a pro-Trump US Marine because she's a Black lesbian
December 9, 2022 | Terresa Monroe-Hamilton | Print Article
Fox News host Tucker Carlson reported on his show Thursday that President Biden was given a choice by Russia when swapping prisoners for the "Merchant of Death" and he chose a black, lesbian basketball player named Brittney Griner over a white former Marine named Paul Whelan.
(Video Credit: Fox News)
Biden carried out the swap on Thursday for Griner who had been detained in Russia since February on drug charges for possessing less than half a gram of hash oil. In return, the United States released one of the most dangerous men on the planet, an arms dealer named Viktor Bout, who was convicted in 2011 of conspiring to kill Americans.
"So that's the guy that Joe Biden just sprung from prison, the international arms dealer who's arming terror groups and drug cartels. Now, keep in mind, the same administration that did that is simultaneously calling for the arrest and imprisonment of American citizens who have handgun magazines that hold more than 10 rounds. So by any measure, it was a very costly prisoner swap. Certainly, from Paul Whelan's perspective, it was," Carlson remarked.
Whelan was detained in Russia in 2018 for alleged spying when he attended a friend's wedding there. He was given 16 years in a Russian hellhole.
Many conservatives believe the deal should not have been made at all. Others believe that Whelan should have been part of the deal that was brokered.
Meet Brittney Griner & Marine Paul Whelan.
Both Americans.
Both were convicted in Russian courts on dubious charges.
Both serving multi-year sentences in Russian prison.
Brittney hates America
Paul served America
Guess which one Biden traded a terrorist to free?
Semper fi Paul pic.twitter.com/tuP1R6AZpf
— Benny Johnson (@bennyjohnson) December 8, 2022
Brittney Griner being released in exchange for a convicted arms dealer.
What about Retired U.S. Marine Paul Whelan?
— Mayra Flores (@MayraFlores2022) December 8, 2022
https://twitter.com/Shawn_Farash/status/1600844036058730497
Tucker Carlson told viewers that Biden was given a choice between the former Marine and the black, lesbian basketball player and predictably chose the latter instead of demanding that both be released. That fact came out in the original reporting by NBC News. Many immediately saw it as an extreme sign of weakness by Biden.
"'This was not a choice of which American to bring home.' Really? Oh, but it clearly was a choice. And we know it was a choice because the first accounts of the prisoner swap with Russia said it was a choice. Earlier today, Andrea Mitchell of NBC — this is someone who's been in Washington covering news for more than 50 years, someone who is deeply supportive of the Joe Biden administration — contributed to a story that contained this line: 'The Kremlin gave the White House the choice of either Griner or Whelan — or none.' So Mitchell's piece attributed this fact to a 'senior U.S. official.' It was not a guess. It was sourced. And then, as with the early reporting on Paul Pelosi last month, that account was scrubbed and sanitized, and the new version of the NBC story assures us that: 'The Kremlin ultimately gave the White House the choice of either Griner or no one,'" he reported.
HOLY SHIT. NBCNews stealth-edited their news article saying Biden had to pick either Griner or Whelan. pic.twitter.com/aNoFKV9MqO
— Steve Oatley (@steveoatley) December 8, 2022
"The 'professional athlete' is also an American citizen" — Karine Jean-Pierre hits back at Peter Doocy after he derisively describes Brittney Griner as a "a professional athlete" pic.twitter.com/afnzb5RO7o
— Aaron Rupar (@atrupar) December 8, 2022
"Why'd they make that choice?" the Fox News host asked. "Well, you should know that Whalen is a Trump voter and he made the mistake of saying so on social media. He's paying the price for that now. Brittney Griner is not. She's got very different politics. Brittney Griner despises the United States. She's been very vocal about that. This country is so repellent and immoral that two years ago she said: 'I honestly feel we should not play the national anthem during our basketball season.' She hates the country so much she doesn't want to hear its anthem. That's the kind of position that gets you rewarded by Joe Biden. 'Hate America? Perfect. We'll free the guy who sold weapons to drug cartels to get you out early.'"
Then, Carlson highlighted a comment by White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre.
"It came to either bring Brittney home or no one. As the president said this morning, he will never stop working to secure Paul's release and return home. And he will not give up. On a personal note, Brittney Griner is more than an athlete, more than an Olympian, she is an important role model and inspiration to millions of Americans, particularly the LGBTQI+ Americans and women of color. She should never have been detained by Russia," Jean-Pierre declared.
(Video Credit: Forbes Breaking News)
"How does this deal not send a message to Russia and to other governments that if they wrongfully detain American[s] … they will have some of their most dangerous criminals, in this case the 'Merchant of Death,' released?"
Jean-Pierre: "I cannot speak for other countries." pic.twitter.com/zN6Z9dLF6V
— RNC Research (@RNCResearch) December 8, 2022
Carlson then asserted that Jean-Pierre intimated that being black and a lesbian are "essential qualifications for a prisoner swap."
"So there's Joe Biden's press secretary telling you that Brittney Griner is important because she's a lesbian woman of color, and by the way, so am I. That's what she said. Now, how perverse is that? You hear that kind of stuff all the time, but how perverse is it? Well, imagine a press secretary from the last administration, say, Sean Spicer, pausing in the middle of a briefing to tell you that 'on a personal note, it is thrilling when a straight, white man gets out of prison.' What would you think of that? You'd probably see that as an offense against the idea of the rule of law, against the idea of a country where we're all treated equally because we're all citizens. But liberals don't see it that way because they don't believe in abstract principles, so they're 100% behind that idea," Carlson noted.
