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L'infraroig, radiació infraroja o llum infraroja (IR) és la part de l'espectre electromagnètic amb una longitud d'ona més llarga que la llum visible però més curta que la radiació de microones. El seu nom significa 'per sota del vermell', ja que el vermell és el color de la llum visible amb una major longitud d'ona. La radiació infraroja s'estén al llarg de tres ordres de magnitud amb longituds d'ona d'entre 700 nanòmetres i 1 mil·límetre. Tot i que els vertebrats no poden percebre la radiació infraroja en forma de llum, si que la poden percebre com a calor per unes terminacions nervioses especialitzades de la pell conegudes com a termoreceptors.

Història
Els infraroigs van ser descoberts a començaments del  per l'astrònom anglès d'origen alemany William Herschel. Herschel va col·locar un termòmetre de mercuri sobre l'espectre solar obtingut per un prisma de vidre, amb la finalitat de mesurar la calor emesa per cada color. Va descobrir que la calor era més forta al costat de l'extrem vermell de l'espectre i va observar que allí no hi havia llum. Aquesta va ser la primera experiència que mostrà que la calor pot transmetre's com una forma invisible de radiació. Els primers detectors de radiació infraroja van ser els bolòmetres, instruments que captaven la radiació infraroja per l'augment de temperatura produït en un detector.

Ubicació dins l'espectre electromagnètic
La radiació infraroja forma part de l'espectre electromagnètic, que inclou totes les freqüències de les ones electromagnètiques, i s'ordena en funció de la freqüència dels senyals i de la seva longitud d'ona d'acord amb el que s'indica a la taula següent:

Diferents regions de la radiació infraroja

Els objectes emeten radiació infraroja al llarg de tot l'espectre de longituds d'ona, però atès que habitualment els sensors són dissenyats per detectar la radiació dins d'un interval de longituds d'ona, la banda infraroja s'acostuma a dividir en diverses seccions.

Esquema de la CIE
La Comissió Internacional d'Il·luminació (habitualment coneguda com a CIE a causa del seu nom francès, Commission internationale de l'éclairage) recomana la divisió de la radiació infraroja en tres bandes espectrals:

 IR-A: 700 nm–1400 nm
 IR-B: 1400 nm–3000 nm
 IR-C: 3000 nm–1 mm

Una altra divisió en bandes espectrals força habitual en enginyeria és aquesta:

 infraroig proper (NIR o IR-A), 0,75–1,4 µm, definits per l'absorció en aigua i utilitzat habitualment en la comunicació per fibra òptica, gràcies a la poca absorció en vidres de SiO₂.
 infraroig mitjà (MIR):
 infraroig d'ona curta (SWIR o IR-B), 1,4–3 µm, l'absorció en aigua augmenta considerablement a 1.450 nm
 infraroig d'ona mitjana (MWIR o IR-C), 3–8 µm
 infraroig d'ona llarga (LWIR o IR-C), 8–15 µm
 infraroig llunyà (FIR), 15–1.000 µm

Esquema ISO 20473
L'Organització Internacional per a l'Estandardització (ISO) ha especificat a la norma "ISO 20473:2007" el següent esquema:

Esquema utilitzat a l'astronomia
A l'astronomia s'acostuma a dividir l'espectre infraroig d'aquesta manera:

 Proper: de (0.7-1) a 5 µm
 Mitjà: de 5 a (25-40) µm
 Llunyà: de (25-40) a (200-350) µm

Aquestes divisions no són precises i varien en funció de la publicació i són utilitzades per a l'observació de diferents intervals de temperatura a l'espai.

Esquema de l'infraroig a les telecomunicacions

A les telecomunicacions basades en la utilització de la llum, la part de l'espectre infraroig se subdivideix encara en més bandes espectrals, en funció de la resposta de detectors, amplificadors, fonts i fibres òptiques:

La banda C és la predominant a les xarxes de telecomunicació de llarga distància. Les bandes S i L es basen en tecnologies poc desenvolupades i tenen poca utilització.

A les longituds d'ona adjacents a les de la llum visible i fins a aquelles d'unes poques micres (micròmetres, µm), els fenòmens associats són essencialment els mateixos que els de la llum visible, tot i això cal tenir present que la resposta dels materials a la llum visible no és en absolut indicatiu del comportament que presenten davant la llum infraroja. Per exemple, per a longituds més enllà de 2 micres, el vidre normal que trobem a les nostres cases és opac, el mateix passa amb molts gasos, el que implica que hi hagi finestres d'absorció (intervals de longituds d'ona) a les que l'aire és opac i, per tant, haurà una sèrie de freqüències de l'espectre solar que no ens arribaran i no podran ser observades sobre la Terra. Entre 3 i 5 micres hi ha una finestra que correspon al pic d'emissió de radiació infraroja dels cossos molt calents, aquesta banda s'utilitza per exemple en els sistemes de seguiment i recerca d'objectius d'alguns tipus de míssils.

Per contra, hi ha molts materials que els nostres ulls són perfectament opacs però que són més o menys transparents a les longituds d'ona de la radiació infraroja. Per exemple, el silici i el germani presenten una opacitat tan reduïda a aquestes longituds d'ona que són utilitzats per a la fabricació de lents i fibres òptiques (l'atenuació que presenten és de l'ordre de 0,2 dB/km en el cas d'una longitud d'ona de 1550 nm). A més, molts tipus de plàstic sintètic presenten una bona transparència a aquestes radiacions.

Per a longituds d'ona més grans el comportament s'assimila més al que trobem en el cas de les ones de ràdio.

Aplicacions

Termografia

La radiació infraroja està associada sovint a la calor, ja que els objectes a temperatura ambient o superior emeten radiació principalment concentrada en la banda de l'infraroig mitjà. Això permet utilitzar els infraroigs per determinar la temperatura d'objectes a distància (si se'n coneix l'emissivitat). Aquesta tècnica s'anomena termografia o, en el cas d'objectes molt calents, pirometria. La termografia s'utilitza bàsicament en aplicacions industrials i militars.

Les càmeres tèrmiques detecten la radiació infraroja entre els 900 i els 14.000 nm de l'espectre electromagnètic (0,9 a 15 µm) i produeixen imatges. Atès que la radiació infraroja és emesa per tots els objectes en funció de la seva temperatura, d'acord amb la llei de la radiació d'un cos negre, la termografia fa possible "veure" l'entorn amb il·luminació visible o sense. La quantitat de radiació que emet un objecte s'incrementa amb la temperatura, per tant, la termografia permet veure la variació de la temperatura dels cossos, d'aquí el seu nom.

Visió nocturna
Els infraroigs també s'utilitzen en els equips de visió nocturna quan la quantitat de llum visible és insuficient per veure els objectes. Els dispositius de visió nocturna funcionen per mitjà d'un procés que converteix els fotons de la llum ambient en electrons que són amplificats utilitzant mètodes químics i elèctrics i després convertits un altre cop en llum visible, que es presenta en una pantalla en forma d'imatges que poden ser monocromes, els objectes més calents es mostren com els més lluminosos, o també es pot utilitzar un sistema de falsos colors per representar les diferents temperatures. La utilització de fonts de radiació infraroja permet augmentar la quantitat de llum ambient que pot ser utilitzada pels dispositius de visió nocturna per generar les imatges, incrementant la visibilitat sense utilitzar llum visible. Els aparells de visió nocturna s'han estès entre els exèrcits de molts països perquè permeten les operacions militars durant la nit en millors condicions de visibilitat dels objectius.

Comunicacions

La transmissió de dades a través de la radiació infraroja també s'utilitza en aplicacions de comunicació a curta distància, com per exemple entre els ordinadors i els seus perifèrics, o entre els ordinadors i els PDA o els telèfons mòbils. Aquests aparells que incorporen aquest tipus de comunicació segueixen generalment un estàndard publicat per la Infrared Data Association o IrDA. Un altre ús molt comú és el que fan els comandaments a distància, que generalment utilitzen els infraroigs en comptes d'ones de ràdio, ja que així no interfereixen amb altres senyals electromagnètics com els senyals de televisió. Els infraroigs són adequats per a ser utilitzats en interiors i en presència de les persones, no traspassen les parets i no poden interferir amb els aparells que pugui haver a les altres habitacions. Tant els comandaments a distància com els aparells IrDA utilitzen díodes emissors de llum per generar una radiació infraroja que esdevé un feix estret en passar per una lent de plàstic, aquest feix és modulat per codificar les dades a transmetre. Del costat del receptor hi ha un fotodíode de silici que converteix la radiació infraroja que rep en un corrent elèctric, i que només respon al senyal polsant que crea l'emissor, filtrant la radiació infraroja de l'ambient, que canvia a poc a poc.

La comunicació òptica a través de l'aire utilitzant un làser d'infraroigs és una alternativa relativament barata (especialment si ho comparem amb el cost un enllaç de fibra òptica) per a enllaços de comunicacions a àrees urbanes, aquests enllaços operen a més de 4 gigabit/s (4000 Mbps).

A les comunicacions a través de fibra òptica s'utilitzen làsers d'infraroigs per aconseguir la llum necessària per transmetre la informació, la radiació utilitzada acostuma a ser d'una longitud d'ona al voltant de 1330 nm (si es vol aconseguir una mínima dispersió) o 1550 nm (per aconseguir una millor transmissió) en el cas de les fibres òptiques estàndards de silici.

Escalfament
La radicació infraroja pot ser utilitzada com una font de calor. Les seves aplicacions en aquest camp van des de la calefacció domèstica fins a sistemes per treure el glaç de les ales dels avions, passant per escalfadors especials per a tractaments de fisioteràpia o els escalfadors d'aliments. També hi ha aplicacions en el camp de la indústria: formació de plàstics, tancament de contenidors plàstics, soldadura de plàstics, etc.

