text:
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1-20 of 208 Results for:
Educator x
1234567 ... 1011
Africanus, Selah Mills
John Marinelli
teacher and abolitionist, said in a letter of protest to the Hartford Courant that he was born to enslaved parents, but their names are unknown. Slavery was not formally abolished in New York State until 1827, and the census of 1820 recorded 518 slaves in New York City. One source suggests that Africanus was born in New York City in 1822; it is possible that he may have been connected to the brothers Edward Cephas Africanus and Selas H. Africanus, who taught at a black school in Long Island in the 1840s. Africanus is now remembered only through his few published writings and journalistic documentation of his actions; the earliest records of his activity in Connecticut date from 1849 when he attended a Colored Men s Convention and a suffrage meeting His most notable publication was the broadside he created to warn Hartford African Americans about ...
Anderson, Caroline Virginia Still Wiley
Geraldine Rhoades Beckford
physician, educator, and community worker, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was the eldest daughter of the abolitionist movement leaders William Still and Letitia George Still. In 1850William Still became the head of the Philadelphia Underground Railroad and Vigilance Committee. He would later chronicle his experiences in the best-selling 1872 account, The Underground Railroad.
After completing primary and secondary education at Mrs. Henry Gordon's Private School, the Friends Raspberry Alley School, and the Institute for Colored Youth, Anderson entered Oberlin College. Although she was the youngest member of the graduating class of 1868, Anderson presided over the annual Ladies' Literary Society, a singular honor that had never been awarded to a student of African ancestry.
After graduating from Oberlin, Anderson returned home to teach drawing and elocution, and on 28 December 1869 she married Edward A. Wiley a former slave and fellow ...
Anderson, Matthew
C. James Trotman
Presbyterian pastor, educator, and social reformer, was born in Greencastle, Pennsylvania, the son of Timothy Anderson and Mary Croog One of fourteen children he was raised in the comforts of a rural middle class home less than thirty miles from historic Gettysburg On a typical day of his youth Matthew faced both the physical demands of farm life and the movement back and forth between two cultures One dominated by commerce and materialism was uncharacteristically open to the Andersons who owned lumber mills and real estate at a time when most black Americans were dehumanized and disenfranchised by chattel slavery The other was a culture defined by close family ties and Presbyterian piety At home Matthew heard Bible stories and dramatic tales of runaway slaves indeed religious piety and the pursuit of racial freedom were dominant themes in his life These early experiences inspired Matthew so ...
Arter, Jared
Valerie A. Gray
college president, educator, and minister, was born Jared Maurice Arter in Jefferson County, West Virginia, the son of Jeremiah Arter, a slave and a miller by trade, and Hannah Frances Stephenson, a slave. When Arter was seven years old his father died in an accident at the mill. The plantation on which the family lived, the Little plantation, was located four miles from Harpers Ferry. In 1859 Arter witnessed the hanging of four men who participated in John Brown's raid at that city. This childhood memory sparked in him the desire to fight for equality; the schoolroom would be his battleground.
As a teenager Arter applied for a position as a bellboy for which he would have to pass a test demonstrating his ability to read numbers With help from his brother in law he mastered the skill sufficiently in one evening to pass the test This accomplishment ...
Artrell, William Middleton
David M. Fahey
temperance reformer, federal customs official, and educator, was born William Middleton Artrell, of one quarter African and three quarters European ancestry, at Nassau in the Bahamas. There Artrell benefited from a basic education on the British model, acquired experience as a schoolteacher, and became a staunch Episcopalian.
During the American Civil War the Bahamas prospered as a result of services to blockade runners, who transported British cargo in the short but dangerous voyage between the Bahamas and the Confederate coast. When the war ended, however, economic depression forced many Bahamians to seek work in the United States. In 1870 Artrell migrated to Key West, at that time a major port in Florida. Unlike most African Americans in the South, he had never been a slave. In 1870 Key West opened the Douglass School for African American children Artrell became its first principal and as a result he was sometimes ...
Atwell, Cordelia Jennings
Charles Rosenberg
a teacher who opened the public schools of Philadelphia to children of color, and was the city's first school principal of African descent, was born Cordelia A. Jennings in New York City, the oldest child of a Scottish father, whose first name has not been published, but is recalled by descendants as William, and Mary McFarland Jennings, a school teacher born in Virginia.
In 1850, at the age of seven, Jennings was living in Philadelphia with her mother, sister Caroline, brother William, and brother Mifflin, and an older person named Annie Meda in a racially mixed neighborhood populated by shoemakers turners and carvers of known African descent as well as cooks and blacksmiths listed as white in the federal census Since Mifflin the youngest child was two years old the family had evidently lost their husband and father only recently Mifflin was also the only child ...
Baldwin, Maria Louise
Briallen Hopper
educator, lecturer, and activist, was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the oldest daughter of Peter L. Baldwin, a Haitian mariner who became a Boston postman, and Mary E. Baldwin, a Baltimore native whose maiden name is now unknown. Baldwin was educated in Cambridge public schools, attending Sargent Primary School, Allston Grammar School, and Cambridge High School. After graduating from high school in 1874 she attended the Cambridge Teachers' Training School. Initially refused a job by the Cambridge school district, she looked elsewhere for employment and eventually took a position teaching elementary school in Chestertown, Maryland. Within a few years, however, she was back in Cambridge. Reportedly under pressure from the African American community, the Cambridge school district decided to offer her a job. In 1881 Baldwin accepted a teaching position at the Agassiz Grammar School on Oxford Street where she would spend the remainder of ...
Bartili, al-Walati, Muhammad al-
Chouki El Hamel
Mauritanian teacher and Muslim scholar, was born to a scholarly family and reared in Walata, an oasis town in present-day eastern Mauritania. His full name was Muhammad abu ʿAbd Allah ibn abu Bakr as-Siddiq al-Bartili al-Walati. The main lineages that claim descent from the Bartili (or Barittayl) are the at-Talib Jibril, the ʿAli Diggan, and the at-Talib ʿAli Bannan, who formed a network of scholarly families. All of these groups have played an important role in the cultural and political life of the region of Takrur, serving as muftis (Muslim scholars qualified to formulate legal opinions on matters of Islamic law), imams, and especially teachers. In al-Bartili's time, the name "Takrur" came to signify a Muslim cultural region stretching from the mouth of the Senegal River in the west to the Niger River bend in the east, including much of present-day Mauritania, Mali, and Senegal.
Walata was situated on a ...
Bassett, Ebenezer Don Carlos
Adam W. Green
was the second of three children born to two freed slaves, Eben Tobias, a farmer, and Susan Gregory, a mixed-race Pequot Indian, in Derby, Connecticut. An education proponent and political activist, Bassett became America's first black diplomat when he served as Resident Minister in Haiti for eight years, helping pave the way for those seeking opportunities in international diplomacy and public service.
Along with his mixed race birth and royal lineage that his family claimed from Africa Bassett whose surname came from a generous white family close to his grandfather s former owners also had elected office in his blood His grandfather Tobiah who won his freedom after fighting in the American Revolution had been elected a Black Governor as had Bassett s father Eben The largely nominal honorific was bestowed upon respected men in various locales via Election Days sometimes by a voice vote these Black Governors ...
Bell, George
Elaine C. Wells
George Bell was born a slave and lived in Virginia. His wife, Sophia Browning, purchased his freedom for $400, using money she earned secretly by selling produce from her garden. He then purchased her freedom. They bought their two sons from slave owners a few years later, but the Bell family was unable to free a daughter named Margaret. Their first freeborn child, Harriet, was born in 1803. The family lived in Washington, D.C., where Bell worked as a carpenter.
The municipal government of Washington authorized the establishment of public schools for whites in 1804, and in 1806 public education of white children began with the opening of two school buildings. There was no provision for the education of blacks, although the 1800 census for Washington showed 783 free blacks. In 1807 Bell the principal activist in this endeavor built the first school for black ...
Benezet, Anthony
Maurice Jackson
Anthony Benezet was born to Huguenot parents in Saint-Quentin, Picardy, France. His father, Jean-Etienne Benezet, and his mother, Judith, had at least thirteen children, but more than half died at birth. The Protestant Huguenots had experienced a period of relative religious freedom lasting from the promulgation of the Edict of Nantes under Henry IV in 1598 until the revocation of the edict by Louis XIV in 1685, which led to renewed persecution by Catholics. JeanEtienne Benezet belonged to a Protestant group known as the Inspirés de la Vaunage, which descended from the Camisards, who had violently resisted religious persecution in the Cévennes Mountains of southern France. The Benezet family fled France for the Netherlands in 1715, then went to England, and finally settled in Philadelphia in 1731.
In 1735 Anthony Benezet was naturalized as a British subject, and on 13 May 1736 he married Joyce Marriott ...
Blocker, Sarah
Rose C. Thevenin
educator, was born Sarah Ann Blocker in Edgefield, South Carolina, one of the five children of Sarah A. Stewart of Delaware and Isaiah Blocker of Edgefield, South Carolina. Nothing is known about her early childhood. Blocker briefly attended Atlanta University and enrolled in teacher education classes. At the age of twenty‐two, Sarah Blocker moved to Live Oak, Florida, where she taught at the Florida Baptist Institute, a school established by African American Christian ministers of the First Bethlehem Baptist Association of West Florida in 1879.
Resistance and hostility toward African Americans in Live Oak resulted in escalating violence. Blocker herself was almost wounded in a shooting incident in 1892. Blocker's determination remained steadfast, however. In 1892 she cofounded the Florida Baptist Academy, an elementary and secondary educational institution for African American girls and boys. She was assisted in this project by the reverends Matthew W. Gilbert and J ...
Bolívar, Matea
Enrique Salvador Rivera
the enslaved caretaker and teacher of the South American independence hero Simón Bolívar, was born on 21 September 1773 in San José de Tiznados, Venezuela. Matea Bolívar was the daughter of two enslaved parents who were forced to work for the affluent Bolívar family on one of their properties in San José de Tiznados. Matea was forced to leave her parents at the age of 9 to live and work on the Bolívar family's plantation in San Mateo. Simón Bolívar was an infant when Matea arrived, and she was tasked with caring for him. Matea would later be in charge of providing a basic education for Simón.
Bolívar lived on San Mateo for nearly forty years, and she was there during the Venezuelan War of Independence, witnessing the famous Battle of San Mateo, including the independence hero Antonio Ricaurte's death by self-immolation. In March 1814 when Matea was 31 ...
Bolivar, William Carl
book collector, historian, and journalist, was born in Philadelphia to George Bolivar, and Elizabeth LeCount Proctor Bolivar. There is some uncertainty about his precise year of birth, with historians suggesting 1844 (Silcox) or 1849 (Welborn), while census data inclines toward an 1847 date. His father was employed as a sailmaker by James Forten, a local businessman and founder of the Philadelphia Library Company of Colored Persons.
The family numbered themselves among the "O.P."—Old Philadelphians—of the African American community. George Bolivar had been born in Philadelphia, to a Pennsylvania-born mother and a father from North Carolina. Elizabeth Bolivar was born in Pennsylvania to parents born in Maryland (1850 census). In 1850George Bolivar owned real estate valued at $8,000, while a North Carolina–born cousin, Nicholas Bolivar, lived with the family, working as a tailor. Throughout Bolivar s life there were relatives or ...
Boothe, Charles Octavius
Daniel L. Fountain
Baptist minister, missionary, and author, was born Charles Octavius Boothe in Mobile County, Alabama, to a Georgia‐born slave woman belonging to and carried west by the slave owner Nathan Howard Sr. Little is known of Boothe s Georgian parents but he proudly claimed that his great grandmother and stepgrandfather were Africans Boothe s description of his ancestors reflects his lifelong pride in his African heritage but he was equally effusive about the spiritual influence that these Christian elders had on his life His earliest recollections included his stepgrandfather s prayer life and singing of hymns and the saintly face and pure life of my grandmother to whom white and black went for prayer and for comfort in the times of their sorrows These early familial Christian influences were further reinforced by attending a Baptist church in the forest where white and colored people sat together to commune and to ...
Bouey, Harrison N.
Kenneth C. Barnes
educator, clergyman, missionary, and community leader, was born in Columbia County, Georgia, the son of Lewis Bouey, a carpenter, and Maria, a cook. The couple had no other children. Bouey spent his early life in Augusta, Georgia, where he was apprenticed to learn the painter's trade and attended night school. He passed the examination to become licensed as a teacher and taught in the public schools of Augusta for two years. From 1870 to 1873 he attended the Baptist Theological School in Augusta, an institution that later moved to Atlanta and in 1913 was renamed Morehouse College. Upon graduation he moved to Ridge Springs, South Carolina, where he became principal of a school and taught there for two years.
Bouey's work as an educational and community leader brought him into politics in 1874 He was elected to a two year term as probate judge in Edgefield County ...
Bowser, Rosa
Crystal Renée Sanders
educator and community leader, was born in Amelia County, Virginia, probably a slave, to Henry Dixon, a carpenter, and Augusta Hawkins Dixon, a domestic servant. After emancipation she moved with her family to Richmond, where they were active in the First African Baptist Church and where she would teach Sunday school for the next half century. Bowser completed her education at Richmond Colored Normal School, where she was taught by the school's founder, Rabza Morse Manly, a noted educator throughout the South.
In 1872 Bowser began her teaching career at Richmond's Navy Hill School. She became the first black woman appointed to teach in Richmond public schools and continued to teach until her marriage to James Herndon Bowser on 4 September 1878. Their only child, Oswald Barrington Herndon Bowser who became a well known physician in Richmond was born two years later Her husband died ...
Brady, St. Elmo
Audra J. Wolfe
chemist and educator, was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the eldest son of Thomas Brady, a tobacco factory laborer, and Celester Brady, both of whom were born free around the time of the Civil War. Brady's father, himself illiterate, made sure that all of his children attended school. St. Elmo Brady graduated from high school with honors before enrolling at Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1904. At Fisk, he studied with Thomas W. Talley, who was regarded as one of the best chemistry teachers in the black college system.
After graduating from Fisk in 1908 Brady accepted a teaching position at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. He quickly became friends with both Booker T. Washington, the institute's first president and leading advocate, and George Washington Carver the scientist famous for his agricultural research on peanuts soybeans sweet potatoes and pecans Brady was deeply impressed ...
Bridgetower, George Augustus Polgreen
Jane Poyner
Blackviolinist who performed extensively in Britain. Bridgetower was born in Biała, Poland, the son of John Frederick Bridgetower, who might have come from the Caribbean, and his wife, Marie Ann, a Polish woman who died when their son was young. Bridgetower was said to have been a child prodigy, having made his debut as a soloist in April 1789 in Paris. The environment in which he was brought up was a significant factor in the development of his talent. His father was employed by Prince Nicholas Esterhazy, and John and his son lived at the back of the opera house with the court's musicians. Haydn was also an employee of the Prince, and it is possible that the young Bridgetower studied under him. A few years later, in England, Bridgetower would play the violin in Haydn's symphonies at concerts commissioned by Johann Peter Solomon where ...
Briggs, Martha Bailey
Simone Monique Barnes
educator and public school administrator, was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, the only child of Fannie Bassett of Vineyard Haven, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, and John Briggs of Tiverton, Rhode Island. Her parents were married in 1831. Brigg's mother died when she was a young girl, and as a result, she was raised by her father, with the help of an aunt, Mrs. Bailey. John had grown up poor, in a rural area where he was allowed to attend school only in the winter. At about age twelve, he came to the city of New Bedford to work for George Howland, a Quaker and a whaling ship agent. John stayed employed by the Howland family until his death, more than fifty years later. When his daughter was still an infant, John was fitting Howland's whaling ships, the Java and Golconda and he developed a friendship with another of ...


