Matt Forte ground out almost 10,000 rushing yards as a running back, scoring 75 touchdowns, across 10 seasons in the National Football League, including eight with the Chicago Bears.
The gridiron star also racked up $43 million in pay before retiring after the 2017-18 season at age 32 because of knee injuries.
Now, Forte is trying to get money for those injuries through the Illinois Workers' Compensation Act.
In Illinois, workers injured on the job — even professional athletes — can file a wage-loss differential claim, entitling them to two-thirds of their wage loss (the difference between pre-injury and post-injury pay) receivable to age 67, or five years after the claim is made, whichever is later. The money is paid by the employer's Workers' Compensation insurance carrier.
There is a cap on wage-loss awards, limiting employees to the average weekly wage in Illinois, but anyone earning $1 million or more per year, such as an NFL player, would be eligible for the maximum annual award of $55,971. The payouts are not taxable.
A football team is particularly susceptible to compensation claims because, apart from the violent nature of the game, teams carry 53-man rosters, with many other players coming and going throughout the season.
The majority of compensation cases end in lump sum, one-time-only payments through settlements with the insurance carrier, according to Illinois Workers' Compensation Commission records.
Gene Keefe, a lawyer with Chicago's Keefe, Campbell, Biery and Associates who defends against compensation claims, said compensation to wealthy athletes is "warping" the system.
"It doesn't match reality. And the Bears just don't fight the cases anymore. They settle instead of going to court and making the player a hero," Keefe said.
Keefe drew attention to Roger Stillwell, who had a two-year NFL career with the Bears in the 1970s that was ended by injury. Stillwell became a travel agent making $400,000 per year but still applied for Workers' Compensation for his football injury. Keefe said Stillwell's case was one of the first to call into question compensation for professional athletes.
In Forte's case, the running back wants compensation for injuries to his back, neck, wrist, ankle, shoulders and knees, dating back to 2010. Forte is seeking the maximum compensation allowed, according to state records.
The team may not hold a grudge over Forte's case, having agreed to sign him to a one-day contract so he can retire as a Bear, according to a statement from Forte in early March.
The bench is deep when it comes to former Bears players looking for compensation, with hundreds having put in for payments, according to state records.
Lamarr Houston, a linebacker, said his right knee was injured in a 2014 game and his left knee in 2016. Another linebacker, Jon Bostic, said his back was injured in 2014 and his right ankle in 2015. Defensive end Henry Melton suffered a lower-back injury in 2012 and a concussion in 2013, according to records.
Many other former players have settled their cases, including Brian Urlacher, Devin Hester, Tommie Harris and Charles Tillman.
In Urlacher's case, he settled with his former bosses in 2017 for $550,000, for claims filed between 2009 and 2014, covering his neck, back, hands, wrist, legs, knees and shoulders.
There have been 458 compensation cases filed against the Bears since 2000, most of which involve players, with the rest involving off-field employees. In that period, the team and its insurer have paid at least $12.8 million in settlements.
The Monsters of the Midway make up the overwhelming majority of compensation cases in Chicago, but other Windy City teams are also represented – former Blackhawks standout Adam Burish, former White Sox pitcher Gavin Floyd and former Cubs pitcher Randy Wells have all made claims, among others who played professionally in Chicago in sports other than football.
Great Divide Insurance Co., based in Des Moines, Iowa, provides the Bears' Workers' Compensation insurance. The company declined to comment for this story.
The majority of the Bears cases have been handled by Gordon Law Group, and its predecessor Gordon & Rappold, of Chicago. In distant second place is Kenneth Wolfe Jr., of Wolfe Law in Chicago.
The Gordon firm is headed by Richard R. Gordon, with associates Robert Albrecht and Alexandra Johnson. The lawyers are relatively young — Gordon gained his Illinois law license in 2002, Albrecht in 2011 and Johnson in 2017. The firm advertises itself as focusing on several areas, including Workers' Compensation and sports injuries, as well as representing athletes in union grievances and other matters relating to collective bargaining deals.
Gordon declined to comment for this story, and the Bears organization did not respond to inquiries.
State law caps fees at 20% for lawyers, such as Gordon and Wolfe, representing players in disputed compensation actions. In other personal injury cases, in which injuries did not occur on the job, plaintiffs' attorneys are allowed up to 33%.
The Loop firm of McAndrews & Norgle, and its predecessor Gurber & McAndrews, has been playing defense against the Gordon and Wolfe blitz.
Led by 54-year-old John M. McAndrews and 48-year-old Gregory Norgle, the firm includes Bryan D. McCarty and James E. Murray, focusing on defending employers in compensation cases and other matters.
Last year, the state Legislature considered a bill that would have prohibited compensation payouts to athletes beyond age 35. The Chicago Bears, Bulls, Blackhawks, White Sox and Cubs all supported the change. The bill was bundled with a compromise of other proposed laws, set up so all the bills passed or none did; the measure failed to make it through the goal posts.
Some states prohibit or restrict players from compensation, such as Michigan, which denies compensation to players who earn more than 200% of the weekly average wage in Michigan. This restriction was enacted in 1978.
The question whether players deserve compensation has been tackled by at least one court.
In the 1981 case of Palmer v. Kansas City Chiefs, a Missouri appellate court ruled Gery Palmer, an offensive guard, should not receive payment for a back injury suffered in a game because football is a "dangerous pastime fraught with expectation of injury" and the "deliberate collision between human bodies" does not constitute an accidental injury worthy of Workers' Compensation.