Meteorologia

Els satèl·lits meteorològics són equipats amb escànners que treballen a la banda infraroja que permeten obtenir imatges que permeten determinar l'espessor i el tipus dels núvols o calcular la temperatura de la superfície de la terra i de l'aigua. Aquests sensors treballen entre els 10,3 i els 12,5 µm.

Els núvols alts formats per partícules de glaç com els cirrus o els núvols de gran desenvolupament vertical com els cumulonimbes es mostren en un color blanc brillant, per contra, els núvols baixos més calents com els estratus o els estratocúmulus es mostren en gris. La superfície de la terra calenta es mostra en gris fosc o negre. Un dels desavantatges de l'infraroig rau en el fet que els núvols baixos i la boira tenen una temperatura similar a la de la terra o superfícies marina i no es pot diferenciar. Tanmateix utilitzant la diferència de lluminositat del canal IR4 (10,3 a 11,5 µm) i la del canal de l'infraroig proper (1,58 a 1,64 µm) es poden diferenciar els núvols baixos produint una "boira" a la imatge. El gran avantatges de l'infraroig és que les imatges es poden obtenir també durant la nit, cosa que permet disposar d'una seqüència contínua de l'evolució del temps.

Climatologia
En el camp de la climatologia es monitora la radiació infraroja per detectar tendències a l'intercanvi d'energia entre la Terra i l'atmosfera. Aquestes tendències aporten informació sobre els canvis a llarg termini del clima terrestre. Aquest és, juntament amb la radiació solar, un dels principals paràmetres estudiats a la recerca de l'escalfament global.

Els investigadors utilitzen un aparell anomenat pirogeòmetre per a mesurar de manera continuada la irradiància terrestre, es tracta d'un radiòmetre que treballa a la banda infraroja, aproximadament entre els 4,5 i els 50 µm.

Espectroscòpia

L'espectroscòpia d'infraroig és una tècnica que s'utilitza per identificar molècules per mitjà de l'anàlisi dels seus enllaços. Cada enllaç químic d'una molècula vibra a una freqüència característica i a moltes molècules aquesta freqüència es troba dins de la radiació infraroja. Quan una molècula absorbeix un fotó, passa del seu estat fonamental a un estat excitat (on vibra). En un espectre típic d'infrarojos a les abscisses ens trobem amb una escala de freqüències expressada pel nombre d'ona, i en les ordenades el percentatge de tansmitància (el quocient entre el flux radiant que travessa un medi i el que hi incideix). De manera que si un material és transparent a la radiació infraroja el seu espectre es presentarà com una línia paral·lela a l'eix d'abscisses. En canvi, en el cas d'un material que no sigui completament transparent es verificaran les absorcions i les transicions entre els nivells d'energia vibracionals. En aquest cas, l'espectre obtingut es caracteritzarà per una sèrie de pics de diferents alçades que correspondran a cadascuna de les transicions.

Alguns mètodes especialitzats com l'espectroscòpia d'infraroig proper o NIRS (Near infrared spectroscopy) són especialment utilitzats en la indústria agroalimentària per analitzar la qualitat dels productes agrícoles i dels aliments a través de la determinació de la humitat, proteïnes, fibres, etc. Aquest mètode també s'utilitza a les indústries químiques, farmacèutiques i petroquímiques.

Astronomia

Els astrònoms observen els objectes astronòmics a la regió infraroja de l'espectre electromagnètic utilitzant components òptics, miralls, lents i detectors d'estat sòlid. Per tal de generar una imatge sense interferències és necessari que els components d'un telescopi d'infrarojos siguin aïllats de qualsevol font de calor i que els detectors siguin refrigerats, per a aquesta funció s'utilitza heli líquid.

La sensibilitat dels telescopis d'infrarojos situats a la Terra és força limitada a causa de la presència de vapor d'aigua a l'atmosfera que absorbeix una porció de la radiació infraroja que arriba de l'espai a través d'una finestra atmosfèrica (La part de l'espectre electromagnètic que conté les radiacions que no han estat absorbides o reflectides per l'atmosfera terrestre). Aquesta limitació pot ser anul·lada parcialment emplaçant els observatoris a gran altura (muntanyes) o transportant el telescopi a un avió o un globus. Però la manera d'eliminar completament la limitació és posant els telescopis fóra de l'atmosfera de la Terra, l'espai exterior és l'emplaçament ideal per aquest tipus de telescopis d'infrarojos.

La fracció infraroja de l'espectre presenta diversos beneficis per als astrònoms, per exemple, permet detectar els núvols moleculars de gas i pols de la nostra galàxia perquè llueixen en ser irradiats per la calor de les estrelles que s'estan formant al seu interior. L'infraroig també permet la detecció de les protoestrelles abans que comencin a emetre llum visible. Les estrelles només emeten una petita part de la seva energia en la fracció infraroja de l'espectre electromagnètic, per això els objectes freds que hi ha en les seves proximitats com els planetes poden ser més fàcilment detectats (en la fracció visible de l'espectre la resplendor de l'estrella anul·la la llum reflectida pel planeta).

La radiació infraroja també és molt útil per observar els nuclis de les galàxies actives que sovint són tapats pel gas i la pols interestel·lars. Les galàxies distants amb un gran desplaçament cap al roig tindran un pic al seu espectre desplaçat vers longituds d'ona més llargues, per això són més fàcilment observables a la banda infraroja.

Seguiment
El seguiment per infrarojos és un sistema de guiatge de míssils que es basa en l'emissió de radiació infraroja per part dels objectius. Molts objectes com els motors dels avions o dels vehicles, i fins i tot les persones, generen i emeten prou calor perquè siguin especialment visibles en la part infraroja de les longituds d'ona en comparació amb la resta d'objectes del voltant.

Efectes biològics
La radiació IR es divideix, d'acord amb els seus efectes biològics i de manera arbitrària, en tres categories o tipus: la radiació infraroja curta (0,8 a 1,5 µm), la mitjana (1,5 a 5,6 µm) i la llarga ( 5,6 a 1000 µm). Els primers treballs amb els diferents tipus de radiació d'infrarojos, informaven de les diferents formes de l'acció biològica dels tres tipus de radiació (curta, mitjana i llarga). Es creia que la radiació curta penetrava profundament en la pell sense causar un augment important de la temperatura de la superfície del teixit epitelial, mentre que la majoria de l'energia de la radiació infraroja mitjana i llarga era absorbida per la capa superior de la pell i sovint causava efectes tèrmics perjudicials, com ara cremades o sensació de cremor. Però alguns anys més tard, es va presentar una nova visió de l'infraroig mitjà i llarg demostrant que totes les bandes de radiació produeixen efectes biològics de regeneració cel·lular.

Estudis in vitro amb radiació infraroja curta sobre les cèl·lules humanes,endotelials i queratinòcits, han demostrat un augment de la producció de TGF-β1 (factor de creixement transformant-β1) després d'una única irradiació (36-108 J/cm²) i de manera depenent del temps per al contingut de MMP-2 (metal·loproteïnases de matriu-2), sent aquest últim tant a nivell proteic com transcripcional. Aquestes dues proteïnes estan implicades en la fase de remodelació de la reparació de les lesions. I aquests efectes van ser considerats de naturalesa atèrmica perquè els models utilitzats com a control tèrmic no van mostrar un augment en la seva expressió proteica.

Els experiments amb ratolins diabètics han demostrat una acceleració de la velocitat de tancament d'una ferida amb tractaments diaris de radiació infraroja curta, en comparació amb els grups de control, amb un augment de la temperatura d'aproximadament 3,6 °C després de 30 minuts d'exposició.

La utilització de LEDs (díodes emissors de llum) de llum infraroja curta va demostrar la reversió dels efectes de la tetradotoxina (TTX), un bloquejador dels canals de sodi de les cèl·lules, i per tant un bloquejador de l'impuls nerviós, així com la reducció dels danys a la retina causats per l'exposició al metanol en els ratolins.

Els experiments amb la radiació infraroja llarga han demostrar una inhibició del creixement tumoral en els ratolins i una millora de la crosta de les ferides. També s'ha demostrar un increment del procés de regeneració en els ratolins sense augment de la circulació sanguínia durant els períodes d'irradiació ni augment en la temperatura de l'epiteli. Altres dades indiquen un augment de la infiltració de fibroblasts en el teixit subcutani en ratolins tractats amb radiació infraroja llarga, en comparació amb els animals de control, i una major regeneració del col·lagen a la regió lesionada, així com l'expressió de TGF-β1. De la mateixa manera, la radiació IR fou capaç de provocar un augment de l'angiogènesi en el lloc de la lesió i augmentar la resistència a la tracció de l'epiteli en regeneració.

Els làsers de baixa potència, amb una longitud d'ona compresa entre 630 i 890 nm, com els d'heli-neó i argó han demostrat, in vivo, l'activació d'una àmplia gamma de processos de guarició de ferides, com ara la síntesi del col·lagen, la proliferació cel·lular o la motilitat dels queratinòcits.

Encara que existeixen diferències entre les fonts de radiació infraroja, el làser és un feix coherent de llum d'una longitud d'ona específica mentre que les làmpades proporcionen una llum incoherent i no polaritzada, els seus efectes bioestimulatoris són els mateixos en el cas de la radiació infraroja curta. Contràriament a la idea inicial que la radiació infraroja llarga té efectes nocius, actualment es creu que la seva forma d'acció bioestimulatòria és similar a la dels làsers de baixa potència i a la radiació infraroja curta.

Els experiments amb LEDs infrarojos, que funcionen gairebé sense generar calor, porten a creure que més enllà de l'efecte de regeneració causat per la calor hi ha un efecte bioestimulatori regeneratiu de naturalesa no tèrmica. No obstant això, aquest procés encara no és ben conegut.

