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Ref. SC213
create an alert for JonOne
Category Painting
Technic Acrylic on canvas
Height x Width (cm) 150 x 165
Signature Signed
JonOne, born John Andrew Perello and of Dominican origin, was born in 1963 in Harlem, a New York neighbourhood concentrated with disadvantaged populations. Affected by hardships both within his family and at school, the young boy was formed in street school, and started a graffiti career in the subway from the age of 17. Surrounded by several other activists, he founded the international collective 156 All Starz in 1984.
His encounter with Bando, the pioneer of graffiti art in France, led JonOne to move to Paris in 1987. In the capital which seduced him and alongside the pioneers of the French Hip-Hop movement, JonOne travelled along the macadam, then, though not abandoning walls, moved to canvas. He worked in a studio belonging to the Hôpital Éphémère, an association aiming to develop the occupation of urban wastelands by artists, which was for a time settled at Hôpital Bretonneau.
This new support led to the formation of the artist's world-wide reputation. He exhibited throughout the world, starting with the Parisian galleries Agnès b., Magda Danysz, Willem Speerstra, David Pluskwa, and Marcel Strouk, and then in Monaco, Geneva, New York, as well as in Tokyo and Hong Kong.
JonOne sought to impose his work by the total freedom of its style: transcending the standards dictated by the Graffiti of urban cultures, his paintings that have an utter fear of emptiness present composition that are harmonious yet spontaneous, the perfectly mastered line of forms in movement, curved or straight, often repetitive, and a rich, lively, and subtly nuanced colour palette.
These abstract improvisations which breathe 'joie de vivre' make JonOne one of the main representatives of Contemporary Abstract Expressionism.
He is not, however, closed to figuration: in homage to the Abbot Pierre, in 2011 he realised on the wall of a square at Deux-Nèthes (18th arrondissement in Paris) a portrait of the celebrated defender of the disadvantaged, the portrait itself composed of the actual text of his radio call of winter 1954.
An undeniable recognition of his work has afforded him the projects of painting a Thalys train and designing perfume bottles for Guerlain.
(Martine Heudron)
Galerie Magda Danysz, Paris and Shanghai ; Private collection, Paris. read more >>
JonOne Paper Chasers, 2015 painting
JonOne World around Town, 2016 painting
when a work from JonOne enters our catalogue


We are located 2 blocks east of 40th and John Barrow Rd. in west Little Rock.
From I-630 west to John Barrow exit, turn left on to John Barrow.
Are you part of a mainline denomination?
No, we are a non-denominational fellowship.
We do fellowship and worship with many mainline churches.
Can I meet the Pastors?
Absolutely! Pastor Damon, and Minister Patsy will love to meet new people!
They visit with our guest and members after each service.
· The Triune God - The Father,The Son, The Holy Spirit.
· Jesus Christ is true God and true man.
· The Holy Spirit is a Divine Person.
· The Old and New Testaments are God's Divinely Inspired Words.
· All have sinned and come short of the Glory of God and are in need of salvation.
· Salvation has been provided in the redemptive work of Christ and is available to every believer.
· It is the Will of God that every believer is filled with the Holy Spirit.
· Healing is provided in the redemptive work of Christ and is available to every believer.
· The Church consists of all those who have received Jesus Christ as their personal Savior.
· There shall be a bodily resurrection of the just and of the unjust.
· We believe in the personal, visible, imminent return of Jesus Christ.
· We believe in water baptism and observance of the Lord's Supper.


GoAirheads Airsoft Field and Store in Erie Colorado, near Denver, gives children, teens, and adults an exhilarating, unforgettable experience in a unique battle zone. Play against your friends and friends to be. Even play head-to-head against an army of zombies during our I AM ZOMBIE game.
Plan strategies, compete against friends and lead your team to victory across complex acres of walls, hideouts, barn areas and great sniper positions. Only the top shots and bravest commandos master the field and triumph in our airsoft wars.
Events and parties at GoAirheads guarantee safe, exciting fun for every guest with top-notch weaponry, full-scale battle environments, and reliable referees. Our referees are king, and they keep all our warriors engaged in safe, mediated battles and maintain a fair, regulated game for all.
Organize a private party, compete in our regular events, tournaments, and camps or fight zombies across the field. Practice your airsoft game with ammunition and accessories from our shop, and we'll help you keep all your artillery in full working order.
Set up your next event at our airsoft fields or visit our shop for batteries, chargers, BBs and more. We'll see you there!
Airsoft Gun of the Month!
We at GoAirheads will start announcing CRAZY sales on one gun per month! They will be announced right here and can only be redeemed in our store. This is our way of giving players with a modest budget a way to get some Pro-Level guns for their buck.
Normally priced at $120.00 we will be selling them at a discount of 35% off for a final price of $78.00. We will NOT be offering these guns with an in store 30 day warranty due to the low price. Available while supplies last, get yours today!


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Home » PARKINSON'S DISEASE » A Close Look at DBS for Parkinson's patients
A Close Look at DBS for Parkinson's patients
Last updated on February 24th, 2021 at 08:40 am
Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's disease
As caregivers, we understand what PD patients long to hear-there is a cure! And so when most people hear that Deep brain stimulation (DBS) could help them, they think that it is the long-awaited cyure. While this may be a flicker of hope, it is important to get the facts right to avoid disappointment.
Is DBS for you?
DBS is not a cure for Parkinson's disease. It is a treatment for patients whose symptoms cannot be adequately controlled by the use of medication.
According to UC San Diego Health, DBS was approved by the FDA in 1997.
People with end-stage signs of PD cannot be helped by DBS. People with dementia are also advised not to take DBS as it might affect their cognitive abilities.
According to Parkinson.org, DBS is only done to patients who show positive signs to levodopa medication. Yes, maybe at the time you are considering DBS, your body is not responding that well to levodopa but there is still that effect you get after the drugs.
The Michael J Fox Organization adds that you need to have had PD symptoms for the last 4 years if you are to be considered for DBS.
DBS is not for you if:
Have Parkinson's plus symptoms
Have brain tumor or other damages
Do not respond to levodopa no matter how big of a dosage you take
What is DBS?
According to the University of California there are four spots that are targeted to put in the DBS electrodes:
1.the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi)
2. the subthalamic nucleus (STN)
3. the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)
4. A subdivision of the thalamus referred to as Vim (ventro-intermediate nucleus)
Deep Brain Stimulation is a surgical operation to install a stimulator to the brain. It delivers electrical stimulation to targeted areas in the brain that control movement, blocking the abnormal nerve signals that cause Parkinson's symptoms.
This surgery can take place in either one or two phases depending on the surgeon's recommendation. An incision is made into the brain where the lead is placed. After about ten days, the pulse generator is implanted through an outpatient surgery. A portion of the scalp incision is then re-opened to implant the neuron stimulator. The lead is attached to an extension wire passing under the skin of the scalp.
Patients should continue with their usual dose of PD medicine until the device is programmed. This is only possible after the swelling caused by surgery has gone down. Medication will be adjusted at this stage.
Though DBS is going to better your motor movements, it could have bad effects on your gait, speech and postural dysfunction according to this study.
What happens after DBS?
The doctor schedules visits after every three weeks to adjust the stimulation settings.
Response to DBS varies among individuals. Some will exhibit reduced symptoms such as less hand tremors , less anxiety while others experience worsened speech, depression and balance impairments.
After DBS, you will still continue taking your medications but in lower amounts.
Before making the DBS decision, consult with the doctor to ensure you understand its process, opportunities it presents and the risks that may be involved.
How to Calm Anxiety in Autistic and Parkinson's Patients
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Physiotherapy walking aid assessment
Assistive devices to prevent falls in elderly people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


(A Top Pick Oct 10/08. Down 20.6%.) Didn't participate in the big selloff. Doesn't see anything in this one now.
Is an asset play. They did a raise of $50 million that was successful and over subscribed. Decent sideways motion. Get in at $22-$23 upside but sell below $18.5 Currently at about 20.


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Bulgaria to issue 2 leva coin
By SMICoin News
Bulgaria's Central Bank, the Bulgarian National Bank (BNB), has announced that it will issue a new 2 leva circulating coin on the 7th December 2015. The bi-metal coin, which will be issued alongside the current 2 leva banknote, was designed by Vanya Dimitrova and will consist of a yellow coloured central core with a silver…
Pakistan issues new 5-rupee coin
The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), the country's Central Bank, has issued a new 5-rupee coin. The new coin has a different metal composition than its predecessor, consisting of 79% copper, 20% zinc and 1% nickel. The coin is also different in size, now measuring 18.5mm. The existing 5-rupee coin will continue to be legal…
New Zealand's new banknotes launch today
From today, Monday the 12th October, the first of New Zealand's seventh banknote series will be issued into circulation. The new series $5 and $10 polymer banknotes are being dispensed by banks and retailers from today though only in small quantities to begin with. Around 345,000 new notes have been sent to banks to meet…
ECCB issues colourful $1 coin
The East Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) has announced that it will be issuing a circulating commemorative coin painted with different colours. The press release from the Central Bank has confirmed that the new coin will be issued this month, October 2015, to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority (ECCA) banknotes and the…
Sweden Issues New Banknote Series
Sweden's Central Bank, Sveriges Riksbank, has now launched their new series of 20-, 50- 200- and 1,000-krona banknotes, with the 100- and 500- krona banknotes and 1-, 2- and 5-krona coins to be issued next year in October. The new banknotes were launched on the 1 October, 2015 by the bank, after working on the…
Samsung Pay mobile payments launch in US
By SMICashless Payments News
Samsung Pay, the mobile payments application from Samsung, has now been launched in the US. Since Monday, those in the US with a compatible handset, namely Samsung's Galaxy S6, Galaxy S6 Edge, Galaxy S6 Edge + and Galaxy Note5, have been able to make mobile payments in stores. Samsung Pay not only works using Near…


There is shop near Katamachi. Its so nice location!! I saw pottery was made by professional!! Like a magic!!
A friendly visit around in the pottery with clear explanation on the production process. Afterwards a nice session of decoration of glazed ceramics.
Our family of four with two teenagers greatly enjoyed your and pottery painting workshop. They ship your kilned pieces back to USA in ~2 months. Good English spoken, super friendly.
This is an interesting pottery studio and gallery. This kiln dates back to 1870 and the tour was led by a potter who is the 6th generation in the family business. Interesting and beautiful work on sale for all price ranges (artwork to practical pieces).
Pottery is high quality. Reasonably priced. We had purchased items shipped and everything handled arrived quickly and safely.
Get quick answers from Kutani Pottery Kosen Kiln staff and past visitors.
How far is it from the Kanazawa Train Station?


