Who should take this course: Parents with children of all ages, mental health professionals, home schoolers and educators working with families. This program qualifies for and is accepted by Illinois Department of Health and Family Services as Foster Care credit. Social workers can qualify for CPDU's.
This course will teach you: How to use instantly applicable, proven methods to create a home environment that is thoughtful, respectful, and joy-filled. How to have spouses that are on the same parenting page, providing choices rather than threats and raising responsible children.
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Next steps: Contact us to find out how you can bring this course to your neighborhood, church, synagogue, school, community center or other facility.
Becoming a Love and Logic Parent 101 © stands as the perfect foundation to our Love and Logic © offerings. It focuses on building positive parental relationships and creating a better family dynamic. Here's the way to achieve harmony and joy - bringing you closer to your ultimate destination: A HAPPY FAMILY.
Create home environments that stimulate responsibility, resiliency, and academic achievement.
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Teach character and responsibility through modeling and the application of logical consequences instead of punishment.
Teach children healthy problem-solving skills.
Stay calm in stressful parenting situations.
Help children be prepared to resist drugs, alcohol, violence, and other dangerous behaviors.


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Home / News & Updates / Dirt News / Volusia Speedway Park is Coming to iRacing
Volusia Speedway Park is Coming to iRacing
Kasey Kahne talks dirt racing on iRacing
DIRT RACING: First Look
iRacing.com today announced plans to add Volusia Speedway Park to its catalog of nearly 100 laser-scanned digital race tracks. Together with Eldora and Williams Grove speedways, the Florida half-mile will be included in the popular online motorsports service's introduction of its new dirt racing feature later this year.
Known as "The World's Fastest Half-Mile," Volusia Speedway Park is located in Barberville, FL. Since opening in 1968 the track has hosted a variety of national racing series. The track made the switch from pavement to dirt in the 1990s and hasn't looked back since. Race fans around the world know it as host to the season kickoff DIRTcar Nationals each February. The DIRTcar Nationals features the World of Outlaws Craftsman® Sprint Car Series, World of Outlaws Craftsman Late Model Series, Super DIRTcar Series Big-Block Modifieds, Arctic Cat All Star Circuit of Champions and DIRTcar Racing UMP Modified and Late Model divisions during the 12-night blockbuster event before the track shifts gears to a weekly program for Florida racers.
"We're excited to join the other great race tracks on iRacing.com," says Volusia Speedway President Tom Deery. "Volusia Speedway Park is famous for some of the fastest dirt track racing to be found, and I'm sure iRacers everywhere will enjoy the challenge of racing here."
"Volusia Speedway Park will be a great addition to our lineup," says Steve Myers, Executive Vice President and Executive Producer for iRacing.com. "The fact that great racers like Donny Schatz, Brad Sweet, Shane Clanton, Brandon Sheppard and others keep coming back to race every year tells you all you need to know about Volusia Speedway Park's place in American racing."
Previous Highest-Rated iRacing Driver Ever Steps Into New Role At Roush Fenway
Next Release Notes for 2017 Season 2
This season release features TWO new cars, one new track, and a host of other …
The new Trading Paints is here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Newport Airport may refer to:

 Newport Municipal Airport (Arkansas) in Newport, Arkansas, United States
 Newport Municipal Airport (Oregon) in Newport, Oregon, United States
 Newport State Airport (Rhode Island) in Middletown (near Newport), Rhode Island, United States
 Newport State Airport (Vermont) in Newport, Vermont, United States
 Parlin Field in Newport, New Hampshire, United States

See also
 Newport Municipal Airport (disambiguation)
 Newport State Airport (disambiguation)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The weight loss journey is one of the most difficulties experiences one can have. This is because losing weight is not an easy task like gaining weight. Most people tend to have the kind of weight which never seem to go away easily. This means you will need to take them doing the right before the weight can be shed. The right thing here implies that you will eat healthy so that your body can only have the essential nutrients.
Some types of diets like ketogenic diets will play a significant role in weight loss. This means following the diet will help you lose weight in a healthy way that resolving to use unhealthy methods. Losing weight is great and should be embraced at all costs because of the many benefits you will get when you lose weight.
When you have gained a lot of weight, your mobility will be a bit difficult. This is because of the weight you have, and your body is not able to carry it around. Moving around doing tasks will be difficult. For instance, if it is a task that needs you to move swiftly, then you will not be in a position to move as expected. However, when you have the weight your body can sustain comfortably, you will be in a position to do all the tasks as expected. Even if it means running, you will do it without much stress.
Most heart diseases are caused by a lot of fats that are around the heart. When you have put on a lot of weight, you may be having a lot of fats that are clogged around the heart. These fats will prevent the heart from functioning as expected hence will cause heart-related problems. The heart plays a significant role in pumping blood in the body and therefore should be well taken care of.
It is probable that you may not be able to raise the entire value of t he property upfront and therefore it is consequential that you will seek a mortgage or a charge to facilitate payment. In this regard, it is the role of a competent lawyer to advise you on the best facilities in the financial market and thereafter assist you in securing a facility that is within your means. Lawyers will also help you draft a subsequent charge that is agreeable to the lending institution.
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In this regard, lawyers are meant to draft the legal documents so that the other parties can review, seek modification and negotiate on clauses accordingly. Further, attorneys draft Charge and Mortgage documents in case of a lending buyer.
All party must exercise due diligence in conveyancing transactions, and therefore the buyer must initiate immediate steps in carrying out a title search. A title search is meant to show the list of proprietors of any particular property at a given time. Also, a buyer can use it to verify that the property subject to the sale is free of encumbrances. An encumbrance is a claim, lien, right of way, charge or wayleave that restrains the proprietor from dealing in the property without the consent of a third party.
Shopping for your home furniture can be a tiring and tedious experience. You may want a custom design that will work for your particular space, or you may know what you are looking for. When looking for house furniture, there are several factors you should consider. The following are tips for furniture shopping.
Set a budget on what you can afford to buy. It will save energy and time when you are doing a search on the available options. With a budget in mind, you can go for something that is within the price range of your expenditure. Many online stores sell the same products at different prices. You can get whatever you want at a favorable price.
Online search is the first thing to put into consideration. It can help to save time when you get what you are looking for on the online stores before making a final decision. You obviously have a picture in mind of what you are looking for especially when buying sofas; you know the style and shade you want in the back of your mind. It will assist you in narrowing your search when you know what you are looking for specifically. Making a list of companies that you want to purchase your furniture from can help when comparing them so that you make the right decision.
It is important to check in details the companies you have considered on your list. You can do that by finding more from the information on the company's website. Also, check on customer feedback which is online on the companies' site. From the reviews, you can know which company has excellent customer service. You can settle on the company to order your furniture from the information, price, and review. Buy from a store that has policies that allow warranties, repairs, and return.
It is important to find out if the company offers delivery services for the products you buy. Also, ask if the enterprise does installation services especially for things like wardrobes or beds. If they offer these services, there is no reason to run around looking for experts to install your furniture. You can also find out if there are any charges for delivering and installing or is it offered free.
Coconut oil is great for beauty and your health because it contains a unique blend of minerals and fatty acids. This natural product can be used for many benefits however several individuals utilize it for skin care. The following are the advantages of using coconut oil.
It is normal for you to avoid using oil on oily skin or acne prone skin. But if you do not have these issues you can utilize coconut oil for a massage after your bath if you have a dry or regular skin. Coconut oil works nicely as a body moisturizer. Using a small amount of coconut oil is important. Or you can use the coconut oil to massage your body before you take a warm shower.
Coconut oil is beneficial when it comes to cooking though many people do not know that. This oil adds flavor to your food. It smells and tastes as if it has been added chutney and curry. If coconut oils stay unused for long, it is advisable to throw it as it develops foul smell and it not safe to use.
50% of coconut oil fatty acid contains lauric acid. Lauric acid is popular for the excellent antibacterial properties. It helps in preventing one from some infections as it kills various bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Therefore dangerous infections like Staphylococcus Aureus and Candida Albicans are destroyed by Lauric Acid.
Many people who have utilized this natural oil on their body swear it slows down their aging. It is worthy to try coconut oil try applying this oil if you want to prevent early aging. But it is important for people with oily skins and acne prone skin to visit the skin specialist before using this kind of oil.
Coconut oil contains medium-chain triglycerides, and medium-chain fatty acids add energy expenditure which improves metabolism processes. You can be able to lose weight if you take three tablespoons of this oil daily. Coconut oil has medium chain fatty acids which help in weight reduction as the MTC is kept in your muscles and directly converted into energy instead of it being stored as body fat like another type of oils.