La premissa bàsica és que la radiació electromagnètica de longituds d'ona llargues estimulen el metabolisme energètic de les cèl·lules i la producció d'energia. Hi ha tres molècules de fotoreceptores de la radiació infraroja en els mamífers, conegudes per absorbir les longituds d'ona de l'infrarig curt: l'hemoglobina, la mioglobina i la citocrom c oxidasa. D'entre les molècules fotoreceptores, es creu que els cromòfors mitocondrials són els responsables de la captació del 50% de la radiació infraroja curta per mitjà de la citocrom c oxidasa.

Referències

Vegeu també
 Comandament universal
 Càmera tèrmica
 Telescopi espacial James Webb
 Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
 Espectroscòpia infraroja
 Raigs T
 Termografia
 Nebulosa planetària

Enllaços externs

 Una perspectiva històrica dels raigs infrarojos (en anglès)

Espectre electromagnètic


text:
A local strand of a UK-wide reading befriending programme, Reading Friends, a programme by The Reading Agency and funded by The Big Lottery fund is being launched today, Monday, 10 December 2018, at Malvern House, Chapel Road, Waterside, Derry/Londonderry.
The project is being launched by Verbal, the leading organisation on the island of Ireland that promotes the power of the spoken and written word, The Reading Agency a national charity that tackles life's big challenges through the proven power of reading, and Older People North West, who are committed to helping older people enjoy the best possible quality of life.
After an open application process, funding of £10k was awarded to Older People North West to enable their service users to participate in the Reading Friends programme, an exciting new UK-wide programme designed to tackle loneliness by building connections through shared reading.
Reading Friends was developed in response to evidence that a social reading programme could provide powerful benefits for older people.
Through the programme, in the next 9 months, the lives of up to 150 older people in the Derry City & Strabane District Council area, identified as being vulnerable and at risk of loneliness especially during the winter months will be transformed.
Recruitment and training of 15 volunteers who will deliver reading activities is underway.
Reading and conversation
Under the banner of Reading Friends, Older People North West will participate in the shared and transportive activity of reading. The social reading programme which is being trialled in Northern Ireland for the first time will also have long term benefits for participants including; keeping them mentally active, reducing or slowing down cognitive decline, reducing stress, and uses a shared love of reading to provide a safe space for people to engage in meaningful conversation.
First Reading Friends group in Northern Ireland
Welcoming the £10k funding from The Reading Agency, a spokesperson for Older People North West said:
"This is an exciting project and we are delighted to launch the first Reading Friends group in Northern Ireland here at Malvern House in the Waterside area of Derry/Londonderry. We have trained our first volunteers who are eager to start engaging with our older people.
We know from research that the winter months and Christmas can be particularly lonely for older people and we welcome Reading Friends as a tool for helping older people stay in touch and connected with each other".
It is hoped the project will also help highly vulnerable older people to reduce isolation and loneliness, address challenging life issues and meet new people.
Partnership with Verbal
Focusing on the aims of the programme, James Kerr, Director for Verbal, said:
'We are delighted to partner with The Reading Agency to be able to offer this opportunity to Older People North West and their service users.
Reading Friends brings together volunteers ("Reading Partners") and vulnerable and isolated older people, including people with dementia and their carers ("Reading Friends") through social reading.
At Verbal we believe every story matters, and that every person no matter what their background or social circumstances are, should have access to the resources and opportunity to tell their story, we are thrilled that this project will afford participants to not only tell their story but for it to be heard.'
Reading Friends volunteers come from all walks of life and receive full support and training in how to lead a Reading Friends session based on the interests of their group.
Reading Friends groups and one-to-one sessions usually run for up to six weeks and it is hoped that there will be opportunities to engage with diverse groups of people in a variety of community settings in the future.
For media information contact:
Esther Haller Clarke E: [email protected] P: 07830 513296 or
Christine Carlin at Older People North West: [email protected], or call 028 71 347 478
1. Christine Carlin, Older People North West and James Kerr, Director, Verbal, are available for interview. Please contact Esther Haller Clarke, 07830 513296 to arrange.
2. Media opportunities at the launch are available from 11.30am-12.45pm.
3. Photographs will be issued to picture desks on xxxx by xxxxx Photography.
4. What is Reading Friends?
Reading Friends is a nationwide programme designed by The Reading Agency, and funded by the Big Lottery Fund. The programme is delivered in partnership with organisations across England, Northern Ireland, and Wales. Reading Friends in Northern Ireland is supported by Verbal. http://www.readingfriends.org.uk/
5. Who is the Reading Agency?
The Reading Agency is a national charity that tackles life's big challenges through the proven power of reading. We work closely with partners to develop and deliver programmes for people of all ages and backgrounds. The Reading Agency is funded by Arts Council England. www.readingagency.org.uk
6.What partners are involved?
Older People North West (previously known as AGE concern) is working alongside and supported by Verbal to deliver the Reading Friends project.
7. Verbal
Verbal is the leading agency in Ireland promoting the power of the spoken and written word. Verbal believes every story matters and works to ensure that everyone, regardless of ability, background or circumstances has access to the resources and opportunities to tell their story.
www.theverbal.co
8. Older People North West
Older People North West (OPNW) is committed to helping older people enjoy the best possible quality of life by providing services across the Derry City and Strabane District Council area. The organisation aims to improve access to and participation in hobbies, activities, social and health-promoting services. They also provide outreach to more isolated older people including Meals on Wheels and a befriending service.
9. How long will participants be involved in the project?
Participants in the 'Reading Friends project will commit to taking part in a six week programme meeting on a weekly basis for approximately one hour
For more information on the programme please contact;
For more information, please contact Christine Carlin at Older People North West: [email protected], or call 028 71 347 478
Published: 11th December, 2018
Find out how the Reading Friends project is progressing in Derry/Londonderry
Bring down the walls
A pilot programme for older people
Reading Rooms programme for older people
How we engage older people in the Reading Rooms experience
How we use literature in Reading Rooms
An insight into how we select the literature we use across our Reading Rooms programme