Matthew Mitten, a professor of law at Marquette University in Milwaukee and executive director of the National Sports Law Institute, doesn't see the issue as being as black-and-white as the Missouri court did. Mitten's institute studies legal, ethical and business issues affecting amateur and professional sports.
Mitten noted minor league players are also professional athletes, but their average wages are below the wages brought home by the average worker, much less the big-time player.
"Workers' Compensation is important for them. It's their primary source for injury and lost wages," Mitten observed of minor leaguers.
However, Mitten acknowledged players in the National Football League are not in as precarious a position. Mitten pointed out members of the NFL usually have injury provisions in their contracts to cover medical costs. Further, most contracts call for full-season payment if a player is injured at any point in the season.
Collective bargaining arrangements can also provide compensation for injuries. Occasionally, a player will sue another player for an injury, alleging negligence or that the injury was deliberately inflicted, according to Mitten.
Mitten noted a benefit of Workers' Compensation to team owners: An injured player can't sue the team for liability if the player accepts compensation. Mitten also said he doesn't believe Workers' Compensation insurance is a major expense, relative to the millions of dollars involved in running a team.
As a consequence, Mitten believes compensation insurance costs don't affect a team's ability to buy talent.
"All jobs have risks, but NFL players have much shorter careers than factory workers or plumbers," Mitten said.


text:
Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market Growth 2019-2024..
Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market Growth 2019-2024
According to this study, over the next five years the N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine market will register a xx% CAGR in terms of revenue, the global market size will reach US$ xx million by 2024, from US$ xx million in 2019. In particular, this report presents the global market share (sales and revenue) of key companies in N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine business, shared in Chapter 3.
This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions and countries.
This study considers the N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine value and volume generated from the sales of the following segments:
Putity?97%
Biochemical Research
CJ CheilJedang(CJ Haide)
Ningbo Loncin Biotechnology
Seebio
SPECOM BIOCHEMICAL
To study and analyze the global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine consumption (value & volume) by key regions/countries, product type and application, history data from 2014 to 2018, and forecast to 2024.
To understand the structure of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine market by identifying its various subsegments.
Focuses on the key global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
To analyze the N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.
To project the consumption of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).
2.1.1 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2014-2024
2.1.2 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption CAGR by Region
2.2 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Segment by Type
2.2.1 Putity?97%
2.3 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Type
2.3.1 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
2.3.2 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Revenue and Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
2.3.3 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sale Price by Type (2014-2019)
2.4 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Segment by Application
2.4.1 Pharmaceutical
2.4.2 Biochemical Research
2.5 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Application
2.5.1 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
2.5.2 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value and Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
2.5.3 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sale Price by Application (2014-2019)
3 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine by Manufacturers
3.1 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales by Manufacturers (2017-2019)
3.1.2 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2019)
3.2 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Revenue by Manufacturers (2017-2019)
3.2.2 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2019)
3.3 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sale Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types by Manufacturers
3.4.1 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Manufacturers
3.4.2 Players N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Products Offered
4 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine by Regions
4.1 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine by Regions
4.1.1 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Regions
4.1.2 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value by Regions
4.2 Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth
4.3 APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth
4.4 Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth
4.5 Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth
5.1 Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Countries
5.1.1 Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Countries (2014-2019)
5.1.2 Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value by Countries (2014-2019)
5.2 Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Type
5.3 Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Application
6.1 APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Countries
6.1.1 APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Countries (2014-2019)
6.1.2 APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value by Countries (2014-2019)
6.2 APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Type
6.3 APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Application
7.1 Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine by Countries
7.1.1 Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Countries (2014-2019)
7.1.2 Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value by Countries (2014-2019)
7.2 Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Type
7.3 Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Application
8.1 Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine by Countries
8.1.1 Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Countries (2014-2019)
8.1.2 Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value by Countries (2014-2019)
8.2 Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Type
8.3 Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Application
10.2 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Distributors
10.3 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Customer
11 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market Forecast
11.1 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Forecast (2019-2024)
11.2 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Forecast by Regions
11.2.1 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Forecast by Regions (2019-2024)
11.2.2 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Forecast by Regions (2019-2024)
11.7 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Forecast by Type
11.8 Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Forecast by Application
12.1 Ajinomoto
12.1.2 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Product Offered
12.1.3 Ajinomoto N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2019)
12.1.5 Ajinomoto News
12.2 CJ CheilJedang(CJ Haide)
12.2.3 CJ CheilJedang(CJ Haide) N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2019)
12.2.5 CJ CheilJedang(CJ Haide) News
12.3 Ningbo Loncin Biotechnology
12.3.3 Ningbo Loncin Biotechnology N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2019)
12.3.5 Ningbo Loncin Biotechnology News
12.4 Seebio
12.4.3 Seebio N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2019)
12.4.5 Seebio News
12.5 SPECOM BIOCHEMICAL
12.5.3 SPECOM BIOCHEMICAL N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2019)
12.5.5 SPECOM BIOCHEMICAL News
Figure Picture of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine
Table Product Specifications of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine
Figure N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Report Years Considered
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth Rate 2014-2024 (MT)
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth Rate 2014-2024 ($ Millions)
Table N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption CAGR by Region 2014-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Product Picture of Putity?97%
Table Major Players of Putity?97%
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Revenue by Type (2014-2019) ($ million)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019) ($ Millions)
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sale Price by Type (2014-2019)
Figure N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumed in Pharmaceutical
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market: Pharmaceutical (2014-2019) (MT)
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market: Pharmaceutical (2014-2019) ($ Millions)
Figure N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumed in Biochemical Research
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market: Biochemical Research (2014-2019) (MT)
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market: Biochemical Research (2014-2019) ($ Millions)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sale Price by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales by Manufacturers (2017-2019) (MT)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2019)
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales Market Share by Manufacturers in 2017
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Revenue by Manufacturers (2017-2019) ($ Millions)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2019)
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers in 2017
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sale Price by Manufacturers (2017-2019)
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sale Price by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Manufacturers
Table Players N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Products Offered
Table N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) (2017-2019)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (MT)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value by Regions 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Table Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (MT)
Table Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Countries in 2018
Table Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value by Countries (2014-2019) ($ Millions)
Table Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Countries in 2018
Table Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (MT)
Table Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (MT)
Table Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Americas N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018