People are streaming Bhutan's Punakha Dzong, the 4-century old fortified monastery set on the peninsula where the Mother and Father River join to become the Punakha River. Everyone has come to watch the tsechu; a religious festival as old as the dzong, where dancing costumed monks will reenact the battle that took place here when Bhutanese repelled invading Tibetans centuries ago. I've visited this dzong many times, though this is my first tsechu here, many say this is the most impressive of tsechus, as it occurs in the most beautiful dzong.
Bhutanese crowds never jostle; in the most crowded of venues there is an orderliness and courteousness to the people. For those who say they feel uncomfortable in crowds, visit Bhutan and let the Bhutanese demonstrate how gentle a throng of people can be. So while the number of people is vast, the flow is relaxed and the feel lively and pleasant. We march up the steep stairs to gain entrance to the dzong, these stairs at one time made access for invaders difficult, now they tax the stamina of some visitors, and I see a few foreigners labor up the steps, Bhutanese of all ages nimbly scamper up the same steep incline. Once inside, the normally near empty courtyard of the dzong is packed with people. It seems no more can fit, a sea of Bhutanese in their finest clothing, elaborate hand made textiles that the women have fashioned into kiras; skirts that begin at the shoulders and end at the ankles, topped with a tunic like blouse, elaborate metal brooches hold the ensemble together. The men wear what appears to be dresses and indeed the knee length ghos bear much resemblance to a dress, with a large pouch like pocket in front, and twin pleats that fall in back, an elaborately folded white shawl drapes over one shoulder. And finally knee socks and leather shoes complete their outfits. Bhutanese are wearing brilliantly colored clothing. Colors you'd not imagine would go well together appear harmonious and complimentary. By comparison, the section chalked off on the courtyard for foreigners, a scant 200 or so appears a zone devoid of color, most wearing jeans or those easy wash khakis, an anemically dressed group compared to the rest of the crowd.
Tsechu is blissfully free of anything that resembles commercialization; no corporate sponsors, no vendors, no program, and no amplified sound. If not for the cell phones that everyone clutches, the scene could be from centuries ago. We wedge ourselves next to a staircase; beside us is a group of students with badges announcing they are police volunteers are the only security. One of them beckons us to a vantage point she is guarding, where we can look towards the 'foreigner' section chalked out on the stone floor of the courtyard. We feel slightly smug not having to sit with them, like children granted the right to sit at the adult's table during holiday time. I jokingly ask our police woman, who is in high school if she has a gun, she misses the joke and replies, "but sir, you must be knowing that we are a peaceful country," of course she is correct and I feel a cad for my cynical humor.
Even without dancers the scene is lively. Monks blow slowly into 6-foot trumpets, emitting a low, sonorous, and repetitive sound. It's not lyrical; rather it's mesmerizing and hypnotic. Friends chat, people break out snacks, and speculate about which dance will come next, until from behind a curtain a procession of performers emerge single file. Each one masked and dressed in flowing robes, as colorful as tropical birds. They arrange themselves in an oval and commence to twirl around, centrifugal force lifting their robes high or not so high, depending on their speed, the spins expertly choreographed. Many of the dances involve anatomy defying back arches, how can a torso bend like this I wonder. The dancing appears effortless and graceful. Most of the dancers are monks, at any other time discernible with their red robes and shaved heads, now their heads are obscured with masks and hats, leaving me to wonder if I'm watching monks or not. Dorji our guide, and all the Bhutanese know which performers are monks, as well as the names of the dances and what it is they commemorate. I am too dazzled by the display to absorb all the descriptions. It seems unnecessary to know the actual name and significance of the dances, and I'm content to let the spectacle wash over me.
We do eventually make our way to the foreigner section, to see if it offers a better vantage point. The disadvantage is that here one must sit on the cold stone floor, comfortable enough for a short time, but my aging western legs do not take well to this position or surface. Bhutanese who have done this much of their lives fare better. After not long, I've exhausted all the various positions I can hold, like a fidgety child, I'm unable to keep still. Another disadvantage of sitting here is that we are captive audience for the apsaras, monks dressed as clowns, tasked to keep order at tsechu (not that I've ever seen anyone be disorderly). They also entertain the crowd between dances. This they accomplish by wielding foot long wooden phalluses, which they wave around ones face and ask, "Do you like, now give me money?" A small tip is customary. The apsaras are delighted to have so many foreigners to tease, like shooting fish in a barrel. Seven of them descend upon us; their anatomically correct woodcarvings caress men and women alike, until in embarrassment one forks over some cash. If they amount offered is too little for their liking, the harassment continues until the amount is upped. Fortunately it takes only fifty cents to satisfy the apsaras. It's all very good-natured, (and mildly embarrassing) and the apsaras happily pose for pictures.
I leave the apsaras and foreigners and wander towards the back of the dzong. There are not many people here, and I am thrilled to discover that this is the dressing area for the monks, they change costumes in a chamber, emerge and then continue to primp and prepare, and thus I get to witness the transformation from red robed monk to exotically attired dancer. The monks are all very handsome, as though chosen from central casting, friendly and happy to talk, as they tell me that they practice for these dances for months. With smiles they assent to being photographed, too busy to actually pose, though this makes for even better pictures. Bhutanese monks carry themselves with an air that I assume is only obtained from years of meditation. It's a combination of humility, tranquility and hipness that the best hipsters cannot pull off. Obviously they are not striving for this last quality, but I suppose the very essence of cool is that one does not try.
Eventually my clients wander to the courtyard where I'm kibitzing with the monks. They too engage them in conversation and snap photos. Bhutan unfolds with endless surprises, they remark they thought the day could be no better, and now they feel as though they've been admitted back stage to a spectacular concert. Better than backstage I think. Our senses are sated. They ask, "what more can we possibly do today"?
"We can eat," I answer. Tsechu consumed all our attention, but now we realize we're hungry. We slowly wend our way to the entrance of the dzong and not long after are filling our stomachs, all of our senses today have been dazzled.


