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North Korea Summit Diplomacy Should Lead to 4 Party Talks
Thinking China could be left out of talks with North Korea was nothing more than a pipe dream.
By Gi-Wook Shin and Joyce Lee for The Diplomat
South Korean President Moon Jae-in (center) walks to a meeting at Cheong Wa Dae with President Kim Yong-nam (2nd right) and 1st Vice Director Kim Yo-jong of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea (right) of North Korea (Feb. 10, 2018).
Credit: Cheong Wa Dae
The abrupt and secretive summit between Xi Jinping and Kim Jong-un caught the world by surprise, but it shouldn't have. China is still North Korea's biggest, most important ally. It would be naïve to expect Kim to meet with Moon Jae-in and Donald Trump without first consulting Xi.
Those of us who were taken aback by news of the Xi-Kim summit had been deluding ourselves when we thought that China would not have a major role in the process. Moon's proposal of a trilateral summit between the two Koreas and the United States, undermining China's influence, turned out to be nothing more than a pipe dream.
For the two communist allies, though, the timing for this long overdue summit could not have been better. Aside from the maximized propaganda benefits for both countries, it was an opportunity for Xi to make China's voice heard and to demonstrate its influence in the peace process, and a chance for Kim to ensure Chinese support while entering into talks with sworn enemies.
In early September 2017, after North Korea conducted its sixth nuclear test, the authors predicted in a number of interviews with the South Korean media that the North would soon shift its strategy from aggression to dialogue. We speculated that in six to 12 months North Korea would have gained sufficient confidence thanks to its nuclear and missile developments and would want to use its new status to negotiate with the stakeholders in the region.
This is exactly what happened. Kim knew that it would be impossible for South Korea to turn down his charm offensive with the Winter Olympics just weeks away, and he counted on his progressive counterpart to jump at an opportunity to mend inter-Korean relations. To Kim's pleasant surprise, Moon successfully brokered an unprecedented summit meeting between the sitting leaders of U.S. and North Korea.
In agreeing to meet with the North Korean leader, Trump may have believed that he could deal exclusively and decisively with Kim. The sudden arrival of Mike Pompeo as secretary of state and John Bolton as national security adviser — both of whom are known to be strong hawks — in the lead-up to the talks also signaled to the North that it would be dealing with much tougher counterparts.
Kim's surprise visit to Beijing may pressure Trump to recalculate his strategy. It would be overly ambitious for Trump to think that he could strike some kind of a "grand bargain" directly with Kim and score a victory. The heads of state of the United States and North Korea have never before engaged in talks, and the two countries are clearly not on anywhere near the same page. Kim has reportedly told Xi that he would be willing to denuclearize through "progressive and synchronous" measures, but this directly contradicts what Trump has in mind. It is simply illusory to expect that the Trump-Kim summit will bring the peninsula's nuclear drama to a quick conclusion.
In truth, as much as Kim needs China, so does Trump. It makes sense to involve China early on in the process rather than having to deal with the complexities arising from its intervention afterward. The talks should provide the benefits of identifying possible mutual interests and paving the way to establish a new process to narrow the gaps among the key players. Bringing in China now has turned out to be a rather fortunate move initiated by North Korea.
The series of summits that began with Kim's visit to Beijing should lead to Four Party Talks — involving the two Koreas, the United States, and China. While this is not a new combination of stakeholders, it can yield much greater fruits now than it has in the past — with the top leaders of the four greatest stakeholders more willing than ever to come to the table and give diplomacy a serious try. The Four Party framework can be a more efficient format than the previously pursued Six Party Talks, at least as an initial follow-up step after the North's three back-to-back summit meetings with China, South Korea, and the United States. The four players who together determined the fate of the Korean peninsula in 1953 might be destined to work together again to bring in peace to the region in the 21st century.
Gi-Wook Shin is director of the Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center at Stanford University.
Joyce Lee is a research professional in the Korea Program at the Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center at Stanford University.
China North Korea policy
China-North Korea relations
Four Party Talks
Kim Jong-un in China
North Korea diplomacy
Trump-Kim summit
Xi-Kim summit
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North Korean state media reported that Kim Jong Un sent New Year's cards to leaders of various countries, including China and Russia.
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For all the diplomatic milestones of 2018, North Korea's behavior in 2019 looks awfully familiar.


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10 Great Central Coast Restaurants
Courtesy of Visit California
Sample the incredible bounty of this region—from Santa Barbara all the way to Pacific Grove
The Lark
Named for the overnight train that served Santa Barbara from 1910 to 1968, the Lark restaurant showcases the Central Coast's seasonal bounty. Located in the Santa Barbara Fish Market Building, in the heart of the city's Funk Zone, the innovative restaurant combines a farm-to-table ethos with a family-style approach. During most months, the outdoor courtyard seating is as convivial as the tables in the dining room. The menu of small plates is organized by their ingredients' places of origin (farm, ranch, or ocean): crispy brussels sprouts include sweet medjool dates as well as spicy serrano chilies; pickled fennel and compressed Granny Smith apples accompany the grilled Kurobata pork belly; and passion-fruit vinaigrette and fried avocado enhance the flavor of Japanese hamachi collar. Larger platters are meant to be shared, and restaurant regulars often choose one or two (the Baharat spiced cauliflower and Israeli couscous is a favorite) along with several smaller plates. Pro tip: While it's tempting to fill up on the herbed popcorn that's delivered to your table the instant you're seated, slow down, order a craft cocktail, and make sure you save room for the main event.
Paradise Café
Since 1983, food lovers in the know have headed to Santa Barbara's renowned Paradise Café. Housed in an early 20th-century brick and stucco building with a relaxed atmosphere, the café's oak wood grill is fueled by Santa Maria live oak—also known as California live oak—a wood that's essential for the area's regional style of barbecue. The flavors brought out by the oak in steaks, pork chops, roast chicken, shrimp and sausage, ahi tuna, rainbow trout, and salmon keep added seasonings to a minimum, so fresh ingredients remain the focus of the menu. The crowd favorite, the half-pound signature Paradise Burger, is grilled over oak, topped with Tillamook cheddar cheese, and placed on an onion roll—and best enjoyed with a glass of Paradise syrah, sourced from local vineyards. If you sit on the patio, give the historic mural more than a glance. It features Leo Carrillo, an old-Hollywood actor best known for his role as Pancho in the television series The Cisco Kid; he is locally beloved for his involvement in preserving and conserving California open spaces.
This stylish wine bar, bottle shop, and all-day restaurant is the brainchild of two food and wine world forces: Jessi Singh, the chef from San Francisco and New York City's acclaimed Babu Ji, and James Beard Award–winning sommelier Rajat Parr. Opened this year, Bibi Ji, which takes its name from an Indian term of endearment, pays tribute to the women in the cofounders' lives who cultivated their love for food and hospitality. The seafood-focused menu with Australian and Indian influences changes regularly, depending on what's available at the Santa Barbara farmers' market. Oysters are accompanied by pickled green mango butter, sea urchin is featured in the uni biryani dish with fried rice, and the seafood coconut curry can include prawns or vegetables. The presentation is almost so pretty you don't want to disturb it, but let that moment pass and dig in. Pair your meal with any of the limited-run, small-keg draft beers; the rotating new beers in the beer fridge; wine from the bottle shop—or surrender to the experts and let them do the pairing for you. Whether you sit indoors or outside, the California spirit blends with Singh's and Parr's beloved India, making the restaurant what the owners call a "good-time place."
Sama Sama Kitchen
Growing up in Indonesia, chef Ryan Simorangkir says he only craved kid's food. But as an adult, he fell in love with the local street food of his home country and began to cook from family recipes. After attending Pasadena's Le Cordon Bleu school, he opened Sama Sama Kitchen, co-owned with chef Tyler Peek, where he celebrates Indonesian cuisine in a warm, casual setting (the name means "you're welcome" in Indonesian). The menu features renditions of traditional Indonesian street fare, like the signature wings, hot chicken bao, or crispy brussels sprouts. Salads are also a highlight here, including the crispy duck salad, green papaya salad, and market gado-gado. Pan-seared octopus becomes rich with leek and chili oil, as well as rendang remoulade. The black pepper tofu and broccolini may sound simple, but with garlic, scallion, ginger, and chili, it's a dish that many return to over and over. Don't skip dessert. Try the banana doughnut fritters or black sesame tres leches with spiced rum milk, and you'll wonder if you should order an extra to take home.
Hitching Post II
You can't leave the Central California Coast without filling up on Santa Maria barbecue. This regional style of barbecue dates back to the 19th century, when ranchers held Spanish-style cookouts, grilling simply seasoned top-block sirloin and tri-tip over a native local oak species to add a smoky flavor to the meat. That deep fragrance of red oak hangs in the air as you enter the Buellton Hitching Post II. Opened in 1986, the restaurant has roots in a sister restaurant, Casmalia Hitching Post, which opened in 1952. While the menu is varied, it's the authentic Santa Maria barbecue, especially tri-tip, that draws crowds. Black-and-white images of generations of horsemen hang on the walls in the simply decorated room that may look a little familiar if you've watched the film Sideways, which included many scenes shot inside the restaurant. But the best action is behind the window to the kitchen, where owner Frank Ostini and chef de cuisine Bradley Lettau collaborate at the indoor barbecue. Pro tip: Pair your barbecue with Hartley Ostini Hitching Post wines, crafted by Ostini and friend Gray Hartley.
Full Of Life Flatbread
The heart of this Los Alamos restaurant is the 22-ton stone behemoth of an oven that owner Clark Staub built in 2003. Almost every dish at Full of Life Flatbread owes its smoky flavors to it, and all diners share space with it, as it takes up a sizable chunk of the wood-paneled dining room. Guests can watch the thin pizzas bubble in the oven. Flatbreads to try: the popular cheese and herb (sauceless, with garlic oil, whole milk mozzarella, Grana Padano, and fresh herbs), smoke-dried tomato and mushroom (including caramelized onions), nitrate-free pepperoni and peppers (which has ember-roasted pasilla peppers), or Coachella Valley date and bacon (with walnuts, blue cheese, and smoked leek sauce). If the weather is good, choose a glass of local wine, sit outside on the yawning front porch with your flatbread, and slow down.
