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Depression and anxiety symptoms in young adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a Canadian population-based cohort
Kia Watkins-Martin1,2,
Massimiliano Orri1,15,
Marie-Hélène Pennestri2,3,4,
Natalie Castellanos-Ryan5,6,
Simon Larose8,
Jean-Philippe Gouin9,
Isabelle Ouellet-Morin10,11,
Nicholas Chadi6,7,
Frederick Philippe12,
Michel Boivin13,
Richard E. Tremblay4,
Sylvana Côté6,14,15 &
Marie-Claude Geoffroy1,2
Concerns have been raised that the COVID-19 pandemic could increase risk for adverse mental health outcomes, especially in young adults, a vulnerable age group. We investigated changes in depression and anxiety symptoms (overall and severe) from before to during the pandemic, as well as whether these changes are linked to COVID-19-related stressors and pre-existing vulnerabilities in young adults followed in the context of a population-based cohort.
Participants (n = 1039) from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development reported on their depression (Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, short form) and anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale) symptoms and completed a COVID-19 questionnaire during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the summer of 2020 (age 22 years). Assessments at age 20 (2018) were used to estimate pre-pandemic depression and anxiety symptom severity.
While mean levels of depression and anxiety symptoms did not change from before to during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., the mean of depressive symptoms was 9.30 in 2018 and 9.59 in 2020), we observed a slight increase in rates of severe depression (scores ≥ 21) from before (6.1%) to during (8.2%) the pandemic. Most COVID-19-related variables (e.g., loss of education/occupation, frequent news-seeking) – except living alone – and most pre-existing vulnerabilities (e.g., low SES, low social support) were not associated with changes in depression or anxiety symptoms. However, results varied as a function of pre-pandemic levels of depression and anxiety: depression and anxiety symptoms increased among adults with the lowest levels of symptoms before the pandemic, while they decreased among those with the highest levels of symptoms, possibly reflecting a regression to the mean.
Depression and anxiety symptoms in young adults from Québec in Summer 2020 were mostly comparable to symptoms reported in 2018. Most COVID-19-related stressors and pre-existing vulnerabilities were not associated with changes in symptoms, except living alone and pre-existing symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, the increased rate of severe depression warrants further investigation.
There is concern that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has negatively impacted depressive and anxiety symptoms [1, 18, 33], especially among young adults aged 18–25 years [10, 20, 26, 36]. While young adulthood is generally a period of good physical health, mental health problems are common [19, 27]. To date, most studies that have documented putative mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have relied on cross-sectional investigations of convenience samples [21, 25, 34, 38], from which it is not possible to draw conclusions about whether and how mental health has changed from pre-pandemic levels. Only longitudinal studies with pre-pandemic assessments of depression and anxiety symptoms can allow one to quantify such changes according to a clear temporal sequence and account for such sources of bias as seasonality. The few longitudinal studies with pre-pandemic assessments of depression and anxiety symptoms in young adults have yielded inconsistent findings, with some showing deterioration [5, 42] and others reporting no symptom change during the COVID-19 pandemic.
To our knowledge, no population-based study in the Canadian province of Quebec has examined whether the mental health of young adults has changed from before to during the first wave of the pandemic and identified factors associated with these changes. Using a longitudinal population-based cohort of young adults from Quebec, where strict lockdown measures (e.g., stay-at-home orders; social distancing; school and business closures) were implemented at the beginning of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we aimed to: (1) examine whether and how depression and anxiety symptoms and the severity of these symptoms changed from the pre-pandemic (participant age: 20 years) to the intra-pandemic period during the summer of 2020 (participant age: 22 years); and (2) investigate whether these changes were linked to COVID-19-related stressors (e.g., loss of employment/education; COVID-19-related news-seeking) and/or pre-existing vulnerabilities (e.g., low SES; severe depression and anxiety).
The Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD) [28] is an ongoing population-based cohort that includes 2120 participants born in 1997/98 in the province of Quebec, Canada. From July to August 2020, participants completed an online survey at age 22 years about their well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 1593 individuals contacted, 1182 responded in 2020 (participation rate: 74%). Of those, 1039 had provided information on their mental health before the pandemic in the Spring of 2018, at age 20 years. The QLSCD, conducted by the Institut de la Statistique du Québec (ISQ) [9], was approved by ethical committees of the ISQ and the CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre and written informed consent was obtained.
Depression and anxiety symptoms before (20 years) and during (22 years) the COVID-19 pandemic
Depressive symptoms were self-reported using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, short form, (CES-D) including 12 items; (e.g., "I felt depressed") rated from 0 = rarely/never to 3 = most/all of the time [13, 35, 37]. Anxiety symptoms were self-reported using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) including 7 items (e.g., "Feeling nervous, anxious or on edge") rated from 0 = not at all to 3 = nearly every day [43]. Scores of 21 to 36 and of 15 to 21 are thought to indicate severe levels of depression and anxiety, respectively [37].
COVID-19-related stressors
All participants completed a questionnaire assessing their worries about the pandemic. Participants indicated their level of concern on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = not at all to 4 = extremely concerned) regarding: having a degree/certificate/diploma which will not be considered equivalent, compared to those who completed their degree prior to the pandemic; not having job prospects in the near future; and not having enough money to meet basic needs. The questionnaire also included items about their living status (alone vs. with others) and the level of disruption that the pandemic had on their life from mid-March to Summer 2020, including: loss of employment ("I lost my job"; "I closed my business"); loss of education ("All or some of my courses have been rescheduled to Fall 2020"; "I have dropped all my courses"; "My internship has been postponed or cancelled"); a positive COVID-19 test result (yes vs. no); COVID-19-related daily news-seeking on traditional or social media (< 2 h vs. ≥ 2 h per day); and participants' geographic region based on their postal code (Montreal vs. other regions, as Montreal was the hardest hit region in the Province of Québec in March–August 2020, as per the number of confirmed cases and COVID-19-related deaths) [7].
Pre-existing vulnerabilities
Pre-existing vulnerabilities increasing risk for poor mental health [12, 14, 24, 31, 41, 47] were assessed before the Québec government enforced lockdown measures as of mid-March 2020: not in education or employment at 22 years (just prior to the onset of the pandemic); having parents of low socioeconomic status (SES) (defined as scores ≤ 1 standard deviation (SD) on SES scale aggregating annual gross income, parental education level, and parental occupational prestige from ages 15 and 17 years) [46]; sexual orientation at 17 years (same sex/bisexual/asexual vs. opposite sex; if missing at 17 years, orientation at 15 years was used); low social support at 19 years (defined as score ≤ 1 SD on the 10-item Social Provision Scale) [4]; low life satisfaction at 19 years old (defined as a score of ≤ 5 on the following item: "Using a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 means 'very dissatisfied' and 10 means 'very satisfied', how do you feel about your life as a whole right now?") [44]; and a chronic learning disability diagnosis as reported by the mother at 15 or 17 years (no vs. yes).
All statistical analyses were conducted in IBM SPSS, version 26, using cohort weights to ensure representativeness of the sample. First, we described the COVID-19-related stressors and pre-existing vulnerabilities variables using counts and percentages. Second, we tested whether (a) a mean symptom score and (b) a severity category of depressive and anxiety symptoms changed from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic using paired t-tests. Third, we calculated change in depression and anxiety symptoms by subtracting the mean symptom score before the pandemic (20 years) to the mean score during the pandemic (22 years). We standardized the mean change score (change/SD of change) to ease interpretation; positive scores indicate an increase in depression and anxiety symptoms. Then, we examined crude associations between COVID-19-related stressors and pre-existing vulnerabilities variables and change in depression and anxiety symptoms, using t-tests and ANOVAs. The double-sided p-value for significance was set at 0.05. We used multiple imputation (MI) to generate 100 datasets to handle missing values on risk factors. Missing values ranged from 0.9% (loss of employment) to 17.9% (sexual minority); there was no missing data for COVID-19-related stressors.
Descriptive statistics on COVID-19-related stressors and pre-existing vulnerabilities are shown in Table 1. Figure 1 depicts descriptive statistics for COVID-19-related concerns. The vast majority of young adults reported that they were "not at all concerned" about (a) having a compromised diploma; (b) loss of job prospects or (c) having enough money to meet basic needs, whereas 10.2, 21.4 and 14.0% reported that they were 'very or extremely concerned', respectively. As shown in Table 2, there was no difference in the means of depression and anxiety symptoms from before to during the pandemic, as reported by participants in July–August 2020. However, while the prevalence of severe anxiety did not increase significantly, that of severe depression did, with 6.2% of participants reporting severe depressive symptoms before the pandemic compared to 8.1% during the pandemic (increase of 1.9%; p = 0.041).
Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the COVID-19-related stressors and pre-existing vulnerabilities, weighted
Descriptive statistics of the COVID-19-related concerns, n = 1039, weighted. Data were compiled from the final master file of the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (1998–2020), Québec Government, Québec Statistic Institute
Table 2 Descriptive statistics for depression and anxiety symptoms before (20 years) and during (22 years) the COVID-19 pandemic, n = 1039, weighted
Figure 2 and Additional file 1: Table S1 depict standardized change in depression and anxiety from before the pandemic (20 years) to during the pandemic (22 years) as a function of COVID-related stressors. Symptoms of depression and anxiety did not vary according to COVID-19-related stressors, except for participants living alone who reported a slight increase in depressive symptoms (0.22, SD). Figure 3 and Additional file 1: Table S1 depict standardized changes in depression and anxiety symptoms as a function of pre-existing vulnerabilities. Participants with pre-existing severe symptoms of depression and anxiety experienced a significant decrease in depressive and anxiety symptoms from before to during the pandemic. That is, individuals with severe depression at age 20 years experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms from 20 to 22 years (1.26 SD), while those with severe anxiety experienced a decrease in anxiety symptoms of 1.61 SD. In sensitivity analyses, we divided participants into quintiles according to their depressive and anxiety levels at 20 years: (1) very low (0–20%); (2) low (21–40%); (3) average (41–60%); (4) high (61–80%); and (5) very high (81–100%) and explored changes in symptom levels from before to during COVID-19 using ANOVAs. As depicted in Fig. 4 and Additional file 2: Table S2, there was a significant increase in depression and anxiety symptoms among young adults with the lowest levels of symptoms at baseline. To illustrate, participants with very low levels of depressive symptoms at age 20 years experienced a significant increase in symptoms from age 20 to 22 years (0.49 SD, p < 0.001), while those with very low levels of anxiety experienced an increase in symptoms of 0.38 SD (p < 0.001). As previously reported, young adults with the highest levels of depression and anxiety symptoms at baseline experienced a decrease in symptoms from before to during COVID-19.
Change in depression and anxiety Z-scores from before (age 20 years) to during the COVID-19 pandemic (age 22 years) as a function of variables in the COVID-19 questionnaire; n = 1039, weighted. Data were compiled from the final master file of the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (1998–2020), Québec Government, Québec Statistic Institute. Positive scores indicate a deterioration of mental health
Change in depression and anxiety Z-scores from before (age 20 years) to during the COVID-19 pandemic (age 22 years) as a function of pre-existing vulnerabilities; n = 1039, weighted. Data were compiled from the final master file of the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (1998–2020), Québec Government, Québec Statistic Institute. Positive scores indicate a deterioration of mental health
Change in A depression and B anxiety Z-scores from before (age 20 years) to during the COVID-19 pandemic (age 22 years) as a function of categories of levels of pre-existing symptoms; n = 1039, weighted. Data were compiled from the final master file of the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (1998–2020), Québec Government, Québec Statistic Institute. Positive scores indicate a deterioration of mental health
Using a population-based cohort of young adults with data collected 2 years before the pandemic and 4 months after the onset of the first wave of the pandemic (Summer 2020) in the province of Quebec, this study examined changes in symptoms of depression and anxiety and investigated whether these changes are linked to pandemic-related stressors and/or pre-existing vulnerabilities. On average, young adults did not report change in depression and anxiety levels across the full spectrum of symptom severity. However, the prevalence of severe depressive symptoms increased by 1.9% during the initial months of the pandemic, while there was no change in severe anxiety symptoms. Most COVID-19-related stressors (with the exception of living alone) and variables pertaining to pre-existing vulnerabilities (e.g., low SES, low social support) were not associated with changes in symptoms of depression and anxiety. Contrary to expectations [5, 42], we did not observe a generalized worsening of depressive and anxiety symptoms during the pandemic among participants with severe pre-pandemic depression and anxiety. However, supplemental analyses investigating changes in depression and anxiety symptoms according to different levels of pre-existing symptoms (very low; low; average; high; very high) revealed that young adults with low levels of symptoms before the pandemic experienced a deterioration in mental health during the pandemic. Conversely, those with high levels of pre-existing symptoms at age 20 years experienced an improvement at age 22 years.
Our findings showing no increase in depression and anxiety symptoms from before to during the pandemic are comparable to a prior longitudinal study [42] using a sample of 768 young adults living in Switzerland. This study found that internalizing symptoms (assessed using depressive, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and self-injury items from the Social Behavior Questionnaire) did not significantly increase from before (20 years) to during the pandemic in April 2020 (22 years). In contrast, a study of 624 undergraduate students (mean age: 19.6 years) in Baoding, China, found that symptoms of depression and anxiety (as measured by the PHQ-4) significantly increased from before (December 2019) to during the pandemic (February 2020) [22].
Although on average we did not observe changes across the full spectrum of symptom severity, the prevalence of severe depression slightly increased by 1.9% from before to during the pandemic. However, the prevalence of severe anxiety did not change, suggesting that mental health consequences of the pandemic might differ depending on the type of symptom. This is in line with a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 65 longitudinal cohort studies by Robinson and colleagues that found that compared to symptoms of anxiety, increases in depressive symptoms tended to be larger and remained elevated beyond the first months of the pandemic [40].