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One new multitouch gesture introduced in Mac OS X Lion is the two-fingers double-tap for Smart Zoom. Borrow from iOS's double-tap-to-zoom function, when you double-tap on the trackpad using two fingers, Lion will auto-zoom whichever element is under the pointer to fill the whole window. For example, double-tap with two fingers on the text you're reading now will zoom in to enlarge the text column to fit the full window width. Double-tap again to zoom out.


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Bounds Green, Bowes Park (also partly in the London Borough of Enfield), Broadwater Farm, Crouch End, Finsbury Park (also partly in the London Borough of Hackney and the London Borough of Islington), Fortis Green, Harringay, Highgate (also partly in the London Borough of Camden and the London Borough of Islington), Hornsey, Muswell Hill, Noel Park, Northumberland Park, St Ann's, Seven Sisters, South Tottenham, Stroud Green, Tottenham {including Little Russia), Tottenham Hale, West Green, Wood Green.
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enquiries@akcasinoknights.co.uk
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← Have You Heard? – (58) Espers
Sportsthoughts (122) – A Hammer at Stamford Bridge
On Boxing Day, I was invited by my good friend Dave – the Big Man – to Chelsea to see my team, West Ham, to take on the League leaders. I was a little more optimistic than usual – after all we were fourth in the table, our best position in the top league at Christmas since 1985, the season when we eventually came third. Sadly, English teams were banned from European club competitions, after the appalling Heysel Stadium disaster of 1985, when 39, mostly Juventus, supporters lost their lives at the Liverpool v Juve European Cup final. The European authorities finally lost patience with years of English football hooliganism and banned the clubs for five years. Some clubs, like Everton, who won the English first division twice in that time, and West Ham, with their best ever finish, suffered from not being able to build on their success with European competition; but let's face it, after Heysel, no-one felt like arguing about it. Thankfully we now live in a very different world.
So, on Boxing Day, with the District Line shut over Christmas, so no-one could get to the ground on the tube, I set off, planning a brisk walk from Hammersmith to Fulham Broadway, the location of Chelsea's ground, Stamford Bridge. (So Chelsea are in Fulham, not Chelsea, just as West Ham are actually in East Ham!). The walk took about forty-five minutes, down the Fulham Palace Road and beyond,through territory that felt like the set from "Minder", the quintessential comedy underworld series, full of spivs and gangsters, set in West London. I popped into a bookies on the way to put £10 on a West Ham win. 7/1 in a two horse race, 1st against 4th! I met Dave inside the Chelsea grounds at 10.45, ready for a two hour slap up breakfast before kick off at 12.45. Dave has a share of a couple of tickets that involve hospitality, and very hospitable it is too!
As we lingered outside the stadium itself, a red Rolls Royce suddenly appeared. Out of it stepped the diminutive figure of the West Ham co-chairman, David Sullivan. Dressed in black, with grey suede shoes. Impassive stare, as bewildered Chelsea fans watched him. One of the two Davids – the other David Gold – who rescued West Ham from their financial dark days. Now we are heading for residency at the Olympic Stadium in Stratford, and the future is bright. You have to admire the brio of the man – red Roller and number plate that combines his own initials with those of the team. Not afraid to show off!
(The geezer in the picture is the driver I think, not DS, who exited quickly from the back).
Into the Chelsea restuarant, and Dave immediately outed me to the staff as a West Ham fan! But they couldn't have been more courteous – and interested in how I felt about my team this season. Real professionals. The food was an amazing mix. There were help-yourself starters: smoked salmon, prawns, charcuterie, cheeses, breads. And then a full English breakfast! (Or steak and eggs or kedgeree or something else). And then… a dessert! I don't think I've ever had a dessert after a full English. It was good. And we washed that down with some nice still water….er, and two pints of Guinness and some smooth Malbec. Oooff! Perfect preparation for some football viewing…
The first half was all Chelsea. I was a bit disappointed with Big Sam's tactics. Showed he didn't quite believe in himself and the team yet. Instead of playing with the adventurous formation that has taken the team to fourth place, he retreated into a crabby 4-5-1 which left Andy Carroll isolated as centre forward, and Stewart Downing, a revelation at the tip of a midfield diamond, shoved out onto the right wing, where he hardly saw the ball. And Alex Song and Diafra Sakho didn't even start. The caution also meant that the majestic Cesc Fabregas could stroll around in deep midfield for Chelsea and thread perfect passes, long to Costa, short to the indefatigable Hazard, Willian and Oscar, with hardly a challenge. And if anyone tried, the awesome Matic was there to sort it out. We were defensively quite solid though, and so, despite all the Chelsea possession, we were only 1-0 down, to a John Terry poke-in, at half time.
A West Ham free kick is spooned over the bar.
Back to the restaurant for a quick lager and a bite of a rather unappetising turkey stuffing pie, Dave and I got back for the start of the second half – just. I always remember a brilliant European Champions League tie a few years ago, Chelsea v Barcelona, when we missed the only goal of the game, scored by Didier Drogba, which went in about a minute into the second half! So we'd learned our lesson, but most people in the restaurant hadn't. For about five minutes we were surrounded by a sea of empty seats. What Roy Keane notoriously called the "prawn sandwich brigade" at Man Utd.
In the second half West Ham upped their tempo, and brought on Song, Sakho and Amalfitano as the game wore on. We ended up having a few chances, but Costa scored a brilliant second and Chelsea continued to pepper the West Ham goal. Our keeper, Adrian, must have been our man of the match. Chelsea were at their very best, and showed why they are top of the Premier League. But I can't help but feel that we let them settle into superiority. I'm sure we could have ruffled their defence with a more aggressive attacking strategy early on. It showed that the belief isn't quite there yet. But, hey, no real complaints – we were playing the best team in the League, on their turf.
So 2-0 to Chelsea. No great disaster. Back to the restaurant for more food…and drink. An array of cheeses, finished off the Malbec, a Guinness for the road. Watched a bit of Man Utd v Newcastle on the TV. Left at 3,30. Only 3.30! It had already been a pretty full day.
I walked back to Hammersmith in a cold drizzle and then joined my family at my wife's brother and Dad's for Boxing Day nibbles and drinks. I was reasonably coherent still. I think. Normal service resumed.
A good day at the Bridge, despite the loss. With thanks to Dave and all the people in the restaurant who made me so welcome.
This entry was posted in Sportsthoughts and tagged Boxing Day, Chelsea, Chelsea 2 West Ham 0, football, London, West Ham. Bookmark the permalink.
8 Responses to Sportsthoughts (122) – A Hammer at Stamford Bridge
DyingNote says:
"Ask and you shall be given". Felt like that after my request for an EPL piece yesterday 🙂 Nice.
Your wish… no, it was planned! Half term report on the PL coming up when I get time.
Of course it was planned. I was just pretty pleased with the coincidence. Looking forward to that mid-way report.
A great write up John. A Boxing Day to savour. You obviously reserve the word "majestic" for the very best midfielders. I agree and thought Fabregas was brilliant on the day.
I wonder how he would have fared back at Arsenal.
Fun piece, John. Having myself been the happy recipient of the Big Man's wonderful largesse two weeks ago, I can only endorse what you say. The whole hospitality gig at the Bridge is really impressive. Slick and professional, but also really warm and welcoming. (Dave will recall that my greeter practically adopted me and took me home.)
It's a brilliant day out.
Of course I'd have loved for West Ham to have won, however, it seems like it was a winner day for food & drink!
It rocked!


