Description All oil sands plants operating in Alberta, Canada use the Clark Hot Water Extraction process. This process causes production of mature fines tailings (MFT) at 30-35% solids content which remains in a fluid state for decades because of its very slow consolidation rate. Existing mature fines tailings inventory is approaching 10⁹ m³, remediation of which by thin layer deposition and centrifuging are being tested by oil industry. Residual bitumen in mature fine tailings can complicate remediation, as it can interfere with the performance of coagulants and polymers which hinders the dewatering process. To support oil industries mature fine tailings remediation effort, we have investigated a method that reduces residual bitumen content, facilitates dewatering of the mature fine tailings and improves process water chemistry, simultaneously, by using lime as a process aid between 750 to 1500 mg-CaO/kg-MFT dosages. Experimental observations suggest that the residual bitumen of the mature fine tailings could be recovered by flotation process with about 5-10 minutes retention time. This investigation shows that use of lime could enhance the performance of mature fine tailings remediation processes.
Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2015 Vancouver, BC, October 26 to 28, 2015   Residual bitumen recovery from oil sand tailings with lime N. Romaniuk, M. Mehranfar, H. Selani, B. Ozum Apex Engineering Inc., Canada M. J. Tate Graymont, Genoa, USA  J. D. Scott Scott Associates Consultant Incorporated, Canada ABSTRACT All oil sands plants operating in Alberta, Canada use the Clark Hot Water Extraction process. This process causes production of mature fines tailings (MFT) at 30-35% solids content which remains in a fluid state for decades because of its very slow consolidation rate. Existing mature fines tailings inventory is approaching 109 m3, remediation of which by thin layer deposition and centrifuging are being tested by oil industry. Residual bitumen in mature fine tailings can complicate remediation, as it can interfere with the performance of coagulants and polymers which hinders the dewatering process. To support oil industries mature fine tailings remediation effort, we have investigated a method that reduces residual bitumen content, facilitates dewatering of the mature fine tailings and improves process water chemistry, simultaneously, by using lime as a process aid between 750 to 1500 mg-CaO/kg-MFT dosages. Experimental observations suggest that the residual bitumen of the mature fine tailings could be recovered by flotation process with about 5-10 minutes retention time. This investigation shows that use of lime could enhance the performance of mature fine tailings remediation processes.  1  BACKGROUND Development in refining technology since 1940's had a great impact on the utilization of heavy oil and bitumen to refinery feedstock all over the world. This scenario positioned Alberta's Athabasca oil sands bitumen of 7-10 API gravity and Peace River and Cold Lake heavy oil of 8-19 API gravity deposits as one of the largest hydrocarbon reserves in the world. Athabasca oil sand deposits lie under 141,000 square kilometres (54,000 square mile), contain about 270×109 m3 or 1.7 trillion barrels of bitumen in-place. Oil sands consist of 0 to 19 % (averaging 12 %) bitumen, 84 to 86 % mineral matter predominantly quartz, silts and clay and 3-6 % water. Clays are present in the forms of discontinuous beds or bands varying from 1 cm to 15 cm in thickness, which are composed of mainly kaolinite and a lesser amount of illite (Kaminsky, 2008; Carrigy, 1966). Sand particles in Athabasca deposits are water-wet; for a typical sand grain of about 100 m diameter, the water film thickness is of about 2 m. Because of this structure, about 15% of the Athabasca oil sands deposits are suitable for bitumen production by surface mining followed by ore-water slurry based extraction processes. In Alberta, bitumen is commercially produced since 1967; daily production of which reached at 1.3x106 barrels in 2014. Clark Hot Water Extraction (CHWE) process developed at the Alberta Research Council during 1930s, or its slight modified versions, are used at all commercial plants (Clark, 1939; Clark and Pasternack, 1932). CHWE process uses caustic NaOH as an extraction process additive, which provides acceptable bitumen extraction efficiency; however, it accumulates Na+ ions in process water, disperses silt-clay size particles and produces toxic mature fine tailings (MFT), a tailings effluent of about 32% solids content, 98% of fines (-325 mesh, <45 µm diameter). Oil sands plants are Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2015 Vancouver, BC, October 26 to 28, 2015  discharging about 3.3 m3 of tailings, 1.5 m3 of which becomes mature fine tailings (MFT), to produce one barrel of bitumen. Existing MFT inventory is about 109 m3, which is growing in accelerated manner because of the commissioning of new plants and capacity increase in existing plants. Increasing MFT inventory is a serious liability for the oil sands operations. Oil sands industry and government regulating agencies acknowledge the severity of the MFT problem; both industry and all levels of government have devoted sincere effort to solve or to reduce the magnitude of the MFT problem. Remarkable results of these efforts were the low temperature non-additive bitumen extraction process and development of the Composite Tailings (CT) process.  Non-additive extraction process could reduce thermal energy demand and eliminate Na+ accumulation in process water. It could also reduce MFT production since dispersion of silt-clay size particles were suppressed by elimination of the NaOH addition into extraction process slurry. Unfortunately, non-additive extraction processes provided lower than expected bitumen recovery efficiency and extraction plants at Albian Sands' Muskeg River Mine and Syncrude Canada Ltd.'s Aurora Mine were modified to versions of the CHWE process.  The CT process was based on the cycloning of the whole tailings followed by treating the blend of Cyclone Underflow effluent (about 63% solids; <10% of which are fines, < 45 µm size particles) and existing MFT (about 33% solids; >98% of which are fines) with gypsum (CaSO4). The blending must produce a CT that behaves as a nonsegregating tailings material; however, the CT must also have an acceptable hydraulic conductivity, which limits the sands-to fines (S/F) ratio of the CT to be in the range of 4 to 5 (Matthews et al, 2002; Morgenstern and Scott, 1997; Caughill et al, 1993). The concerns over the use of CaSO4 as an additive to prevent segregation are that it increases process water Ca2+ concentration and emits hazardous H2S by anaerobic bacterial reduction of SO42- species with residual hydrocarbon in the tailings. Suncor Energy Inc. has decided to discontinue CT production while Syncrude Canada Ltd. and Shell Canada Ltd. are continuing to use some form of CT. Other plant operators are prepared to implement CT in the near future.  The CT process was a great invention for the future development of oil sands tailings disposal practices; however, commercial implementation didn't result in a substantial change in the existing MFT inventory, since Cyclone Overflow (>10% solids, >55% fines) produced during the CT process results in fine tails that will become new MFT. A modified version of the CT, the nonsegregating tailings (NST) production process was developed at our laboratory (Ozum et al, 2014). In NST production process the whole tailings is cycloned, the Cyclone Overflow effluent is thickened using high performance thickeners, then the blend of Cyclone Underflow and Thickener Underflow is treated with lime (CaO, or Ca(OH)2 in aqueous environments) or CaO and CO2. If CaO is also used as an extraction process additive, a small amount of existing MFT could also be added into the NST material. For the last decade, oil sands operators have tested Tailings Reduction Operation (Suncor Energy Inc.), In-Line Thickening (Syncrude Canada Ltd.), Atmospheric Drying (Shell Canada Ltd.) and Centrifuge Technology (Syncrude Canada Ltd. and Shell Canada Ltd.) for further consolidation of the existing MFT into a smaller volume to comply with the directives of the Alberta Energy Regulator (COSIA, 2014; ERCB, 2009). In all of these processes polymeric additives are used to flocculate MFT as an initial step for its further processing. Residual bitumen trapped in MFT interacts with the polymeric additives; removal of which from MFT could improve the performance of the polymeric additives. In the present study, based on our previous experience using of lime (CaO) as additive for bitumen extraction and NST production processes, the performance of CaO is investigated for the removal of residual bitumen from MFT with an emphasis on understanding how CaO alters clay characteristics and process water chemistry.  Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2015 Vancouver, BC, October 26 to 28, 2015   2 RESIDUAL BITUMEN RECOVERY IN MFT 2.1 Bitumen production by ore-water slurry based extraction processes Bitumen production using ore-water slurry based extraction processes involves three fundamental processes by which a bitumen rich froth, composed of about 60% bitumen, 30% water and 10% solids, is formed. Bitumen is recovered from the extraction process froth by naphthenic or paraffinic treatment processes. Bitumen produced by naphthenic treatment process contains about 18% asphaltenes; therefore, it is converted to synthetic crude oil (SCO) and shipped refineries by coking followed by hydrotreating processes (Gray, 2015). Bitumen produced by naphthenic treatment process contains about 8% asphaltenes, therefore, it can be accepted as a feedstock by the refineries equipped with a hydrocracker unit. At oil sands plants tailings effluents from the extraction and froth treatment plants are combined into the whole tailings stream. As a result, unrecovered bitumen in the extraction plant tailings and unrecovered bitumen and solvent in the froth treatment plant tailings are blended into the whole tailings. When the whole tailing is discharged into the tailings ponds, some hydrocarbons will separate and float on the surface of tailings ponds; however, a fraction of the hydrocarbons will be trapped in the MFT. The amount of residual bitumen or residual hydrocarbons trapped in in MFT depends on the oil sands characteristics (sand and fines-clay composition, connate water salinity, bitumen characteristics) as well as the nature of extraction process (temperature, hydrodynamics and additives). It is speculated that regardless of the differences in bitumen extraction plants, the mechanism of residual bitumen or hydrocarbons captured in MFT have similarities. Understanding these mechanisms would help to develop processes for the recovery of residual bitumen from any tailings effluent including the MFT.  During the last seven decades a large number of publications have been generated on bitumen production using oil sands ore-water slurry based extraction processes (Liu et al, 2005; Masliyah et al, 2004; Kasperski, 2001). Existing knowledge proposes that bitumen extraction in ore-water slurry based systems involves three fundamental steps: liberation of bitumen from oil sands matrix, followed by coalescence of bitumen droplets and aeration of bitumen droplets to form a bitumen rich froth (Masliyah et al, 2011). Alkaline reagent, such as NaOH, conditioning of ore-water slurry to liberate bitumen was developed in 1930s, which became a standard process used at all commercial plants. Alkaline conditioning increases pH of the extraction process slurry and produces surfactant species with carboxylic and sulfonic acids functional groups from bitumen asphaltenes naturally contained in bitumen. These surfactant species reduce water surface and bitumen-water interfacial tensions, promote silt-clay size particle dispersion and liberation of bitumen from sand grains by increasing disjoining pressure in the water film between sand grains and bitumen. Existing literature and commercial experience teaches us that overall performance of the extraction process is controlled by the interaction of the alkaline additive with process water and silt-clay size particles, as well as by the temperature, hydrodynamics and retention time of the process vessels.  2.2 Interactions between bitumen-clay and process water Oil sands ore-water slurries are different than many mining industry slurries, because of the clay component of the oil sands ore. Clay minerals are fine grained (<2 µm size) hydrous silicates, commonly of aluminum and magnesium. Clays are made of layers built from components with tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated cations. The most common characteristics of the clay minerals are that, they form varying degree of plasticity when mixed with water, lose adsorbed and constitutional water when heated and yield refractory materials at high temperature. Because of these characteristics clays minerals are used in many industries; however, they are also the source of many industrial challenges. Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2015 Vancouver, BC, October 26 to 28, 2015  Surface of clay minerals have active functional groups of a few nanometers scale, which are of negatively charged isomorphic substitution sites (Si4+ by Al3+ and Al3+ by Fe2+), neutral siloxane surfaces, hydroxyl surfaces and broken edge sites. In the case of oil sands slurries, all of these active sites involve interactions between bitumen, clay and process water, as well as particle-particle interactions (Solc et al, 2011; Johnston, 2010 and 2008). Bi-wetting characteristic of kaolinite could stabilize oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions by Pickering effects (Jiang et al, 2011; Kpogbemaboua et al, 2014). Process water pH and ion concentration are also important parameters influencing bitumen extraction and tailings settling and consolidation characteristics, because of their effect on clay surface chemistry in relations to particle-bitumen, particle-water (swelling, viscosity, yield stress) and particle-particle (flocculation) interactions (Wang et al, 2014; Zbik et al, 2008). In summary, clay minerals are the source of many challenges that are been experienced with bitumen extraction and tailings disposal processes. The present study, recovery of residual bitumen from MFT, or more generally reducing the amount of unrecovered bitumen in the extraction process slurry, also faces the similar challenges. 2.3 Residual bitumen in oil sands tailings Bitumen trapped in oil sands tailings may be result of: (i) incomplete bitumen recovery in extraction process slurry because of the formation of stable bitumen-in-water emulsions; (ii) rejection of asphaltenes in the froth treatment plant by the use of paraffinic or naphthenic treatments; and (iii) incomplete separation of bitumen froth because of the formation of stable rag layer in froth treatment process. Both sources of unrecovered bitumen in oil sands tailings, as well as dewatering characteristics of oil sands tailings and MFT, are related to the bitumen-water interfacial tension and interactions of clay particles with themselves and with bitumen and process water. All of these interactions are influenced by process water chemistry; therefore, chemical additives that can alter and control process water chemistry can be used to promote residual bitumen recovery and tailings dewatering characteristics. Incomplete bitumen recovery in the extraction of process slurry is a consequence of the reduced bitumen-water interfacial tension and Pickering effect of bi-wetting clay particles, mostly kaolinite clays, attached to bitumen-water interface. Reduction of bitumen-water interfacial tension promotes bitumen liberation from sand particles and promotes attraction of bitumen to water; however, it obstructs coalescence of bitumen droplets and attachment of air bubbles to bitumen droplets in extraction process slurry (Pan et al, 2012; Pan and Yoon, 2010). Large retention times are required in alkaline based extraction processes to overcome the reduced speeds of coalescence and aeration kinetics. Pickering effect of clay particles in extraction process slurry could happen by attachment of bitumen to clay particles, especially to kaolinite clay since it has bi-wetting characteristic. Also, excess divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ could act as a binder between negatively charged clay and bitumen droplet surfaces (Konan et al, 2007). Differences in the effect of additives on slurry pH (i.e. CaO increase pH while CaSO4 doesn't) is another factor to be focused on. 3  EXPERIMENTAL In the present study performance of two calcium based additives, lime (CaO) and gypsum (CaSO4), were tested on the recovery of residual bitumen from MFT. These additives were selected because of a long history of the use of CaSO4 to produce CT and recent increase in interest in nominating CaO as additives for tailings disposal and bitumen extraction processes (Chalaturnyk et al, 2002; Scott et al, 2007). Two different MFT samples were used in the present study, their compositions based on Dean-Stark extraction were 27.4% solids, >99% fines, 1.65% bitumen, 1.17 g/cm3 bulk density and 32.5% solids, >99% fines, 2.9% bitumen, 1.23 g/cm3 bulk density. Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2015 Vancouver, BC, October 26 to 28, 2015     3.1 Column settling experiments In these tests 1 kg MFT (27.4% solids content) was mixed with CaO and CaSO4·2H2O, that were both either slaked or dissolved in approximately 10 mL distilled water, with a paddle mixer at 200 rpm for 5 minutes. CaO and CaSO4 were added at different dosages to evaluate effects of two calcium based additives on dewatering characteristics of MFT. Slurry was then placed in a 2 L beaker. Immediately after CaO addition, bitumen was observed to release from the MFT and float to the surface. Column settling tests were performed by treating MFT (27.4% solids content) with CaO and CaSO4 at different dosages to evaluate effects of two calcium based additives on dewatering characteristics of MFT. In these tests it was also observed that CaO and CaSO4 performed differently on the release of residual bitumen recovery from MFT.  3.2 Jar test for water chemistry and viscosity Jar experiments were performed to investigate effect of additive and its dosage on the pH of the MFT slurry and release water chemistry. Approximately 140 g of homogenized MFT were mixed in a 120 mL jar with CaO and CaSO4·2H2O additives, that were both either slaked or dissolved in approximately 5 mL distilled water, and shaken for 15 minutes using a wrist action shaker. Additives were used between 250 to 3000 ppm dosages on an MFT mass basis. The treated MFT samples were first visually assessed for bitumen release. The treated MFT was then analyzed for viscosity at 200 rpm using a vane spindle (V-73) on a Brookfield rheometer (RV-DVT).  Finally, water was recovered from the treated MFT by centrifuged at 13,000 x g for 2 hours. The released water recovered by centrifuging was filtered to remove >0.22 μm particles and submitted to University of Alberta for water chemistry analysis; ICP-AES (cations), ion-exchange (anions) and titration (alkalinity). 3.3 MFT Flotation Released residual bitumen from MFT was recovered by air flotation using a 1 L glass flotation apparatus. The MFT sample in the flotation apparatus was mixed by a magnetic stirbar. Flotation experiment was performed by placing approximately 500 g of MFT into the apparatus, adding CaO or CaSO4·2H2O, both either slaked or dissolved in approximately 5 mL distilled water, followed by mixing with the stirbar and air injection at approximately 100 mL/min for 5 minutes. The resulting froth was removed and analysis by Dean-Stark extraction. 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In the present study the role of Ca2+ to release residual bitumen trapped in MFT was investigated. For this purpose CaO and CaSO4 additives were selected as the source of Ca2+; the major difference is that CaO addition increases pH of MFT while CaSO4 doesn't. Because of this difference, it is hoped that the role of slurry pH on the interactions of Ca2+ with the clay-bitumen-water system, as discussed in Sections 2.1 and 2.2, would be better understood.  4.1 Bitumen liberation during settling experiments The ability for CaO to release residual bitumen from MFT was observed while evaluating performance of CaO as an additive for dewatering MFT. In these tests immediately after CaO addition bitumen was observed to be released from the MFT. Unlike CaO, CaSO4 appeared to actually promote the trapping of residual bitumen in the MFT better than the control. The differences between CaO and CaSO4 addition is that CaO affects the pH of the slurry and alters Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2015 Vancouver, BC, October 26 to 28, 2015  interactions between the clay-bitumen-water species. Furthermore, the ionic composition of the process water may affect the stability of clay-bitumen interactions. A better understanding of both pH and chemical composition of the water could provide insight into the mechanism of residual bitumen liberation and help to develop a MFT de-oiling process. 4.2 Effect of CaO and CaSO4 additives on water chemistry and viscosity The effect of CaO and CaSO4 on pH and process water chemistry was investigated by performing jar tests. Similar to the settling experiment, bitumen was liberated during the mixing process. The extent of bitumen liberation was visual assessed and is presented in Table 1 and Figure 1. The visual observations of the flotation test made for a low dose CaO addition, 13 mmol/kg-MFT or 750 ppm CaO, are shown in Figure 2. The best bitumen liberation was observed using about 30 mmol of CaO per kg of MFT (about 1500 ppm). It appears that overdosing CaO may decrease bitumen liberation, which is speculated to result from an increase in slurry viscosity. When CaSO4 is used as an additive, it immediately yielded a viscous slurry, did not produce any froth and furthermore splattered the thickened slurry throughout the flask.  Table 1. Visual assessment of bitumen liberation from MFT CaO CaSO4·H2O Dose Bitumen Release Dose Bitumen Release mmol/kg*  mmol/kg*  0 - 0 - 4 - 3 - 9 + 6 - 13 ++ 9 - 18 ++   27 +++   36 +++   53 ++   * MFT mass basis; bitumen recovery: - no, + some, ++ lots, +++ covers surface            No Additive (*) CaO CaSO4 CaO CaSO4  27 mmol 27 mmol 53 mmol 53 mmol  Figure 1. Bitumen released from MFT by CaO and CaSO4; (*) dosages are in mmol/kg-MFT. The viscosity of the slurries was determined at 50 rpm as shown in Figure 3. Unlike CaSO4, CaO initially decreases the viscosity of the slurry up to doses of about 35 mmol/kg (2000 ppm); however, over this dose a significant increase is observed in the viscosity. On the other hand all doses of CaSO4 result in a high viscosity that is independent of additive dose. The slight decrease in viscosity might help to explain why bitumen is able to liberate from the MFT and should aid in recovery by flotation. After measuring viscosity, the water was removed from the slurry by centrifuge and analyzed for pH and water chemistry, results of which are presented in Table 2. The trends for pH and ionic concentrations with increasing additive dose are plotted in Figures 4 and 5.  CaO has a significant effect on the bicarbonate concentration in the MFT, where the bicarbonate decreases with CaO addition, likely consumed and converted to CaCO3 according to Equation 1. The pH slowly increases, as the system remains buffered by bicarbonate at pH 8 and Ca2+ is depleted from the system, likely lowering the viscosity; however, after a CaO dose of Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2015 Vancouver, BC, October 26 to 28, 2015  approximately 20 mmol/kg (1000 ppm) the pH rises rapidly approaching 12. At this high pH all of the bicarbonate is consumed, which corresponds with the increase in viscosity, as all Ca2+ can now start to flocculate clays according to Equation 2.    OHOHCaCO)OH(CaHCO 2323                      (1)   ClayCaClayCaClay   22                        (2)  Additive Before Flotation After Flotation None   13 mmol CaO/kg-MFT   13 mmol CaSO4/kg-MFT     Figure 2. Observations of flotation experiment performed on MFT.  CaSO4 addition does not significantly affect the pH, precipitate as much CaCO3; or reduce solution bicarbonate concentration at the same level as CaO. Calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and sodium (Na+) concentrations increased with increasing CaSO4 dose. While CaSO4 appears to promote an initial increase in viscosity, likely through reaction in Equation 2, it appears that beyond a small initial amount the excess Ca2+ ions stay dissolved in the water and do not contribute to additional clay flocculation. The combination of the viscosity and water chemistry results suggest that at low doses, 750 to1500 ppm, CaO can be used to increase pH and lower viscosity to promote residual bitumen recovery by flotation.  Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2015 Vancouver, BC, October 26 to 28, 2015   Figure 3. Effect of CaO and CaSO4 on MFT viscosity.  Table 2. Effect of CaO and CaSO4 on MFT pH and water chemistry Additive Additive Dose *   HCO3- CO32- OH- Mg2+ Na+ Ca2+ K+ Cl- SO42- Type ppm mmol/kg pH mM mM mM mM mM mM mM mM mM Control 0 0 8.3 9.8 0.1 0.0 0.3 9.9 0.5 0.4 5.1 0 CaO 250 4.5 8.7 8.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 12.7 0.3 0.3 5.3 0.2 CaO 375 6.7 8.7 6.8 0.2 0.0 0.2 11.2 0.2 0.3 5.4 0.2 CaO 500 8.9 8.7 7.8 0.2 0.0 0.3 15.3 0.4 0.4 5.4 0.3 CaO 750 13.4 8.6 4.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 12.8 0.2 0.3 5.4 0.3 CaO 1,000 17.8 8.6 3.5 0.1 0.0 0 11.2 0.2 0.3 5.5 0.4 CaO 1,500 26.7 9.5 3.1 0.3 0.0 0 12.0 0.2 0.3 5.5 0.7 CaO 2,000 35.7 9.8 4.0 0.7 0.1 0 11.6 0.1 0.3 5.3 0.4 CaO 3,000 53.5 11.6 7.4 1.8 3.6 0 15.1 0.6 0.5 5.4 0.6 CaSO4.2H2O 500 2.9 8.9 12.6 0.4 0.0 1.2 20.4 0.8 0.8 5.1 0.6 CaSO4.2H2O 1,000 5.8 8.4 9.0 0.1 0.0 2.4 23.1 2.4 1.0 5.0 2.2 CaSO4.2H2O 1,500 8.7 8.6 7.3 0.1 0.0 3.3 21.1 4.6 1.2 4.9 3.8 * MFT mass basis   Figure 4. Effect of CaO on MFT pH and water chemistry.  Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2015 Vancouver, BC, October 26 to 28, 2015   Figure 5. Effect of CaSO4 on MFT pH and water chemistry. 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Investigations into CaO for dewatering of MFT additionally demonstrated that CaO appears to be an effective additive to recover the residual bitumen from MFT. Further investigation demonstrated that CaO's ability to increase pH and decrease bicarbonate concentration likely play critical roles to destabilize the interaction between bitumen and clays in the MFT matrix. The altered water chemistry allows for CaO to decrease the viscosity of MFT which would aid recovery of the residual bitumen by flotation processes. Initial investigation into a model flotation indicates that CaO enhances flotation; however, additional research is required to optimize the experiment. Lime was clearly more effective than CaSO4 in recovering residual bitumen from MFT. Successful recovery of the residual bitumen from MFT by CaO should improve the effectiveness of further MFT processing techniques, such as the production of NST or dewatering of MFT by centrifugation. 6 REFERENCES Carrigy, M.A. 1966. Lithology of the Athabasca Oil Sands, Bulletin 18, Reseach Council of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Caughill, D.L., Morgenstern, N.R. and Scott, J.D. 1993. Geotechnics of Nonsegregating Oil Sands Tailings, Can. Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 30(5): 801-811. Chalaturnyk R.J, Scott J.D, Ozum, B. 2002. Management of Oil Sands Tailings. Pet. Sci. Technol. 20(9-10): 1025-1046. Clark, K.A. 1939. Hot Water Method for Recovering Bitumen from Bituminous Sand, Report on Sullivan Concentrator, Alberta Research Council, Alberta, Canada. Clark, K.A. and D.S. Pasternack, D.S. 1932. Hot Water Separation of Bitumen from Alberta Bituminous Sand, Ind. Eng. Chem. 24, 1410–1416.  COSIA. 2014. Guidelines for Performance Management of Oil Sands Fluid Fine Tailings Deposits to Meet Closure Commitments, Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.  Gray, M.F. 2015. Upgrading Oilsands Bitumen and Heavy Oil, University of Alberta Press, Ring House 2, Edmonton, AB, Canada. ERCB. 2009. Directive 074 Tailings Performance Criteria and Requirements for Oil Sands Mining Schemes, Energy Resources Conservation Board, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Jiang, T., Hirasaki, G.J., Miller, C.A. and Ng, S. 2011. Effects of Clay Wettability and Process Variables on Separation of Diluted Bitumen Emulsion, Energy Fuels, 25 (2), 545–554.  Johnston, C.T. 2010. Probing the nanoscale architecture of clay minerals, Clay Minerals, 45: 245-279. Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2015 Vancouver, BC, October 26 to 28, 2015  Johnston, C.T. 2008. Surface Chemistry of Clay Minerals, 2008 CONRAD Clay Workshop, May 1-2, Calgary, AB, Canada. Kaminsky, H.A.W. 2008. Characterization of an Athabasca oil sands ore and process streams, Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy in Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Kasperski, K.L. 2001. A Review of Research on Aqueous Extraction of Bitumen from Mixed Oil Sands, CETC-Devon 01-17 (2001).  Konan, K.L., Peyratout, C. Bonnet, J.P., Smith, A., Jacquet, A., Magnoux, P. and Ayrault, P. 2007. Surface properties of kaolin and illite suspensions in concentrated calcium hydroxide medium, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 307, 101–108. Kpogbemaboua, D., Lecomte-Nanaa, G., Aimableb, A., Bieniab, M, Niknama, V., Claire Carrionc, C. 2014. Oil-in-water Pickering emulsions stabilized by phyllosilicates at high solid content, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 463: 85–92.  Liu, J., Xu, Z, and Jacob Masliyah, J. 2005. Interaction forces in bitumen extraction from oil sands, J. Colloid and Interface Sci. 287(2), 507–520. Masliyah, H.J., Czarnecki, J. and Xu, Z. 2011. Handbook on Theory and Practice of Bitumen Recovery from Athabasca Oil Sands, Volume I: Theoretical Basis. Kingsley Publishing Services. Masliyah, J., Zhou, Z., Xu, Z., 1, Czarnecki, J. and Hamza, H. 2004. Understanding Water-Based Bitumen Extraction from Athabasca Oil Sands, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 82, 628-654. Matthews, J.G., Shaw, W.H., MacKinnon, M.D. and Cuddy, R.G. 2002. Development of Composite Tailings Technology at Syncrude, International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 16:1, 24-39. Morgenstern, N.R. and Scott, J.D. 1997. Oil Sand Geotechnique, Geotechnical News, 102-109. Ozum, B. Romaniuk, N., Sorta, A. Feland, B. and Scott, J.D. 2014. A Paradigm Change Needed in Oil Sands Industry: CaO as Additives for Bitumen Extraction and Nonsegregating Tailings Production Processes, SPE Number 170174-MS, SPE Heavy Oil Conference, June 10-12, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Pan, L., Jung, S. and Yoon, R.H. 2012. A fundamental study on the role of collector in the kinetics of bubble-particle interaction, International Journal of Mineral Processing, 106-109, 37-41. Pan, L. and Yoon, R.H. 2010. Hydrophobic Forces in Wetting Films, Faraday Discussion, 146: 325-340. Scott, J.D., Donahue, R., Blum, J.G., Paradis, T. G., Komishke, B. and Ozum, B. 2007. Production of Nonsegregating Tailings with CaO or CaO and CO2 for Improved Recycle Water Quality, CONRAD's Water Usage Workshop, November 21 & 22, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Solc, R., Gerzabek, M.H., Lischka, H. and b, Daniel Tunega, D. 2011. Wettability of kaolinite (001) surfaces — Molecular dynamic study, Geoderma, 169: 47–54. Wang, C., Harbottle, D., Liu, Q. and Xu, Z. 2014. Current state of fine mineral tailings treatment: A critical review on theory and practice, Minerals Engineering 58, 113–131.  Zbik, M.S., Smart. R.St.C. and Morris, G.E. 2008. Kaolinite flocculation structure, J. Colloidal Interface Sci. 328, 73-80.