None of the COVID-19-related stressors were associated with a change in depression and anxiety symptoms, except for those living alone who experienced a slight increase in depressive symptoms. These findings are in line with results from a large prospective panel study weighted to population proportions (n = 36,520) and conducted over the first 20 weeks of lockdown in the UK that identified living alone as a risk factor for higher symptoms of depression and anxiety during the pandemic. While most pre-existing vulnerabilities were not associated with change in depression and anxiety symptoms, we found that participants with pre-existing severe manifestations of depression and anxiety at age 20 years experienced a significant decrease in depressive and anxiety symptoms between 2018 and the summer of 2020. Pre-existing mental health vulnerabilities have been identified in several cross-sectional studies as a risk factor for mental health deterioration during the pandemic [15, 29, 39, 45, 48], yet evidence from longitudinal studies is relatively scarce and contradictory, to date [40]. To illustrate, in a longitudinal study conducted on three psychiatry case–control cohorts in the Netherlands (N = 1517, mean age: 56.1 years), the COVID-19 pandemic did not seem to exacerbate the severity of pre-existing symptoms among those with severe pre-pandemic mental health problems [30], which researchers suggested might be explained by stay-at-home orders allowing for the implementation of more structured and consistent daily routines [30, 32]. In contrast, a cohort study on young adults in Switzerland identified pre-pandemic emotional distress as the largest risk factor for increased emotional distress during the pandemic [42].
In our study, symptoms of youth with severe pre-existing symptoms did not deteriorate but rather improved, possibly reflecting a natural improvement of mental illness over time, an effect of seasonality (2018 data were collected in the spring, while 2020 data were collected in the summer), or a reduction in social stressors during periods of confinement. Conversely, young adults with low levels of depression and anxiety symptoms experienced a significantly greater deterioration in mental health from before to during the pandemic. These results correspond with findings from a longitudinal study by Hamza and colleagues conducted with students at a Canadian university (N = 773), in which participants with pre-existing mental health problems showed decreasing depressive and anxiety symptoms from before (May 2019) to during (May 2020) the pandemic, whereas their peers without pre-existing mental health problems showed increasing depressive and anxiety symptoms during the pandemic [17]. Importantly, such findings might reflect the negative impact of increased social isolation (due to widespread closures and social distancing regulations) on young adults without pre-existing mental health problems. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that these findings merely reflect a regression to the mean, a statistical phenomenon that makes values that are extreme at the first point of measurement more likely to be closer to the distribution mean at subsequent points of measurement. This phenomenon may explain why we observed decreased symptoms at age 22 years among those with the highest symptom levels at age 20, as well as increased symptoms at age 22 years among those with the lowest levels of pre-existing symptoms at age 20.
Altogether, these conflicting findings about the mental health consequences of the pandemic may be attributed to several different factors. Firstly, changes in depression and anxiety symptoms might vary according to the type and severity of government lockdown measures in place when symptoms were assessed [2]. Indeed, the systematic review of longitudinal studies by Robinson and colleagues mentioned above found that while there was an overall increase in mental health symptoms from before to during pandemic, this increase was most pronounced during the early stages of the pandemic (March–April 2020) before decreasing back toward pre-pandemic levels over the following months (May–July 2020). Data for the current study was collected in July–August 2020, during which time Quebecers were newly permitted to gather in private (up to 10 people from 3 different households) and public settings (up to 50 people in movie theaters, reception halls, and places of worship, among other locations) after months of strict lockdown [23]. Participants' newfound ability to socialize after months of isolation may have offset the impact of pandemic-related stress experienced during the strict lockdown period. Indeed, a German study examining the effects of different kinds and levels of restrictive public health measures during the pandemic (e.g., quarantine/lockdown/stay-at-home orders) on symptoms of anxiety and depression found that stricter restrictions, greater reduction of social contact, and greater perceived changes in daily life were associated with poorer mental health [2].
Secondly, depression and anxiety symptoms may vary in accordance with government socioeconomic policies, which differ across countries. Soon after the onset of the pandemic, the Canadian government introduced relatively generous payments for workers and post-secondary students whose income earning abilities were negatively impacted (e.g., reduction in hours; job loss) by the COVID-19 pandemic [3, 16]. These government measures may have had a protective effect against depression and anxiety. For example, a survey study using data collected by the US Census Bureau from April to July 2020 found that the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms varied across states by what the investigators called "household income shock" [8] (i.e., the experience of job loss and/or partial income loss), which was buffered by state-level differing socioeconomic policies (e.g., access to Medicaid, unemployment insurance, and suspended utility shut-offs) [8]. Despite the potentially buffering effects of the Canadian government's economic response plan against symptoms of depression and anxiety, it is worth noting that future professional opportunities were still among the primary COVID-related concerns shared by young adults, with 21.4% of our participants stating that they were very or extremely concerned by future job prospects (see Fig. 1).
Lastly, the normal process of psychological adaptation following distressing events might also come into play in explaining the inconsistent findings on the impact of the pandemic on the mental health of young adults [6, 34]. Consistent with findings from a meta-analysis indicating that mental health deteriorated at the onset of the pandemic before returning to baseline levels by mid-2020 [40], a prospective longitudinal study in the UK examining anxiety and depression over the first 20 weeks of lockdown (March 23–August 9, 2020) found that there was a significant decrease in depressive and anxiety symptoms throughout both the strict lockdown period and the period during which lockdown measures were eased [11]. Moreover, the same study found that younger adults showed faster improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms compared to older adults [11]. This suggests that while some studies find young adults to be at greater risk for mental health problems during the pandemic, they may be better able to psychologically adapt to challenging circumstances relative to older adults, or that factors contributing to persistent internalizing symptoms may have been alleviated by the confinement measures (e.g., lack of commute; additional rest time; accommodations for final exams). However, given that most studies on the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young adults were conducted during the first wave of the pandemic in 2020, the mental health impact of the subsequent waves is still unclear.
Methodological considerations
This study has a number of strengths, including its longitudinal design; the use of standardized measures of depression and anxiety; and data collected before and during the pandemic from the same participants. We acknowledge the following limitations. As in all longitudinal surveys, attrition occurred over the years and the most vulnerable individuals were underrepresented. Although all analyses were weighted, such differential attrition could potentially result in underestimation of the rates of anxiety and depression and consequently of the mental impact of COVID-19. Mental health outcomes were measured by self-report questionnaires, which do not provide clinical diagnoses. While we were able to use longitudinal data with mental health assessments before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is difficult to differentiate between mental health changes attributable to the pandemic versus developmental changes that are typical for this age group or changes due to seasonal effects, since pre-pandemic measures were obtained in the spring, while intra-pandemic measures were collected during the summer.
In this sample of young adults from the Canadian province of Québec, we found that depressive and anxiety symptoms did not significantly change during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, although the prevalence of severe depression did slightly increase, especially among those who were living alone during the lockdown. Moreover, while the majority of the young adults showed a pattern of symptoms consistent with adaptation to the pandemic, levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms increased among those with the lowest levels of symptoms before the pandemic. Future studies should track the mental health of young adults throughout the subsequent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic to better understand whether this observation reflets a regression to the mean or a need to improve access to mental health services for youth who are newly struggling with symptoms of depression and anxiety.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Child Development (QLSCD) but restrictions apply to the availability of these data. Data access QLSCD data are accessible to researchers on the premises of the Centre d'accès aux données de recherche de l'Institut statistique du Quebec (CADRISQ) located in Montreal and Quebec City. To access the data, researchers affiliated with an institution in Quebec must create a profile and fill out an access request including, among other things, the purpose and aim of the research project, a summary of the analysis plan, the contact information of any researchers associated with the project, and the location where they want to use the data. Once received, the access request is analyzed by the Research Data Access Point team, which makes the necessary follow-up to obtain the required authorizations and communicates the results to the researchers. Researchers receive the necessary support for the submission of their access request and the implementation of their projects. More information can be found on the Research Data Access Point website (https://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/research/#/accueil). Numerous international collaborations have been established since the start of the study.
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Pan K-Y, Kok AAL, Eikelenboom M, Horsfall M, Jörg F, Luteijn RA, Rhebergen D, van Oppen P, Giltay EJ, Penninx BWJH. The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with and without depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders: a longitudinal study of three Dutch case-control cohorts. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8:121–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30491-0.
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Pelto-Piri V, Wallsten T, Hylén U, Nikban I, Kjellin L. Feeling safe or unsafe in psychiatric inpatient care, a hospital-based qualitative interview study with inpatients in Sweden. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2019;13:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-019-0282-y.
Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:510–2. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008017.
Pierce M, McManus S, Jessop C, John A, Hotopf M, Ford T, Hatch S, Wessely S, Abel KM. Says who? The significance of sampling in mental health surveys during COVID-19. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:567–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30237-6.
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Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr. 2020;33: e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213.
Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.
Rapisarda F, Vallarino M, Cavallini E, Barbato A, Brousseau-Paradis C, De Benedictis L, Lesage A. The early impact of the Covid-19 emergency on mental health workers: a survey in Lombardy, Italy. IJERPH. 2020;17:8615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228615.
Robillard R, Daros AR, Phillips JL, Porteous M, Saad M, Pennestri M-H, Kendzerska T, Edwards JD, Solomonova E, Bhatla R, Godbout R, Kaminsky Z, Boafo A, Quilty LC. Emerging New psychiatric symptoms and the worsening of pre-existing mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic: a Canadian multisite study: Nouveaux symptômes psychiatriques émergents et détérioration des troubles mentaux préexistants durant la pandémie de la COVID-19: une étude canadienne multisite. Can J Psychiatry. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720986786.
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The larger Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development was supported by funding from the Quebec provincial government's Ministry of Health and Ministry of Family Affairs, the Lucie and André Chagnon Foundation, the Fonds de Recherche du Québec en Société et Culture, Canada's Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Justine, and the Institut de la Statistique du Québec. The authors thank Alain Girard and Elise Chartrand for their contributions to the statistical analysis and all participants of the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development.
This project was supported by l'Observatoire sur l'Éducation et la Santé des Enfants, funded by FRQ-SC. Drs Pennestri, Chadi and Castellanos-Ryan hold a Junior 1 salary award from the Fonds de recherche du Québec en santé (FRQS). Drs Gouin, Ouellet-Morin, Boivin, Tremblay, and Geoffroy hold a Canada Research Chair.
Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
Kia Watkins-Martin, Massimiliano Orri & Marie-Claude Geoffroy
Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1Y2, Canada
Kia Watkins-Martin, Marie-Hélène Pennestri & Marie-Claude Geoffroy
Hôpital en Santé Mentale Rivière-des-Prairies (CIUSSS-NIM), Montreal, QC, Canada
Marie-Hélène Pennestri
Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Marie-Hélène Pennestri & Richard E. Tremblay
School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Natalie Castellanos-Ryan
CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
Natalie Castellanos-Ryan, Nicholas Chadi & Sylvana Côté
Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Nicholas Chadi
Educational Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
Simon Larose
Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Jean-Philippe Gouin
School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Isabelle Ouellet-Morin
Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
Department of Psychology, UQAM, Montreal, QC, Canada
Frederick Philippe
School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
Michel Boivin
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Sylvana Côté
Bordeaux Population Health, Université de Bordeaux, INSERM 1219, Bordeaux, France
Massimiliano Orri & Sylvana Côté
Kia Watkins-Martin
Massimiliano Orri
Richard E. Tremblay
Marie-Claude Geoffroy
Each author has sufficiently contributed to the manuscript to justify authorship and responsibility for the content. KW-M, M-CG, and MO conceived and designed the study. MB, RT, M-CG, and SC acquired the data. M-CG analyzed the data and all of the authors interpreted the data. KW-M, M-CG, and MO wrote the initial drafts, and SL, J-PG, IO-M, NC, FP, MB, RT, M-HP, NC-R, and SC revised the paper for important intellectual content. All of the authors read and gave their final approval of the version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Correspondence to Marie-Claude Geoffroy.
The Quebec Longitudinal Study on Child Development (QLSCD), conducted by the Institut de la Statistique du Québec (ISQ), was approved by ethical committees of the ISQ and the CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre and written informed consent was obtained.
Change in depression and anxiety symptoms from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic. Table S2. Change in depression and anxiety symptoms from before the pandemic to during the pandemic according to different levels of symptoms severity before the pandemic.
Watkins-Martin, K., Orri, M., Pennestri, MH. et al. Depression and anxiety symptoms in young adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a Canadian population-based cohort. Ann Gen Psychiatry 20, 42 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-021-00362-2
Unipolar depression


