As a bit of a Bank Holiday treat we have a series of much better shots of the new Red Flash 506 taken by Brian George. There are bigger and higher res so you can see the details better. As usual if you click on an image it goes to the Flickr view where you can view them even larger if you wish!
All ©Brian George – with thanks!
Looking great. Do we know if the entire fleet of the 21/21a route will be Enviro 400s eventually? And how many come in to service on September 1st?
Four enter service on 1st September, with eight more in November/December and the last four hopefully at the same time, but possibly not till early in the new year.
Hopefully people will utilise the top deck and not just mill around standing in the gangway downstairs when theres room upstairs as seems to be the case when double decked are used on urban routes.
Phil's beat me to it - I could have posted that exactly! Would be interested in knowing the answers to both of those questions if anyone knows them. Great pics Brian, am very grateful for sharing them with us.
Why is it always Barne Barton and Plympton that get all the new buses? The likes of Southway, Whitleigh, Brake Farm & Honicknowle get among the eldest buses in the fleet! What's the logic behind that?
It wasnt always Barne Barton - it used to be the 43 which always got the new buses. At the end the day though, it will always be whichever routes can guarantee the best return, ie the busiest routes will always see the most investment.
At present, Southway services 40/41 are all Citaros, Whitleigh 44/44A is a mix between 3 B7RLEs, Citaros and the odd SPD. Honicknowle/Brake Farm on 61/61A are all older Y/51 plate SPDs, so aside from the odd few Darts on the 44 Southway & Whitleigh get a very nice set of buses. The SLFs are mainly used in the badly neglected areas, those being Eggbuckland & Tamerton on the 27/28 and 42/A, & short 42s to Derriford & 30s.
Agree with Graham - it's always going to be the case that money will go where money can be made/returned! What too is always true is on any route that is operated with deckers is there will always be some light runs however on the 21/21A I have seen some very full loads in the deckers, even off peak! The 1705-1735 trips to Plympton from Royal Parade are almost guaranteed to be full and standing, the 1815 to Plympton run too is very well used. The main thing most passengers in Plympton at least will be grateful for is the extra buggy space! I feel these will prove a huge success and very popular; let's hope they live up to our expectations!
I would like to speculate that it's more to do with competition. First don't serve Southway etc so bus passengers have no choice. The 8/9 always seems to be old buses too. First DO serve Plympton and Barne Barton so Citybus have to attract customers.
Although 61/61A see only SLF type vehicles, 40, 41, 44 and 44A have been using Citaros and Eclipse vehicles lately.
As Graham says investment goes where it will generate the best return. Once these Enviros hit the streets there will be a general cascade around the car workings as some of the other timetable changes will see a change of bus. Will post details once all is confirmed.
Any future deliveries of buses will be double deck, as we need the extra capacity. So the more people that use pcb services, then the chances of getting lovely new buses will be greater.
the more people that leave their car at home and use the bus, means less congestion ( which is a major issue in Plymouth!) and cleaner air, thus reducing the carbon footprint, and Plymouth Citybus is doing its best to achieve that by investing in state of the art environmentally friendly buses.
And don't forget on 5th October we are starting service 12 Tavistock - Plymouth with 4 brand new Enviro 400's with free wifi, extra legroom and leather seats. So you can use ur ipad, laptop etc to catch up with facebook twitter and even work stuff while u travel! Join Plymouth citybus's facebook page and twitter page to keep up to date with traffic delays or other information.
yes yes yes i belive all transport operators do their very best to ruduce their carbon footprint on the enviroment, and as to the service 12 how much are we to pay for pleasure of wifi, legroom and leather ? oh and you have a little brown stain on your nose.
Its a main route where they compete with First maybe ??? I am not so sure people will pay more along this route for some flash bus though. They just want a bus that turns up and I think First can be quite a lot cheaper along this corridor ????
I got on a 21 the other day, made a mistake and sat at the back of the bus downstairs, what a noise, had a headache when I got off. As the bus pulled away it was extremely noisy, I would say it could be breaking noise levels. As I live near the route I listened as the buses went by, seemed to me that the noisiest by far were the 'W' reg buses, anybody else heard them?
A few of the PVLs have their cooling fans jammed on, hence the ridiculously loud roar. These are 420, 430 and 431. 432, 435 and 436 all go very nicely, with 435 being the best out of those. 433 however is extremely slow!
Where are the timetables for the Tavistock and Torpoint that were being released late August?
Additionally, what about details of the upcoming VOSA changes last week?
Could say that myself - hopefully it'll all be released soon!
507 was outside the paintshop yesterday in Red Flash livery and WF63LYR plates.


text:
Brandon Bitner: Anti-gay bullying leads to another tragic teen suicide
Anti-gay bullying has reportedly claimed another teen life. Brandon Bitner, 14, of Mount Pleasant Mills, Penn., walked 13 miles from his home early Friday morning to a busy intersection and threw himself in front of an oncoming tractor-trailer after leaving a suicide note at his home.
By LGBTQ Nation Monday, November 8, 2010
Brandon Bitner
MIDDLEBURG, Penn. — Anti-gay bullying has reportedly claimed another teen life.
Brandon Bitner, 14, of Mount Pleasant Mills, Penn., walked 13 miles from his home early Friday morning to a busy intersection and threw himself in front of an oncoming tractor-trailer after leaving a suicide note at his home, according to The Daily Item.
There seems to be little doubt in students' minds why Brandon did what he did.
"It was because of bullying," friend Takara Jo Folk wrote in a letter to The Daily Item.
"It was not about race, or gender, but they bullied him for his sexual preferences and the way he dressed. Which," she said, "they wrongly accused him of."
Brandon's suicide note reportedly explained that he was constantly bullied at Midd-West High School in Middleburg, where he was a freshman.
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Bullies allegedly called Brandon gay, girly, fag, and geek. He stated in the note that a humiliating event in school this past week was the "straw that broke the camel's back."
Brandon was an accomplished violinist, having been a member of the Susquehanna Youth Orchestra in 2009.
His death came just days after an anti-bullying assembly at the high school, which, according to district Superintendent Wesley Knapp, was not held in response to any specific problems at the school, but because it is an issue Principal Cynthia Hutchinson has always felt strongly about.
After the assembly, according to student Briana Boyer in another letter to The Daily Item, "No one took it seriously, and joked around about it."
Tammy Simpson, Brandon's mother, said Brandon suffered verbal abuse from other students for years.
"They called him gay lots of times," Simpson told WHTM-TV. "If the bullying would have been corrected, maybe it wouldn't have got to this point. Maybe he wouldn't have taken his life."
School administrators said they weren't aware of any problems.
"There were no incidents reported to us, nor seen by teachers, nor reported by students to any of us. So that part of it catches me by surprise," said Knapp.
Friends of Brandon have set up a Facebook page, "RIP Brandon Bitner."
A memorial website is here, and the Patriot-News has Brandon's obituary here.
Bullying, In Memoriam, LGBTQ youth, Pennsylvania, Suicide, Teen Suicide
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The move follows right-wing outrage over a queer prom in the state that featured a drag performance.
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The court may have to take up the issue following a lower court decision denying a transgender student access to the boys' restroom at his public high school.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Baldo storage bed, from high end Italian contemporary furniture brand Jesse is fantastically inviting, but also very practical. It includes an easy to use gas lift storage base (inside height 18cm), perfect for extra linen etc.
Shown in leather, the Baldo bed is also available in a large choice of fabrics and ecoleather (high quality faux leather). There are too many to show online, but we have put a scan of the ecoleather online here.
Samples can be seen in our London showroom, or fabric cuttings can also be mailed out to you.
The chrome rail around the base is also optional and the bed is priced as standard without it, but it can be chosen from our menus.
Jesse furniture have a fantastic range of other contemporary furniture for living, dining and bedroom to match. To see their collection click here, or to see all of our storage beds click here.
This storage bed is available in king size, Euro king andsuper king sizes. There is a non storage version too (which looks identical). The king size is a few centimetres larger than a standard size, giving you room to tuck in your bedding. We can also provide a top quality hand-made mattress to fit exactly. To see our mattress collection please click here.
For further details or trade enquiries or please Contact Us via email, phone us on 020 7731 9540, or visit our London showroom.
Slats are made in one large piece, please check you access please choose split slats if required.