Figure United States N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure United States N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Canada N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Canada N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Mexico N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Mexico N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Table APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (MT)
Table APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Countries in 2018
Table APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value by Countries (2014-2019) ($ Millions)
Table APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Countries in 2018
Table APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (MT)
Table APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Type in 2018
Table APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (MT)
Table APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure APAC N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018
Figure China N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure China N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Japan N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Japan N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Korea N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Korea N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Southeast Asia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Southeast Asia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure India N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure India N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Australia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Australia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Table Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (MT)
Table Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Countries in 2018
Table Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value by Countries (2014-2019) ($ Millions)
Table Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Countries in 2018
Table Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (MT)
Table Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (MT)
Table Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Europe N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018
Figure Germany N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Germany N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure France N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure France N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure UK N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure UK N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Italy N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Italy N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Russia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Russia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Spain N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Spain N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Table Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (MT)
Table Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Countries in 2018
Table Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value by Countries (2014-2019) ($ Millions)
Table Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share by Countries in 2018
Table Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (MT)
Table Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (MT)
Table Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Middle East & Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018
Figure Egypt N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Egypt N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure South Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure South Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Israel N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Israel N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure Turkey N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Turkey N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Figure GCC Countries N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure GCC Countries N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth 2014-2019 ($ Millions)
Table N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Distributors List
Table N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Customer List
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2024) (MT)
Figure Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2024) ($ Millions)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Forecast by Countries (2019-2024) (MT)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Forecast by Regions
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Forecast by Countries (2019-2024) ($ Millions)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share Forecast by Regions
Figure United States N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure United States N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Canada N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Canada N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Mexico N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Mexico N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Brazil N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Brazil N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure China N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure China N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Japan N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Japan N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Korea N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Korea N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Southeast Asia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Southeast Asia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure India N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure India N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Australia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Australia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Germany N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Germany N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure France N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure France N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure UK N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure UK N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Italy N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Italy N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Russia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Russia N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Spain N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Spain N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Egypt N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Egypt N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure South Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure South Africa N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Israel N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Israel N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure Turkey N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure Turkey N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Figure GCC Countries N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption 2019-2024 (MT)
Figure GCC Countries N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value 2019-2024 ($ Millions)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Forecast by Type (2019-2024) (MT)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Forecast by Type (2019-2024) ($ Millions)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2024) (MT)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Forecast by Application (2019-2024) ($ Millions)
Table Global N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Value Market Share Forecast by Application (2019-2024)
Table Ajinomoto Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Ajinomoto N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2019)
Figure Ajinomoto N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market Share (2017-2019)
Table CJ CheilJedang(CJ Haide) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table CJ CheilJedang(CJ Haide) N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2019)
Figure CJ CheilJedang(CJ Haide) N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market Share (2017-2019)
Table Ningbo Loncin Biotechnology Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Ningbo Loncin Biotechnology N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2019)
Figure Ningbo Loncin Biotechnology N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market Share (2017-2019)
Table Seebio Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Seebio N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2019)
Figure Seebio N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market Share (2017-2019)
Table SPECOM BIOCHEMICAL Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table SPECOM BIOCHEMICAL N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2019)
Figure SPECOM BIOCHEMICAL N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Market Share (2017-2019)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In a recent episode of the Writing Excuses podcast, L.E. Modesitt talked about writing action sequences in an episode dedicated to practical fantasy.
Practical fantasy, by the way, means paying attention to the structural relationships in your fantastic world. For example, Lee mentioned a story in which two armies of 10,000 knights each met in battle, and pointed out that in this world it takes 1200 acres (or about 2 square miles) of cultivated land to support a knight and that it would be very difficult to maintain the political cohesion of that much territory with only horse-based transportation. In other words, if your story violates economics as we understand it in this world, then you're going to have to take the time to establish how it works in your world.
Lee pointed out that most people don't realize how quickly real action happens; that there's a long wait before something happens, a moment of chaos, and a lot of work afterward to deal with the consequences. He said war is 99% boredom and 1% terror.
It's tempting to think about cool action--guys flying through the air, things exploding, etc.--but eye candy, whether in print or on the screen quickly grows tiresome it if doesn't arise from an inevitable underlying structural logic.


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text:
CAM survey development
Measuring performance at the sub-city/neighbourhood level
The City Analysis Methodology (CAM) metrics are intended to describe city performance with regard to resource security, low-carbon living and wellbeing. Over the course of the research programme, it has became clear that measuring the performance at the sub-city level is particularly useful for city...
£138 million investment for UK infrastructure research
Professor Brian Collins led a team to secure up to £138 million of funding towards the UK Collaboration for Research in Infrastructure and Cities (UKCRIC), subject to a satisfactory business case and the provision of substantial co-funding.
The proposed research stems from a need for UK national and local infrastructure (such...