text:
package org.wso2.carbon.apimgt.usage.client.util;

import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;

/**
 * To be used as a utility class for the API Usage Client component.
 */
public class APIUsageClientUtil {

    /**
     * Get the formatted date string of API Last Access Time
     *
     * @param lastAccessTimeMillis
     * @return
     */
    public static String getFormattedAPILastAccessDate(long lastAccessTimeMillis) {
        DateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/dd/yyyy  HH:mm");
        return dateFormat.format(lastAccessTimeMillis);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


When we think of "prosperity," or what it means "to prosper," we typically focus on external circumstances: material possessions, financial resources, physical health, a good job, etc. But in actual fact, the etymology of the verb "to prosper" (from the Latin word "hope") connotes a state of living in accordance with one's hope. It is the opposite of "despair," a condition we might define as loss of hope, without which life seems empty and meaningless, regardless of our material circumstances.
Prosperity then should not be viewed as an end in itself, as something to strive for and be done with, as a synonym for "wealth" or "success." Prosperity is not the equivalent of material abundance but rather the conditio sine qua non (condition without which not) of human flourishing, of human evolution. It is our capacity for hope—the ability to imagine a life better than the one we are living, a world better than the one we inhabit—and to situate that life, that world, in the future and not the past—that propels our forward movement. The desire to succeed, materially and financially (and in other tangible ways!), or at the very least, to improve our circumstances in accordance with our values, is part and parcel of what it means to be human. The question arises, how do we keep this desire alive within us? How do we achieve "prosperity"?
We begin with gratitude. Wherever we find ourselves on our human journey, whatever setbacks and disappointments we have experienced, we can be grateful for the lessons we have learned. We can point to one or two people (if not a great deal more!) who have been helpful to us along the way. At the very least, we can be grateful for the sun and the stars and all of the elements (air, water, earth, fire ...) making our human experience possible. We can marvel at the fact that we exist, however trying our circumstances at the moment. Luckily, most of us do not have to scrape the bottom of the barrel to find something to be grateful for. Once we latch on to that first thing, our minds will gravitate to the next thing, and the next, and before long, we have a whole list right down to the meal we just enjoyed and the bed we slept in last night.
The next step to experiencing prosperity is to shift our minds toward our dreams! Our passions! The ability to imagine a future different than the past is a uniquely human trait, responsible for all the great historical advances of our species. As good as things are, it is human nature to imagine how they might be better. We are always navigating the space between our lives as they are and our lives as we would like them to be. We think about what we can do to improve our life prospects, our relationships, our health and well-being, our spiritual condition. We imagine little changes we might make to our homes and offices and big changes we would like to see in our communities and in the world at large, and we take consistent action toward those goals.
As long as our goals are attainable (goals should stretch us, and even frighten us a little, but they should not feel impossible), they become part of the "continuum of movement of prosperity." The gap between our former and future self never closes as long as we are alive—before we achieve one goal, we are already thinking about the next thing we want to do or accomplish. Along the way, we face many difficulties and setbacks, but we are buoyed along by the expectation that things will improve. To prosper, therefore, is to experience the future as better than the present.
The future orientation is only important because "prosperity" often entails being hopeful for something better, however, we have to realize that it is also a consistent/continuous movement that we can only describe as perpetual. We have always been prosperous (particularly in some areas) and we will continue to prosper as long as we are "in the flow." We fail to prosper when we give up, sabotage or succumb to fatalism or despair. To give up—as many today are doing—is to deny our essential nature, which is to evolve, to fulfill our "life purpose" or "mission," if you will. For humans, life without purpose is unbearable, fueling the widespread desire to "escape." While the marketplace has been happy to deliver the means of escape on a massive scale, through entertainment, drugs (legal and otherwise), voyeurism, etc., it has fueled an existential crisis of equal proportions.
It is important, therefore, when we contemplate prosperity, to do so from a place of trust rather than from a place of longing. On a summer evening, when we are craving ice cream, we begin to experience some of the sweetness and joy of the ice cream on the way to the ice cream parlor. We are not beset with fear and anxiety. In the unlikely case that the ice cream parlor had stopped serving ice cream, we know we could drive somewhere else or wait another day. But when it comes to our dreams, we don't allow ourselves to anticipate their realization in quite the same way. Our limiting beliefs kick in and stop us. We tell ourselves, "Who am I?" Yet, it is the anticipation of success that animates our life and gives us the courage we need to stay the course. If we said to ourselves, "The store is probably closed, there is not likely to be any ice cream, the ice cream will probably be bitter," we would never get into the car!
Thankfully, through the marvel of the imagination, we can gain a foretaste of the experiences we desire. We can begin to feel what it might be like to be rich, to be in love, to be successful, to achieve peace in the world, and these feelings are what constitute "prosperity." Cultivating these feeling states—either through active imagination, or simply living our lives "as if" we were already rich, or married, or in a leadership role at work—is the third step to achieving prosperity. This can become a fun experiment! How would we approach life and behave in our daily routines if we had already achieved our dreams? How would we conduct ourselves and see/be seen by others and how would this affect our overall well-being? The more we can experience our desired feelings, in the present, the more readily our desires will manifest. This phenomenon is often explained according to "the law of attraction." The law of attraction is not—as it is sometimes purported—as simple as "believe and receive." There is often a lot of hard work and even sacrifice that happens in between. Life is full of dry seasons and poor harvests, and we would not choose to incarnate in a world that lacked such challenges. How else would we grow? But we do begin to experience a profound sense that we are not striving in vain. We come to realize that the Universe has our back.
It is important to note that the outlook I am advocating is not the naive optimism of the child, or the archetypal fool. I am not diminishing the structural injustices feeding the growing sense of despair among many who feel "left out." Not every dream will be achieved in a lifetime, but this does not mean we should stop dreaming! In my experience, the first limit, or obstacle, that people encounter when they are pursuing a passion is not structural, but rather, a limiting belief. Many people experience good fortune, but because they are trapped in a poverty consciousness, they are not able to hold on to their money. Or they worry their new status will alienate them from their family of origin, so they subconsciously create hardship or struggle for themselves. I believe it is all of our task to fight against structural poverty, racism, and other injustices. This is a large part of my work at the Star of Life. But we are better equipped for the big struggles when we have overcome our inner roadblocks.
Acceptance is a part of life, including acceptance of the things we cannot change. People are born with physical or mental limitations, suffer accidents, become victims of natural disasters. Our human condition is a vulnerable one. However, I do not believe in using our experience of hardship or our perception that life is "unfair" as an excuse not to prosper. Prosperity is available to all who seek it, with a sincere heart and open mind. And no matter how disadvantaged we are, no matter what our limitations, all of us can point to successes in at least one area of our life! It is important to acknowledge these successes as we can deploy the same talents and strategies to make progress in other areas! When we realize all of the ways in which we are already "prosperous," our expectations of life change: we anticipate good things and in turn we experience them.


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YArch (pronounced "why-arc") is a summer architecture program for current undergraduate students, recent graduates, and adults who have an interest in architecture and design. It is an intensive, non-credit program spanning many facets of architecture study.
For those considering a career in architecture, YArch is a way to test the waters before jumping in to graduate study. For those who simply wish to explore a lifelong interest, YArch's challenging curriculum equips participants with new ways of thinking, seeing, and making.
The program cost for 2019 will be $2,200, which includes one to two meals per week, various supplies and materials, all required readings, and costs associated with field trips or tours. Learn more about applying.
YArch's curriculum mirrors the structure and rigor of graduate education at UIC. The program's core is a studio project that immerses participants in the discipline of architectural design.
Beyond the studio, tutorials and discussions introduce participants to the basic history, theory, and practice of the field. A special emphasis on the graphic presentation of architectural work provides participants with the skills to create a portfolio for graduate applications.
The program capitalizes on its location, mining Chicago's rich architectural history while examining the metropolis as a site ripe for contemporary design speculation and experimentation. On sketching trips, walking tours, and visits to architecture firms, YArch participants apply new ways of seeing and thinking to their urban surroundings and gain exposure to architecture practices in Chicago and beyond.
"The YArch program was a great introduction to many aspects of architecture—studio, history, current practice, academic research, and more. It allowed me to better understand the discipline and what my options were both in graduate school and the profession."
"YArch helped me build a solid portfolio that was integral to my acceptance at graduate programs of architecture. It was also a great studio experience; really worth it!"
"YArch successfully delivered many different examples of what architecture may be. Through exposure to different environments, I was able to start to gauge what my personal expectations of architecture are, or what they may be. YArch obliterated my preconceived notions of architecture and enriched my understanding of the practice."
"Guest lectures and office visits were awesome - I thoroughly enjoyed asking questions to the firm owners."
"I would strongly recommend the program. YArch not only helped me to produce work for my portfolio, but the studio professors also helped me to clearly communicate the nature of my work in the finished portfolio. The history/theory component of the course also prepared me to better understand how to look at architecture critically now that I am in school."
"The YArch faculty and staff were passionate, incredibly helpful and accomodating to all students, and demonstrated great capacity to raise students to the next level."
"Although I decided not to pursue architecture [after YArch], I believe it gave me insight on why it was not the right fit for me. This saved me tons of time and money and I appreciate the experiences it provided me."


Here's my bad news/good news shtick.
International travel is riskier than sitting in your pajamas in the living room with the curtains closed. Of course, if you are eating an entire bowl of cheese dip with a spoon while watching Netflix . . . well, never mind. Deep down, you want to go outside and play. Maybe even visit the lands of the Bible. But you are afraid. So let me help. Wipe the dip from your chin and read on.
Muster your mustard! Picnic at the park in Banias (biblical Caesarea-Philippi), Israel-Palestine.
In my experience, personal security challenges fall into one of three categories.
1. You could be robbed.
2. You could become separated from your group.
3. You could hurt yourself.
The good news is that the bad news is less likely than FOX people would lead you to believe (see our article on Group Security here). And frankly, there are ways to lower exposure to risk in each of these categories. Let's handle them one at a time, moving from more remote to more likely scenarios.
Realize that a violent confrontation is extremely unlikely. In fact, it is statistically more probable in the USA than it is in the Bible Lands. Cincinnati makes Jerusalem look like the patio at Ben and Jerry's. And then there's Chicago.
Precautions taken while traveling at home still apply. You know the drill. Be aware of your surroundings. Don't go off by yourself into the night. Be careful sharing personal information with strangers.
Keep your buttons buttoned and your zippers zipped.
A less remote possibility is that someone might take something from your pocket or bag. Savvy travelers minimize the risk of fast fingers in several ways. First, they don't bring bling. Traveling light (minus jewelry or unessential valuables) eliminates this worry on the spot. Ka-pow! Second, even though we are repeat customers in secure hotels, savvy travelers lock their room doors behind them and use the in-room safe for storage of passports and/or money. Third, savvy travelers carry and retrieve money discreetly and securely. Nothing substantial should ever be flashed, kept in outer (or back) pockets, or stored in suitcases. A small stash of cash for daily use is placed "at the ready" in a front pocket but apart from this, everything else is kept in "deep storage" in a money belt tucked under clothing. Fourth and finally, savvy group travelers look out for each other. Keeping buttons buttoned and zippers zipped becomes an exercise in community living.
One advantage of group travel is that we look out for each other.
The most likely scenario for robbery is in the marketplace. Crowds, flexible prices, money exchange "mistakes," and credit card fraud are realities. Minimizing the shopping risk begins with knowing exchange rates and learning to recognize foreign currency. Credit card fraud is minimized by dealing with honest shops (I can help you with this) and being extra-responsible with your card/wallet.
Remember that shopping is a vulnerable moment. It is fun though, especially in Istanbul's Spice Market.
You become separated from your group.
For solo travelers, getting lost is half the fun. For group travelers, though, this is a problem. As our program runs under a clock (timing of visits is contemplated in advance), the search for one lost sheep may force an itinerary adjustment for the whole herd.
Steps are taken to minimize this risk while on foot. We use a microphone and earpiece system to deliver one-way communication (even when out of sight) with clients. While I cannot hear you, I can offer directions (e.g., "turn right at the bakery"). This is important if we are walking single file through the maze of a Middle Eastern city. In crowded situations, it becomes critical that each group member not lose contact with the person in front of him/her. While traveling by bus, noses are counted after each stop to be sure that no one is left behind (Please take the "meet back here at such-and-such a time" announcements seriously!).
Personal reasons may demand that a traveler step aside from the group. If this need arises, it is important to tell a buddy. Preferably that buddy will be me. Don't play the "I'll-just-disappear-for-a -second" game. The rest of us may disappear in that same second and then we have trouble!
If you need to use the restroom, the group will certainly understand and be discreet. Nazareth Village, Israel-Palestine.
There is one more option should a separation occur. Every local in Israel-Palestine carries a cell phone. Stop one and politely ask him/her to dial me, the bus driver, our host company, or our hotel. You will receive these numbers on a card when you arrive in-country. Carry the card on your person.
Bottom line: if you get separated from the group, don't panic. Stay put. Be visible. Let me find you.
This challenge is rife with potential. You may find this hard to believe, but when traveling internationally, you are your own greatest enemy! Almost every injury I encounter is self-inflicted.
Poor shoe choices and inattention result in twisted ankles and broken bones.
Summer heat connected to lack of hat, sunscreen, hydration and overexertion are a potent combination that may lead to dizziness, heat-stroke, or worse.
Photographers who shoot and walk at the same time can tumble. Surfaces are often uneven.
Street food can make you sick. Some water can too.
Am I sounding like your mother yet?
Watch your step! Surfaces are uneven. Guardrails may not be present.
Many of these injuries can be avoided by dressing appropriately, slowing down, taking your time, and making wise choices. Remember, study- and pilgrim-tours are supposed to be enjoyable. Hurry and scurry with tired legs in a distracting environment is a recipe for disaster. It is a recipe we don't want to cook.
If professional health care becomes necessary, however, the good news is that Israel has a highly developed medical infrastructure. The system can and will handle your emergency. Just know that flashing an insurance card from the USA will not pay the bill. You will need to swipe a credit card before you leave the facility. Notify your insurance in the case of a claim and keep all receipts for reimbursement. It is a very good idea to have a chat with your health insurance folk before leaving home.
Traveling abroad is fun and educational. There are some personal risks of course, but these can be managed. They need not overwhelm the curious adventurer.
The medical establishment in Israel is world-class. Image from here.