Big Sur Bakery
You might drive right by the Big Sur Bakery as you make your way along the wild coastline that artist Francis McComas once called the "greatest meeting of land and sea." But if you do miss it, turn back. This casual roadside bakery and restaurant—which used to be known as "that place behind the gas station"—is a can't-miss destination for its freshly baked bread and pastries, as well as sit-down meals. At breakfast, lunch, and dinner, perfectly seasoned dishes emerge from the wood-fired oven. Chef Michelle Rizzolo has devoted herself to making the best chicken anyone's ever had—and you should absolutely order it. But there's also delicious pizza, homemade meat balls, grilled octopus, and desserts you won't want to share. Big Sur Bakery is also a community hub, where locals drop by to have a scone and a cup of coffee, and catch up with friends. Pro tip: Go early for freshly baked pastries. Get more than you think you'll need. You'll eat them all and you won't regret it.
The Sushi Bar at Treebones
Before glamping was a phenomenon, there was Treebones Resort, its yurts set on redwood platforms with views of the Pacific Ocean. But the swanky yurts at Treebones aren't the only reason you should stop here. The Sushi Bar at Treebones Resort is the local go-to spot for sushi. The two-seating nightly omakase experience offers an elaborate tasting menu, served against the backdrop of a spectacular sunset over the ocean, visible through the windows behind the chef. The sushi chef thoroughly guides you through the dishes. While the freshest catch is always the star of the menu (which can include scallops with black garlic and yellowtail nigiri), even vegan diners will have plenty to enjoy with sushi options that highlight produce from the on-site organic garden. Pro tips: Only open from March through November, the Sushi Bar offers same-day reservations for off-property guests; with very limited seating, you need to be fast on the phone dial. Even better, since overnight guests receive first priority when they book their yurt, your odds of dining here improve if you stay over, too.
A fictional medicine for chasing away sorrow mentioned in Homer's Odyssey gives this restaurant and shop its name. Perched high above the Pacific and in the shadow of the Santa Lucia Mountains, Nepenthe offers miles-long views of the coast. It's certainly served its purpose as a lure for poets, artists, travelers, and vagabonds since it opened in 1949—and part of the pleasure of a stop here is listening to fellow diners who are old-timers tell "I remember when" stories. Enjoy it all from a seat on the laid-back patio, or inside the main building, designed by a student of Frank Lloyd Wright and made of native materials to blend with the landscape. Three of this restaurant's dishes are so beloved that the staff is asked daily for recipes: the Ambrosia burger (where quality of ingredients and temperature of the grill are essential), Lolly's Roast Chicken Dinner with fresh sage stuffing, and the raspberry-boysenberry-strawberry Triple Berry Pie. Even the simplest menu items take on a best-ever taste here, and you wonder if it's the food, the atmosphere, the view, the company, or all of it wrapped together in an iconic California package that can't be found anywhere else.
Brunch lasts nearly all day at Crema in Pacific Grove, and you need that time to explore the array of separate quarters in the restaurant's converted Victorian mansion. Investigate the historic photos, antique furniture, and artistic decor in the downstairs espresso café and wine bar; grab a spot with friends in the garden courtyard or in the dining room upstairs; or keep to yourself in the studious Peacock Room. Once you've found your favorite nook, enjoy fizzy and floaty drinks, rich egg dishes, golden waffles, or house favorites like the bacon cheddar biscuits that are football-size and accompanied by honey butter. As the day progresses, Crema is a favorite stop for friends to get together, often over games of Jenga, Battleship, Scrabble, and Yahtzee—all available to borrow from the espresso bar. Pro tip: The goblets of fruity sangria and the Micheladas served with a slice of country bacon are as good in the morning as they are in the afternoon.
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Craft Breweries on the Central Coast
Curtis Stone's Culinary Tour, Lake Tahoe, Death Valley
Treebones Resort
Monterey & Carmel
Central Coast Tourism Council
Discover Santa Ynez Valley - Los Alamos
Lotusland
Visit San Simeon
From the epic grandeur of Big Sur to the Mediterranean-style stretch of Santa Barbara coastline nicknamed "the American Riviera," this region of picturesque hamlets, jagged sea cliffs, and rolling wine country has long attracted—not surprisingly—writers and artists mesmerized by its dreamlike beauty.
Monterey served as California's first capital when the state's first constitution was signed in in the coastal city in 1849.
Take the epic Highway One drive between San Francisco and Los Angeles to discover secret beaches and soaring cliffs along Big Sur, stroll a redwood trail, spy a sea otter at the incomparable Monterey Bay Aquarium, and sip Pinot Noir at sunset in the romantic Santa Ynez Valley.
Casa de Fruta Courtesy of Casa De Fruta
Casa de Fruta Orchard Resort
Part fruit stall, part theme park, this Central Coast stop is the perfect place to fill your belly
What started as a humble cherry stall in 1908 is now a huge roadside attraction, welcoming more than 3 million visitors each year. Located 64...
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Drive the Coast Highway to Ragged Point to discover artsy towns, unique lodgings, and California's iconic castle
In a mere 145 kilometres, this Highway 1 road trip delivers the best of California's Central Coast, from an eclectic hotel to stunning views of a...
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Head to northern Santa Barbara County to enjoy wine tasting, golf, and that famous barbecue
A perfect stop roughly midway between the Bay Area and Los Angeles, the Santa Maria...
San Luis Obispo's Bubble Gum Alley is filled with more than 1.7 million pieces of bubble gum.
Harriot Manley/Sunset Publishing
Mediterranean style magic and a perfect ocean breeze
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8 Top Places for Whale Watching
See a few amazing wonders of the sea first-hand
Each year, about 20,000 gray whales make an epic 6,000-mile/9,656-km journey between Alaska and Mexico—and then back again. These whales travel from feeding grounds in the Bering Sea to mating and...
Michele W/Flickr
Art and nature merge on this rugged coast, one of California's most spectacular settings
Welcome to one of the world's most unforgettable stretches of coastline. This roughly 144 kilometre-long stretch of redwood- and fog-trimmed...
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Wrapped by the Pacific on three sides, the Monterey Peninsula at once offers wind-tossed beaches and quiet coves, fine dining and casual eats,...
Courtesy of Coastal Luxury Management
The only way to get closer to swirling sea life is to tug on a wetsuit and dive in. This unparalleled facility, with soaring, glass-walled tanks...
AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am
See an all-star line-up of top golfers and A-list celebrities take to the manicured, ocean-hugging greens at the AT&T Pebble Beach National...
Castroville produces 95 percent of the nation's artichokes. In 1948, Marilyn Monroe was crowned the town's first "Artichoke Queen."
Castroville Artichoke Food & Wine Festival
So amazingly popular that it has had to move out of its namesake town and 18 miles south to Monterey, the two-day Castroville Artichoke...
Photo by Laura Flippen
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Miles of coastline, sunny hills, relaxing wineries
Historic ranchlands, a romantic coast, country roads, stay-a-while towns, and grapes—lots and lots grapes—make the Central Coast an outstanding...
California's Classic Wine Roads
Get the inside scoop on California's most celebrated commodity
With more than 3,000 wineries statewide, California lets you sample award-winning wines almost anywhere you go. These classic and up-and-coming wine roads—some too packed with wineries to tackle...
Temecula Valley by Kodiak Greenwood
Linda Tanner/ Flickr
This fertile stretch of the California coast, roughly halfway between San Francisco and Los Angeles, has undeniable appeal, with buzz-worthy farm-...
California: Entertainment
Ultimate Sports Events
Discover the awesome sports scene in the Golden State
With nearly twice as many professional teams as any other state, California is big league all the way. But the state's sports scene goes far beyond football and baseball, with a diverse line-up of...
Gilroy Garlic Festival
Vampires beware: the Gilroy Garlic Festival is one garlic-infused weekend that creatures of the night may want to avoid. Everyone...
Bill Strange Photography
Doug Mangum
Remote Beauty, ocean sanctuary
Five islands off the Southern California coast comprise one of America's most remote—and utterly magical—national parks. Visitors arrive on the...
Ken Lund/Flickr
Ventura County Wine Trail
Visit vineyards in coastal hills and communities
Sip your way along the Ventura County Wine Trail, where you will find nearly 20 wineries and tasting rooms in settings ranging from urban...
David McGlynn/Getty Images
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Oxnard is where strawberries meet the sea. In this city 40 minutes south of Santa Barbara...
Find the perfect balance between urban and rural on California's Central Coast.
Stop in at one of three California Welcome Centres along Highway 101 each fully staffed seven days a week, loaded with maps, brochures and...
Central Coast Events
Big-city-worthy events liven the sleepy Central Coast
Bookended by the big cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco, the Central Coast may be known for its mellow pace, but the closeness of those major gateways bring big names to relatively small...
Photo courtesy of Monterey Jazz Festival
Wraparound views, lavish designs
Mansions are a dime a dozen in California, with movie stars and tech power brokers building palaces and adding wings, pools, and yoga pavilions...
9 Great Glamping Destinations
Beautiful locations, luxurious comforts
Get the starry nights, the campfire stories, the cosy sleeping bag, and all the best parts of camping in some of California's most beautiful settings—but without the hassle of hauling loads of...
El Capitan Canyon
Winding caves, uncountable stars
California's newest national park is home to cliffs, crags, and cave formations that were formed by an ancient volcano. Shaking and quaking along...
A Danish stronghold makes a charming outpost surrounded by ranchlands and vineyards
Imagine a village where fresh-cut flowers and warm-from-the-oven pastries scent the air. Add gingerbread architecture, twirling windmills,...