"You get more rights based on what color you are, what sexual orientation you are. But that's not how this country works or has ever worked or should ever work. That's immoral," he concluded.
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Terresa Monroe-Hamilton
Latest posts by Terresa Monroe-Hamilton (see all)
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text:
Identification of stromal cells in spleen which support myelopoiesis
Hong Lim, Helen C O'Neill
Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine
Stromal cells in spleen organise tissue into red pulp, white pulp and marginal zone and also interact with hematopoietic cells to regulate immune responses. This study has used phenotypic information of a previously described spleen stromal cell line called 5G3, which supports restricted hematopoiesis in vitro, to identify an equivalent stromal cell subset in vivo and to test its capacity to support hematopoiesis. Using stromal cell fractionation, phenotypic analysis, as well as cell growth and hematopoietic support assays, the Sca-1+gp38+Thy1.2+CD29+CD51+ fraction of spleen stroma has been identified as an equivalent stromal subset resembling the 5G3 cell counterpart. While heterogeneity may still exist within that subset, it has been shown to have superior hematopoietic support capacity compared with the 5G3 cell line, and all other spleen stromal cell fractions tested.
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00001
Myelopoiesis
Stromal Cells
Hematopoiesis
Cell Fractionation
Lim, H., & O'Neill, H. C. (2019). Identification of stromal cells in spleen which support myelopoiesis. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 7(1), [425328]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00001, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00001
Lim, Hong ; O'Neill, Helen C. / Identification of stromal cells in spleen which support myelopoiesis. In: Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2019 ; Vol. 7, No. 1.
@article{ce493b42121c4380a7deb296d546772b,
title = "Identification of stromal cells in spleen which support myelopoiesis",
abstract = "Stromal cells in spleen organise tissue into red pulp, white pulp and marginal zone and also interact with hematopoietic cells to regulate immune responses. This study has used phenotypic information of a previously described spleen stromal cell line called 5G3, which supports restricted hematopoiesis in vitro, to identify an equivalent stromal cell subset in vivo and to test its capacity to support hematopoiesis. Using stromal cell fractionation, phenotypic analysis, as well as cell growth and hematopoietic support assays, the Sca-1+gp38+Thy1.2+CD29+CD51+ fraction of spleen stroma has been identified as an equivalent stromal subset resembling the 5G3 cell counterpart. While heterogeneity may still exist within that subset, it has been shown to have superior hematopoietic support capacity compared with the 5G3 cell line, and all other spleen stromal cell fractions tested.",
author = "Hong Lim and O'Neill, {Helen C}",
doi = "10.3389/fcell.2019.00001",
journal = "Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology",
publisher = "Frontiers Media SA",
Lim, H & O'Neill, HC 2019, 'Identification of stromal cells in spleen which support myelopoiesis', Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, vol. 7, no. 1, 425328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00001, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00001
Identification of stromal cells in spleen which support myelopoiesis. / Lim, Hong; O'Neill, Helen C.
In: Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 425328, 24.01.2019.
T1 - Identification of stromal cells in spleen which support myelopoiesis
AU - Lim, Hong
AU - O'Neill, Helen C
N2 - Stromal cells in spleen organise tissue into red pulp, white pulp and marginal zone and also interact with hematopoietic cells to regulate immune responses. This study has used phenotypic information of a previously described spleen stromal cell line called 5G3, which supports restricted hematopoiesis in vitro, to identify an equivalent stromal cell subset in vivo and to test its capacity to support hematopoiesis. Using stromal cell fractionation, phenotypic analysis, as well as cell growth and hematopoietic support assays, the Sca-1+gp38+Thy1.2+CD29+CD51+ fraction of spleen stroma has been identified as an equivalent stromal subset resembling the 5G3 cell counterpart. While heterogeneity may still exist within that subset, it has been shown to have superior hematopoietic support capacity compared with the 5G3 cell line, and all other spleen stromal cell fractions tested.
AB - Stromal cells in spleen organise tissue into red pulp, white pulp and marginal zone and also interact with hematopoietic cells to regulate immune responses. This study has used phenotypic information of a previously described spleen stromal cell line called 5G3, which supports restricted hematopoiesis in vitro, to identify an equivalent stromal cell subset in vivo and to test its capacity to support hematopoiesis. Using stromal cell fractionation, phenotypic analysis, as well as cell growth and hematopoietic support assays, the Sca-1+gp38+Thy1.2+CD29+CD51+ fraction of spleen stroma has been identified as an equivalent stromal subset resembling the 5G3 cell counterpart. While heterogeneity may still exist within that subset, it has been shown to have superior hematopoietic support capacity compared with the 5G3 cell line, and all other spleen stromal cell fractions tested.
UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2019.00001/abstract
U2 - 10.3389/fcell.2019.00001
DO - 10.3389/fcell.2019.00001
JO - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
JF - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
Lim H, O'Neill HC. Identification of stromal cells in spleen which support myelopoiesis. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2019 Jan 24;7(1). 425328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00001, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00001
10.3389/fcell.2019.00001Licence: CC BY
10.3389/fcell.2019.00001
Identification of stromal cells in spleen which support myelopoiesisFinal published version, 2 MBLicence: CC BY
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2019.00001/abstract