LC News 19th March 2015
The latest fortnightly LC News is now available
Full of interesting articles, reports, events, conferences and calls, LC News is distributed twice monthly. If you have anything of interest that you feel should be included in the newsletter, please forward it to Joanne Leach (j.leach@bham.ac.uk) or Claire Coulton (c.coulton2@lancaster.ac.uk). If you would...
Reporting directly to the Principal Investigator (Professor Chris Rogers), the research fellow will focus on urban metabolism (i.e. the...
First PhD cohort meeting is a success!
PhD students meet in Lancaster to meet and talk about doing theses within the Liveable Cities programme grant
Liveable Cities PhD students got together at Lancaster University on 11 March 2015 for an afternoon to meet as a cohort for the first time and to discuss issues pertaining to undertaking a...
The latest LC News is now available
Our fortnightly newsletter, full of interesting articles, reports, conferences and events, is now available
If you have anything of interest that you feel should be included in the newsletter, please forward it to Joanne Leach (j.leach@bham.ac.uk) or Claire Coulton (c.coulton2@lancaster.ac.uk). If you would like to join the mailing list, please email Claire.
PhD Studentships in Sustainability and Resilience Infrastructures for the Future
The University of Birmingham is offering a number of fully-funded PhD places in urban sustainability, resilience, infrastructures and futures
Cities, ever dynamic and every one unique, are projected to undergo unprecedented change due to a combination of global and local challenges associated with population growth, demographic changes, increasing urbanisation, patterns...
Birmingham Fellowships in Sustainability and Resilience of Future Cities
The University of Birmingham is recruiting for a research fellow in Sustainability and Resilience of Future Cities
Cities, ever dynamic and every one unique, are projected to undergo unprecedented change due to a combination of global and local challenges associated with population growth, demographic changes, increasing urbanisation, patterns of migration, differential...
Measures to Assess Wellbeing in Low-Carbon-Dioxide Cities
Policies aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions often focus on the need to change existing behaviours and social practices as well as to provide technological advances in energy supply, waste, transport, industry and infrastructure. While fundamentally important to the mitigation of climate change, little is written about the impact that...
Our fortnightly newsletter full of interesting articles, reports, conferences and events is now available.
First focus group in Birmingham!
Sutton Four Oaks, Birmingham
The Wellbeing team at Lancaster held its first focus group in Sutton Four Oaks, Birmingham, on 17 July 2013. Claire Coulton,...
Seminar on Auckland liveability with Dr Jim Bentley
UCL, Room 2.10, Engineering Front Building (see: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/maps?locationID=36)
We are pleased to announce that Dr Jim Bentley will be delivering a seminar on Auckland liveability...
Third Bi-Annual Summit: Smart versus Liveable
Winterbourne House, Nicholson Building, Edgbaston, Birmingham, http://www.venuebirmingham.com/meet/nicolson-building
A copy of the event report, presentations and the delegate list is available from this website in the...
Second Bi-Annual Summit: Measuring the Sustainable City Summit
The Royal Society, London
A copy of the post-event report is available from this website in the Research Updates section, by clicking here or upon...
First Bi-Annual Summit: Burning Issues
A copy of the post-event report is available from this website in the Research Updates section, by clicking here or upon request to Joanne leach...


text:
news category created 13 January 2014 written by shona wright
When was the last time you looked at the credits on an album?
Producer, Tommy D…
Who played bass on track 7 of the new Beyonce album ?
Where was the Snow Patrol album recorded?
Who designed the sleeve to Jay Z's Blueprint 3?
If you're like me and the 300 MILLION other owners of MP3 players, it's probably a while since you checked the credits of any album. If you own one of the 9 billion songs that have been downloaded from the Apple iTunes store, there is no way of knowing the answer to any of the questions listed above.
In fact, there is no information relating to the Recording, Musicians, Equipment, Publishing or Thank You's on any downloadable MP3.
When I first started buying records (vinyl in those days!), one of my favourite pastimes, while listening excitedly to my latest acquisition, was to review the packaging, marvel at the artwork and scour the credits on the inner sleeve.
Ahhh the credits…. Who wrote what? recorded where? and played that Gibson double neck?
The credits drew me in, befriended me, gave me a more personal slant on the music. If I saw a familiar name in the Thank You's, it felt like I'd been given a secret pass (backstage?) into the bands world. It also gave me blagging rights over my mates as too who knew what, a forerunner to the pop pub quiz perhaps?
From credits, I learnt about the genius of engineers like Bruce Swedien and Tom Dowd, Producers like Nile Rogers, Hank Shocklee and George Martin as well as countless back room musicians and songwriters. These people sparked my imagination to set forth on a path to inspire others, the way they inspired me.
If someone created something wonderful, be it the drum sound or the front cover, then I wanted to know everything about that record and those that had been involved and helped these amazing slabs of art come to life.
The record companies, producers and artists took great pains in correlating this information and making sure it was documented accurately and for all to see on the backs of records and CD's and for good reason. Of course it's great to see your name in lights but, more importantly, they knew how imperative it is to stand proud next to the work you've done.
It is safe to say that credits help to inspire the making and performing of all future music
Although these same credits are there for all to see on any modern CD release, they are restricted solely to CD's. Even when you take your CD and burn it in the computer, the credits will not be transferred.
When you download a track from iTunes, it includes 'meta data', which provides only the Artist, Track name, Album name, year of recording and genre. There are no spaces for engineer, producer, studio, etc. And let us not forget sleeve design, photo credits, mastering, A+R, or even the label's name…the list is endless.
Meta data is just simple text.
CD sales are on a steep decline and it is quite possible we will see the demise of the CD within the next 3 years.