Prepare and provide for the next generation of world-class cancer researchers.
Promote an innovative program geared towards changing the phenotype of future researchers, emphasizing the importance of integrating basic science and clinic, as well as the crucial need for strong teamwork and leadership.
• Find a host laboratory and a supervisor among the GCRC's members.
• Officially register as a graduate student.
services of specialized technological core facilities (transgenic, imaging, metabolomics, flow cytometry, single-cell analysis).
Students that are part of the GCRC are eligible to apply to the GCRC Internal Awards program.
Graduate degrees are conferred by the academic departments in which GCRC students are registered.
A competitive post-doctoral fellowship program is available at the Goodman Cancer Research Centre and entails working collaboratively with a group of internationally renowned researchers. Studies are offered in virtually all aspects of cancer research ranging from molecular biology to drug design.
To apply for a post-doctoral position, GCRC researchers should be contacted individually.
Clinical interactions are an important part of the GCRC training program at both the graduate and post-doctoral level. A variety of multidisciplinary research connections allow the members of the Centre to offer interactions with the clinical milieu. The "bench-to-bedside" principle is the axis of the Centre's mandate and therefore participation in translational research and clinical studies is offered to those interested.
McGill undergraduate students are invited to apply for training during the summer months. These internships can last up to four months, and offer students real-life experience about the rewards and challenges of biomedical research.


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The 2022 Wawa 250 Powered by Coca-Cola was the 23rd stock car race of the 2022 NASCAR Xfinity Series, and the 21st iteration of the event. Due to inclement weather, the first half of the race was held on Friday, August 26, 2022, and the second half was held on Saturday, August 27, in Daytona Beach, Florida at Daytona International Speedway, a  permanent D-shaped superspeedway. The race was increased from 100 laps to 118 laps, due to several NASCAR overtime finishes. In a chaotic and wreck filled race, Jeremy Clements, driving for his family team, Jeremy Clements Racing, scored the upset win after taking the lead when the final caution came out on the last lap. This was Clements' second career NASCAR Xfinity Series win, and his first of the season. Ironically, it was also the same date that Clements won his first Xfinity Series race, the 2017 Johnsonville 180. Noah Gragson mainly dominated the race, leading 52 laps before being wrecked out. The final podium consisted of Timmy Hill, who finished a career best 2nd place finish for MBM Motorsports. Despite damage to the front of his car, A. J. Allmendinger, driving for Kaulig Racing, would finish in 3rd. The rest of the top 10 consisted of Brandon Brown, Sage Karam, Ryan Vargas, Ty Gibbs, Alex Labbé, J. J. Yeley, and Kyle Sieg, with most drivers earning a career best finish.

Background
Daytona International Speedway is a race track in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States.  Since opening in 1959, it has been the home of the Daytona 500, the most prestigious race in NASCAR as well as its season opening event. In addition to NASCAR, the track also hosts races of ARCA, AMA Superbike, IMSA, SCCA, and Motocross. The track features multiple layouts including the primary  high-speed tri-oval, a  sports car course, a  motorcycle course, and a  karting and motorcycle flat-track. The track's  infield includes the  Lake Lloyd, which has hosted powerboat racing. The speedway is operated by NASCAR pursuant to a lease with the City of Daytona Beach on the property that runs until 2054. Dale Earnhardt is Daytona International Speedway's all-time winningest driver, with a total of 34 career victories (12- Daytona 500 Qualifying Races) (7- NASCAR Xfinity Series Races) (6- Busch Clash Races) (6- IROC Races) (2- Pepsi 400 July Races) (1- The 1998 Daytona 500).

Entry list

 (R) denotes rookie driver.
 (i) denotes driver who are ineligible for series driver points.

Qualifying
Qualifying was scheduled to be on Friday, August 26, at 3:00 PM EST. Since Daytona International Speedway is a superspeedway, the qualifying system used is a single-car, single-lap system with two rounds. In the first round, drivers have one lap to set a time. The fastest ten drivers from the first round move on to the second round. Whoever sets the fastest time in Round 2 wins the pole. Qualifying was cancelled due to inclement weather. The starting lineup was determined by a performance-based metric system. As a result, A. J. Allmendinger, driving for Kaulig Racing, would earn the pole.

Race results

Stage 1 Laps: 30

Stage 2 Laps: 30

Stage 3 Laps: 58*

Standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Note: Only the first 12 positions are included for the driver standings.

References

2022 NASCAR Xfinity Series
NASCAR races at Daytona International Speedway
Wawa 250
Wawa 250

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A Japanese sushi boss paid more than US$117,000 (HK$912,600) for a giant bluefin tuna (藍鰭吞拿魚) at the New Year auction at Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market (東京築地市場).
Bidding stopped at 14 million yen (HK$926,886) for the enormous 200-kilogram fish– a threatened species that was caught off Japan's northern coast.
The price was three times higher than last year but still far below a record 155.4 million yen (HK$9.3 million) paid by the sushi chain operator in 2013.
Bluefin is usually the most expensive fish available at Tsukiji, the biggest fish and wholesale seafood market in the world. A single piece of otoro, or the fish's fatty underbelly, can cost up to several thousand yen at high-end Tokyo restaurants.
The growing popularity of Japanese sushi worldwide has stoked demand elsewhere.
Japan, the world's largest consumer of bluefin tuna, is facing growing calls for a trade ban on the species, which environmentalists warn is on its way to extinction.
The population of Pacific bluefin tuna is set to keep declining even if governments ensure existing management measures are fully implemented, a global tuna conservation group warned.
"Given the already dire state of the population – decimated to just four percent of unfished levels – it is of particular concern that the auction price is rising again," a group spokesman said.


Premier Brad Wall sings with Blake Berglund and Kennedy Rodeo at the Home's Home Howl.
Saskatchewan Premier Brad Wall was an active participant at the Hope's Home Howl fundraiser last month, which raised money for Hope's Home, a daycare for medically fragile children. Not only did the premier emcee the backyard event, he even performed!
The fundraiser, which grossed $215,000, was held at the home of Karl Fix and Sandy Beug. Karl just sent me a link to a video of the premier singing. Click here to watch.


Title: Does Your Whole Room Stink?
HP: "Wish you could wash the whole living room? Luckily, Fabric Refresher and a pluggable NOTICEables work together to eliminate odors in your fabrics and air. Each of our pluggable refills knocks out odors with up to 4x the freshness".
Woman: Honey, aren't we having friends over? It wreaks in here.
Man: I know. I stole the other teams mascot for good luck.
Woman: We need to wash this room.
Woman: Yeah, wash it with Febreze.
For all the things you can't wash, use Febreze Fabric Refresher.
Woman: It relly smells great in here.
And try pluggable Febreze, with up to four times freshness in one refill.
Pluggable Febreze and Fabric Refresher, two more ways to breath happy.


RoadChef operates 19 motorway service stops throughout the UK, offering a restful relaxing stop for customers with all of the top restaurants, coffee bars and shops found at service stops.
For great offers available at RoadChef keep an eye out for our promotional codes, printable vouchers and offers available.
For your rest stop, locate your nearest Roadchef.


Now Appraisers Must Conform to the Opinions of Other Appraisers/Unknown Persons of Unknown Competence!
Many of you know I scan various sources for appraiser/appraisal related info, and send out items I think are important.
Well, today Collateral Underwriter (the extraordinarily SECRET process developed by FNMA and given ONLY to LENDERS for report review) started.
As predicted by many appraisers, it already generated responses appraisers are forced to deal with, primarily because the reporting appraiser's data (in the report) is different from "peer" reports.
Sale #4 has a view of "B", however, other appraisers have reported the view for this property as "N".
Prediction: much extra time will be spent by appraisers writing responses to CU generated alleged deficiencies.
What fun this next few weeks, months and potentially years will be for appraisers.
meaning, we also have (someone), from (somewhere far away from me), telling me they know my market better than me.
wait. i am sorry. i forgot. every market in the country is the same.
But I read an article yesterday saying there were not going to be any major impacts?!? Appraisers everywhere are going to be a lot busier with corrections, clarifications, and revision requests. Let the fun begin!
You are absolutely right. Corrections, clarifications, revision requests, and keeping your AMC informed will take up the vast majority of the appraisers time from here on out. Like I said before: You are playing a game of chess against a super computer with your daily bet being your license and your livlihood. You can win in the short term but not over the long haul. If you aren't blacklisted first, you will either burn out or go bankrupt doing the additional work. Nobody will survive this long term doing only residential appraisal work.
If you compare this to the U.S. manned space program of the 1960s we are now in the Mercury stage of allowing AVMs take over the profession. On the flip side, you may one day be able to tell your grandchildren that you were the last appraiser standing.
Best of luck guys! You're going to need it.
Marching on to Idiocracy! So honored to have been here for the ruination of a long standing, proud industry! Damn every one of the scum that did this to the appraisal industry.
In the event that a human being has read the appraisal report and has a specific, legitimate basis for asking a question please let me know.
Otherwise, ask the CU why IT has failed to accurately measure data relevant to the subject and comparables.
Like I have said several time before, we have forgotten what the purpose of the appraisal report is. If 5 appraisers complete an appraisal on the same property and 3 show a C3 rating and 2 show a C4 for the subject and all comps and they all value the property at $220,000, apparently the property is worth approximately $220,000. Who is harmed? Who is right? Who is wrong? Do we really care?
Now to get to the crux of the matter regarding this blog and many others regarding CU. First I want to state I am not a sexist, racist, bigot or any of the terms that some will accuse me of, but I am not political correct either. Everyone must realize that appraisers are no different than anyone else, they are a product of their environment and upbringing which influences their views and perceptions. We all see things from a different prospective. If one appraisers has a background in construction and another has a background in interior design, it is very likely that they could disagree on the "Q" & "C" ratings of the same home. If one was raised in the inner city in a poor neighborhood and another raised in an upscale suburban neighborhood they could have different view of what a Q2, Q 3 or Q4 property or a C2, C3 or C4 rating is. This does not make either of these appraisers incorrect, it is just their opinion from a different prospective. The most important facts are knowledge of your local real estate market and the selection of good comparable sales and making the proper market driven adjustments.
Appraisal are about comparing the subject property to comparable sales of similar properties with similar amenities and market appeal within a similar market area. No one is better qualified to do this than a well trained professional with knowledge of the local real estate market in the local area. Let the appraiser do the job he/she was trained to do.
Dave remind me to send you a copy of FNMAs patent application for the CU process. It's far worse than you ever imagined.
Next story Appraisers, Pull Together and Fight Back!
Previous story Should CU be Transparent?
AMC Appraisers, Pull Together and Fight Back!
Appraisal Should CU be Transparent?