text:
2800 Louisiana Boulevard NE
info@bellavistabaptistchurch.com
Welcome to www.bellavistabaptistchurch.com
Visiting BVBC
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Pastor Matt Hudson has served at Bella Vista Baptist Church since 2014. He was a teenager at Bella Vista during the 1980's while his father, Bob Hudson, was on staff as an evangelist. It was during one of the late Pastor Clyde Gilman's messages that God called Matt as a 15 year old boy to the ministry. He graduated from Bible College in 1994, where he majored in Pastoral Theology. In 1995, he and his family began deputation as missionaries to the former U.S.S.R. and specifically the country of Ukraine.
Pastor Hudson attended Russian language school in Belarus, and then moved to Ukraine to begin a church planting ministry. God used them to start a church in Kyiv, Ukraine in 1998. God blessed and allowed that church to grow to maturity and then sent them to another city in Ukraine to plant a second church in 2004. They served as missionaries for a total of 17 years. After nearly 18 years of marriage, Matt's first wife went home to be with the Lord after a short battle with cancer. God allowed Matt and Johanna to meet while working at Baptist International Missions Inc., and they were married in 2014. They have four children: Daniel, Rachel, Deborah and Lydia.
Bro. Don Rardin serves as the Assistant Pastor of Bella Vista Baptist Church and the Principal of Christian Heritage Academy. He and his wife Dawn met at Bible College in the 1980's. Bro. Don is originally from Illinois and his wife is from Michigan. He has served as an assistant pastor and school administrator for over 25 years in both Illinois and Texas. They have one son in college, two other married children and one grandchild. Bro. Don enjoys hunting and Dawn is an avid reader.
Bro. Mike Keeney is our Building and Grounds Supervisor as well as our Christian Heritage Academy basketball coach. His family began attending Bella Vista when he was a young boy, and he learned firsthand from his father what it truly means to serve. Bro. Keeney has been on staff for over 20 years and is a tremendous blessing to the many ministries of Bella Vista. He is the captain of Bus #16. He and his wife, Kristin, have two sons, Kyle and Kevin.
Bro. Gabe Robinson is our youth pastor. He grew up in a Christian home, and at the age of five he accepted the Lord as his Saviour. As a teen, he found himself losing his spiritual focus. He had great ambitions and plans, but they were all for himself. At the age of 18, God really worked in his life. That year at a youth conference, God called him to preach. During that same time frame, he met his future wife, Anna. She also grew up in a Christian home, and was saved at the age of eight. They both graduated from Providence Baptist College in May of 2019. Bro Gabe graduated with a Pastoral Assistant Degree, and Mrs. Anna graduated with a degree in Secondary Education.
Mrs. Joy Ramos joined our church staff in 2002. She served first as a teacher and now as secretary for both Bella Vista Baptist Church and Christian Heritage Academy. Mrs. Ramos also served as a missionary in Peru for 2 1/2 years.
© Copyright 2018, Bella Vista Baptist Church. All rights reserved.


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text:
\section{Introduction}
The study of horizons in the context of Cosmology has gained much attention in recent years thanks to the establishment of the intimate connection among gravitation, thermodynamics, and quantum theory resulting from four decades of extensive research in the theory of black holes (BHs). This relationship has helped shape the laws of BH thermodynamics which show that BHs obey certain laws which are analogous to the ordinary laws of thermodynamics at purely classical level. For an excellent review on the latter topic, one may see the article by Wald \cite{Wald1} and the book by Poisson \cite{Poisson1}. It is interesting to note that such a beautiful analogy has been made possible due to two pioneering hypotheses put forward by J. Bekenstein and S. Hawking respectively. In 1973, Bekenstein \cite{Bekenstein1} proposed that the entropy associated with the event horizon of a BH is proportional to the area of the BH bounded by it. Two years later, Hawking \cite{Hawking1} found that BHs are not literally "black" rather they are capable of radiating like a black body due to quantum effects of particle creation. Moreover, this temperature is proportional to the surface gravity on the event horizon of the BH. Thus, the entropy $S_h$, known as the Bekenstein entropy, and the temperature $T_h$, known as the Hawking temperature, associated with a BH horizon $R_h$ is mathematically represented as
\begin{equation} \label{be}
S_h=\left(\frac{c^3}{G\hbar}\right)\frac{A_h}{4},
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation} \label{ht}
T_h=\left(\frac{\hbar c}{k_B}\right)\frac{|\kappa _h|}{2\pi}
\end{equation}
respectively, where $c$ is the velocity of light, $\hbar$ is the reduced Planck's constant, and $k_B$ is the Boltzmann's constant. $\kappa _h$ and $A_h$ are the surface gravity on the horizon and the area bounded by the horizon respectively. The Hawking temperature and the Bekenstein entropy are related to the mass of the BH through the first law of BH thermodynamics. As the temperature and the entropy are characterized by the spacetime geometry and hence by the Einstein field equations, so it is natural to speculate that there is some connection between BH thermodynamics and Einstein equations. Indeed, it is worth noting that Jacobson \cite{Jacobson1} used the first law of BH thermodynamics to derive the Einstein's field equations (EFE) for assuming local Rindler horizons endowed with Unruh temperature measured by an accelerated observer located just inside the horizon. Subsequently, for a general static spherically symmetric spacetime, Padmanabhan \cite{Padmanabhan1} derived the first law of BH thermodynamics from the EFE.\\