This will leave the world of credits in a dire place.
There are websites, e.g. http://www.discogs.com, where you can find all kinds of info, but its all too disorganized and more importantly its not connected to the listening experience.
It seems strange that, in this world of mass communication and assimilation of info, we are now in a position where we know less about the music we're listening to then ever before. With iPhones and their ilk, there is a huge opportunity to incorporate a myriad of fascinating information, e.g. interviews with the artist or producer, studio notes or observations from the writer. Imagine spicing up a boring bus commute with an in depth interview with Quincy Jones or Rod Temperton while listening to Thriller.
There are other important issues with the lack of information on recordings. For many years, album credits have been a useful reference for, amongst others, PRS, BMI, PPL, etc. to facilitate the payment of lost royalties. As recording royalties subside and performance royalties increase, a guarantee of who played what on an album becomes a very important source of income for musicians, as well as the Inland Revenue!
Myself and my fellow members of the MPG feel this issue should at least be debated out in the open with a view to garnering the opinions of all those involved; artists, labels, audience and sales alike.
MPG member and winner of this years MPG and Brits Producer of the year, Paul Epworth agrees:
"While a lot of this is information is widely available via the wonder of the web, too much of it is missing and far from accurate. There needs to be a resource that gives the next generation of musicians, producers and artists somewhere to go to find out who to follow!!"
Credit information needs to be incorporated into the listening experience and made accessible for those that wish to know it, need it, and most importantly be inspired by it. We should be proud of the work we do. If we're not, who will be?
Our fore fathers understood that, why can't we?
AES+IMS Update »
Comments (21 )
Joe Corr says:
Why not attach an audio file to each recording, like a hidden track. A human can give a 5 minute dialogue talking through the making of the record. Something between a DJ on a small radio station and a fully blown documentary. Not an ideal format by any means but a start in terms of awareness. Start by building out the content at a minimal cost, cross referencing would be technically easy and since the data will be available it will more likely be used by those who want/need it. I'm not technical nor do I have any credits but am an avid listener who remembers the joy of reading liner notes while listening to my new vinyl purchase. Right now it's like watching 10 red shirts against 10 blue shirts where the players have no names or numbers and are faceless. Ultimately though someone will want to 'see the money' whether through direct revenue or value add.
Stuart "Stuee" Ross says:
I agree with Gary Clark (above), it would be great if lyrics could also be included. It seems that one website posts (inaccurate) lyrics, and the others all copy and paste them into their sites, so there is nowhere to find good information.
Having said that, the artists don't help. I'm often amazed/frustrated by how few artists post lyrics on their own sites. It's like that old thing: Is it Bowie or Bowie? Is it Basinger, Basinger or Basinger? Will somebody please just ask them how they say it?! Grrr…
So yes indeedy, I back this whole thing – partly as I'd like to be credited for work I've done, and partly so I can find good information on music I purchase.
Good luck guys, this could transform the MP3 into a 'package' like what we used to get with CDs.
Phil Dare says:
My thoughts on The Future of the Record Producer Credit:
http://producerphildare.wordpress.com/2012/07/25/the-future-of-the-record-producer-credit/
Gary Clark says:
I've been in the industry for years first as an artist then as a writer and producer for other artists. I am constantly amazed by how much misinformation is out there on the web. Lyrics are also a major problem. I've had artists cover songs and sing the wrong lyric taken from the internet. It would be great to have an official and definitive place to get the credits and the correct info. What better place than on the digital download itself?
Sandy Dworniak says:
28 February, 2011 at 8:07 pm
Jim Abbiss did work on Adele's "21″ producing two of the tracks, along with Rick Rubin (4 tracks), Paul Epworth (two tracks), Frazer T Smith (one Track), Ryan Tedder (one track) and Dan Wilson (one track). Credit where credit is due!
Bramwell Bronte says:
As a young engineer and aspiring producer I find the struggle to be fairly credited has become more and more difficult. I've worked in studios (with artists like The Unthanks, New York Dolls, Jamie T) now for 7 years. The lack of credit information available digitally is only making the situation more frustrating for younger members of the industry. I can appreciate that not being credited or mis-credited happens to everyone and commonly through simple mistakes/oversights and not through any malace; however the use of an online database that can be updated to credit everyone who contributed to the creation of a record, even after it has been printed, is surely only going to benefit the industry as a whole. It will highlight the amount of work, skill and finance required to create the albums that everyone wants but now seem to commonly undervalue. It's a bizarre situation when you can't prove that you worked on a record for two months.
TommyD says:
I dont think he worked on it. Still the media always go with the story and Rick Rubin is a story and the rest aren't
Mick Glossop says:
Once again, talented UK record producer, Jim Abiss, is ignored in the name-check in a review of Adele's new album, "21″
http://m.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jan/23/adele-adkins-21-review?cat=music&type=article
Richard Lightman says:
As a young musician, I would seek out records by favourite producers or recordings that had musicians of note that had played on them. This was an additional form of cross marketing which in the music industry's infinite wisdom, has let fall by the wayside? I would have thought any form of promotion or marketing in these days and times would be more than welcome, especially one that can be delivered entirely digitally and at almost no cost except for time.
greg @ coiled music says:
One of the main reasons I still buy CDs and then rip them myself, is so that I can read all the credits and liner notes… So I think this is a great idea!!
john "segs"Jennings says:
Strangely,it not an ego thing.Actually as I grew up through my life in music.I used to find it inspiring to bother to find out who played what,this was also a part of "Record sleeves as a piece of artwork",a concept that started to get lost with the advent of c.d's and now is almost disappearing.I totally embrace the new technology but how can the sales side of this industry survive when greed dictates the minimal royalties paid to artists for downloads and a total disinterest in credits by the powers that be. When i tunes first started there was a brief period where one could right click and some credits (on certain releases) were revealed…this was short lived
Wilfried Rimensberger says:
There are so many credits missing or manipulated from pre-CD and CD times that it is about time to establish a database that can instantly correct the wrongs from the past.
