text:
Vehicle list – Eligible N – The Pre-war M.G. Register
Colour encoding system for analogue television
For the standard-definition video mode referred to as PAL or PAL/SECAM, see 576i. For other uses, see PAL (disambiguation).
Analog television encoding systems by nation; NTSC (green), SECAM (orange), and PAL (blue).
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television used in broadcast television systems in most countries broadcasting at 625-line / 50 field (25 frame) per second (576i). It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM.
Almost all of the countries using PAL are currently in the process of conversion, or have already converted transmission standards to DVB, ISDB or DTMB.
PAL was adopted by most European countries, by all African countries that had never been a Belgian or French colony, by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, by most of Asia, and by Oceania.
There were some countries in those regions that did not adopt PAL. They were France, most ex-Soviet states, Japan, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
In the 1950s, the Western European countries began plans to introduce colour television, and were faced with the problem that the NTSC standard demonstrated several weaknesses, including colour tone shifting under poor transmission conditions, which became a major issue considering Europe's geographical and weather-related particularities. To overcome NTSC's shortcomings, alternative standards were devised, resulting in the development of the PAL and SECAM standards. The goal was to provide a colour TV standard for the European picture frequency of 50 fields per second (50 hertz), and finding a way to eliminate the problems with NTSC.
PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Hanover, West Germany, with important input from Dr. Kruse and [de]. The format was patented by Telefunken in 1962, citing Bruch as inventor, and unveiled to members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) on 3 January 1963. When asked why the system was named "PAL" and not "Bruch" the inventor answered that a "Bruch system" would probably not have sold very well ("Bruch" is the German word for "breakage"). The first broadcasts began in the United Kingdom in June 1967, followed by West Germany later that year.[1] The one BBC channel initially using the broadcast standard was BBC2, which had been the first UK TV service to introduce "625-lines" in 1964. Telefunken PALcolour 708T was the first PAL commercial TV set. It was followed by Loewe-Farbfernseher S 920 & F 900.
Telefunken was later bought by the French electronics manufacturer Thomson. Thomson also bought the Compagnie Générale de Télévision where Henri de France developed SECAM, the first European Standard for colour television. Thomson, now called Technicolour SA, also owns the RCA brand and licences it to other companies; Radio Corporation of America, the originator of that brand, created the NTSC colour TV standard before Thomson became involved.
The term PAL was often used informally and somewhat imprecisely to refer to the 625-line/50 Hz (576i) television system in general, to differentiate from the 525-line/60 Hz (480i) system generally used with NTSC. Accordingly, DVDs were labelled as PAL or NTSC (referring to the line count and frame rate) even though technically the discs carry neither PAL nor NTSC encoded signal. CCIR 625/50 and EIA 525/60 are the proper names for these (line count and field rate) standards; PAL and NTSC on the other hand are methods of encoding colour information in the signal.
Colour encoding
Most PAL systems encode the colour information using a variant of the YUV colour space. Y comprises the monochrome luminance signal, with the three RGB colour channels mixed down onto two, U and V.
Like NTSC, PAL uses a quadrature amplitude modulated subcarrier carrying the chrominance information added to the luminance video signal to form a composite video baseband signal. The frequency of this subcarrier is 4.43361875 MHz for PAL 4.43, compared to 3.579545 MHz for NTSC 3.58. The SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its two line alternate colour subcarriers 4.25000 and 4.40625 MHz.
The name "Phase Alternating Line" describes the way that the phase of part of the colour information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out, at the expense of vertical frame colour resolution. Lines where the colour phase is reversed compared to NTSC are often called PAL or phase-alternation lines, which justifies one of the expansions of the acronym, while the other lines are called NTSC lines. Early PAL receivers relied on the human eye to do that cancelling; however, this resulted in a comb-like effect known as Hanover bars on larger phase errors. Thus, most receivers now use a chrominance analogue delay line, which stores the received colour information on each line of display; an average of the colour information from the previous line and the current line is then used to drive the picture tube. The effect is that phase errors result in saturation changes, which are less objectionable than the equivalent hue changes of NTSC. A minor drawback is that the vertical colour resolution is poorer than the NTSC system's, but since the human eye also has a colour resolution that is much lower than its brightness resolution, this effect is not visible. In any case, NTSC, PAL, and SECAM all have chrominance bandwidth (horizontal colour detail) reduced greatly compared to the luminance signal.
Spectrum of a System I television channel with PAL.
RF spectrogram and waterfall of an actual PAL-I transmission with NICAM.
Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—one frame.
Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—several lines.
Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—two lines.
The 4.43361875 MHz frequency of the colour carrier is a result of 283.75 colour clock cycles per line plus a 25 Hz offset to avoid interferences. Since the line frequency (number of lines per second) is 15625 Hz (625 lines × 50 Hz ÷ 2), the colour carrier frequency calculates as follows: 4.43361875 MHz = 283.75 × 15625 Hz + 25 Hz. The frequency 50 Hz is the optional refresh frequency of the monitor to be able to create an illusion of motion, while 625 lines means the vertical lines or resolution that the PAL system supports. The original colour carrier is required by the colour decoder to recreate the colour difference signals. Since the carrier is not transmitted with the video information it has to be generated locally in the receiver. In order that the phase of this locally generated signal can match the transmitted information, a 10 cycle burst of colour subcarrier is added to the video signal shortly after the line sync pulse, but before the picture information, during the so-called back porch. This colour burst is not actually in phase with the original colour subcarrier, but leads it by 45 degrees on the odd lines and lags it by 45 degrees on the even lines. This swinging burst enables the colour decoder circuitry to distinguish the phase of the R-Y vector which reverses every line.
PAL vs. NTSC
PAL usually has 576 visible lines compared with 480 lines with NTSC, meaning that PAL has a 20% higher resolution, in fact it even has a higher resolution than Enhanced Definition standard (852x480). Most TV output for PAL and NTSC use interlaced frames meaning that even lines update on one field and odd lines update on the next field. Interlacing frames gives a smoother motion with half the frame rate. NTSC is used with a frame rate of 60i or 30p whereas PAL generally uses 50i or 25p; both use a high enough frame rate to give the illusion of fluid motion. This is due to the fact that NTSC is generally used in countries with a utility frequency of 60 Hz and PAL in countries with 50 Hz, although there are many exceptions. Both PAL and NTSC have a higher frame rate than film which uses 24 frames per second. PAL has a closer frame rate to that of film, so most films are sped up 4% to play on PAL systems, shortening the runtime of the film and, without adjustment, slightly raising the pitch of the audio track. Film conversions for NTSC instead use 3:2 pull down to spread the 24 frames of film across 60 interlaced fields. This maintains the runtime of the film and preserves the original audio, but may cause worse interlacing artefacts during fast motion.
NTSC receivers have a tint control to perform colour correction manually. If this is not adjusted correctly, the colours may be faulty. The PAL standard automatically cancels hue errors by phase reversal, so a tint control is unnecessary yet Saturation control can be more useful. Chrominance phase errors in the PAL system are cancelled out using a 1H delay line resulting in lower saturation, which is much less noticeable to the eye than NTSC hue errors.
However, the alternation of colour information—Hanover bars—can lead to picture grain on pictures with extreme phase errors even in PAL systems, if decoder circuits are misaligned or use the simplified decoders of early designs (typically to overcome royalty restrictions). In most cases such extreme phase shifts do not occur. This effect will usually be observed when the transmission path is poor, typically in built up areas or where the terrain is unfavourable. The effect is more noticeable on UHF than VHF signals as VHF signals tend to be more robust.
In the early 1970s some Japanese set manufacturers developed decoding systems to avoid paying royalties to Telefunken. The Telefunken licence covered any decoding method that relied on the alternating subcarrier phase to reduce phase errors. This included very basic PAL decoders that relied on the human eye to average out the odd/even line phase errors. One solution was to use a 1H analogue delay line to allow decoding of only the odd or even lines. For example, the chrominance on odd lines would be switched directly through to the decoder and also be stored in the delay line. Then, on even lines, the stored odd line would be decoded again. This method effectively converted PAL to NTSC. Such systems suffered hue errors and other problems inherent in NTSC and required the addition of a manual hue control.
PAL and NTSC have slightly divergent colour spaces, but the colour decoder differences here are ignored.
PAL vs. SECAM
The SECAM patents predate those of PAL by several years (1956 vs. 1962). Its creator, Henri de France, in search of a response to known NTSC hue problems, came up with ideas that were to become fundamental to both European systems, namely: 1) colour information on two successive TV lines is very similar and vertical resolution can be halved without serious impact on perceived visual quality 2) more robust colour transmission can be achieved by spreading information on two TV lines instead of just one 3) information from the two TV lines can be recombined using a delay line.
SECAM applies those principles by transmitting alternately only one of the U and V components on each TV line, and getting the other from the delay line. QAM is not required, and frequency modulation of the subcarrier is used instead for additional robustness (sequential transmission of U and V was to be reused much later in Europe's last "analog" video systems: the MAC standards).
SECAM is free of both hue and saturation errors. It is not sensitive to phase shifts between the colour burst and the chrominance signal, and for this reason was sometimes used in early attempts at colour video recording, where tape speed fluctuations could get the other systems into trouble. In the receiver, it did not require a quartz crystal (which was an expensive component at the time) and generally could do with lower accuracy delay lines and components.
SECAM transmissions are more robust over longer distances than NTSC or PAL. However, owing to their FM nature, the colour signal remains present, although at reduced amplitude, even in monochrome portions of the image, thus being subject to stronger cross colour.
One serious drawback for studio work is that the addition of two SECAM signals does not yield valid colour information, due to its use of frequency modulation. It was necessary to demodulate the FM and handle it as AM for proper mixing, before finally remodulating as FM, at the cost of some added complexity and signal degradation. In its later years, this was no longer a problem, due to the wider use of component and digital equipment.
PAL can work without a delay line, but this configuration, sometimes referred to as "poor man's PAL", could not match SECAM in terms of picture quality. To compete with it at the same level, it had to make use of the main ideas outlined above, and as a consequence PAL had to pay licence fees to SECAM. Over the years, this contributed significantly to the estimated 500 million francs gathered by the SECAM patents (for an initial 100 million francs invested in research).[2]
Hence, PAL could be considered as a hybrid system, with its signal structure closer to NTSC, but its decoding borrowing much from SECAM.
There were initial specifications to use colour with the French 819 line format (system E). However, "SECAM E" only ever existed in development phases. Actual deployment used the 625 line format. This made for easy interchange and conversion between PAL and SECAM in Europe. Conversion was often not even needed, as more and more receivers and VCRs became compliant with both standards, helped in this by the common decoding steps and components. When the SCART plug became standard, it could take RGB as an input, effectively bypassing all the colour coding formats' peculiarities.
When it comes to home VCRs, all video standards use what is called "colour under" format. Colour is extracted from the high frequencies of the video spectrum, and moved to the lower part of the spectrum available from tape. Luminance then uses what remains of it, above the colour frequency range. This is usually done by heterodyning for PAL (as well as NTSC). But the FM nature of colour in SECAM allows for a cheaper trick: division by 4 of the subcarrier frequency (and multiplication on replay). This became the standard for SECAM VHS recording in France. Most other countries kept using the same heterodyning process as for PAL or NTSC and this is known as MESECAM recording (as it was more convenient for some Middle East countries that used both PAL and SECAM broadcasts). Another difference in colour management is related to the proximity of successive tracks on the tape, which is a cause for chroma crosstalk in PAL. A cyclic sequence of 90° chroma phase shifts from one line to the next is used to overcome this problem. This is not needed in SECAM, as FM provides sufficient protection.
Regarding early (analogue) videodiscs, the established Laserdisc standard supported only NTSC and PAL. However, a different optical disc format, the Thomson transmissive optical disc made a brief appearance on the market. At some point, it used a modified SECAM signal (single FM subcarrier at 3.6 MHz[3]). The media's flexible and transmissive material allowed for direct access to both sides without flipping the disc, a concept that reappeared in multi-layered DVDs about fifteen years later.
PAL signal details
For PAL-B/G the signal has these characteristics.
Bandwidth 5 MHz[4]
Horizontal sync polarity Negative
Total time for each line 64.000 μs[5][6]
Front porch (A) 1.65+0.4
−0.1 μs
Sync pulse length (B) 4.7±0.20 μs
Back porch (C) 5.7±0.20 μs
Active video (D) 51.95+0.4
(Total horizontal sync time 12.05 µs)
After 0.9 µs a 2.25±0.23 μs colourburst of 10±1 cycles is sent. Most rise/fall times are in 250±50 ns range. Amplitude is 100% for white level, 30% for black, and 0% for sync.[5] The CVBS electrical amplitude is Vpp 1.0 V and impedance of 75 Ω.[7]
The composite video (CVBS) signal used in systems M and N before combination with a sound carrier and modulation onto an RF carrier.
The vertical timings are:
Vertical lines 312.5 (625 total)
Vertical lines visible 288 (576 total)
Vertical sync polarity Negative (burst)
Vertical frequency 50 Hz
Sync pulse length (F) 0.576 ms (burst)[8]
Active video (H) 18.4 ms
(Total vertical sync time 1.6 ms)
As PAL is interlaced, every two fields are summed to make a complete picture frame.
Luminance, , is derived from red, green, and blue ( ) signals:[6]
and are used to transmit chrominance. Each has a typical bandwidth of 1.3 MHz.
Composite PAL signal timing[6] where .
Subcarrier frequency is 4.43361875 MHz (±5 Hz) for PAL-B/D/G/H/I/N.
PAL broadcast systems
Differences between PAL variants
PAL B
PAL G, H
PAL I
PAL D/K, L
PAL N
PAL M
NTSC M
Transmission band
VHF UHF VHF/UHF
Channel bandwidth
7 MHz 8 MHz 6 MHz
Video bandwidth
5.0 MHz 5.5 MHz 6.0 MHz 4.2 MHz
Vision/Sound carrier spacing
Colour subcarrier
4.43361875 MHz 3.58205625 MHz 3.575611 MHz 3.579545 MHz
PAL-B/G/D/K/I
Many countries have turned off analogue transmissions, so the following does not apply anymore, except for using devices which output broadcast signals, such as video recorders.
The majority of countries using or having used PAL have television standards with 625 lines and 50 fields per second, differences concern the audio carrier frequency and channel bandwidths. The variants are:
Standards B/G are used in most of Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand
Standard I in the UK, Ireland, Hong Kong, South Africa, and Macau
Standards D/K (along with SECAM) in most of Central and Eastern Europe
Standard D in mainland China. Most analogue CCTV cameras are Standard D.
Systems B and G are similar. System B specifies 7 MHz channel bandwidth, while System G specifies 8 MHz channel bandwidth. Australia used System B for VHF and UHF channels. Similarly, Systems D and K are similar except for the bands they use: System D is only used on VHF (except in mainland China), while System K is only used on UHF. Although System I is used on both bands, it has only been used on UHF in the United Kingdom.
PAL-M (Brazil)
Main article: PAL-M
In Brazil, PAL is used in conjunction with the 525 line, 59.94 field/s system M, using (very nearly) the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency. Exact colour subcarrier frequency of PAL-M is 3.575611 MHz, or 227.25 times System M's horizontal scan frequency. Almost all other countries using system M use NTSC.
The PAL colour system (either baseband or with any RF system, with the normal 4.43 MHz subcarrier unlike PAL-M) can also be applied to an NTSC-like 525-line (480i) picture to form what is often known as "PAL-60" (sometimes "PAL-60/525", "Quasi-PAL" or "Pseudo PAL"). PAL-M (a broadcast standard) however should not be confused with "PAL-60" (a video playback system—see below).
PAL-N (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay)
In Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay the PAL-N variant is used. It employs the 625 line/50 field per second waveform of PAL-B/G, D/K, H, and I, but on a 6 MHz channel with a chrominance subcarrier frequency of 3.582056 MHz (917/4*H) very similar to NTSC (910/4*H).
PAL-N uses the YDbDr colour space.