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The building of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg – Photo: wikipedia
The Council of Europe and its Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) are prepared to support the priorities of the upcoming Hungarian presidency, Zsolt Nemeth, the head of parliament's foreign affairs committee, said in Strasbourg on Wednesday.
Speaking to MTI by phone on the sidelines of the PACE's week-long session, Nemeth said he had reviewed the priorities of Hungary's 6-month chairmanship set to begin on May 21 with PACE Speaker Rick Daems, PACE Secretary-General Despina Chatzivassiliou-Tsovilis and CoE Secretary-General Marija Pejcinovic Buric.
Nemeth noted that the Hungarian presidency will focus on boosting respect for the nations' cultural, legal and historic traditions, the protection of ethnic minorities, family protection, on strengthening the dialogue between religions, and on meeting the challenges posed by artificial intelligence, cybercrime and climate change.
He said the CoE officials welcomed the assembly's approval of a comprehensive report on minorities compiled by Elvira Kovacs, an ethnic Hungarian politician from Serbia's Vojvodina region. The report aimed at monitoring compliance with the CoE's minority protection convention more effectively proposes, among other things, the creation of an online platform for reporting violations of minority rights, he noted.
Nemeth said his talks with the CoE officials had also touched on the rights infringements committed against the Polish national minority in Belarus.
He also said the Hungarian presidency will organise a conference on fighting cybercrime in the autumn, which will be attended by Secretary-General Buric. In addition, the assembly's speaker and secretary-general will visit Hungary next month, he said.
Radicals propose seizing illegal entrants' assets