Elissa Edwards, soprano and Richard Kolb, archlute & theorbo join forces to record the complete collection of songs and cantatas from Barbara Strozzi's Opus. 8.
For news & videos about the upcoming project and CD release, please join the newsletter.


Over the past few days I've been readying the KML module (thanks to AjK for starting the work) and the GeoRSS module for new releases that will work on the latest, shiny, version of the Drupal content management platform: Drupal 5.0.
They are both now ready (with the exception of some minor bugs and some feature requests) and there are a number of bits I need to backport to the 4.7 version of KML module to ensure it starts working again with recent updates to the Location module. I also need to make sure that GeoRSS module is consuming feeds properly from the successor to Aggregator2, Leech, as well as Feedparser.
I've also been helping out a little with the port of Location module as it is an essential part of getting the two modules to produce their geodata. It's not quite ready to be tagged as being ready for Drupal 5.0 but most of it is already working in this release.
If you're interested in any of these modules, please try them out and report any bugs in their issue trackers. If you have any ideas for future features, please also add them in there. Ideas (and patches, if possible) are always welcomed!
After visiting friends in London over the weekend and getting back to Stuttgart on Monday night, I am once again travelling, but this time to Brussels with work. I'll be here for GovCamp, DrupalCon and BarCamp. I was also hoping to catch up with the OpenStreetMap crowd, some of whom are up here this week for EuroOSCON, but spent much of the day on the train and so missed the meet-up today.
It should be a really interesting week, from watching presentations, learning about parts of Drupal I've not yet delved into deeply, and also getting to meet others in the Drupal community.


Sibly, W. A. The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and its Aftermath Translation of 'Chronicle' by a former inquisitor.
Mosse, Kate Labyrinth Novel about Cathars in Languedoc with rather fanciful ending!


Is a $15 minimum wage reasonable for Kansans?
A recent "Fair Wage Act" has been proposed in California to raise the minimum wage to $15 an hour.
As the discussion of raising the minimum wage spreads around the country, many states are taking steps toward a $15 standard. But is it a good idea for Kansas?
Currently, the minimum wage in Kansas is $7.25 an hour compared to $10 an hour in California. Let's compare the cost of living in California to Kansas.
According to Careertrends.com, the cost of living in California is 15 percent above the national average, in contrast to Kansas, which is 4 percent below the national average. It costs more to live in California than Kansas, as much as $7,787 a month.
The minimum wage should not be raised to $15 in Kansas because it is not practical with the current cost of living. Although I would support a slight increase in the minimum wage, I do not believe that it should be as high as $15. That just seems like a bit much for simply working fast food or retail, and this is coming from someone who works in fast food.
To help pay for college, I work summers and weekends at Freddy's Frozen Custard and Steakburgers. I have been working at Freddy's for almost a year now. I started out at $7.50 an hour (just above minimum wage). Through my experience with Freddy's, I believe that starting a new employee out on a $15 wage would not be motivating enough for them to want to work hard to move up in pay.
In my case, if I had been offered $15 an hour right off the bat at Freddy's, I wouldn't have had anything to motivate me to work hard. Of course, I would still try my best, but I don't think I would be nearly as motivated and excited to work at my job knowing that I didn't work hard to earn the $15. As silly as it sounds, I love my job not only because of the environment and the company, but also because I like the challenge of knowing if I try hard I will eventually be rewarded.
Although fast food workers often get a bad rap and are treated poorly for their work, I don't believe that they need to be paid $15 an hour. I enjoy challenging myself at work because I know that even though it's a fast food restaurant, I can still make the best and enjoy my time working while still getting the job done. I am motivated by the idea of getting raises every now an then, and I think that this wouldn't be the case if I would have started at $15 an hour.
In California it seems more reasonable and even practical to raise the minimum wage because of how costly it is to live there. In Kansas, it doesn't seem necessary to me right now, so for now I am perfectly content with my minimum wage job. Kansas can wait to increase starting wages to $15.