OD Hunte says:
This is an idea that I have had for a several years now but finding a way to create a central unified system that is enforceable is the problem. Also as such a system may not possibly be directly monetized, it would take a not-for-profit-organization-with considerable lobbying power to get involved;- preferably with Steve Jobs on the board of directors.
iTunes as the biggest digital music retailer has a system of including a PDF booklet with select albums but it needs to go further than this as we live in an à la carte music society now where more music consumers are purchasing single tracks. It could easily be, and I feel should be, compulsorily to include along with such meta data as the ISRC code, the songwriting and production credits at least, and for recordings where it is possible, other production credits such as engineering, mixing, mastering and performer credits. But this introduces another problem, who would police this additional data input? Or perhaps this information could be added retrospectively to purchased mp3s like the Gracenote database system which can populate CD track titles when a CD is inserted onto a computer.
The benefits that such a system would create are manifold however so are the obstacles to realization.
Damian Taylor says:
I would be MORE than over the moon to see credits properly incorporated into digital media. Websites like discog are at best a long long way from being accurate or comprehensive, but more than anything you shouldn't have to go to a third party to find out information about the recording you are listening to. I feel like I've been missing out on understanding who is doing the work that has excited me over recent years, credits are vital for establishing a framework for who is active and rocking it in any era. I definitely go buy other work by producers / engineers / musicians / etc whose work I admire. Combining this information with the ease and value of buying music digitally would be of great value to the industry on all levels.
Mick Newton says:
Great idea, but have have you seen Decibel? A new venture (nothing to do with me!) trying to answer that very question I believe.
Dylan Satow says:
I Think this is an important and positive thing to do. As the site says, credit where credits due. As a produce, DJ and new-music fan I often look for music based upon producers, engineers etc I know make music I want to listen to. As mentioned by Tommy, film and other artistic mediums all list their contributors (as physical records and CD's often do) so surely this should be the same now that we have moved into the digital age.
Mark Rose says:
Credit ommisions are a crime of apathy from industry and online digital providers, many great musicians and studio recording teams are not receiving the performance and skills credits they rightly deserve, in some instances digital agreggators are stripping the info/meta-data sent before re-publishing and uploading online. Save work and paper ! and provide all credits to be embedded inside all future file formats. Learn and inform more from the formats and info the industry provide, with each new recording.
All Music and Discogs are great sites but far from accurate and not officially endorsed by the industry
I agree that i would like to see this data in the meta tags in an mp3 file.
cant you link up with musicbrainz (http://musicbrainz.org/) and something like http://albumcredits.com/, http://www.discogs.com/ or http://www.allmusic.com/ to make this information easily available
This seems sensible and right, and a logical development for iTunes etc to follow. Although I download tracks and singles, one of the reasons I still prefer to buy albums on CD is because of the credit information. But I realise I'm increasingly in a minority and with CD sales continuing to decline there will be even less exposure for those involved in making the music, which can't be good.
Rahoul Baruah says:
I remember sitting on the bus back from town, scouring the sleeve for as much information as possible about the record.
It all added to the anticipation of getting the thing home and listening to it and is definitely something that is missing from today's buying experience.


Asian stocks turned in a mixed performance on Friday as trade war tensions and the prospects of a no-deal Brexit threatened to deepen the risks to global growth.
The oil markets held steady, while the dollar remained buoyant after U.S.-China trade talks ended without any tangible results.
Investors looked ahead to U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell's big Jackson Hole speech later today for the Fed?s views on Turkey's currency crisis and the U.S.-Chinese trade spat.
Chinese stocks fluctuated before closing higher, led by banks. The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index rose 4.81 points or 0.2 percent to 2,729.43, while Hong Kong's Hang Seng Index shed 118.59 points or 0.4 percent to end at 27,671.87.
Japanese shares rose for a fourth straight session as the yen remained weak and a government report showed the country's annual inflation stalled in July, raising speculation the Bank of Japan may delay its exit from ultra-loose policy.
The Nikkei 225 Index climbed 190.95 points or 0.9 percent to 22,601.77, a more than two-week high. For the week, the index jumped 1.5 percent to snap a three-week losing streak. The broader Topix Index closed 0.7 percent higher at 1,709.20.
Drugmaker Eisai rallied 2.7 percent on receiving European Commission approval for the oral receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor Lenvima (lenvatinib).
Chugai Pharmaceutical advanced 2.4 percent and Daiichi Sankyo gained 2.8 percent.
Australian shares reversed earlier losses to finish little changed after government lawmakers elected Treasurer Scott Morrison as the next prime minister, ending a week of political uncertainty.
The benchmark S&P/ASX 200 Index ended up by 2.90 points at 6,247.30, snapping a three session losing streak. The broader All Ordinaries Index dipped 2.40 points to close at 6,357.90.
Healthcare stocks benefited from the recent softening of the Aussie dollar, with CSL climbing 2.9 percent and Cochlear adding 1 percent.
Lender Westpac fell 2.4 percent after reporting a steep drop in quarterly margins, while the other three banks ended on a mixed note. Mining stocks also ended mixed, with Fortescue Metals Group losing 1.5 percent.