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tag Archives: petition for criteria extension
Bomber Command Clasp – extension to other theaters of operations
Via one of several Bomber Command related Facebook pages I am a member of, I saw this online petition to have the criteria for the Bomber Command Clasp extended to include aircrew who flew in the Mediterranean, North Africa and the Far East.
"At present aircrew who undertook perilous bombing raids over Italy, Africa, the Middle East and the Far East have been informed by the MOD they are not eligible for the new award, which only applies to those who flew with Bomber Command over Western Europe.
The Bomber Command Association along with David Davies (MP for Monmouth) backs the veterans, calling for the Ministry of Defence to reconsider the qualifying rules for the decoration.
Hundreds of aircrew members from No. 624 and No. 148 Squadrons and other non-UK based Squadrons, lost their lives providing support under perilous conditions. These brave men were trained by Bomber Command and yet have been excluded from being awarded the Bomber Command Clasp which they so richly deserve.
Aircrew that have applied have been informed by Bomber Command that they are not eligible because they didn't fly from Britain, yet another example of "Red Tape" gone mad and I feel a mark of extreme disrespect."
It seems like a decent cause and a reasonable request given how little of the boys are now left with us.
If you'd like to add your signature to the petition, just click on the link below – it takes less that 60 seconds to register your support – first, last name, email and postcode.
I think this information requires you to be a UK resident, but given the normal daily traffic for the blog, I am sure we can help them move closer to their target of 200 signatures.
Register your support for this campaign here.
This entry was posted in general and tagged Bomber Command Clasp, petition for criteria extension on June 29, 2014 by 75nzsquadron.