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EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT SET OF 3 ANCIENT PRE-COLUMBIAN TEOTIHUACAN OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS *PC060
Weapon / Tool
Lake Sayula Basin - Mexico
300 B.C. - 400 A.D.
2.75" - 2.5" long
COMPLETE - NO REPAIR OR RESTORATION
SUPERB EDUCATIONAL SET TO DEMONSTRATE THE FUNDAMENTAL ARTIFACTS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN TEOTIHUACAN OBSIDIAN PRODUCTION.
Includes Display Box
Includes a LIFETIME GUARANTEE Certificate of Authenticity & Condition / History Sheet
Ex-Dr. Allen Heflin collection from the 1950's
This is an excellent educational or exhibit set of 3 artifacts of obsidian tool manufacture in the ancient Pre-Columbian Indian culture of Teotihuacan in Mexico. Obsidian craft was one of the hallmarks of the Teotihuacan society and obsidian workshops were a huge part of the work and production of their trade and skill. Obsidian objects made by Teotihuacan workshops were used and traded all over Central America. This set offered here includes a discoidal flake core for making ordinary scrapers, a prismatic blade core for making the popular obsidian bladelets used in many weapons. The final piece is a EXQUISITE unifacial blade scraper showing the finest possible workmanship in this common type of tool. So with this authentic artifact set, you have the two basic forms of obsidian cores from which flake tools were made, and a superbly made finished flake tool.
In the first millennium A.D., the central American mega-city of Teotihuacan was THE largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas and had a broad influence on its neighboring cultures both, in simultaneous existence to it and even long after. At its peak in 450 A.D., with an estimated population exceeding 200,000 at this time, it was one of the largest cities in the world. The founders of this great city are a mystery and much debate has circled around who exactly built the city. Because the inhabitants seem to have been multi-ethnic (Nahua, Otomi, Totonac and Mayan) the culture is not attributed to a specific ethnicity or tribe but is called TEOTIHUACAN or TEOTIHUACANO.
Teotihuacan was an enormous industrial city and trading center housing a variety of trades and craftspeople. The quality of artistry in the thousands of mural paintings from Teotihuacan artists rivaled anything that was to be produced by many master painters of Renaissance Europe much later in time. Perhaps, the most famous industry the city was known for was its extensive production of obsidian objects.
Many of the same gods worshipped by other pre-Columbian cultures of the surrounding region were worshipped by the inhabitants of Teotihuacan. Gods such as the Feathered Serpent and the rain god, which were later worshipped by the Aztecs in their own culture. It is believed the Mayans and later period Aztecs, along with many other tribes, were heavily influenced by Teotihuacan and like those cultures, human sacrifice was practiced in Teotihuacan. This is evidenced by numerous human skeletons showing signs of ritual sacrifice, excavated from the sites where the pyramids were built.
The end of Teotihuacan is as much a mystery as its beginning. Most recent studies now show the city's decline began some time around the 6th century A.D. and may have been caused not by a conquering neighbor but by internal civil unrest and uprising.
ID Weapon / Tool
FOUND Lake Sayula Basin - Mexico
AGE 300 B.C. - 400 A.D.
SIZE 2.75" - 2.5" long
CONDITION COMPLETE - NO REPAIR OR RESTORATION
NOTE SUPERB EDUCATIONAL SET TO DEMONSTRATE THE FUNDAMENTAL ARTIFACTS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN TEOTIHUACAN OBSIDIAN PRODUCTION.
:: Includes Display Box
:: Includes a LIFETIME GUARANTEE Certificate of Authenticity & Condition / History Sheet
PROVENANCE Ex-Dr. Allen Heflin collection from the 1950's
TWO PRE-COLUMBIAN MAYAN GREENSTONE DIORITE POLISHED WAR AXES *PC258


Home FAQs Do I need an eVisa to visit Taiwan?
All foreign citizens wishing to travel to Taiwan will need an eVisa, except citizens from countries who are exempt. Click HERE for a list of exempted countries.


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Cleveland Indians Made Right Decision Signing Yonder Alonso Over Carlos Santana
American League, American League Central, Cleveland Indians, Major League Baseball, Offseason, Opinions & Predictions
Change is sometimes necessary in order to succeed and, at times, payroll must be preserved in the process, making the Cleveland Indians' decision to sign first baseman Yonder Alonso over re-signing Carlos Santana the right course of action.
The Indians went into this offseason with a potential crisis on their hands. With right fielder Jay Bruce, relievers' Bryan Shaw and Joe Smith, as well as Santana hitting the open market, they were in danger of losing some key pieces to their 102-win 2017 team. So far, Cleveland has watched Shaw head to Colorado on a three-year deal, Smith head to Houston on a two-year deal and Santana, their most significant free agent, depart for Philadelphia on a three-year deal. At the same time, Santana's three-year deal with the Phillies will pay him, on average, $20 million a year, which is an incredibly high price tag per year for the first baseman.
Over the duration of his career, Santana has been a power-hitting presence at the plate. Hitting a combined 57 home runs over the past two seasons and 20+ four times in his career, while driving in 79+ runs in each of the last four, he has established himself as one of the better hitting first basemen in the game. Simultaneously, he's a career .249 hitter and when you compare his offensive production and overall play to that of Alonso, as well as the contracts they both received, the Indians made the right decision letting their homegrown player walk.
Last week, the Indians agreed upon a two-year, $16 million deal with Alonso to bring him to Cleveland. Alonso, who endured a split season with the Oakland Athletics and Seattle Mariners in 2017, is a career .268 hitter and is beginning to come into his own as a power hitter at the plate. Hitting a combined 50 home runs over the last two seasons, the first baseman has begun to hit for power and can be plugged into the the middle of any order. Now joining an Indians' lineup that consists of Francisco Lindor, Jose Ramirez, Edwin Encarnacion, Jason Kipnis and Michael Brantley, Alonso can serve as a lefty bat in the middle of Terry Francona's order.
Source: Ron Schwane/Getty Images North America
In addition to his recent power surge, the 30-year-old Alonso also committed just 10 errors in the field last season and has a good range. While Santana is also smooth at first and provides a power presence, the reality is that even if the Indians viewed him as the better player, he's not worth $12 million more per year than Alonso, especially when management is looking to replace a number of impactful players in free agency.
Santana has been a huge part of this Indians' team ever since he made his MLB debut in 2010. He's been relatively durable, as he has played in 150+ games in six of the last seven seasons, has served as the team's backstop and, most recently, grew into being one of the better all-around first basemen in baseball. Put Santana's health and versatility together with his production at the plate and he's a big loss, but at the same time, Alonso is a great get given his arsenal and team-friendly contract.
The Phillies, who haven't made a playoff appearance since 2011, have one of the lowest payrolls in baseball and are looking to find ways to get back to relevancy; giving Santana an offer he couldn't refuse to become a cornerstone of their team is a perfect example of that.
Alonso is more of a contact hitter than Santana, is sound in the field and a bargain at the contract the Indians got him for, in what's a very deep first baseman market (Eric Hosmer, Lucas Duda, Logan Morrison and Mark Reynolds still remain on the open market, while Mitch Moreland, Santana and Alonso have inked deals). Losing Santana is like pulling a tooth for the Indians and probably their fanbase, however they couldn't pay him what Philadelphia offered. Based on their skill sets and contacts, Alonso was the better and more shrewd signing for the Indians.
Carlos SantanaCleveland IndiansFeaturedMLBOffseasonOpinionsYonder Alonso
Yankees Better Off Re-Signing Todd Frazier, Not Trading For Gerrit Cole, Josh Harrison
Rockies Sign Wade Davis


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\section{Introduction}

Finding the nature of Dark Matter (DM) which most likely contributes
$\sim25\%$ of the energy density of the universe is an outstanding
challenge \cite{Feng2010}. Some types of DM which arise beyond the
standard model (BSM) of particle physics are being experimentally
searched and or are constrained by astrophysics. In particular DM
particles such as axions, dark photons and new types of neutrinos
can be emitted from and lead to excessive cooling of neutron stars,
white dwarfs red giants etc. \cite{Raffelt1996}.