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Saprotrophic fungi are the principle decomposers of nonliving plant and animal detritus in the natural environment, thus recycling chemical elements back to the environment in a form other organisms may utilize. Filamentous fungi usually dominate wood and litter decomposing communities, but under particular ecological circumstances, for e.g., for wood in tropical ecosystems termites may predominate, and under waterlogged conditions bacteria may prevail (Rayner and Boddy 1988). Other wood and litter residents may include yeasts, bacteria, Myxomycetes and invertebrates such as Insecta, Oligochaeta, Acaria, and Nematoda. These may influence fungal community dynamics and consequently affect overall decay rates, either via direct interaction, such as antibiosis or grazing of fungal mycelium or spores, or by indirect interaction through impact on the abiotic environment (Dighton 1997; Rayner and Boddy 1988). Thus, invertebrate activity can increase the exposed surface area for decay activity, may provide channels for mycelial invasion, and also improve aeration. Invertebrate waste and remains will also increase local available nitrogen supplies. Therefore, decay of litter and wood in forest systems are ecologically significant and complex processes, produced by intricate and dynamic communities.
Estimates for litter production in temperate woodlands range from 3.8 ton/ha/yr for oak (Quercuspetraea) and 5.7 ton/ha/yr for Norway spruce (Picea abies), although tropical forest litter production may be twice this. Leaves form the bulk of litter material, representing 65-75% of the total nonwoody input to forest ecosystems. The overall process of leaf decomposition involves the activities of fungi, bacteria, and animals, to produce a humic product, which becomes incorporated into the mineral soil fraction. Litter decomposition may take months (e.g., for Ulmus and Fraxinus excelsior) or years (e.g., for Pinus sylvestris, Quercus, Fagus sylvatica), and may accumulate to form layers if litter production is high and decomposition rates are low. Fungal successions on leaves as they mature, senesce, die and fall, are well characterized and described in detail elsewhere (Andrews and Hirano 1991; Frankland 1984; 1998; Dix and Webster 1995; Kinkel 1991; Ponge 1991). Unfortunately, investigations tend to focus on the generation of lists of species rather than enquiry into the underlying processes involved. Exceptions that attempt to explore the fundamental processes driving population and community dynamics include application of "Life-history strategy" concepts (Andrews and Harris 1986), "Island theory" (Andrews et al. 1987; Wildman 1992) and a dynamic "Patch occupancy" model (Gourbiere et al. 1999). Populations of fungi colonizing needles and leaves are governed by both external climatic effects with implicit immigration rates, and by fungal interaction effects such as competition and successional associations (Gourbiere et al. 2001; Kinkel 1991). Colonization by phylloplane filamentous fungi and yeasts may commence immediately following emergence of a new leaf, and some species may already have a prior colonization history within the bud itself. Fungal spores deposited from the atmosphere must first survive stressful conditions, such as desiccation and rapid wetting, and intense UV and visible light as well as other environmental and climatic factors. Subsequently, primary colonizers overcome leaf inhibitory structures and compounds as well as microbial competition, whilst deriving nutrients via absorption of simple atmospheric nutrient supplies and leaf cell exudates.
Phylloplane and litter studies usually involve cultural methods: either plating of macerated portions or washings from leaf tissue, or of surface-sterilized portions (to distinguish between true colonists and nonviable propagules). However, Frankland (1998) cautioned that plate isolations might generate misinformation by merely selecting certain species from a complex of substratum successions. The isolation of certain species may better indicate the prevalence of dormant survival propagules, than their actual activity within the substratum. Direct observation following brief incubation in damp chambers is also useful, or following staining of leaf surface impressions produced in nail varnish or clear sticky tape, or even via electron microscopy. These different techniques have revealed that many incidental spores are in fact not viable, and that the pattern or succession of true colonizers is remarkably consistent for any particular leaf species, despite the diversity of propagules present. Early colonizers tend to be weak parasites or epiphytic saprophytes, e.g., certain yeasts and the cosmopolitan species Aureobasi-dium pullulans and Cladosporium herbarium, their activity often being restricted to the phylloplane until the onset of leaf senescence. The status of some species may indeed change from epiphyte to endophyte or even to weak parasite, depending on the interaction dynamic with the host plant defenses. Endophytes, pathogenic, parasitic or symptomless, may occupy up to 75% of leaves within a site. However, despite the diversity of endophytic genera involved, which may include Phomopsis, Cryptosporiopsis, and Phoma, the dominant mycoflora appear to be characteristic of the host species, regardless of host geographical distribution, thereby indicating a close evolutionary relationship between plant and fungus (Petrini 1991). Frankland (1998) also recognized the influence of host substrate on fungal species composition. Comparison of successions on different litter and nonwoody plant debris, revealed that the main differences in species composition were the early stage weak parasites, and that the duration of the decay succession, could be attributed to resource quality, particularly nitrogen content and also to levels of fungi-inhibitory tannins. So, Quercus litter with the highest C:N ratio and tannin content was the slowest litter to decay, whereas Fraxinius with the lowest, produced the shortest decomposition period. In fact, during the decomposition of litter collected from a single source, but allowed to decay in adjacent but environmentally dissimilar habitats, similar successions were observed but with different temporal scales (Frankland 1998).
Senescent leaves together with resident mycoflora will eventually fall to the litter or soil surface. Some phylloplane fungi (Aurobasidium spp. and Cladosporium spp.) may persist, and some may even complete their (sexual) life cycle during this phase. However their consequential net decomposition may be very low. Litter is rapidly colonized by certain soil-inhabiting fungi (e.g., Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Fusarium spp.), which appear to cause little direct litter decomposition, but may produce significant indirect effects, such as synergistically increasing decay rates with litter-agarics. The early ruderal strategists are progressively replaced by saprotrophic communities, which decay leaf surface waxes, pectins, and the lignocellulose complex itself. Later significant decay stages are associated with the litter-basidiomycetes, especially agarics such as Mycena, Marasmius, and Clitocybe, which form a significant portion of fungal biomass within litter. Such species are capable of cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis and often also ligninolysis, as well as the detoxification of litter phenolics. Mycena galopus is often prevalent in temperate litter, displaying little resource specificity and causing typical white-rot, but is never found in bulky woody debris. Evidently, factors other than lignocellulose decay potential are significant in determining the part an individual may play in litter decomposition. For example, explanation of an apparent paradox co-existence of two litter saprotrophs M. galopus and Marasmius androsaceus both utilizing the same resource but possessing different colonizing vigor, involved microclimatic factors and another trophic level, i.e., preferential grazing by a mycophagous collembolan (Frankland 1998). Certain basidiomycetes show preferences for particular litter types, possibly due in part to the stimulatory effect that certain litter flavenoids have on their growth. So, for example, the growth of certain Clavaria, Collybia, Marasmius, and Mycena species is stimulated by addition of minute quantities of taxifolin glycoside to growth media. However, differences between representative communities occurring on angiosperm and coniferous litter, were attributed more to pH than to leaf phenolic properties (see Carlile et al. 2001 for references). Agarics are also most significant within deeper litter layers, where the improved moisture regime is conducive to basidiomycete growth and they are sheltered from fluctuating climatic conditions. The significant involvement of small soil animals in nutrient cycling, promoting litter decomposition via leaf fragmentation, nitrogen input, and detoxification of phenolics is reviewed elsewhere (Dix and Webster 1995; Ingham 1992).
Wood degradation is a relatively slow process that may in temperate woodlands, take tens of years for the decomposition of small branches to several hundred years for large trunks. The heterogeneous and polymeric nature of wood together with low nitrogen and phosphorus content limits decay of woody resources to certain fungi and less significantly to a few bacteria.