text:
High Wycombe homeowner fails in bid to extend house for eight people
The current six-person detached home could have been made even bigger, losing three parking spaces
Rory ButlerLocal Democracy Reporter
112 Micklefield Road (right) (Image: Google)
The owner of a detached home has failed in his bid to extend it to accommodate eight people.
Neighbours had objected to the scheme, fearing parking in the area by the current six-person house would have been 'made worse'.
But Buckinghamshire Council turned down the plans to extend 112 Micklefield Road in High Wycombe as it wouldn't provide a suitable living environment for future tenants.
Read more news from High Wycombe here
Rejecting the plans the council said it "would be an inadequate number and cramped layout of communal rooms and rear amenity area".
If approved three parking spaces would have been lost, the council added "inadequate on-site parking" would "likely to lead to significant increase of displacement parking, to the detriment of public and highway safety".
One objector said more rooms would 'make parking worse', adding ongoing works at the property had been a disturbance "for months on end".
"I object to adding more rooms," they wrote. "You can hear the doors banging until late at night.
"We have children, and the walls are paper-thin as they have made the walls thinner to make more room.
"There is not enough parking in the driveway for all the cars at the moment, let alone adding more rooms.
"Cars are parked on the road outside our house and parking outside other people's houses on the road – adding more rooms will just make this worse."
They added: "We put up with the noise for months on end when they were redoing the house starting at 7-8am in the morning into the evening.
"My children were trying to have their naps and being woken by drilling and banging, sometimes for hours on end."
The application was refused on September 17.
High Wycombe crime: Boys punched and have valuables stolen by group of ten
Safeguarding enquiry at care home after concerns raised