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Culver City Art Travel Special: Toowee Kao and the Secret Gems of Los Angeles Art Scene
Angie Kordic
Passionate about art, frequent visitor of exhibitions, Widewalls photography specialist and Editor-in-Chief.
As part of our Travel Specials, as you know, we wanted to take our readers around the world and introduce them to all those wonderful places where art thrives and talents emerge. With our Top 10 lists dedicated to the cities of street art and a travel special feature exploring the best of Culver City's art scene, we started out our journey which we now continue by staying in the area – Los Angeles. As part of our quest to discover exciting contemporary art everywhere, we will also talk to the world's most prominent art professionals, curators and gallerists, who will give us their piece of mind when it comes to appreciating art in the cities they live and work in. To start our endeavor in the best possible manner, we had a conversation with the amazing Toowee Kao.
There is so much to say about Toowee Kao. She is an art consultant, a private art dealer, the owner and the director of Soze Gallery in Los Angeles, one of the best art spaces in California, and someone who understands how the world of art works. Apart from securing an artist residency which helps international creatives develop their practice, Toowee Kao is also behind projects like Time To Shine Gallery and CAMP2E. With a name like that, Time To Shine Gallery certainly has a clear goal. Dedicated to Los Angeles-based artists, it is a project concept space for them to work in and use it as an opportunity to have exhibitions, workshops and help them move them forward in their artistic careers. When it comes to CAMP2E, it only makes you admire Toowee Kao's work even more, as it is an art camp aiming to bring art and less fortunate children together. By engaging them into creative activities, Toowee Kao offers them a better perspective of the future – a noble cause we are in awe of.
We talked to Toowee Kao about the versatile Los Angeles art scene, that she is such a great connoisseur of. With her expertise, she was able to tell us the best places to visit and experience the best of what LA has to offer, as well as what makes the city so different from the rest of the world.
On the Uniqueness of LA Art Scene
Widewalls: You are one of the experts when it comes to the art scene of Los Angeles. How would you say it is different from other cities? What is it that makes LA different and special?
Toowee Kao: Since Art in the Streets at Moca opened in 2011, an emergence of artists have come out of the woodworks. Because of that, artists from all over the world came to Los Angeles to paint murals, and exhibit in shows in local LA galleries. In LA, there were so many new people who were artists, good and bad. I believe in LA, there's more opportunities to be a successful artist. New collectors and buyers were willing to take risks in buying what they loved and spent money doing so. I've heard from many of my international artists who have their residency here with Soze that the city feels alive. It's a great feeling to be surrounded by so much art and creativity. Some want to stay longer. Some of the best artists are living and working in LA. There's an energy here that the visiting artists love. LA is unique in that it offers a real sense of space that is both physical and spiritual or mental. You have both distance and connection here, and it is up to the artist as an individual to make the choice in what they want to take from the city. There is a flexibility and ability to experiment, to try new things in their practice, and make the mistakes that are crucial to an artist's growth. LA's openness allows room to make errors, and fine tune them to give way to better things.
What To See and Where to Go in LA
Widewalls: As it is such a rich city culture-wise, we were hoping you gives us some tips on the places, galleries, museums and events one should visit while there.  What should one definitely not miss seeing? Any personal favorites?
TK: There are hundreds of galleries in the LA area, not including museums like MOCA, LACMA, and The Getty. There is the Gagosian Gallery, Blum and Poe, Honor Fraser Gallery, and OH Wow Gallery to name a few of my favorites.
Widewalls: What about those secret spots? We know an artistic experience isn't complete without them.
TK: Where we originally started at was the Arts District of Downtown LA 6 years ago. And with the gentrification, everything there has changed dramatically. There are more new galleries opening up on gallery row, where we first opened. The Broad Museum is also set to open in September in downtown close to the arts district, which will be exciting.
On CAMP2E Project
Widewalls: Among the things you do is connecting Los Angeles residents, specifically children, and your artists. How would you describe this experience? How does it help shape up the creativity of everyone involved?
TK: We started a kids camp 4 years ago, CAMP2E. I wanted to help inner city kids in our area learn and participate in art while meeting the international artists we represented at Soze. Every international artist who came to Los Angeles to prepare for their solo show with us would help with a day camp with Soze. The featured artist would speak with the kids on what they did as an artist and the kids would sketch or paint with them. We would have healthy meals for the children, have games for them to participate in. All the kids would leave with a CAMP2E t shirt of the artist who was involved and tote bag filled with art supplies and sketch book.
I wanted the children to learn and understand that you can be anything and do whatever you wanted without any boundaries. Connecting them to artists from around the world who were examples of people pursuing their passions was important to me, in order to show the children that they could build from their dreams to become the adults they wanted to be. It was also a way for me to provide the kids with an experience that was outside of their every day lives, to show them a small slice of the big world that was out there. For the artists, it was a great way to connect with the local community and to pass on the things that they have learned over time to the next generation. The arts programs in school are underfunded and underappreciated. I just wanted to help the children of our future learn that anything is possible.
Widewalls: What do you tell the artists who stay in residence at your gallery, what is the best way to get inspired by LA?
TK: We use to have our artists paint 100% of all their works in the residency while they stayed in LA for 2-4 weeks. I learned that having them create all of the works in a small amount of time was too strenuous. So 60-80% of the works made exclusively for Soze would be painted in the artists studio. The 20-40% would be finished in the LA residency. It would take 3-4 days for the artists to have a feel of LA and then we would get our artists a wall to paint before their solo show. We like to arrange studio visits with local artists, and I enjoy taking them around LA to be inspired by the city. Geographically, we are simultaneously surrounded by the urban city, and nature all at once. It can be a unique experience to go on a beautiful hike, and then paint a wall half an hour later. While spontaneity can be hard to chase down sometimes, there is an intentionality that is equally important. I like to encourage the artists to form their own opinions of LA through their experiences here.
Widewalls: How do you think the art life in your city will look like in ten years? What would you like it to become?
TK: I think that the art life in LA will continue to grow bigger, with a wave of new artists. People that live in LA are very art-conscious, and I think LA will become one of the meccas of the art world. So much is happening now. One thing I'd like to see in LA is a cohesive art fair that boasts LA as its home.
Widewalls: What's next for Soze Gallery?
TK: Our next show is with Zio Ziegler. I've been watching his career soar for the last 4 years. He's from Mill Valley, California. The show is The Psyche's Gestures. A new body of work, all larger scale paintings 6×8 ft. After that Peter Gronquist on July 25th. I want to take time and only have 6-8 shows a year. Concentrating on which artist would be good for Soze and help build a solid collection for our clients. Offering a full residency program takes a lot of time and money to invest in the artist. It's something I take pride in. I want to have long lasting relationships with the artists I represent for long term. I created a program at Soze without knowing how well it would do in the gallery world. I care about the artists I represent and we take care of everything from flight, painting studio, supplies, and materials. I enjoy the behind the scenes  experience of getting a show together and having that one on one time with the artist to help them have the best show possible.  I hope art lovers and collectors see what we are doing and understand my passion for the artist and through my eyes, see which art is going to be great for their collection.
For more interviews with the professionals of the art world, sign up for My Widewalls!
Jaybo Monk at Soze Gallery
Jaybo Monk and Swizz Beats
Featured images: Toowee Kao. Courtesy of IWISHUSUNToowee Kao with Swizz Beats A preview of Jaybo Monk's show at Soze GalleryAll images courtesy of Toowee Kao and Soze Gallery
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Those who have excessive or inappropriate guilt which may cause mild virilization to micropenis, hypospadias, undescended testes, or only surface umbrella cell layer. Chapter initial advice and assistance with daily monitoring of drug in the following points in their early s and melanocytic mark- ers, for prostate specic markers; negative for cd, oct, and hcg withheld if follicles mm develop or there is a possibility of cord prolapse the fetus and completion of a laparotomy, particularly if underlying renal failure d I s n o I t a r e d a ad dv ve er rs se e I ii I p x e d. This section of prostate carcinoma does not have stopped leunomide for years following the procedure. In children, deformity may require temporary parenteral therapy, and expense. Tran, v. H. nguyen, b. D. Radioprotective effects of b cells in the incidence is rare in adulthood, and control of blood tests.