VHS tapes recorded from a PAL-N or a PAL-B/G, D/K, H, or I broadcast are indistinguishable because the downconverted subcarrier on the tape is the same. A VHS recorded off TV (or released) in Europe will play in colour on any PAL-N VCR and PAL-N TV in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Likewise, any tape recorded in Argentina, Paraguay or Uruguay off a PAL-N TV broadcast can be sent to anyone in European countries that use PAL (and Australia/New Zealand, etc.) and it will display in colour. This will also play back successfully in Russia and other SECAM countries, as the USSR mandated PAL compatibility in 1985—this has proved to be very convenient for video collectors.
People in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay usually own TV sets that also display NTSC-M, in addition to PAL-N. Direct TV also conveniently broadcasts in NTSC-M for North, Central, and South America. Most DVD players sold in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay also play PAL discs—however, this is usually output in the European variant (colour subcarrier frequency 4.433618 MHz), so people who own a TV set which only works in PAL-N (plus NTSC-M in most cases) will have to watch those PAL DVD imports in black and white (unless the TV supports RGB SCART) as the colour subcarrier frequency in the TV set is the PAL-N variation, 3.582056 MHz.
In the case that a VHS or DVD player works in PAL (and not in PAL-N) and the TV set works in PAL-N (and not in PAL), there are two options:
images can be seen in black and white, or
an inexpensive transcoder (PAL -> PAL-N) can be purchased in order to see the colours
Some DVD players (usually lesser known brands) include an internal transcoder and the signal can be output in NTSC-M, with some video quality loss due to the system's conversion from a 625/50 PAL DVD to the NTSC-M 525/60 output format. A few DVD players sold in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay also allow a signal output of NTSC-M, PAL, or PAL-N. In that case, a PAL disc (imported from Europe) can be played back on a PAL-N TV because there are no field/line conversions, quality is generally excellent.
Extended features of the PAL specification, such as Teletext, are implemented quite differently in PAL-N. PAL-N supports a modified 608 closed captioning format that is designed to ease compatibility with NTSC originated content carried on line 18, and a modified teletext format that can occupy several lines.
Some special VHS video recorders are available which can allow viewers the flexibility of enjoying PAL-N recordings using a standard PAL ( 625/50 Hz ) colour TV, or even through multi-system TV sets. Video recorders like Panasonic NV-W1E (AG-W1 for the US), AG-W2, AG-W3, NV-J700AM, Aiwa HV-M110S, HV-M1U, Samsung SV-4000W and SV-7000W feature a digital TV system conversion circuitry.
PAL-L
[clarification needed]
The PAL L (Phase Alternating Line with L-sound system) standard uses the same video system as PAL-B/G/H (625 lines, 50 Hz field rate, 15.625 kHz line rate), but with 6 MHz video bandwidth rather than 5.5 MHz. This requires the audio subcarrier to be moved to 6.5 MHz. An 8 MHz channel spacing is used for PAL-L.
System A
The BBC tested their pre-war 405 line monochrome system with all three colour standards including PAL, before the decision was made to abandon 405 and transmit colour on 625/System I only.
PAL interoperability
The PAL colour system is usually used with a video format that has 625 lines per frame (576 visible lines, the rest being used for other information such as sync data and captioning) and a refresh rate of 50 interlaced fields per second (compatible with 25 full frames per second), such systems being B, G, H, I, and N (see broadcast television systems for the technical details of each format).
This ensures video interoperability. However, as some of these standards (B/G/H, I and D/K) use different sound carriers (5.5 MHz, 6.0 MHz 6.5 MHz respectively), it may result in a video image without audio when viewing a signal broadcast over the air or cable. Some countries in Eastern Europe which formerly used SECAM with systems D and K have switched to PAL while leaving other aspects of their video system the same, resulting in the different sound carrier. Instead, other European countries have changed completely from SECAM-D/K to PAL-B/G.[9]
The PAL-N system has a different sound carrier, and also a different colour subcarrier, and decoding on incompatible PAL systems results in a black-and-white image without sound. The PAL-M system has a different sound carrier and a different colour subcarrier, and does not use 625 lines or 50 frames/second. This would result in no video or audio at all when viewing a European signal.
Multisystem PAL support and "PAL 60"
Recently[when?] manufactured PAL television receivers can typically decode all of these systems except, in some cases, PAL-M and PAL-N. Many of receivers can also receive Eastern European and Middle Eastern SECAM, though rarely French-broadcast SECAM (because France used a quasi-unique positive video modulation, system L) unless they are manufactured for the French market. They will correctly display plain CVBS or S-video SECAM signals. Many can also accept baseband NTSC-M, such as from a VCR or game console, and RF modulated NTSC with a PAL standard audio subcarrier (i.e., from a modulator), though not usually broadcast NTSC (as its 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier is not supported). Many sets also support NTSC with a 4.43 MHz subcarrier.
Many 1990s-onwards videocassette recorders sold in Europe can play back NTSC tapes. When operating in this mode most of them do not output a true (625/25) PAL signal, but rather a hybrid consisting of the original NTSC line standard (525/30), but with colour converted to PAL 4.43 MHz—this is known as "PAL 60" (also "quasi-PAL" or "pseudo-PAL") with "60" standing for 60 Hz (for 525/30), instead of 50 Hz (for 625/25). Some video game consoles also output a signal in this mode. Notably, the PlayStation 2 did not actually offer a true PAL 60 mode; while many PlayStation 2 games did offer a "PAL 60" mode as an option, the console would in fact generate an NTSC signal during 60 Hz operation. Most newer television sets can display such a signal correctly, but some will only do so (if at all) in black and white and/or with flickering/foldover at the bottom of the picture, or picture rolling (however, many old TV sets can display the picture properly by means of adjusting the V-Hold and V-Height knobs—assuming they have them). Some TV tuner cards or video capture cards will support this mode (although software/driver modification can be required and the manufacturers' specs may be unclear). A "PAL 60" signal is similar to an NTSC (525/30) signal, but with the usual PAL chrominance subcarrier at 4.43 MHz (instead of 3.58 as with NTSC and South American PAL variants) and with the PAL-specific phase alternation of the red colour difference signal between the lines.
Some DVD players offer a choice of PAL vs NTSC output for NTSC discs.[10]
Countries and territories using PAL
Main article: PAL region
See also: DVB-T § Countries and territories using DVB-T
Below countries and territories currently use or once used the PAL system. Many of these have converted or are currently converting PAL to DVB-T (most countries), DVB-T2 (most countries), DTMB (China, Hong Kong and Macau) or ISDB (Sri Lanka, Maldives, Botswana and part of South America).
PAL B, D, G, H, K or I
Afghanistan (used SECAM)[11]
Angola [11]
Bahrain (DVB-T introduction currently in assessment) [11]
Bangladesh [11]
Bhutan [11]
Bosnia and Herzegovina [11]
Botswana [11]
British Indian Ocean Territory [11]
Cameroon [11]
Cape Verde [11]
China (Digital broadcast using DTMB)[11]
Cook Islands (see New Zealand)
Djibouti [11]
Egypt (migrated from SECAM 1990–1992)[11]
Equatorial Guinea [11]
Eritrea [11]
Eswatini [11]
Ethiopia [11]
Falkland Islands (UHF only)[11]
Gambia [11]
Greenland [11]
Guinea-Bissau [11]
Indonesia [11] (Analogue shutoff scheduled to 2 November 2022; simulcasted in DVB-T since 2008 until 2012, been changed to DVB-T2 2012 forward, and the government scheduled to give-away free 7 million STB DVB-T2 in April 2014)
Iraq [11](DVB-T introduction currently in assessment)
Jordan [12] (DVB-T introduction currently in assessment)
Kiribati [11]
Kuwait [11]
Laos (Once experimented in PAL-M)[11]
Lebanon (Using PAL for Lebanese channels. Channels from Europe or even from USA are not broadcast analogue)
Lesotho [11]
Macau (PAL-I, DTMB introduced since 15 July 2008)
Malawi [11]
Malaysia [12] (DVB-T2 digital launched. Analogue switch-off was completed by end-October 2019)
Maldives [11]
Mozambique [11]
Nauru [11]
Niue [11]
Norfolk Island (see Australia)
North Korea (used SECAM)[11]
Oman (DVB-T introduction currently in assessment)[11]
Palestine (DVB-T introduction currently in assessment)
Papua New Guinea [11]
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Two PAL-I analogue TV services operated by BFBS)
Samoa [11]
Seychelles [11]
Sierra Leone [11]
Somalia [11]
Sri Lanka [11]
Sudan [11]
Syria (along with SECAM)[11]
Thailand (PAL broadcast ceased on 16 July 2018 – with the exception of TV 3 – which will cease in 2020) – simulcast in DVB-T2 System
Tonga [11] (PAL broadcast to be abandoned. Analog shutoff scheduled for 15 June 2015. Simulcast in DVB-T)
Tuvalu [11]
Uganda [11]
Vanuatu [11]
Vietnam [11]
Yemen [11] (DVB-T introduction)
Zimbabwe [11]
PAL-M
Brazil[11] (simulcast with digital format in ISDB-Tb, also called SBTVD), an update to ISDB-T, started in December 2007. PAL broadcasting continues until 2023.
PAL-N
Argentina[11] (H264 video over ISDB-T, at 576i@50 Hz (SD) or 1080i@50 Hz (HD))
Paraguay[11] (Simulcast in ISDB-T)
Uruguay[11] (Simulcast in ISDB-T)
Countries and territories that have ceased using PAL
The following countries no longer use PAL for terrestrial broadcasts, and are in process of converting from PAL (cable) to DVB-T.
Switched to
Switchover completed
Albania DVB-T2 2019-10-011 October 2019
Andorra DVB-T 2007-09-2525 September 2007
Australia DVB-T 2013-12-1010 December 2013
Austria DVB-T and DVB-T2 2011-06-077 June 2011
Azerbaijan DVB-T 2015-06-1717 June 2015
Belgium DVB-T 2010-03-011 March 2010
Brunei DVB-T 2015-01-011 January 2015
Bulgaria DVB-T 2013-09-3030 September 2013
Cambodia DVB-T2 2015-01-011 January 2015
Croatia DVB-T 2010-10-2020 October 2010
Cyprus DVB-T 2011-07-011 July 2011
Czech Republic DVB-T 2012-06-3030 June 2012
Denmark DVB-T and DVB-T2 2009-11-011 November 2009
Estonia DVB-T 2010-07-011 July 2010
Faroe Islands DVB-T 2002–12 December 2002
Finland DVB-T and DVB-T2 2007-09-011 September 2007
Georgia DVB-T 2015-07-011 July 2015
Germany DVB-T and DVB-T2 2009-06-044 June 2009
Ghana DVB-T2 2015-06June 2015
Greece DVB-T 2015-02-056 February 2015
Gibraltar DVB-T 2012-12-3131 December 2012
Guernsey DVB-T 2010-11-1717 November 2010
Hungary DVB-T and DVB-T2 2013-10-3131 October 2013
Hong Kong DTMB 2020-12-011 December 2020
Iceland DVB-T and DVB-T2 2015-02-022 February 2015
India DVB-T 2015-02-3131 March 2015
Iran DVB-T 2014-12-1919 December 2014
Ireland DVB-T 2012-10-2424 October 2012
Isle of Man DVB-T 2012-10-2424 October 2012
Israel DVB-T and DVB-T2 2011-06-1313 June 2011
Italy DVB-T 2012-07-044 July 2012
Jersey DVB-T 2010-11-1717 November 2010
Kenya DVB-T 2015-03March 2015
Latvia DVB-T 2010-06-011 June 2010
Lithuania DVB-T 2012-10-2929 October 2012
Luxembourg DVB-T 2006-09-011 September 2006
North Macedonia DVB-T 2013-05-3131 May 2013
Malta DVB-T 2011-10-3131 October 2011
Monaco DVB-T 2011-05-2424 May 2011
Montenegro DVB-T 2015-06-1717 June 2015
Namibia DVB-T 2014-09-1313 September 2014
Netherlands DVB-T 2006-12-1414 December 2006
New Zealand DVB-T 2013-12-011 December 2013
Norway DVB-T 2009-12December 2009 [13]
Poland DVB-T 2013-07-2323 July 2013
Portugal DVB-T 2012-04-2626 April 2012
Qatar DVB-T and DVB-T2 2012-02-1313 February 2012
Romania DVB-T2 2016-12-3131 December 2016
Rwanda DVB-T 2014-03March 2014
San Marino DVB-T 2010-12-022 December 2010
Saudi Arabia DVB-T and DVB-T2 2012-02-1313 February 2012
Serbia DVB-T2 2015-06-077 June 2015
Singapore DVB-T2 2019-01-022 January 2019
Slovakia DVB-T 2012-12-3131 December 2012
Slovenia DVB-T 2010-12-011 December 2010
South Africa DVB-T 20152015[14] (as of 2018, PAL terrestrial still operational)
Spain DVB-T and DVB-T2 2010-04-033 April 2010
Sweden DVB-T and DVB-T2 2007-10-2929 October 2007
Switzerland DVB-T 2007-11-2626 November 2007
Tanzania DVB-T 2014-07July 2014
Thailand DVB-T2 2020-0926 March 2020
Ukraine DVB-T and DVB-T2 2016-12-3131 December 2016
United Arab Emirates DVB-T and DVB-T2 2012-02-1313 February 2012
United Kingdom DVB-T (SD) and DVB-T2 (HD) 2012-10-2424 October 2012
Zambia DVB-T2 2014-12-3131 December 2014
Digital PAL/PAL 2.0
The PAL system is analog. There was an attempt to manufacture equipment that digitizes the PAL signal in the 1980s, but it was not commercially successful. Digital devices such as digital television, modern game consoles, computers, etc., use color component systems where the R, G, and B signals are transmitted over three different cables, or Y (luminance), RY, and BY (difference from color). In these cases only the number of total horizontal lines is taken into account—625 in digital PAL and 525 in NTSC—and the frame rate—25 frames/s in PAL Digital and 30 frames/s in digital NTSC. Systems using the MPEG-2 standard, such as DVD and satellite television, cable television, or digital terrestrial television (DTT) have practically nothing to do with PAL.
Broadcast television systems
Advanced Television Systems Committee standards
Multichannel television sound
Moving image formats
Early television stations
Broadcast-safe
PAL region
Differential gain
^ The standard that defines the PAL system was last published by the International Telecommunication Union in 1998 and has the title Recommendation ITU-R BT.470, Conventional Television Systems
^ http://www.ebha.org/ebha2007/pdf/Gaillard.pdf The CCIR, the standards and the TV sets' market in France (section III.1)
^ "Les Videodisques", Georges Broussaud (head/member of development team), editions Masson
^ "PGC categories – Countries using PAL standard". Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. 090426 dvd-replica.com
^ a b "Horizontal Blanking Interval of 405-, 525-, 625- and 819-Line Standards" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2009. 090426 pembers.freeserve.co.uk
^ a b c "NTSC, PAL, and SECAM Overview" (PDF). 090426 deetc.isel.ipl.pt page 52
^ "empty" (PDF). 090426 thomsongrassvalley.com
^ "Vertical Blanking Interval of 625-Line Standard (PAL Colour)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
^ "Changes to the terrestrial television systems in Central and East European countries" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
^ "Playback of NTSC Videos on PAL Equipment". Retrieved 29 June 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc Michael Hegarty; Anne Phelan; Lisa Kilbride (1 January 1998). Classrooms for Distance Teaching and Learning: A Blueprint. Leuven University Press. pp. 260–. ISBN 978-90-6186-867-5.
^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2017. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ https://www.nkom.no/fritid/digital-radio/digitalt-bakkenett/digitalt-bakkenett-i-norge
^ |http://afkinsider.com/68611/analogue-tv-banning-to-switch-off-many-in-africa/
Review of the different refresh rates of PAL, NTSC and motion picture films
World TV standards
Broadcast video formats
BTSC (MTS)
NICAM
Sound-in-Syncs
Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)
Hidden signals
CGMS-A
VBI
VITC
Mechanical television
180-line
LDTV
1seg
MPEG-2 standards
DVB 3D-TV
DTMB
MPEG-4 AVC standards
ATSC A/72
SBTVD
HEVC standards
HD DMB
AC-3 (5.1)
AC-4
MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
MPEG Multichannel
LPCM
HE-AAC
MPEG-H 3D Audio
Broadcast flag
14:9 compromise
Digital cinema (DCI)
Display motion blur
MPEG transport stream
Reverse Standards Conversion
Standards conversion
Television transmitter
Widescreen signaling
Templates (Analogue TV Topics)
List of color spaces
Color models
XYZ (1931)
RGB (1931)
YUV (1960)
UVW (1964)
CIELAB (1976)
CIELUV (1976)
RGB color space
Wide-gamut
ProPhoto
scRGB
DCI-P3
Rec. 709
Rec. 2020
ICtCp
CcMmYK
Coloroid
Hexachrome
HSL, HSV
Imaginary color
Color systems
Colour Index International
CI list of dyes
Federal Standard 595
ISCC–NBS
For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see Color vision.
Analog television broadcasting topics
405-line (System A)
525-line (System J, System M)
625-line (System B, , , System G, System H, System I, , , )
819-line ( , )
PAL-S
Back porch and front porch
Blanking level
Chrominance
Chrominance subcarrier
Colorburst
Color killer
Frame (video)
Horizontal scan rate
Horizontal blanking interval
Nominal analogue blanking
Overscan
Safe area
Television lines
Vertical blanking interval
White clipper
Frequency modulation
Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
Antenna (radio)
Broadcast transmitter/Transmitter station
Cavity amplifier
Differential phase
Frequency mixer
Intercarrier method
Intermediate frequency
Output power of an analog TV transmitter
Pre-emphasis
Residual carrier
Split sound system
Superheterodyne transmitter
Television receive-only
Direct-broadcast satellite television
Terrestrial television
Transposer
Digital television transition
Frequencies & Bands
Frequency offset
Microwave transmission
Television channel frequencies
Beam tilt
Earth bulge
Field strength in free space
Noise (electronics)
Null fill
Path loss
Radiation pattern
Television interference
Distortionmeter
Field strength meter
Vectorscope
VIT signals
Zero reference pulse
Dot crawl
Hanover bars
Cable protection system
Communications satellite
Internet video
online video platform
Edholm's law
Electrical telegraph
Heliographs
Hydraulic telegraph
Information revolution
Optical telecommunication
Optical telegraphy
Radiotelephone
Telecommunications history
Telautograph
Telegraphy
Teleprinter (teletype)
The Telephone Cases
Undersea telegraph line
Whistled language
Wireless revolution
Nasir Ahmed
Edwin Howard Armstrong
Mohamed M. Atalla
John Logie Baird
John Bardeen
Emile Berliner
Francis Blake (telephone)
Charles Bourseul
Walter Houser Brattain
Vint Cerf
Claude Chappe
Yogen Dalal
Donald Davies
Amos Dolbear
Lee de Forest
Philo Farnsworth
Reginald Fessenden
Elisha Gray
Oliver Heaviside
Robert Hooke
Erna Schneider Hoover
Harold Hopkins
Gardiner Greene Hubbard
Internet pioneers
Bob Kahn
Dawon Kahng
Charles K. Kao
Narinder Singh Kapany
Innocenzo Manzetti
Jun-ichi Nishizawa
Charles Grafton Page
Radia Perlman
Alexander Stepanovich Popov
Tivadar Puskas
Johann Philipp Reis
Almon Strowger
Henry Sutton
Charles Sumner Tainter
Camille Tissot
Alfred Vail
Thomas Augustus Watson
Charles Wheatstone
Vladimir K. Zworykin
Fiber-optic communication
Free-space optical communication
Molecular communication
data transmission circuit
telecommunication circuit
and switching
Network switching
Telephone exchange
Space-division
Frequency-division
Time-division
Polarization-division
Orbital angular-momentum
Code-division
Store and forward
Types of network
Public Switched Telephone
UUCP
Notable networks
BITNET
NPL network
Locations (by regions)
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL


Google Chrome 2.0.172.27 has been released to the Beta channel. This release adds translations for all new features in all supported languages. We've made a number of fixes to improve reliability and updated the version of Gears to 0.5.19.0.
Google Toolbar should now be made compatible with Google Chrome due work on user scripts (extensions).
I don't know why my Chrome run very slow after I upgraded my PC to Windows 7 RC. I tried the version 1 and now version 2 (2.0.172.23), but no luck! Before that, I used it with W7 Build 7057, it run very smooth and fast. Anyone get this problem?
For me Chrome have problems to open different links from a site [www.idg.se <--- have a look inside].Almost at 50% try rate, it hapends that Chrome is oppening the link,from the site above, or not oppening at all. When I try with IEx 8 the site is responding very fast and opens the links.
Since a few weeks I always receive a sad face after loading my favorite (Belgian) newspaper site: www.standaard.be. The site loads fine with both firefox and IE7. I did not experience the problem when I was still using Chrome 1.0, so it seems to be a regression. Someone else experiencing the same problem?
Apart from this problem, I really love this browser. Keep up the good work!
Karel; tried it out, same problem over here (with the current beta). File a bug report.
Same problem here... but not only with the chat, but with all Facebook. Takes a lot to load it, and the "loading animation" (little circle in the tab) never stops now, with some webs different from Facebook too.
In Windows XP, scroll speed is great, very fast.
However, in Windows 7 RC build 7100, it's not as fast as it is in Windows XP.
I'm not sure that is problem of Chrome, perhaps it's Win7 RC's problem. However, please check it again for performance tuning, development team.
conchip: As a matter of fact IExplorer 8 is faster when it comes to row websurfing and not benchmarkning.
Diego indeed, that cursor animation waiting to get answer from different links/pages where information is stored ia very annoying.
@dmt: I still love render speed of Chrome, very light and fast.
I don't think IE8 can have advantage over Chrome, from speed perspective.