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Home Sports Mumbai Test: Loss to NZ in WTC final will be accounted for,...
Mumbai Test: Loss to NZ in WTC final will be accounted for, Team India 5 steps away from victory
The first test of the series played in Kanpur ended in a draw.
India lost by 8 wickets in WTC final
Indian team can get a big win on the fourth day in Mumbai Test
Team India's victory against New Zealand (IND vs NZ 2nd Test) in Mumbai Test match is fixed on the fourth day. Chasing the huge target set by Kohli and Co., the condition of the Kiwi team is very bad. 5 batsmen of the visiting team's top order have returned to the pavilion on a total score of 140 runs. In such a situation, on Monday, the Indian bowlers can be able to wrap up the innings of the Kiwi team as soon as possible and give India a big win.
With winning this test match, the Indian team will take the 2-match series 1-0. The first test match of the series played in Kanpur ended in a draw. With this, Kohli and Co. will also equalize the loss in the final of the World Test Championship with the Kiwi team.
VIDEO: The keeper hit, the keeper threw and the keeper got out
This year, the Kiwi team defeated India by 8 wickets in the WTC Final played in Southampton, England, breaking their dream of becoming the World Test Champion. After this New Zealand's team became number one in the Test rankings.
India had to face defeat on the last New Zealand tour
When the Indian team went on the tour of New Zealand in 2019/20, at that time the host team cleaned up Team India in the 2-match series. Whereas before this, when the team of New Zealand came to India in 2016/17, Team India, captained by Kohli, had eliminated it in the 3-Test series.
VIDEO: Kiwi batsman was not out even after being clean bowled, Captain Kohli along with Ashwin was also surprised
35 Test matches have been played between the two teams in India.
So far 61 Test matches have been played between the two teams in which India has won 21 while the Kiwi team has won 13 matches. A total of 27 matches have been drawn between the two teams. Apart from this, 21 series have been played between the two in which India has won 11 test series while Kiwi team has won 6. Four Tests have ended in draws. 35 Test matches have been played between the two teams in India in which the hosts have won 16 while New Zealand has won 2 Tests. 17 Tests have been drawn.
India needs 5 wickets to win, New Zealand 400 runs
At the end of the third day's play in the Mumbai Test, New Zealand scored 140 for five in their second innings and are still 400 runs away from the target. The first match played between the two teams in Kanpur was a draw.
IND v NZ: Kiwi batsman adopts Mayank's trick to find Indian spinners, reveals himself
India, who scored 325 in their first innings, declared their second innings ended at 276 for seven. New Zealand's team was bowled out for only 62 runs in the first innings.
The New Zealand batsmen could not bat easily. Darrell Mitchell definitely scored 60 runs in 92 balls. Henry Nicholls was on 36 and Rachin Ravindra was on two when the stumps were dislodged. For India, off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin took three for 27 and left-arm spinner Axar Patel took one wicket for 42 runs.
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SEOPAN es la Asociación de Empresas Constructoras y Concesionarias de Infraestructuras. Su presidente es Julián Núñez.