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
intermediary-investor
Global Sustain
Why Quality Matters
View All Global Sustain
View All Why Quality Matters
Insights 2023: A Year of Long and Variable Lags
Caron's Corner
2023: A Year of Long and Variable Lags
It is timely to connect the November Fed meeting with an outlook for 2023, as that meeting may mark the end of aggressive 75 basis point (bps) hikes, where the pace may slow to 50 bps in December and 25 bps thereafter.
A terminal Fed funds rate of 4.75 - 5.25% may be reached in 1Q 2023, dependent on inflation data. Nevertheless, the end is near.
This is important because interest rates hikes have been the key driver of asset prices in 2022, and changes in policy likely will have a strong influence on asset prices in 2023.
But it is important to understand that rate hikes will influence the path of earnings, default risks and credit spreads, and ultimately the type of recession we get, whether deep (earnings) or wide (spreads).
Why? Because as the Fed has said, rate hikes work with "long and variable lags" making 2023 "The Year of Long and Variable Lags."
See below for important disclosures.
Jim Caron
Senior Advisor,
The Arrival of Long and Variable Lags: How We're Investing
Jim Caron, Co-Lead Global Portfolio Manager and Co-Chief Investment Officer, Global Balanced Risk Control Team, shares his macro thematic views on key market drivers.
"Risk-on" Is a Misunderstood Risk that Needs To Be Hedged
2023 Will Feel Worse on Main Street than Wall Street
Diversification does not eliminate risk of loss. There is no assurance that a portfolio will achieve its investment objective. Portfolios are subject to market risk, which is the possibility that the market values of securities owned by the portfolio will decline and that the value of portfolio shares may therefore be less than what you paid for them. Market values can change daily due to economic and other events (e.g. natural disasters, health crises, terrorism, conflicts and social unrest) that affect markets, countries, companies or governments. It is difficult to predict the timing, duration, and potential adverse effects (e.g. portfolio liquidity) of events. Accordingly, you can lose money investing in this portfolio. Please be aware that this portfolio may be subject to certain additional risks. Fixed income securities are subject to the ability of an issuer to make timely principal and interest payments (credit risk), changes in interest rates (interest-rate risk), the creditworthiness of the issuer and general market liquidity (market risk). In a rising interest-rate environment, bond prices may fall and may result in periods of volatility and increased portfolio redemptions. In a declining interest-rate environment, the portfolio may generate less income. Longer-term securities may be more sensitive to interest rate changes. Mortgage- and asset-backed securities are sensitive to early prepayment risk and a higher risk of default, and may be hard to value and difficult to sell (liquidity risk). They are also subject to credit, market and interest rate risks. Certain U.S. government securities purchased by the Strategy, such as those issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. It is possible that these issuers will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future. High-yield securities ("junk bonds") are lower-rated securities that may have a higher degree of credit and liquidity risk. Public bank loans are subject to liquidity risk and the credit risks of lower-rated securities. Foreign securities are subject to currency, political, economic and market risks. The risks of investing emerging market countries are greater than risks associated with investments in foreign developed countries. Sovereign debt securities are subject to default risk. Derivative instruments may disproportionately increase losses and have a significant impact on performance. They also may be subject to counterparty, liquidity, valuation, correlation and market risks. Restricted and illiquid securities may be more difficult to sell and value than publicly traded securities (liquidity risk).
Past performance is no guarantee of future results. The returns referred to in the audio are those of representative indices and are not meant to depict the performance of a specific investment.
A separately managed account may not be appropriate for all investors. Separate accounts managed according to the particular Strategy may include securities that may not necessarily track the performance of a particular index. Please consider the investment objectives, risks and fees of the Strategy carefully before investing. A minimum asset level is required.
For important information about the investment managers, please refer to Form ADV Part 2.
The views and opinions and/or analysis expressed are those of the author or the investment team as of the date of preparation of this material and are subject to change at any time without notice due to market or economic conditions and may not necessarily come to pass. Furthermore, the views will not be updated or otherwise revised to reflect information that subsequently becomes available or circumstances existing, or changes occurring, after the date of publication. The views expressed do not reflect the opinions of all investment personnel at Morgan Stanley Investment Management (MSIM) and its subsidiaries and affiliates (collectively "the Firm"), and may not be reflected in all the strategies and products that the Firm offers.
In the EU, MSIM and Eaton Vance materials are issued by MSIM Fund Management (Ireland) Limited ("FMIL"). FMIL is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland and is incorporated in Ireland as a private company limited by shares with company registration number 616661 and has its registered address at The Observatory, 7-11 Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin 2, D02 VC42, Ireland.
In Switzerland, MSIM materials are issued by Morgan Stanley & Co. International plc, London (Zurich Branch) Authorised and regulated by the Eidgenössische Finanzmarktaufsicht ("FINMA"). Registered Office: Beethovenstrasse 33, 8002 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hong Kong: This material is disseminated by Morgan Stanley Asia Limited for use in Hong Kong and shall only be made available to "professional investors" as defined under the Securities and Futures Ordinance of Hong Kong (Cap 571). The contents of this material have not been reviewed nor approved by any regulatory authority including the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong. Accordingly, save where an exemption is available under the relevant law, this material shall not be issued, circulated, distributed, directed at, or made available to, the public in Hong Kong. Singapore: This material is disseminated by Morgan Stanley Investment Management Company and should not be considered to be the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to the public or any member of the public in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under section 304 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore ("SFA"); (ii) to a "relevant person" (which includes an accredited investor) pursuant to section 305 of the SFA, and such distribution is in accordance with the conditions specified in section 305 of the SFA; or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA. This publication has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Australia: This material is disseminated in Australia by Morgan Stanley Investment Management (Australia) Pty Limited ACN: 122040037, AFSL No. 314182, which accept responsibility for its contents. This publication, and any access to it, is intended only for "wholesale clients" within the meaning of the Australian Corporations Act. Calvert Research and Management, ARBN 635 157 434 is regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission under U.S. laws which differ from Australian laws. Calvert Research and Management is exempt from the requirement to hold an Australian financial services licence in accordance with class order 03/1100 in respect of the provision of financial services to wholesale clients in Australia.
For professional investors, this material is circulated or distributed for informational purposes only. For those who are not professional investors, this material is provided in relation to Morgan Stanley Investment Management (Japan) Co., Ltd. ("MSIMJ")'s business with respect to discretionary investment management agreements ("IMA") and investment advisory agreements ("IAA"). This is not for the purpose of a recommendation or solicitation of transactions or offers any particular financial instruments. Under an IMA, with respect to management of assets of a client, the client prescribes basic management policies in advance and commissions MSIMJ to make all investment decisions based on an analysis of the value, etc. of the securities, and MSIMJ accepts such commission. The client shall delegate to MSIMJ the authorities necessary for making investment. MSIMJ exercises the delegated authorities based on investment decisions of MSIMJ, and the client shall not make individual instructions. All investment profits and losses belong to the clients; principal is not guaranteed. Please consider the investment objectives and nature of risks before investing. As an investment advisory fee for an IAA or an IMA, the amount of assets subject to the contract multiplied by a certain rate (the upper limit is 2.20% per annum (including tax)) shall be incurred in proportion to the contract period. For some strategies, a contingency fee may be incurred in addition to the fee mentioned above. Indirect charges also may be incurred, such as brokerage commissions for incorporated securities. Since these charges and expenses are different depending on a contract and other factors, MSIMJ cannot present the rates, upper limits, etc. in advance. All clients should read the Documents Provided Prior to the Conclusion of a Contract carefully before executing an agreement. This material is disseminated in Japan by MSIMJ, Registered No. 410 (Director of Kanto Local Finance Bureau (Financial Instruments Firms)), Membership: the Japan Securities Dealers Association, The Investment Trusts Association, Japan, the Japan Investment Advisers Association and the Type II Financial Instruments Firms Association.


Do we drink more alcohol in the summer?
Is it just me, or is summer the season for drinking the most alcohol?
Though alcohol is acceptable in many social settings, it is addictive and can create dependencies that are difficult to reverse.
Seasonal alcohol abuse may be common for those of a certain trade, age, or demographic.
Well that surely depends on the person and living situation. You could argue that the summer weather lends more to outdoor activities and social events. But you could also say winter weather leads to more consumption based on there being less to do, leading to boredom and drinking. In my experience I would agree that summer seems like higher times for "partying". On the other hand I cannot speak for countless other people.
What does "blacked out" mean?
Can you get drunk from drinking hand sanitizer?
Is it OK to drink alcohol for stress relief?
What can I do if my parents are problem alcoholics?
What is drug and alcohol tolerance?
Is there more drinking in college or trades?
Can I give my teenager a glass of wine at dinner?


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As a consequence, such students search for the best essay help to make certain that their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in agreement with all academic standards. You may also be asked to compose an abstract lit review APA so you don't neglect to capture everything when undertaking the undertaking. Or the review might revolve around the financial effects of whaling on a community.
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When selecting a topic to research, it is helpful to have a very clear comprehension of what it is you would like to research before setting out on your literature search. Always think about the research you have read about. What purpose does this serve in research.


text:
.class Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;
.super Ljava/lang/Object;
.source "AdapterViewAnimator.java"

# interfaces
.implements Ljava/lang/Runnable;

# annotations
.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingMethod;
    value = Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->checkForAndHandleDataChanged()V
.end annotation

.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;
    accessFlags = 0x0
    name = null
.end annotation

# instance fields
.field final synthetic this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

# direct methods
.method constructor <init>(Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;)V
    .locals 0
    .parameter

    .prologue
    .line 736
    iput-object p1, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    invoke-direct/range {p0 .. p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;-><init>()V

    return-void
.end method

# virtual methods
.method public run()V
    .locals 3

    .prologue
    const/4 v2, 0x0

    .line 738
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    invoke-virtual {v0}, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->handleDataChanged()V

    .line 741
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    iget v0, v0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->mWhichChild:I

    iget-object v1, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    invoke-virtual {v1}, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->getWindowSize()I

    move-result v1

    if-lt v0, v1, :cond_1

    .line 742
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    iput v2, v0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->mWhichChild:I

    .line 744
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    iget-object v1, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    iget v1, v1, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->mWhichChild:I

    invoke-virtual {v0, v1, v2}, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->showOnly(IZ)V

    .line 748
    :cond_0
    :goto_0
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    invoke-virtual {v0}, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->refreshChildren()V

    .line 749
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    invoke-virtual {v0}, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->requestLayout()V

    .line 750
    return-void

    .line 745
    :cond_1
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    iget v0, v0, Landroid/widget/AdapterView;->mOldItemCount:I

    iget-object v1, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    invoke-virtual {v1}, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->getCount()I

    move-result v1

    if-eq v0, v1, :cond_0

    .line 746
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    iget-object v1, p0, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator$2;->this$0:Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;