text:
UPDATE Countries
SET CountryName = 'Burma'
WHERE CountryName = 'Myanmar'

INSERT INTO Monasteries(Name, CountryCode)
SELECT 'Hanga Abbey', c.CountryCode FROM Countries AS c
LEFT JOIN Monasteries AS m ON c.CountryCode = m.CountryCode
WHERE c.CountryName = 'Tanzania'

INSERT INTO Monasteries(Name, CountryCode)
SELECT 'Myin-Tin-Daik', c.CountryCode FROM Countries AS c
JOIN Monasteries AS m ON c.CountryCode = m.CountryCode
WHERE c.CountryName = 'Myanmar'

SELECT co.ContinentName, c.CountryName, COUNT(m.Id) AS [MonasteriesCount] FROM Continents AS co
LEFT JOIN Countries AS c ON co.ContinentCode = c.ContinentCode
LEFT JOIN Monasteries AS m ON c.CountryCode = m.CountryCode
WHERE c.IsDeleted = 0
GROUP BY co.ContinentName, c.CountryName
ORDER BY COUNT(m.Id) DESC, c.CountryName


text:
HFX Wanderers FC drop Canadian Premier League spring finale
George Myrer (gmyrer@herald.ca)
HFX Wanderers FC's Kourouma Mohamed soars above FC Edmonton players during a Canadian Premier League game on Monday at Clarke Stadium in Edmonton. - Tony Lewis/CPL
It was a disappointing end to the Canadian Premier League spring season for HFX Wanderers FC.
With third place on the line, the Wanderers fell 2-0 to FC Edmonton on a rainy Monday afternoon.
The Wanderers made the trek west in search of their first road goal and victory. Unfortunately for Stephen Hart's side, neither would happen as the Wanderers managed just one point in five road games.
While there were many bright spots in the first half of the season, a lack of offence on the road was clearly a sore spot with Hart.
"It wasn't good enough because we didn't win any games on the road and you can't be a serious contender without taking points on the road."
That being said Hart thought his team turned in a solid effort but for a couple of lapses.
"I thought the game was evenly balance, but we gifted them both goals. You cannot play football doing that."
The Wanderers squandered some early opportunities in the first half with three offsides.
"I'm frustrated we're not scoring road goals, but we're not finishing," said Hart. "We've been in some great positions but that final pass or composure to finish the pass is what's been lacking."
Edmonton opened the scoring in the 36th minute when a Wanderers turnover led to a counter-attack and a quick strike by Bruno Jebie that forced Jan-Michael Williams to make a sprawling save but the ball went directly to an opportunistic Marcus Velado-Tsegaye for the finish.
The goal was the first of the season for Velado-Tsegaye, who was celebrating his 18th birthday on Canada Day.
In the second half and another road loss looming, the Wanderers went on the attack and managed a few dangerous opportunities.
Not moreso than in the 73rd minute when Mohamed Kourouma's drive bounced squarely off the cross bar to the foot of teammate Kodai Iida, whose shot was turned away by Jebie.
"For the better part of the second half of the second half we were looking to score a goal but unfortunately we gifted them a second goal just when I thought we more or less controlling play."
Oumar Diouck made it 2-0 in the 83rd minute when he ran onto a pass from Easton Ongaro and slid it under a diving Williams.
The win by Edmonton gave them third place overall in the spring session with four wins, four losses and two ties. Halifax was fourth at 3-5-2.
The Wanderers return to action on Saturday (4:30 p.m.) when they host York9 FC.
Hart hopes to have attacker Akeem Garcia back in the lineup for that game.
Garica, Juan Diego Gutierrez and Luis Alberto Perea have all missed significant time this season.
"Gutiuree has been back in training but is a long way from being in shape, but Garcia could be back by the next game if all things go well," said Hart.
The players will be a welcome addition for Hart.
"These players give you a different quality and of course you can rotate players," said Hart. "We've been playing games every three or four days and the bigger your squad the more you can rotate. We've been without four players for the better part of the season, so it makes it difficult when two of those players have been attackers."
More Soccer stories
United States gets past England and move on to Women's World Cup final
VAN DIEST: United States should be commended for continuing to raise bar of women's soccer
FOUR-GONE CONCLUSION: U.S. tops Netherlands to win World Cup again
After a U.S. player's controversial tea-drinking celebration, here are some of the most notorious goal celebrations in World Cup history
WORLD CUP NOTES: Success attracts criticism in the Netherlands
Wanderers ready to kick off fall season in Canadian Premier League
U.S. senator introduces bill to enforce equal pay for U.S. World Cup teams
VAN DIEST: 5 takeaways from Women's World Cup: United States keep raising bar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Meshuggah Reschedules Upcoming Agora Date
Posted By Jeff Niesel on Wed, Dec 22, 2021 at 2:19 PM
Olle Carlsson
Sweden's Meshuggah.
Originally slated to play the Agora in March 2022, the Swedish metal act Meshuggah has just announced it's postponed its headlining tour and will now visit the states in the fall.
The Meshuggah concert at the Agora has been bumped to Sept. 24, 2022.
"We regret to inform that Meshuggah will have to reschedule their U.S. headlining tour, originally planned for early 2022, to September/October 2022," says the band in a statement. "While the ongoing pandemic has been throwing various curve balls on us all the past year, ultimately delaying the completion of the upcoming Meshuggah studio album — there are other concerns that have forced us to make this unfortunate decision. Determining factor is the need to prioritize the physical health of one of the band members who is currently undergoing medical treatment related to a skin condition on his hands, hindering him from rehearsals and from all in all playing his instrument. While we are optimistic for his future recovery, we know it will not be possible for him and the band to be ready to perform already in February 2022."
As a result of the new dates, Converge is no long able to join the band on tour; Torche will take Converge's place.
Tickets for the original dates will reportedly remain valid.
Tags: Meshuggah, Agora, Image
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Speaking of Meshuggah, Agora
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/// Localizados en el Centro Parroquial.
Thurs.: 9 AM - 1 PM, closed from 1-12pm for lunch.
St. Bernard of Clairvaux offers opportunities for kids ages 7 to 17 years of age and their families to grow in their faith. The Faith Formation Program is currently a sacramental program with one session offered as bible study for grades 4th-6th.
We encourage all young people in our community to participate in ON GOING Faith Formation, by enrolling in Faith Formation each year - from Preschool through 12th grade!
- 1st Eucharist requires two years of preparation through participation in Faith Formation in 1st and 2nd grades. Children receive 1st Reconciliation and 1st Communion in their 2nd grade year.
- Confirmation requires two years of preparation through participation in Faith Formation in 7th and 8th grades. Teens receive Confirmation at the end of their 8th grade year.


text:
Alleged Hawthorne Street Racer Charged With Murder
By Kelly Goff and Jessica Perez	• Published January 19, 2016
A suspected street racer was charged Tuesday in connection with a crash that killed a 35-year-old man in Hawthorne, and now a second driver is being sought, police said.
Officers responded to reports of a major traffic collision involving a Chevrolet Cobalt and a Honda CRV just before 1 p.m. Friday in the 13100 block of Crenshaw Boulevard, according to the Hawthorne Police Department.
Alfredo Perez Davila, 23, was charged with one count each of murder and vehicular manslaughter. He is being held in lieu of $1 million bail.
Dodgers 20 mins ago
Brush Fire Burning Near 10 Freeway in San Dimas Area
If convicted, Davila faces 15 years in state prison.
Davila, 23, was allegedly racing his Chevrolet Cobalt against a red Chevrolet Camaro northbound on Crenshaw Boulevard when he lost control, swerved across traffic lanes and slammed into the center median, according to Hawthorne police.
The impact caused the Cobalt to go airborne, eventually slamming into the Honda CRV driving southbound.
Video recovered from nearby businesses showed the Cobalt rolling completely over the top of the Honda before coming to rest in the street, police said.
The sole driver of the Honda, 36-year-old Benjamin Golbin, died at the scene.
Davila was treated at the scene and arrested on suspicion of murder, authorities said.
The second street racer driving a Chevrolet Camaro, who police said fled northbound on Crenshaw Boulevard, was being sought.
Anyone with information regarding the identity of the driver sought is asked to contact the Hawthorne Police Department 310-349-2708.
driverHondaHawthorne policeHawthorne Police DepartmentChevrolet Camaro