Historia

SEOPAN, es la Asociación de Empresas Constructoras y Concesionarias de Infraestructuras, fundada en 1956 con la finalidad de representar y defender los intereses de las empresas nacionales, que construyeron las bases en España, para el Ejército de los Estados Unidos. Aquella asociación la conformaron 39 empresas, que se alternaron en la ostentación de la presidencia durante los primeros años de historia, hasta que en 1966 se llevó a cabo una refundación de la asociación, incorporándose un equipo de dirección independiente. A partir de ese año, se comienzan a elaborar unos informes anuales de la construcción en los que analizan los principales indicadores del sector de la construcción, tales como la demanda pública, los costes y consumos de materiales, o el empleo movido por el sector.
En 2014 fusionó sus actividades con ASETA (Asociación de Sociedades Españolas Concesionarias de Autopistas, Túneles, Puentes y Vías de Peaje) y ATTA (Asociación Tecnológica para el Tratamiento de Agua) para aprovechar sinergias, potenciar la defensa de sus asociados, ampliar su actividad nacional e internacional y ganar representatividad.
La organización tiene 39 asociadas de pleno derecho dedicadas a la construcción y gestión de infraestructuras públicas mediante concesiones. De ellas, seis cotizan en la Bolsa de Madrid. En conjunto, las asociadas representan un volumen de producción cercano a los 73.000 millones de euros, proporcionando empleo a más de 400.000 personas.
Los fines de SEOPAN promover de forma activa la inversión en infraestructuras y el impulso de los proyectos de colaboración público-privada como elementos decisivos para la competitividad y crecimiento económico en España, fomentar y defender la iniciativa privada y la libertad de empresa en el sector de construcción, concesiones de infraestructuras y tecnología del agua, y la protección de los intereses comunes de sus asociadas ante las Administraciones públicas, las instituciones y la sociedad, además de su representación ante todas ellas, tanto en España como en el exterior.

Estructura

La Junta Directiva es el órgano de gobierno y de representación de la Asociación, de acuerdo con las disposiciones y directivas de la Asamblea General. Está constituida por el presidente de la Asociación, el secretario y los vocales designados, cada dos años, de entre sus socios, por la Asamblea General. El acceso a la Junta es abierto y pueden formar parte de la misma todos los socios que reúnan las condiciones exigidas por los estatutos. Los miembros de la Junta Directiva no perciben remuneración ni dieta alguna por su pertenencia a la misma.
Los Comités de Concesiones de Infraestructuras, de Construcción y de Tecnología del Agua son los órganos de gobierno y de representación, que gestionan y representan los intereses de las empresas de la Asociación en todos aquellos asuntos relacionados con dichas actividades desarrolladas por sus empresas miembros, de acuerdo con las disposiciones y directivas de la Asamblea General y Junta Directiva.
Están constituidos por el presidente de la Asociación, el secretario, el director del comité y por las empresas miembros designadas por la Junta Directiva, cuya actividad la constituya las concesiones de infraestructuras, construcción y la tecnología del agua. Las empresas miembros de cada uno de los comités son designadas, por plazo de dos años prorrogables por iguales periodos.
Para el estudio de los asuntos de interés común de los asociados se han constituido diferentes Comisiones técnicas: Internacional, Laboral, Fiscal, Jurídica, Comunicación, I+D+i, Prevención de Riesgos Laborales, Maquinaria, Calidad y Medioambiente, Tecnología, Índices, Explotación, Tecnología & Marketing y Autovías y sostenibilidad. Estas Comisiones están compuestas por representantes designados por las empresas asociadas.

Internacionalización Empresas SEOPAN

Dentro de la Asociación figuran destacadas multinacionales españolas, que se sitúan en muchos aspectos en los primeros lugares del ranking frente a sus competidoras de la Unión Europea y del mundo.
La alta tecnificación y la implantación de sistemas innovadores de gestión, aseguramiento de la calidad, gestión medioambiental, información y control permiten a las empresas que componen SEOPAN atender con éxito las demandas de cualquier proyecto de construcción de infraestructuras. Asimismo, su presencia en los mercados exteriores es cada vez más sólida, tanto en la ejecución de contratos en régimen de concesión como en el campo de las infraestructuras viarias, hidráulicas y de servicios.
Las compañías asociadas en SEOPAN se orientan hacia la gestión integral de proyectos –incluyendo financiación, diseño, ejecución, explotación y mantenimiento-, lo que les permite atender con éxito los retos planteados por los sistemas de financiación de infraestructuras extra-presupuestarios, bien sean con financiación privada o a través de sistemas de colaboración público-privada (CPP).

Transparencia

SEOPAN publica en su página web toda la información relevante de la Asociación, en cumplimiento de las obligaciones que le impone la Ley 19/2013, de 9 de diciembre, de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno, y para reafirmar su compromiso con la transparencia, y garantizar la mayor eficiencia y equidad en la gestión de los recursos públicos, y la igualdad de oportunidades entre las empresas y profesionales, principios esenciales para la competitividad y el desarrollo económico y social de nuestra sociedad.