(Chapela 1989; Crane et al. 1996; Crawford et al. 1990; Lumley et al. 2000; Rayner and Boddy 1988). Host-wood species, physico-chemical properties, and microclimate govern the basic fungal community dynamics, as does the prior history of the substratum (Barron 1992; Butin and Kowalski 1986; Chapela et al. 1988; Griffith and Boddy 1990; Keizer and Arnolds 1990). Water distribution and its reciprocal relationship with aeration, were identified as principal determinants of colonization patterns (Rayner and Boddy 1988; Griffith and Boddy 1991b). Thus, the moisture relations of living trees inhibit fungal growth and decay by the majority of fungi, except for certain pathogenic and endophytic species. However, to overcome this, some fungi apparently employ a strategy of active wood desiccation to achieve appropriate conditions for establishment and decay (Hendry et al. 1998).
The decay process often commences in the standing tree, in attached lower or stressed branches (Rayner and Boddy 1988). Fungi may gain access either through wounds, tissues following microbial or stress damage or via lenticels or leaf scars. Studies have indicated that pioneer species such as Stereum gausapatum, Phlebia rufa, Phellinus ferreus, Exidia glandulosa, and Vuilleminia comedens in oak or Daldinia concentrica, Hypoxylon rubiginosum, and Peniophora limitata in ash, can colonize living or recently dead wood. The host tree may instigate a response to this invasion, by accelerating localized premature heartwood tissue formation, which contributes to restriction of the invading front. The identification of massive decay columns comprising a single individual extending for several meters along branches known to have been dead for a single growing season only, indicated the involvement of latent invaders (see "Endophytes") initially distributed within functional sapwood as "dormant" hyphal fragments or propagules. Mycelial growth and colonization would then activate from multiple inoculum sites, following stress alleviation for the fungus (usually drying sapwood), imposed by stress aggravation for the host. Ramets of an individual genet could then grow and unite by anastomoses thereby forming extensive decay columns apparently occupied by a single individual. Secondary invaders such as Coriolus versicolor, Phlebia radiata, Sterium hirsutum, and Peniophora lycii in oak, and Radulomyces confluens in ash, could invade and replace pioneers in already dead or decaying wood.
Decomposing dead wood gradually releases sources of nutrients (Harmon et al. 1994). Exposed stumps of felled trees, fallen branches and twigs, or cut timbers may become rapidly colonized by large numbers of individuals of fairly nonselective saprotrophs, thereby forming numerous smaller decay columns. Community structure and development is affected by the degree of exposure, contact with the ground or with other wood, and is influenced by microenvironmental conditions and the arrival mode of individuals. Exposed surfaces may be colonized by established air-borne spores of Coriolus versicolor, Bjerkandera adusta, Stereum hirsutum, Chondrostereum purpureum basidiomycetes or ascomycetes in the genus Hypoxylon or Xylaria commonly on hardwoods.
Such a mode of establishment often produces slower expansion of decay columns compared to that from ground contact, presumably due to the more stressful drying regimes. Buried or ground contact wood may be colonized by soil-derived spores, mycelia, or cords. Later decay stages may involve Mycena galericulata and Pluteus cervinus on hardwoods, or Tricholomopsis rutilans and Paxillus atrotomentosus on conifers. On very wet, well-decayed wood Dacrymycetales such as Dacrymyces stillatus, or discomycetes such as Mollisia cinerea may occur.
That different individuals produce different types and rates of decay is now evident (Worrall et al. 1997). Furthermore, the spatio-temporal combination of extracellular enzymes secreted by a fungus is dependent not only on its evolutionary heritage, but also on the local environmental and biotic conditions (Griffin 1994; White and Boddy 1992a,b). Few studies have related community structure and development with the decomposition process itself. This seems to be a little imprudent as both are obviously intricately linked. Notable exceptions (Coates and Rayner 1985a,b) have demonstrated that inoculation via large numbers of individuals produce slower net decay rates when compared with that for low spore loads, probably due to expression of alternative metabolic pathways related to antagonism between numerous small domains. However, several authors have observed enhanced decomposition rates by mixtures or sequences of fungi (Boddy et al. 1989; Deacon 1985).
Direct examination of twigs, branches, and logs for fruiting structures is a traditional method of surveying for basidiomycete and ascomycete activity. But the flora detected using this approach is often very different to that isolated by plating wood portions from interior wood regions. Inferences regarding community dynamics if based on sporophore surveys should be made with extreme caution as their appearance may bear little relationship to the arrival, activity or decline of the supporting mycelia and the relationship will vary for different individuals. Thus, the time taken for the mycelium to derive sufficient resource to devote to sporophore production may be one or more seasons but may be evident only temporarily and the active mycelium of some fungi may not produce sporophores until their final stages of colonization. Some, such as Ganoderma and Fomes produce perennial fruit bodies, which may survive for several years, whereas others may produce seasonal and/or ephemeral fruit bodies. For example, soft-rot fungi such as Chaetomium spp. are prevalent colonizers frequently only detected via plating techniques. Similarly, the dominant ectomycorrhizal species Tylospora fibrillosa in a Sikta spruce plantation was not detected in sporophore surveys, and species indicating most abundant fruiting represented only a very small abundance in association with sampled roots (Taylor and Alexander 1991). Therefore the phenology (climate and time of appearance) and abundance of fruit-bodies for different species must be considered when interpreting survey data. However, careful experimental design and statistical treatment of such data can provide the ecologist with a useful approach to investigating factors influencing fungal community dynamics and decay at the forest ecosystem scale.
Microclimate, substrate quality determined by host species and decay stage, and forest history are cited as being the most significant determinants of fungal community structure in decaying wood (Lindblad 1998; Lumley et al. 2001; Rayner and Boddy 1988; Sippola and Renvall 1999; Vogt et al. 1992; Zhou and Hyde 2001). Other factors affecting species compositions include soil chemical properties (Ruhling and Tyler 1990), and vegetation type (Wasterlund and Ingelog 1981). Furthermore, the initial heterotroph community (bark beetles, ambrosia beetles, moulds, or decay fungi) has been found to influence decomposition or carbon flux in freshly cut Douglas fir (Progar et al. 2000). Multivariate analysis of survey data, such as detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), can indicate the relative importance of these variables for community structure and development within forest ecosystems. In dead-wood, decay state and microclimatic stress have been identified as most influential with some impact of soil conditions (Heilmann-Clausen 2001). Cluster analysis and ordination of microfungus communities in white spruce (Picea glauca) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) fallen logs in disturbed and undisturbed boreal woodland sites revealed tree species to be most influential, followed by stage of decomposition and moisture content (Lumley et al. 2001). From the foregoing, the importance of appropriate moisture regime for decay community development is evident, indeed particularly wet forests have revealed relatively depressed respiration and decomposition rates (Progar et al. 2000). Community analysis can also suggest general trends relating to species diversity and community development. Communities develop relatively quickly and predictably at early decay stages, but become slower and more diversified at later stages as the impact of fluctuating microclimatic stress become more significant due to increasing wood porosity (Heilmann-Clausen 2001). Biodiversity is greatest in undisturbed deadwood, and tends to increase as decay proceeds (Lumley et al. 2001; Norden and Paltto 2001; Renvall 1995). Moreover, some late-stage decay species may be prone to local extinction due to strict successional associations formed between certain species (Niemela et al. 1995).
The DCA of sporophore data from decomposing conifer trunks in northern Finland indicated the development of regular successions of wood-decay fungi. Differences observed among successions were due to associations with the prevailing microclimate and dependent on the resource capture strategies and combative ability of individuals (Renvall 1995). In short, environmental stress created succession pathways for specific saprotrophic groups. Such an inference is very much in accordance with the concept presented by Cooke and Rayner (1984), that community development pathways are initiated under varying degrees of high abiotic stress and/or low stress conditions following disturbance and is subsequently directed by four influences; disturbance, stress aggravation, stress alleviation, and intensification of combat (Boddy 1992).