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Alessandro Baricco at Lucca Comics & Games in 2010
Alessandro Baricco (Italian pronunciation: [ale's:andro baˈrik:o]; born January 25, 1958)[1] is an Italian writer, director and performer. His novels have been translated into a wide number of languages. He currently lives in Rome with his wife and two sons.
2.1 Novels
2.2 Theater
2.4 Collected short writings
2.5 Essays
Baricco was born in Turin.[1]
After receiving degrees in philosophy (under Gianni Vattimo) and piano, he published essays on music criticism: Il genio in fuga (1988) on Gioachino Rossini, and L'anima di Hegel e le mucche del Wisconsin ("Hegel's Soul and the Cows of Wisconsin", 1992) on the relation between music and modernity. He subsequently worked as musical critic for La Repubblica and La Stampa, and hosted talk shows on Rai Tre.
Baricco debuted as a novelist with Castelli di rabbia (translated as Lands of Glass) in 1991.
In 1993 he co-founded a creative writing school in Turin, naming it Scuola Holden after J. D. Salinger's Holden Caulfield. The Scuola Holden hosts a variety of courses on narrative techniques including screenwriting, journalism, videogames, novels and short stories.
In the following years his fame grew enormously throughout Europe, with his works topping the Italian and French best-seller lists. Larger recognition followed the adaptation of his theatrical monologue Novecento into the movie The Legend of 1900, directed by Academy Award-winning director Giuseppe Tornatore.
He has also worked with the French band Air, releasing "City Reading", a mix of the band's music with Baricco's reading of his novel City.
He has directed the film Lezione 21 on Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and its critical reception.
Novels[edit]
Castelli di rabbia, Rizzoli 1991, Tascabili Bompiani 1994; Lands of Glass, Penguin 1992. Awarded with Prix Médicis étranger – France
Oceano Mare, Rizzoli 1993; Ocean Sea, ISBN 0-375-70395-0, 1993. Awarded with 'Palazzo al Bosco' — Italy
Novecento. Un monologo, Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Editore, Milan, 1994; Novecento: pianist, 1994.
Seta, Rizzoli 1996; Silk, ISBN 978-0-307-27797-8, 1996. (See Silk for the film adaptation.)
City (original title), ISBN 978-0-375-72548-7 (edition in English), Rizzoli 1999.
Constellations (original title), 1999.
Senza sangue, Rizzoli 2002; Without Blood ISBN 1-4000-3478-7, 2002. (Also published in revised form in The New Yorker)
Questa storia, Fandango 2005.
Emmaus, Feltrinelli 2009.
Mr Gwyn, Feltrinelli 2011.
Tre volte all'alba, Feltrinelli 2012.
Smith & Wesson, Feltrinelli 2014.
La Sposa giovane, Feltrinelli 2015.
Theater[edit]
Totem, a literary and musical happening staged in various locations throughout Italy with varying structure and contents. Mostly it consisted of a two-night theatrical event in which Baricco himself, helped by director Gabriele Vacis, actor Eugenio Allegri and musician Daniele Sepe, would read and comment on bits of literature from all centuries and countries, accompanying them with music. In 2001 Rizzoli published the video of Totem recorded in Milan in 1997.
Novecento, Feltrinelli 1994; The Legend of 1900 (1994) – originally a monologue for theater staged by director Gabriele Vacis, adapted in 1998 into a film by Giuseppe Tornatore, La leggenda del pianista sull'oceano, with music composed by Ennio Morricone.
Davila Roa, staged only once by director Luca Ronconi. Reportedly a huge fiasco, it was never published in written form.
Omero, Iliade, Feltrinelli 2004; An Iliad, Vintage International 2004 ( ISBN 978-0-307-27539-4 ) – a rewriting of Homer's Iliad consisting of 24 chapters, each telling a part of the story through the eyes and words of a prominent character in the poem. The theatrical event from which the book originated was staged only twice due to its logistic difficulties: it spanned over three nights during which the best contemporary Italian actors would impersonate one character each, eight per night.
Cinema[edit]
Partita Spagnola, Audino Editore 2003 (screenplay never shot).
Lecture 21, 2008 (written and directed).
Collected short writings[edit]
Barnum. Cronache dal Grande Show, Feltrinelli 1995
Barnum 2. Altre cronache del Grande Show, Feltrinelli 1998
Next. Piccolo libro sulla globalizzazione e il mondo che verrà, Feltrinelli 2002
Il nuovo Barnum, Feltrinelli 2016
Essays[edit]
Il genio in fuga. Sul teatro musicale di Rossini, Il Melangolo 1988, Einaudi 1997
L'anima di Hegel e le mucche del Wisconsin, Garzanti 1992
I Barbari, La Repubblica 2006
Awards[edit]
Source: "A note about the author" of Without Blood.[1]
Prix Médicis étranger — France
Selezione Campiello — Italy[2]
Viareggio – Italy
Palazzo al Bosco – Italy
^ a b c "Alessandro Baricco – Authors – Random House".
^ "Premio Letterario Viareggio Rèpaci – Albo d'oro" (in Italian). Archived from the original on September 26, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
Alessandro Baricco at the Berlin International Literature Festival 2002/03
Recipients of the Viareggio Prize
Anselmo Bucci – Lorenzo Viani (1930)
Corrado Tumiati (1931)
Antonino Foschini (1932)
Achille Campanile (1933)
Raffaele Calzini (1934)
Mario Massa – Stefano Pirandello (1935)
Riccardo Bacchelli (1936)
Guelfo Civinini (1937)
Vittorio Giovanni Rossi – Enrico Pea (1938)
Arnaldo Frateili – Orio Vergani – Maria Bellonci (1939)
Silvio Micheli – Umberto Saba (1946) • Antonio Gramsci (1947) • Aldo Palazzeschi – Elsa Morante – Sibilla Aleramo (1948) • Arturo Carlo Jemolo – Renata Viganò (1949)
Francesco Jovine – Carlo Bernari (1950) • Domenico Rea (1951) • Tommaso Fiore (1952) • Carlo Emilio Gadda (1953) • Rocco Scotellaro (1954) • Vasco Pratolini (1955) • Carlo Levi – Gianna Manzini (1956) • Italo Calvino – Pier Paolo Pasolini (1957) • Ernesto de Martino (1958) • Marino Moretti (1959)
Giovanni Battista Angioletti (1960) • Alberto Moravia (1961) • Giorgio Bassani (1962) • Antonio Delfini – Sergio Solmi (1963) • Giuseppe Berto (1964) • Goffredo Parise (1965) • Ottiero Ottieri – Alfonso Gatto (1966) • Raffaello Brignetti (1967) • Libero Bigiaretti (1968) • Fulvio Tomizza (1969)
Nello Saito (1970) • Ugo Attardi (1971) • Romano Bilenchi (1972) • Achille Campanile (1973) • Clotilde Marghieri (1974) • Paolo Volponi (1975) • Mario Tobino – Dario Bellezza – Sergio Solmi (1976) • Davide Lajolo (1977) • Antonio Altomonte – Mario Luzi (1978) • Giorgio Manganelli (1979)
Stefano Terra (1980) • Enzo Siciliano (1981) • Primo Levi (1982) • Giuliana Morandini (1983) • Gina Lagorio – Bruno Gentili (1984) • Manlio Cancogni (1985) • Marisa Volpi (1986) • Mario Spinella (1987) • Rosetta Loy (1988) • Salvatore Mannuzzu (1989)
Luisa Adorno – Cesare Viviani – Maurizio Calvesi (1990) • Antonio Debenedetti (1991) • Luigi Malerba (1992) • Alessandro Baricco (1993) • Antonio Tabucchi (1994) • Maurizio Maggiani – Elio Pagliarani (1995) • Ermanno Rea – Alda Merini (1996) • Claudio Piersanti – Franca Grisoni – Corrado Stajano (1997) • Giorgio Pressburger – Michele Sovente – Carlo Ginzburg (1998) • Ernesto Franco (1999)
Giorgio van Straten – Sandro Veronesi (2000) • Niccolò Ammaniti – Michele Ranchetti – Giorgio Pestelli (2001) • Fleur Jaeggy – Jolanda Insana – Alfonso Berardinelli (2002) • Giuseppe Montesano (2003) • Edoardo Albinati – Andrea Tagliapietra – Livia Livi (2004) • Raffaele La Capria – Alberto Arbasino – Milo de Angelis (2005) • Gianni Celati – Giovanni Agosti – Giuseppe Conte – Roberto Saviano (2006) • Filippo Tuena – Paolo Mauri – Silvia Bre – Simona Baldanzi – Paolo Colagrande – Paolo Fallai (2007) • Francesca Sanvitale – Miguel Gotor – Eugenio De Signoribus (2008) • Edith Bruck – Adriano Prosperi – Ennio Cavalli (2009)
Nicola Lagioia – Michele Emmer – Pierluigi Cappello (2010) • Alessandro Mari – Mario Lavagetto – Gian Mario Villalta (2011) • Nicola Gardini – Franco Lo Piparo – Antonella Anedda (2012) • Paolo Di Stefano – Giulio Guidorizzi – Enrico Testa (2013) • Francesco Pecoraro – Alessandro Fo – Luciano Mecacci (2014) • Antonio Scurati – Massimo Bucciantini – Franco Buffoni (2015) • Franco Cordelli – Bruno Pischedda – Sonia Gentili (2016) • Gianfranco Calligarich – Giuseppe Montesano – Stefano Carrai (2017)
MusicBrainz: 7aa33b80-8241-42af-994d-001527771e02
NKC: jo20010083068
Retrieved from "https:/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Baricco&oldid=890020993"
People from Turin
Italian dramatists and playwrights
Italian essayists
Italian journalists
Italian male journalists
Italian literary critics
Italian male short story writers
Prix Médicis étranger winners
Viareggio Prize winners
University of Turin alumni
Male essayists
Italian male novelists
20th-century Italian writers
20th-century Italian male writers
21st-century Italian writers
21st-century male writers
20th-century Italian novelists
21st-century Italian novelists
Italian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Italian short story writers
21st-century Italian short story writers
20th-century essayists
21st-century essayists
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
BLP articles lacking sources from April 2011
Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers
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For many homes in the St Louis area, natural gas provides the energy required for cooking, heating, and domestic hot water. It is a clean, efficient fuel that is delivered to each appliance through a network of pipes, typically cast iron, which must be installed and maintained by a professional to avoid dangerous leaks that could lead to a fire under the right conditions.
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Home > Medicare > Louisiana
Medicare in Louisiana
One in five Louisiana Medicare beneficiaries is under 65. Medigap insurers are required to offer them coverage, but the premiums are substantially higher
Photo credit: Bart Everson | Flickr
Louise Norris
Health insurance & health reform authority
Nearly 887,000 residents are enrolled in Medicare in Louisiana.
About 42% of Louisiana Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans
Medicare Advantage availability ranges from 19 plans to 44 plans, depending on the parish.
45 insurers offer Medigap plans in Louisiana; the state requires Medigap insurers to offer plans to people under age 65, but they're charged much higher premiums.
There are 26 stand-alone Medicare Part D prescription plans available in Louisiana for 2021, with premiums that range from about $7 to $93 per month. Nearly 325,000 Louisiana Medicare beneficiaries have stand-alone Part D coverage.
Per-enrollee spending for Medicare in Louisiana is the highest in the nation.
Medicare enrollment in Louisiana
As of October 2020, there were 886,345 residents enrolled in Medicare in Louisiana, which is about 19 percent of the state's population and roughly the same as the percentage of the total U.S. population with Medicare coverage enrollment.
For most Americans, filing for Medicare benefits goes along with turning 65. But Medicare eligibility is also triggered for younger people if they're disabled and have been receiving disability benefits for 24 months, or are diagnosed with ALS or end-stage renal disease.
In Louisiana, 20 percent of Medicare beneficiaries are under the age of 65. That's higher than the nationwide average of 15 percent; only five states have a higher rate of disabled Medicare beneficiaries.