Socios

En la actualidad, hay asociadas 39 empresas constructoras, entre las que se encuentran las de mayor actividad en el sector de la construcción español, así como las seis grandes constructoras españolas:
ACCIONA
DRAGADOS
FCC CONSTRUCCIÓN
FERROVIAL
SACYR
OHLA
ABERTIS
SANJOSE
COMSA
VÍAS Y CONSTRUCCIONES
AGUAS DE BARCELONA
COPROSA
PAVASAL
AQUAMBIENTE
GLOBALVIA
ITÍNERE
ROADIS
ALEÁTICA
RUBAU
OBRAS Y SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS
PECSA
ASCAN
LICUAS
DE CONSTRUCCIONES ABALDO
ACESA
INVICAT
AUCAT
AULESA
AVASA
CASTELLANA DE AUTOPISTAS
AUTEMA
AUSOL
ACEGA
AUCALSA
AUDASA
AUDENASA
AUTOESTRADAS DE GALICIA
AUSUR
GUADALCESA

Presidentes

 D. Ramón de Caso (1958- 1968)
 D. José Luis Córdoba (1968- 1975)
 D. Ignacio Briones (1975-1979)
 D. José Mª López de Letona (1979- 1986)
 D. Antonio Durán (1986- 1988)
 D. Rafael del Pino (1988- 1989)
 D Jesús Roa (1989- 1990)
 D. Mariano Aísa (P.Ejecutivo) (1990- 1994)
 D. Fernando Bilbao  (P.Ejecutivo) (1994- 2003)
 D. Enrique de Aldama (P.Ejecutivo)  (2004-2007)
 D. David Taguas (P.Ejecutivo)  (2008-2012)
 D. Baldomero Falcones (2012-2013)
 D. Julián Núñez (P.Ejecutivo) (2013- Actualidad)