The apparent inconsistency of the observed solar neutrino fluxes with
the predicted values was the first indication \cite{Bahcall1989,Bahcall2004,Bahcall2006}
for the only piece of BSM physics (apart from DM!) known today, namely
that of neutrino masses and mixings\cite{Tanabashi2018}. Early on
it motivated an alternative suggestion that small accumulation in
the sun of weakly interacting DM particles (WIMPs) could cool the
solar core and evade the \textquotedbl solar neutrino problem\textquotedbl{}
\cite{Spergel1985,Press1985,Faulkner1985,Gilliland1986}. Indeed at
that time the main difficulty was the paucity of the energetic $\ ^{8}B$
neutrinos whose rate scales as $T_{0}^{24}$ with $T_{0}$ is the
central temperature.

In this note we again use the Sun to limit DM arising in mirror models
in which a hidden sector exists where every particle or parameter
in the standart model - $x$ is mirrored by an identical particle/
parameter $x'$ \cite{Lee1956,Foot2014,Kobzarev1968}; for review
see \cite{Foot2014} and references within. In much of the work these
models the symmetry between the mirror and ordinary sector is broken
allowing different masses of particles and their mirrors which helped
address many astrophysical and cosmological issues \cite{Berezhiani1996}.
Still almost exact mirror models with minor changes made to allow
$\Omega\left(B'\right)=5\Omega\left(B\right)\sim\Omega\left({\rm DM}\right)$
and a lower CMB temperature in the mirror sector (which is required
to avoid conflict with BBN- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis) have been discussed
at length \cite{Berezhiani2001,Foot2014}. It was suggested that this
most restrictive framework with appropriate minimal weak mirror-ordinary
matter interaction, can evade the bullet cluster bound and the infall
of DM into parallel galactic disks expected for the strongly mutually
interacting and dissipative DM made up of mirror atoms. Here we will
focus on the possible effect of the accumulation of mirror DM particles
arising in the framework of \textquotedbl almost exact\textquotedbl{}
mirror symmetry in the Sun at a relative concentration
\begin{equation}
\eta=\frac{M'}{M_{\odot}}
\end{equation}
where $M'$ is the overall mass of the mirror particles in the Sun.
We find that the resulting changes of the solar luminosity exclude
$\eta$ and mirror-ordinary matter cross-sections $\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}$
values in a region allowed by all other constraints \textit{and} which
was strongly favoured by mirror DM models. This exclude most exact
mirror DM variants.

\section{The effect of mirror matter accumulation in the Sun}

We start by describing the differences between earlier attempts to
constrain massive DM particles by considering the consequences of
their accumulation in the Sun and our present discussion of almost
exact mirror model particles.

In the earliest works mentioned above \cite{Press1985,Spergel1985},
only the mutual DM-nuclear cross-section $\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}$ are
used to trap in the sun DM particles of masses in the $5-10{\rm GeV}$
range. In this case $\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}\gtrsim10{}^{-36}{\rm cm^{2}}$
was required in order to accumulate the minimal $\eta\sim10^{-11}$
which allows sufficient heat transport from the solar core so as to
significantly reduce the $\ ^{8}B$ neutrino flux. Extensive direct
searches for DM in large cryogenic, underground detectors restrict
by now \cite{Tanabashi2018} the He' (the dominant mirror dark matter
component in mirror models) nucleon cross-section, to be less than
$10^{-38}{\rm cm^{2}}$ \cite{Foot2014}.

The next class of DM particles considered in this context was that
of asymmetric, strongly self interacting DM \cite{Frandsen2010,Cumberbatch2010,Taoso2010}.
In this case newly falling DM particles can be captured by scattering
on DM particles which were captured earlier in the Sun. This increases
the capture rate until it reaches the \textquotedbl Unitarity bound\textquotedbl{}
when essentially every DM particle hitting the Sun is captured. The
integrated accumulation over the solar lifetime can then lead to the
concentration of $\eta\sim10^{-11}$, the value mentioned above. With
the present understanding of neutrino mixing, extra heat convection
from the very central region is no longer required to explain the
solar neutrino \textquotedbl Problem\textquotedbl . The resulting
cooling of the core still has other more subtle yet observable effects
on the standard solar model as discussed in \cite{Frandsen2010,Cumberbatch2010,Taoso2010}.

The strong mutual x'-x' scattering helps retain the captured DM inside
the Sun. Indeed in the absence of such strong scattering some x's
with energy of $E\sim{\rm few}\ kT_{0}\sim{\rm few}\ {\rm KeV}$ and
a velocity $v=\left(2E/m_{{\rm x'}}\right)^{1/2}$ exceeding the escape
velocity from the solar core of $\sim1000{\rm Km/Sec}$ will be kicked
from the solar core, if the DM particles are lighter than $\sim5{\rm GeV}$.
This limit does not apply for strongly self interacting DM: the kicked
x' suffers many collisions with the ambient x's quickly sharing its
energy and no escape of DM particles is expected even if $m_{{\rm x'}}=m_{H}\approx{\rm GeV}$.

The Mirror dark matter considered here differs from that in the above
two cases. Thanks to the exchange of the mass-less mirror photon it
is strongly interacting via Ruthdeford scattering

\begin{equation}
\sigma_{{\rm x'x'}}\sim\alpha^{2}/E^{2}=\sigma_{{\rm xx}}
\end{equation}

which is $\sim10^{-18}{\rm cm^{2}}$ for the relevant KeV energies.
\footnote{In the solar core the plasma (Debey) screening correction to the above
cross-section amounts to replacing the momentum transfer squared $k^{2}$
in the photon momentum space propagator by $k^{2}\rightarrow k^{2}+k_{s}^{2}$
where $k_{s}^{2}=k_{D}^{2}=4\pi\alpha n\left(e\right)/T\sim40{\rm KeV^{2}}$.
Using the temperature and electron density appropriate to the solar
core we find $k_{s}^{2}\approx40{\rm KeV^{2}}$. This screening cuts-off
the very forward, low momentum transfer scattering but only mildly
affects the relevant transport cross-section as the average $k^{2}\sim2m\Delta E\sim2mT\sim40{\rm KeV^{2}}$
even for the case of e-e or e'-e scattering with $m\approx1/2{\rm MeV}$.
The net effect of replacing $1/k^{2}$ by $1/\text{\text{\ensuremath{\left(k^{2}+k_{s}^{2}\right)}}}$
is to reduce the cross-sections by just a factor of two \cite{Raffelt1996}.}

The other most important feature is that mirror nuclei/electrons can
emit the massless mirror photons and therefore constitute dissipative
DM.

To make our argument as model independent as possible we use the concentration
of the mirror particles in the Sun $\eta$ and the ordinary- mirror
scattering cross-section $\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}$ as the two independent
parameters of the particle physics model to be constrained by the
astrophysical considerations. In generic almost exact mirror models
not only the cross-sections for mirror- mirror interactions are fixed
by the above Ruthdeford scattering but also the coupling of mirror
charged particles with the ordinary sector is via the \textquotedbl Photon
Portal\textquotedbl{} - namely the kinetic mixing: $\epsilon F^{\mu,\nu}F'_{\mu,\nu}$
of the mirror photon field strength tensor $F'_{\mu,\nu}=\partial_{\nu}A'_{\mu}-\partial_{\mu}A'_{\nu}$
and the field strength tensor of the ordinary photon. Since both our
photon $\gamma$ and the mirror photon $\gamma'$ are massless we
should identify our physical photon $\tilde{A}$ with the superposition
of original fields: $\tilde{A}_{\mu}=A_{\mu}+\epsilon A_{\mu}^{'}$.
Indeed the two fields $A$ and $A'$ in this particular superposition
are coherently emitted, propagated and absorbed by SM charges. This
redefinition then subsumes \textit{all} the ordinary matter mirror
photon interaction and therefore ordinary particles no longer couple
to the mirror photon. Yet each mirror particle $x'$ with a mirror
electric charge of $e'\left(x'\right)=e\left(x\right)\equiv e$ couples
to the ordinary photon with a milli-charge of $\epsilon e$. The cross-section
for mirror- ordinary matter x'-x scattering generated by ordinary
photon exchange is then the standard Ruthdeford scattering above reduced
by $\epsilon^{2}$
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{{\rm x'x}}=\epsilon^{2}\sigma_{{\rm xx}}\approx\epsilon^{2}\frac{\alpha^{2}}{E^{2}}.\label{eq:sigma_x_xprime}
\end{equation}

To address the apparent departure from exact mirror symmetry we note
that the above definition is appropriate in regions of space which
are dominated by ordinary matter. The opposite scheme where the redefined
physical mirror photon does not couple to ordinary matter and ordinary
charged particles are milli-charged with respect to $A'$ is appropriate
in regions dominated by mirror matter such as the interior of mirror
stars discussed later.

The effect of capturing mirror particles differs from that in the
previous case due to the fact that the mirror particles radiate dark
(mirror) photons. This provides yet another channel for radiating
the energy generated by nuclear reactions in the solar core- a channel
which operates in parallel with the usual ordinary photon radiation.
Thus the mirror matter not only transports heat, but just like the
emission of axions or massive dark photons that directly couple to
the solar nuclei/ electrons , it also changes the overall solar energetics.
This will allow us to derive limits on the mirror concentration $\eta$
and the mirror ordinary sector particle scattering cross-section $\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}$
which are more robust and less model dependent than earlier limits.

A second important difference between the almost exact mirror matter
discussed here and the previous merely strongly interacting DM, is
that it's concentration in the Sun is \textit{no longer} restricted
by the maximal capture rate during the lifetime of the Sun to be:
$\eta\sim10^{-11}$.