The name Death's-head hawkmoth is used for three types of moth. The (A. atropos, A. styx and A. lachesis), and are in the genus Acherontia. The most common usage of the name is for the Europen species.
A. atropos is usually found in Europe, but A. styx and A. lachesis are found in Asia. You can spot them by the skull-shaped pattern of markings on the thorax. All three species are about the same in size, coloration, and life cycle.
These moths have many unusual features. All three species can make a loud squeak if irritated. The sound is made by moving air from the pharynx, often along with the flashing of the brightly-colored abdomen in a further attempt to deter predators. All three species are commonly seen raiding beehives of different species of honey bee for honey, but A. atropos only attacks colonies of the well-known western honey bee, Apis mellifera. They are able to move about in hives unhurt because they mimic the scent of the bees.
Eggs are laid one by one under old leaves of the hostplant, and are green or grey-blue. None of the three species are forced to use a single family of host plant. Many of the types of plants used are in the families Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Oleaceae, Bignoniaceae, and others. The larvae are strong, reaching 120-130 mm, with a tail horn that stands out or can be seen easily. All three species have three larval color forms: usually green, brown, or yellow. Larvae do not move much, and will click their mandibles or even bite if threatened. When mature, they burrow underground and excavate a small chamber where they pupate.
This moth was used in the movie The Silence of the Lambs. It was also referenced in I'm the King of the Castle.
↑ Moritz, RFA, WH Kirchner and RM Crewe. 1991. Chemical camouflage of the death's head hawkmoth (Acherontia atropos L.) in honeybee colonies. Naturwissenschaften 78 (4): 179-182.