Central Coast Missions
Visit some of California's most beautiful missions to discover the state's Spanish roots
Strung like Spanish pearls along an 824-mile trail from San Diego to Sonoma, California's 21 historic missions offer a wealth of treasures, from...
Santa Barbara ranks in the nation's top 20 counties for bicycle commuters, with nearly 5,000 residents commuting to work by bicycle.
Jason O. Watson/Alamy Stock Photo
Pea Soup Andersen's
Relive history—and try the famous soup—at this roadside icon
If a California road trip takes you north on Highway 101 or Interstate 5, plan a lunch stop at...
Set along the curving sweep of its namesake bay, Monterey is a community in touch with both the...
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Silver Strand State Beach
The great wide blue and pounding surf of the Pacific on one side; a sweet curve of sand around warmer, calm waters on the other. And in between, plenty of run-around room...
This region, in California's north-east corner, is know for its mountains, forests, waterfalls, and amazing, safe-to-visit volcanoes. The region, a 3-hour drive north of Sacramento, gets its name from the rugged Cascade Mountains and their signature peak the 4,322-metre Mount Shasta—yes, a volcano.
California Welcome Centres in Shasta Cascade
With crashing waves along the coast and soaring redwood trees blanketing kilometres of uncrowded parkland, this is one of California's most spectacular regions. The largest city, Eureka, is roughly a 5-hour drive north of San Francisco—but what a drive!: see lush wine country, charming villages, spouting whales, and breathtaking sunsets.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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!!! WORD FORMATION 45 sentences + KEY !!!
I´ve prepared this exercise for my ss who still some practice with this subject. Hopefully you´ll find it useful. 45 sentences on wordformation. The key included.
!!! WORDFORMATION 30 sentences + KEY !!!
!! SINCE OR FOR EXERCISE !! 30 sentences.
There are 30 sentences. SS´s task is to fill them with the correct usage of SINCE or FOR.
While preparing this task I was using some on-line dictionaries (like Cambridge) to combine sentences:) I hope U find it useful.
!!! WORD FORMATION 25 sentences + KEY !!!
Another task connected with Present Perfect and since/for. This time 25 sentences to practise. Enjoy.
I tried to vary the tasks. I hope you will find it useful.
!!! Winnie the Pooh and his daily routine !!!
This is my first ppt so please do not criticise me harshly;) I think it may be useful while working with young learners. Besides, it may lead to further practice. Enjoy.
I hope it will be useful while introducing Present Continous structures. Simple sentences, nice,catchy pictures. Enjoy and remember that there will be the second part to download.
Young learners have fun when they talk about sth they enjoy. Hopefully this task will give them some fun.
!!! CHRISTMAS WITH DISNEY !!! Introducing new words.
My Students love this film, that is why I´ve prepared few pages about their favourite characters.This include some reading but may be used as a listening exercise as well.


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Step 2: Prepare Clean RoomTo perform the grain inoculations, you require a sterile environment. Step 6: Inoculation I (Grain Spawn Transfer)There are a number of methods to inoculate the sterilised grain. Step 7: Inoculation II (Agar Tissue Culture Transfer)Another method to inoculate your grain, is by first propagating the mushroom tissue on Agar (or cloning).
Step 8: Inoculation III (Liquid Inoculation Methods)One simple way of making your purchased mushroom spawn go further, is to add it to sterilised water, making a liquid inoculant.
Step 9: Inspect JarsWith grain spawn transfer, you should notice popcorn sized colonisation evenly spread throughout the grain after 1-2 days. You'll never look at a banana the same way again after discovering the many health benefits and reasons to add them to your diet.
Triacylglycerol (triglyceride, TG) hydrolysis represents a crucial step in the absorption and redistribution of energy in mammals. Alternatively, the backbone can be derived from incomplete hydrolysis of dietary TG and enters the synthetic pathway in the form of 2-monoacylglycerol (MG). When energy is required, TG stored in the lipid droplets within cells is hydrolyzed, and fatty acids are oxidized in the mitochondria to produce ATP. Pancreatic triglyceride lipase is secreted by the pancreatic acinar cells into the duodenum, where it digests dietary lipids (TG and DG) into 2-MG and fatty acids. Pancreatic triglyceride lipase secretion from pancreatic acinar cells is stimulated by secretagogues including cholecystokinin and acetylcholine.
Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TG present in chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins. Hepatic lipase is mainly expressed in hepatocytes and binds to heparin sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface of parenchymal cells. Like lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase functions as a head-to-tail homodimer and requires lipase maturation factor 1 for proper folding. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) (annotated as patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 2, PNPLA2) catalyzes the conversion of TG to DG.
The crucial role of ATGL in TG lipolysis in various tissues has been demonstrated in mice in which the gene encoding ATGL has been deleted.
Monoglyceride lipase catalyzes the release of fatty acid from MG and does not exhibit hydrolytic activity towards TG or DG.
Carboxylesterases (Ces for murine origin or CES for human origin) are localized to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum by their C-terminal tetrapeptide sequence HXEL.
Mouse carboxylesterase Ces3 and its human orthologue CES1, also referred to as triacylglycerol hydrolase or TGH, hydrolyzes TG, DG but not glycerophospholipids. Arylacetamide deacetylase (AADA) shares protein sequence homology with HSL in the active site. Lysosomal acid lipase is related to gastric lipase and is involved in the degradation of CE and TG derived from endocytosed plasma lipoproteins. The company sells a diverse range of "nutraceutical" products, which are nutritional supplements sold primarily for their medicinal purposes.
Popular Alliance in Motion products include the Alkaline Chocolate Drink, Complete Phyto-Energizer, Liven Coffee, and Perfect White skin whitener. The dietary supplement includes all of the ingredients included in the Complete Phyto-Energizer – like vitamins, minerals, and digestive enzymes – as well as 9 all new ingredients. The company even lists the exact dosages for certain ingredients, although the dosages for many ingredients are hidden behind proprietary formulas. As you can see, these benefits all fall into the category of "general health and wellness". Even though the supplement contains 3333% of your daily supply of vitamin B12, for example, your body is unable to absorb that full amount, especially when you take multiple doses per day. You pay $265 USD to join Alliance in Motion (specific joining fee varies from country to country). This smoothie delivers on taste, but also supports the digestion of fats and proteins with the digestive enzymes from the pineapple and gives you a very healthy dose of both Vitamin C.
You can, but coconut oil often will coagulate if the smoothie is chilled at all which makes it less appealing. Air is full of impurities and so it is important to reduce the level of containments where possible. Bananas are soothing to the digestive tract and help restore lost electrolytes after diarrhea. Excessive TG storage in adipocytes leads to obesity and increased fatty acid release from the adipose tissue storage pools. The catalytic mechanism depends strongly on the organization of lipids at the interface, as well as lipid composition that may affect the physical aspect of the surface at which the lipases act: membrane bilayers (organelles), monolayers (lipid dropletss, lipoproteins), micelles (intestinal absorption) or oil-in water emulsions. Gastric lipase is a unique enzyme because it is fully active in the gastric juice, which has a pH of about 2.
Three subgroups of human pancreatic triglyceride lipase have been identified (pancreatic triglyceride lipase, pancreatic triglyceride lipase related protein-1 and pancreatic triglyceride lipase related protein-2) sharing about 70% sequence identity. Cholecystokinin also appears to be the major signal regulating bile salt secretion from the gallbladder. Like pancreatic triglyceride lipase, carboxyl ester lipase is also secreted by the pancreas after a meal. Its activity is high in adipose tissue and low in the heart and skeletal muscle in the fed state.
Hepatic lipase hydrolyzes both TG and phospholipids in very-low-density lipoprotein, remnant lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein. There is some controversy as to which point along the secretory route hepatic lipase attains its lipolytic activity, but hepatic lipase activity was demonstrated in the intracellular compartment, suggesting that the lipase may also play a role in intracellular lipid metabolism.
As expected, the origins of the substrates differ among the locations and to some extent also the fate of the lipolytic products.
Lipolysis is suppressed during postprandial state (insulin action predominates), while during fasting (catecholamines and stress hormones predominate) lipolysis of stored TG in the adipose tissue is stimulated. The stereospecificity of ATGL for the sn-1, sn-2 or sn-3 positions is not yet entirely clear.
ATGL-deficient mice present with increased TG stores in most tissues, but the largest deposits are found in the heart.
It was believed for a long time that HSL was the only enzyme regulating TG hydrolysis in adipose tissue. In the basal state HSL is predominantly cytosolic but becomes phosphorylated by protein kinase A during β-adrenergic stimulation, and this posttranslational modification results in its translocation to lipid droplets and activation. It is localized in the cytosol and on lipid droplets, but the mechanism that regulates the distribution between the two cellular compartments is currently unknown. Carboxylesterase-mediated lipolysis of MG and DG in vitro was already demonstrated about 30 years ago, but the extent of their contribution to lipid hydrolysis in intact cells has not been determined until very recently.
TGH is expressed in the liver, adipose tissue and, to a lesser extent, small intestine, heart and kidney.
AADA is a type II endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein with its active site facing the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
The location, specificity and stereoselectivity of lipases determine the metabolic pathways to which the released fatty acids and partial acylglycerols are channeled.
Instead of just listing the numbers listed above and expecting you to believe them, the supplement lists a complete description of all of the ingredients included within each capsule. The manufacturer claims that the use of vegetarian capsules leads to better nutrient absorption because the "V-Caps" disintegrate faster in your digestive system.