Both ordinary and mirror matter are disipative and mutually attract
gravitationally. We therefore expect ordinary matter to cluster in
the gravitational wells of mini haloes generated in the mirror matter.
Conversely, mirror matter should cluster in the gravitational wells
due to ordinary matter galactic disks. This co-clustering or even
co-collapses tends to mix the two types of matter. In particular it
could lead to an initial mirror matter concentration in the Sun which
much exceeds the above limiting $\eta\sim10^{-11}$. Indeed it has
been estimated \cite{Foot2014} that the original pre-solar cloud
can efficiently accumulate mirror particles leading to $\eta\sim10^{-5}$.

It is important to note that mirror matter is still a rather subdominant
component of the Sun. This justifies treating the effect of this admixture
perturbativly using the known solar profiles of ordinary density,
$\rho\left(r\right)$, and temperature, $T\left(r\right)$.

For solar/stellar cooling by weakly interacting particles emitted
by nucleons and/or electrons it suffices to compute the volume emission
of these particles which freely stream out. This is not the case here.
First the mirror photons are not emitted directly from the electron/protons
 in the Sun but only by the mirror particles after kinetic/heat
 energy is transferred to them via collisions with ordinary core
particles at a total rate which we denote by $dQ/dt$. Thanks to their
very strong mutual interactions the mirror particles will then equilibrate
and generate at each radius a local temperature profile $T'\left(r\right)$.
In general this $T'\left(r\right)$ is different from $T\left(r\right)$,
the temperature profile of ordinary protons/ electrons. These mirror
particles will then emit their energy via mirror photons generated
by bremsstrahlung in $e'-p'$ or $e'-\alpha'$ collisions. Also unlike
for the simple volume emission case mentioned above, the mirror photons
will often scatter on their way out on the ambient mirror particles
and will be trapped for some time $\tau'$. Both $dQ/dt$ and $\tau'$
depend on the, as yet unknown, profiles of the density $\rho'\left(r\right)\sim n'\left(r\right)$
and of the temperature $T'\left(r\right)$ of the mirror matter. Before
embarking on the calcuation of these profiles and the resulting $dQ/dt$
we will first make some estimates using a simpler approach.

\subsection{\label{subsec:Estimate-of-the}Estimate of the energy transfered
and radiated by the mirror photons}

While we find that $dQ/dt$ is comparable with the observed ordinary
solar luminosity $L_{\odot}$ for a range of allowed DM parameters
$\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}$ and $\eta$, the reverse heat flow to the original
matter reservoir $dQ'/dt$ is \textit{negligible}. The reason for
this are the large self scattering of mirror matter $\sigma_{{\rm x'x'}}$
which exceeds by $\epsilon^{-2}>10^{18}$ the mirror-ordinary particle
collision cross-section $\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}$ and the large bremsstrahlung
cross-section leading to $\gamma'$ emission: $\sigma_{{\rm x'x'}\rightarrow{\rm x'x}'+\gamma'}\sim\alpha\times\sigma_{{\rm x'x'}\rightarrow{\rm x'x'}}\sim10^{-20}{\rm cm^{2}}$.
Thus a mirror particle which has gained energy by a collision with
an ordinary particle in the solar core will collide and share it's
energy with other ambient mirror particles rather than collide again
with an ordinary ion or electron. In turn bremsstrahlung quickly transfer
this energy to mirror photons. Since these mirror photons do not scatter
at all from protons or electrons but only from mirror particles the
energy transferred to the mirror sector, be it the matter or radiation
part, stays in that sector and eventually is emitted as mirror photons.
Thus to find the extra luminosity emitted via mirror photons we need
only to find $dQ/dt$.

We will mainly focus on the inner core, $R\approx0.2R_{\odot}=1.4\times10^{10}{\rm cm}$
which includes a total mass $M\left(R\right)\approx0.35M_{\odot}$
and generates $\sim90\%$ of the solar luminosity \cite{Paxton2011}.
The mainly ordinary matter densities therein of $\sim165{\rm gr/cm^{3}}$
corresponds to electron number density of $n_{e}\approx4.8\cdot10^{25}{\rm cm^{-3}}$.
The almost constant temperature is on average $T\sim1.3{\rm KeV}$
or $2\cdot10^{-9}{\rm ergs/particle}$. Since the Ruthdeford scattering
depends only on the energy and not the mass of the colliding particles
and in thermal equilibrium electrons have the same energy of $3/2kT$
as protons or He ions, the scattering of the faster moving $e$ and
$e'$ will dominate the heat transfer process. Such scattering of
two equal mass particals tends to equalise their energy and on average
an energy
\begin{equation}
\Delta E=3/4\left(kT\left(r\right)-kT'\left(r\right)\right)\approx\frac{3}{4}kT\left(r\right)=1.5\times10^{-9}{\rm erg}
\end{equation}
will be transferred to the mirror sector in each collision. The density
profile of mirror particles is given by the Boltzmann distribution
$\propto exp{\left(-V(r)/{kT'}\right)}$. $V\left(r\right)\approx4\pi/3G\rho_{0}m_{{\rm He}}r^{2}$
is the gravitational potential due to the ordinary roughly constant
density $\rho_{0}=165{\rm gr/cm^{3}}$ of ordinary matter. The mass
$m_{{\rm He'}}$ rather than $m_{{\rm p'}}$ was used as mirror helium
is the dominant component in the mirror sector, namely
\begin{equation}
X'\equiv\frac{\rho'_{H'}}{\rho'}=0.2\ \text{and }Y'\equiv\frac{\rho'_{{\rm He}}}{\rho'}=0.8.
\end{equation}
\cite{Foot2014}. $\rho'\left(r\right)$ then is a Gaussian, $\exp{-(r/r_{0})^{2}}$
with
\begin{equation}
r_{0}=\left(\frac{4\pi}{3}\frac{kT'}{G\rho_{0}m_{{\rm He}}}\right)^{1/2}\approx10^{10}{\rm cm}.
\end{equation}
Since this is less than $R\approx0.2R_{\odot}$ most mirror particles
are inside the above core. Each mirror electorn experiences
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{ee'}=n_{e}v_{e}\sigma_{ee'}\approx1.2\times10^{35}\sigma_{ee'}{\rm sec}^{-1}
\end{equation}
 collisions per second, where $v_{e}=\left(3kT/m_{e}\right)^{1/2}$
is the electron velocity and $n_{e}\approx4.8\cdot10^{25}{\rm cm^{-3}}$
is the electron number density.

The total energy transferred to the mirror particles per second then
is:
\begin{equation}
\frac{dQ}{dt}=N_{{\rm tot,e'}}\Gamma_{ee'}\Delta E
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
N_{{\rm tot,e'}}=N_{H'}+2N_{{\rm He'}}=\frac{\eta M_{\odot}}{m_{H}}\left(X'+\frac{1}{2}Y'\right)=0.6\frac{\eta M_{\odot}}{m_{H}}\approx\eta7.2\times10^{56}.
\end{equation}
Hence the total energy transfer per second is
\begin{equation}
\frac{dQ}{dt}=\eta\sigma_{{\rm ee'}}1.3\times10^{83}\frac{erg}{sec}{\rm =\eta\sigma_{ee'}3.4\times10^{49}L_{\odot}}.
\end{equation}
Rewriting the previous equation in terms of $\sigma_{-38}\equiv\sigma_{ee'}/10^{-38}$
and $\eta_{-11}\equiv\eta/10^{-11}$ we find
\begin{equation}
\frac{dQ}{dt}=\eta_{-11}\sigma_{-38}3.4L_{\odot.}
\end{equation}

The rather modest requirement that $dQ/dt$, the mirror photon luminosity
will not exceed the $0.04L_{\odot}$ then limits the region of allowed
parameters by:
\begin{equation}
\eta_{-11}\sigma_{-38}<1.1\times10^{-2}.
\end{equation}

The rational for requiring $dQ/dt<0.04L_{\odot}$ is that the flux
of $pp$ solar neutrinoes which directrly reflects the nuclear energy
output is measured and understood at $\sim4\%$ level \cite{Bergstroem2016}.
Originally considerations of energy loss were used e.g. by \cite{Raffelt1996} in a conservative way, requiring only that the
new extra luminosity will not exceed the ordinary luminosity. During
the past decades measurements of all types (pp, Berilium, Boron ,
etc) of solar neutrinos and the understanding of their apparent deficit
via neutrino mixing, the parameters of which was independently measured
in terrestrial experiments, have greatly improved \cite{Vissani2017}.

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.75\paperwidth]{eta_sigma}\caption{\label{fig:grid}The calculated $\log\left(L'_{{\rm tot}}/L_{\odot}\right)$
for the 15X15 different values of $\eta$ and $\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}$.
For each pair of $\left(\eta,\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}\right)$ we found
the density and temperature profile of the mirror particles (see next Sec. for details) and calculated the total
energy transferred, $L'_{{\rm tot}}$. The black solid line corresponds
to the estimated (subsection \ref{subsec:Estimate-of-the}) energy transfer
of $1L_{\odot}$ and the dot-dashed line corresponds for $0.04L_{\odot}.$
Any pair of $\left(\eta,\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}\right)$ above this line
is excluded.}
\end{figure*}

\section{\label{sec:Numerical}Numerical calculation of the mirror
luminosity in the Sun}

In this section we describe the numerical results and calculation
of $dQ/dt$, the rate of the total heat transferred from the ordinary
matter to the mirror matter. The amount of heat transferred to the
mirror particles depends on their density profile (number density),
$\rho'\left(r\right)$ $\left(n'\left(r\right)\right)$ and temperature
profile, $T'\left(r\right)$. For a given $\eta$ and $\sigma_{{\rm ee'}}$
these functions are unknown apriori, however they must satisfy the
four well known stellar structure equations:
\begin{equation}
\frac{dP'\left(r\right)}{dr}=-\frac{GM\left(r\right)\rho'\left(r\right)}{r^{2}}\label{eq:hydrostatic}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\frac{dM'\left(r\right)}{dr}=4\pi r^{2}\rho'\left(r\right)\label{eq:mass_continuity}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\frac{dT'\left(r\right)}{dr}=-\frac{3L'\left(r\right)\kappa'\left(r\right)\rho'\left(r\right)}{4\pi r^{2}4acT'\left(r\right)^{3}}\label{eq:radiative_transport}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\frac{dL'\left(r\right)}{dr}=4\pi r^{2}\rho'\left(r\right)\mathcal{\epsilon}'\left(r\right)\label{eq:energy_conservation}
\end{equation}
where $\kappa'$ is the opacity for Thomson scattering, $a$ is the
radiation constant and $\mathcal{\epsilon}'$ is the energy source
per unit mirror mass of the mirror particles. We identify the product
$\rho'\left(r\right)\mathcal{\epsilon}'\left(r\right)$ to be the
transfers heat per unit mirror mass.