text:
Uncovering the Truth About the 1981 Hunger Strike
Bobby Sands Trust
Brendan Duddy
"Rusty Nail"
Anthony McIntyre
Brian Rowan
Jim Gibney
Liam Clarke
Dolours Price
Garret FitzGerald
Gasyard Debate
ICJP
Irish Government
Irish News Special Issue
Andersonstown News
Derry Journal
The Blanket
The Pensive Quill
Sile Darragh
Blanketmen
Brendan 'Bik' McFarlane
Brendan Hughes
Colm Scullion
Former Hunger Strikers
IRSP
Kevin McQuillan
Martin McGuinness
Richard O'Rawe
Ruairí Ó Brádaigh
Ten Men Dead
The British Offer from Thatcher
"Rusty Nail": Chain of Command
1981 Hunger Strike: Chain of Command
"Rusty Nail" at Slugger O'Toole
Lots of ground to cover today, with a lot of detail. In today's Irish News, former hunger striker Bernard Fox says the matter should be laid to rest out of respect for the families, while Richard O'Rawe and Tony O'Hara seek answers.
This post jumps off a quote referenced in one of today's articles, and expands the background.
Richard O'Rawe's article references a quote from Nor Meekly Serve My Time. This book, first published in 1994 and reissued in 2006 for the 25th anniversary of the hunger strike, was complied by Brian Campbell, and edited by Campbell, Laurence McKeown and Felim O'Hagan. It's an oral history of the H-Block Struggle as told by the prisoners and as such is a valuable historical resource. For those interested in the current hunger strike issue, it contains some nuggets which put the current and shifting Morrison narrative under further pressure. Where it is a real problem, in that context, is that these are the words of people like McFarlane and McKeown; their earlier record contradicts the line being claimed today, and supports the alternative narrative. The two can't both be right – either they were lying then or they are lying now. What is worse, from the perspective of those defending the contemporary Morrison narrative, is that the book itself can be seen as evidence of collusion in the cover-up by what it has left out. In this regard, the book is a no-win for that position – but the historical record stands.
The business starts on page 198-199 (2006 ed.) with Bik McFarlane describing the background to the ICJP involvement around the 4th of July. The key quote from that section:
"Speculation began to mount in the media and rose to fever pitch when the ICJP was granted permission to visit the hunger strikers. Expectations among our people outside were high – surely this was a clear sign that the pressure had finally forced the British to open negotiations and implement a solution?"
On the next page (200) McFarlane explains the chain of command surrounding negotiations:
"It was Saturday 4 July when the delegation arrived at the prison hospital to speak with the hunger strikers. The Brits stipulated that I could not be present, so the first meeting took place while I remained in my cell. I was pretty annoyed at being excluded because we had already agreed amongst ourselves that negotiations about a settlement would not take place without me being there to represent the views of all the POWs. In fact, our original position, as established by Bobby Sands, that negotiations would only take place in the presence of three advisors (Gerry Adams, Danny Morrison and myself), had not been dispensed with. However, some of the hunger strikers felt that, since they weren't actually negotiating a settlement, but only hearing what the ICJP had to say, then to possibly jeopardise the meeting by insisting on my presence would, in their opinion, have been foolhardy. But we had allowed a wedge to be driven in which would be difficult to remove. The hunger strikers did inform the delegation that, in the event of a settlement being negotiated or agreed upon, I would have to be consulted, and they urged the ICJP to seek a meeting with me as soon as possible. "
Contrast this with his statement to Brian Rowan, 4 June, 2009, about meeting with the hunger strikers after they had met with Danny Morrison:
"We went through it step by step," he said. "The hunger strikers themselves said: OK the Brits are prepared to do business — possibly, but what is detailed, or what has been outlined here isn't enough to conclude the hunger strike.
"And they said to me, what do I think?
"And I said I concur with your analysis — fair enough — but you need to make your minds up," he continued."
What was McFarlane's role, and how much power did the hunger strikers themselves actually have? Was he merely a 'consultant' or was he the one issuing orders? As O/C, he most certainly would have had to have been consulted. But what was the flow of information? How much information did the hunger strikers have about what was being done in their name? Clearly, it was McFarlane who was in charge, not the hunger strikers, and what we see in the tension between these two accounts is the shifting of the onus of responsibility by McFarlane from himself onto the hunger strikers.
Given that the hunger strikers were never fully informed, and were – in McFarlane's own words – unable to negotiate on their own behalf, the idea that they and they alone were calling the shots is a nonsense. That is how it should have gone: the O/C would inform the prisoners of the details of negotiations and consult with them, and would be speaking for the prisoners; those representing the Army on the outside would have as their duty to inform the O/C of all that was being said and to be doing as the prisoners wished. Any negotiations and offers from the British, such as what came via the Mountain Climber, would also have to be made known to the Army.
Ruairí Ó Brádaigh is explaining this when he says the Army Council was unaware of any offer coming from the British. Ó Brádaigh's comments in the Irish News very clearly follow along traditional Army lines.
First and foremost, the Army Council could not order prisoners onto hunger strike. Once a prisoner or prisoners made the decision to go on hunger strike, the prisoners themselves were to be in control – it was they who were to make the decisions about any settlements. However, while the Army Council could not order a prisoner onto hunger strike, if it would help the prisoners they could order them off it (this is what Father Faul wanted Adams to do when he visited the hunger strikers at the end of July).
Standard structure meant that the O/C inside the prison was empowered to negotiate with the prison governor or screws. However, if negotiations were conducted at the level of the British government, that was to be handled by the Army Council on the outside. The A/C representative was to keep the prisoners informed of the negotiations, including any offers being made, so that the prisoners could decide what they were going to do. In this aspect the Army Council's role would best be seen as a facilitator, not a dictator. They were to keep the prisoners fully informed of negotiations being conducted on their behalf, and to take instructions from the prisoners.
In addition to this, the IRA constitution had its own mandate the Council had to follow; no business could be conducted without a quorum of 4; any settlement or offer the British made, the full Council had to be made aware of, as well as the fact that the British were in direct talks with Army representatives.
What Ó Brádaigh is making very clear is that this was not the case. What was being done by Adams, McGuinness, Morrison and the others was not sanctioned by the Council; the Council did not know. Just like the prisoners, they were told nothing.
There was no quorum as mandated by the IRA constitution; what was being done was being done outside Army structures. The prisoners weren't in control of their hunger strike, the flow of information was not happening as it should have done. Those representing the Army on the outside were not following the wishes of the prisoners as expressed by the O/C, but rather the other way around. The O/C was dictating to the prisoners what those on the outside were ordering him. Those on the outside were running rogue and not keeping their Army colleagues abreast of their negotiations with the British – nor of their plans to radically change political strategy, of which this hunger strike was a major part of implementing.
This back-to-front order is reinforced in a comm from McFarlane to Adams. He is speaking of the events of the 5th of July; Morrison had been in to see the hunger strikers in the morning and then met with McFarlane; the ICJP came in that evening and spent four hours with the hunger strikers before meeting with McFarlane after midnight:
"Meeting terminated about midnight and Bishop O'Mahoney and J. Connolly paid me a short visit just to let me know the crack. Since then I haven't been to see anyone except Lorny and Mick Devine on the way back to the block this morning. Requests to see hunger strikers and O/Cs have not been answered at all…I'm instructing Lorny to tell hunger strikers (if they are called together) not to talk to anyone till they get their hands on me. OK?"
The same comm very explicitly describes how he discussed the ICJP offer with the hunger strikers – not the Mountain Climber one – and the line he instructed them to take.
On page 205, Laurence McKeown describes Danny Morrison's visit to the hunger strikers:
"Danny told us the history of their contact with the ICJP and also mentioned other contacts with the British Foreign Office (none of the communication between the Republican Movement and the British government at this time has ever been admitted to by the latter). We outlined our position to him and told him we had heard nothing so far to make us believe there was resolution to the stailc in sight. The ICJP would, however, be returning that evening. We split up and Danny went to see Bik who hadn't been allowed to be present with us during out meeting. I was happy with what had taken place. It seemed there was movement. Why else would the NIO agree to Danny's visit with Bik and us? I felt we were in a strong position."
The hunger strikers were told nothing, none of the details of the offer from the Mountain Climber – merely that contact had been made. The only indication of any sort of movement that the hunger strikers had was Morrison's presence. They were told nothing.
This also shows the chain of command in action; Morrison only told the hunger strikers that there was contact; he told McFarlane the details of the offer.
McFarlane elaborates, on page 208:
"While they [the ICJP] were hopping back and forth between Stormont and the Kesh in supposed negotiations with Alison, the British government had secretly opened a link to the IRA and begun negotiations to attempt to resolve the issue. My first knowledge of this came when I had been summoned to the prison hospital that Sunday morning only to be confronted by Danny Morrison. I was completely flabbergasted at seeing him there; my mind was racing through all sorts of computations. It transpired that the Brits had agreed to allow him into the Kesh to consult with us and to explain the nature of the contact which had been established. There was definitely an air of optimism gripping me, but I was urged to be cautious, as it was possible that nothing would emerge to satisfy our demands."
McFarlane, 4 June, 2009 interview with Rowan:
"Something was going down," McFarlane said.
"And I said to Richard (O'Rawe) this is amazing, this is a huge opportunity and I feel there's a potential here (in the Mountain Climber process) to end this."
On page 210, McFarlane again:
"Back in the block, I waited for news that would end the nightmare, but the comms I received from the Army Council showed the Brits still hadn't gone beyond the position we had agreed and had reaffirmed on Sunday in the hospital. Then on Wednesday we received the heartbreaking news that Joe had died early that morning. It was more than tragic because I had been holding out hope that this was the chance we had longed for."
Richard O'Rawe, Blanketmen, page 184:
"Bik and I were shattered. The possibility that the Council might reject the proposals had never entered into our calculations. We were convinced that we had achieved a great victory and that the republican movement could present the deal as a momentous triumph; now it appeared that our analysis and optimism had been both flawed and premature."
10pm comm from McFarlane to Adams:
"I don't know if you've thought on this line, but I have been thinking that if we don't pull this off and Joe dies then the RA are going to come under some bad stick from all quarters. Everyone is crying the place down that a settlement is there and those Commission chappies are convinced that they have breached Brit principles. Anyway we'll sit tight and see what comes…"
THATCHER'S OFFERS
Thatcher continued her pursuit of Adams' acceptance of her offer throughout July; between the 18th and 19th, during the 'frank statement' exchanges, she sent him a draft of a speech she was to give in Canada that would have announced the end of the hunger strike. From Adams' biography Before the Dawn, page 303:
"During our contact in the course of the hunger strike, her government representatives approached us in advance of a world leaders' conference in Canada at which she was due to speak on 21 July. "The Prime Minister," they said, "would like to announce at the conference that the hunger strike has ended." They outlined the support we had and the support we didn't have, and then went on to tell us, "This is what the Prime Minister is prepared to say." They fed us a draft of the speech that Thatcher was going to deliver in Toronto, and there was no doubt that they were prepared to take amendments to her text from us if it had been possible to come to some sort of resolution at that time."
In an interview in Canada on the 21st, Thatcher was sending a very clear message to Adams when responding to a question about where things would go next:
"I just hope that those people on hunger strike will come off it. It is futile. It can do them no good at all. It is for them or for the people who are influencing them to go on hunger strike. It is for them to get off. It is they who are causing the deaths of these people."
McFarlane's 22 July comm to Adams discussing this is very stark (Ten Men Dead, 329-330):
"Comrade Mor, I got your comm today. Quite a revelation I must say. I lay on my bed for a couple of hours, trying to weigh up everything. Almost dashed out of my cell once or twice. I even toyed with the idea that their 'very frank statement' was a master-stroke linked to a super brink tactic. It was then that I wised up and started looking to the future (immediate and distant) and began moving to a positive line.
Firstly I'd like to say I believe you have done a terrific job in handling this situation and if we can take the opposition's 'frank statement' as 100% (which it does appear to be) then in itself it is quite some feat, i.e., extraordinary such an admission from them. Then again I suppose it is something we have all known already (or at least suspected).
Anyway, to be going on, I fully agree with the two options you outlined. It is either a settlement or it isn't. No room for half measures and meaningless cosmetic exercises. Better be straight about it and just come out and say sin e – no more!!
Now, to maintain position and forge ahead, it looks like a costly venture indeed. However, after careful consideration of the overall situation I believe it would be wrong to capitulate. We took a decision and committed ourselves to hunger strike action. Our losses have been heavy – that I realize only too well. Yet I feel the part we have played in forwarding the liberation struggle has been great. Terrific gains have been made and the Brits are losing by the day. The sacrifice called for is the ultimate and men have made it heroically. Many others are, I believe, committed to hunger strike action to achieve a final settlement. I realize the stakes are very high – the Brits also know what capitulation means for them. Hence their entrenched position. Anyway, the way I see it is that we are fighting a war and by choice we have placed ourselves in the front line.
I still feel we should maintain this position and fight on in current fashion. It is we who are on top of the situation and we who are the stronger. Therefore we maintain. In the immediate this means that Doc and Kevin will forfeit their lives and as you say the others on hunger strike could well follow. I feel we must continue until we achieve a settlement, or until circumstances force us into a position where no choice would be left but to capitulate.
I don't believe the latter would arise. I do feel we can break the Brits. But again, as you say, what is the price to be? Well, Cara, I think it's a matter of setting our sights firmly on target and shooting straight ahead. It's rough, brutal, ruthless and a lot of other things as well, but we are fighting a war and we must accept that front-line troops are more susceptible to casualities than anyone. We will just have to steel ourselves to bear the worst. I hope and pray we are right."
At this point, Adams was rejecting the Thatcher offer because "Association during leisure hours was not enough and in addition they would need specific assurances as to what they would be allowed to receive in parcels". (Ten Men Dead, page 325) The offer from Thatcher contained 4 of the 5 demands and she was also promising to remove the prison governor, Stanley Hilditch, who was replaced when the hunger strike dwindled to an end in October (McFarlane met with the new prison governor, Willy Kerr, on 21th October).
ADAMS MEETS HUNGER STRIKERS
All of this is to preface Adams' meeting with the hunger strikers on 29 July. We are meant to believe, according to the current Morrison narrative, that the hunger strikers were fully informed at all points about all details and were the ones who were calling the shots. Yet the evidence clearly contradicts this, both in terms of the information the hunger strikers were privy to, and what the chain of command in effect was. The hunger strikers were told next to nothing; they were certainly never given the full details of the Thatcher offers. Any information they were given about what Thatcher was offering was shaded in terms of what line the hunger strikers were to take. When the prison leadership was briefed on the early July Mountain Climber offer, they accepted it, and they were over-ruled by Adams and his committee. McFarlane was at great pains to keep everyone in line, and on the conveyor belt of self-sacrifice, beyond the point where they had broken the Brits and had won the demands they were striking for.
Laurence McKeown describes the meeting with Adams in Nor Meekly Serve My Time. Key quotes:
"One evening during lock-up the AG came to tell us that Gerry Adams, Owen Carron, and Seamus Ruddy would be coming to visit us in about one hour's time. It was something out of the blue. There had been no talk about it nor had any of us requested such a meeting. I had been lying in bed but now I got up to pace the floor – an old habit of mine formed during the Blanket. I thought this must be a positive sign. If Gerry Adams and Owen Carron were coming, it must mean some approach had been made to them by the Brits." (page 234)
"Those of us who did meet – Pat Beag, Big Tom, Paddy, Red Mick, Matt and myself – were in good form, curious about what was happening and speculating on what could be behind it all. The fact that Seamus Ruddy, an IRSP spokesperson, was also coming with Adams and Carron added to the speculation that a possible deal had been worked out with all involved. " (234-235)
"Gerry said that, when asked, he readily agreed to visit us and give us an appraisal of the situation and how he saw our position in relation to the possibility of the Brits conceding our demands. It was a grim picture. There were no ifs or buts. Really he was spelling out for us what we in a sense knew but didn't like to think through. The Brits had already allowed six men to die and they would likely allow more to die. Certainly there was no movement to indicate that they desired a speedy resolution to the protest." (235)
Did Adams not tell the hunger strikers of the offer being made only a few days before? Didn't the hunger strikers know about the 'frank exchange' that had taken place only a week before? Didn't they know what had gone on with the Mountain Climber offer? McKeown writes as if they knew nothing of any of this going into the meeting, and what is worse, as he tells it, they were not told of any of it during the meeting with Adams.
McKeown goes on, describing Adams' brief visit with Kieran Doherty:
"Gerry explained the reason for their visit just as he had done with us. Doc was told that what it would mean for him if he continued on hunger strike was that he would be dead within a few days. Doc said he was very much aware of that, but if our demands were not granted, then that is what would happen. He knew what he was doing and what he believed in. On their way out of his cell Doc's parents met and spoke with Gerry, Bik and the others. They asked what the situation was and Gerry said he had just told all the stailceoiri, including Kieran, that there was no deal on the table from the Brits, no movement of any sort and if the stalic continued, Doc would most likely be dead within a few days. They just listened and nodded, more or less resigned to the fact that they would be watching their son die any day now." (236)
Adams lied.
Appendix:
The July offer from Thatcher:
I. extend to all male prisoners in Northern Ireland the clothing regime at present available to female prisoners in Armagh Prison (i.e. subject to the prison governor's approval);
II. make available to all prisoners in Northern Ireland the allowance of letters, parcels and visits at present available to conforming prisoners;
III. allow the restoration of forfeited remission at the discretion of the responsible disciplinary authority, as indicated in my statement of 30 June, which hitherto has meant the restoration of up to one-fifth of remission lost subject to a satisfactory period of good behaviour;
IV. ensure that a substantial part of the work will consist of domestic tasks inside and outside the wings necessary for servicing of the prison (such as cleaning and in the laundries and kitchens), constructive work, e.g. on building projects or making toys for charitable bodies, and study for Open University or other courses. The prison authorities will be responsible for supervision. The aim of the authorities will be that prisoners should do the kinds of work for which they are suited, but this will not always be possible and the authorities will retain responsibility for decisions about allocation.
3. Little advance is possible on association. It will be permitted within each wing, under supervision of the prison staff.
4. Protesting prisoners have been segregated from the rest. Other prisoners are not segregated by religious or any other affiliation. If there were no protest the only reason for segregating some prisoners from others would be the judgment of the prison authorities, not the prisoners, that this was the best way to avoid trouble between groups.
Regarding the IRA Army Council's role
Excerpted from Anthony McIntyre's interview with Richard O'Rawe (May 16, 2006)
Q: There are many memorable pages in your book. It is a moving account of how naked men for years defied a vicious and brutalising prison management working for the British government to brand the mark of the criminal on republicanism. But the real point of controversy is your assertion that the Army Council stopped a deal being reached that would have delivered to the prisoners the substance of the five demands. Army Council people of the time seem to dispute this. Ruairi O'Bradaigh, for example, is on record as saying that the council did no such thing although he does state that your claims must be explored further. It seems clear that he suspects you are right in what you say but wrong in whose door you lay the blame at. What have you to say to this?
A: At the time we had no reason to believe we were dealing with any body other than the Army Council of the IRA. What reason was there to think otherwise?
Q: And not a sub-committee specifically tasked with running the hunger strike?
A: Whether they called it a sub-committee or not, we were of the view that everything went to the Army Council. Nobody led us to believe any different. Did you think any different?
Q: At the time, no.
A: We all felt it was the Council. Brownie was representing the Council and he wrote the comms. Why would we think we were dealing with anything less than the Council when he was the man communicating with us?
Q: You might not wish to say it but for the purpose of the reader – and this has been publicly documented in copious quantities – Brownie is Gerry Adams, who was a member of the Army Council and the IRA adjutant general during the hunger strike.
A: I have nothing to add to that.
Q: But do you still hold to the view, despite the protests from O'Bradaigh, that the Council actually prevented a satisfactory outcome being reached?
A: No, I do not. Army Council was the general term I used to describe the decision makers on the outside handling the hunger strike. I was not privy to Army Council deliberations. But I believed they were the only people who had the authority to manage the hunger strike from the outside. So it seemed safe then to presume that when we received a comm from Brownie it was from the Army Council as a collective.
Q: But what has happened to lead you to change your mind and accept that the Council may have been by-passed on this matter by Gerry Adams?