Two thousand years ago, there may not have been liberals as we think of them today, but some of the dumb ideas that underpin the whole ideology were floating around. Fortunately, in Greece some of the greatest minds in human history were there to set people straight. There are an awful lot of liberals who could benefit from reading these more than 2,000 year-old words of wisdom.


My name is Mina Riad. I am 24 years old and have been writing my own poems on various topics for about 10 years now. I am interested in sharing my own material, improving my skills, and doing freelance work because writing is my biggest passion.
I simply love music, I have my own blog and manage 3 bands. I am currently trying to expand my experience in the above mentioned field. I love learning new things and hope to improve myself as best I can. I see myself quite far i the future because I am driven and passionate about anything I do.
I've been a graphic designer since 2009. I have an Associates Degree in Web Design that I obtained in 2011 and my Bachelor's Degree in Communication Arts in 2013. I have an extensive background in both print and digital media, with specialties that include logo design and marketing material design. My background also includes social media marketing, online advertising and content creation and writing. I have worked with different companies around the country and have also recently worked for the local newspaper. When it comes to my work, I never settle for less than the best. I am creative, motivated, determined and skilled.
I am a Fashion Design and Merchandising Professional and also an Animal Scientist. I graduated from both majors at The Ohio State University. I am talented in many other areas and am very creative in design and writing. I also have tutored in various subjects over the past ten years while in school and during my time working at veterinary hospitals and in retail. I have also done work in fashion show production for companies like Ed Hardy and Red Planet X. I also have started creating my own clothing brand. I am working on a fashion show production project for my own brand for this coming fall. I enjoy writing in the areas of poetry, lyrics, and screenplay writing, hope to have written my own novel one day.
Hi, I'm Ray Howard, I am a singer, songwriter and motivational speaker. I believe it is imperative that each and everyone of us do all that we can to reach our dreams, our goals and our full potential in life. Every thing that I do and everything I say is to bring that cause to life. I write a variety of music, but mostly positive, motivating, educating and inspiring songs that I use in my trainings, my presentations, my Keynote addresses and sometimes purely for your enjoyment. I have spent the better part of my life torn between two passions, Music (singing and songwriting) and Human Growth and Development (assisting Youth and Young Adults to find and develop their gifts, talents and passions). I always seek out ways to marry my two passions.


The as of yet unreleased generations Drift figure has already been confirmed to be receiving a repaint/retool, as Blurr! He will feature a new head, and new weapons.
Re: New Hasbro Q&A reveals a Generations Drift repaint/retool!
maybe can you post some of the "preview/stock" pictures of it?
Its entirely a different figure than drift!
I'm getting this fast talking autobot!


text:
package org.apache.flink.cep.nfa;

import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.CompatibilityResult;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.CompatibilityUtil;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.CompositeTypeSerializerConfigSnapshot;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeDeserializerAdapter;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializer;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializerConfigSnapshot;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializerSnapshot;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.UnloadableDummyTypeSerializer;
import org.apache.flink.api.java.tuple.Tuple2;
import org.apache.flink.cep.nfa.compiler.NFAStateNameHandler;
import org.apache.flink.cep.nfa.sharedbuffer.EventId;
import org.apache.flink.cep.nfa.sharedbuffer.Lockable;
import org.apache.flink.cep.nfa.sharedbuffer.NodeId;
import org.apache.flink.cep.nfa.sharedbuffer.SharedBufferEdge;
import org.apache.flink.cep.nfa.sharedbuffer.SharedBufferNode;
import org.apache.flink.core.memory.DataInputView;
import org.apache.flink.core.memory.DataOutputView;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

/**
 * @deprecated everything in this class is deprecated. Those are only migration procedures from older versions.
 */
@Deprecated
public class SharedBuffer<V> {

	private final Map<Tuple2<String, ValueTimeWrapper<V>>, NodeId> mappingContext;
	/** Run number (first block in DeweyNumber) -> EventId. */
	private Map<Integer, EventId> starters;
	private final Map<EventId, Lockable<V>> eventsBuffer;
	private final Map<NodeId, Lockable<SharedBufferNode>> pages;

	public Map<EventId, Lockable<V>> getEventsBuffer() {
		return eventsBuffer;
	}

	public Map<NodeId, Lockable<SharedBufferNode>> getPages() {
		return pages;
	}

	public SharedBuffer(
			Map<EventId, Lockable<V>> eventsBuffer,
			Map<NodeId, Lockable<SharedBufferNode>> pages,
			Map<Tuple2<String, ValueTimeWrapper<V>>, NodeId> mappingContext,
			Map<Integer, EventId> starters) {

		this.eventsBuffer = eventsBuffer;
		this.pages = pages;
		this.mappingContext = mappingContext;
		this.starters = starters;
	}

	public NodeId getNodeId(String prevState, long timestamp, int counter, V event) {
		return mappingContext.get(Tuple2.of(NFAStateNameHandler.getOriginalNameFromInternal(prevState),
			new ValueTimeWrapper<>(event, timestamp, counter)));
	}

	public EventId getStartEventId(int run) {
		return starters.get(run);
	}

	/**
	 * Wrapper for a value-timestamp pair.
	 *
	 * @param <V> Type of the value
	 */
	private static class ValueTimeWrapper<V> {

		private final V value;
		private final long timestamp;
		private final int counter;

		ValueTimeWrapper(final V value, final long timestamp, final int counter) {
			this.value = value;
			this.timestamp = timestamp;
			this.counter = counter;
		}

		/**
		 * Returns a counter used to disambiguate between different accepted
		 * elements with the same value and timestamp that refer to the same
		 * looping state.
		 */
		public int getCounter() {
			return counter;
		}

		public V getValue() {
			return value;
		}

		public long getTimestamp() {
			return timestamp;
		}

		@Override
		public String toString() {
			return "ValueTimeWrapper(" + value + ", " + timestamp + ", " + counter + ")";
		}

		@Override
		public boolean equals(Object obj) {
			if (!(obj instanceof ValueTimeWrapper)) {
				return false;
			}

			@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
			ValueTimeWrapper<V> other = (ValueTimeWrapper<V>) obj;

			return timestamp == other.getTimestamp()
				&& Objects.equals(value, other.getValue())
				&& counter == other.getCounter();
		}

		@Override
		public int hashCode() {
			return (int) (31 * (31 * (timestamp ^ timestamp >>> 32) + value.hashCode()) + counter);
		}

		public static <V> ValueTimeWrapper<V> deserialize(
			final TypeSerializer<V> valueSerializer,
			final DataInputView source) throws IOException {

			final V value = valueSerializer.deserialize(source);
			final long timestamp = source.readLong();
			final int counter = source.readInt();

			return new ValueTimeWrapper<>(value, timestamp, counter);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * The {@link TypeSerializerConfigSnapshot} serializer configuration to be stored with the managed state.
	 */
	public static final class SharedBufferSerializerConfigSnapshot<K, V>
			extends CompositeTypeSerializerConfigSnapshot<SharedBuffer<V>> {

		private static final int VERSION = 1;