For a specific pair of $\eta$ and $\sigma_{{\rm ee'}}$ we postulate
an ansatz for $\rho'\left(r\right)=\eta\rho\left(r\right)$ and $T'\left(r\right)=0.9T\left(r\right)$,
where $\rho\left(r\right)$ and $T\left(r\right)$ are the density
and temperature profiles of the Sun taken from MESA, stellar evolution
code \cite{Paxton2011}. Using this ansatz one can calculate the left
hand side (lhs) and right hand side (rhs) of equations (\ref{eq:hydrostatic}-\ref{eq:energy_conservation}).
The ratios of the lhs and the rhs, $q_{i}$, where $i$ runs over
the above four stellar structure equations, is a measure of the quality
of the initial guess. We repeatedly altered the functions $\rho'\left(r\right)$
and $T'\left(r\right)$ in order to minimize $\left|q_{i}-1\right|$.
We are able to find the profiles that satisfy the stellar structure
equations within the tiny errors so that the computed integrated luminosity
satisfies
\begin{equation}
\frac{\int L'_{{\rm n+1}}dr-\int L'_{{\rm n}}dr}{\int L'_{{\rm n}}dr}<5\times10^{-9}\label{criteria}
\end{equation}
where $n$ indicated that n-th iteration. In figure \ref{fig:profiles}
we present a representative example, the black solid line is the Sun
temperature profile, $T\left(r\right)$, while the red dashed line
is the ansatz, $T'\left(r\right)=0.9T\left(r\right)$. After many
iterations that minimize $q_{i}$, the caclulated profile satisfied
eq. (\ref{criteria}), we found the blue dotted line. The same mechanism
is done for the density profile, $\rho'\left(r\right)$.

Once we find the mirror density, $\rho'\left(r\right)$ and temperature
profile, $T'\left(r\right)$ for a pair of $\eta$ and $\sigma_{{\rm ee'}}$
we calculate the total energy transferred and hence emitted by mirror
photon and record it. We calculated $dQ/dt\equiv L'_{{\rm tot}}=\int L'dr$
for the following parameters: 15 values equally spaced in log of the
mirror matter- ordinary mirror cross-section $\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}=\left\{ 10^{-45}-10^{-38}\right\} $
and 15 values equally spaced in log of $\eta=\left\{ 10^{-12}-10^{-5}\right\} .$
Figure \ref{fig:grid} present the results of our calculation on the
above 15X15 grid. The results are presented in terms of $\log\left(L'_{{\rm tot}}/L_{\odot}\right)$.
Our results agree well with our estimate from subsection \ref{subsec:Estimate-of-the}
for $1L_{\odot}$ (black solid line) and $0.04L_{\odot}$ (black dot-dashed
line). Any pair of values $\left(\eta,\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}\right)$
which is above the $0.04L_{\odot}$ is therefore excluded.

\begin{figure}

\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{Final_guess_T_-10_-40}\caption{\label{fig:profiles}Black solid line, is the Sun temperature profile,
$T\left(r\right)$. Red dashed line is the initial ansatz, $T'\left(r\right)=0.9T\left(r\right)$.
Blue dotted line is the calculate profile that satisfies equation
(\ref{criteria}).}

\end{figure}

\section{Discussion and summary}

We start by pointing that:
\begin{itemize}
\item Since our analysis above was essentially perturbative in nature it
cannot directly apply to the cases where the computed mirror photon
luminosity considerably exceeds the $4\%$ of the solar luminusity,
as the ordinary solar parameters would need then to be modified as
well. Still it is quite safe to assume that the very large mirror
luminosity arising when $\eta\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}>10^{-46}$ will be
indicative of some fatal difficulties with the observed Sun.
\item In order to evade the Bullet cluster upper bound on the dark dark
(here mirror-mirror scattering cross-section) we need that only some
fraction, say $15\%,$ of the mirror matter in the haloes will stay
unclussterd and that majority form collisonless stars. The argument
for $\eta\sim10^{-5}$ can then be \textquotedbl mirrored \textquotedbl{}
to suggest a similar admixture of ordinary matter within the mirror
stars. If the latter are still active then even a small fraction of
their nuclear energy production channeled into ordinary radiation,
analogous to that found above, will make theses stars visible and
no allow them to be DM in the first place.
\end{itemize}
To summarize we note that the most relevant difference between our
and previous limits steming from DM captured in the Sun is the fact
that we use the solar luminosity rather than more subtle aspects like
Helio-seismography. This in turn limits the ${\it {product}}$ of
$\eta$ the solar concentration of DM and $\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}$ the
dark-ordinary matter cross-sections, rather than each of these separately.
This is particularly relevant for the case of (almost) symmetric mirror
models which provided the framework of the present analysis. The point
is that in these models both $\sigma_{xx'}$ and $\eta$ are fixed
by the same single dimensionless kinetic mixing parameter $\epsilon$
of the photon and mirror photon. Specifically $\epsilon^{2}$ appears
in the mirror-ordinary matter Ruthdeford like scattering (\ref{eq:sigma_x_xprime})
above. In order to evade the apparent difficulties associated with
mirror matter forming a disc overlaping the ordinary Milky Way disc
one needs a minimal $\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}$ corresponding to a high
epsilon value of $\sim10^{-9}$. The parameter $\epsilon$ also controls
the expected fraction of mirror matter $\eta\sim\epsilon^{2}$ which
is mixed into the presolar cloud. This preferred optimal value yields
the $\eta\sim10^{-5}$ and $\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}\sim10^{-36}$. The
product $\eta\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}\sim10^{-41}$ will then exceed the
maximum value we found from the $4\%$ limit of the solar luminosity
emitted via mirror photons to be $\eta\sigma_{{\rm xx'}}\sim10^{-51}$
, by a factor of $10^{10}$! Thus our new limits tends to most strongly
exclude the above optimal $\epsilon$ value and the large class of
almost exactly symmetric mirror models which depend on it.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

EM thanks Nathan Roth, Richard Mushotzky and Coleman Miller for stimulating discussions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Five British prime ministers pay tribute to Lord Jeremy Heywood
UK News | Published: Jun 20, 2019
At a memorial event, Theresa May hailed the former cabinet secretary as the 'greatest public servant of our time'.
Lord Heywood Thanksgiving Service
Britain's last five prime ministers have gathered to pay tribute to a former cabinet secretary hailed by Theresa May as the "greatest public servant of our time".
Lord Jeremy Heywood, who spent four years as head of the Civil Service, died of cancer in November last year at the age of 56, days after retiring through ill-health.
His position as one of Whitehall's most senior mandarins under four successive prime ministers led him to be regarded as a key behind-the-scenes influence in the shaping of modern Britain.
Prime Minister Theresa May and her predecessors, David Cameron, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown and Sir John Major gathered at Westminster Abbey on Thursday for a thanksgiving service.
Lord Heywood died of cancer last November (John Stillwell/PA)
They were joined by Lord Heywood's widow, Suzanne, his family, friends and former colleagues, as well as civil servants and a raft of political figures, including ex-deputy prime minister Nick Clegg and former chancellor George Osborne.
Mrs May hailed Lord Heywood as "the greatest public servant of our time", adding that he was "not just an extraordinary adviser but an extraordinary doer".
"Nothing stopped him until he found a solution," she said.
"Whatever the issue was, Jeremy always sorted it and time and time again."
Former prime minister Sir John Major and his wife Norma leave Westminster Abbey after the service (Yui Mok/PA)
Mr Cameron stressed that not only was Lord Heywood a great man, but a "good man in every sense of the word".
He added: "Loyal, incredibly hard-working, a team player and with a deep moral sense of right and wrong.
"He possessed a huge brain and he devoted it to public service, and the nation should be grateful."
In a cross-party show of respect, Mr Blair remarked that Lord Heywood not only represented the Civil Service, but lived it and "defended it in the face of politics high or low".
Mr Clegg celebrated Lord Heywood's tenacity and intellect, and Mr Brown described him as a "creative genius in the thick of it", adding that he was a "great man" who "achieved so much in so little time".
Chancellor Philip Hammond speaks to former prime minister David Cameron (right) and former Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg (left) during the service (Henry Nicholls/PA)
"In May 2010 I left a handwritten note to David Cameron saying something like 'The country is in good hands, Jeremy is running it'," he said to laughter.
Among other attendees were Alastair Campbell, Ed Balls, Yvette Cooper, David and Ed Miliband, as well as Amber Rudd, Brandon Lewis, James Brokenshire, David Lidington, Matt Hancock, Julian Smith, Brexit adviser Olly Robbins and current Cabinet Secretary Sir Mark Sedwill.
Lord Heywood, then Sir Jeremy, became cabinet secretary in 2012 and previously served as principal private secretary to prime ministers Mr Blair and Mr Brown, chief of staff to Mr Brown and Downing Street permanent secretary to Mr Cameron.
Former prime minister Tony Blair with Prime Minister Theresa May at the Westminster Abbey service (Yui Mok/PA)
He became head of the Civil Service in 2014.
The father-of-three revealed earlier last year that he had been diagnosed with cancer in June 2017, but remained in post during a summer of political upheaval triggered by the shock general election result.
Taking a leave of absence last June, he announced on October 24 that he was stepping down, with then acting Cabinet Secretary Sir Mark taking over the role on a permanent basis.
Sir Jeremy Heywood with his wife Suzanne after he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath by the Prince of Wales at Buckingham Palace (John Stillwell/PA)
He was invested as Lord Heywood of Whitehall on October 30 in recognition of his distinguished service to public life which he accepted on behalf of the Civil Service.
Addressing the congregation, Lady Heywood highlighted that, despite the demands of his job, her husband had the ability to be "completely present when he was with us despite the many challenges of his working life".
During the service which was more than an hour long, Welsh singer Cerys Matthews sang Bob Dylan's Don't Think Twice, It's All Right, and the abbey's bells were rung at the end of the memorial event.
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text:
Willi Forrer (born 3 July 1935) is a Swiss alpine skier. He competed in three events at the 1960 Winter Olympics.