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Offline Installer
15 Facts You Must Know About TWITTER
Sophia Sparrow
15 Facts You Must Know About TWITTER: We present you with another company today we're looking at 15 Facts you must know about Twitter welcome to TechGuideMe hello guys and welcome back to our Website it seems like today we can't eat at a restaurant before posting it somewhere for the world to see we send out millions of messages across various social media platforms and whether you love it or hate it social media is here to stay and most importantly has a huge influence on our lives from the hashtag me to move to the Occupy movement.
What is Twitter All About
We are experiencing shifts in cultural politics and much more and it's all happening instantly and online so it's no coincidence that today we're talking about Twitter. The microblogging platform that was founded back in 2006 and is still going strong the place where politicians celebrities activists authors and more share their views and react to events.
Twitter was created back in 2006 by Jack Dorsey Noah glass biz stone and Evan Williams and until 2012 they had more than 10 million people posting about 340 million tweets every day on the platform if you're a new here welcome be sure to subscribe to our newsletter and follow us. but let's just dive into the Twittersphere shall we here are 15 Facts you must know about Twitter.
Top 10 Most Expensive Fireworks Shows In The World
Here are all the interesting Facts about Twitter, you can read step by step. So, please stay with us till the end to know more about Twitter.
Hashtags started out being famous on Twitter.
Tweets are now two hundred and eighty characters but people don't use the whole space.
They introduced the first verified account blue badge.
Snoop Dogg stopped by their headquarters and smoked weed.
Jack Dorsey the CEO and co-founder has a net worth of 4.8 billion dollars according to Forbes.
Twitter is the most used platform for political and celebrity scandals.
Apparently, Twitter also sold data to Cambridge Analytica.
Twitter has been cited by the Panama papers.
In 2016 on election day in the United States of America by 10 p.m. people sent 40 million tweets.
Katy Perry has the biggest following.
Twitter has been used to organize protests and social movements.
Twitter is banned completely in Iran China and North Korea.
One employee took down Donald Trump's account for 11 minutes.
Caitlyn Jenner gained 1 million followers on Twitter in 4 hours and 3 minutes.
10 tweets per second mentioned Starbucks.
NO #1. Interesting Twitter Facts
Hashtags started out being famous on Twitter. It's hard to remember what the internet was before the hashtag came around but did you know that Twitter made it famous and almost instantly used by everyone a hashtag is a metadata tag that we use on social networks to easily find the content you want Chris Messina who is an open-source advocate first came up with the idea to use a hash character from IRC but his suggestion wasn't at first taken into consideration by Twitter the symbol became more used after the San Diego forest fire in 2007 and the 2009 to 2010 protests in Iran Twitter further helped to spread the practice by creating its trending topics on the main page and to quickly spread to other platforms such as Instagram and Facebook.
NO #2. General Facts About Twitter
Tweets are now two hundred and eighty characters but people don't use the whole space. As a microblogging platform twitter only used to allow 140 characters per post that were generally considered to be a good size micro post since users could better express their ideas and it was easier to read however last year Twitter famously introduced 140 more characters which elicited a number of both positive and negative responses it turns out that according to Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey the change hasn't affected the average length of messages and has resulted in more engagement it appears that people just like having more room to write and they also started to get more retweets and followers after the change.
NO #3. Twitter Facts 2018
they introduced the first verified account blue badge. Twitter is also known for introducing the verified account blue badge yet another practice that has spread to other sites the blue badge means that the account is verified by a social media platform and public figures were the first to get one in 2009 however this did not come out of the blue as Twitter was publicly criticized by Kanye West and even sued by Tony LaRussa because of fake accounts that claim to be them generally public accounts don't just get a blue badge they can also access previously unavailable features and they are granted by getting in contact with the person that owns or guests represented by the account.
NO #4. Amazing Facts Twitter
Snoop Dogg stopped by their headquarters and smoked weed. When you run a successful company you are bound to have a few brushes with Fame Twitter most notoriously had Snoop Dogg pay a special visit to their headquarters in San Francisco complete with his entourage he especially enjoyed using the office DJ booth and we'd like a lot of weed well what did you expect he is Snoop Dogg after all the move was criticized by conservative ensure capitalist Peter Thiel that called Twitter a mismanaged company who has such a good business model they can afford to smoke so much pot after all the hashtag puff-puff-pass Tuesday's had to live up to its name didn't it.
NO #5. Jack Dorsey the CEO and co-founder has a net worth of 4.8 billion dollars according to Forbes.
Jack Dorsey the CEO and co-founder has a net worth of 4.8 billion dollars according to Forbes. Jack Dorsey the 41-year-old co-founder and CEO of Twitter has quite an impressive background before starting Twitter in 2006 together with EV Williams biz stone and Noah glass he dropped out of New York University got certified as a masseur and even considered becoming a fashion designer he eventually became a self-taught computer programmer and the rest is history as of June 2018 his net worth is an amazing 4.8 billion dollars according to Forbes he also is the founder and CEO of square a mobile payment company.
NO #6. Twitter is the most used platform for political and celebrity scandals.
Twitter is the most used platform for political and celebrity scandals. Quick where do you get your news from if you're an active Twitter user it's actually very probable you read it on Twitter first the platform has revolutionized not only the way in which we do social media but the way we consume news even more importantly Twitter offers an easy way for events to spread like wildfire including political scandals campaigns and celebrity news take Anthony Weiner's 2011 downfall as an indecent photo of himself was made public andRosannee bars recent Twitter rampage that got her show canceled some critics say that the wide exposure to so much news has actually decreased people's actual interest and engagement in politics and not the other way around.
NO #7. Apparently, Twitter also sold data to Cambridge Analytica.
Apparently, Twitter also sold data to Cambridge analytic. On Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook have gotten a lot of slack for the Cambridge analytic a scandal but if you think that turning to Twitter is safer think again Bloomberg reported that Twitter also sold data to dr. Alexandra Cogan the researcher who created the personality quiz that was used to harvest data from 80 million Facebook users to put it this way the platform made 90 million dollars from enterprise data just in the first quarter of this year Twitter eventually admitted to doing this but failed to mention how much they got from the deal.
NO #8. Twitter has been cited by the Panama papers.
Twitter has been cited by the Panama papers. The Cambridge analytic a scandal is not the only one that Twitter has been involved in the Panama papers scandal exposed corporate giants such as Apple Disney Facebook and uber among many others for using offshore companies as a way to avoid paying taxes and Twitter was one of them to put it simply billions and billions of dollars are lost in taxes each year when companies use this tactic what's more billionaire Yuri Milner has Russia's support for his investment in both Facebook and Twitter according to the New York Times.
NO #9. In 2016 on election day in the United States of America by 10 p.m. people sent 40 million tweets.
In 2016 on election day in the United States of America by 10 p.m. people sent 40 million tweets. Twitter proved itself to be the breaking news powerhouse during the 2016 united states presidential election by amassing 40 million election tweets in just one day the most controversial Twitter user of all time president Donald Trump uses the social network to send out messages about all things related to his activity on that day he used it to criticize protesters that were not happy about the election results calling the act very unfair his tweets were also the subject of a study by the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology which analyzed his style of communication what the professor's finding was the president uses a so-called forensic style to quickly react to different events and express judgments about his allies and enemies.
NO #10. Katy Perry has the biggest following.
Katy Perry has the biggest following. Pop star Katy Perry broke a record as the first person to have 100 million followers on the social network it was also an opportunity to promote her recent album witness with a Twitter video that showcased her tweets dated from 2009 to 2017 the second most followed celebrity is Justin Bieber followed by former US president Obama Katy Perry is an avid Twitter user who uses her account to post real messages related to her daily life adding a personal touch to her posts such as tweeting about her Friday night plans to stay in with a nose for strip and not taking herself too seriously speaking of the famous pop star make sure to watch our 15 things you didn't know about Katy Perry video if you want to find out some more about the singer.
NO #11. Twitter has been used to organize protests and social movements.
Twitter has been used to organize protests and social movements. Twitter isn't just used by celebrities to show their real sides to fans it's also being used to shine a light on very serious events which were later dubbed the Twitter revolutions most recently actress Rose McGowan got Anna Rao with Twitter for temporarily suspending her account after she revealed Harvey Weinstein's sexual harassment behavior against her and other women in the movie industry the network claimed to have done this because her messages violated the company's privacy policy which started the hashtag women boycott Twitter started by software engineer Kelli Ellis which encouraged women to stop using Twitter for 24 hours as a protest for Twitter censorship actions which other actresses activists and journalists did join.