Since the early proposals of 't Hooft \cite{Hooft1} and Susskind \cite{Susskind1}, attempts have been made to incorporate this remarkable equivalence between the dynamics of our observable Universe and that of BHs. Indeed, spacetimes admitting horizons exhibit a resemblance to thermodynamic systems which allows us to associate the notions of temperature and entropy with them, similar to the case of BHs. Bak and Ray \cite{Bak1}, in 1999, were the first to extend this formalism to Cosmology and who stressed the role of the apparent horizon in this context. The analogy between the thermodynamic laws and the gravitational thermodynamics of horizons is quite intriguing, although it is not understood at a deeper level yet \cite{Padmanabhan2,Padmanabhan3}. However, Paranjape, Sarkar, and Padmanabhan \cite{Paranjape1} proposed that these results can be interpreted by hypothesizing that spacetime corresponds to an elastic solid and that its equations of motion are analogous to those of elasticity. Now, since the laws of thermodynamics are considered to be universally true, it is generally believed that those cosmological models which are consistent with the laws of thermodynamics in addition to being consistent with observational tests are more acceptable as compared to those models which only pass the observational tests. Although there exist several horizons in Cosmology which may be relevant to the study of thermodynamics, we shall confine ourselves to apparent horizons only mostly because their existence is universal and partly because they bring a high degree of mathematical simplicity into calculations when we consider a flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe. It is worth mentioning that the equivalence of the first law of thermodynamics (FLT) and the Friedmann equation on the apparent horizon in Einstein gravity as well as in the Gauss-Bonnet and Lovelock gravity theories was first put forward by Cai and Kim \cite{Cai1}. Then, Akbar and Cai \cite{Akbar1} extended the study to scalar-tensor gravity and $f(R)$ gravity theories. The FLT was obtained from the Friedmann equation on the apparent horizon in different theories of gravity, including in the Einstein, Lovelock, nonlinear, and scalar-tensor theories by Gong and Wang \cite{Gong1} with the help of a mass-like function having the dimensions of energy and equal to the Misner-Sharp-Hernandez (MSH) mass on the apparent horizon. Interested readers may see the book by V. Faroni \cite{Faraoni1} for a detailed account of the features of gravitational thermodynamics.\\

In this paper, we wish to study the generalized second law (GSL) in a flat FLRW universe filled with a perfect fluid having a constant equation of state $p=w\rho$. We shall concentrate on the dynamical apparent horizon endowed with the Hawking temperature and the Viaggiu entropy. It is worthwhile to mention that the latter was introduced in 2014 by S. Viaggiu and bears several intriguing features. Moreover, we have considered both forms of the Hawking temperature, the original one as well as the truncated version. In Sect. II, we devote our attention to the Bekenstein-Hawking formalism at the dynamical apparent horizon. Sect. III introduces the Viaggiu formalism. In Sect. IV, we have analyzed the GSL with the Viaggiu entropy and both forms of the Hawking temperature separately. Finally, Sect. V features a short discussion of the obtained results.

\section{The Bekenstein-Hawking Formalism}
We shall now quickly go through the basic ideas required to undertake a thermodynamic study on the dynamical apparent horizon. It is worthwhile to mention here that this kind of thermodynamic study of dynamical horizons was first introduced by Wang et al. \cite{Wang1} and extended later by Saha and Chakraborty \cite{Saha1,Saha2,Chakraborty1}. Consider a flat FLRW universe which is based on the assumption of the Cosmological Principle and governed by the metric
\begin{equation} \label{flrw}
ds^2=-c^2dt^2+a^2(t)\left[dr^2+r^2(d{\theta}^2+\mbox{sin}^2\theta d{\phi}^2)\right],
\end{equation}
where $a(t)$ is the scale factor of the Universe. This metric can be locally expressed in the form
\begin{equation}
ds^{2}=h_{i j} (x^{i}) dx^{i} dx^{j}+R^{2} d\Omega_2^{2},
\end{equation}
where $i$, $j$ can take values $0$ and $1$, and $d\Omega_2^{2}=d{\theta}^2+\mbox{sin}^2\theta d{\phi}^2$, while $R=ar$ is interpreted as the proper radius. The two-dimensional metric
\begin{equation}
d\gamma^{2}=h_{i j}(x^{i})dx^{i} dx^{j},
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
h_{i j}=\mbox{diag}\left(-1, a^2\right)
\end{equation}
is known as the normal metric. If we construct another scalar associated with this normal space as
\begin{eqnarray} \label{chix}
\chi &=& h^{i j}(x^{i})\partial_{i}R \partial_{j}R \nonumber \\
&=& 1-H^2R^2,
\end{eqnarray}
then the dynamical (cosmological) apparent horizon ($R_A$) of a comoving observer is defined, in mathematical terms, as a spherical surface located at the vanishing of this scalar, i.e., $\chi =0$, and we obtain
\begin{equation} \label{rapp}
R_A=\frac{1}{H}.
\end{equation}
Geometrically, an apparent horizon is the surface on which the congruence of inward null geodesics vanish so that the events outside the horizon are inaccessible to the comoving observer at $r=0$. This is in contrast to the BH event horizon which is defined as the surface where the congruence of outward null geodesics vanish so that the observer located outside the BH is unable to have causal connection with events happening inside the BH. Now, the surface gravity on the cosmological apparent horizon, $\kappa _A$, is given by
\begin{equation}
\kappa_{A}=-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial \chi}{\partial R}\bigg\vert _{R=R_{A}}.
\end{equation}
This definition is based on the Kodama-Hayward formulation \cite{Kodama1,Hayward1} of surface gravity for dynamical BHs. The Bekenstein entropy and the Hawking temperature on the apparent horizon are then written as\footnote{Without any loss of generality, we assume that the universal constants $c$, $\hbar$, $G$, $\kappa_B$ are all unity.}
\begin{eqnarray} \label{beapp}
S_A &=& \left(\frac{c^3}{G\hbar}\right)\frac{A_A}{4} \nonumber \\
&=& \pi R_{A}^{2}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray} \label{htapp-1}
T_A &=& \left(\frac{\hbar c}{k_B}\right)\frac{|\kappa _A|}{2\pi} \nonumber \\
&=& \frac{1}{2\pi R_A}\left(1-\frac{\dot{R}_A}{2HR_A}\right)
\end{eqnarray}
respectively. Note that Eq. (\ref{htapp-1}) reduces to
\begin{equation} \label{htapp-2}
T_A = \frac{1}{2\pi R_A}\left(1-\frac{\dot{R}_A}{2}\right)
\end{equation}
in a flat FLRW universe. At this point, it must be mentioned that since the amount of energy crossing the apparent horizon needs to be evaluated in an infinitesimal time interval, the horizon is assumed to be slowly evolving over that time interval so that $\dot{R}_A$ may be assumed to be zero\footnote{Several arguments have been put forward \cite{Binetruy1,Helou1} against using this type of formalism though.}. In that case, Eq. (\ref{htapp-2}) reduces to
\begin{equation} \label{htapp-3}
T_A = \frac{1}{2\pi R_A}.
\end{equation}
Henceforth, in this paper, we shall call Eq. (\ref{htapp-2}) as the Hawking temperature and Eq. (\ref{htapp-3}) as the truncated Hawking temperature.