The supplement isn't designed to treat any one specific problem or illness, but it is designed to promote your overall bodily health. The manufacturer advertises that daily dose as "preventative", which means you reduce your risk of disease and illness and boost your overall health. That means your body will simply urinate out any excess vitamin after it's absorbed its maximum amount. Alliance in Motion wants this to be the product that catapults them to the top of the competitive nutritional supplement MLM industry. There's also a Dynamic Compression system that lets you kick out inactive or underperforming salespeople to maximize your earnings. That means you get 2% of group product sales from all Global Ambassadors in your group up to the fifth level.
But it's rare to find a supplement that gives 100% or more of your daily recommended value of over 20 different vitamins and nutrients. The smoothie is high in protein, but low in calories, making it a perfect smoothie for breakfast and for weight loss. This recipe really should have stated 2 servings, or if this recipe were made in the small cup with much less of each ingredient, it would probably come out closer to the 200 calorie range. You could lighten this one up a lot if you want by cutting the coconut milk and replacing it with water. We are a fully independent site that provides recipes for those who own a Nutribullet or similar blender.
Here are some amazingly interesting facts about stomachSponsored Interesting Facts About Stomach#1: Absorption doesn't get place in the abdomenThe minor intestine is accountable for digesting the foodstuff we consume. This instructable describes how to propagate oyster mushroom spawn via grain spawn transfer, agar tissue culture transfer and liquid inoculation methods. Bananas combat depression, make you smarter, cure hangovers, relieve morning sickness, protect against kidney cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis and blindness.
Fatty acids are a rich source of energy and their oxidation yields twice as much energy per gram compared to glucose. This results in increased delivery of fatty acids to organs including the liver, muscle and the heart. The adsorption of lipases to lipid surfaces necessitates significant structural rearrangement of the proteins. Lingual lipase shares protein sequence identity with gastric lipase, released from gastric mucosa. In order to be stable at this low pH, this lipase is highly glycosylated with glycan moiety accounting for about 15% of the mass of the protein.
Bile acid-mediated emulsification and stabilization of lipid-containing micelles is important for efficient pancreatic triglyceride lipase function.
Genetic ablation of carboxyl ester lipase expression in mice does not affect dietary TG absorption but decreases the production and size of chylomicron particles. During feeding, muscles use glucose as the primary source of energy and do not have a need for fatty acid. Aside from its lipolytic function, hepatic lipase also facilitates selective uptake of CE from high-density lipoproteins as well as removal of lipoprotein remnants. The degradation of TG to fatty acids and glycerol is catalyzed by a sequential action of three lipase:, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and monoglyceride lipase (MGL). ATGL is highly expressed in adipose tissue but also to a lesser extent in other tissues including the heart, muscle, intestine, liver and pancreatic β-cells, suggesting a wider role of this enzyme in energy homeostasis. This exaggerated steatosis leads to impaired heart function and premature death of the animals from cardiac malfunction. In most tissues, CGI-58 in basal condition associates with perilipin-1 and is not available for activation of ATGL. However, it has become apparent with the discovery and characterization of ATGL during the past decade that HSL is predominantly a DG lipase (prefers to hydrolyze the sn-3 position to the sn-1 position) and CE lipase, although it can also hydrolyze TG. Global MGL deficiency in mice resulted in decreased release of fatty acids and glycerol release from white adipose tissue, and consequently diminished hepatic TG levels and very-low-density lipoprotein production. Like ATGL, HSL and MGL, PNPLA3 is found on lipid droplets and also in other cytoplasmic compartments. Carboxylesterases contain Ser-Glu-His catalytic triad and other hallmarks of lipolytic enzymes, including a hydrophobic crevice lining the entry into the active site and a lid domain. In humans, lysosomal acid lipase deficiency causes two related diseases, Wolman disease and cholesteryl ester storage disease. That lipases play a crucial role in energy metabolism has become evident from studies in patients with mutations in lipase genes and animal models in which the genes encoding lipolytic enzymes have been deleted.
Overexpression of hepatic lipase in transgenic mice decreases apolipoprotein B-containing and high density lipoproteins.
Defective lipolysis and altered energy metabolism in mice lacking adipose triglyceride lipase. Adipose triglyceride lipase is a major hepatic lipase that regulates triacylglycerol turnover and fatty acid signaling and partitioning.
Deficiency of liver adipose triglyceride lipase in mice causes progressive hepatic steatosis. Hormone-sensitive lipase deficiency in mice causes diglyceride accumulation in adipose tissue, muscle, and testis.
A sequence variation (I148M) in PNPLA3 associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease disrupts triglyceride hydrolysis.
The cloning and expression of a murine triacylglycerol hydrolase cDNA and the structure of its corresponding gene. Altered lipid droplet dynamics in hepatocytes lacking triacylglycerol hydrolase expression.
Apolipoprotein B and triacylglycerol secretion in human triacylglycerol hydrolase transgenic mice. Regulation of the enzymes of hepatic microsomal triacylglycerol lipolysis and re-esterification by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Arylacetamide deacetylase attenuates fatty-acid-induced triacylglycerol accumulation in rat hepatoma cells. Targeted disruption of the mouse lysosomal acid lipase gene: long-term survival with massive cholesteryl ester and triglyceride storage. You would still get a nice chunk of protein from the nuts and and yogurt to help keep you full. The stomach is like a assimilation machine. Food goes into the stomach where it blends with acids and enzymes which split it down into element called chime. These methods are all low tech (requiring only basic equipment), covering the pleurotus ostreatus (winter) and pleurotus pulmonarius (summer) varieties. Fatty acids for the synthesis of TG are derived from the diet, from de novo synthesis, or from other endogenous lipids. Pharmacological inhibition of digestive lipases by orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin, Xenical) leads to malabsorption and weight loss and is used to treat obesity. These organs are not equipped to store large amounts of fatty acids, and pathologies such as fatty liver (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications can ensue.
The opening of the lid domain creates a large hydrophobic surface and provides an entry for the substrate to the active site. The lipase belongs to the family that also includes lysosomal acid lipase, which will be discussed later.
Pancreatic triglyceride lipase related protein-1 does not exhibit a TG lipase activity, while pancreatic triglyceride lipase related protein-2 is responsible for the absorption of dietary fat in suckling mice.
Interestingly, despite the undisputed importance of pancreatic triglyceride lipase in fat digestion, its genetic ablation in mice did not result in fat malabsorption even when mice were fed high-fat diet. Carboxyl ester lipase deficiency results in 60% decrease of CE absorption but has no direct effect on the absorption of unesterified cholesterol. It is synthesized in adipocytes, cardiac and skeletal muscle, islets and macrophages and is translocated to the luminal surface of endothelial cells, where it docks onto heparin-sulfate proteoglycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1). Therefore, hepatic lipase functions in the clearance of lipoproteins from the circulation, yet whether it is pro- or anti-atherogenic remains controversial.
However, care should be taken not to generalize the mechanism of adipose tissue lipolysis to other tissues because different sets of lipases may be employed. A similar sequence of events appears to occur in the heart, muscle and pancreatic β-cells.
Lipolytic stimulus results in the production of cAMP, leading to activation of protein kinase A and phosphorylation of perilipin-1. Despite the demonstrated TG lipase activity in vitro, HSL activity cannot compensate for ATGL deficiency. Mice lacking HSL are not overweight or obese, fatty acid release from adipose tissue is decreased by less than 40% and adipose tissue accumulates DG.
PNPLA3 is regulated by nutritional, hormonal and pharmacological factors, but in the opposite direction to ATGL.
Cells overexpressing mouse AADA cDNA decreased TG storage and lipoprotein secretion and increased fatty acid β-oxidation.
Future studies should be directed at the mechanisms that regulate lipases and their substrate localizations and product channeling.
Nutritional data comes from a variety of sources, depending on the author (the site accepts reader recipes and also has several different writers, all with nutritional backgrounds).
The glycerol backbone is supplied either from glucose via glycolysis or by gluconeogenesis, and it enters the synthetic TG pathway in the form of glycerol-3-phosphate. Absorbed fatty acids and 2-MG recombine in the intestinal cells through the action of enzymes called MG and diacylglycerol (DG) acyltransferases (MGAT and DGAT) back to TG.
Therefore, it is important to understand the enzymes regulating TG metabolism both from the physiological and pharmacological point view. However, very little activity was found in humans, where other lipase activities predominate.
Gastric lipase does not require an activating co-factor for its catalytic activity and preferentially hydrolyzes the sn-3-position in TG, yielding sn-1,2-DG as the product. Pancreatic triglyceride lipase requires a colipase for anchoring to lipid-containing micelles and for protection against inactivation by bile salts. However, postprandial fat absorption was only delayed, not decreased, in pancreatic triglyceride lipase deficiency and the animals adapted by absorbing fat across the entire length of the small intestine, rather than just the proximal jejunum.
Low amounts of carboxyl ester lipase have also been shown to be secreted into the circulation by the macrophages; however, the physiological significance of circulating carboxyl ester lipase is not clear and awaits experiments using macrophage-specific deletion of carboxyl ester lipase.
GPIHBP1 is crucial not only for the translocation of lipoprotein lipase across the endothelial cell but also for protection of lipoprotein lipase against inhibition by angiopoetin-like protein 4. During fasting, lipoprotein lipase activity in the heart and the muscle increases, while in the adipose tissue decreases – a signal for utilization of fatty acid as the energy source.
This is because high hepatic lipase activity is correlated with the production of small dense atherogenic low-density lipoproteins. Nevertheless, it is important to note that major steps have been taken in the last decade to understand intracellular lipolysis, especially in the adipose tissue, heart and skeletal muscle, in the liver and to some extent also in the small intestine. ATGL deficiency results in very low release of fatty acids from adipose tissue stores during fasting, which translates to decreased provision of substrates for hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein assembly and low plasma lipid levels.