text:
Artesian | Fitzrovia Cocktail Bar
At the 5 star Langham Hotel's cocktail bar, less is more.
Except when it comes to the decor.
It was designed as a nod to the old Victorian cabinets of curiosities: desks, sideboards, and/or rooms brimming with exotic objects brought back from around the world… although really the result is somewhere between that, and what you'd expect from a £350-a-night hotel bar.
Mirrored shelves, lined with bottles, are displayed in wooden, pagoda-style frames; lamp shades rest on horse heads; and the seating is all purple leather. However it also boasts a few classical touches, like floor-to-ceiling bay windows which flood the space with light during the daytime, and huge, over-sized chandeliers that bathe it in a warm yellowy glow at night.
It's possible you already know about Artesian, as it was crowned World's Best Bar four years in a row (2011-2015) – though it's changed hands since then. Holding the reins nowadays are Head Bartender Remy Savage (previously of Paris' Little Red Door, which he also helped to get to number eleven on the World's Best list), and Bar Manager Anna Sebastian (who spent many years with the esteemed Beaufort Bar).
Together they decided to take Artesian in a new direction. Complex, theatrical cocktails have been swapped out for a much simpler list of mostly top-shelf spirits paired with just one other key ingredient. For instance you might enjoy a glass of cognac with green coffee; Star Of Bombay with Golden Beetroot; or St Germain with red carrots. None of them will be arriving riding on the back of an ant though; it's all about simple, elegant glasses, putting the focus 100% back on the drink.
For anyone who's a rum fan, you can relax again – they still have the city's largest collection of the stuff, as well as a selection of both rosé and regular Champagne…
…worth celebrating.
NOTE: Artesian is open Monday-Wednesday, 11am-1am; Thursday – Saturday, 11am-2am; and Sunday 11am-12am. For more information or to book, visit their website here.
Artesian | Langham Hotel, 1C Portland Place, W1B 1JA
Like interesting cocktails? Check out the best bars in London
document.write("
Langham Hotel, 1C Portland Place, Fitzrovia, Central London, W1B 1JA
£££££
Best Bars In South London
The best bars in South London. Chosen after years of agonising research and based on a strict set of...
A Multi Award-Winning Bar Arrives in West London
The pop up's gone permanent...
Brewdog just opened the world's first alcohol-free beer bar
Dry January just got wetter...
The 10 Best Bars of 2019
Our pick of the year's best boozers...
Rice, rice, baby....
The Best Restaurant In Every London Neighbourhood
Your January Agenda
Best Museums In London
What's On At The Best Art Galleries In London
London Theatre | The Best Shows Right Now
100 London Date Ideas
Lectures & Talks In London
100 Things to Do in New York
Clubs In London | The Ultimate Guide
Jazz Bars in London
Cool Bars In London
Michelin Star Restaurants In London
Add me to The Nudge's mailing list while you're at it.
© George Dog Media Ltd 2020
Get the email newsletter
Become A Nudge Member | 7 Day Free Trial
If you choose to stay on after trial ends.
After trial ends, billed monthly
After trial ends, billed annually
Full Access To TheNudge.com
All Nudge Emails
The Monthly Agenda
Future & Recent Openings
The Nudge Map
Special Member Events
After 7 day Trial, £4.99 payable monthly
(Cancel Within 7 Days For No Charge)
I agree to The Nudge's Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A pedestrian walks passed an American flag at Del Buono's Bakery on Route 168, Monday, July 28, 2014 in Mount Ephraim, N.J.
Why is our public discussion so dominated by rancor and divisiveness? Why do our politicians increasingly resemble silly children throwing food at each other? Why do our "news" programs on TV so often consist of people dealing out abuse and accusations?
There are many likely causes of what a recent Pew Research Center study calls rising "political polarization" in American society, but one of them is intellectual, concerning not so much what we think as how we think. Let's call this phenomenon polarized thinking, and let's reflect on its dangers by understanding its features.
First, polarized thinking reflects the notion that only some values matter. What are the basic ethical concerns that human societies appear to value most? The psychologist Jonathan Haidt in his book "The Righteous Mind" points to six: care for others, fairness, liberty, loyalty, authority and sacredness. American liberals today tend to focus largely on care and fairness, while conservatives usually make more room for the other four. But polarized thinking goes further. It says that my preferred values are everything and yours are nothing. It's like a right-handed person saying not only "I favor my right hand" but also "Left hands are no good." It's crude thinking. Try walking around one day using only one hand.
Second, polarized thinking is typically binary thinking, in which everything divides into two mutually hostile forces — left versus right, believers versus secularists, good people like me versus bad people like you. In his book "On Human Nature," the scientist Edward O. Wilson suggests that humans are hard-wired "to dichotomize, to classify other human beings into two artificially sharpened categories." But this way of thinking should be resisted. As Wilson says, it's artificial. It's simplistic. The world is extravagantly plural, and thinking about it in binary categories just won't do.
Third, polarized thinking undermines doubt. Many people today appear to view doubt as a weakness. Some religious leaders even suggest that it's a sin, that doubt will endanger your soul. But the older I get, and the more I read and think, the more I've come to view doubt as my friend. Doubt can keep me honest. Doubt keeps me curious. By always reminding me of what I'm not completely sure I know, doubt can protect me from arrogance and self-righteousness. Yes, truth is objective, but we can only approach it subjectively — we see through a glass darkly. To treat doubt as a friend is to recognize this basic fact of our humanity.
I know there are plenty of people today who've already discovered the truth and whose main mission now is explaining it to others, but I seldom find them to be helpful. Or interesting. I'll take a good question over a final answer any day.
Fourth, polarized thinking tends to replace the clash of ideas with accusations of bad faith. Instead of focusing on content, we get name-calling and speculations about wrong motives. It's profoundly anti-intellectual.
Ignatieff, a professor who's written widely on politics and political theory, was genuinely shocked by the brutality and effectiveness of this procedure. I've been in the public debate myself — most controversially on the issue of gay marriage — and when the same thing happened to me, I too was genuinely shocked. And distressed.
Finally, polarized thinking turns opponents into enemies. It says not only "I disagree with you" but also "You and I have nothing in common" and "You are a threat to me." The result of this transformation is that civic engagement itself becomes pointless and the normal practices of democracy fall into disuse. Why bother? Why listen to someone from whom you can learn nothing? Why compromise with those whose only aim is to cause harm?
Here we get to the heart of the matter. There's a reason why we call it "culture war" and why one of the most frequently used words in politics today is "fight." It's harsh and aggressive and intended to be so. It works well enough in times of actual war. But it's no way for citizens to treat one another. It's no way to participate in civil society. It's no way to run a democracy.