    iget v1, v1, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->mWhichChild:I

    invoke-virtual {v0, v1, v2}, Landroid/widget/AdapterViewAnimator;->showOnly(IZ)V

    goto :goto_0
.end method

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Blockchain Technology Will Not Disrupt Financial Services Anytime Soon
Other Posts by Jim
Authored by: Jim Goldberg
Twenty venture capitalists gathered in Silicon Valley last week to discuss the impact of blockchain technology, including digital currency, on financial services and venture capital. The 20 VCs represent an equal number of funds, which invest–or are looking for investment opportunities–all over the world, including the third world. They represented a diverse group of perspectives, with some having regulatory experience, some having experience with conventional payment mechanisms and some with innovative mechanisms such as PayPal. Even their disagreements were instructive of the uncertain future of blockchain technology and its various potential applications.
The consensus is that digital currency is entering a nuclear winter. A majority of Initial Coin Offerings made in 2017–perhaps as much as 75%–turned out to be fraudulent and have no value today. Not coincidentally, the vast majority of Initial Coin Offerings originated in Eastern European countries that are home to spam and bot farms…and where there is little, if any, regulatory oversight.
To the extent bitcoins may become a viable, commercial technology for B2B transactions, it is likely to occur in a technology hub in the U.S. or Europe. Those hubs have the talent, the infrastructure and the robust regulatory structures that can be adapted to ICOs and create the trust necessary to make digital currency a positive, viable alternative to government currencies. In fact, the centralization of technology talent in the U.S. is depriving the rest of the world of talent.
The attempts of island states, like Bermuda, Malta, Cyprus, the Isle of Mann, and even Singapore to draft regulations that facilitate the creation of bitcoin issuers on their soil is unlikely to have a significant impact. Nobody who is experienced and seriously intends to build a global digital technology company and change the financial services industry on a global scale will think one can create the necessary large organization on these islands. These islands do not have an ecosystem of sophisticated VCs and do not have a critical mass of talented engineers. The island states are going for broke because they have so little to lose. When and if the technology matures, U.S. companies will step in and crush competitors based in these islands.
A self-described "payment geek on the corporate side," whose job it is to look at emerging technologies to enhance the customer experience of both merchants and consumers and their acceptance of payment mechanisms, does not see blockchain technology as providing the immediacy, transparency and security required for commercial transactions, at least in developed economies. The current system for moving money around the world for payments is inexpensive and secure, so there is no great impetus for large corporations to switch to digital currency. Digital currencies are expensive to use–last year the cost per transaction was $60–but are still subject to loss and theft.
Digital currencies are also not capable of applying internet technology, especially the interoperability effect. They are missing the abstraction layer, where if you are building on the internet, it does not matter what device or network you are connected to.
To reduce the cost of digital currency transactions, there must be more competition in currency creation, all subject to a common protocol, which has yet to be developed. One participant opined that to become competitive, a Fintech company must first achieve scale at any cost–i.e. even if not profitable–and then be nimble in searching and finding a viable business model. While it is difficult to make money on payments, it can get you scale and the opportunity to make money on extending credit.
Even in India, where the government wanted to get away from a largely cash payment system that it cannot control and tax, the movement is to the wallet space, rather than the digital space, where it can be coupled by the unique ID the government has assigned to each citizen.
Bitcoins are not a good vehicle for money laundering, as the blockchain leaves a digital trace as to who owned the coin. The traceability of bitcoin brought down the Silk Road … and the FBI agents who pocketed $700,000 in coins!
Many VCs present believe that the real user cases for block chain technologies are not consumer payments currently, because blockchains do not scale and have high processing costs and challenging usability issues. To build out the fundamental technologies to overcome these limitations will take 5-10 years. Currently attractive may be commercial applications to solve non-financial identity problems, such as the chain of title identity issues that title companies confront or tracking secondary ticket sales to control scalping in entertainment venues.
Recently, companies seeking to raise money were offering investors tokens instead of, or in addition to, equity. Investors, however, have backed off ICOs in favor of equity in return for their investment. Until regulatory compliance is built into tokens/digital securities, so that they can be freely traded on the secondary market, there will be no market for tokens. Venture capitalists still generally prefer equity, because equity is easier to value with some certainty, making allocation of assets easier, and more liquid than tokens, in addition to having ownership or attribution rights. (Some companies offered tokens that were convertible to equity, given the preference.)
As for investing in digital currency companies, one VC noted that 75% of VCs destroy value and that superior returns accrue only to a small circle of VCs who are early stage investors. However, in early stage investing, there is a 40% chance of complete asset loss.
Regulators in the U.S. currently see ICOs as securities offerings and not as utility tokens. The VCs debated whether ICOs should be limited to accredited investors. One VC argued that requiring a $1,000,000 in assets to be accredited is arbitrary, inequitable and undemocratic and that perhaps accreditation should be conditioned on passing some kind of test, so that a smart, young software engineer might be able to get in on the game without $1,000,000 in assets. Another VC said that most Americans have already taken on more risk and debt than they should and that asset based accreditation is prudent to protect the public. He also argued that weak regulation led to the subprime mortgage crisis and the catastrophic loss of homeowner equity that ensued and that strong regulations are necessary to protect the public and build investor confidence.
Thoughts on Payment Systems for Banks
Bryan Cave Hosts ACAMS Atlanta Chapter Event on Digital Currencies
Webinar: What In-House Counsel Should Know About Data Privacy and Data Security Issues in Big Data
Potential Securities Relief on the Horizon
New Year, New You – What's on Your Bank's List of New Year's Resolutions?


The Olive Garden used to have the most amazing seafood dip, San Remo Dip, on their menu. Like any good chain, they got rid of it. We were appalled, then we went to the interwebs and found our own recipe.
All in all, a perfectly suitable substitute. A little on the thin side, so next time I would simmer for a longer amount of time till it's nice and thick. Yum! Serve with your favorite bread sticks, sliced baguette or crackers.
In a two quart sauce pan on medium low temperature, heat olive oil and blend in flour. Add to flour the liquids that were reserve from the shrimp and crab, stir well. To sauce, add cubed cream cheese, salt, crushed garlic, horseradish, and stir until smooth. Add Asiago and Parmesan cheeses and stir until smooth.
When the cheese have been melted and sauce is smooth, add shrimp and crab and mix well. Let simmer until heated through. Finally add half and half a little at a time until the seafood sauce starts to simmer and begins to resemble warm pudding. Let sauce simmer for 12 - 15 minutes. Stir sauce so it will not scorch on bottom.
In a shallow baking dish 9" diameter, spray with non-stick spray and place drained marinara sauce and carefully spoon seafood sauce on top. Sprinkle with freshly shredded Parmesan cheese and place in a preheated oven at 325, for 10 - 15 minutes, until heated through. Dip should not brown on top. Serve with bread.
I have been a follower for a while! I love your blog! You share some yumminess! I would love it if you stopped by and became my newest follower!
Oooh, this looks good too! Great app for a party!
Oh my gosh I about cried when they took it off the menu! It was hands down my favorite- I always just ordered the dip for myself and a salad! I can't wait to try this!!!!
OH MY WORD. That looks delish!
YUM!! i'm going to have to try this!!! thanks for sharing!
I think we would be licking the bowl clean! Man alive this sounds so good! Thanks for linking up to Hunk of Meat Monday!
Sounds phenomenal! The San Remo dip is bringing back memories of the seafood crepes that my mom used to make. I may have to give the trip down memory lane an extended tour and make this dip for our next "Happy Hour"!


text:
About Mt. Juliet Police
The Police and Fire Emergency Communications Center is located at the Mt. Juliet Police Department and is staffed 24/7 by police and fire dispatchers. The Communications Center manages communications for the Police and Fire Departments between citizens, firefighters, and police officers.
This Communications Center is the critical link between the community and Mt. Juliet's emergency services. We are committed to gathering and disseminating important information to help protect life, property, and the environment. In doing so, the Emergency Communications Center strives to provide citizens with the highest level of service.
The Communications Center currently consists of 10 full-time dispatchers, which includes one supervisor. These dedicated men and women are trained to serve the public and handle very busy telephone lines and very stressful, life-threatening situations. The dispatchers are required to be certified by Tennessee state law. They complete a 40 hour Tennessee Information Enforcement System (TIES) basic certification course through the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation. The TIES network is the link that allows access to state and federal communications system, including:
The TBI's Tennessee Criminal History Repository
Tennessee Department of Safety databases
The Tennessee Crime Information Center
The FBI's National Crime Information Center
The National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System
This Communications Center is a vital part in emergency services and community service provided by the Mt. Juliet Police Department.
Tracy Evans
Communications Supervisor
Records & Court Unit
Evidence & Property Unit
Community Engagement Unit
Reserve Officer Unit
Send Anonymous Tip
Mt. Juliet Police Department
1019 Charlie Daniels Parkway
Non-Emergency Phone: 615-754-2550
Emergency Phone: Dial 911
Smartway Traffic Map
Mt. Juliet City Site


Patrick MacCoon is an avid sports lover who joined the Chattanooga Times Free Press January 2, 2019. He covers prep sports along with the Chattanooga Football Club and Chattanooga Red Wolves. Patrick is a fan of Atlanta professional sports and began reading newspapers at an early age to analyze the MLB box scores. He is a graduate from Red Bank High School and the University of Tennessee (Knoxville).
The Chattanooga Red Wolves will go for their second straight win in Saturday night's match in Greenville, South Carolina.
Defensive mastermind Derrick Davis will be calling the shots for McMinn Central.


Paul Martin's American Grill is a neighborhood restaurant where genuine hospitality and dedication can lead to a lifetime career. We are a growing restaurant concept and are looking for enthusiastic associates to join our team! If you are friendly, thrive in fast-paced environments, and love great food, then this job is for you.


text:
HistorySociety & Culture
Egypt Opens Two Ancient Pyramids, Unveils New Finds
Egypt on Saturday opened two ancient pyramids south of the capital Cairo and unveiled a collection of newly found sarcophagi, some containing well-preserved mummies.
Antiquities Minister Khaled al-Anani told reporters the Bent Pyramid of King Sneferu, the first pharaoh of Egypt's 4th dynasty, and a nearby pyramid would be reopened to visitors for the first time since 1965.
He also said a team of archaeologists had uncovered sarcophagi and the remains of an ancient wall dating back to the Middle Kingdom some 4,000 years ago.
The finds were made during excavation work in the royal necropolis of Dahshur on the west bank of the Nile River, in an area home to some of Egypt's oldest pyramids.
"Several stone, clay and wooden sarcophagi were found and some contain mummies in good condition," the antiquities ministry said in a statement.
The ancient wall stretches some 60 metres and is situated south of the pyramid of 12th dynasty pharaoh King Amenemhat II, al-so in the Dahshur necropolis.
The finds also included funerary masks as well as tools dating back to the Late Period — which spanned almost 300 years up to Alexander the Great's conquest of Egypt in 332 BC — used for cutting stones, the ministry said.
Egypt has in recent years sought to promote archaeological discoveries across the country in a bid to revive tourism, which took a hit from the turmoil that followed its 2011 uprising.
Related: Sarah Forbes Bonetta, the Enslaved Yoruba Girl Who Was Gifted to the Queen of England in 1850
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text:
james@electec-contractor.co.uk
Electrical Fault Finding
Electrical Installation Condition Reports (EICR)
Rewires
Fuse Board Replacements
General Domestic Installations
General Maintenance (Domestic or Commercial)
Electec Contractor - Electrical Contractor LondonAbout Us
About Us Electec 24th October 2014 19th November 2018
Electec Electrical Contractors Limited has been an established business for over 10 years servicing the London and South West Region. We have been helping residential and business customers with electrical issues since 2006.
Our repertoire of work and experience during this time ranges from repairs and installations, such as; changing fault sockets, switches and light fittings. To the large and more complex; replacing fuseboxes, EIC Reports & full house re-wires.
If you are looking for a professional, tidy and punctual service Electec's fully qualified NAPIT registered electricians are here to help.
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text:
Jésus et Israël est un livre de Jules Isaac paru en 1948 chez Albin Michel puis, à partir de 1959, aux Éditions Fasquelle.