Medicare options
Residents can choose how to access their Medicare benefits. The first choice is between Medicare Advantage plans, where coverage is through private health insurance companies, or Original Medicare, where medical claims are paid directly by the federal government. Medicare beneficiaries also have options around Medigap policies and Medicare Part D (prescription drug) coverage.
Original Medicare includes Part A (also called hospital insurance), which helps pay for inpatient stays at a hospital, skilled nursing facility, or hospice center, and Part B (also called medical insurance), which helps pay for outpatient care like physician services, kidney dialysis, outpatient surgeries, physical therapy, preventive health care, and durable medical equipment.
Or call 855-577-4410 (TTY 771) to speak to a licensed insurance agent.
(Mon-Fri 8am-9pm, Sat 10am-7pm ET)
Medicare Advantage plans include all the coverage of Parts A and B, although cost-sharing amounts (deductible, coinsurance, copays) can be very different. Advantage plans usually include extra benefits, such as Part D prescription drug coverage and dental and vision coverage. But Advantage plans also tend to have limited provider networks and higher out-of-pocket costs than a person would have if they enrolled in Original Medicare plus a Medigap plan. There are pros and cons to either option, and the "right" solution is different for each individual.
Medicare's annual election period (October 15 to December 7 each year) allows Medicare beneficiaries the chance to switch between Medicare Advantage enrollment and Original Medicare (and add, drop, or switch to a different Medicare Part D prescription plan). And beneficiaries who are already enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans also have the option to switch to a different Medicare Advantage plan or to change to Original Medicare during the Medicare Advantage open enrollment period, which runs from January 1 to March 31.
Understand the difference between Medigap, Medicare Advantage, and Medicare Part D (including tips for picking the best coverage combination to meet your needs).
Learn how Medicaid can provide assistance to Louisiana Medicare beneficiaries who have limited financial resources.
Medicare Advantage in Louisiana
Private Medicare Advantage plans are available throughout Louisiana. Every parish in Louisiana has at least 19 Medicare Advantage plans available for 2021, and as many as 44 plans are for sale in some counties.
34 percent of the state's Medicare beneficiaries were enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans as of 2018, which was the same as the percentage of Medicare beneficiaries with Medicare Advantage plans nationwide. As of October 2020, private Medicare enrollment in Louisiana stood at 377,741 people; the other 508,604 had Original Medicare. So by that point, Medicare Advantage enrollment had grown to nearly 43 percent of the state's Medicare population.
Medigap in Louisiana
Original Medicare does not limit out-of-pocket costs (i.e., deductible and copay), so most enrollees maintain some form of supplemental coverage. More than half of Original Medicare beneficiaries get their supplemental coverage through an employer-sponsored plan or Medicaid. But for those who don't, Medigap plans (also known as Medicare supplement plans) will pay some or all of the out-of-pocket costs they would otherwise have to pay if they had only Original Medicare. According to an AHIP analysis, 153,054 Louisiana Medicare beneficiaries had supplemental coverage under Medigap plans as of 2018. That was about 28 percent of the state's Original Medicare beneficiaries (Medigap plans do not work with Medicare Advantage plans).
Medigap plans are sold by private insurers, but the plans are standardized under federal rules. There are ten different plan designs (differentiated by letters, A through N), and the benefits offered by a particular plan (Plan G, Plan N, etc.) are the same regardless of which insurer sells the plan.
There were 35 insurers that offered Medigap plans in Louisiana when the state published its most recent Medigap shopping guide in 2017. But as of 2020, Medicare's plan finder tool showed 45 Medigap insurers offering plans in the state. Medigap insurers in the state are required to maintain minimum loss ratios of at least 65 percent for individual policies, and at least 75 percent for employer group policies. This means that at least 65 percent (or 75 percent for group plans) of the premium revenue that the insurers bring in must be spent on enrollees' medical claims.
Unlike other private Medicare coverage (Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D plans), there is no annual open enrollment window for Medigap plans. Instead, federal rules provide a one-time six-month window when Medigap coverage is guaranteed-issue. This window starts when a person is at least 65 and enrolled in Medicare Part B (you must be enrolled in both Part A and Part B to buy a Medigap plan).
People who aren't yet 65 can enroll in Medicare if they're disabled and have been receiving disability benefits for at least two years, and one out of every five Louisiana Medicare beneficiaries is under age 65. Federal rules do not guarantee access to Medigap plans for people who are under 65, but the majority of the states have implemented rules to ensure that disabled Medicare beneficiaries have at least some access to Medigap plans. Louisiana is among them, although the state's 2017 Medigap guide indicates that is a fairly recent development in the state.
In Louisiana, disabled Medicare beneficiaries under the age of 65 have the same six-month open enrollment period for Medigap plans as a person who becomes eligible for Medicare in Louisiana due to age. But premiums are dramatically higher for enrollees under the age of 65 (in most cases, several times higher). People who are enrolled in Medicare prior to age 65 have another Medigap open enrollment period when they turn 65. At that point, they can switch to a plan with the lower premiums that apply to people who are aging into Medicare, rather than qualifying due to disability.
Disabled Medicare beneficiaries can opt for Medicare Advantage instead, as long as they don't have kidney failure (as of 2021, beneficiaries with kidney failure will be able to enroll in Medicare Advantage plans). Medicare Advantage plans are otherwise available to anyone who is eligible for Medicare, and the premiums are not higher for those under 65. But as noted above, Advantage plans have more limited provider networks than Original Medicare, and total out-of-pocket costs can be as high as $6,700 per year for in-network care, in addition to prescription drug costs (note that this upper limit will increase to $7,550 as of 2021, although many Medicare Advantage plans will continue to have out-of-pocket maximums well below this amount).
Although the Affordable Care Act eliminated pre-existing condition exclusions in most of the private health insurance market, those rules don't apply to Medigap plans. Medigap insurers can impose a pre-existing condition waiting period of up to six months if you didn't have at least six months of continuous coverage prior to your enrollment. And if you apply for a Medigap plan after your initial enrollment window closes (assuming you aren't eligible for one of the limited guaranteed-issue rights), the Medigap insurer can consider your medical history in determining whether to accept your application, and at what premium.
Louisiana Medicare Part D
Original Medicare does not provide coverage for outpatient prescription drugs. More than half of Original Medicare beneficiaries have supplemental coverage via an employer-sponsored plan (from a current or former employer or spouse's employer) or Medicaid, and these plans often include prescription coverage.
But Medicare beneficiaries who do not have drug coverage through Medicaid or an employer-sponsored plan need to obtain Medicare Part D in order to have coverage for prescriptions. It can be purchased as a stand-alone plan, or as part of a Medicare Advantage plan with integrated Part D prescription drug coverage.
There are 26 stand-alone Medicare Part D plans for sale in Louisiana for 2021, with premiums that range from about $7 to $93/month.
324,389 beneficiaries of Medicare in Louisiana — about 37 percent of the state's total Medicare population — had prescription coverage under stand-alone Medicare Part D plans as of late 2020. Another 364,527 had Medicare Part D coverage integrated with their Medicare Advantage plans.
Medicare Part D enrollment follows the same schedule as Medicare Advantage: Beneficiaries can pick a Medicare Part D plan when they're first eligible for Medicare, and they can switch plans during the annual open enrollment period in the fall, from October 15 to December 7, with coverage that takes effect the following January.
Medicare spending in Louisiana
Average per-beneficiary spending on Medicare in Louisiana was $11,932 in 2018, based on data that were standardized to eliminate regional differences in payment rates, and did not include costs for Medicare Advantage enrollment. Per-beneficiary Medicare spending in Louisiana was the highest in the nation, and 18 percent higher than the national average. At the other end of the spectrum, per-beneficiary Medicare spending was lowest in Hawaii, at just $6,971.
How does Medicaid provide financial assistance to Medicare beneficiaries in Louisiana?
Many Medicare beneficiaries receive assistance through Medicaid with the cost of Medicare premiums, prescription drug expenses, and services not covered by Medicare – such as long-term care.
Our guide to financial assistance for Medicare enrollees in Louisiana includes overviews of these programs, including long-term care benefits, Medicare Savings Programs, and eligibility guidelines for assistance.
Medicare in Louisiana: Resources
These resources provide free assistance and information about Medicare programs and availability in Louisiana.
Contact the Louisiana Senior Health Insurance Information Program for help with Medicare enrollment in Louisiana or have questions about Medicare eligibility in Louisiana
The state has also created a user-friendly stoplight-style quick guide to private Medicare options.
The Medicare Rights Center website provides information geared to Medicare beneficiaries, caregivers, and professionals.
Louise Norris is an individual health insurance broker who has been writing about health insurance and health reform since 2006. She has written dozens of opinions and educational pieces about the Affordable Care Act for healthinsurance.org. Her state health exchange updates are regularly cited by media who cover health reform and by other health insurance experts.
Find Medicare plans.
Louisiana section
Exchange/Marketplace
Visit our full Medicare site
How to choose between Medicare Advantage, Medigap and Part D
When is Medicare open enrollment for 2022 coverage?
Are there specific steps I should take to prepare for enrollment in Medicare?
Do I need to sign up for Medicare at 65 if I'm still working?
Is there help for me if I can't afford Medicare's premiums?