text:
Fantastic Crap Comics
by Christopher Ochs
Fantastic Crap Comics Issue 1 Cover
Fantastic Crap Comics Issue 2 Page 10
Fantastic Crap Comics issue 2 Page 3
Fantastic Crap Comics Issue 2 Title Page
Fantastic Crap Comics Issue 2, Page 20!
Fantastic Crap Comics Issue 2, Page 23!!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics Issue 2, page 27!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics Issue 3, Cover!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics Issue 3, Introduction…
Fantastic Crap Comics Issue 3, Page 1!!!!!!!!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics Issue 3, Page 2!!!
FANTASTIC CRAP COMICS Issue 3, Page 7!
Fantastic Crap Comics Issue 3, Title Page!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics Page 1
Fantastic Crap Comics Page 10
Fantastic Crap Comics Title Page
FANTASTIC CRAP COMICS!!! Issue 3, page 4!
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 2, Page 22!
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 3, Page 12!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 3, Page 15!!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 3, Page 16!!!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 3, Page 5!
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 3, Page 8!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 4, cover!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 4, Page 1!!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 4, Page 16!!
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 4, Page 19
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 4, Page 4!!!!!!!!!
Fantastic Crap Comics, Issue 4, Title Page
FANTASTIC CRAP COMICS, ISSUE 5, COVER!
FANTASTIC CRAP COMICS, ISSUE 5, PAGE 1
FANTASTIC CRAP COMICS, ISSUE 5, PAGE 7!!!!!!
FANTASTIC CRAP COMICS; ISSUE 3; PAGE 3!!!
Fantastic Crap Issue 2 Cover
Fantastic Crap Issue 2 Page 1
For Michael Rowland
REVIEWS!!!!!!
Seesaw of Fate #2
Seesaw of Fate Issue #1
The Seesaw of Fate Number Three: First Contact
TO EDIT
Tag Archives: Giant robot dorks
The Mysterians!!!
Posted on March 5, 2015 by Kristoph Johannes
The Mysterians – 1957, Ishiro Honda – Japan
In the eleven years between 1964 and 1975 we saw seven (SEVEN) Godzilla films with essentially the same plot; aliens (or, in the case of Godzilla Vs Megalon, an ancient, futuristic society from the bottom of the ocean, same deal) show up and try to conquer Earth. At first they act like they're out interplanetary pals, but then they bust out a giant monster, which they control, and start acting like real dicks. Fun fact; unbeknownst to me until NOW, the blueprint for this scenario predates Ghidorah The Three Headed Monster; it goes back at least as far as The Mysterians, in 1957, which is essentially the same idea, but without Godzilla. Yeah, it's not a very original idea in the first place.
THE PLOT~ A highly advanced race of aliens arrive in rural Japan and set up shop, invasion style. These aliens, all of whom look like they should be piloting a damn Voltron or something, claim that they mean us no harm; they just need a place to crash for a while, and they'd really appreciate us being cool about it. PLUS, they want to bang our Earth ladies. So, hopefully we're into that.
We're not. Earth maybe would have been cool with them chilling here for a while, but banging Earth ladies is well over the line, and so, plans to kill every last Mysterian are immediately put into development by every organized government on the planet. They all have to die, every damn one of them.
It turns out that reaction was warranted, because, of course, The Mysterians are all assholes and they plan to conquer the Earth after all. The small area of land they've taken is being transformed into some kind of Spacebridge, or something, and it becomes important that we manage to stomp out their efforts before construction is complete. The advanced technology the Mysterians wield makes this difficult, but we figure it out and eventually the invasion is repelled. Hooray! Go die in the cold reaches of space, you sons of bitches.
My take on The Mysterians is a mixed one. Apparently, the film was regarded as being quite well done at the time of it's release, but without that perspective, it's hard to know how to look at The Mysterians in a fair way. My honest, gut reaction is that time hasn't been very kind to this movie. We heard this story so many times during the Showa era that it leaves this early effort feeling unremarkable, and it's difficult to remember that this one predates the many superior versions we've already enjoyed. The Mysterians feels like a rough draft of an idea, and it's just not done well enough to make this the movie you want to see when so many superior variations are available to you.
Additionally, right or wrong, to me, Godzilla somehow feels exempt from the B-movie stigma that would normally be attached to an alien invaders/giant monster movie. His contributions to pop culture somehow earn him a pass, but without Big Green on board, Mysterians can't claim this same exemption; it feels every bit as hokey and dated as the American saucer and spaceman films of the 1950's, even with Ishiro Honda and the supremely talented Takashi Shiumra attached to the project.
The special effects are another problem; they further date and cheapen the production quite drastically. Taking into account the limited technology of the era, it is again difficult to assess this in a fair way, but regardless, it's impossible for more modern eyes not to notice the clumsy use of blue screen and assorted other gaffs. The miniatures look quite nice, as is the case with most Toho productions, but Mogera, the giant, mechanical monster deployed by the Mysterians early in the picture, looks obnoxiously shoddy. Successful neither in design, nor execution, Mogera looks exactly like a man stumbling about in a costume made largely of spray painted cardboard boxes, which has the potential to be hilarious, if that's what you're looking for.
He is the doofus of the kaiju world.
Mogera turns up again in the Heisei era during the events of Godzilla Vs Spacegodzilla. Somehow he sucks much, much less in that movie.