Il est le premier livre de Jules Isaac qui analyse « l'enseignement du mépris » par les églises chrétiennes à l'encontre des Juifs, et conclut au « redressement nécessaire de l'enseignement chrétien ». L'auteur le qualifie de « livre véhément », de « méditation » qui « ne vise qu'à purifier ».

Contexte
Largement écrit durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale dans un bourg du Berry où Jules Isaac, âgé de plus de soixante-cinq ans, était caché pour échapper aux persécutions nazis contre les Juifs, ce livre est dédié in memoriam à sa femme et à sa fille, « tuées par les nazis d'Hitler, tuées simplement parce qu'elles s'appelaient ISAAC », à Auschwitz.

L'expérience de l'auteur en rédaction de manuels scolaires depuis 1914, dont les fameux Malet et Isaac, donne à Jésus et Israël un ton et une forme pédagogiques.

Genèse de l'ouvrage
Jules Isaac est inspecteur général de l'Instruction publique quand il est révoqué en 1941 en vertu du statut discriminatoire des Juifs du gouvernement de Vichy. Il doit se réfugier en  Haute-Loire, puis au Chambon-sur-Lignon, puis à Saint-Agrève, puis à Riom où sa femme, sa fille et son gendre sont arrêtés par la Gestapo pour être assassinés à Auschwitz. Dans ce contexte de persécutions, il relit les évangiles où il ne trouve rien qui justifie l'antisémitisme. Dans son Carnets aux lépreux il écrit :

À la suite de ce constat, Jules Isaac se met à rédiger un texte intitulé : Quelques constatations basées sur la lecture des évangiles qu'il envoie en  à Maurice Blondel, qui n'y prête guère d'attention et au pasteur André Trocmé qui, lui, l'encourage à poursuivre.

Son mémoire, conservé dans le fonds Isaac, compte alors 61 pages dactylographiées. Jules Isaac poursuit :  Il insiste

Contenu
Ce livre consiste en vingt-et-une Propositions qui analysent les principaux préjugés véhiculés par l'enseignement chrétien et montrent comment les redresser.

Première partie : Jésus, Juif selon la chair
 I. La religion chrétienne est fille de la religion juive.
 II. Jésus dans sa vie humaine fut un Juif, un simple artisan juif.
 III. Juive était la famille de Jésus, juive était Marie sa mère, juifs leur entourage et leur parenté.
 IV. Chaque jour de l'An, l'Église commémore la circoncision de l'Enfant Jésus.
 V. L'appellation Jésus-Christ est essentiellement sémitique : Jésus est un nom juif, Christ est l'équivalent grec du terme juif "Messie".
 VI. Jésus, comme tous les Juifs auxquels il s'adressait, parlait araméen, langue proche de l'hébreu.

Deuxième partie : L'évangile dans la synagogue
 VII. La religion juive n'était pas dégénérée, tout atteste l'intensité et la profondeur de la vie spirituelle en Israël à cette époque.
 VIII. L'enseignement de Jésus s'est fait dans le cadre traditionnel du judaïsme, dans les synagogues et dans le Temple même.
 IX. Jésus est né et a vécu sous la Loi juive, et n'en a ni annoncé ni prononcé l'abrogation.
 X. L'Évangile prêché par Jésus dans les synagogues et dans le Temple se rattache directement à la tradition juive, de même que les Évangiles.

Troisième partie : Jésus et son peuple
 XI. Au temps de Jésus, la "Dispersion" juive était accomplie depuis longtemps, la majeure partie du peuple juif ne vivait pas en Israël.
 XII. Donc le peuple juif « dans sa masse » n'a pas pu repousser Jésus, il est plus probable qu'il ne l'a même pas connu.
 XIII. Au contraire, sauf rare exception, partout où Jésus est passé, le peuple juif lui a fait un accueil enthousiaste.
 XIV. Il aurait fallu que Jésus se présente comme le Fils de Dieu pour être rejeté comme tel, or il très douteux qu'il l'ait fait.
 XV. Jésus n'a pas prononcé un arrêt de condamnation contre son propre peuple, mais contre un certain pharisaïsme, qu'on trouve dans toutes les religions.

Quatrième partie : Le crime de déicide
 XVI. On enseigne depuis dix-huit siècles que le peuple juif est pleinement responsable de la Crucifixion, il n'est pas d'accusation plus meurtrière et qui ait fait couler autant de sang innocent.
 XVII. Jésus a désigné les responsables de la Passion : les notables, espèce commune, dont le peuple juif n'est pas plus responsable que ne le sont les autres peuples.
 XVIII. Jeanne d'Arc aussi a été condamnée par un tribunal de grands-prêtres et de scribes, sauf que le procès de Jésus n'a laissé aucune trace historique.
 XIX. Les quelques textes évangéliques qui semblent rendre responsable le peuple juif sont divergents et contiennent des invraisemblances.
 XX. Pourtant la dévotion dite chrétienne n'a jamais cessé d'exploiter le thème de la Crucifixion contre le peuple juif tout entier.

Conclusion
 XXI. Puissent les chrétiens reconnaître et réparer leurs criantes iniquités, car Jésus n'a ni rejeté ni maudit Israël, et le peuple juif n'a ni rejeté ni crucifié Jésus.

Annexe ou conclusion pratique
Le livre se clôt par une annexe de quatre pages intitulée « Le redressement nécessaire de l'enseignement chrétien ». Elle comporte dix-huit recommandations, susceptibles d'êtres comparées avec les Dix points de la Conférence de Seelisberg, qui sont en substance les suivantes :

Donner à tous les chrétiens une connaissance de l'Ancien Testament, en rappelant qu'il est l'Écriture sainte des Juifs.

Rappeler qu'une grande partie de la liturgie chrétienne lui est empruntée.

Rappeler que c'est le peuple juif qui a sauvegardé et transmis au monde chrétien la croyance fondamentale en Dieu.

Reconnaître et dire loyalement que le christianisme est né d'un judaïsme non pas dégénéré mais vivace.

Reconnaître que l'histoire donne un démenti formel au mythe de la Dispersion comme châtiment de la Crucifixion, puisque cette dispersion lui est antérieure.

Mettre en garde contre l'emploi fréquent du collectif « les Juifs » pour désigner les grands-prêtres et pharisiens ennemis de Jésus, alors que l'ensemple du peuple n'est nullement en cause.

Dire très explicitement que Jésus était juif, de vieille famille juive, circoncis selon la Loi juive, que son nom est juif (Yeschouha) et Christ la traduction du terme juif Messie, et qu'il parlait la langue de tous les Juifs.

Reconnaître que Jésus, né sous la Loi juive, a vécu sous la Loi, qu'il n'a cessé de pratiquer les rites juifs essentiels, et qu'il a prêché son Évangile dans les synagogue et dans le temple.

Ne pas omettre que sur terre Jésus « a été serviteur des circoncis » et que tous ses apôtres étaient des juifs.

Bien montrer que, sauf rares exceptions, Jésus n'a pas cessé d'obtenir les sympathies enthousiastes des masses populaires juives.

Se garder d'affirmer que Jésus en personne a été rejeté par le peuple juif.

Les grands-prêtres qui ont fait arrêter et condamné Jésus ne représentaient qu'une étroite caste oligarchique asservie à Rome et détestée du peuple.

Ne pas forcer les textes pour y trouver une réprobation d'Israël qui ne s'y trouve pas, alors que Jésus a toujours manifesté au peuple compassion et amour.

Se garder par-dessus tout de l'affirmation traditionnelle que le peuple juif a commis le crime inexpiable de déicide, et qu'il en a pris la responsabilité.

Mettre en lumière que les grands-prêtres ont agi contre Jésus à l'insu du peuple et même par crainte du peuple.

Quant au procès juif de Jésus, reconnaître que le quatrième évangile n'en fait nulle mention, et que le peuple juif n'y a joué aucun rôle et n'en a probablement rien su.

Quant au procès romain de Jésus, reconnaître que le procurateur Ponce Pilate était entièrement maître de la vie de Jésus, que la prétention messianique pour laquelle il a été condamné était un crime pour les Romains mais non pour les Juifs, et que la croix était un supplice spécifiquement romain.

Enfin ne pas oublier que le cri monstrueux : « Son sang soit sur nous et sur nos enfants » ne saurait prévaloir contre la Parole : « Père, pardonnez-leur, car ils ne savent pas ce qu'ils font. »

Réception du livre et postérité

Les dix-huit points de la « conclusion pratique » de ce livre inspirent directement en 1947 les Dix points de la Conférence de Seelisberg visant éradiquer les causes de l'antisémitisme chrétien.

Ce livre sert aussi à introduire l'auteur auprès des papes qui le reçoivent en audience : en , Pie XII auquel Jules Isaac demande la révision de la prière universelle du Vendredi Saint (l'oraison Oremus et pro perfidis Judaeis...) ; en , Jean XXIII auquel il remet un dossier contenant le programme découlant de ce livre, pour le redressement de l'enseignement chrétien concernant Israël.

Poursuivant ce dialogue avec l'église catholique, Paul Giniewski développera les thèmes principaux de Jésus et Israël. Il divise son livre La croix des Juifs (1994) en quatre parties dont les titres sont des citations de Jules Isaac : L'enseignement du mépris ; La pratique du mépris ; Esquisse d'un enseignement de l'estime ; La timide pratique de l'estime. Une même perspective se retrouve dans son autre livre sur le même sujet, L'antijudaïsme chrétien (2000) : sa deuxième partie expose « le nouvel enseignement de l'estime ». Et encore dans Israël et l'Occident (2008) : l'introduction est titrée « Une contribution à l'enseignement de l'estime ».