text:
Q: Oracle SQL does not work for MS Access I'm an Oracle DBA and not familiar with MS Access. Would you please help me to convert the following SQL to make it work for MS Access? MILLION THANKS!
select
   (case
       when subject like '%requires your attention%'
         then 'Project Leader: ' + LEFT(CC, case when CHARINDEX(';',cc)=0 then LEN(cc) else CHARINDEX(';',cc)-1 end)

       when subject like '%Assigned or Changed%'
         then 'Project assigned DBA: ' + LEFT(CC, case when CHARINDEX(';',cc)=0 then LEN(cc) else CHARINDEX(';',cc)-1 end)

       when subject like '%Off Hold%'
         then 'Project Leader: ' + LEFT(CC, case when CHARINDEX(';',cc)=0 then LEN(cc) else CHARINDEX(';',cc)-1 end)

       when subject like '%On Hold%'
         then 'Project Leader: ' + LEFT(CC, case when CHARINDEX(';',cc)=0 then LEN(cc) else CHARINDEX(';',cc)-1 end)

       else 'project leader or assigneed is not specified'

   end) as project_assignee
from
   project

A: First, your syntax is not Oracle, it looks like SQL Server.
I think the following (modulo typos) should work in MS Access:
select iif(subject like '*requires your attention*',
           'Project Leader: ' & iif(cc NOT LIKE '*;*', CC, LEFT(cc, INSTR(cc, ';') - 1))
           iif(subject like '*Assigned or Changed*',
               'Project assigned DBA: ' & iif(cc NOT LIKE '*;*', CC, LEFT(cc, INSTR(cc, ';') - 1))
               iif(subject like '*Off Hold*',
                   'Project Leader: ' & iif(cc NOT LIKE '*;*', CC, LEFT(cc, INSTR(cc, ';') - 1))
                   iif(subject like '*On Hold*',
                       'Project Leader: ' & iif(cc NOT LIKE '*;*', CC, LEFT(cc, INSTR(cc, ';') - 1)),
                       'project leader or assigneed is not specified'
                      )
                  )
              )
          ) as project_assignee
from project;

Changes:

*

*MS Access doesn't support CASE, use nested iif() instead.