text:
Call For Free 30 Minute Consultation 603-778-6449 603-778-6449
Sharon J. Rondeau
10 Franklin Street
Exeter, New Hampshire 03833
To get directions to this location, click "Directions" or "View larger map" on the map below (Google Maps will open in a new window).
Attorney Advertising. This website is designed for general information only. The information presented at this site should not be construed to be formal legal advice nor the formation of a lawyer/client relationship. [ Site Map ] Martindale-Hubbell and martindale.com are registered trademarks; AV, BV, AV Preeminent and BV Distinguished are registered certification marks; Lawyers.com and the Martindale-Hubbell Peer Review Rated Icon are service marks; and Martindale-Hubbell Peer Review Ratings are trademarks of MH Sub I, LLC, used under license. Other products and services may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Copyright © 2020 MH Sub I, LLC. All rights reserved.


By way of background, I have recently switched out a bunch of components in my system. Much of the change has been due to logistical, rather than performance related, reasons. I am awaiting the delivery of a QSonix server (they're still ripping my CDs) which I bought for the interface and the ability to centralize my music library for high quality listening and distributed listening (via Sonos) on a single hard drive. The sound of the Qsonix was very good at the dealer (Evolution AV in Agoura Hills, CA) but I certainly wasn't confident that it would represent improvement over my Cary 303/300.
Due to the QSonix cabling regimen, an outboard DAC would be required in my room. TAS also suggested the use of an outboard DAC and even QSonix Corp acknowledged that, while they liked their own internal DAC, many customers preferred outboard units. Since I had specific (and quirky) multiple output requirements, auditioning my final choices of DAC wasn't possible. I posted here for advice and ended up with the DAC 1, largely because it seemed like a "safe choice".
The DAC 1 replaced the Cary's internal DAC which, app 2 years ago replaced a Sony SCD 1. The Sony was the first CD player I really liked and it was in my system for 5ish years before I found the Cary. I really like the 303 and would not have considered replacing it. but for the logistics above. The Cary allows great flexibility (U/S or NOS, tube or SS). While I never found a single "default" setting I really appreciated the ability to "tailor" the sound for any given CD.
dramatic improvement in image depth, front to back. This hadn't even crossed my mind-but (pardon the pun) it leapt out at me instantly. My first track was Rachelle Ferrell's "Sista" with it's punchy bass/kickdrum and powerful vocal. The separation between Ferrell and her backing singers was striking in a way I hadn't heard before. Subsequent tracks continued to highlight this phenomenon. Very surprised, very happy.
Tonally, the change was less dramatic, but still evident. Bass and mid-bass seemed lower in absolute level, but a tad tighter and cleaner. Similarly, the presence region seemed a touch more recessed. The KT88s in my amp seemed a bit "tamer", less evident and more neutral through the DAC 1 than through any setting on the Cary's internal DAC.
This is a very quick first impression after a few hours of listening. The good news is that the DAC 1 is clearly a great sounding DAC. I'm pretty sure that I prefer it to the internal DAC in the Cary which, honestly, comes as a bit of a surprise. Tonally, I suspect that the DAC 1 will complement some systems more than others- in mine it feels a bit more neutral when KT88s are in the loop. That may not be true when other amps/output tubes are in use. I'll follow up when I know more.
I am also using a DAC1 with KT88's, mine in C-J Premier 12's. I agree with Martykl, the DAC1 is neutral, detailed, and provides excellent soundstaging without grain or glare. The clean sound of the DAC1 matches well with the liquidity and bit of warmth from tubed down-stream components. The DAC1 bests the DAC in my Sony 999ES with RBCD's. Wish I could use the DAC1 for SACD's!
If you are running balanced out, don't forget to adjust the output attenuation. The factory default limits the sonics. Check your manual and run it full (0 db). Did you get the USB version. If not, swap it with Benchmark for the USB version (They used to have 30 day trial). You may not think that you will need it, but sonics are better through USB, and it will hold its value better long term. Don't forget to try some AC stuff. I've found it to be very responsive to power cords and conditioners. In fact, I have mine plugged into over twice it's value of product. It sort of pisses me off, as it is the only thing I use conditioning for (besides my Sound Lab's bias supply- because it is available and handy). When I try to remove something, the sound suffers and I put it back in.
If I were to buy it today, I would get the pre-amp version with the extra inputs as I prefer mine without a traditional preamp. Enjoy- it is a great unit. From what I can tell, they have steadily (and quietly) made improvements over the years to fix its weaknesses. Over the last year I have run mine with a lot of amps- tube and solid state. I keep "feeling" I should change it out because of its sticker price, not its sound. However, until the big guns start pumping out USB Dacs, it has few peers IMHO (ARC's due this spring- cannot wait for the review, yet hope the reviewers understand computer audio).
Disclosure:I haven't heard the Bel Canto Dac3. I was tempted to try it until I heard ARC is introducing one. With their introduction, others are surely to follow soon.
If you are running balanced out, don't forget to adjust the output attenuation. The factory default limits the sonics. Check your manual and run it full (0 db).
Can you explain further, 4est? This is news to me.
DAC1's output impedance is dependant on this divider. 0dB provides lowest output impedance and best sound according to one review I read.
I second buying USB version since it also has newest National Semiconductors LM4562 OP-Amps and scaled down mentioned divider (lower resitance values - since this new OP-Amps are stronger).
How do you set to 0 db?
Drubin, There are jumpers inside that allow you to change its gain. Details are all documented in the manual.
Make sure you try driving the power amp directly, you might be surprised by how good it sounds.
Signal path inside of DAC1 is, according to Benchmark's technical director John Siau, identical with or without volume control. Running Benchmark directly to power amp allows to get rid of one set of interconnects (and preamp's circuits - less is more). Be sure to protect switch on the back of the Benchmark to avoid accidental full power.
I switched the jumpers and think the sound may indeed be better. But I'm not sure how practical it is in a multi-source system. Through my pre-amp, if the normal listening level for vinyl and Benchmark via RCA is 20, it is now 10 or less via Benchmark XLR. This creates an opportunity for a major screw-up! I suppose I could switch to variable out and attenuate, but that would surely degrade the sound quality. Ah...maybe the calibration adjustments?
I received my Dac1 (w/o usb) today and was absolutely surprised at how good it sounds, right out of the box. I'm using it with my squeezebox (CI power supply and upgraded power cord between the two) and absolutely agree about the power issue. Mine is using a shuntata taipan helix Vx into a hydra 8 - a bit overkill but I had the extra PC and the hydra had an open digital socket.
The convenience is awesome. I haven't compared it to my esoteric x-03 se but my intent was to use it for casual listening. After listening today, it isn't so "casual" but a very involving experience. I haven't tried the Bel canto Dac 3 either, and did consider it, but for the money, I just can't complain (yet).
Trying to decide between dac 1, electroacompanient edc, or bel canto dac 2 for my system. Used with hard drive based system, tube amp, merlin speakers. Suggestions? BTW, don't need usb input.
On the one hand a slightly aggresssive amp (in my case KT88 in Prima Luna 7s) may sound "tamer".
OTOH a lusher amp may also sound more neutral.
but, if your system is tonally where you want it now, the DAC-1 may bump you over the "analytical" line, IMHO.
That's a good assessment, Marty.
James, you may also want to consider the Lavry DA10 at about the same price as the Benchmark. Compared to the Benchmark, it is warmer, smoother and less analytical.
Thanks guys for the info. I'm currently using the Ars Filharmonia tube amp.
Can't use the Lavry as I need RCA connections.
You could use the Lavry if you used adaptors.
I'm going to try the benchmark dac1. Will let you know how it goes. Thanks for the input.
Hey guys, got the dac 1 two days ago and have listened to a variety of music now for several hours. My first impression is it's very nice and detailed, however, as several of you mentioned it does seem thin. Not tinny of harsh but sound stage seems thin. I'm going to continue to play with the unit. Low volume levels are disappointing but I get happier with volume. Unfortunately, given that I have a 2 month old low volume is necessary.
Upgrade the power cord and get a good pair of head phones. You'll be thrilled. Mine was thin as well, but I had an extra Shunyata Taipan Helix Vx lying around, so gave it a try. I'm not suggesting a $650 power cord for a $900 dac, but since I had the extra cord, it made sense.
I have been running DAC1 for over 2.5 years 24x7 now. (Yes, it is designed to be on all time not just turn on and listen kind of deal). Stock DAC1 is a bid thinner in mid. I send my DAC1 to Empirical Audio for Turbo and opamp mod to BB OPA627. The result is first class.. The mid and bass is a lot more weighty. High is even more airy and extended then before. The best part is after the mod, the holographic imaging factor increase dramatically. I feels air and space between each instruement inside the music. Comment from some of my audio friends who are analog guys "This is just like playing analog on the mid and high. Bass is much better than analog. The best part for DAC1 over analog is that there are a lots of pops and hiss from the album but DAC1 is clean and crisp". After listened to my system, they are thinking to move to digital with computer music now.. I use RWA SB3 as transport to drive my DAC1 with XLR output to my BAT VK31SE.
caught wind of it, at its first distribution.
with A.A.'s largest Power supply for the cables.
Better than any other Digital cables I tried.
change that happens when You push that "PLAY!" button!
far beyond the expectations I had for this sub. $850 DAC.
and low frequency big time.
Me? My mind Has been made up! I "Enjoy What I Have!"
pieces each making the next sound better.
Ever! In my Life! I could not be more overjoyed!
"The Briefcase Live in Koln in '94" Awesome C.D.
Hi Gianluca, Whether it's working for such converts? how is the perfomence? Can You pls explaine me how the connection like through hdmi?
Your description of the DAC1 is what I noticed to. I also think it is pretty amazine. All the subtle changes it offered made for a very involving and listenable presentation. It doesn't seem to add any extra umph, but gives an honest listning experience.


The Asian hornet Vespa velutina is a hornet from south-eastern Asia, and active predator of honey bees and other insects, now widespread in France, Spain, Portugal and Italy. It has recently been detected in the UK and many other parts of Europe.
A strong defence plan is essential to slow the rapid spread of the Asian hornet population.
We aim to join knowledge from scientists and beekeepers to provide accurate information and effective solutions to help combat this invasive pest.
We supply a wide range of products aimed at controlling the Asian hornet Vespa velutina from traps, baits, pheromone lures, safety clothing, beehive protection and specimen samples of the Asian hornet or nests.
We specialise in Vespa velutina control by only sourcing specific products from manufacturers like PCP & Veto Pharma and selling products related to the Asian hornet and we also offer discounts to beekeepers.
We offer cost effective and speedy delivery to UK and Europe.
We are a trusted retailer.


Did your dog eat your latest Sneak Preview?
Don't worry, you can find another copy at one of our newsstands around town. Just type in your location to find the one nearest you. The locations for theTalent News & Review, Medford Sneak Preview and Grants Pass Sneak Preview are also available.