NO #12. Twitter is banned completely in Iran China and North Korea.
Twitter is banned completely in Iran China and North Korea. Normally we'd say that people who don't know what Twitter is must be living under a rock however not all countries have access to the social network whether it's a total ban or a partial one China Iran and of course North Korea totally blocked people from using it whereas countries like Iraq Turkey Venezuela and Egypt have prohibited its use for various reasons as you can see these are all problematic areas riddled with conflicts and it turns out that Twitter has an extensive censorship history for example just two years ago in 2016 Twitter helped the Israeli government erase content that originated outside of the country and Turkey is a leading country when it comes to removal requests a staggering 90% of the number of requests is received at the same time the platform admitted to hiding hundreds of thousands of tweets related to the 2016 Democratic National Committee email League.
NO #13. One employee took down Donald Trump's account for 11 minutes.
One employee took down Donald Trump's account for 11 minutes. BOTS Yard Wesak instantly became a hero for Trump's critics well at least for around 11 minutes the Twitter employee was on his last day there and decided to close Trump's account do the sac was working on a temporary contract and called his action a mistake however it was more than likely a choice he had made the German Turkish former Twitter employee is not the only one who wanted the account to be suspended as many have requested for it to be removed especially as the president had been threatening North Korea.
NO #14. Caitlyn Jenner gained 1 million followers on Twitter in 4 hours and 3 minutes.
Caitlyn Jenner gained 1 million followers on Twitter in 4 hours and 3 minutes. Former Olympic champion Caitlyn Jenner who was known as Bruce Jenner before transitioning he's another Twitter record holder her account was launched with a picture depicting Jenner on the cover of Vanity Fair which highlighted her transition from male to female and her new name she is the fastest person to gain 1 million followers on her account in a record-shattering for hours and 3 minutes that's more than Barack Obama's account managed to obtain two weeks prior to the election and well he's president.
NO #15. 10 tweets per second mentioned Starbucks.
10 tweets per second mentioned Starbucks. Starbucks is a worldwide brand that really knows how to interact with customers via social media the company has an amazing following from 40 million on Facebook to 2.1 million on Twitter the secret seems to be it's very approachable engagement strategy in which they interact with customers on a one-to-one basis for example they retweet a lot the social media engagement also earned them lots of new clients and of course more sales Starbucks is frequently mentioned on Twitter with about 10 messages per second it's also profited from controversy such as the hashtag Merry Christmas Starbucks which triggered discussions all around the world about Christmas cups not being Christmassy enough and that's it for today.
Thanks so much for Reading and now before you go we're curious to do you think that Twitter is an efficient medium to empower social movements to let us know in the comments box and as always for sticking with us to the end you get a bonus number 16. The CIA reads up to 5 million tweets per day no we're not talking about a spy movie plot it turns out that the US Central Intelligence Agency is also interested in what people have to share it only makes sense since of course as you share your daily life with people so do those who have bad intentions they are called the vengeful librarians and they are on Twitter for any information that might help such as extremist group movements and this is not the only governmental body to be interested in tweets the Library of Congress used to store every single public tweet available however last year they decided to cut back and only save selected messages hmm do you think they might favor celebrity musings? thank you for spending some time with us guys make sure to subscribe to our newsletter so you never miss another article. 15 Facts You Must Know About TWITTER
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Telefilm Roundup: April 25
By The Futon Critic Staff (TFC)
CHICAGO (thefutoncritic.com) -- The latest telefilm news, culled from recent wire reports:
BROOKLYN (HBO, New!) - HBO has given a greenlight to a new telefilm about the interactions among the diverse group of visitors and workers at a struggling Brooklyn diner during a single day. Jim McKay ("Our Song") will write and direct the project, which was inspired by personal experiences submitted by viewers via e-mail. Cast in the ensemble drama are Reg E. Cathey ("Oz"), Iris Little-Thomas ("Boycott"), Bridget Barkan, Ron Butler, Jordan Gelber ("Riding in Cars With Boys"), Billoah Greene ("Levity"), Stephen Henderson, muMs ("Oz") and Sydnee Stewart. The telefilm, which has begun production for a 2004 air date, is executive produced by Nelson George, Sean Daniel and Caldecot Chubb with Effie T. Brown producing.
THE GOODBYE GIRL (TNT) - Richard Benjamin ("Laughter on the 23rd Floor") is set to direct Neil Simon's remake of his 1977 Oscar winning film. Patricia Heaton and Jeff Daniels will take over for the Marsha Mason and Richard Dreyfuss roles in the new version which will still concern a woebegone divorcee (Heaton) sharing her New York apartment with a would-be actor (Daniels). Production is set to start on June 2 for an early 2004 air date.
HELEN OF TROY (USA) - The cable channel's epic mini-series averaged 4.1 million viewers for its four-hour run (4.3 million on April 20 and 3.9 million on April 21). That's on par with the network's recent telefilm "Rudy!" (4.3 million on March 30) but a far cry from its last mini-series: 2001's "Attila," which nabbed 7 million viewers on average for its two parts. Among adults 18-49, "Troy" averaged 2.1 million viewers.
WUTHERING HEIGHTS (MTV) - Erika Christensen ("Traffic"), Mike Vogel and Katherine Heigl ("Roswell") are in final negotiations to star in MTV's musical adaptation of Emily Bronte's classic novel. Written by Max Enscoe and Annie deYoung ("Prince William"), the telefilm centers on the saucy and selfish Catherine Earnshaw (Christensen), who falls in love with Heathcliff (Vogel), an orphan adopted by the Earnshaws, but marries her neighbor Edgar Linton instead. Meanwhile, Linton's sister Isabella (Heigl) marries Heathcliff but escapes after his ill temper makes her life miserable. Suri Krishnamma ("New Year's Day") will direct the project with Jim Steinman and Paul Mason producing.
Sources: Variety, The Hollywood Reporter, Reuters
· ATTILA (USA)
· BOYCOTT (HBO)
· EVERYDAY PEOPLE (HBO)
· GOODBYE GIRL, THE (TNT)
· HELEN OF TROY (USA)
· NEIL SIMON'S LAUGHTER ON THE 23RD FLOOR (HBO)
· OZ (HBO)
· PRINCE WILLIAM (ABC)
· ROSWELL (UPN)
· RUDY! (USA)
· WUTHERING HEIGHTS (MTV)
Travel Channel's New Series "Haunted in the Heartland" Investigates Communities Haunted by Unearthly Residents
In the new Travel Channel series, paranormal investigator and documentary filmmaker Steve Shippy visits Midwestern towns that have been traumatized for generations by ripples of fear.
"Ali & Cavett: The Tale of the Tapes" Debuts February 11, Exclusively on HBO
Between 1968 and 1979, boxing superstar Muhammad Ali appeared on the Emmy(R) winning "Dick Cavett Show" no less than 14 times.
Smithsonian Channel(TM) Explores the Untold Story of the Journey Toward Racial Equality in Space with "Black in Space: Breaking the Color Barrier"
Look for the documentary to premiere on Monday, February 24 at 8:00/7:00c.
Monday's Broadcast Ratings: ABC, "The Bachelor" Stay on Top in Demos
The Alphabet wins Monday among adults 18-49 for the third consecutive week.
Nipsey Hussle Grammy(R) Tribute to Feature Kirk Franklin, DJ Khaled, John Legend, Meek Mill, Roddy Ricch and YG
The artists announced today join previously announced performers Aerosmith; Camila Cabello; Billie Eilish; Ariana Grande; H.E.R.; Jonas Brothers; Lizzo; Demi Lovato; Rosalía; Run-D.M.C.; Blake Shelton; Gwen Stefani; Tyler, The Creator; and Charlie Wilson.
"Feherty Live" Returns, With Special Edition from Farmers Insurance Open in San Diego; Airs Wednesday at 9 P.M. ET
The one-hour show is being produced in front of a live audience, and will air in conjunction with the Farmers Insurance Open, title sponsor of this week's PGA Tour stop.
"Ten years after we launched our first court series 'America's Court with Judge Ross,' our viewers continue to enjoy some of the best court shows available," said Byron Allen.
Sunday's Broadcast Ratings: NFC Championship Puts FOX on Top
The network's NFL coverage easily wins the night in all categories.
Apple Announces "Defending Jacob" Starring Chris Evans and Michelle Dockery to Premiere April 24
Based on the best-selling novel of the same name by William Landay, "Defending Jacob" will premiere its first three episodes exclusively on Apple TV+ starting Friday, April 24, and new episodes will premiere weekly thereafter every Friday.
"Dear..." Complete First Season Premieres June 5 on Apple TV+
The series will profile internationally recognized leaders including Oprah Winfrey, Gloria Steinem, Spike Lee, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Yara Shahidi, Stevie Wonder, Aly Raisman, Misty Copeland, Big Bird and more.
"Mythic Quest: Raven's Banquet" Renewed for Second Season
"Mythic Quest: Raven's Banquet" follows a team of video game developers as they navigate the challenges of running a popular video game.
Apple Announces New Comedy Series "Trying" to Premiere May 1
Starring Rafe Spall and Esther Smith, "Trying" is a new comedy series about growing up, settling down and finding someone to love.
New Documentary Series "Home" to Premiere April 17 on Apple TV+
"Home" is a new documentary series that offers viewers a never-before-seen look inside the world's most innovative homes.
Apple Announces Premiere Date for Steven Spielberg's "Amazing Stories" and Unveils First Look Image
A reimagining of the original anthology series, each episode of "Amazing Stories" will transport the audience to worlds of wonder through the lens of today's most imaginative filmmakers, directors and writers.
Apple Reveals "Central Park," A New Animated Musical Comedy from Emmy Award Winner Loren Bouchard, to Debut in Early Summer 2020
The series voice cast includes Josh Gad, Leslie Odom Jr., Kristen Bell, Kathryn Hahn, Tituss Burgess, Daveed Diggs and Stanley Tucci.