References

External links

1935 births
Living people
Swiss male alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers of Switzerland
Alpine skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from the canton of St. Gallen


text:
Mr. Bercow: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development if she will provide a breakdown of her Department's expenditure since 1998–99 in Montserrat. [67503]
Clare Short: The figures requested are available in "Statistics on International Development", (SID), Table 7.2 which shows a breakdown of bilateral aid by country in the Americas for the last five financial years. A copy of this publication is available in the Library of the House.
Mr. Bercow: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development if she will provide a breakdown of her Department's expenditure since 1998–99 in St. Helena. [67501]
Clare Short: The figures requested are available in "Statistics on International Development", (SID), Table 7.1 which shows a breakdown of bilateral aid for the last five financial years. A copy of this publication is available in the Library of the House.
Civil Society Challenge Fund
Mr. Bercow: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development if she will provide a breakdown of her Department's expenditure since 2000–01 on the Civil Society Challenge Fund. [67527]
Clare Short: The figures requested are available in "Statistics on International Development", (SID),
8 Jul 2002 : Column 706W
Table 13 which shows a breakdown of bilateral grants and other aid in kind, including the Civil Society Challenge Fund, for the last five financial years. A copy of this publication is available in the Library of the House.
Oceana Regional
Mr. Bercow: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development if she will provide a breakdown of her Department's expenditure since 1998–99 in Oceana Regional. [67502]
Clare Short: The figures requested are available in Statistics on International Development, (SID), Table 7.5 which shows a breakdown of bilateral aid to the Pacific region for the last five financial years. A copy of this publication is available in the Library of the House.
Overseas Aid
Mr. Bercow: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development if she will provide a breakdown of her Department's expenditure since 1998–99 in (a) Anguilla, (b) Burma, (c) Jordan and (d) Vietnam. [67504]
Clare Short: The figures requested are available in Statistics on International Development, (SID), Tables 7.1 to 7.4 which show a breakdown of bilateral aid by country for the last five financial years. A copy of this publication is available in the Library of the House.
Urban Development Projects
Mr. Bercow: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development if she will provide a breakdown of her Department's expenditure since 1998–99 on water and sanitation in infrastructure and urban development projects. [67521]
Clare Short: Annual figures are given in the table.
£ million(15)
Percentage(16)
1997–98 617 9
1998–99 1,168 11
1999–2000 940 7
2000–01 1,388 7
2001–02(17) 1,306 1
(15) Bilateral commitments total. For projects with a commitment figure greater than £100,000.
(16) Proportion on water supply and sanitation.
(17) Provisional figures.
Mr. Bercow: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development if she will provide a breakdown of her Department's expenditure since 1998–99 on engineering in infrastructure and urban development projects. [67524]
Clare Short: My Department's expenditure on engineering in Infrastructure and Urban Development since 1998–99 has been as set out.
Urban and Industrial Development
1998–99 61,001 47,673 29,846 6,678 878
1999–2000 38,686 48,820 35,902 9,430 628
2000–01 32,279 40,615 34,204 11,241 479
Total 131,966 137,107 99,951 27,349 1,985
Joint Funding Scheme
Mr. Bercow: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development if she will provide a breakdown of her Department's expenditure since 2000–01 on the civil society bilateral programme entitled the Joint Funding Scheme. [67526]
Clare Short: The figures requested are available in "Statistics on International Development", (SID), Table 13 which shows a breakdown of bilateral grants and other aid in kind including the Joint Funding Scheme for the last five financial years. A copy of this publication is available in the Library of the House.
Mrs. Spelman: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development what assessment she has made of the value of property rights for poor people in the economic development of developing countries; what her Department is doing to promote property rights of poor people in the developing world; which projects her Department supports that promote the establishment of property rights for poor people in developing countries; and what the value of each project was in each of the last five years. [66808]
Clare Short: Property rights are an important element in poor people's range of livelihood assets and can assist directly in processes that eliminate poverty. My Department has made a series of assessments of property rights, mainly concerning land ownership and housing, in both rural and urban contexts.
Research has been undertaken, for example, to establish the range of tenure arrangements available to poor people in developing countries that allow people degrees of security and freedom in where they live, from which they can build their livelihoods for the future. The results are published by Intermediate Technology Development Group Publishing under the title "Land, Rights and Innovation". This tenure framework is currently being used to observe how poor people manage to establish their property rights in 15 developing countries. The work is being shared with the UN and World bank.
My Department is promoting better awareness of the role of property rights in poverty reduction through core funding support to UN-Habitat who are running their Global Campaign for Secure Tenure in 11 developing countries, and core funding support to the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions which is based in Geneva. Support is also provided to the Asian Coalition for Housing Rights.
Secure land and property rights for the poor are essential if they are to contribute to and benefit from economic development, and to unlock access to essential services and to finance for small-scale investment
opportunities of all kinds. Many poor people have no or insecure property rights and can fall victim to forced evictions by landlords governments and commercial land development in both town and country.
Secure rights can be provided through various forms of tenure, and DFID is working actively throughout the world, especially in Africa and with global institutions to help developing countries establish effective policies and institutions to deliver secure property rights to the poor and prevent evictions. In those cases where we have a direct role to play, DFID projects have helped governments to deliver secure rights and land titles to the poor; I would highlight:
South Africa were we spent £5.9 million up to 2000—a further phase is now being prepared in addition to a project earmarked at £5 million to help the SADC countries strengthen property rights for the poor throughout the Southern African Region
Guyana where a £4.39 million project is due to end in 2003
Support to Kenya Land Reform £0.47 million
Uganda Land Laws (Tenure) £1.35 million
Asian Coalition for Housing Rights £2.19 million
Property Rights in Croatia £0.59 million
10 projects in the former Soviet Union totalling £3.53 million, and
£295,000 through NGO partners in Bangladesh, directly assisting the poor access land and secure their rights.
41 projects both small and large with a total value of £34.34 million have been contributing to our overall efforts over the last five years. In addition DFID supports research projects into how best to enable access to land and secure property rights for the poor in different contexts in various countries; in the same period there have been 19 research projects with a total value of £2.5 million.
Mrs. Spelman: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development what discussions she has had with (a) the Government of Kenya and (b) the British high commission in Nairobi regarding political and ethnic violence and human rights abuses in Kenya; and what projects her Government support to promote justice for victims of ethnic and political violence in Kenya. [66812]
Clare Short: British officials and I raise these issues regularly in our frequent contacts with the Kenyan Government. Our programme in Kenya includes a project co-funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Ministry of Defence to prevent and settle internal conflict. We also support organisations offering legal aid to disadvantaged people including those who may be affected by ethnic and political violence; and we are working with the Kenyan Government to develop a pilot legal aid scheme.
Mrs. Spelman: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development what her Department is doing to promote democratic reform in Kenya. [66810]
Clare Short: DFID's Political Empowerment Programme together with other donors' programmes, aim to strengthen Kenya's political system by enabling poor and marginalised groups to organise and influence government and strengthening democratic institutions including Parliament. In addition DFID and high commission officials have frequent contacts with the Kenyan Government and Opposition on democratic issues.
Mrs. Spelman: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development what assessment her Department has made of the level of (a) political violence and (b) human rights abuses in Kenya; and how her Department responds to such violence and human rights abuses. [66811]
Clare Short: My officials in Nairobi, working in close consultation with our British High Commission, carefully monitor all reports of political violence and human rights abuses in Kenya and raise any concerns with the relevant authorities.