HSL is mainly expressed in the adipose tissue (both white and brown) and steroidogenic tissues, and to a much lesser extent in other tissues. The concrete physiological substrate of PNPLA3 is not known, however, it was recently shown that PNPLA3 catalyzes the hydrolysis of TG in vitro; therefore, it might also function as a lipase in vivo. In vitro lipase assay suggested preference for DG, which is in accordance with the homology of this protein with HSL. Animals lacking lysosomal acid lipase die from greatly enlarged livers and spleens and malabsorption due to intestinal infiltration by foam cells.
The online calculators used can give differing and conflicting results, and I have seen some wide variations. It can be hard to keep a smoothie real low calorie when it uses anything but water for the liquid. This TG is packaged into lipoprotein particles termed chylomicrons, which are in turn exported into the blood. This chapter reviews the current knowledge on lipases involved in the hydrolysis of neutral acylglycerol lipids (TG, DG and MG).
Therefore, lingual lipase is thought to be less important for fat digestion and absorption in healthy adult mammals, and a role in perception of fat taste has been addressed. This 11 kDa protein is secreted from pancreatic acinar cells as procolipase, and is processed by proteolytic cleavage to colipase and a pentapeptide called enterostatin that has been suggested to play a role in appetite control in animals. The lack of malabsorption in pancreatic triglyceride lipase-deficient animals can be explained by compensatory mechanisms involving pancreatic triglyceride lipase related protein-2 and carboxyl ester lipase. On the other hand, it reduces the concentration of circulating TG and apolipoprotein B, two key factors associated with atherogenesis. ATGL-deficient animals therefore depend on glucose to satisfy their energy needs and are highly insulin sensitive despite steatosis. It is not yet clear which lipid-droplet-associated protein takes the role of perilipin-1 in tissues where perilipin is not expressed (i.e. It is believed to be absent from the human liver, though a low level of expression in mouse livers has been detected. Interestingly, little effect on hepatic TG concentrations was observed when the wild-type PNPL3 protein was overexpressed; however, the expression of a mutated PNPLA3 (I148M) variant associated with steatosis promoted hepatic TG accumulation. These results implicated the role of this lipase in the mobilization of preformed TG stores for very-low-density lipoprotein secretion. AADA tissue distribution and activity suggest a role for this enzyme in modulating lipoprotein assembly, but this enticing hypothesis awaits in vivo evidence. The liver is one of the main organs compromised in these conditions with more than a 30-fold increase of TG and CE levels. Because of problems with that, I have been considering ceasing to provide nutritional data for individual recipes and instead perhaps just provide some sidebar links to various calculators for readers to use when they wish to calculate that information. There, lipoprotein lipases again hydrolyze TG within these particles and the fatty acids are delivered to various tissues mainly for storage (adipose tissue) but also for energy utilization (muscle, heart, liver, etc.). Because of its stability, and its co-factor independence for catalysis, gastric lipase was chosen as an enzyme replacement therapy to treat pancreatic insufficiency observed in chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. Ablation of colipase gene expression in mice results in decreased postnatal survival, indicating the importance of this co-factor in fat absorption. The folding of lipoprotein lipase into its functional form requires the activity of an endoplasmic reticulum-localized chaperone called lipase maturation factor 1. Deletion of ATGL only in the liver resulted in 4-fold increase of TG storage without affecting plasma glucose, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity or lipid levels, while hepatic fatty acid oxidation was decreased. PNPLA3 ablation (loss of function) did not affect overall body composition, energy homeostasis, hepatic lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis or insulin sensitivity. Yet, the excessive neutral lipid deposition and augmented cholesterogenesis did not lead to changes in plasma cholesterol and TG levels. In plasma, lipoprotein lipase is activated by apolipoprotein CII, while angiopoetin-like proteins 3 and 4 and apolipoprotein CIII have been shown to inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity. CGI-58 plays other roles in addition to ATGL activation, and moonlights as an acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. The lack of steatosis was supported by increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation, as well as to decreased TG mobilization in adipose tissue.
During prolonged starvation, lysosomal acid lipase activity may also become important in hydrolysis of cytosolic TG stores to generate fatty acid for β-oxidation through a process termed lipophagy.
In addition to the involvement in very-low-density lipoprotein assembly, TGH participates in lipid droplet maturation in hepatocytes.
It also operates as activator for additional enzymes which get to effort on carbohydrate and fats. Most of us recognize the noticeable fat on our bodies, there is an unseen fat that is more dangerous.
Fat can get together in the impetus, a layer than environs organs so, when you do exercises and eat a healthy diet you are not only organizing the noticeable fat but the momentum fat too. So, at this time you know – those abdominal crisis and sit-ups do have an consequence, even if your stomach leftovers the alike size. A clean cabinet is a very good idea to avoid contamination and you could add an air filter (hepa - pass-through) to help avoid contamination if you find that to be a problem.
I'm not sure why but working with spores seemed a less vigorous and reliable method for me (or perhaps I was too impatient), it worked but often resulted with a high contamination level. This method is best to promote diversity (and actually should result with strong vigorous mycelium networks) but relies on good spawn capture methods.
Can I just get a mushroom from the market and take a piece from that to inoculate the agar?
That is a test tube full of agar with a bit of wood in it that can keep viable in the fridge for years.
13.02.2016 at 16:10:12 Make things worse by killing off the bacteria yogurt, while prebiotics are found in whole should be approximately.
13.02.2016 at 23:10:48 Many other European countries, and.


Are you maximising video marketing for your small business? If you're thinking videos take too much time to create and then they don't have the impact you need, there's something you need to know.
Here's the thing: there's a secret. You need to share videos in the right places. And I'm not just talking about social media, although that's one of the biggest places you should be using videos. Read on to find out where I think you'll get the biggest bang for your buck. And remember, once you created your videos, work out how you can use them more than once!
This is the most obvious place to share videos you've created. Check out your newsfeeds. You'll see brands you follow sharing videos. The big thing here is that it seems that all the major social networks are prioritising video. That means your content gets seen more often. So, here are my top picks to share on social media.
Facebook: live streaming is where it's at. Connect with your Facebook audience by hosting a Facebook Live session.
What should you be talking about? Anything from hints & tips and how-tos to product launches and exciting company news to giving your opinions on news items from your industry. They don't have to be long; try 10 minutes.
Twitter: short videos or Gifs work well on Twitter. It's a crowded platform where updates move at a pace. So, you'll need something that grabs attention.
What should you be talking about? It's a great place to signpost people to blog posts you've written. Or how about a promotion or product overview?
LinkedIn: for me, this one's becoming tricky as I feel the posts on LinkedIn are shifting. My advice would be to keep things professional with short videos.
What should you be talking about? Company news, such as award wins, customer feedback, together with educational content.
Instagram: Instagram for me seems to be the place to share beautiful images. But that doesn't mean videos don't work. For me (and I have to do more of this) Instagram Stories is where it's at. Quick, bite-sized updates which give your followers a taster.
What should you be talking about? Well, given their nature, almost anything (but keep it relevant to your business!) What's more, because you can only post Stories from within the Instagram app, you can do more on the move.
Pinterest: again, this network seems to lean more towards images, but videos are making an in-road. If you don't believe me, search for Proper Tasty.
What should you be talking about? I think Pinterest is perfect to post 'unboxing videos'. People get to see how they will receive your product and the bonus is a link directly to it to buy.
YouTube: I bet you were wondering when I'd get to this! YouTube remains a great search engine, so is an additional place for your business to be found.
What should you be talking about? For me, YouTube is the perfect place for showing people how to do something. It could be as simple as how to book an appointment with you or a longer video with tips on how to use a product. You're limited by your imagination!
Read more: are you wasting time on social media!
This had to be in here, didn't it! You could potentially increase click rates by 60% by including a video in your emails (SproutVideo). That's an incredible jump. Work out what your click rate normally is (if you're using an email service provider, then your reports is the place to look.) Now work out what a 60% increase in clicks would result in.
What should you be talking about? Think about the content you normally put in your emails and then work out a way to turn that into videos. Turn the static into movement!
This is another place where video can make a BIG difference. Here are my ideas on where you can use videos on your website.
Blog posts: think about how you can include a video in the blog posts you publish to make them more engaging.
What should you be talking about? Your video should fit into the overall topic, so personally, I would write the post (or maybe you can use an existing one) and then work out one small thing you'd like to go into more detail about.
About page: potential customers are going to check out what you're all about. So, why not record a video for your about page to show people what you're like?
What should you be talking about? Talk about the problems your audience faces and how you can help solve them. It doesn't hurt to add a bit of personality, so maybe add a bit about yourself too.
Services page: an explainer video is great to show people how you're able to help them. It's a visual representation of the services you offer.
What should you be talking about? Kinda obvious, but the services you offer! Remember to focus on the benefits of using them so people know what they'll get.
Case study/testimonials page: this is a great resource to have on your website. It shows potential customers how you've helped other people just like them.
What should you be talking about? Nothing! Let your customers do the talking. Ask your best customers to be involved and get them to say the things they've written about you.
Read more: are you making the most of your website traffic?
If you organise events for your business, then videos are a great addition to the day. Here are a couple of ideas.
Opener video: use this to get attendees' attention. If your event starts with registration and networking, it may take time to get everyone's attention to tell them to take their seats. A video is a great way to do this.
What should you be talking about? As it's an attention grabber, you may not want to talk at all! Use some catchy music overlaid on visuals about what's coming up in the day.
Introduce speakers: if you've ever watched The X-Factor, you'll recall the videos used to introduce big stars appearing on the show. Why not use this as a way to introduce your speakers? It will certainly make them, and your event, more memorable.
What should you be talking about? This is easy. Your speakers' achievements should be front and centre.
Read more: make sure your events are a sell-out.
My biggest tip with videos that you produce is to work out multiple places you can use them. You've spent time and effort (money even) creating them, so why not work out where they can be used more than once.
Now you have ideas of where to share your videos, grab my video kick-starter guide for even more ideas on what to put in your videos.
Fill in your details to receive my free guide with 7 ideas to help you start using videos today!