\section{The Viaggiu Formalism}
In 2014, S. Viaggiu \cite{Viaggiu1} obtained a generalized expression for the Bekenstein entropy by using suitable theorems for BH formation in Friedmann expanding universes. The modified expression contains an extra term proportional to the Hubble parameter $H$ and this term is a contribution due to the dynamical degrees of freedom of the expanding universe. The most intriguing fact about this new term is that it arises without any reference to the analogy between EFE and the laws of thermodynamics. This new proposal helps to write down the equation of state (EoS) of a BH (see Eq. (15) in Ref. \cite{Viaggiu1}). The trick is to start with the condition for the non-formation of trapped surfaces which is given by \cite{Brauer1,Koc1,Brauer2,Malec1}
\begin{equation} \label{ineq-1}
\delta M \frac{G}{c^2} < \frac{L}{2} + \frac{AH}{4\pi c}
\end{equation}
for a sphere $S$ with proper mass excess $\delta M$. $L$ and $A$ are the proper radius and the area of the sphere respectively, $H$ is the Hubble parameter, $G$ is the universal gravitational constant, and $c$ is the velocity of light. Inequality (\ref{ineq-1}) is the starting point of out analysis. By using the well-known Bekenstein entropy bound in the spherical case, $S \leq S_{\text{max}} = \frac{2\pi \kappa_B RE}{\hbar c}$, with inequality (\ref{ineq-1}) and assuming $H=0$, one obtains the entropy for the flat asymptotically flat spacetimes. Here, $L$ is assumed to be the proper length of event horizon the BH. For $H \neq 0$ (dynamical horizon), we employ the same Bekenstein bound of the static asymptotically flat case, but on the bound on the mass-energy given by Eq. (\ref{ineq-1}). However, it must be noted that, as suggested by Hayward \cite{Hayward2,Hayward3}, BHs in expanding universes are characterized by the existence of apparent horizons. Hence, in this case, $L$ is identified as the outer apparent horizon of the BH. Then, one obtains
\begin{eqnarray} \label{entropy-2}
S_{BH} &=& \left(\frac{1}{4L_{p}^{2}}\right) A_h + \left(\frac{3\kappa _B}{2cL_{p}^{2}}\right) V_h H \nonumber \\
&=& \frac{A_h}{4} + \frac{3 V_h H}{2},
\end{eqnarray}
where $L_{p} = \sqrt{\frac{G\hbar}{c^3}}$ is the Planck length. Physically speaking, the term proportional to $V_h H$ in Eq. (\ref{entropy-2}) is a consequence of the degrees of freedom related to the dynamical nature of the spacetime. In a subsequent paper \cite{Viaggiu2}, Viaggiu extended this pioneering result to Cosmology and obtained a generalized form for the entropy at the dynamical apparent horizon of a flat FLRW universe. Furthermore, he was able to obtain a generalized expression for the internal energy $U$ and when this expression is applied to the apparent horizon of the Universe, the internal energy $U$ is found to be a constant of motion, i.e., $dU=0$\footnote{Note that this internal energy $U$ is referred to the internal energy of the fluid evaluated at the apparent horizon and not the internal energy of the apparent horizon itself.}. This result is in strong agreement with the holographic principle.

\section{The Present Work}
The aim of the present work is to study the thermodynamic implications of the corrected form of the Bekenstein entropy, as proposed by Viaggiu, on the dynamical apparent horizon of a flat FLRW universe. In particular, we are interested in studying the generalized second law (GSL) in a flat FLRW universe filled with a perfect fluid having a constant EoS $p=w\rho$, where $w>-\frac{1}{3}$ and $w \leq -\frac{1}{3}$ correspond to pre-dark energy and dark energy (DE) eras respectively. The DE era is further subdivided into quintessence era, cosmological constant, and phantom era according as $-1<w<-\frac{1}{3}$, $w=-1$, and $w<-1$ respectively. In order to realize our purpose, we need to evaluate the fluid entropy for a Universe bounded by the dynamical apparent horizon. For this, we employ the Clausius relation
\begin{equation}
T_{fA}dS_{fA} = dU + pdV_A,
\end{equation}
where $T_{fA}$ and $S_{fA}$ are, respectively, the temperature and the entropy of the fluid, $U = \frac{4}{3}\pi R_{A}^3 \rho$ is the internal energy of the fluid, evaluated at the dynamical apparent horizon, and $V_A = \frac{4}{3}\pi R_{A}^{3}$ is the volume of the fluid bounded by the dynamical apparent horizon. In accordance with the striking result obtained by Mimoso and Pavon in Ref. \cite{Mimoso1}, we may safely assume that the temperature of the horizon and that of the fluid are equal\footnote{If we do not consider them to be equal, then a temperature gradient will be generated and non-equilibrium thermodynamics will come into play.}. If we consider the Bekenstein entropy given in Eq. (\ref{beapp}) and the truncated Hawking temperature given in Eq. (\ref{htapp-3}) and note that $\dot{R}_A = \frac{3}{2}\left(1+w\right)$, then the first order time-derivative of the total entropy $S_{TA}$ is evaluated as \cite{Saha1}
\begin{eqnarray} \label{ds-b-1}
\dot{S}_{TA} &=& \dot{S}_A + \dot{S}_{fA} \nonumber \\
&=& \frac{9\pi}{2} \left(1+\frac{p}{\rho}\right)^2,
\end{eqnarray}
which reduces to
\begin{equation} \label{ds-b-2}
\dot{S}_{TA} = \frac{9\pi R_A}{2} (1+w)^2
\end{equation}
in a flat FLRW universe with a constant EoS. Eq. (\ref{ds-b-2}) shows that the GSL holds without any restriction on $w$ since $\dot{S}_{TA} \geq 0$ for all $w$. It must be noted that the expression of $T_A$ in Eq. (\ref{htapp-3}) and that of $\dot{R}_A$ can be used to obtain Eq. (\ref{ds-b-2}) without ambiguity. Now, on the other hand, if we consider the Bekenstein entropy given in Eq. (\ref{beapp}) and the Hawking temperature given in Eq. (\ref{htapp-2}), then
\begin{equation}
\dot{S}_{TA} = 18\pi R_A \frac{(1+w)^2}{(1-3w)},
\end{equation}
which implies that the GSL holds for $w \leq \frac{1}{3}$, that is, GSL is satisfied in every epoch except during the pre-radiation era. This is a new result and is relevant in the present context since we wish to compare our results obtained with the Viaggiu entropy with those obtained with the Bekenstein entropy for both versions of the Hawking temperatures given in Eqs. (\ref{htapp-2}) and (\ref{htapp-3}).