*like in MS Access uses different wildcards, so * instead of %.

*There is no CHARINDEX().  Instead, INSTR().

*String concatenation is &, rather than +.

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Our corporate mission and If the eyeglasses you ordered have been incorrectly produced by the lab, we will correct them to the specifications of the original order at no additional expense to you. There will be no changes made, however, from the original order specifications (prescription, lens type, frame, color changes). We do not provide full refunds; rather the original order is fulfilled.
In addition, if the glasses are returned with the incorrect order number, then any subsequent production error is not the responsibility of atozglasses Optical, and there will be no further corrective action taken at atozglasses's expense. It is the responsibility of the customer to properly document returns. Any return/warranty issue must be addressed within a thirty day period of delivery date.
Returns must also include the order number, a short note stating the reason for the return, and a copy of the prescription, if there's a production question. The glasses must be returned in their entirety, in the case in which they were initially shipped, and they must be received within thirty days of the initial delivery date to the customer. If the glasses are being returned because they do not appeal to the customer, for any reason, a -50% refund will be made if the glasses arrive within a thirty day period. Glasses returned after the expiration of the warranty period will not be refunded in any amount, and no further consideration will be due.


The Parks of the St. Lawrence is pleased to offer our transient dockage customers the Reciprocal Program.
2. Receive two Reciprocal tickets offering complimentary admission to Fort Henry National Historic Site of Canada (Kingston) OR to Upper Canada Village (Morrisburg) OR to use at a day-use beach area.


text:
Q: Question about cofinality of an ordinal Let $\alpha$ an ordinal and $\langle\alpha_\xi\rangle$ a cofinal sequence of elements of $\alpha$. The length, $\gamma$, of this sequence is at least $\operatorname{cf}\alpha$ but can be equal to any ordinal $\geq \operatorname{cf}\alpha$. If this sequence is a strictly increasing one then $\gamma$ is $\leq$ to the order type of $\alpha$ that is $\alpha$. Is it exact ?

A: If $\alpha$ is a limit ordinal and $\langle\alpha_\xi:\xi<\gamma\rangle$ is a non-decreasing sequence cofinal in $\alpha$, then $\operatorname{cf}\gamma=\operatorname{cf}\alpha$, even if the sequence is not strictly increasing. As you say, if the sequence is strictly increasing, then $\gamma\le\alpha$.


Welcome to my page here on madcowmodels.
Im happy to work with experieced and new models (TFP) looking to add to their portfolios, if your thinking of creating a certain style but dont want the exposure here on madcows or media platforms then discreation is assurred.
Im easy and comfortable to work with and happy to recieve your input to create exactly what you wish, i can to travel to your location and share any costs involved.


text:
module Itamae
  class HandlerProxy
    def initialize
      @instances = []
    end

    def register_instance(instance)
      @instances << instance
    end

    def event(*args, &block)
      if block_given?
        _event_with_block(*args, &block)
      else
        _event(*args)
      end
    end

    private

    def _event(*args)
      @instances.each do |i|
        i.event(*args)
      end
    end

    def _event_with_block(event_name, *args, &block)
      event("#{event_name}_started".to_sym, *args)
      block.call
    rescue
      event("#{event_name}_failed".to_sym, *args)
      raise
    else
      event("#{event_name}_completed".to_sym, *args)
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA), passed in 1950, concerns interstate cooperation in the collection of spousal and child support.  The law establishes procedures for enforcement in cases in which the person owing alimony or child support is in one state and the person to whom the support is owed is in another state (hence the word "reciprocal").

The original Act was first passed in 1950 by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. It was amended in 1952 and again in 1958. The most recent amendments were enacted in 1968 and included improved machinery for finding the person owing support; guidelines for the conduct of the trial in the responding state; guidelines for cases where paternity is in question or where there has been interference with visitation rights; and simplified procedures for registering and enforcing out-of-state support orders. Such acts, substantially similar in content, have been passed in all 50 states.

Full faith and credit applicability

Child support is established in proceedings in which the court has personal jurisdiction over both parties, i.e. the mother and father. For post-divorce obligations, this may be the inter parte divorce proceeding itself, where the issues implicate res judicata and are entitled to full faith and credit. Under Article 4 of the United States Constitution, "Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state." Courts therefore may use the full-faith-and-credit article to enforce final judgments that have been entered by the courts of another state.

When a judgment is not final, there is a problem of giving full faith and credit to that judgment in another state. The Second Restatement states, under the topic of Defenses to Recognition and Enforcement, that a judgment rendered in one state need not be recognized or enforced in another state insofar as the judgment remains subject to modification in the state of rendition either as to sums that have accrued and are unpaid or as to sums that will accrue in the future. A court is free to recognize or enforce a judgment that remains subject to modification under the local law of the state of rendition. Child support orders are modifiable based on changing circumstances, and are therefore not final.

Under full faith and credit, the local law of the state of rendition will be applied to determine whether the judgment is modifiable and, if so, in what respects. This law will determine whether the judgment is modifiable with respect to past due installments and with respect to future installments. As between states, full faith and credit requires application of the local law of the state of rendition to determine whether the judgment is modifiable and, if so, in what respects.

Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA)

In 1910, the National Conference of Commissions on Uniform State Laws approved the Uniform Desertion and Non-Support Act. The act made it a punishable offense for a spouse to desert, willfully neglect, or refuse to provide for the support and maintenance of the other spouse in destitute or necessitous circumstances, or for a parent to fail in the same duty to their child less than 16 years of age. The 1910 act sought to improve the enforcement of the duties of support, but it did not take into account husbands, wives, fathers, and mothers who fled the original jurisdiction. With the increasing mobility of the population, welfare departments had to support the destitute families because the extradition process was inefficient and often unsuccessful.

In 1950, The National Conference of Commissions on Uniform State Laws published the Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA). The Commission stated that, "The purposes of this act are to improve and extend by reciprocal legislation the enforcement of duties of support and to make uniform the law with respect thereto." URESA contained both civil and criminal provisions designed to enforce child support laws that were already passed by state legislatures. The criminal enforcement section focused on making extradition easier, the procedures for which relied upon the obligee state demanding that the obligor state extradite the obligor to the obligee state, or for the obligor to submit himself/herself to the jurisdiction of the obligee state. The civil enforcement section was much more detailed, imposing duties on both the responding and initiating states. These provisions relied upon a system where the obligee would initiate proceedings in his/her state, then the initiating state would determine if the obligor had a duty of support. If the initiating court held that the obligor had a duty of support, the initiating court would forward the case to the obligor's state.  The responding state, which would have personal jurisdiction over the obligor, would provide notice and a hearing for obligor. After this hearing, the responding court would enforce the support order. By 1955, all 48 states and several U.S. territories had adopted either URESA or the Uniform Support of Dependents Law, making recovery for nonsupport much easier and routine.

Revised Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (RURESA)

In 1968, the Commission on Uniform State Laws again amended URESA, which later became known as the Revised Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (RURESA). The amendments involved two important changes to URESA. First, the amendments sought to correct a problem created by URESA where the responding court would only have evidence from the obligor and not have any evidence from the initiating state or the obligee. The responding court with one-sided representation would hold for the obligor; thus, the result would not serve the purpose of URESA. The Commission's solution was to amend URESA so that the initiating state and the obligee would provide evidence to be sent to the responding court along with the case file. The initiating court presented to the responding court evidence of the obligee's case, so the responding court would have both representations of the case. Second, the Commission provided a second method for obtaining redress under the category of civil enforcement. The new method provided for the obligee to register the foreign support order in a court of the obligor's state, and present that case directly to the foreign court.

RURESA provided new protection for obligees against noncompliant obligors; however, RURESA created the problem of multiple support orders.  Since every state could enforce and modify a support order, the possibility of having multiple support orders arose. If the obligor moved from State A to State B to State C to State D, and if the obligee continually registered and had the order modified, then there would be four separate and independent support orders. RURESA provided that the state courts could modify the original order so long as the court applied its own procedural law and the substantive law of the original state, unless that application of substantive law contravened its own public policy. The Commission intended to correct the problem of inconsistent multiple orders by only allowing the support orders to be modified based upon a single state's law. In theory, states A, B and C could only modify a support order based upon the original state's law; thus, all the support orders should be identical. In practice, however, this rule created ambiguities concerning whether child support guidelines are procedural or substantive, and if substantive, whether application of that substantive law contravenes some public policy. Therefore, it became possible that there could be multiple orders based upon different states' child support guidelines.

URESA and the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act

URESA provided additional procedures for the deserted spouse. applying both to the enforcement of support orders and to original claims for support. Its procedures enabled the claimant to file in the local forum, which forwarded the complaint to the state where the defendant was present. The court of the second state then exercised personal jurisdiction over the defendant and entered the appropriate support order.  Particularly important was the act's choice-of-law provision stating that the support obligation was to be determined according to the law of the state where the defendant was present at and during the time for which support is claimed.