Enlaces externos
Página Web Oficial
Actividad Internacional

Constructoras de España
Asociaciones de España

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
NOVONIX Ltd (ASX: NVX)
NOVONIX Ltd (ASX: NVX) Share Price and News
Novonix Ltd Chart and Price Data
Market Cap $3.46 billion
P/E Ratio N/A
Dividend per share N/A
Earnings Yield N/A
Why Accent, BrainChip, Fortescue, and Novonix shares are sinking
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Novonix (ASX:NVX) share price drops 6% amid agreement with US battery cell developer
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In afternoon trade, the S&P/ASX 200 Index (ASX: XJO) is on course to start the week with a decline. At …
NVX ASX Announcements
About NOVONIX Ltd
NOVONIX Ltd operates in the lithium-ion battery industry. The company has three operating segments being Graphite Exploration and Mining, Battery Technology, and Battery Materials. Graphite Exploration and Mining segment is engaged in the exploration and development of high-grade flake graphite deposit. The Battery Materials segment develops and manufactures battery anode materials. The Battery Technology segment develops battery cell testing equipment and carried out research and development in battery development. The Battery Technology segment is the major revenue contributor to the company. It has two geographical segments namely Australia and North America, of which the majority of the revenue comes from North America.
NVX Share Price History Data provided by Morningstar.
18 Jan 2022 $10.21 $0.58 6.02% 5,832,109 $9.68 $10.52 $9.68
17 Jan 2022 $9.63 $-0.11 -1.13% 5,754,790 $9.80 $10.79 $9.49
13 Jan 2022 $9.59 $0.04 0.42% 3,037,285 $9.59 $10.00 $9.44
11 Jan 2022 $9.46 $-0.90 -8.69% 5,832,225 $10.24 $10.37 $9.33
10 Jan 2022 $10.36 $1.01 10.80% 6,774,826 $9.88 $10.68 $9.47
31 Dec 2021 $9.19 $-0.10 -1.08% 1,709,124 $9.35 $9.42 $9.10
14 Dec 2021 Robert Natter Exercise 200 $1,846,000
14 Dec 2021 Robert Natter Issued 200 $1,846,000
Conversion of securities. As per announcement on 14/12/2021
07 Dec 2021 Robert Cooper Issued 66 $110,000
Issue of securities. 66,000 - Share Rights
Trading in USD$
07 Dec 2021 Andrew Liveris Issued 66 $110,000
Director remuneration. 66,000 - Share Rights
07 Dec 2021 Anthony (Tony) Bellas Issued 266 $2,282,280
Issue of securities. 266,000 - Share Rights
07 Dec 2021 Anthony (Tony) Bellas Buy 200 $1,716,000
07 Dec 2021 Anthony (Tony) Bellas Exercise 200 $1,716,000
Conversion of securities. 66,000 - Share Rights
07 Dec 2021 Trevor St Baker Issued 66 $110,000
24 May 2021 Andrew Liveris Exercise 2 $1,650,000
Exercise of options.
24 May 2021 Andrew Liveris Buy 2 $1,650,000
11 May 2021 Robert Cooper Issued 68 $200,001
Placement.
11 May 2021 Robert Natter Issued 431 $1,249,998
11 May 2021 Trevor St Baker Issued 4 $11,999,999
16 Mar 2021 Gregory Baynton Exercise 300 $795,000
16 Mar 2021 Gregory Baynton Buy 300 $795,000
16 Mar 2021 Gregory Baynton Expiry 200 $530,000
As advised by the company. Performance Rights lapsed
Mr Anthony (Tony) George Bellas Non-Executive ChairmanNon-Executive Director Aug 2015
Mr Bellas has over 35 years of experience in the public and private sectors. Tony was previously CEO of the Seymour Group, private investment and development companies. Prior to joining the Seymour Group, Tony held the position of CEO of Ergon Energy, a Queensland Government-owned corporation involved in electricity distribution and retailing. Before that, he was CEO of CS Energy, also a Queensland Government-owned corporation. Tony had a long career with Queensland Treasury, he worked as a Deputy Under Treasurer. Currently, He is Chairman of intelliHR Limited and Deputy Chairman of State Gas Limited. He is a director of Loch Exploration Pty Ltd, Colonial Goldfields Pty Ltd and West Bengal Resources (Australia) Pty Ltd.
Mr Trevor Charles St Baker Non-Executive Director Sep 2020
Mr Baker has over 60 years of experience in the energy industry, including 23 within NSW and Queensland Electricity Commissions, 12 years as Principal of ERM Consultants then founding ERM Power Ltd which was acquired by Shell for $617 million in November 2019. Trevor is an investor and Chairman of leading global electric vehicle DC fast charge developer and manufacturer, Tritium Pty Ltd, which has merged with Decarbonisation plus Acquisition Corp (DCRN) to List on NASDAQ as Tritium DCFC Corp. He is also Chairman of Nth Degree Worldwide Technologies Inc, and of Printed Energy Pty Ltd, both of Tempe, Arizona, and a Director of CareWear Corp, of Reno, Nevada. He is also Chairman of Delta Electricity Pty Ltd and of Evie Networks (Fast Cities Australia Pty Ltd), both of Australia, and is a founding director of SMR Nuclear Technology Pty Ltd. Trevor also co-founded the St Baker Wilkes Indigenous Educational Foundation Limited. Currently, he is Director of St Baker Energy Innovation Fund, Energy Policy Institute of Australia, Pure-EVs of the Philippines, as well as member of advisory Boards of Revel Transit Inc, of NY, and of TrueGreen Mobility Pty Ltd, of Australia.