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Disputations judéo-chrétiennes
 Antijudaïsme
 Relations entre judaïsme et christianisme
 Ecclesia et Synagoga
 Peuple déicide

Bibliographie
 , dernière édition, avec annotations de l'auteur.
 Jules Isaac, Genèse de l'antisémitisme, Calmann-Lévy, Paris, 1956, « Une suite logique de Jésus et Israël ». Réédité dans la collection 10/18, 1995.
 Paul Giniewski, La croix des Juifs, préfacé par Léon Poliakov et le père Jean Dujardin, éd. MJR, Genève, 1994, 450 p.
 Paul Giniewski, L'antijudaïsme chrétien. La Mutation, Salvator, 2000, 686 p.

Notes

Essai sur la religion
Antisémitisme
Relations entre juifs et chrétiens

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
After 7 Years, ISO Publish Technical PRC Document For 3D PDF Standards
In December 2014, ISO announced their approval of the standard for PRC in 3D PDF documents. On the 31st January 2015, the BSI officially publishes the long awaited accompanying technical document.
London, UK (PRWEB) January 31, 2015
Visual Technology Services, the company behind PDF3D, has spent many years campaigning for the approval of standards for PRC in 3D documentation, alongside Adobe and many others involved in the PDF community. After 7 years of refining, reviewing and voting, ISO finally announced the new standard ISO 14739-1:2014 and as of today, the BSI has published the eagerly awaited 284-page technical document that supports it.
PRC (Product Representation Compact) refers to the file format for 3D content in models and data. It can be used, as an alternative to the older U3D, for creating, storing, viewing and sharing 3D data in 3D PDF documents. It enables the display of various kinds of 3D data similar to that generated in CAD systems. For that reason, PRC is widely used in the CAD PLM Manufacturing, Engineering, Geospatial 3D Mapping, Surveying and the Mineral Exploration industries.
As the UK representative for international PDF standards, Ian Curington of PFD3D has been heavily involved behind the scenes on raising awareness of PRC. "PRC enables users to view high quality, detailed 3D images without having access to the original software used to create it. In that respect, it's a very important piece of technology and is used, often unknowingly, by millions of people around the world", explained Ian.
Adobe acquired the PRC intellectual property back in 2008 and submitted the format specifications to ISO shortly after. Seven years later, after a great deal of work by many in the team alongside PDF3D and Adobe, the publication has been released. "It's been a long journey," added Ian, "but we're all delighted with the announcement."
A review of the document titled 'Document management -- 3D use of Product Representation Compact (PRC) format -- Part 1: PRC 10001' is available here: http://www.pdf3d.com/news.php#P90
To read more about PRC, or to see the technology being used in 3D PDF Conversion Software, visit http://www.pdf3d.com
The ISO standard PRC format specification document may be obtained directly from ISO at: http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54948
or in the United Kingdom from BSI (British Standards Institution) at: http://www.bsigroup.com/
Background and information on the PRC format can be seen at: http://www.pdf3d.com/prc.php
The technical document 'Document management -- 3D use of Product Representation Compact (PRC) format -- Part 1: PRC 10001' Version 1.0, 2014 Edition is referenced under ISBN 978 0 580 68764 8 at http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030208201
About PDF3D
PDF3D (http://www.pdf3d.com) produce a suite of widely respected software products and plugins for engineers, scientists and developers who need to communicate complex data and 3D models to others in the universally accessible PDF format. PDF3D's technology provides the fastest and easiest-to-use, highly compressed 3D PDF conversion available for an ever-increasing range of formats and tools. From 3D CAD to GIS, DWG and LIDAR, PDF3D works closely with users and programmers within the engineering, geospatial, geology, aerospace, architecture, medical and product packaging communities worldwide.
Ian Curington
Visual Technology Services Ltd.


text:
Collaborative Robots Offer Game Changing Benefits
Cobots from Universal Robots give companies access to all the benefits of advanced robotic automation, with none of the extra costs associated with traditional robot programming, set-up, and dedicated, shielded work cells. This makes robotic automation affordable for SMEs, small-batch production runs, and other setups where it would otherwise be too expensive.
Easy Programming
Patented technology lets operators with no programming experience quickly set up and operate our cobots with intuitive, 3D visualization. Simply move the robot arm to desired waypoints or touch the arrow keys on the easy-to-use touchscreen tablet.
Universal Robots has revolutionized cobot set-up, reducing typical robotic deployment measured in weeks to a matter of hours. The average set-up time reported by our customers is only half a day. The out-of-box experience for an untrained operator to unpack the cobot, mount it, and program the first simple task is typically less than an hour.
Flexible Deployment
Don't be limited by dedicated robotics. Universal Robots are lightweight, space-saving, and easy to re-deploy to multiple applications without changing your production layout. Moving the cobot to new processes is fast and easy, giving you the agility to automate almost any manual task, including those with small batches or fast change-overs. The cobot is able to re-use programs for recurrent tasks.
Collaborative & Safe
Now you can replace human operators in dirty, dangerous, and dull jobs to reduce repetitive strain and accidental injuries. Eighty percent of the thousands of UR robots worldwide operate with no safety guarding (after risk assessment), right beside human operators. The safety system of our robots is approved and certified by TÜV(The German Technical Inspection Association).
FLEXIBLE UR10 BOOSTS PRODUCTION WITH ROBOTICS, ORKLA FOODS SVERIGE, KUMLA
UR10 helps food company Orkla foods in Kumla streamline production and create operational stability in the packing of food in cartons. It proved very easy to implement and easy to teach the employees to handle and operate the robot. It works well in various networks of production machines, is easy to move and requires no extensive safety installations.
On January 1, 2014, Orkla Foods Sverige was "born", after a successful integration of the three food companies Abba Seafood, Procordia Food and Frödinge. Based in Eslöv, the company has a number of production facilities throughout Sweden. Currently, they are located in Eslöv, Tollarp, Fågelmara, Frödinge, Kungshamn, Örebro, Vansbro and Kumla.
Among other products, the Kumla factory prepares vanilla cream. Before Orkla Foods Sweden invested in Universal Robots UR10, the vanilla cream bags were packed manually in the cartons. The aim was to find an automation solution which could work with other production machines in a network, would be easy to move and program and able to operate alongside employees without extensive safety installations.
"An important requirement was that the robot had to work flawlessly so that we would not need supervision or extra support for it to work. It would also be a major advantage if it did not require safety guarding around it and could work safely alongside our employees", says Johan Linné, Site Manager, Orkla Food Kumla.
After a tip from a local business, the company had a demonstration of the UR10 and was impressed. The automated process involves the placing of bags in cartons. The robot works independently but is part of a network with a carton erector, a carton sealer and is fed by a filling machine. Things are made simple with the UR10 robot, says Johan Linné, and adds that it helps the company streamline and remove heavy lifting and tedious repetitive tasks for the operator.
"It has worked very well", he summarizes. "It is flexible, easy to implement, simple to program and can perform various tasks in a network with other machines."
"An important advantage is that the robot stops if you bump into it, meaning that it is safe and does not require any safety guarding around it which makes it more integrated with the employees."
"We have got a more economic and stable operation and we are now looking into whether there are other applications where we can use this type of robot".
The payback time of the investment in the UR10 is about six months, Johan Linné concludes.
Schedule a Universal Robots Collaborative Robot Demo today.
Sep 5th 2018
#collaborative robots


The Spring Meadow Scarf Knit Along has come to an end, friends! You can visit the giveaway host, AllFreeKnitting, to find out who won the giveaway, and if you missed the week 6 tutorial video, it's in this post!
Fern lace is one of my favorite lace patterns of all time, and in today, week 5 of 7 of the spring knit along, we're getting the chance to knit another scarf section with it!
It's the midway point of this knit along, friends! We're at post 4 of 7, and we're knitting the middle panel of the scarf this week.
Week 3 of the Spring Meadow Scarf KAL features a special transition to seamlessly move from one lace pattern to the next.
Jump on week two of the Spring Meadow Scarf knit along with some fern lace!
Cast on & knit the first section of the Spring Meadow knit along with me – this first week involves gathering supplies and starting the scarf, working 15 repeats of vine lace, which is knit over 4 rows.
Spring Meadow Scarf Knit Along!
I'm hosting AllFreeKnitting's first knit along, and I designed a really special lace scarf inspired by the season just for it. Take a look at some pictures of the Spring Meadow Scarf in this post and get excited to cast on this one skein, perfect-for-the-season project!


text:
// Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.

#if FEATURE_APPDOMAIN

using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes;
using System.Security;

using Microsoft.Build.Framework;
using Microsoft.Build.Shared;
using Microsoft.Build.Shared.FileSystem;
using Microsoft.Build.Utilities;

#nullable disable

namespace Microsoft.Build.Tasks
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Registers a managed assembly for COM interop (equivalent of regasm.exe functionality, but this code doesn't actually call the exe).
    /// </summary>
    /// <comment>ITypeLibExporterNotifySink is necessary for the ITypeLibConverter.ConvertAssemblyToTypeLib call.</comment>
    public class RegisterAssembly : AppDomainIsolatedTaskExtension, ITypeLibExporterNotifySink
    {
        #region Properties

        [Required]
        public ITaskItem[] Assemblies
        {
            get
            {
                ErrorUtilities.VerifyThrowArgumentNull(_assemblies, nameof(Assemblies));
                return _assemblies;
            }
            set => _assemblies = value;
        }

        private ITaskItem[] _assemblies;

        [Output]
        public ITaskItem[] TypeLibFiles { get; set; }

        public bool CreateCodeBase { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The cache file for Register/UnregisterAssembly. Necessary for UnregisterAssembly to do the proper clean up.
        /// </summary>
        public ITaskItem AssemblyListFile { get; set; }