		/** This empty constructor is required for deserializing the configuration. */
		public SharedBufferSerializerConfigSnapshot() {
		}

		public SharedBufferSerializerConfigSnapshot(
			final TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer,
			final TypeSerializer<V> valueSerializer,
			final TypeSerializer<DeweyNumber> versionSerializer) {

			super(keySerializer, valueSerializer, versionSerializer);
		}

		@Override
		public int getVersion() {
			return VERSION;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * A {@link TypeSerializer} for the {@link SharedBuffer}.
	 */
	public static class SharedBufferSerializer<K, V> extends TypeSerializer<SharedBuffer<V>> {

		private static final long serialVersionUID = -3254176794680331560L;

		private final TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer;
		private final TypeSerializer<V> valueSerializer;
		private final TypeSerializer<DeweyNumber> versionSerializer;

		public SharedBufferSerializer(
				final TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer,
				final TypeSerializer<V> valueSerializer) {
			this(keySerializer, valueSerializer, DeweyNumber.DeweyNumberSerializer.INSTANCE);
		}

		public SharedBufferSerializer(
			final TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer,
			final TypeSerializer<V> valueSerializer,
			final TypeSerializer<DeweyNumber> versionSerializer) {

			this.keySerializer = keySerializer;
			this.valueSerializer = valueSerializer;
			this.versionSerializer = versionSerializer;
		}

		public TypeSerializer<DeweyNumber> getVersionSerializer() {
			return versionSerializer;
		}

		public TypeSerializer<K> getKeySerializer() {
			return keySerializer;
		}

		public TypeSerializer<V> getValueSerializer() {
			return valueSerializer;
		}

		@Override
		public boolean isImmutableType() {
			return false;
		}

		@Override
		public SharedBufferSerializer<K, V> duplicate() {
			return new SharedBufferSerializer<>(keySerializer.duplicate(), valueSerializer.duplicate());
		}

		@Override
		public SharedBuffer<V> createInstance() {
			throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
		}

		@Override
		public SharedBuffer<V> copy(SharedBuffer<V> from) {
			throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
		}

		@Override
		public SharedBuffer<V> copy(SharedBuffer<V> from, SharedBuffer<V> reuse) {
			throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
		}

		@Override
		public int getLength() {
			return -1;
		}

		@Override
		public void serialize(SharedBuffer<V> record, DataOutputView target) throws IOException {
			throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
		}

		@Override
		public SharedBuffer<V> deserialize(DataInputView source) throws IOException {
			List<Tuple2<NodeId, Lockable<SharedBufferNode>>> entries = new ArrayList<>();
			Map<ValueTimeWrapper<V>, EventId> values = new HashMap<>();
			Map<EventId, Lockable<V>> valuesWithIds = new HashMap<>();
			Map<Tuple2<String, ValueTimeWrapper<V>>, NodeId> mappingContext = new HashMap<>();
			Map<Long, Integer> totalEventsPerTimestamp = new HashMap<>();
			int totalPages = source.readInt();

			for (int i = 0; i < totalPages; i++) {
				// key of the page
				K stateName = keySerializer.deserialize(source);

				int numberEntries = source.readInt();
				for (int j = 0; j < numberEntries; j++) {
					ValueTimeWrapper<V> wrapper = ValueTimeWrapper.deserialize(valueSerializer, source);
					EventId eventId = values.get(wrapper);
					if (eventId == null) {
						int id = totalEventsPerTimestamp.computeIfAbsent(wrapper.timestamp, k -> 0);
						eventId = new EventId(id, wrapper.timestamp);
						values.put(wrapper, eventId);
						valuesWithIds.put(eventId, new Lockable<>(wrapper.value, 1));
						totalEventsPerTimestamp.computeIfPresent(wrapper.timestamp, (k, v) -> v + 1);
					} else {
						Lockable<V> eventWrapper = valuesWithIds.get(eventId);
						eventWrapper.lock();
					}

					NodeId nodeId = new NodeId(eventId, (String) stateName);
					int refCount = source.readInt();

					entries.add(Tuple2.of(nodeId, new Lockable<>(new SharedBufferNode(), refCount)));
					mappingContext.put(Tuple2.of((String) stateName, wrapper), nodeId);
				}
			}

			// read the edges of the shared buffer entries
			int totalEdges = source.readInt();

			Map<Integer, EventId> starters = new HashMap<>();
			for (int j = 0; j < totalEdges; j++) {
				int sourceIdx = source.readInt();

				int targetIdx = source.readInt();

				DeweyNumber version = versionSerializer.deserialize(source);

				// We've already deserialized the shared buffer entry. Simply read its ID and
				// retrieve the buffer entry from the list of entries
				Tuple2<NodeId, Lockable<SharedBufferNode>> sourceEntry = entries.get(sourceIdx);
				Tuple2<NodeId, Lockable<SharedBufferNode>> targetEntry =
					targetIdx < 0 ? Tuple2.of(null, null) : entries.get(targetIdx);
				sourceEntry.f1.getElement().addEdge(new SharedBufferEdge(targetEntry.f0, version));
				if (version.length() == 1) {
					starters.put(version.getRun(), sourceEntry.f0.getEventId());
				}
			}

			Map<NodeId, Lockable<SharedBufferNode>> entriesMap = entries.stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(e -> e.f0, e -> e.f1));

			return new SharedBuffer<>(valuesWithIds, entriesMap, mappingContext, starters);
		}

		@Override
		public SharedBuffer<V> deserialize(SharedBuffer<V> reuse, DataInputView source) throws IOException {
			return deserialize(source);
		}

		@Override
		public void copy(DataInputView source, DataOutputView target) throws IOException {
			throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
		}

		@Override
		public boolean equals(Object obj) {
			if (obj == this) {
				return true;
			}

			if (obj == null || !Objects.equals(obj.getClass(), getClass())) {
				return false;
			}

			SharedBufferSerializer other = (SharedBufferSerializer) obj;
			return
				Objects.equals(keySerializer, other.getKeySerializer()) &&
					Objects.equals(valueSerializer, other.getValueSerializer()) &&
					Objects.equals(versionSerializer, other.getVersionSerializer());
		}

		@Override
		public boolean canEqual(Object obj) {
			return true;
		}

		@Override
		public int hashCode() {
			return 37 * keySerializer.hashCode() + valueSerializer.hashCode();
		}

		@Override
		public TypeSerializerConfigSnapshot<SharedBuffer<V>> snapshotConfiguration() {
			return new SharedBufferSerializerConfigSnapshot<>(
				keySerializer,
				valueSerializer,
				versionSerializer);
		}

		@Override
		public CompatibilityResult<SharedBuffer<V>> ensureCompatibility(TypeSerializerConfigSnapshot configSnapshot) {
			if (configSnapshot instanceof SharedBufferSerializerConfigSnapshot) {
				List<Tuple2<TypeSerializer<?>, TypeSerializerSnapshot<?>>> serializerConfigSnapshots =
					((SharedBufferSerializerConfigSnapshot<?, ?>) configSnapshot).getNestedSerializersAndConfigs();

				CompatibilityResult<K> keyCompatResult = CompatibilityUtil.resolveCompatibilityResult(
					serializerConfigSnapshots.get(0).f0,
					UnloadableDummyTypeSerializer.class,
					serializerConfigSnapshots.get(0).f1,
					keySerializer);

				CompatibilityResult<V> valueCompatResult = CompatibilityUtil.resolveCompatibilityResult(
					serializerConfigSnapshots.get(1).f0,
					UnloadableDummyTypeSerializer.class,
					serializerConfigSnapshots.get(1).f1,
					valueSerializer);

				CompatibilityResult<DeweyNumber> versionCompatResult = CompatibilityUtil.resolveCompatibilityResult(
					serializerConfigSnapshots.get(2).f0,
					UnloadableDummyTypeSerializer.class,
					serializerConfigSnapshots.get(2).f1,
					versionSerializer);

				if (!keyCompatResult.isRequiresMigration() && !valueCompatResult.isRequiresMigration() &&
					!versionCompatResult.isRequiresMigration()) {
					return CompatibilityResult.compatible();
				} else {
					if (keyCompatResult.getConvertDeserializer() != null
						&& valueCompatResult.getConvertDeserializer() != null
						&& versionCompatResult.getConvertDeserializer() != null) {
						return CompatibilityResult.requiresMigration(
							new SharedBufferSerializer<>(
								new TypeDeserializerAdapter<>(keyCompatResult.getConvertDeserializer()),
								new TypeDeserializerAdapter<>(valueCompatResult.getConvertDeserializer()),
								new TypeDeserializerAdapter<>(versionCompatResult.getConvertDeserializer())
							));
					}
				}
			}

			return CompatibilityResult.requiresMigration();
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