If we now consider the Viaggiu entropy given in Eq. (\ref{entropy-2}) and the truncated Hawking temperature given in Eq. (\ref{htapp-3}) and note that $dU=0$, then
\begin{equation}
\dot{S}_{TA} = \frac{3\pi R_A}{2}(1+w)(8+3w),
\end{equation}
from which it is evident that the GSL holds either if $w \geq -1$ or if $w \leq -\frac{8}{3}$. We have, thus, arrived at a startling result that phantom era is forbidden in this scenario, since, whenever the phantom EoS ($w < -1$) is encountered, the GSL breaks down. Since GSL is an energy conservation law, any physical system, including the Universe should respect this law. {\it Thus, the Viaggiu entropy, which is a correction to the Bekenstein entropy due to the dynamic nature of the Universe, naturally forbids the phantom era.} This suggests that, if our Universe is filled with a perfect fluid with a constant EoS parameter $w$, then $w$ can never go beyond the Cosmological Constant. Recent observations also seem to agree with this theoretical result, which we have arrived at by purely thermodynamic means. In fact, a phantom fluid is plagued by series drawbacks. Such a fluid violates the dominant energy condition which may lead to negative kinetic energy and may even lead to a possibility of a negative total energy. This implies that negative energy particles can spontaneously come into existence and cause considerabe problems pertaining to stability and causality.

Again, on the other hand, if we consider the Viaggiu entropy given in Eq. (\ref{entropy-2}) and the Hawking temperature given in Eq. (\ref{htapp-2}) and note that $dU=0$, then
\begin{equation}
\dot{S}_{TA} = 6\pi R_A \frac{(1+w)(8+3w)}{(1-3w)},
\end{equation}
which suggests that the GSL is satisfied in one of the following four cases: (i) $-1 \leq w \leq \frac{1}{3}$, (ii) $w < -\frac{8}{3}$, (iii) $-\frac{8}{3} \leq w \leq -1$ and $w>\frac{1}{3}$, and (iv) $w \leq -\frac{8}{3}$ and $w>\frac{1}{3}$. Here, we observe that for dust, $p=0$, so $w=0$, and $\dot{S}_{TA} = 48 \pi R_A$, i.e., the GSL always holds. Now, none of the last three cases includes the dust scenario and hence they may be safely neglected. Therefore, in this scenario, GSL will be satisfied if $-1 \leq w \leq \frac{1}{3}$ which again means that the phantom era is forbidden. We are now in a position to tabulate (see Table I) the above results for a quick comparison of the thermodynamic implications of the Bekenstein and the Viaggiu entropies in a flat FLRW universe endowed with a perfect fluid having a constant EoS parameter $w$.\\\\
{\bf Table I}: Study of GSL with the Bekenstein and Viaggiu formalisms. The mathematical expressions in each case correpond to the respective first order time-derivative of the total entropy, i.e., $\dot{S}_{TA}$
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{6.5cm}|p{6.5cm}|}
\hline \hline & \begin{center} \textbf{Hawking temperature (Eq. (\ref{htapp-2}))} \end{center} & \begin{center} \textbf{Truncated Hawking temperature (Eq. (\ref{htapp-3}))} \end{center}\\
\hline \hline \begin{center} \textbf{Bekenstein entropy} \end{center} & \begin{center} $18\pi R_A \frac{(1+w)^2}{(1-3w)}$ \end{center} & \begin{center} $\frac{9\pi R_A}{2} (1+w)^2$ \end{center}\\
\hline \begin{center} \textbf{Remarks} \end{center} & GSL holds for $w \leq \frac{1}{3}$, that is, GSL holds in every epoch except during the pre-radiation era & GSL holds without any restriction on $w$\\
\hline \hline \begin{center} \textbf{Viaggiu entropy} \end{center} & \begin{center} $6\pi R_A \frac{(1+w)(8+3w)}{(1-3w)}$ \end{center} & \begin{center} $\frac{3\pi R_A}{2}(1+w)(8+3w)$ \end{center}\\
\hline \begin{center} \textbf{Remarks} \end{center} & GSL holds if $-1 \leq w \leq \frac{1}{3}$ and the phantom era is thermodynamically forbidden & GSL holds either if $w \geq -1$ or if $w \leq -\frac{8}{3}$ and the phantom era is thermodynamically forbidden\\
\hline \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\section{Short discussion}
This paper dealt with a study of the GSL by considering the dynamical apparent horizon to be endowed with the Hawking temperature and the Viaggiu entropy. The latter is a corrected form of the Bekenstein entropy obtained due to the dynamical degrees of freedom of the expanding Universe. We devoted our attention to a flat FLRW universe filled with a perfect fluid having a constant equation of state $p=w\rho$. We evaluated the first time-derivative of the total entropy of the Universe bounded by the dynamical apparent horizon assuming the Viaggiu formalism and determined the conditions which must be satisfied by the EoS parameter $w$ so that the GSL is satisfied. We then compared our results with those obtained with the Bekenstein formalism. It is worthwhile to note that we have considered both forms of the Hawking temperature, the original one as well as the truncated version. Our analysis yielded a startling result. {\it The Viaggiu entropy naturally forbids the phantom era. In other words, the Viaggiu entropy will never allow the EoS parameter to go beyond the Cosmological Constant.} This is in agreement with recent observations. Moreover, this result overcomes the problems of considering a phantom fluid. The essence of our work is that we have been able to deduce this result purely by thermodynamic means and is in sharp contrast with the results obtained with the Bekenstein entropy. However, following Viaggiu's work \cite{Viaggiu2}, we find that if either an open or a closed universe is considered, then the internal energy does not vanish at the dynamical apparent horizon. This means that our assumption that $dU=0$ will no longer be valid in such universes and it might lead to a whole new picture thermodynamically. This problem shall be dealt with in a future work.

\begin{acknowledgments}

The author is grateful to several anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions which have helped to enchance the quality of the manuscript significantly.