Yes, please send me your weekly marketing tips. I understand I can unsubscribe at any time.


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Q: ERR_CONNCTION_TIME_OUT on all hosted websites I have domain from namecheap.com and they hosted on my dedicated server with bluehost.com. suddenly since last 2 weeks im facing an issue. on all my domain that i have from namecheap.com hosted on bluehost after browing for few mins gets ERR_CONNECTION_TIME_OUT error and then immediately page reloads automatically. Even on the Cpanel login page of these domains we get the same issue. Though we have some domains registered with bluehost it self and hosted on the same blue host server we dont get this error on those domain. We have contact bluehost they said all is fine from their end, we contacted namecheap.com they said all is good from their end. Now i am stuck what to check and where to check, we have reinstalled the website scripts disabled all the plugins but we still getting this error, it is not all the time when we try to browse website after two three pages we get this error and then its gone then after 2 3 pages it comes again and then gone.
Any sort of suggestions or help will be appreciated.

A: Typically, an error ERR_CONNECTION_TIMED_OUT occurs when you have intermittent Internet connectivity. I believe you won't face the same problem in other ISP. To fix that, you can try flushing the DNS of your local computer by issuing command ipconfig /flushdnsfrom command prompt. In addition, edit local computer hosts file located at Computer C:\ Windows\ System32\ Drivers\ etc\Hosts, and look for entry like 0.0.0.0 example.com. Remove that entry, save the file and restart your computer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


While we love the graffiti and tarmac of our home base in the best way possible, we're gearing up for an initiative this fall that will hopefully put more trees into the mix. Our resident photographer, Michael Harlan Turkell, took some time strolling around Red Hook snapping photos of spots that seemed to beg, "Tree me!" in anticipation of the project. Check back with us in August for the official word on the arbor-amour. Meanwhile, here are some recent shots from MHT — where do you want to see more trees?


We would love to hear from anyone within the education sector looking for a fresh challenge, a promotion, or even a career change. Education resourcing is a fast-paced, exciting and incredibly rewarding career.
Always Flourishing is a little different to conventional recruitment agencies as we are part of a wider education services business leading on wellbeing.
Having a technical teaching or professional education background is as equally important to have a natural flair for giving advice, support, guidance and consultation. The role of a recruitment consultant revolves around business development, exceptional customer care and solution selling.
Our values and culture are reflected in everything we do. It's what sets us apart. Join us and you'll receive the best training, support and career development opportunities.


All rising kindergarteners (those attaining age 5 by September 30, 2019) must register beginning March 1 through March 29. New for the 2019-2020 school year, the District is offering an online registration system (Registration Gateway). This program allows parents and guardians to more quickly and easily input information online. This system will be accessible beginning at the end of February on www.kcsd.org. Traditional paper registration packets will also be available at the Mary D. Lang main office.
Please note that whether you register online or on paper, you must make an appointment to finalize the registration process with the registrar. Once you have completed your online registration or paper packet, please contact the Student Registration Office at (610) 444-4235 to schedule an appointment.


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Home » Class 11 » Chemistry » p-Block Elements » Chemical Properties Of Carbon Family
Chemical Properties Of Carbon Family
December 8, 2017 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal 2 Comments
1 Oxidation State
1.1 (1) Oxidation state of Carbon
1.2 (2) Oxidation state of other Elements
2 Covalent to ionic Character
3 Oxidising and reducing properties
4 Tendency to form pπ-pπ bonds
5 Tendency to form dπ-pπ bonds
6 Maximum covalency and tendency to form complexes
6.1 Reactivity towards oxygen
6.2 Reactivity towards water
6.3 Reactivity towards halogens
7 Dihalides
Oxidation State
(1) Oxidation state of Carbon
The general valence shell electronic configuration of elements of group 14 is ns2 np2 where n is the number of outermost principal shell. These elements can attain inert gas configuration either by losing or gaining 4 electrons forming M4+ or M4- ions.
The C4+ ion does not exist firstly because it is a highly charged species and secondly its formation requires a very high ionisation enthalpy which is usually not available in chemical reactions.
Carbon can take up can take up 4 electrons to form carbide ion, C4- ion. Such a process is also energetically not favourable since the chemical species is highly charged and thus requires large amount of energy for adding 4 electrons.
(2) Oxidation state of other Elements
Silicon also shows an oxidation state of +4.The remaining elements of this group i.e. Ge, Sn and Pb show +2 and +4 oxidation state due to inert pair effect which arises due to ineffective shielding of the valance s electrons by the intervening d or f electrons.
As the number of d and f electron increases down the group from Ge to Pb ,the inert pair effect become more and more prominent. As a result, the stability of +4 oxidation state decreases while that of +2 oxidation state increases from Ge to Pb.
The stability of the +2 oxidation state increases markedly in the sequence : Ge < Sn <Pb i.e.oxidation state of lead is the most stable.
Covalent to ionic Character
Compounds of group 14 elements which show an oxidation state of +4 are expected to be covalent because of their extremely small size and high charge whereas compounds which show an oxidation state of +2 are expected to be ionic because of large size and small charge.
SnCl2 is an ionic solid while SnCl4 is a covalent liquid.
As we move down the group ,the tendency of the elements to form covalent compound decreases whereas the tendency to form ionic compounds increases.
Oxidising and reducing properties
Due to inert pair effect ,the elements Ge, Sn and Pb show two oxidation states of +2 and +4 therefore, these elements in +2 oxidation state can act as reducing agent while in +4 oxidation state they can act as oxidising agent.
Reducing agent
M2+ ———> M4+ + 2 e‾
Oxidising agent
M4+ + 2e‾ —–> M2+
Since +4 oxidation state of germanium is the most stable followed by Sn and Pb, therefore in group 14 ,Ge ( ) salts are the strongest reducing agent followed by Sn ( ) salts.
Sn ( ) salts such as SnCl2 is widely used as a reducing agent.
2 FeCl3 + SnCl2 ——-> 2 FeCl2 + SnCl4
2 HgCl2 + SnCl2 ——-> 2 Hg2Cl2 + SnCl4
Hg2Cl2 + SnCl2———–> 2 Hg + SnCl4
Since + 2 oxidation state of lead is the most stable followed by tin and germanium therefore, lead salts such as tetraacetate , Pb(OCOCH3)4 and PbO2 are widely used as oxidising agents.
PbO2 + 4 HCl ————> PbCl2 + Cl2 + 2 H2O
Tendency to form pπ-pπ bonds
Due to small size and higher electronegativity, carbon has a strong tendency to form multiple bonds either with itself or with the other atoms of similar size such as oxygen and nitrogen.
As we move down the group from carbon to lead, this ability to form pπ-pπ multiple bond decreases due to corresponding increase in size and decrease in electronegativity of the atom.
The reluctance of silicon to form pπ-pπ bonds to itself is shown by the following facts:
(1) Elemental silicon exist only in the diamond structure and not in the graphite structure and no form of elemental silicon is comparable to graphite.
(2) CO2 containing two C O double bond is a gas while SiO2 is a solid.It consists of an infinite three dimensional network of Si-O single bonds.
Tendency to form dπ-pπ bonds
Carbon does not have d-orbital and hence it does not form dπ-dπ bonds. Silicon and other heavier elements of this group because of the presence of vacant d-orbital in them tend to form dπ-pπ bonds. This tendency is particularly strong in case of silicon linked to oxygen and nitrogen.
For Ex: In trimethylamine both carbon and nitrogen are sp3 hybridised. Since nitrogen contains a lone pair of electrons, therefore, geometry around nitrogen is pyramid while that around carbon is tetrahedral.
In trisilylamine , N(SiH3)3 , N is sp2 hybridised. A sp2– hybridised nitrogen has a lone pair of electrons in a 2p-orbital which can overlap with an empty d-orbital of silicon to form dπ-pπ bonds. Additional bonding is responsible for change of hybridisation of nitrogen from sp3 to sp2 .As a result , N(SiH3)3 has trigonal planar geometry.
Due to dπ-pπ bonding the lone pair of electrons is transferred from nitrogen to silicon. As a result, N(SiH3)3 is a weaker base than (CH3)3 N.
Maximum covalency and tendency to form complexes
Carbon because of the absence of d-orbitals, cannot expand its valence shell and hence its maximum covalency or coordination number is 4.
Si, Ge , Sn and Pb due to the availability of vacant d-orbital show a coordination of greater than 4 forming pentacoordinated and hexacoordinated complexes.
[SiF5]‾ , [SiF6]‾ , [GeCl6]2- , [Sn(OH)6]2- , [Pb(OH)6]2- , [PbCl6]2-
In these complexes hybridisation of central atom is sp3d2.
Due to the presence of d-orbital , the tetrahalides of Ge, Si , Sn , Pb undergo hydrolysis.
Reactivity towards oxygen
All the elements of group 14 when heated in oxygen from oxides. These are mainly of two types i.e. monoxide (MO) and dioxide(MO2).
SiO is formed by reduction of SiO2 with Si i.e.
SiO2 + Si ——–> 2 SiO
lead also forms another oxide called trilead tetroxide or red lead. It is obtained by heating PbO with excess of air or oxygen at 673 K.
6PbO + O2 —-> 2 Pb3O4
(1) Acid base character: The oxides in higher oxidation state of the elements are generally more acidic than those in the lower oxidation state. As we move down the group ,the acidic character decreases. Thus among dioxides, CO2 and SiO2 are acidic, GeO2 is less acidic whereas SnO2 and PbO2 are amphoteric.
Being acidic CO2 , SiO2 and GeO2 react only with bases.
CO2 + 2NaOH —-> Na2CO3 + H2O
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 ——> CaCO3 + H2O
SiO2 + 2NaOH —-> Na2SiO3 + H2O
GeO2 + 2NaOH —-> Na2GeO3 + H2O
SnO2 and PbO2 react with both acids and bases.