In 1992, the National Conference of Commissioners of Uniform State Laws approved the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA) to update and replace URESA. Since 1992, UIFSA has been enacted by all 50 states; while some states completely repealed URESA, some states retained aspects of URESA, and some states retained the entirety of URESA.

References

External links
1968 amendments to URESA
Nevada URESA

See also
List of Uniform Acts (United States)

Reciprocal enforcement of support act

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It's snowing! Here in northern Oregon, snow is not a guarantee in winter. We get lots of rain, but snow is elusive. It actually snowed about a week ago, but it was pockets of hit and miss. Some areas got dumped, and others got little to nothing. We were little to nothing. So I'm left to bake on a snowy day. I'm so happy I picked up some blood oranges at Trader Joe's last Friday. Now I can settle in and make a blood orange poppyseed bundt cake.
Hooray for winter and citrus! I go a little crazy this time every year because I love blood oranges and Meyer lemons. There is something about being able to buy citrus when it's snowing outside. It's a reminder that winter affects us all differently.
I debated whether to make this into a cake or a bread. I decided on cake because I love this Heritage bundt pan. I knew I wasn't going to do a frosting. So this is the perfect shape for a glaze.
If you already know how to zest citrus, you can ignore this section. But I didn't want to assume that everybody knows what this is. Also called a microplane, a zester removes the outer layer of skin on lemons, limes, and oranges. OXO makes a good zester and I love the grip on this. You only want the colored part of the fruit, which adds a bright flavoring to your dishes. The white layer is bitter and no bueno.
Again with the creme fraiche?
I am so excited about this. I recently found this awesome website that has so many different extracts, baking chips, spices, and flavored oils. Olive Nation has the best products. The blood orange extract, is the best and I feel like I should share the love! I added just a tiny bit of extract to the bundt cake and the smell while baking was intoxicating. A little goes a long way, so I only used 1/2 teaspoon for the blood orange poppyseed bundt cake.
When you use extracts for baking, make sure they are food grade and not an essential oil. Some website sell different flavorings that are not meant for consumption. Just a little PSA about using the right ingredients.
Again, if you're a seasoned pro at baking and don't need the tips shared here, jump on ahead to the recipe. But it's worth mentioning that there's a right and wrong way of creaming butter and sugar.
Butter should be at room temperature for many recipes. This means that if you pressed your finger on a stick of butter, it would leave a little impression. Unless a recipe calls for melted butter, do not melt the butter. It has different intended results that will affect the texture and taste of your recipe.
Whenever I cream butter and sugar, I always start with just the butter. A KitchenAid stand mixer fitted with the paddle does the job perfectly. Creaming butter does not take very long. In fact, if you cream the butter too long, the end result is much like a facial scrub. King Arthur has a blog called Flourish, with a great article on how to cream butter and sugar. You can find it here. The goal of creamed butter is to aerate it so the leavener can do its job. Light and fluffy is the look you want.
So now you're ready to bake! Grab some blood oranges, poppyseeds and a bundt pan and you're all set to make the blood orange and poppyseed cake!
In a small bowl combine the creme fraiche, milk, vanilla, blood orange extract, juice, and zest. Set aside.
In the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the paddle, cream the room temperature butter on medium low speed for 2 minutes. Mixture should be light and fluffy.
Add the sugar and mix on medium low for 1 to 2 minutes more, til fully combined.
Add the eggs, one at a time, scraping the bowl after each addition.
Alternate adding the flour and milk mixtures, starting and ending with the flour. Mix until just combined.
Spray a Heritage bundt pan with non-stick and dust with flour. Remove excess.
Pour batter into bundt pan, smoothing surface with a spatula. Batter is thick, so it may be necessary to spread the batter into the grooves of the pan.
Bake at 350 degrees F for 50-55 minutes, until toothpick comes out clean and the surface is a nice, golden brown.
Cool in pan for 10 minutes, then cool completely on a wire rack.
Mix all ingredients in a small bowl and drizzle over cooled cake. If you do not plan to serve it immediately, hold off on the glaze as it will soften the cake.


text:
Byrsia papuana är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Rothschild och Jordan 1901. Byrsia papuana ingår i släktet Byrsia och familjen björnspinnare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Björnspinnare
papuana


text:
The WHS Stamp Club
The Stamp Club met quite regularly during the Christmas term and its members engaged in the usual Activities of stamp-collecting mania: cataloguing and arranging their collections, exchanging duplicates, examining and buying from "approvals." There were, in addition, however, three special meetings each attended by at least fifty members; at the first, Dr. L. B. Cane brought selections of stamps from his own very extensive collection and gave a most interesting talk on his own stamp-collecting experiences, particularly in the Far East; at the second, Mr. G. W, Dalton, Secretary of the Ipswich Philatelic Society, and a member of the Council of the British Philatelic Society, talked of the early British mail, illustrating his remarks with some rare and interesting covers; at the third, entries in the Club's own competition were judged by Mr. Dalton, the prizewinners being:-
1. O'Loughlin, for a display of Falkland Islands and Dependencies;
2. Vizard, for a display of Canada;3. Byrde, for a display of Queen Elizabeth II stamps.Simon Harris was given a consolation prize by My. Dalton himself for an interesting display which made up in philatelic interest and knowledge what it lost in blots, smudges and illegible writing!
O'Loughlin and Vizard later entered their displays in the Ipswich Society's preliminary competition for the Melville Cup and each won the prize in his age group.
L.J.


A brother and sister on twitter matched with each other over the weekend which means at some point BOTH of them swiped right. My questions is who gets to feel more of the shame in this situation? Here's the akward conversation that ensued after they matched with each other.
You ever just hanging out, scrolling through facebook and someone you havent spoken to in years posts an album of say them on vacation. Lots of bikini pics going on in the album. You are scrolling through, pretty much on autopilot just swiping and then all of a sudden by accident your finger hits the like button. You didnt mean to press it, you tense up, not sure what to do. Its too late, the damage is done, you'd take it back if you could but that ship has sailed. That is what i see going on with the brother here. Hes under 18 years old and just swiping non-stop playing the law of averages hoping someone will swipe back, barely even looking at the pictures. He finishes a swipe and immediately realizes that the last photo was eerily similar and looked like his sister. Its too late, you cant go back, honest mistake.
On the other hand you have the sister who you know is looking over each and every picture and profile judging all of these guys when she comes across her brother. She found her man, she swipes thinking he will never know and then boom, due to his careless mistake it shows they match. He's creeped out, calls her out knowing his swipe was a mistake and wondering what the hell is wrong with her. She runs and tells her mom to get out in front of the story. What do you think?
Posted in blog, entertainment, funny, random, Uncategorized, weird.Tagged blog, boredom, comedy, entertainment, follow, funny, humor, newblogger, original, random.
Previous Post Thinking about doing some consulting. Do I make the move?