        #endregion

        #region ITask members

        /// <summary>
        /// Task entry point
        /// </summary>
        public override bool Execute()
        {
            // TypeLibFiles isn't [Required], but if it is specified, it must have the same length as Assemblies
            if ((TypeLibFiles != null) && (TypeLibFiles.Length != Assemblies.Length))
            {
                Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("General.TwoVectorsMustHaveSameLength", Assemblies.Length, TypeLibFiles.Length, "Assemblies", "TypeLibFiles");
                return false;
            }

            if (TypeLibFiles == null)
            {
                TypeLibFiles = new ITaskItem[Assemblies.Length];
            }

            AssemblyRegistrationCache cacheFile = null;

            if ((AssemblyListFile?.ItemSpec.Length > 0))
            {
                cacheFile = (AssemblyRegistrationCache)StateFileBase.DeserializeCache(AssemblyListFile.ItemSpec, Log, typeof(AssemblyRegistrationCache)) ??
                            new AssemblyRegistrationCache();
            }

            bool taskReturnValue = true;

            try
            {
                for (int i = 0; i < Assemblies.Length; i++)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        string tlbPath;

                        // if the type lib path is not supplied, generate default one
                        if ((TypeLibFiles[i]?.ItemSpec.Length > 0))
                        {
                            tlbPath = TypeLibFiles[i].ItemSpec;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            tlbPath = Path.ChangeExtension(Assemblies[i].ItemSpec, ".tlb");
                            TypeLibFiles[i] = new TaskItem(tlbPath);
                        }

                        // If one of assemblies failed to register, the whole task failed.
                        // We still process the rest of assemblies though.
                        if (!Register(Assemblies[i].ItemSpec, tlbPath))
                        {
                            taskReturnValue = false;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            cacheFile?.AddEntry(Assemblies[i].ItemSpec, tlbPath);
                        }
                    }
                    catch (ArgumentException ex) // assembly path has invalid chars in it
                    {
                        Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("General.InvalidAssemblyName", Assemblies[i], ex.Message);
                        taskReturnValue = false;
                    }
#if DEBUG
                    catch (Exception e)
                    {
                        Debug.Assert(false, "Unexpected exception in AssemblyRegistration.Execute. " +
                            "Please log a MSBuild bug specifying the steps to reproduce the problem. " +
                            e.Message);
                        throw;
                    }
#endif
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                cacheFile?.SerializeCache(AssemblyListFile.ItemSpec, Log);
            }

            return taskReturnValue;
        }

        #endregion

        #region ITypeLibExporterNotifySink methods

        private bool _typeLibExportFailed;

        /// <summary>
        /// Callback method for reporting type library export events
        /// </summary>
        public void ReportEvent(ExporterEventKind kind, int code, string msg)
        {
            // if we get an error, log it and remember we should fail ExportTypeLib
            if (kind == ExporterEventKind.ERROR_REFTOINVALIDASSEMBLY)
            {
                Log.LogError(msg);
                _typeLibExportFailed = true;
            }
            // if it's just a warning, log it and proceed
            else if (kind == ExporterEventKind.NOTIF_CONVERTWARNING)
            {
                Log.LogWarning(msg);
            }
            // it's just a status message (type xxx converted etc.), log it at lowest possible priority
            else if (kind == ExporterEventKind.NOTIF_TYPECONVERTED)
            {
                Log.LogMessage(MessageImportance.Low, msg);
            }
            else
            {
                Debug.Assert(false, "Unknown ImporterEventKind value");
                Log.LogMessage(MessageImportance.Low, msg);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///  Callback method for finding type libraries for given assemblies. If we are here, it means
        ///  the type library we're looking for is not in the current directory and it's not registered.
        ///  Currently we assume that all dependent type libs are already registered.
        /// </summary>
        /// <comment>
        ///  In theory, we could automatically register dependent assemblies for COM interop and return
        ///  a newly created typelib here. However, one danger of such approach is the following scenario:
        ///  The user creates several projects registered for COM interop, all of them referencing assembly A.
        ///  The first project that happens to be built will register assembly A for COM interop, creating
        ///  a type library in its output directory and registering it. The other projects will then refer to that
        ///  type library, since it's already registered. If then for some reason the first project is deleted
        ///  from disk, the typelib for assembly A goes away too, and all the other projects, built five years ago,
        ///  suddenly stop working.
        /// </comment>
        public object ResolveRef(Assembly assemblyToResolve)
        {
            ErrorUtilities.VerifyThrowArgumentNull(assemblyToResolve, nameof(assemblyToResolve));

            Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.AssemblyNotRegisteredForComInterop", assemblyToResolve.GetName().FullName);
            _typeLibExportFailed = true;
            return null;
        }

        #endregion

        #region Methods

        /// <summary>
        /// Helper registration method
        /// </summary>
        private bool Register(string assemblyPath, string typeLibPath)
        {
            ErrorUtilities.VerifyThrowArgumentNull(typeLibPath, nameof(typeLibPath));

            Log.LogMessageFromResources(MessageImportance.Low, "RegisterAssembly.RegisteringAssembly", assemblyPath);

            if (!FileSystems.Default.FileExists(assemblyPath))
            {
                Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.RegisterAsmFileDoesNotExist", assemblyPath);
                return false;
            }

            ITypeLib typeLib = null;

            try
            {
                // Load the specified assembly.
                Assembly asm = Assembly.UnsafeLoadFrom(assemblyPath);

                var comRegistrar = new RegistrationServices();

                // Register the assembly
                if (!comRegistrar.RegisterAssembly(asm, CreateCodeBase ? AssemblyRegistrationFlags.SetCodeBase : AssemblyRegistrationFlags.None))
                {
                    // If the assembly doesn't contain any types that could be registered for COM interop,
                    // warn the user about it.
                    Log.LogWarningWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.NoValidTypes", assemblyPath);
                }

                // Even if there aren't any types that could be registered for COM interop,
                // regasm still creates and tries to register the type library, so we should too.
                Log.LogMessageFromResources(MessageImportance.Low, "RegisterAssembly.RegisteringTypeLib", typeLibPath);

                // only regenerate the type lib if necessary
                if ((!FileSystems.Default.FileExists(typeLibPath)) ||
                    (File.GetLastWriteTime(typeLibPath) < File.GetLastWriteTime(assemblyPath)))
                {
                    // Regenerate the type library
                    try
                    {
                        // if export failed the error message is already logged, so just exit
                        if (!ExportTypeLib(asm, typeLibPath))
                        {
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                    catch (COMException ex)
                    {
                        Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.CantExportTypeLib", assemblyPath, ex.Message);
                        return false;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Log.LogMessageFromResources(MessageImportance.Low, "RegisterAssembly.TypeLibUpToDate", typeLibPath);
                }

                // Also register the type library
                try
                {
                    typeLib = (ITypeLib)NativeMethods.LoadTypeLibEx(typeLibPath, (int)NativeMethods.REGKIND.REGKIND_NONE);

                    // if we got here, load must have succeeded
                    NativeMethods.RegisterTypeLib(typeLib, typeLibPath, null);
                }
                catch (COMException ex)
                {
                    Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.CantRegisterTypeLib", typeLibPath, ex.Message);
                    return false;
                }
            }
            catch (ArgumentNullException e)
            {
                Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.CantRegisterAssembly", assemblyPath, e.Message);
                return false;
            }
            catch (InvalidOperationException e)
            {
                Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.CantRegisterAssembly", assemblyPath, e.Message);
                return false;
            }
            catch (TargetInvocationException e)
            {
                Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.CantRegisterAssembly", assemblyPath, e.Message);
                return false;
            }
            catch (IOException e)
            {
                Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.CantRegisterAssembly", assemblyPath, e.Message);
                return false;
            }
            catch (TypeLoadException e)
            {
                Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.CantRegisterAssembly", assemblyPath, e.Message);
                return false;
            }
            catch (UnauthorizedAccessException e)
            {
                Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.UnauthorizedAccess", assemblyPath, e.Message);
                return false;
            }
            catch (BadImageFormatException)
            {
                Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("General.InvalidAssembly", assemblyPath);
                return false;
            }
            catch (SecurityException e)
            {
                Log.LogErrorWithCodeFromResources("RegisterAssembly.CantRegisterAssembly", assemblyPath, e.Message);
                return false;
            }
            finally
            {
                if (typeLib != null)
                {
                    Marshal.ReleaseComObject(typeLib);
                }
            }

            return true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///  Helper method - exports a type library for an assembly. Returns true if succeeded.
        /// </summary>
        private bool ExportTypeLib(Assembly asm, string typeLibFileName)
        {
            _typeLibExportFailed = false;
            ITypeLib convertedTypeLib = null;

            try
            {
                // Create a converter and run the conversion
                ITypeLibConverter tlbConverter = new TypeLibConverter();
                convertedTypeLib = (ITypeLib)tlbConverter.ConvertAssemblyToTypeLib(asm, typeLibFileName, 0, this);

                if (convertedTypeLib == null || _typeLibExportFailed)
                {
                    return false;
                }

                // Persist the type library
                ICreateTypeLib createTypeLib = (ICreateTypeLib)convertedTypeLib;

                createTypeLib.SaveAllChanges();
            }
            finally
            {
                if (convertedTypeLib != null)
                {
                    Marshal.ReleaseComObject(convertedTypeLib);
                }
            }

            return !_typeLibExportFailed;
        }

        #endregion
    }
}
#endif


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Q: Javascript Works in chrome but not Firefox even in safemode I have written the following JavaScript code it works fine on Google Chrome Version 34.0.1847.137 but not on Firefox 29.0.1. Found the problem on Mac OSX 10.9 but have been able to recreate it on Ubuntu 14.04. I have even ran Firefox in safemode. I am very new to JavaScript and am trying to create at Tic Tac Toe Game. Thanks in advance for any help you provide.
    <!doctype html>

Welcome

messages will go here

A: Propably because of innerText. See this question for further information.
Try using innerHTML / textContent instead:

document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = msg;

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