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Helsinki, the capital and largest city of Finland, is for many the natural entrance to Finland. Helsinki is the national center of Finland and is in many ways the tourist magnet in Finland. Most tourists are accessing Helsinki by ferry connections from Tallinn (Estonia), Stockholm (Sweden) or Saint Petersburg (Russia) or by airplane to Helsinki International Airport located approximately 19 kilometres north off Helsinki. In this blog post you will find some interesting facts about Helsinki and recommendations to what to see in Helsinki including inspiration to places to visit in Finland Helsinki. The topics will be seasoned with some beautiful pictures of Finland.
There are no train or metro connections to/from the Helsinki Airport. Taxi and bus are the only transport facilities between Helsinki Center and the airport. The bus takes about half an hour and costs around 5-6 euro. The bus services are operated by Finavia. The busses stop at Helsinki Central Station. Currently, there is being built a rail way connection between Helsinki Center and the airport. Opening date is July 2015 (target). The airport was opened in 1952 for the Helsinki Olympic Games.
The population of Helsinki is 614,074 (31 January 2014), an urban population of 1,176,976 (31 December 2012).
Helsinki is a major tourist magnet and offers a beautiful city scape with stunning architecture and lively atmosphere. The architecture is a good mixture of new and ancient. Finland's history is closely related to Sweden which for many centuries has controlled Finland. Hence, the Finish culture is strongly effected by Sweden and the Swedish language is widely spoken mainly across south and west Finland. The majority of signs and information is both written in Finish and Swedish.
The old tram network is an important part of the infrastructure in Helsinki. I think, the trams are very charming and enhance the atmosphere in town. Be aware of the trams when you cross the roads. In general, the finish people are quiet fluent in English which I think is nice when you are a traveler.
The Helsinki Cathedral is probably the most prominent building and symbol of the city. I will definitely recommend visiting the cathedral and the big square in front of it. Another significant church in Helsinki is The Uspenski Orthodox cathedral which is really impressive from outside. From these churches you have short walking distance to the cityscape of Helsinki and also very close to the harbor of Helsinki. At the port there is a square called Kauppatori (the market square) which offers a market selling traditional handmade Finnish products.
From Kauppatori you can take a ferry to the magnificent Maritime Fortress of Suomenlinna (In Swedish: Sveaborg) which means Castle of Finland. The ferry service to Suomenlinna is very well-functioned and takes only 15 minutes. You can buy tickets in the self-service kiosks right next to the ferry berth. The price for a one way ticket is only 2.5 euro. Suomenlinna ferry timetable. The schedule varies according to the seasons.
Suomenlinna is an inhabited sea fortress housing about 900 people built on six islands and is actually a part of Helsinki Center. The Finnish maritime academy is placed on these islands. Suomenlinna is beautifully located in the Finnish archipelago (in Swedish: Skärgård) with Helsinki's roofs as background. The fortress was built to protect Helsinki from Russian invasion.
Suomenlinna is an UNESCO World Heritage site and popular by tourists as well as locals who love sun bathing on the cliffs and grass land. I would recommend a day trip to Sveaborg Fortress on a sunny summer day. I will suggest to bring a picnic and to sit on a hilltop enjoying the view of The Gulf of Finland and the rocky islands. Otherwise, you can buy supplies in the local supermarket or in the nice cafes and restaurants scattered around the archipelago. Suomenlinna offers both historically, culturally and scenic beauty making it very popular.
Porvoo (in Swedish: Borgå) is a Finish town located 45 km east of Helsinki or approximately 30 minutes of drive. From Helsinki follow highway E18 towards Kotka and Saint Petersburg. The town is famous for its old town dominated by colorful wooden houses in a dense medieval street pattern. In the center of the old town you can see Porvoo Cathedral which is symbolic and idyllic situated in the upper part of town with stunning view of old Porvoo and Porvoo River. The most famous wooden houses in Porvoo Old Town are the red-colored wooden storage buildings on the riverside which are declared as an UNESCO world heritage site.
I would highly recommend to stroll along the old stone-paved streets between the colored wooden houses where you are able to enjoy the lively atmosphere and truly Finnish charm. In many of the small wooden houses there are small shops. I put special attention to some charming antique shops selling both new and ancient local products. In addition, there a plenty of small cozy restaurants and cafés with outdoor serving facilities. I would suggest to give yourself time to enjoy a local Finnish beer at one of these local serving places. There are free parking facilities just outside the town very close to the bridge crossing Porvoo river.
If you have a single day in Helsinki I will recommend you to visit the two cathedrals (Helsinki Cathedral and The Uspenski Orthodox cathedral) from where you just have short walking distance to the cityscape of Helsinki and Helsinki harbor. You can also visit Kauppatori (the market square) which is actually located at the port where you can buy traditional handmade Finnish products. I will recommend a trip to Suomenlinna by boat. Suomenlinna is a huge fortress.
Enjoy your stay in Helsinki.


Many soldiers returning from war suffer from invisible wounds. One of the common injuries seen today are traumatic brain injuries (TBI), which can be caused by a blow to the head or being in the vicinity of an explosion. But are female soldiers affected differently than men by this trauma?
One researcher with extensive background in brain trauma and neurosurgery led some research to find out. Meet Dr. Odette Harris: associate professor of Neurosurgery and director of Brain Injury at Stanford University School of Medicine, as well as the Associate Chief of Staff, Polytrauma at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Site Director/Principal Investigator of the Defense Veterans and Brain Injury Center Palo Alto site.
Most research performed thus far on TBIs have been done on men, especially since males make up majority of injured veterans. So when Dr. Harris' team realized women's issues may be being overlooked just because of the sheer numbers of them in the pool of patients, they decided to dive deeper to see what was really happening.
Dr. Harris took a few minutes to discuss her research with us, as well as how she hopes her work will lead to a better understanding of how to treat and assist these veterans as they try to recover. Below is an edited, condensed version of our conversation.
TSR: What made you decide to take on this research and explore the differences in how women are affected differently by TBI injuries than men?
Dr. Harris: What sort of started it all was our own [Quality Improvement] projects that we were doing looking at the population that we are serving to sort of assess the effectiveness of our stewardship of the resources. We wanted to understand the decisions that we were making in terms of admissions and referrals and redirecting referrals were all valid decisions.
So while assessing that data we thought that we noticed there were some discrepancies in admissions patterns. As we narrowed in on the data we realized that there really wasn't that bias introduced at all, but that in fact it had a lot to do with the female population was so small, that subtle changes in the data caused great swings.
So 1 patient in a cohort of 4 for instance is 25% allows and can cause an exaggerated statistic. And so what we found was that the cohort was so small that we needed to have special attention to how we were applying the methodologies and that became the springboard to sort of understand what was happening to women in the general cohort.
TSR: What results from the research were more striking or interesting to you?
Dr. Harris: I think a lot of what was published is actually what one would expect. It was not as if our data deviated so dramatically from the established data. However, what was interesting is that the percentages to which things were represented in the female cohort were so either under-representing or over-represented.
The example I give is that of depression. In the lay media and in the research arena a lot of attention has been given to mental health and its effect on this population, and rightfully so. What was striking to us was take something like depression. Where you've got numbers of 33% or so when you look at published literature but we were finding that to be greater than 90% in our female cohort so far in our preliminary analysis. Even the numbers of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, which are striking in the existing cohort, somewhere around 68% or so. In our [female] cohort we found that to be closer to 90%.
So, the extent to which this was affecting our cohort was very striking.
The other statistics that were very surprising and striking to us, or to me anyway, was that we knew that unemployment was a factor in this cohort as a whole and we knew that unemployment rates are quite striking and they are higher than the general unemployment rate, and so on and so forth.
But what was amazing to us was that women tended to have a higher percentage of unemployment, despite having higher education levels. And that is not something that one would expect in any literature. You would think that education would be coupled with lower unemployment rates or higher employment rates and we did not find that. We also found homelessness to be higher among the cohort as well, and again, coupled with a higher education that was not something that we expected.
TSR: Do you think we will – and should – see more research specifically done on the female population to decipher if there are striking and important differences in how men and women are affected by illness and injury?
Dr. Harris: Yes and I don't think we are first to publish in this arena and I hope we are not the last to publish in this arena. I think what our project has done, and I hope it continues to do as we get more and more data, is to add to this gap in understanding of this population. And it is supported by other people who have looked at it as well.
The Institute of Medicine came out with their data in March 2013 and has similar recommendations in terms of improved methodologies when examining these issues specific to a subpopulation. There's also been set specific reporting on scientific research has also been released by the National Academy of Press that is another group that said we need to pay more attention to gender division.
The Clayman Institute of Gender Research at Stanford has been really, really active in this arena. Londa Schiebinger is at the Clayman institute and she is actually the chairperson on the report of the expert group of Innovations through Gender that was presented to the European Commission, how gender analysis contributes to research.
And so Stanford has been at the forefront of this and our research has support from the Clayman Institute and the community and is more reflective of that movement as opposed to driving the movement. I think we are actually in line with the movement.
TSR: What do you hope to see as an outcome from the research?
I think that when people go to make funding decisions they look to the research that is available and if the research is not there, then a lot of times these gaps persist because they are not funded. So my hope is that our research is used and referenced when decisions are made as to what to fund further.
And specifically, when I talk about the gap between education and employment, a natural inclination when one sees unemployment rates is to think well lets direct funding toward education to increase opportunities, etc. But I think that is only part of the story as reflected in the data in the female cohort.
Unemployment as secondary to education is not the whole picture and there are other things that we are not understanding in that particular cohort. So I'm hoping the research asks more questions that we can then engage in more research to be able to answer. So I do hope it serves as a platform for that further discussion, which I think up to now the data has not been there to be able to have a data-driven analysis of these questions so I hope to be able to provide that.
TSR: Anything else you would like to add?
Dr. Harris: There has been an incredible amount of support for this population of polytrauma individuals, both male and female, and I think the infrastructure that that support has provided has really led to be able to do research like this. I think there is a lot of care and concern for the population evidenced by the resources that have been allocated and the infrastructure that has been developed. And we are being stewards of those resources and saying how can we use this information and use these resources to better that population.
I'm very grateful for that and hope it is understood and appreciated. People have really sort of reflected and appreciated that this particular population is unique and under unique stressors and so forth. I think we have not had the ability in previous conflicts for whatever reason to focus on these populations to get that information as to how they can be affected and different in their own ways. I think that the current stressors are unique in allowing that.
Dr. Odette Harris is an Associate Professor of Neurosurgery and Director of Brain Injury at Stanford University School of Medicine. She is the Associate Chief of Staff, Polytrauma at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System. Harris is also the Site Director/Principal Investigator of the Defense Veterans and Brain Injury Center Palo Alto site. Upon completing her neurosurgical residency, Harris was awarded the William VanWagenen Fellowship from the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. She is a Clayman Institute Faculty Research Fellow.
Dr. Harris graduated from Dartmouth College and received her MD degree from Stanford University School of Medicine. She completed internship and residency at Stanford University Medical Center and earned a MPH from the University of California, Berkeley.