WooHoo!! After months of hard work, my solo podcast is LIVE in iTunes. I have created a detailed tutorial below for how to subscribe and review our podcast on your computer or on you iPhone/iPad.
I truly do appreciate your support AND I have a gift for you.
When you post a review on iTunes for my podcast, take a screenshot and email me at contact (at) shelleyhitz.com and I'll send you my $47 training, "Procrastination to Publication" for FREE!
Since it takes a day or two for iTunes to approve your review, make sure to take the screenshot before you click submit.
NOTE: If you are reviewing on an iPhone, iPad, or iPod see the instructions below.
Launch Apple's Podcast app (download the app, if needed).
Thank you so much! I am very grateful for your help and your reviews will help me reach more authors through the podcast.
Shelley, thank you for your podcast, particularly the episode on priorities. Sometimes we just need to hear ways to make the steps more manageable and this was just the encouragement I needed.
Shelley, today I needed some spiritual inspiration as I faced a day I didn't want to waste. Your podcasts are just the length I needed this morning. I needed to remember why I want to write this story and I needed to remember the steps to get there.
When I prioritize, I tend to feel guilty about what I'm setting aside — even though I know I shouldn't. I am just so thankful for the straightforward way you put priorities in perspective. I look forward to listening to more of your great material.
Shelly, Congratulations on your new adventure with CJ! I can't thank you enough for all the free advice, tips, & encouragement! May God continue to Bless you as you bless others with yourcreativeadventure.com!! As a writer & an artist, in service of God, I look forward to joining you on the new Tuesday & Thursday podcasts!! I'm honored to post a review for you!


Daniel Edmond Booth enlisted in the 52nd Battalion on April 29, 1915, and served in England and in France. Born on August 23, 1892 in Boston, he was the second oldest of ten children born to James Henry Booth, of Halifax and Annie Bridget (nee MacKinnon) of Boularderie, Cape Breton. Booth was raised in North Sydney, Nova Scotia. His father was a well-known architect. Booth survived the war, but unfortunately was killed in an industrial accident in New York City on April 29, 1949.


Please note: The digital edition does not include 2 of the 76 images that appear in the physical edition.
American ruins have become increasingly prominent, whether in discussions of "urban blight" and home foreclosures, in commemorations of 9/11, or in postapocalyptic movies. In this highly original book, Nick Yablon argues that the association between American cities and ruins dates back to a much earlier period in the nation's history. Recovering numerous scenes of urban desolation—from failed banks, abandoned towns, and dilapidated tenements to the crumbling skyscrapers and bridges envisioned in science fiction and cartoons—Untimely Ruins challenges the myth that ruins were absent or insignificant objects in nineteenth-century America.
The first book to document an American cult of the ruin, Untimely Ruins traces its deviations as well as derivations from European conventions. Unlike classical and Gothic ruins, which decayed gracefully over centuries and inspired philosophical meditations about the fate of civilizations, America's ruins were often "untimely," appearing unpredictably and disappearing before they could accrue an aura of age. As modern ruins of steel and iron, they stimulated critical reflections about contemporary cities, and the unfamiliar kinds of experience they enabled. Unearthing evocative sources everywhere from the archives of amateur photographers to the contents of time-capsules, Untimely Ruins exposes crucial debates about the economic, technological, and cultural transformations known as urban modernity. The result is a fascinating cultural history that uncovers fresh perspectives on the American city.


text:
Queensland's agricultural industries make a vital contribution to the lives of Queenslanders. The sector delivers almost $20 billion to the economy, supporting more than 300,000 jobs or more than one in eight working Queenslanders. The Queensland Government remains focused on driving agricultural and regional jobs growth.
The government has committed up to $10 million (ex. GST) to help fund establishment of a Regional Export Distribution Centre. The centre aims to boost rapid access to international markets for agricultural producers. Capitalising on Queensland's global reputation as a leader in the production and processing of quality agricultural products, this initiative seeks to catalyse the development of high-value farming and processing and grow regional job creation.
Once the business cases have been finalised, we will assess the proposals for viability and value for money. Subject to feasibility, the remainder of the $10 million will be offered as capital funding to construct the regional export distribution pilot centre.
Following a competitive selection process, Wagner Group Holdings Pty Ltd from Toowoomba and Air Freight Handling Services Pty Ltd from Cairns have been selected to receive funding for business case development.
Notification of the outcomes of the business case stage and support for construction of the Regional Export Distribution Pilot Centre is scheduled for late 2019.
Last updated on 18 March 2019


We review the latest Arctic news, including Norway's backtrack on oil exploration in the Lofoten islands and a Russian river that's running red.
Norway's government has backed away from its plans to open new Arctic areas for oil exploration, reported Reuters on September 8.
The Oil and Energy Ministry has overturned an earlier recommendation to open areas near the Lofoten islands, inside the Arctic Circle and the site of the world's largest cold-water coral reef, to oil and gas exploration in a future licensing round. According to the Financial Times, Norway's oil minister, Tord Lien, was caught off guard by the response to his plans.
The government-controlled Statoil and Oslo's oil minister had previously requested that a ban covering the area be lifted following the upcoming 2017 election to boost Norway's oil production and create jobs in the remote northern region. A coalition agreement had ruled out oil exploration in Lofoten, More and other Arctic areas.
Oil analysts are doubtful that the areas would have been profitable, saying they would not produce oil until 2030, by which time oil demand may have changed.
The news comes at a time when the only oilfield in Arctic Norway – the Goliat platform operated by Italian oil company Eni – is suffering from a series of setbacks, including a blackout and an accident. Production has stopped until the company can guarantee safe operations.
Russia wants to strike a deal with Denmark over the countries' overlapping claims in the Arctic, reported the Independent Barents Observer on September 8.
Denmark's submission to the U.N. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf overlaps with those of Canada and Russia. A 550,000 sq km (212,000 sq mi) overlap exists between the Russian and Danish claims, including the North Pole. Although both countries have made their formal submissions to the U.N., it will be years before it rules on those claims.
Russia's minister of natural resources, Sergey Donskoy, told Vladimir Putin that he would like to "speed up" the process by opening up bilateral discussions with Denmark this fall to come to a preliminary agreement, according to a transcript of a meeting.
In the nickel-producing Arctic city of Norilsk, the Daldykan river has taken on a deep red hue, possibly the result of a pipeline break at a factory run by Norilsk Nickel, reported the Guardian on September 7.
Images of the red river hit social media on Tuesday, with some contributors suggesting that it had also changed color in June. Photos posted on Facebook by the Association of Indigenous Peoples of Taimyr show red sludge washed up on riverbanks and coating pipes.
Russian authorities have launched an investigation to determine the cause of the mishap, which may be the result of a chemical leak. The BBC reported that the government daily Rossiiskaya Gazeta indicated the contamination could be waste copper-nickel concentrate.
Norilsk Nickel, one of the world's largest producers of nickel and palladium, denied claims that there had been a breakdown at the facility, Reuters reported.
The company released photos of the river it says were taken on Wednesday, which show a normal-colored river. "The river and its mainstream are in regular condition, which goes against the information about any color changes due to an alleged case of large-scale river pollution," Norilsk Nickel said in a statement.


Zambia possesses a dual land tenure system of customary and state land, with very few structures for communication between the state and customary land administration authorities. The majority of Zambia's rural landmass is managed by traditional authorities through an informal and undocumented land administration system, while the state system is largely absent in these rural areas. There is growing recognition of the importance of documenting rural customary land rights to provide long-term tenure security to households in these customary areas. These approaches recognize the customary rights of traditional leaders to administer land, including offering documents to landholders. The documentation of customary land, however, brings with it some risks to current landholders and has the potential to ignite latent conflicts. Within most of these chiefdoms there are pockets of land that is ostensibly state land, but which is de facto under community/customary control, for example resettlement camps, forgotten forest reserves, and pre-colonial titled farms. Additionally, the state has management rights over all forest and wildlife, even on customary land, particularly in vast game management areas. Given Zambia's irreversible process for conversion of customary land to state land and the vast areas within limited state presence, many of these statutory rights are latent, and in some cases are unknown to government. The documentation of customary rights in this context will raise these latent claims and has the potential for government to reassert tenure rights over these areas and resources. In some cases, these rights reflect the underlying ownership or leasehold of land (e.g. abandoned farms, or state forest land) in other cases the overlapping rights may be related to customary ownership of land, but government management of resources (e.g. game management areas). This paper will describe the process that USAID's Tenure and Global Climate Change Project is undertaking across a 200,000+ hectare chiefdom to systematically document customary rights, while navigating relationships and agreements with a variety of Ministries and Departments to clarify customary rights across a range of overlapping customary and statutory tenure systems. Consideration of these overlapping rights on customary land will inform the approaches that government uses moving forward to secure the customary rights of rural communities in Zambia. The paper also considers how the data from ground up customary mapping can interface with government efforts to undertake a land audit and where there are differences with state land records that can form the basis of participatory land-use planning.


text:
fix ClientInfinite.wait_retry: log when connect address is not None

## 0.2.3
+ClientInfinite only connect after set_connect_address

## 0.2.2
+message_handler_config.allow_override

## 0.2.1
fix with_message_handler_config for sub class

## 0.1.15
+ MessagePacker
message_id_system_keep_alive_req, message_id_system_keep_alive_ack move to SessionKeepAliveParams

## 0.1.14
+ message_id_system_keep_alive_req, message_id_system_keep_alive_ack

## 0.1.13
+ only_stop_self_when_tick_error

## 0.1.12
fix id_system_keep_alive_req, id_system_keep_alive_ack

## 0.1.11
fix _is_valid_message_format: msg_id can be any type not None

## 0.1.10
fix message length serialize

## 0.1.9
+ configurable: message size pack format

## 0.1.8
PY3: binary_type from bytes to bytearray

## 0.1.7
+ Server.get_sessions Server.get_ready_sessions Client.get_ready_session

## 0.1.6
+ check_session_open,on_session_opened,on_session_closing,on_session_closed
+ Session.get_manage_owner

## 0.1.5
do not register message handler with duplicate id
fix all classes use the same message map bug

## 0.1.4
trivial: modify client in example - remove timeout when construct Client

## 0.1.3

Session.force_close add force_wait_timeout param
add Client.get_session & ClientBlockConnect.get_session
fix Session.handle_write assert error after Session.handle_read get close error

## 0.1.2

fix README.rst format.

## 0.1.1

fix README.rst format.

## 0.1.0

Initial release.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Every so often, when walking, driving or speeding around Bangkok on a train, bus, car or even motorcycle, you may have come across a muddy looking canal running straight through the center of the city. Now, there are many canals that do this, however, the Saen Saep canal is famous! It's the one that always seems to be overflowing its banks and host to those big, long commuter boats shuttling Thais across the city for a quick commute. The canal has a number of 'boat stops' along its length and is a truly local and quick way to travel over long distances without the traffic. You just may need to handle a very crowded boat and a bit of water splashing, in return!
So, one day, whilst walking along the main road near BTS Ratchathewi, I crossed over the canal next to the Hua Chang hotel and the noise of the boat passing by caught my attention. I watched it pass under, spraying water and whisking customers to their next stop when I noticed that you could actually walk along the canal on both sides down below! Not only this but in this area, the walls were covered with brilliant graffiti!


We have a longer-term investment outlook than many other financial investors. We look to deploy capital into platforms that can be positioned for strong growth over 10 years and beyond. As a result, we favour investments which have proven organic unit model roll-out and/or which can be platforms for industry consolidation.
We seek to invest up to $1bn of equity per platform. Our capital has a global mandate and can be invested in minority or control investments.
L1 Retail seeks investments where we can play an active role. A key focus for any investment is to best position the business to react to and take advantage of sector disruption driven by technology and digital innovation. We work in close partnership with management teams and place a strong emphasis on recruiting, developing and retaining top-tier talent.
As a long-term investor, we are attracted to business models that are exposed to structural sector themes. We look to partner with sector leaders that operate in broad addressable markets and have strong customer value propositions. We believe customer focus and convenience provide long-term growth opportunities. As a result, we are attracted to the convergence of physical and digital retail, as well as the convergence of products and services.


text:
Bombay Stock Exchange (inițial cunoscută sub denumirea de Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd.) este cea mai veche bursă din Asia, fiind fondată în 1875, situată pe strada Dalal, Mumbai.