\end{acknowledgments}

\frenchspacing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Extinction Countdown
Elephants are Worth 76 Times More Alive Than Dead: Report
Ivory from a poached elephant sells on the black market for about $21,000. A living elephant, on the other hand, is worth more than $1.6 million in ecotourism opportunities.
By John R. Platt on October 8, 2014
Ivory from a poached elephant sells on the black market for about $21,000. A living elephant, on the other hand, is worth more than $1.6 million in ecotourism opportunities. That's the conclusion of a new report from the The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust.
The report—"Dead or Alive? Valuing an Elephant" (pdf)—follows on the heels of similar reports that found that heavily poached species such as manta rays and sharks bring in significantly greater amounts of money from tourism and related activities than they ever do from poaching and illegal trade.
This new report is based on data collected during the first eight months of this year, when 43 large shipments of illegally trafficked ivory were seized worldwide. Those shipments contained 17.8 metric tons of ivory from an estimated 1,940 elephants. (Although a staggering number, it probably represents about 10 percent of the elephants killed in Africa so far this year; only a small portion of smuggled ivory is intercepted and recovered.) The total black market value of those tusks was estimated at more than $37 million.
For comparison, the report's authors also looked at ecotourism camps, safaris and photography tours in Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and South Africa. The organization estimates this elephant tourism contributes just short of $23,000 per elephant per year to the local economy—a total of more than $1.6 million over an elephant's lifetime. By their accounts—and they don't quite break down all of the numbers—this means that the seized ivory from 1,940 elephants was actually worth $44.5 million in lost ecotourism revenue if the elephants had remained alive.
The report's authors acknowledged that their study is an unconventional way to look at the problem. As Rob Brandford, director of the Sheldrick Trust's iWorry ivory awareness campaign, wrote, "Referring to wild animals as 'economic commodities' has created controversy in the past but where policy is determined by the value of an object, it's time to give the elephant a fair footing." He added, "Protecting elephants makes economic sense, whether you're responsible for a reserve in Tanzania or a national park in Kenya—if elephants live, tourists will come and economies can be boosted."
Of course not every elephant lives in an area where ecotourism is accessible or even advisable. (Not many people want to go to war-torn Cameroon on vacation, for example.) Meanwhile, human–elephant conflict remains a problem in many parts of Africa as the populations of both species clash for space and resources. And let's not forget: elephant tourism is actually a little scary. It's one thing to look at an elephant through a telephoto lens; it's another to have a 7,000-kilogram animal charge your Land Rover.
Still, just because this isn't appropriate for every elephant left in Africa doesn't mean the economic valuation lacks merit. With some conservationists warning that Africa's elephants could be poached into extinction in just two decades, this is definitely an idea worthy of further discussion, and one that may just lend itself to incentivizing elephant protection.
Photo: Matt Biddulph via Flickr. Used under Creative Commons license
John R. Platt is the editor of The Revelator. An award-winning environmental journalist, his work has appeared in Scientific American, Audubon, Motherboard, and numerous other magazines and publications. His "Extinction Countdown" column has run continuously since 2004 and has covered news and science related to more than 1,000 endangered species. John lives on the outskirts of Portland, Ore., where he finds himself surrounded by animals and cartoonists. Follow John R. Platt on Twitter
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Q: How to undo Nginx config? This is so bizzare. I have nginx configured to listen on both port 80 and 443. I only want SSL on 443 but non-SSL was showing Nginx default page. I found a solution to redirect port 80 traffic to 443 like this:
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
It seemed to work but after testing my site I noticed all requests on all routes were redirecting to my homepage. I have since removed the above configuration but it still persists.
I have not edited the /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
Here is my current configuration. How do I undo this? Thanks in advance
/etc/nginx/sites-available/default
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/etc/nginx/sites-available/mysite
server {
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root /var/www/example.com;

location / {
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Furthermore, how do I achieve/enforce connection to SSL/https only?

A: You're very close to having it working; only you added the redirection on the default configuration file. This is a bad idea because it sometimes can have bad side effects like you experience now.
in the /etc/nginx/sites-available/mysite can have more than one server{} block.

/etc/nginx/sites-available/mysite

server {
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


CLYDE (RNS) -- Mrs. Annie Cook, 88, died about 12:30 a.m. (28 Feb 1972) Monday in Hendrick Memorial Hospital in Abilene following a three day illness.
She resided at 865 Kirkwood in Abilene.
Funeral will be Tuesday at 2:00 p.m. in the First Baptist Church in Clyde with the Rev. H.B. Terry of the Temple Baptist Church of Abilene officiating, assisted by the Rev. Glen Ward of Cherry Heights Baptist Church of Clyde. Burial will be in Eula Cemetery with Bailey funeral Home in charge.
Nephews will serve as pall bearers.
Born Dec. 27, 1883, in Thurber, she married Richard Wilson Cook in 1909 in Clyde. She lived in the Clyde area, moving to Midway community in 1923. She moved to Abilene in 1961. She was a member of the First Baptist Church of Baird.
Her husband died in 1929. She also was preceded in death by two daughters, Mrs. A. W. Gibson in 1964 and Alma Pearl Cook in 1938.
Survivors are seven sons, W. P. and S. E. both of Abilene, Hiram of Clyde, Carl of Garmon, J. C. and R. E. of California, and Raymond of Friona; five daughters, Mrs. M. E. Bourland, Mrs. Harvey Haws, all of Abilene, Mrs. R. L. J. Hicks and Mrs. Gilford Rice, both of Clyde.


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Home/Entertainment/FremantleMedia appoints new EVP of kids and family entertainment
Firm welcomes previous Hit Entertainment VP, Rick Glankler to the team
FremantleMedia appoints new EVP of kids and family entertainment
dt-admin 30th October 2013	Entertainment 421 Views
FremantleMedia has appointed licensing industry veteran, Rick Glankler as EVP and general manager of kids and family entertainment.
Based in New York, Glankler will take responsibility for all areas of FremantleMedia's KFE business with the overall responsibility of growing the firm's portfolio of brands into global franchises.
Glankler began his career in consumer packaged goods with the likes of PepsiCo, Kraft and J Walter Thompson, before entering the world of kids' entertainment.
He held the previous role of vice president at Hit Entertainment, helping build the global reach franchises including Thomas and Friends, Bob the Builder, Fireman Sam, Angelina Ballerina and Mike the Knight.
Glankler said: "FremantleMedia is one of the most exciting new players in the kids' space, with fantastic existing content and exciting future plans.
"I'm very much looking forward to working with the team to continue to create relevant and meaningful franchises that kids and families will engage with across all media platforms."
Sangeeta Desai, chief operating officer, FremantleMedia, added: "Rick is one of the most respected professionals in the entertainment and toy industries.
"He is a great all rounder with an impressive tracy record in brand management, sales, licensing and product development, and has worked on some of the most sought after properties in this space.
"He will play a major role in taking our impressive slate to the next level."
Under the new structure, Bob Higgins, EVP Creative and Production, Carl Lumbard, Head of Global Licensing & Consumer Products, Joss Duffield VP Distribution & Sales and Tessa Moore, VP Brand Management will continue to lead in their respective business areas, reporting directly into Glankler.
Tags fremantlemedia enterprises robert-hutchinsintentmedia-co-uk
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