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Q: HTTParty is escaping JSON I'm using HTTParty to send data to a remote API, however the API is complaining because the JSON being sent by HTTParty appears to be being escaped, and is thus deemed invalid.
Here's what I'm doing:
query = {"count"=>1,
 "workspaces"=>
  {123445=>
    {"title"=>"Test Project",
     "description"=>"",
     "start_date"=>"2015-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
     "due_date"=>"2015-08-31T00:00:00.000Z",
     "price_in_cents"=>8000,
     "currency"=>"USD",
     "status_key"=>130,
     "custom_field_values_attributes"=>[],
     "workspace_groups_attributes"=>
      [{"created_at"=>"2015-07-13T11:06:36-07:00",
        "updated_at"=>"2015-07-13T11:06:36-07:00",
        "name"=>"Test Customer",
        "company"=>true,
        "contact_name"=>nil,
        "email"=>nil,
        "phone_number"=>nil,
        "address"=>nil,
        "website"=>nil,
        "notes"=>nil,
        "id"=>"530947",
        "custom_field_values_attributes"=>[]}],
     "id"=>123445}},
 "results"=>[{"key"=>"workspaces", "id"=>123445}]}

Calling to_json on query escapes the JSON too:
"{\"count\":1,\"workspaces\":{\"123445\":{\"title\":\"Test Project\",\"description\":\"\",\"start_date\":\"2015-06-01T00:00:00.000Z\",\"due_date\":\"2015-08-31T00:00:00.000Z\",\"price_in_cents\":8000,\"currency\":\"USD\",\"status_key\":130,\"custom_field_values_attributes\":[],\"workspace_groups_attributes\":[{\"created_at\":\"2015-07-13T11:06:36-07:00\",\"updated_at\":\"2015-07-13T11:06:36-07:00\",\"name\":\"Test Customer\",\"company\":true,\"contact_name\":null,\"email\":null,\"phone_number\":null,\"address\":null,\"website\":null,\"notes\":null,\"id\":\"530947\",\"custom_field_values_attributes\":[]}],\"id\":123445}},\"results\":[{\"key\":\"workspaces\",\"id\":123445}]}"