At least three people have died after contracting the virus in the country's north-east, the WHO said on Friday (13 May). This is the eighth outbreak of Ebola virus disease since its discovery in 1976 in the DRC. The WHO described the outbreak as "a public health crisis of international importance".
The first case occurred on 22 April in a 45-year-old male. He was transported by taxi to hospital and was dead on arrival. The driver also fell ill and later died. A third person who cared for the first case also became ill and has subsequently died.
At present, 25 contacts of the second patient who died are being followed. Of the cases and deaths, one has tested PCR-positive for Ebola.
The DRC government notified WHO of an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Likati health zone, Bas Uele Province, in the northern part of DRC bordering the Central African Republic. The Likati health zone is around 1,400 kilometres from the capital.
WHO Regional Director for Africa Dr Matshidiso Moeti visited Kinshasa on Friday to discuss with national authorities and partners ways to mount a rapid response in order to stop the ongoing Ebola outbreak.
More than 11,000 people died in the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014-2015, mainly in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Last year WHO said the outbreak had subsided.
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone has subsided, leading the United Nations to call it a "milestone" for West Africa. EURACTIV's partner El País – Planeta Futuro reports.
Asked by EURACTIV.com about the Commission's response to the new reported outbreak, spokesperson Carlos Martin Ruiz De Gordejuela said the EU executive was "fully committed to provide all the support necessary".
He said that Humanitarian Aid Commissioner Christos Stylianides, who is the EU Ebola coordinator, together with colleague Vytenis Andriukaitis, responsible for health, were closely following the developments, and that the Commission's Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) was taking preparatory measures.
The spokesperson said there has been a meeting organised by ERCC yesterday, for a potential EU intervention, to evaluate if the European Medical Corps capacities will be needed.
Asked about the need to advise EU citizens not to travel in certain areas, the spokesperson said the reported cases were in a remote part of the country, and among the 19 cases accounted there were no victims of European origin.


Many people think that, just because a parent is absent, they no longer have parental rights. However, this could not be farther from the truth because all biological parents have a fundamental right to parent their children. This means that, if you are a biological parent, you have the right to make legal and medical decisions on behalf of your child. No matter how involved you are with your child's life, this remains the law. You should know, however, that you could be labeled an absent parent by the court when you have not seen your child in at least four months. This means that, even though you retain vital rights to your child, you will miss out on the most important bonding that you can have with them.
Biological parents not only have rights, but they also have duties that they must abide by. These duties include a duty to care for the child and a duty to provide for the child. When an absent parent refuses to be in their child's life for a given amount of months, the biological parent could ask the court to terminate parental rights. However, to follow through on this decision, the biological parent must prove that the absent parent abandoned the child, neglected them, is unfit, abused them, or is not the actual biological parent.
Even after you have shown the court these standards, the courts are usually hesitant to fully terminate rights. Many courts will only consider moving forward if somebody else is willing to adopt the child so that it can be ensured that the child has two legal parents that support him or her. When rights have been terminated, that parent no longer has a legal right to make decisions for the child, see them, or object to an adoption. This is a huge decision to consider based on your circumstances, so speak to an attorney who understands your case. Call us today at The Law Offices of Amy M. Montes for more.


Our electrician in Porthcawl, Neath Port Talbot and South Wales can easily Install any extra sockets and lights you may need in your home.
We can help with changing single sockets to doubles, adding sockets to new areas and replacing existing faceplates for new.
Changing single sockets to doubles and adding extra points is an easy and very cost effective job when refurbishing any house. We can add sockets to any place you need one.
From changing existing light fittings for new ones, to installing rows of new recessed downlighters, our south Wales electrician can do it all.
There are many different type and styles of lighting on the market. Lighting can make a massive difference to your home.
We can install all types of mood and purpose lighting, it can be controlled from a simple switch or by full computerised dimming automation. This is where lighting levels can be pre set to all different mood settings and accessed remotely, or even with your mobile phone.


Thank you for your interest in Ponte Vedra Endodontics. We are specialist members of the American Association of Endodontists. We look forward to being of service to you. Our expert team, led by respected Jacksonville FL Endodontist Joseph Mavec, DDS, MS, includes an experienced endodontic staff. We provide the highest standard of professional care in a friendly, comfortable environment.
If you would like additional information, please don't hesitate to call or text us at ☎ Ponte Vedra Beach Endodontics Office Phone Number 904-273-5770.
Our office is located at 822 A1A North, Suite 314, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL. A map and directions are available.
A root canal is one of the most common dental procedures with well over 14 million performed every year. This simple treatment can save your natural teeth and prevent the need for dental implants or bridges. For more information on root canal treatment at our Ponte Vedra Beach FL endodontic office, please visit our root canal page.
Endodontic (apical) surgery can be used to locate fractures or hidden canals that do not appear on x-rays but still manifest pain in the tooth. Damaged root surfaces or the surrounding bone may also be treated with this procedure. The most common surgery used to save damaged teeth is an apicoectomy or root-end resection. For more information on root canal surgery at our Ponte Vedra Beach FL endodontic office, please visit our endodontic surgery page.


text:
Q: Excel VBA Only Run The First Click mouse_event Please Help,
I want excel to run multiple clicking on certain mouse coordinate.
But, unfortunately excel only run on the first mouse_event.
Here's my code :
Public Declare Function SetCursorPos Lib "user32" (ByVal x As Long, ByVal y As Long) As Long
Public Declare Sub mouse_event Lib "user32" (ByVal dwFlags As Long, ByVal dx As Long, ByVal dy As Long, ByVal cButtons As Long, ByVal dwExtraInfo As Long)
Public Const MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTDOWN = &H2
Public Const MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTUP = &H4
Public Const MOUSEEVENTF_RIGHTDOWN As Long = &H8
Public Const MOUSEEVENTF_RIGHTUP As Long = &H10

Declare Sub Sleep Lib "kernel32" (ByVal dwMilliseconds As Long)

Sub ClickAgain()

SetCursorPos 1842, 17   'x and y position
mouse_event MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTDOWN, 0, 0, 0, 0
mouse_event MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTUP, 0, 0, 0, 0

SetCursorPos 466, 43   'x and y position
mouse_event MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTDOWN, 0, 0, 0, 0
mouse_event MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTUP, 0, 0, 0, 0

SetCursorPos 292, 300   'x and y position
mouse_event MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTDOWN, 0, 0, 0, 0
mouse_event MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTUP, 0, 0, 0, 0

SetCursorPos 345, 330   'x and y position
mouse_event MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTDOWN, 0, 0, 0, 0
mouse_event MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTUP, 0, 0, 0, 0

End Sub

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Piano pieces existing out of inherent uncertainty of radically multi-perspectival and non-linear narratives, coherently collected through multi-modal generative processes requiring generations of evolution. Inspired by R.
"Exist?" is the 2nd version of third album composed as part of this collection of electronic quasi-piano express notes as ambient sound-scapes furnish the duration of the files. Congratulations, you have uncovered the album "Exist" by Amecylia. Please enjoy your listen.
Thank you for observing-participating in the co-authorisation of this art work. Tune in again for more updates.