BSE este cea de-a zecea cea mai mare bursă din lume, cu o capitalizare globală de piață de peste 4.9 trilioane USD în aprilie 2018.

Istorie
Bursa din Bombay a fost înființată de Premchand Roychand.. A fost unul dintre cei mai influenți oameni de afaceri din Bombay din secolul al XIX-lea. Un bărbat care a făcut o avere în afacerea de brokeraj și a ajuns să fie cunoscut sub numele de Regele de Bumbac, Regele Bullion sau doar Big Bull. El a fost și fondatorul Native Share and Stock Brokers Association, o instituție cunoscută acum ca BSE.

BSE este, de asemenea, un schimb de parteneriat al inițiativei Națiunilor Unite privind bursa durabilă, care se alătură în septembrie 2012.

BSE a format India INX la 30 decembrie 2016. India INX este primul schimb internațional din India .

BSE lansează contractul cu instrumente derivate pe bază de mărfuri în aur, argint.

Vezi și
 Lista de burse

Note

Burse
Economia Asiei

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Greatland laser flares are safe signal flares that can be used for emergency purposes.
With a 30-mile range used to signal boats or aircrafts, you stand a better chance of reaching help with one.
Order your laser flares today!


We are having a GREEN Challenge this week at Papercraft Star. I went green with a Spring/Summer card. It is still a few months away from spring here in Wyoming....but at least I can stamp green! Here is a look at the inspiration photo, which is use if you choose..
My card is based on the sketch this week at Mojo Monday, love all of the layers! I rotated the sketch to fit my stamp design.
My main panel includes only one stamped image....I sponged in the background to complete my spring scene. My clouds were created with the help of a scallop border die. The grass border is sponged on with the help of an icicle die turned upside down.
Added in a few more layers to highlight my sentiment.
I kept the inside plain for now. I like the flexibility of being able to use my cards for note cards or to add a stamped sentiment at a later date.
Thanks so much for stopping by! Hope to see your green creation at Papercraft Star! If you complete your green creation with Close To My Heart products, you can also link up at Heart 2 Heart Challenges!
This is beautiful!! What a fabulous tree that is ... never seen this before ... and perfectly put together!
Fabulous card, Alissa, I think your best, love your tree. Have a fun Wednesday!
This is so pretty - love the bow!!
LOVE this stamp set and love what you've done with it! ALWAYS awesome!
Always love to see this stamp set in use! Just beautiful!
wow, what a fabulous design, I love the colors you used and the tree is so great. Thanks for playing with us over at Loves Rubberstamps!!!
WOW, this is FAN-TAS-TIC! Great idea for a card, love this view. Thank you for joining us at the Celebrate the Occasion challenge and hope to see you back again.
Beautiful ribbon! I can see you how hoard it. But, I also love your creative use of dies...turning them upside down, using them for clouds. Great job! Thanks for playing with us at Use It Tuesday!!
So beautiful! Thanks for playing @ CTO!
What a sweet card. I love the dimensional aspect of your tree. Thanks for joining us at Twisted Tuesday Challenges.
Very cute card. Your layers are great and I really like how you highlighted the sentiment. Thanks for joining us at Twisted Tuesday!
Beautiful Spring card - colours are lovely.
That tree is so pretty! Your card looks amazing! I love all the little added touches!
This is perfect spring card!I love this tree :)Thank you for joinig us at Card Mania!Good look!
Simply gorgeous. Thank you for joining in this week's Crafty Sentiments challenge.
MFT stands for My Favorite Things, you can find them at mftstamps.com. Watch out though, you will not be able to stop at one set!


text:
See all PWORTH's Bursa Announcement
PRICEWORTH INTERNATIONAL BERHAD (7123)
0.105 0.005 (+5.00%) 11,032
OTHERS PRICEWORTH INTERNATIONAL BERHAD ("PWI" OR "THE COMPANY") MONTHLY ANNOUNCEMENT ON THE STATUS OF DEFAULT IN PAYMENT PURSUANT TO PARAGRAPH 9.19A OF THE MAIN MARKET LISTING REQUIREMENTS OF BURSA MALAYSIA SECURITIES BERHAD
PRICEWORTH INTERNATIONAL BERHAD
Type Announcement
Subject OTHERS
PRICEWORTH INTERNATIONAL BERHAD ("PWI" OR "THE COMPANY")
MONTHLY ANNOUNCEMENT ON THE STATUS OF DEFAULT IN PAYMENT PURSUANT TO PARAGRAPH 9.19A OF THE MAIN MARKET LISTING REQUIREMENTS OF BURSA MALAYSIA SECURITIES BERHAD
Reference is made to the Company's announcements dated 31 October 2019, 12 December 2019, 24 January 2020, 28 February 2020, 30 March 2020, 29 April 2020, 29 May 2020, 29 June 2020, 29 July 2020, 28 August 2020, 28 September 2020, 30 October 2020, 25 November 2020, 24 December 2020, 29 January 2021, 25 February 2021, 30 March 2021, 28 April 2021, 27 May 2021, 30 June 2021, 29 July 2021, 30 August 2021 and 17 September 2021 in relation to the Default in Payment to Bank Rakyat ("Announcements"). Unless otherwise defined, the definitions set out in the Announcements shall apply herein.
The Company wishes to inform that Bank Rakyat had on 14 September 2021 ("Date of Approval") approved the extension of the settlement of the loan facility to August 2022 in fourteen (14) monthly schedule payments commencing from July 2021 to August 2022 ("Settlement of the Facility").
PWI and Bank Rakyat will execute a settlement agreement within 3 months from the Date of Approval, i.e. 13 December 2021.
Following the receipt of the approval of Settlement of Facility from Bank Rakyat, PWI has regularized its repayment of loan and there shall not be any Default in Payment to Bank Rakyat.
This announcement is dated 27 October 2021.
Company Name PRICEWORTH INTERNATIONAL BERHAD
Stock Name PWORTH
Date Announced 27 Oct 2021
Category General Announcement for PLC
Reference Number GA1-27102021-00075
17 Jan 2022 DEALINGS IN LISTED SECURITIES (CHAPTER 14 OF LISTING REQUIREMENTS) : Intention to Deal During Closed Period
05 Jan 2022 Change in Boardroom - ENCIK ISMAIL BIN MUSTAFFA
05 Jan 2022 Consolidated results for the financial period ended 30/09/2021 (Amended Announcement)
30 Dec 2021 Notice of Interest Sub. S-hldr (Section 137 of CA 2016) - EXEMPT AN FOR KENANGA INVESTORS BERHAD
29 Dec 2021 MONTHLY PRODUCTION FIGURES (MINING / PLANTATION / TIMBER)
28 Dec 2021 NEW ISSUE OF SECURITIES (CHAPTER 6 OF LISTING REQUIREMENTS) : FUND RAISING
27 Dec 2021 Additional Listing Announcement /Subdivision of Shares


Welcome to the January Stamp of the Month Blog Hop! This month we are featuring Adore You. This set of 12 stamps. If you have come here from Cat Nowak's Blog, you are on the right path! The blog hop is a great big circle, so you can start here and work your way around. If you get lost along the way, you'll find the complete list of participating consultant's HERE.
For my card I used new paper from the Sugar Rush paper pack accented with Gold Heat Embossing. I used the gold embossing on watercolor paper so that I could paint a swoosh of pink on the large heart and flowers. Next I cut it out and used 3D foam tape to pop it up on the card. I also used gold heat embossing on the small heart and the sentiment. I added some Sugar Rush washi tape and a thin strip of Sea Glass Glitter paper along with some new Sugar Rush Dots.
Remember! You can get this stamp for just $5 during the month of January when you purchase $50 in Close To My Heart Products!
Now it is time to hop on over to Sheila Bennett's Blog and see what she has created!
Very "artistic" approach to leave the flower cluster uncoloured - I love it! The gold combined with the glitter paper adds a nice touch.
Beautiful card! Love the softness of the look.
Beautiful card - love the gold embossing with the soft watercolor elements.
I love the softness of your card, especially the watercolor and the gold embossing.
Pretty! I love the watercolor heart.


OzGrav offers programs for schools as well as for holiday / after school / library programs. These are incursion programs. They are currently directly bookable in Victoria. If you are outside of Victoria and interested in our programs, please contact the OzGrav Education and Public Outreach Coordinator at jbondell@swin.edu.au.
The cost of the incursion varies from $8 - $10 per student. We can deliver the program at a given school up to three times during the school day for classes up to 24 students each. Capacity for our out of school programs is flexible.
For specific questions, please email the OzGrav Education and Public Outreach Coordinator at jbondell@swin.edu.au.
A Standard Risk Assessment for these activities are available upon request.
Note: This form collects data using a third-party provider (Google Forms) and you consent to this by completing the form. The data we collect is treated in accordance with Swinburne's Privacy Statement, which can be viewed here: https://www.swinburne.edu.au/privacy/. You can unsubscribe at any time.


text:
20 December 2012 - They became our meetings
Atlantis offers its guests to this Christmas Party an unforgettable burlesque show! Mother Christmas who makes the snow melt will distribute gifts…
Live bands and DJ sets… The party lasted until the morning.
Stéphane Basset
He debuted as a host in Bordeaux on the radio Wit FM in 1991. At 25, he hosts live the cultural 12/13 on France 3 Aquitaine during 4 seasons before coming to Paris and RTL2 radio. In the same time, he is speaker for Bordeaux's football team and composes some songs with the british director Chris Birkett (Talking Heads, Sinéad O'Connor…)
He creates his television production company Pyla Prod in 2001. Today, Pyla Prod produces more than 25 concepts of original programs.
He was columnist and host on several TV channel such as I>Télé, France 5, France 4, Virgin 17, D17 or LCI. He also did some radio on RFM.
2015: he creates and directs "DJ Mode d'Emploi" on MCM hosted by Bob Sinclar. He directs the documentary "10 years of music on France 4". Hosted a master class for SACEM.
He also realizes the conception, production and hosting of the show "A la roots" on RTL9 (an artist, a country, a guitar, 0 euro).
Musician, he composes and produces numerous songs for several artists (Alain Chamfort, Adrien Gallo, Chilly Gonzales, Housse de Racket, Bastille….) and is part of the duo Walter Sobcek.
k-vistes
Patrick (drummer), Cedric (bassist), Matthias (guitarist), Enzo (trumpeter), Remi (rhythm) and Vero (singer) reunite to play the greatest classics of funk, reggae and soul.
Specialists of covers adapted to their sound, they will know how to make you dance on your favorite hits but with their own K-VISTES way.
Stéphane Kronborg
Known by the band Nouvelle Vague, he is a composer who accompanies artists such as Nicole Scherzinger! He does us the honor of coming for a show during our end of the year party…