SnO2 + 2NaOH —-> Na2SnO3 + H2O
SnO2 + 4HCl —-> SnCl4 + 2H2O
PbO2 + 2NaOH —-> Na2PbO3 + H2O
PbO2 + 4HCl —-> PbCl4 + 2H2O
CO is neutral , GeO is distinctly acidic whereas SnO and PbO are amphoteric.
(2) Reducing- Oxidising power : Since +4 state of carbon is most stable, therefore, among the monoxides of group 14 , CO is the strongest reducing agent. Therefore it is used in the extraction of many metals from their oxides.
Fe2O3 + 3 CO ——–> 2 Fe + 3 CO2
ZnO+ CO —–> Zn + CO2
Due to inert pair effect, +2 oxidation state of lead is the most stable, therefore ,among dioxides of group 14, PbO2 is a powerful oxidising agent.
It oxidises HCl to Cl2 and reacts with conc HNO3 or H2SO4 to evolve O2.
2 PbO2 + 4 HNO3 ——–> 2 Pb(NO3)2 + 2 H2O + O2
2 PbO2 + 2 H2SO4 —–> 2 2 PbSO4 + 2 H2O + O2
PbO2 + 4 HCl ——-> PbCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
Reactivity towards water
Carbon, Silicon and Germanium do not decompose water at all. Tin decomposes steam to form tin dioxide and dihydrogen gas.
Sn (s) + 2 H2O (g) ———> SnO2 (s) + 2 H2 (g)
Lead is not affected by water due to the formation of protective film of lead oxide on its surface.
Reactivity towards halogens
The elements of group 14 form halides of the formula MX4 and MX2.
Tetrahalides
(1) All the elements of group 14 form tetrahalides of the formula MX4.
(2) Most of the tetrahalides are covalent in nature. The central atom in these halides undergo sp3 hybridization and the molecule is tetrahedral in shape.
SnF4 and PbF4 are ionic in nature.
(3) The thermal stability of these halides decreases with the increasing atomic number or the size of the halogen atom.PbCl4 is stable, PbBr4 is unstable while PbI4 is unknown
The non-existence of PbI4 may also be explained as:
The Pb-I bond initially formed during the reaction does not release enough energy to unpair 6s2 electrons and excite one of them 6 p-orbital to have four unpaired electrons around lead atom.
(4) The tetrachloride of carbon (CCl4) is not hydrolysed by water. The tetrachloride of all the remaining elements are easily hydrolysed.
SiCl4 + 4 H2O ——–> Si(OH)4 + 4 HCl
SnCl4 + 2 H2O —-> SnO2 + 4 HCl
CCl4 is not hydrolysed by water because carbon does not have d-orbital and hence cannot expand its coordination number beyond 4. Silicon can expand its octet due to the availability of energetically suitable vacant d-orbital in its atoms.
CCl4 + H2O ——–> No reaction
The mechanism of hydrolysis of SiCl4 involves the the following steps :
Step 1 : It involves nucleophilic attack by lone pair of electrons present on the oxygen atom of the water molecules on the metal atom forming a co-ordinate bond between the metal and oxygen atom of the water.
Step 2 : It involves the loss of HCl. During this step, one chlorine atom of silicon in SiCl4 is replaced by an OH group. This process continue till all the four chlorine atoms are replaced by OH group yielding Si(OH)4 i.e. silicic acid.
(5) The tetrahalides of carbon do not form complexes because carbon does not have vacant d-orbitals in its valence shell and hence cannot increase its coordination number beyond 4. Tetrahalides of other elements form complexes due to the availability of vacant d-orbital in their respective vacant shell. Therefore, these can increase their coordination number to 6. Tetrahalides of Ge, Sn and Pb behave as Lewis acids but tetrahalides of carbon does not.
SiF4 + 2 HF ——-> H2SiF6
SnCl4 + 2 Cl‾ ——-> SnCl62‾
Dihalides
All the elements, except carbon and silicon form dihalides , MX2 .
The stability of these dihalides increases steadily due to inert pair effect as we move down the group from Ge to Pb , i.e. GeX2 << SnX2 << PbX2 .
GeX4 is more stable than GeX2 whereas PbX2 is more stable than PbX4.
Filed Under: Chemistry, Class 11, p-Block Elements Tagged With: C4+ ion does not exist, CCl4 is not hydrolysed by water, covalent to ionic character of group 14, dihalides of group 14 elements, mechanism of hydrolysis of SiCl4, N(SiH3)3 has trigonal planar geometry, N(SiH3)3 is a weaker base than (CH3)3 N., oxidation state of group 14 elements, oxidising and reducing properties of group 14 elements, pπ-pπ bonds in group 14, reactivity of group 14 elements towards oxygen, reactivity of group 14 elements with water, tendency to form complexes of group 14 elements, Tendency to form dπ-pπ bonds in silicon, tetrahalides of group 14 elements, The tetrahalides of carbon do not form complexes
Jabilli ubbani says
Excellent very useful
Tharun kumar says
Thanx i learnt more


Hey everyone! I know that snow's melted and the weather's warming up in most of the country (we've already had our first 100 degree day, so we've moved on from Spring to Summer!), so it's time to get outside and soak up some SUN!
Here are a few of my favorite outdoor projects that I hope will inspire you to go out and ENJOY!
First, one of the first plans that I drew up (and a popular build!), a covered sand box with built-in seats!
Next up is my shed. I love my shed, and know that it's a great place for gardening/pool equipment (Not that I use it for that - but I could!).
A great way to organize the yard tools that might go inside the shed is to build something like my yard tool storage caddy (putting it on casters might make it even better..!).
After you've gotten all of your tools organized, you should be all set for gardening! You'll need a potting bench, won't you?!
Read about that (and get to the plans) here.
Now, after you've grown your plans, you'll need somewhere to PUT THEM!
Oh, they go with this bench.
But I have to admit that my favorite Spring projects aren't something I've built, but sewn.
I've made the girls a few skirts using the pattern I blogged about here, and just love seeing them run around in them without a care in the world.
And with that, I think I want to water my plants, or pull some weeds, or something "Springy". How's your Spring weather? Are you still frost bitten, or does it feel like summer already?
So many awesome projects Gina! I love the little skirts too my daughter would be so happy if I made her one. And we have had great weather...until yesterday, we are at almost 9 inches right now, yep snow! Ugh! It had better melt quick! Pinned!
Hi there. I saw your plans on the sandbox. Are there any concerns with the lid not being completely sealed when it's closed? (i.e. the gaps between the planks).
I am primarily thinking of critters or random debris going into the box when not in used. Would attaching canvas or some other fabric to the top of the lid/back side of the chairs be a good idea?
Hey! So, I don't see any problem with it being left unsealed, but all I think is that most sand boxes don't have covers, so debris/critters could get in anyway (but OMG we have lizards everywhere and I could totally see one getting in there and leaping onto my face to eat me alive when I open it now that you said that!!!!).
Overreaction aside, I think that it's fine. However! If it makes you feel better to put some canvas to cover the cracks, then go for it! Small critters could still make it in, I'm sure, but it'll keep the flesh eating lizards out!


However, writing from the heart - to a world of onlookers - feels much more vulnerable. NAKED. Revealing.
Writing from the heart means taking the plunge to write about what actually matters. That's what I hope to do here, with all of you.
In Qoya, we always say that sacred space is created when two or more people gather to tell the truth about their lives. Well, here I am…and here you are, reading. I appreciate the sacred space to share what is true for me here and now. I appreciate you being a part of it too, as a witness. I like to imagine you reading what is true for me here, and feeling empowered to share what's true for you in your life as well - in any form that takes.


For information regarding reservations and our walk-in policy please see our booking page. For gift cards and/or to book larger groups (12+) and private event inquiries please call or use the form below. We look forward to hearing from you!


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Home Floral Park News Giants Captain Visits LI for Pizza Friday
Giants Captain Visits LI for Pizza Friday
By jlouis -
Justin Tuck awarded keys to county, presented with $10,000 charity donation
Football season may be officially over but that did not stop New York Giants captain and Super Bowl XLVI champion Justin Tuck from indulging in the team's traditional pizza Friday during a visit to Umberto's Pizzeria & Restaurant of New Hyde Park on Friday, Feb. 9.
As packs of fans gathered to catch a glimpse of their hero outside the popular neighborhood restaurant, inside Nassau County Executive Edward Mangano and other county officials presented Tuck with the keys to the county and a citation for his work promoting children's literacy through his R.U.S.H. for Literacy foundation.
An excited Mangano thanked Nassau County football fans for their enthusiasm and emphasized the positive economic impact the Giants' Super Bowl XLVI win had on the local economy. He equally praised Tuck's accomplishments on and off the football field. "He is a charitable man, he gives back," Mangano said. "It's such a breath of fresh air when you see someone succeed and they pause to give back to those who would otherwise not have opportunity. He really is a symbol of the American dream," Mangano added.
"We collectively gather here to recognize and honor Justin Tuck for his achievements and it was spectacular. He had some spectacular plays in this Super Bowl and he is a spectacular man… It gives me great pleasure as county executive to present to you, Justin Tuck, a key to the county of Nassau," said County Executive Mangano.
Tuck, who founded his literacy foundation with his wife, Lauran in 2008, spoke to a large crowd of faithful Long Island fans and thanked them for their support. "It's very humbling to be in this position," Tuck said. "From everyone involved in the Giants personnel, our players, coaches, I would like to say thank you for your love and support. I know we don't make it easy on you guys. It's one of those great feelings you can't put words to," he said of his Super Bowl XLVI win.
Umberto's has been a landmark restaurant in New Hyde Park since it first opened its doors in 1965. The Giants' pizza Friday tradition began four years ago during the team's run to the Super Bowl XLII. Rich "Big Daddy" Salgado, the founder and CEO of Coastal Advisors LLC, which provides insurance to pro athletes, continues to deliver the pizza every Friday to the Giants and even shipped 15 pies to Indianapolis for the Super Bowl.