A: I have since found out that people on the Army Council at the time have, after my book came out, rejected my thesis and refused to accept that the Council had directed the prisoners to refuse the offer.
Q: Bypassing the Council as a means to shafting it and ultimately getting his own way would seem to be a trait of Gerry Adams. Do you believe then that the bulk of the Council did not approve blocking an end to the hunger strike before Joe McDonnell died?
A: Absolutely. The sub committee managed and monitored the hunger strike. Given that comms were coming in two and three times a day it is simply not possible to believe that the Council could have been kept informed of all the developments. Could the Council even have met regularly during that turbulent period?
Q: Could they not be covering for their own role?
A: I have not spoken to any of the council of the day. But those that have claim that they appeared genuinely shocked that my book should implicate them. And they do allow for the possibility that the wool was pulled over their eyes by the sub-committee handling the strike.
Q: So what do you think did happen?
A: As I said in my book, Adams was at the top of the pyramid. He sent the comms in. He read the comms that came out. He talked to the Mountain Climber. As I said earlier, we know that he, and possibly the clique around him, decided to reject the second offer, at least, without telling Bik what was in it. Nobody knows the hunger strike like Adams knows it. And yet he is maintaining the silence of the mouse, the odd squeak from him when confronted.
Here's what he said in relation to the Mountain Climber in the RTE Hunger strikes documentary,
'There had been a contact which the British had activated. It became known as the Mountain Climber. Basically, I didn't learn this until after the hunger strike ended.'
He didn't learn what? About the contact and the offers, or the Mountain Climber euphemism? If he's saying he didn't know about the offers, then why did he show the offer to the Father Crilly and Hugh Logue in Andersonstown on 6 July 1981? And if he's saying he didn't know of the Mountain Climber euphemism, I'd refer your readers to Bik's comm to Adams on pages 301-302, Ten Men Dead, where Bik tells Brownie, who is Adams, that Morrison had told the hunger strikers about the Mountain Climber: 'Pennies has already informed them of "Mountain Climber" angle' So he knew about the Mountain Climber euphemism, and he knew of the offers. As a defensive strategy, this lurking in the shadows, this proceeding through ambiguity, can only work for so long. At some point academics and investigative journalists are going to ask the searching questions and Gerry Adams is not going to be up to them.
Q: Are you now suggesting that Adams may have withheld crucial details from the Army Council?
A: I don't know the procedural detail of the relationship between Adams and the Army Council. What I do know is that my account of events is absolutely spot on. You said yourself on RTE on Tuesday that there was independent verification of the conversation between myself and Bik McFarlane.
Q: Indeed. I think you realise there is a bit more than that. As you know I have enormous time for Bik. It goes back to the days before the blanket. But I can only state what I uncovered. I am not saying that it is conclusive. These things can always be contested. But it certainly shades the debate your way. If Morrison and Gibney continue to mislead people that there is no evidence supporting your claim from that wing on H3 I can always allow prominent journalists and academics to access what is there and arrive at whatever conclusions they feel appropriate. That should settle matters and cause a few red faces to boot. We know how devious and unscrupulous these people have been in their handling of this. They simply did not reckon on what would fall the way of the Blanket. Nor did I for that matter. A blunder on their part.
A: If the Army Council say they received no comm from us accepting the deal, and also say that they sent in no word telling us effectively to refuse the deal, then I think the only plausible explanation is that those who sent in the 'instruction' to reject the Mountain Climber's offer were doing so without the knowledge or approval of the Army Council.
Q: When you say 'those' you presumably mean Adams and Liam Og who was also sending in comms coming to the prison leadership?
Q: Liam Og has been identified by Denis O'Hearn, author of the biography of Bobby Sands, as Tom Hartley. It appears that Hartley was privy to every comm between the leadership and the prisoners.
A: That would be the case.
Q: How can we be sure that Adams rather than Liam Og was responsible for withholding information from the Army Council?
A: Because, while we might not know the procedural detail, Adams had a relationship with the Army Council that was vastly different from Liam Og. You point out that this is well recorded in public.
Q: If you absolve the Army Council of the day, as a collective, of responsibility for sabotaging a conclusion to the hunger strike that would have saved the lives of six men, who do you hold responsible?
A: Maggie Thatcher had the responsibility for bringing this all to an end.
Q: But given that she made an offer, which would have brought it to an end, and which was sabotaged, who then on the republican side, if not the Council, was responsible?
A: You are trying to tie me down.
Q: I should not have to. You should be telling us directly if as you say you believe in our right to know.
A: Let's put it like this. The iron lady was not so steely at the end. She wanted a way out. The Army Council, I now believe, as a collective were kept in the dark about developments. The sub-committee ran the hunger strike. Draw your own conclusions from the facts.
Sourced from Slugger O'Toole
Category: "Rusty Nail", 2009, Commentary, Media, Slugger O'Toole
Tagged: Army Council, Bik McFarlane, IRA, Laurence McKeown, Nor Meekly Serve My Time, Ruairí Ó Brádaigh
55 HOURS PART FOUR: WEDNESDAY 8 JULY 1981
55 HOURS PART THREE: TUESDAY 7 JULY 1981
55 HOURS PART TWO: MONDAY 6 JULY 1981
55 HOURS PART ONE: SUNDAY 5 JULY 1981
CHANNEL TIMELINE
Documentary: The Hunger Strikes
UPDATED: National Archives 30 Year Papers – July, 1981
Margaret Thatcher was told 'some' IRA leaders wanted violence to stop in 1981
British believed elements of IRA wanted peace in 1981
Adams rejected chance of early end to hunger strike
Provo bosses let hunger-strikers die – they know who they are and so do I
Mountain Climber Notes + Timeline
"Rusty Nail": The Smoking Gun
Mountain Climber Notes
Press Release: Unseen Documents Unveiled during Launch of Duddy Archive at NUI Galway
Richard O'Rawe speech in Chicago
Underlying Slur in Morrison's Hunger Strike Comments
How Could Brits Renege if There Was No Offer?
Did Hunger Strikers Believe Danny's Spin?
UPDATED: Danny Morrison on the end of the 1980 hunger strike
Gerry Adams: The '81 hunger strike
Forget the myths, Adams didn't trade lives for votes
The Tragedy of 1980
Adams starved hunger strikers of the truth
Read between the lines and shine Ghost Light on Gaza
"LETTER TO PRESS – EVERYONE RECOGNISES THAT, REPUBLICAN P.R.O. H-BLOCKS"
The Public and the Private
Former IRA prison leader releases O'Rawe 'comms'
Interview with Bik McFarlane, Derry Journal
Sentinel: Never-before-seen 1981 hunger strike documents disclosed
NIO documents released to Sentinel
Finding a way through a maze of missed chances
Jim Gibney: Hunger Striker Helped Others Through Toughest Times
Gerry Adams speech on Joe McDonnell: A Heroic Leader
NIO ordered to respond to Sentinel request
Deadline for NIO on Hunger Strike FOI Request: 8 March 2009
Excerpt from Adams interview with Irish News
Irish News letters page: There was no hunger strike offer
Irish News letters page: Act provides facts
Irish News letters page: Only an inquiry can solve 1981 Hunger Strike issues
Irish News letters page: The Facts of the Hunger Strike Have Already Been Established
Radio Free Eireann interviews Ruairí Ó Brádaigh
Thomas 'Dixie' Elliott: "We got nothing"
Irish News letters: Judge the hunger strikers on their own brave deeds
55 HOURS (4)
Bobby Sands Trust (8)
Brendan Duddy (13)
"Rusty Nail" (25)
Anthony McIntyre (14)
Brian Rowan (2)
Danny Morrison (16)
Jim Gibney (1)
Liam Clarke (4)
Dolours Price (1)
Ed Moloney (1)
Garret FitzGerald (3)
Gasyard Debate (8)
ICJP (7)
Irish America (2)
Irish Government (6)
Irish News Special Issue (25)
Margaret Thatcher (11)
An Phoblacht (16)
Andersonstown News (8)
Belfast Telegraph (9)
Derry Journal (13)
Irish News (66)
Irish Times (6)
Slugger O'Toole (26)
Sunday Times (3)
The Blanket (11)
The Pensive Quill (12)
Mountain Climber (15)
Sile Darragh (2)
Statements (91)
Blanketmen (10)
Brendan 'Bik' McFarlane (11)
Brendan Hughes (4)
Colm Scullion (2)
Former Hunger Strikers (11)
Kevin McQuillan (2)
Richard O'Rawe (14)
Ruairí Ó Brádaigh (1)
Sinn Fein (6)
Ten Men Dead (4)
The British Offer from Thatcher (7)
"Rusty Nail" An Phoblacht Anthony McIntyre Back-channel Belfast Telegraph Blanketmen Bobby Sands Trust Book Reviews Brendan 'Bik' McFarlane Brendan Duddy Brendan Hughes Brian Rowan Colm Scullion Commentary Danny Morrison Denis Bradley Derry Journal Documents Families Former Hunger Strikers Gasyard Debate Gerry Adams ICJP Interviews Irish America Irish News Irish Times IRSP Kevin McQuillan Liam Clarke Margaret Thatcher Media Mountain Climber News articles Richard O'Rawe Sile Darragh Sinn Fein Slugger O'Toole Statements Sunday Times Ten Men Dead The Blanket The British Offer from Thatcher The Pensive Quill Timelines
Full index of site ordered by date
Use this link to access all contents
New to Archive
SPRING 2013: 55 HOURS
A day-by-day account of the events of early July, 1981.
The Death of Garret Fitzgerald: • Excerpt from Garret Fitzgerald's autobiography
• Irish News: Deal with British government vetoed by IRA says FitzGerald
Expanded Timeline of the Events between 29 June - 10 July: Sourced from Danny Morrison, Garret Fitzgerald, British Government documents, Ten Men Dead, Before the Dawn, Biting at the Grave, INLA Deadly Divisions, Blanketmen, Irish News, Belfast Telegraph, and eyewitness accounts.
Articles by Danny Morrison and Jim Gibney detailing a visit to Long Kesh after its closure added to archive.
Irish News: Was There a Deal? Special investigation added to archives. 28 & 29 September 2009 editions
Two articles from July 1981 have been added to the archive which show details of the ICJP settlement: British and IRA Prisoners Appear Ready To Move Toward Agreement and 5th IRA Hunger Striker Dies Before Settlement Reached
An archive for 1999 has been created with 3 articles detailing Thatcher's negotiations with the IRA during the hunger strike
The 2005 Archive has been updated with 11 new items, including book reviews, interviews with Bik McFarlane, and articles by Hugh Logue (ICJP), Richard O'Rawe and Danny Morrison. Click and scroll for more.
1. Primary Sources
July 18 1981 Document
NIO documents (Sunday Times FOI)
The July Offer from the British Government
Videoes of Gasyard, Derry, meeting
2. Commentary
3. "Rusty Nail" at Slugger O'Toole
a. O'Rawe's account confirmed: Hunger Strikers Allowed To Die (28 March 08)
b. Hunger Strike Controversy Has Not Gone Away, You Know (17 April 08)
c. O'Rawe and the Derry Journal (18 April 08)
d. 'Adams Complicit Over Hunger Strikers?' (5 April 09)
e. Did Thatcher Kill All Ten, or only 4? (7 April 09)
f. "Let's have the whole truth" (9 April 09)
g. What were the hunger strikers told? (12 April 09)
h. When in a hole… (19 May 09)
i. Upcoming Debate: "What is the Truth Behind the Hunger Strike?" (21 May 09)
j. The Truth is a Heart-breaking Thing (24 May 09)
k. 1981 Hunger Strike Truth Commission (25 May 09)
l. "I will not be attending and will not send a representative" (26 May 09)
m. "This is a huge opportunity and I feel there's a potential here to end this" (4 June 09)
n. Gerry Adams to meet Hunger Strikers Families; Inquiry Sought (13 June 09)
o. Gulladuff: More Heat Than Light (19 June 09)
p. Prolonging the Hunger Strike: The Derailing of the ICJP (17 July 09)
q. Gerry Adams and Kieran Doherty, 29 July 1981 (8 August 09)
r. 1981 Hunger Strike: A Case to Answer (28 Sept 09)
s. 1981 Hunger Strike: Deconstructing McGuinness (28 Sept 09)
4. Political Groups
IRSP 1981 Discussion forum
Republican Network for Unity
5. Books
Afterlives: The Hunger Strike and the Secret Offer That Changed Irish History, by Richard O'Rawe
Before the Dawn, by Gerry Adams
Biting at the Grave: The Irish Hunger Strikes and the Politics of Despair, by Padraig O'Malley
Blanketmen: An untold story of the H-Block hunger strike by Richard O'Rawe
INLA: Deadly Divisions by Jack Holland and Henry McDonald
Ten Men Dead, David Beresford
6. Misc.
July 21 1981 Thatcher interview
The Rhythm of Time
There's an inner thing in every man,
Do you know this thing my friend?
It has withstood the blows of a million years, and will do so to the end.