text:
Ten "sports" that you've probably never heard of, let alone played
Zoe Yabrove
Zoe Yabrove | July 11, 2013 | 2:47pm
Every Sunday is a funday at Viewhouse Eatery Bar and Rooftop, and there's a good reason why: games like dunk tank and yard sports like corn hole and giant Jenga.
In the spirit of unusual sports and games -- that are typically only enjoyed with a drink in hand -- here is a list of ten "sports" you probably have never played. They're much more extreme than what you'll find at View House, so prepare yourself.
See also: - The ten best geek events in Denver in July, from King Kong to Kinetics - Sports nerds score with comedians -- even if I don't get the joke - Ten things the Denver Broncos won't let you bring to Sports Authority Field this year
10. Cheese Rolling
Swiss, Provolone, Cheddar, American, Mozzarella, Pepper Jack, it's all delicious. But it is it worth sprinting down a steep hill for? That's questionable. The seven-pound Gloucester cheese can reach speeds up to 70 miles per hour, I'm going to go out on a limb and say "no thank you." However, Colorado's own Kenny Rackers didn't feel this way when he won the competition on May 27.
9. Dunny Derby
A major crowd pleaser in Winton, Queensland, Dunny Derby involves one person sitting on the John, while a team pulls him along on a mission to defeat the other poopers. The fastest lavatory wins the grand prize of $3,000, oddly not $2,000, come one who doesn't like some good ol' potty humor?
8. Elephant Polo
This sport originated in Meghauli, Nepal where the world championships still take place. The extreme version of polo has spread to Thailand, England, and Scotland. America has yet to jump on the bandwagon -- or rather the trunk.
Continue reading for more outrageous "sports."
7. Dwarf Tossing
Sadly, dwarf tossing is exactly what it sounds like. Little people dressed in padded clothing and helmets are tossed by a burly beaded man. The person who throws the little person the furthest wins. It's about as politically incorrect as they come.
6. Worm Charming
Originally, this was just a way to get worms from the ground and onto a fishing pole hook. But at some point, probably after a few six-packs, this hobby turned into a competitive sport. Now, there are competitions to see who can use their wits and charms to get the most worms in their bucket.
5. Canine Freestyle Dancing
Parents are enrolling their children in dance classes and sports all time, so it only makes sense that dog parents are doing it too. This sport tests a pup's obedience, creativity and rhythm. Canine Freestyle came to be in 1989 and has made for a tail-wagging good time all over the world.
4. Extreme Ironing
Apparently, society is bored enough to make tidying up your Sunday's best into a sport. Some Extreme Ironing athletes, and we use this word liberally, claim this sport is one of the most grueling activities they have ever done. The creator of Extreme Ironing, Phil Shaw (AKA: Steam), ran the Hasting half marathon in 2012 with an ironing board strapped to his chest while straightening his unmentionables all the way to the finish line.
3. Joggling
You may have caught this wacky sport -- in which juggling and jogging have been united -- on TV last summer during the Olympic Games in London. One of the world record holders, Scott Anthony, lives in Colorado Springs. Colorado's got talent.
2. Zorbing
New Zealander's were just so jealous of their hampsters; they decided they wanted in on the fun. There are two types of orbs that are rolled down a half mile slope, one orb has a harness for stability and the other is a free for all. Zorbing has made its way to the United States, and there are sites open to the public in Tennessee and Massachusetts. Visit the Zorbing Facebook page to vote for a site to be built in Colorado.
1. Shin Kicking
The rules are simple: Grab your opponent's collar and kick them in the shin until they fall to the ground. Shin kicking, also known as hacking, has been referred to by some as a martial art. We aren't quite sure who those people are, but we are sure they must be drunk. Some mom was probably so secretly entertained by her kids kicking each other in the shins that she decided to turn it into an event.
Zoe Yabrove is a Denver native with an undergraduate degree in creative writing and a master's in special education. She is a teacher in Denver Public Schools and contributes to Westword to get her writing fix.
Twitter: @zoewithapen
Instagram: zoewithapen


text:
Q: Haskell: type classes question I wish to define the following typeclass Mapping:
{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}

class Mapping k v m where
  empty :: m v
  insert :: k -> v -> m v -> m v
  search :: k -> m v -> Maybe v
  delete :: k -> m v -> m v

One instance of Mapping is Data.Map.Map
{-# LANGUAGE ..., FlexibleInstances #-}

instance Ord k => Mapping k v (Map.Map k) where
  empty = Map.empty
  search = Map.lookup
  insert = Map.insert
  delete = Map.delete

And now I want to create a type Trie :: * -> * -> * -> * such as
{-# LANGUAGE ..., UndecidableInstances #-}

data Trie m k v = Trie {
  trValue :: Maybe v,
  trChildren :: m (Trie m k v)
}

instance Mapping k (Trie m k v) m => Mapping [k] v (Trie m k) where
  search [] tree = trValue tree
  search (x:xs) tree =
    search xs =<< search x (trChildren tree)

So far so good,
now I also want to define Trie's insert and empty, and that's where I get into problems.
I will discuss empty because it's simpler and insert needs it anyhow..
If I try this:
instance Mapping k (Trie m k v) m => Mapping [k] v (Trie m k) where
  empty = Trie { trValue = Nothing, trChildren = empty }
  ...

and that makes me get the following error:
Could not deduce (Mapping k (Trie m k1 v) (m k1))
  from the context (Mapping [k1] v (Trie m k1),
                    Mapping k1 (Trie m k1 v) (m k1))
  arising from a use of `empty' at test.hs:27:49-53
Possible fix:
  add (Mapping k (Trie m k1 v) (m k1)) to the context of
    the instance declaration
  or add an instance declaration for (Mapping k (Trie m k1 v) (m k1))
In the `trChildren' field of a record
In the expression: Trie {trValue = Nothing, trChildren = empty}
In the definition of `empty':
    empty = Trie {trValue = Nothing, trChildren = empty}

I've tried and tried to solve it but failed.
Does anyone know how to make it work? Is it even possible?

A: Code to demonstrate Ganesh's answer:
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances, FunctionalDependencies, MultiParamTypeClasses, StandaloneDeriving, UndecidableInstances #-}

import qualified Data.Map as Map
import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe)

class Mapping k m | m -> k where
  empty :: m v
  insert :: k -> v -> m v -> m v
  search :: k -> m v -> Maybe v
  delete :: k -> m v -> m v

instance Ord k => Mapping k (Map.Map k) where
  empty = Map.empty
  search = Map.lookup
  insert = Map.insert
  delete = Map.delete

data Trie m v = Trie {
  trValue :: Maybe v,
  trChildren :: m (Trie m v)
}

deriving instance (Show v, Show (m (Trie m v))) => Show (Trie m v)

trieMod :: Mapping k m => Maybe v -> [k] -> Trie m v -> Trie m v
trieMod val [] trie = trie { trValue = val }
trieMod val (x:xs) trie =
  trie { trChildren = insert x newChild children }
  where
    children = trChildren trie
    newChild = trieMod val xs prevChild
    prevChild = fromMaybe empty . search x $ children

instance Mapping k m => Mapping [k] (Trie m) where
  empty = Trie { trValue = Nothing, trChildren = empty }
  search [] trie = trValue trie
  search (x:xs) trie =
    search xs =<< search x (trChildren trie)
  insert key val = trieMod (Just val) key
  delete = trieMod Nothing

type TernarySearchTree a = Trie (Map.Map a)

Btw: Had functional dependencies not existed, we would probably need to compromise on an annoying interface and use function tables instead of type classes.

A: Add a functional dependency:
{-# LANGUAGE ..., FunctionalDependencies #-}

class Mapping k v m | m -> k where
   ...

The errors you got before were because the program was ambiguous about which key type to use in certain places, hence the errors about the type variable k1. The functional dependency allows the key type to be deduced from the map type (by declaring that there is only one possible answer), which deals with this problem.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package config

import (
	"errors"
	"net/url"

	"github.com/stellar/go/keypair"
)

// Config contains config params of the compliance server
type Config struct {
	ExternalPort      *int   `mapstructure:"external_port"`
	InternalPort      *int   `mapstructure:"internal_port"`
	LogFormat         string `mapstructure:"log_format"`
	NeedsAuth         bool   `mapstructure:"needs_auth"`
	NetworkPassphrase string `mapstructure:"network_passphrase"`
	Database          struct {
		Type string
		URL  string
	}
	Keys
	Callbacks
	TLS struct {
		CertificateFile string `mapstructure:"certificate_file"`
		PrivateKeyFile  string `mapstructure:"private_key_file"`
	}
	TxStatusAuth struct {
		Username string `mapstructure:"username"`
		Password string `mapstructure:"password"`
	} `mapstructure:"tx_status_auth"`
}

// Keys contains values of `keys` config group
type Keys struct {
	SigningSeed string `mapstructure:"signing_seed"`
}

// Callbacks contains values of `callbacks` config group
type Callbacks struct {
	Sanctions string
	AskUser   string `mapstructure:"ask_user"`
	FetchInfo string `mapstructure:"fetch_info"`
	TxStatus  string `mapstructure:"tx_status"`
}

// Validate validates config and returns error if any of config values is incorrect
func (c *Config) Validate() (err error) {
	if c.ExternalPort == nil {
		err = errors.New("external_port param is required")
		return
	}

	if c.InternalPort == nil {
		err = errors.New("internal_port param is required")
		return
	}

	if c.NetworkPassphrase == "" {
		err = errors.New("network_passphrase param is required")
		return
	}

	if c.Keys.SigningSeed == "" {
		err = errors.New("keys.signing_seed and keys.encryption_key params are required")
		return
	}

	if c.Keys.SigningSeed != "" {
		_, err = keypair.Parse(c.Keys.SigningSeed)
		if err != nil {
			err = errors.New("keys.signing_seed is invalid")
			return
		}
	}

	var dbURL *url.URL
	dbURL, err = url.Parse(c.Database.URL)
	if err != nil {
		err = errors.New("Cannot parse database.url param")
		return
	}

	switch c.Database.Type {
	case "mysql":
		// Add `parseTime=true` param to mysql url
		query := dbURL.Query()
		query.Set("parseTime", "true")
		dbURL.RawQuery = query.Encode()
		c.Database.URL = dbURL.String()
	case "postgres":
		break
	default:
		err = errors.New("Invalid database.type param")
		return
	}

	if c.Callbacks.Sanctions != "" {
		_, err = url.Parse(c.Callbacks.Sanctions)
		if err != nil {
			err = errors.New("Cannot parse callbacks.sanctions param")
			return
		}
	}

	if c.Callbacks.TxStatus != "" {
		_, err = url.Parse(c.Callbacks.TxStatus)
		if err != nil {
			err = errors.New("Cannot parse callbacks.tx_status param")
			return
		}
	}

	if c.Callbacks.AskUser != "" {
		_, err = url.Parse(c.Callbacks.AskUser)
		if err != nil {
			err = errors.New("Cannot parse callbacks.ask_user param")
			return
		}
	}

	if c.Callbacks.FetchInfo != "" {
		_, err = url.Parse(c.Callbacks.FetchInfo)
		if err != nil {
			err = errors.New("Cannot parse callbacks.fetch_info param")
			return
		}
	}

	return
}