A family business, Umberto Corteo and his son, General Manager Gaetano Corteo, thanked Salgado for introducing their pizza to the Giants. "It was such a great honor for them to say 'wow, this pizza is so great' and think about how many years my father, Umberto and my uncle, worked so hard and what they built here at Umberto's. It's very special to me and my whole family," he said.
In honor of Tuck's visit, Umberto's presented him with a $10,000 donation to his R.U.S.H. for Literacy charity. "Thank you, Umberto, for your continued support, whether that be a donation to my charity or the great pizza that you donate to us every Friday. It's something that a lot people do not have the heart to do. I am glad that I can call you a friend and I'm glad that I can say my favorite pizza place is Umberto's," Tuck said.
Tuck ended his visit behind the counter to learn the art of pizza making with none other than Umberto himself. "I didn't think this pizza story would've gotten the play it has. The pizza is so good that all the veteran guys make the rookie guys wait until we finish grabbing everything we want," Tuck said.
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Nascar Team Expands to Supercross
Ware Racing Forms Pro30.com SX Team
Thomasville, NC – Ware Racing, which fields the #52 Pro30.com Dodge Charger competing in the Nascar Nextel Cup Series, has formed the Pro30.com Supercross Team to compete in the upcoming 2007 Amp'd Mobile AMA Supercross Series.
Veteran pros Jeff Dement and Tyson Hadsell will compete in the Supercross Class on BSY-backed Yamaha YZF450's, with 2000 West Coast SX champion Shae Bentley signed on to do the Atlanta, Orlando, and Daytona SX rounds in the Lites division. The Pro30.com Team is headed by owner Rick Ware, a former motocross and car racer with extensive Nextel Cup, Busch, Craftsman Truck, Trams-Am, and IMSA experience. Ware Racing's Cal Northrop will serve as GM of the team, with BSY's Tim Buffaloe serving as team manager.
"Putting this Supercross team together really allows us to provide a great value to our sponsors," said team owner Ware. "The demographics of Supercross have changed in the past several years, and in some ways it's even better for our sponsors than Nascar. Currently, 54% of the demographic for Nascar is in the 18-44 age group, and right now in Supercross that same demographic is 57%. That market is really the demographic that many companies want to reach, and Supercross is on a growth path equal to where Nascar was about ten years ago, and of course that's a good thing for our sponsors. Also, the AMA does a really great job of allowing fans access to the pits before the races, and that gives us a great opportunity to reach our sponsor's potential consumers. We'll be able to do some unique cross-marketing things between the two sports, and the Pro30.com people are really, really excited about getting involved with Supercross."
The team will be based out of Ware Racing's 21,000 sq. ft. facility in Thomasville, and will have its own engine and suspension dyno's to aid in an extensive bike development program. The team is currently negotiating with additional sponsors for support, and will debut their semi tractor-trailer at the opening round of the Amp'd Mobile Supercross season opener at Angel Stadium Anaheim, California January 6th.
Pro30.com is one of the fastest growing mortgage bank/software technologies companies in America, and is known for their proprietary 30 Second Mortgage Loan Approval software, which has the ability to approve a home loan within 30 seconds and close within five business days. The Pro30.com web-based engine is a 24/7 mortgage application approval tool that pulls credit and determines not only the best loan program but the very best pricing available as well.
For more information about Ware Racing, visit www.wareracing.com.
$1000 Cash Purse for 50cc Step-Up and Freestyle this Saturday at Lake Elsinore 6:29am
Suzuki Announces 2007 Contingency for AMA Texas Winter Series 11:38am


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The following is written based on data in the 2005 Trustees Reports.
A popular bumper sticker reads: We are spending our children's inheritance. But that's not all we're doing. We're passing along trillions of dollars in obligations to pay for Social Security and Medicare benefits we expect to receive but not pay for.
According to the 2005 Trustees Reports, the unfunded obligation as of Jan. 1, 2005 for current participants in the Social Security program was $13.7 trillion. This is the value today of all future benefits that will be paid to current participants, for which no funds have been accumulated and with respect to which no future taxes have been scheduled to be collected from current participants. In other words, this is the amount, together with future interest thereon, and scheduled future taxes payable by current participants, that would be just sufficient to pay all future benefits that have been promised to current participants. The unfunded obligation as of Jan. 1, 2005 for current participants in Medicare-Part A (the HI program) is $9.6 trillion.
The grand total unfunded obligation for Social Security and Medicare-Part A is thus $23.3 trillion. The intention is to finance this $23.3 trillion unfunded obligation as follows:
The Social Security trust funds contain	$1.7 trillion of Treasury securities, and the Medicare trust funds contain $0.3 trillion of Treasury securities; therefore, such securities represent the authorization to collect $2.0 trillion in future general revenue taxes from all taxpayers (both current and future participants in the systems).
Future participants will pay Social Security and Medicare payroll taxes as soon as they enter the systems, but will not collect significant benefits until many years in the future; therefore, most of their payroll taxes (with a present value of approximately $8.7 trillion) will be available to finance benefit obligations for current participants–creating, of course, a new unfunded obligation for these future participants. (The future payroll taxes payable by current participants have already been taken into account in calculating the $23.3 trillion unfunded obligation.)
Even after the funds in items (1) and (2) are provided, obligations with a present value of approximately $12.6 trillion will still be unmet. The method of eliminating this remaining long-range deficit has not yet been determined; however, as stated in the Trustees Report, "This can be achieved by raising additional revenue or reducing benefits (or some combination) for current and future participants . . ."
In addition to the $23.3 trillion unfunded obligation of the Social Security and Medicare-Part A systems, there are significant obligations for Medicare-Part B (the SMI program), and Medicare-Part D (the prescription drug and related benefits program). Technically, these are not considered unfunded obligations since the law states that the government (i.e., future taxpayers) will provide general revenue in whatever amounts are necessary to pay all benefits–a rather audacious commitment, of which most taxpayers are not aware.
For example, under Medicare-Part B, the present value of future benefits for current participants as of Jan. 1, 2005, is $13.2 trillion. The present value of beneficiary premiums payable by current participants is $3.3 trillion. This leaves $9.9 trillion to be financed by general revenue.
Under Medicare-Part D, the present value of future benefits for current participants as of Jan. 1, 2005, is $8.8 trillion. The present value of beneficiary premiums payable by current participants is $1.1 trillion; and the present value of transfers from State governments is $0.9 trillion. This leaves $6.8 trillion to be financed by general revenue.
Thus, under Medicare-Parts B and D, the present value of future general revenue required to finance benefits for current participants is $16.7 trillion. If this amount of general revenue is actually collected, some of it will be paid by current participants (taxpayers) and some of it will be paid by future participants (taxpayers). On the other hand, if the Federal government continues to operate at a deficit, this $16.7 trillion will probably be financed by borrowing– and the obligation thus passed on to future generations. If so, this $16.7 trillion, when added to the $23.3 trillion obligation for Social Security and Medicare-Part A, will yield a total of $40 trillion, which will be passed on to future generations to worry about.
A $40 trillion obligation is difficult to comprehend, so here are some figures to help place it in perspective. As of Jan. 1, 2005, the acknowledged National Debt was approximately $7.6 trillion. The Gross Domestic Product, the value of all goods and services produced in the United States in one year, is estimated at $12.4 trillion for 2005. One way to think about it is that it will require more than three years of national effort just to satisfy our obligations to the current participants in Social Security and Medicare. Another way is to note that this $40 trillion debt amounts to $135,600 for every person in the U.S. resident population of 295 million on Jan. 1, 2005.
Analysts sometimes express concern about the size of the acknowledged National Debt of $7.6 trillion. The $40 trillion debt (only $2.0 trillion of which is included in the $7.6 trillion National Debt) should cause even greater concern. In addition to the obligations of the Social Security and Medicare systems, there are obligations for many other government programs: Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income, Federal employee and military retirement systems, etc. The total obligations for all these programs will almost certainly exceed the nation's ability to produce such amounts.
This is probably what led Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan to make statements in Congressional testimony this year such as: "I fear that we may have already committed more physical resources to the baby-boom generation in its retirement years than our economy has the capacity to deliver." The resources needed for the Social Security and Medicare programs as they are constructed today seem "increasingly likely to make current fiscal policy unsustainable." And, he characterized most of the proposals to bolster the present Social Security system's solvency as merely "patching a system which is fundamentally inappropriate for the future of this country."
In the words of former Senator Russell Long, Social Security "is nothing more than a promise to a group of people that their children will be taxed for that group's benefit." Analysts usually refer to this euphemistically as a covenant between generations.
Is it responsible to have a covenant between a generation of workers and their children, many of whom are yet unborn–particularly one that imposes such an onerous burden? Thomas Jefferson did not seem to think so when he wrote:
"We may consider each generation as a separate nation, with a right, by the will of the majority, to bind themselves, but not to bind the succeeding generation, any more than the inhabitants of another country."
A $40 trillion obligation just for Social Security and Medicare is a lot to transfer to succeeding generations. In fact, it is highly unlikely that such a transfer will be possible–try as we might.
What, then, should we do about this $40 trillion legacy? To begin with, we should invoke the first rule of hole digging: When you find that you've dug yourself into a hole, stop digging. However we restructure Social Security and Medicare, we should do it in a way that prevents the unfunded obligation from getting any larger. In other words, we should quit promising more in benefits than we are able to finance currently. The longer we keep the present systems, the larger the unfunded obligation will grow–and the more difficult it will be to satisfy that obligation or pass it on to future generations.
Haeworth Robertson, a frequent author and lecturer on social insurance reform, was chief actuary of the Social Security Administration from 1975 to 1978.
*If you have an opinion on this subject, please send your response to: theactuary@soa.org