Mr Robert J Natter Executive Director Jul 2017
Mr Natter retired from active military service with the US Navy in 2003 and now has 17 years of experience in the private sector of the US and Australia markets. During his Navy career, Admiral Natter served as the Commander of the US Seventh Fleet, controlling all US Navy operations throughout the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. As a four star Admiral, Natter was Commander in Chief of the US Atlantic Fleet and the first Commander of US Fleet Forces Command, overseeing all Continental US Navy bases and the training and readiness of all Navy ships, submarines, and aircraft squadrons based there. He is on the Board and Chairs the Governance and Compensation Committee of Allied Universal Security Company with over 700,000 employees worldwide. He also serves on the Board of Intellisense (ISI), a privately held technology company based in Torrance, California. He also serves on the US Naval Academy Foundation Board and was Chairman of the Academy Alumni Association, representing over 60,000 living Academy alumni. He also served on the Navy Seal Museum and the Yellow Ribbon Fund Boards.
Mr Robert John Cooper Non-Executive Director Oct 2016
Mr Cooper has almost 30 years of industry experience, having held roles across a diverse range of commodities, both in Australia and overseas. He has operating and technical experience in both operations and project development. Mr Cooper has previously held positions with BHP Billiton as General Manager of Leinster Nickel Operations within Nickel West, and as Asset President of Ekati Diamonds in Canada. He more recently held senior positions with Discovery Metals as General Manager-Operations in Botswana and as General Manager-Development. Robert is currently the CEO of Round Oak Minerals Pty Limited, a 100% owned subsidiary of the Washington H Soul Pattinson Group of companies.
Mr Andrew Nicholas Liveris Non-Executive Director Jul 2018
Mr Liveris has more than 40 years of experience at the Dow Chemical Company, Mr Liveris' career has spanned roles in manufacturing, engineering, sales, marketing, and business and general management around the world. Currently, he is Non executive director of Saudi Arabian Oil Company and International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation (NYSE: IBM).
Mr Chris Hay Alternate Director Jun 2021
Mr Hay is an experienced senior executive and investment professional with direct investment experience in private equity and venture capital.
Ms Zhanna Golodryga Non-Executive Director Oct 2021
Ms Golodryga has over 30 years of experience in the energy industry and the information technology field. She serves as the Senior Vice President and Chief Digital and Administrative Officer of Phillips 66 (NYSE: PSX), a diversified energy manufacturing and logistics company. Prior to joining Phillips 66, Ms Golodryga served as Chief Information Officer and Senior Vice President, Services at Hess Corporation with responsibility for managing the company's service organizations including global supply chain, global business transformation program, and global office services, as well as information management, enterprise architecture, infrastructure, and cybersecurity. Prior to that, Ms Golodryga served as Chief Information Officer at BHP Billiton Petroleum, Vice President of Information Technology at TeleCheck International, Manager of Information Systems at Baker Hughes, IT Services Manager at Marathon Oil, and Systems Analyst at 3D/International. Ms Golodryga currently serves on the boards of Regions Financial Corp., and Memorial Hermann Foundation, and chairs the AspenTech Executive Advisory Board. Honors and Recognition includes 50 Most Powerful Women in Oil & Gas and Top 50 Multicultural Leaders award from National Diversity Council
Ms Suzanne Yeates Company Secretary
Dr Christopher John Burns Chief Executive Officer Sep 2020
Christopher John Burns Chief Executive Officer
Suzanne Yeates Company Secretary
R Buttar Senior Vice President and General Counsel
St Baker Energy Holdings Pty Ltd 62,843,522 15.53%
Allegro Capital Nominees Pty Ltd 24,336,337 6.01%
Merrill Lynch (Australia) Nominees Pty Limited 16,852,336 4.17%
Argo Investments Limited 14,240,028 3.52%
Philip St Baker & Peta St Baker 13,584,212 3.36%
BNP Paribas Nominees Pty Ltd Acf Clearstream 11,616,402 2.87%
Carpe Diem Asset Management Pty Ltd 9,047,622 2.24%
Washington H Soul Pattinson and Company Limited 7,867,785 1.94%
BNP Paribas Nominees Pty Ltd 6,660,047 1.65%
J P Morgan Nominees Australia Limited 5,619,431 1.39%
Andrew Liveris 5,000,000 1.24%
George Chapman 4,000,000 0.99%
HSBC Custody Nominees (Australia) Limited – A/c 3,880,097 0.96%
John Christopher Burns 3,756,936 0.93%
David Andrew Stevens 3,350,910 0.83%
BNP Paribas Nominees Pty Ltd (i) 3,160,382 0.78%
Netwealth Investments Limited 2,296,645 0.57%