text:
HomeLocalState Awaits Outcome of Impending Overhaul of Congressional Districts
State Awaits Outcome of Impending Overhaul of Congressional Districts
October 22, 2015 Staff Local 0
Congresswoman Corrine Brown
Last week a judge called for a sweeping overhaul of Florida's electoral map, including the congressional district held by long term congresswoman Corrine Brown.
Judge Terry Lewis recommended new boundaries for the state's 27 congressional districts. Registered Democratic voters outnumber Republicans in Florida, but the GOP holds a 17-10 advantage in the state's congressional delegation.
Gerrymandering — in which parties in power redraw electoral districts to give themselves an edge — is a nationwide phenomenon that many blame for Washington's legislative paralysis, since it makes it harder for mainstream politicians who compromise with their opponents to get re-elected.
Florida voters sought to end this by approving a 2010 referendum amending the state Constitution to apply "Fair Districts" standards, which mandate that legislators cannot draw districts intended to help incumbents or a political party.
Judge Lewis ultimately sided with a map prepared by a coalition including the League of Women Voters of Florida. One of the key changes would radically alter the 5th district, now represented by Rep. Corrine Brown, from a north-south configuration to one that stretches east-west across northern Florida, from Jacksonville to just west of Tallahassee. As a result, the city of Tallahassee would be split, and Rep. Gwen Graham, the daughter of former Gov. Bob Graham, would be placed in a solidly Republican district.
Brown has sued in federal court to block the shift. During the trial, Lewis questioned shifting the district even though the Supreme Court recommended it. In his ruling, he accepted the map that were agreed to by both the Legislature and the groups that sued.
"I am not at liberty to draw something different than what is contained within the maps proposed by the parties," Lewis wrote.
Brown blasted the ruling and continues to argue that the new district will disenfranchise minority voters partly because some of the black voters counted in the district live in prisons. She vowed to press ahead with her federal lawsuit.
"As a people, African Americans have fought too hard to get to where we are now, and we certainly are not taking any steps backwards," she said in a statement.
St. Timothy Scouts Trek to Disney's Beauty and the Beast
Early Risers: Mentors Focus on Respect, Leadership and Educational Success at the Elementary School Level