text:
Journal of Applied Crystallography Journal of Applied
Concise format
CIF applications
laboratory notes
Volume 45| Part 2
Cover illustration: Example of a three-dimensional reciprocal-space map recorded from a sample of GaAs nanowires grown on GaAs. Courtesy of Schlepütz et al. [J. Appl. Cryst. (2011), 44, 73-83].
J. Appl. Cryst. (2012). 45, 157-165
Article statistics
Download PDF of article
Validating classical line profile analyses using microbeam diffraction from individual dislocation cell walls and cell interiors
L. E. Levine, P. Geantil, B. C. Larson, J. Z. Tischler, M. E. Kassner and W. Liu
Depth-resolved microbeam diffraction was used to measure diffraction line profiles from numerous individual dislocation cell walls and cell interiors in a heavily deformed Cu single crystal, allowing the construction of the cell-interior and cell-wall subprofiles that have been approximated in the line profile analysis literature for the past 30 years. Comparison of the reconstructed subprofiles and the macroscopic asymmetric line profile from the same sample allows the first direct tests of many of the assumptions that have been used in such analyses.
Single-pass flow-through reaction cell for high-temperature and high-pressure in situ neutron diffraction studies of hydrothermal crystallization processes
F. Xia, J. Brugger, G. Qian, Y. Ngothai, B. O'Neill, J. Zhao, S. Pullen, S. Olsen and A. Pring
A versatile flow-through reaction cell, featuring independent and accurate controls of temperature (up to 673 K), pressure (up to 46 MPa), fluid volume (≥65 ml) and flow rate (0.01–10 ml min−1), has been developed and commissioned for in situ neutron diffraction investigation of crystallization under mild to extreme hydrothermal conditions (e.g. supercritical).
A high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction study of substituted gallium ferrites using flat-plate fixed angle of incidence geometry on beamline I11 at Diamond
S. H. M. Ryding, F. Azough, R. Freer, R. J. Cernik, C. C. Tang and S. P. Thompson
This paper outlines a data collection strategy and the necessary corrections for synchrotron powder data collected in flat-plate geometry. A number of solid solutions in multiferroic Ga(2−x)FexO3 have been used to deliver very accurate crystal structures suitable for modelling material functionality.
Synthesis and characterization of one-dimensional vertically aligned Sb-doped ZnO nanowires
W. E. Mahmoud, F. Al-Marzouki, S. Al-Ameer and F. Al-Hazmi
The morphology, structure and luminescence properties of one-dimensional vertically aligned Sb-doped ZnO nanowires on a silicon substrate have been studied. The results show that the use of Si(111) is a critical factor for the growth of vertically aligned nanowires.
High-pressure phase transitions and equations of state in NiSi. I. Ab initio simulations
L. Vočadlo, I. G. Wood and D. P. Dobson
The relative stability of high-pressure phases of NiSi has been determined by ab initio calculations. Above ∼250 GPa, NiSi adopts the CsCl structure and therefore at the pressures of the Earth's inner core it will be isostructural with FeSi.
A model for calculating diffraction elastic constants
T. Gnäupel-Herold, A. A. Creuziger and M. Iadicola
A model is proposed to calculate the diffraction elastic constants that convert lattice strain into macroscopic stress.
doi: 10.1107/S002188981200249X
Control of Gibbs free energy relationship between hen egg white lysozyme polymorphs under application of an external alternating current electric field
Y. Tomita, H. Koizumi, S. Uda, K. Fujiwara and J. Nozawa
The Gibbs free energy relationship between bulk (tetragonal structure) and spherulitic crystals of hen egg white lysozyme was controlled under application of an external alternating current electric field. The distribution of phases differed depending on differences in the magnitude of the electrostatic energy contribution to the respective chemical potentials of the two solid phases.
High-throughput biological small-angle X-ray scattering with a robotically loaded capillary cell
S. S. Nielsen, M. Møller and R. E. Gillilan
A high-throughput biological small-angle X-ray scattering facility is described, which combines single-channel robotic pipetting with a capillary-based sample cell. The design parameters, sample rinsing protocol and effects of fluid dynamics on radiation damage are examined.
On the multiple orientation relationship of the Mg/γ-Mg17Al12 precipitation system
H. Liu, J. Liu, L. Ouyang and C. Luo
The origin of the multiple orientation relationship found in the Mg/γ-Mg17Al12 precipitation system has been rationally interpreted by a simplified invariant line analysis with consideration of the pseudo-twinning relationship between close-packed planes ( ), ( 11), (033), (411) and ( ) in the precipitate phase γ-Mg12Al17.
Upgrade of automated sample exchanger SPACE
H. Murakami, G. Ueno, N. Shimizu, T. Kumasaka and M. Yamamoto
SPACE is an automated sample exchanger for cryo-cooled protein crystals, developed at SPring-8. This article reports the upgrading of SPACE.
Structural polytypism and residual strain in GaAs nanowires grown on Si(111) probed by single-nanowire X-ray diffraction
A. Biermanns, S. Breuer, A. Davydok, L. Geelhaar and U. Pietsch
Using nanowire-resolved X-ray diffraction with a focused synchrotron beam, the structural composition, phase arrangement and residual strain of individual GaAs nanowires grown on Si(111) have been investigated.
Analysis of randomly oriented structures by grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering
D. Korolkov, P. Busch, L. Willner, E. Kentzinger, U. Rücker, A. Paul, H. Frielinghaus and T. Brückel
A formalism is presented which allows the quantitative evaluation of grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering patterns from randomly oriented one-dimensional paracrystal domains with lamellar structure.
Dispersive spread of virtual sources by asymmetric X-ray monochromators
X. R. Huang, A. T. Macrander, M. G. Honnicke, Y. Q. Cai and P. Fernandez
From the principles of X-ray dispersion in asymmetric Bragg reflections, typical dispersive multiple-crystal monochromators are analyzed to show that they may produce millimetre-sized virtual sources. Possible schemes to mitigate this problem for microfocusing are proposed.
In situ quantitative analysis of stress and texture development in forsterite aggregates deformed at 6 GPa and 1373 K
C. Bollinger, S. Merkel and P. Raterron
This paper presents a new protocol for the in situ investigation of differential stress, principal stress direction and lattice preferred orientation in low-symmetry materials deformed at high pressure and high temperature. The method has been successfully applied to data collected on the D-DIA deformation press at the X17B2 beamline of the National Synchrotron Light Source.
Download CIF
Modulation of quartz-like GeO2 structure by Si substitution: an X-ray diffraction study of Ge1−xSixO2 (0 ≤ x < 0.2) flux-grown single crystals
A. Lignie, D. Granier, P. Armand, J. Haines and P. Papet
Using X-ray diffraction, the high purity and high crystalline quality of millimetre-sized GeO2-based crystals obtained using the flux method have been revealed. The effect of Ge replacement by Si on the distortion of the α-quartz-type GeO2 structure was assessed by following the evolution of the intra-tetrahedral angle and other structural parameters.
Reckoning electromagnetic principles with polarimetric measurements of anisotropic optically active crystals
O. Arteaga, J. Freudenthal and B. Kahr
The problem of light propagation in optically active anisotropic crystals is studied with a unified theory of electromagnetic plane waves transmitted in a layered homogeneous bianisotropic system. The combined analytical and experimental methods described are applicable to the determination of the spectroscopic optical activity tensor of crystals.
Masquerade: removing non-sample scattering from integrated reflection intensities
J. A. Coome, A. E. Goeta, J. A. K. Howard and M. R. Probert
A new technique is introduced to remove non-sample scattering from integrated reflection intensities by utilizing changes in relative scattering vectors. This approach is found to improve data quality.
Application of matrix decomposition algorithms for singular matrices to the Pawley method in Z-Rietveld
R. Oishi-Tomiyasu, M. Yonemura, T. Morishima, A. Hoshikawa, S. Torii, T. Ishigaki and T. Kamiyama
Improvements have been made to the nonlinear least-squares algorithms of the powder diffraction analysis program Z-Rietveld so that it can deal with singular matrices and intensity non-negativity constraints. Owing to these improvements, Z-Rietveld successfully executes the Pawley method without requiring any constraints on the integrated intensities, even in the case of severely or exactly overlapping peaks.
Application of constrained real-space refinement of flexible molecular fragments to automatic model building of RNA structures
F. Pavelcik
New methods have been developed for locating phosphate groups and nucleic acid bases in the electron density of RNA structures. A program, RSR, has been created for the constrained refinement of molecular fragments in model-building methods based on a phased rotation–conformation–translation function, and the programs NUT, HEL and DHL have been upgraded and organized into a program system.
CrystalEye: automated aggregation, semantification and dissemination of the world's open crystallographic data
N. Day, J. Downing, S. Adams, N. W. England and P. Murray-Rust
An automatic system for the aggregation, semantification and presentation of open crystallographic data is presented.
Nika: software for two-dimensional data reduction
J. Ilavsky
Nika is a free open-source Igor Pro-based program for reduction of two-dimensional scattering data from area-detector small- and wide-angle scattering instruments to one-dimensional lineouts. It can be used in transmission and grazing-incidence geometries.
MossA: a program for analyzing energy-domain Mössbauer spectra from conventional and synchrotron sources
C. Prescher, C. McCammon and L. Dubrovinsky
This paper introduces a new program for analyzing 57Fe conventional and synchrotron energy-domain Mössbauer spectra.
Fragment Finder 2.0: a computing server to identify structurally similar fragments
R. Nagarajan, S. Siva Balan, R. Sabarinathan, M. Kirti Vaishnavi and K. Sekar
The proposed web server is an updated version of a previously developed search engine and is useful for identifying structurally similar peptide fragments.
CrystFEL: a software suite for snapshot serial crystallography
T. A. White, R. A. Kirian, A. V. Martin, A. Aquila, K. Nass, A. Barty and H. N. Chapman
A new suite of software is described, for processing data acquired from many small crystals illuminated `serially' by an X-ray free-electron laser.
New developments in the ATSAS program package for small-angle scattering data analysis
M. V. Petoukhov, D. Franke, A. V. Shkumatov, G. Tria, A. G. Kikhney, M. Gajda, C. Gorba, H. D. T. Mertens, P. V. Konarev and D. I. Svergun
The paper presents new developments and amendments to the ATSAS package (version 2.4) for processing and analysis of isotropic small-angle scattering data.
Automated determination of the extinction symbol via electron diffraction data
M. Camalli, B. Carrozzini, G. L. Cascarano and C. Giacovazzo
A new statistical method for the automatic determination of the extinction symbol from electron diffraction data is described.
SIR2011: a new package for crystal structure determination and refinement
M. C. Burla, R. Caliandro, M. Camalli, B. Carrozzini, G. L. Cascarano, C. Giacovazzo, M. Mallamo, A. Mazzone, G. Polidori and R. Spagna
The main features of the program SIR2011 are described.
A fibre-based crystal mounting technique for protein cryocrystallography
M. Sugahara
A fibre-based crystal mounting technique for protein cryocrystallography has been developed.
Grazing-incidence in-plane X-ray diffraction on ultra-thin organic films using standard laboratory equipment
M. Neuschitzer, A. Moser, A. Neuhold, J. Kraxner, B. Stadlober, M. Oehzelt, I. Salzmann, R. Resel and J. Novák
A setup for grazing-incidence in-plane X-ray diffraction using standard laboratory equipment and its application for organic thin-film and monolayer characterization is described.
Alexander McLeod Mathieson (1920–2011)
J. Appl. Cryst. (2012). 45, 373
Hans Dachs (1927–2011)
Crystal Engineering. A Textbook
Forthcoming meetings and short courses
X-ray diffraction and imaging
X-ray diffraction microscopy
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This is really a mini-review of the Velbon GEO E540 4-Section Carbon Fiber Tripod because quite honestly I'm not a big fan of it.
If you look at the specs this seems like the dream tripod, but when you actually get it in your hands you realize that it's not nearly as well made as the Induro CT014 yet it cost more – it just doesn't make sense to me.
This is a nice lightweight carbon fiber tripod that is in a small package with a nice batch of extras thrown in. It's clear that the designers were trying to make the perfect tripod that had everything you'd want in one package, but sadly the design isn't supported by a quality built product. If it were, my review might be much different.
The center column is in segments and can be quickly lowered or raised. It is a pain to flip, but that's true of all tripods so that's no knock here.
When extending the legs there are marks to help you set the same exact point on the others legs – this is a great feature that others should copy.
The feet have built-in spikes with covers. This sounds great until you use it and then you discover the covers are loose when covering the spikes so its easy to get the spikes to pop out and you worry about loosing the feet.
It has a brilliant built-in case / stone pouch that is the best solution I've seen to date. Again, I wish others had it, and this is a great design, but I'm not impressed with the materials used and long-term structural integrity.
As I mentioned in my Induro CT014 review, I hate plastic on tripods and this tripod is chock full of it. In fact, it has the same cheapo plastic leg locks that I despise on Bogen-Manfrotto legs. In addition the head mount would certainly break on its first fall on the concrete, so that's a big turn off for me.
It has no reversible stud so most heads that use a standard 3/8" fitting will need to an adapter to accommodate its puny 1/4" head attachment fitting.
The foam used around the top of the legs is the cheapo kind that doesn't hold up well over time.
As mentioned previously, the leg locks and head fitting use cheap plastic that isn't in the same league as my tripod recommendations.
I can not recommend this tripod at all as I do not think it is well made. I'd recommend bargain hunters go with the cheaper Induro CT014 or if you care about quality go with the Gitzo GT1541 that I bought in August 2011 after enjoying them so much during my review.
If you still think you must have this tripod, then please support this blog by purchasing it via this link.
I may make a commission if you purchase any of the products mentioned in this article when you click my links. Thanks for supporting my blog by returning and using my links when you order.
B&H has provided me with this product to review and I have returned it to them when my review was completed.