Is this expected behavior to escape the JSON? Or I'm wondering if the hash I'm building for query is invalid for JSON purposes?
Any help would be greatly appreciated.

A: Calling to_json on query doesn't yield escaped JSON.
Try puts query.to_json to see that.
You see backslashes because #inspect method on String (and this method is called to display contents of variables to console) displays String enclosed in double quotes, and it has to escape quotes which are in the given string itself.
Your problem is probably not having proper Content-Type headers. You should do something like this:
result = HTTParty.post(url, body: query.to_json, headers: {'Content-Type' => 'application/json'})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


What Burke does know is that he has a top returning runner in Rachel Harrison-Smith, the team's senior captain. He knows he has a quality runner in senior Gabriele Escallier, a transfer who was Southampton's No. 2 runner. And, based on what he has seen in practice, he suspects that freshman Maurinne Sullivan will be a scorer for the Blue Waves.
It's a young squad. The other team members are senior Rebecca Gray, sophomores Nina Schlosberg, Melissa Villafranco and Brittany Wright, and freshmen Najsha Cuello, Rebecca Edwards, Elise Littlefield and Isabella Marcucci. Gray is recovering from an ankle injury.
The coaching staff has been encouraged by the attitude and work ethic of the runners.


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Q: Can we have an array of activities? hey im doing a project at the moment which is a note app , the main activty is basically a listview which should contain different notes that the user write .
My question is as follows: what type of array should I create so that it contains different objects of the "writing note" activity and when the user click on one of them it takes him to the notes that he has written previously ?
I tried making objects of the activity like how we do it with normal classes but it
did not work .
my question might be silly but im new to android and im lost in this case,thanks.

A: I would recommend making a single Activity for viewing notes. Whenever you select one of the saved notes it always opens the same Activity class, but the content in the Activity is filled from the specific note.
You can pass the data from the note to the Activity with Intents and putExtra()
https://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html#putExtra

A: You use a ListView for this kind of problem. When you click on one item of the ListView a new Activity "pops up".
But I think the question is, which array to use for the Adapter of the ListView. I would create a custom object, where you save the data you need for your fragments/activities. You use the data from the CustomObjects to start a new activity/fragment when you click on one item on the ListView. You then have to make your Adapter<CustomObject> and pass it to your ListView.


WASHINGTON – A proposal to reverse a federal ban on new mining claims near the Grand Canyon survived a committee vote Tuesday and could go to the full House as early as next week.
Opponents were unable to strip the language from the Interior-Environment appropriations bill, but not before contentious debate among House Appropriations Committee members about the true impacts of uranium mining near the Grand Canyon.
"Let's not screw up the Grand Canyon," said Rep. Ed Pastor, D-Phoenix, who asked what would happen to the environment and to the steady flow of tourism dollars if land around the Grand Canyon were industrialized.
But Rep. Jeff Flake, R-Mesa, who last week added the language to reverse the federal ban, defended his rider, saying Congress should be making such decisions and not the Secretary of Interior.
"The gulf between rhetoric and reality on this is as wide as the Grand Canyon," Flake said, adding that in more than two years of study, the Interior Department has not been able to come up with a reason to stop uranium mining in the area.
Flake's rider was a response to Interior Secretary Ken Salazar, who last month announced an emergency six-month ban on new mining claims on more than 1 million acres near the Grand Canyon. He was extending a two-year ban that would have expired this month, saying the extra time is needed for Interior to finish analyzing potential impacts of uranium mining in the area.
Salazar said at the time that his preferred action once the analysis is complete is a 20-year moratorium.
Rep. James Moran, D-Va., urged the committee Tuesday to strike Flake's rider, saying uranium mining would poison the Colorado River water that millions of Americans rely on and blight the canyon's scenic landscape.
Others argued — for and against the rider — by citing concerns over the level of foreign influence on American uranium mining.
Rep. Norm Dicks, D-Wash., said it is mostly foreign companies competing for uranium mining rights in the U.S. Rep. Jo Ann Emerson, R-Mo., echoed his concern and offered a cautionary tale from her home state: Only one beryllium mine in Missouri is under an American company's control, she said.
Several committee Republicans expressed concern about the amount of uranium the U.S. buys from foreign sources, claiming the nation imports about 90 percent of its uranium, mostly from Russia. Opening land near the Grand Canyon to mining was necessary for America's economy and security, they argued.
But Rep. Jesse Jackson Jr., D-Ill., countered that there is a reason the U.S. buys so much Russian uranium.
He said Flake has a "particular interest" in mining going forward.
Moran had the last word before the vote on his amendment.
"It (the rider) should be struck, we should protect the Grand Canyon, we should leave these decisions to the Secretary of the Interior," he said.
The amendment failed on a 23-26 vote that split mostly on party lines. Three Republicans voted for the amendment: C.W. Bill Young of Florida, Frank Wolf of Virginia and Steven LaTourette of Ohio.
Flake called Moran's amendment an attempt to "go around the deliberative process" in deciding whether to allow new mining claims on more than 1 million acres around the Grand Canyon that contain significant uranium deposits.
Until the funding bill wins final approval from the House and Senate, the ban imposed by Salazar remains in effect.
A committee staffer said the bill could reach the full House for consideration by next week or it could be delayed until after the House takes its August recess, depending on other business.
To protect the environment and natural beauty of the Grand Canyon from all the various forms of pollution and destruction caused by mining uranium should be a no-brainer.
That this reversal of the Grand Canyon mining ban is moving through Congress is a direct result of the special interest groups Repugnant-can rogues and their no-brain power puppets. For Shame!
The Interior Department has extended a ban for six months on new mining claims on more than 1 million acres near the Grand Canyon, outlined in red on this map. Interior is eyeing a 20-year ban on those lands, in addition to cross-hatched areas where mining is already banned.


Obituary for Barbara Mattison Dean | Johnson Funeral Home, Inc.
Barbara Mattison Dean, 81, of Anderson passed away on Thursday, March 29, 2018, at her home.
She was the daughter of the late Postell and Minnie Smith Mattison.
She is survived by her loving husband Judge Samuel Dean; Son Kelvin S. Dean; Daughters Timilyn Dean Clark; Shawn(Lawrence) Black, and Elaine (Eric) Crafter.
Four Grandchildren, and one sister Thomasenia M. Flack.
She was preceded in death by her brothers Timothy E. Mattison, Hubert H. Mattison and Ernest F. Mattison.
She was a dedicated educator, she retired from Anderson School District Five with Thirty Years of Service.
Funeral service will be 12 Noon, Monday. April 2, 2018 at Johnson Funeral Home.
Burial will be in New Silver Brook Cemetery.
The body will be out for viewing from 12 Noon to 8:00 Sunday.