But are we being too hard on The Mysterians? After all, it's enjoyable enough, it's certainly ambitious (jam packed with effects shots from start to finish) and it's nearly sixty years old! If we're being fair, the movie is probably fairly impressive when put against other films from that era, and it's not really that The Mysterians is a bad film, it's just not as good as Toho's output in the following years… But this IS an earlier effort. Last word: The Mysterians is interesting, and fun for the completist, but if you're a more casual movie goer, this just isn't a Must-See.
Posted in Movie Reviews	| Tagged 1957, Aliens, C+, Ghidorah the Three Headed Monster, Giant robot dorks, Godzilla VS Space Godzilla, Ishiro Honda, Japan, Mogera, The Mysterians, Toho, Voltron	| Leave a reply
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text:
Proposals Sought for Key Beltline Property at Piedmont Park
By Michael Kahn May 12, 2015, 11:20am EDT
A long, thin plot of land sandwiched between the Beltline and Virginia-Highland is up for sale adjacent to Piedmont Park. The Atlanta Beltline, on behalf of Invest Atlanta, is seeking to offload the 90-foot-wide strip of land between Monroe Drive and Cresthill Avenue, just north of 10th Street. Somewhere between 1.5 and 1.7 acres — the RFP gives conflicting numbers — the parcel has more than 800 feet of frontage along the Beltline corridor and is literally steps away from Piedmont Park. Interested buyers have until Friday to respond to a Request for Proposal for Purchase. But not just anything goes for the site, with a laundry list of requirements for any new development.
While the property is currently zoned as commercial, its location in the Beltline Overlay District requires that it be developed as a mixed-use project. Housing must be provided for a diverse range of people, with 20-percent meeting affordability goals — unless a developer gives a "donation" that would provide for affordable housing elsewhere on the Beltline.
Though the project would be located at the cusp the Beltline, parking must be provided for all units (at least it's required to be hidden from site.) Obviously, any proposal has to work well with the Beltline, contributing to a pedestrian environment and not interfering with access to Piedmont Park.
From pictures, it's pretty clear that development of the land will result in the loss of several large trees, but any building constructed will have to conform to green infrastructure requirements imposed by the city, so that's something. On the plus side, adding housing and retail space will bring more density to the well-connected area, hopefully encouraging greater usage of the Beltline and park.
· REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL FOR PURCHASE AND REDEVELOPMENT OF
PROPERTY OWNED BY THE ATLANTA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY D/B/A
INVEST ATLANTA [Atlanta Beltline, Inc.]
· Atlanta BeltLine plans to sell 1.5 acres at Piedmont Park for mixed use development [Saporta Report]


text:
Teaching Assistant Professor, Physics
Visiting Non-Tenure-Track Faculty Position in Physics
Open Rank Professor of Physics
University of Pikeville
Pikeville, Kentucky
OSU Physics Lecturer Position
The Ohio State University, Department of Physics
Faculty Tenure Track-9 Mo Physics
2023 CNF Research Experiences for Undergraduates Program
Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility (CNF)
Ithaca, New York
Assistant Teaching Professor, Physics
Houghton, Michigan
Data-driven Materials Design
Visiting Assistant Professor- Physics
Industry Assistant Professor, Applied Physics
Test Engineer l
Jessup, Maryland
Undergraduate Research Internship
Florida Institute of Technology
Visiting Professor Position in Physics
W.M. Keck Science Center/Scripps College
Claremont, California
Bigelow Laboratory REU Program
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
East Boothbay, Maine
Location: Walla Walla, Washington
The Department of Physics seeks applicants for a tenure-track position beginning August 2023, at the rank of assistant professor. Applicants must have a Ph.D. in physics or a closely related field at the start of the position. We seek experimental physics candidates who can help to innovate our laboratory curriculum and establish a laboratory-based research program on campus. Applicants from all fields of specialization are invited to apply.
Whitman's Physics Department graduates an average of 14 majors per year, including students with interdisciplinary physics-astronomy, physics-geology, physics-environmental studies, and physics-mathematics majors. Our majors are intellectually engaged, passionate learners; more than half have pursued graduate degrees in physics and adjacent fields while others have found employment in the tech industry, consulting work, teaching, and the energy/sustainability sector. The department values pedagogical innovation, disciplinary and cross-disciplinary collaboration, and consensus-based decision making.
The successful candidate will, over time, teach courses in our major track including General Physics, Advanced Laboratory, upper level courses, and special topics courses in their areas of interest, as well as courses that contribute to the college's general education requirements. The standard annual teaching load is five courses. The college provides a generous pre-tenure sabbatical leave program and professional development support for both research and teaching.
Whitman College is committed to cultivating an inclusive learning community. Applicants should be able to demonstrate their commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion and articulate how their classroom and scholarly practices work to advance antiracism in the learning environment. This statement can be included in the cover letter or the teaching statement. In their cover letter, candidates should address their interest in working at a liberal arts college with undergraduates, majors as well as non-majors, at all levels of instruction.
To apply, go to https://whitman.bamboohr.com/careers/245. BambooHR will prompt you to submit all of the required materials: letter of application, teaching statement, research statement (including plans to establish a viable research program at Whitman), curriculum vitae, contact information for three references, and evidence of demonstrated or potential excellence in undergraduate instruction. Graduate transcripts will be requested from those selected for an interview.
For full consideration, applications should be submitted by January 17, 2023.
Whitman College is cultivating a community built on inclusion and belonging. We recognize the value of those who can offer historically underrepresented perspectives and encourage applications from those whose background, knowledge, and insights from lived experience can add to the college's working and learning environment. Whitman College is an EEO employer.
Whitman College offers a competitive benefits package that is designed to attract qualified candidates and retain talented employees. Full-time employees enjoy the following benefits: Medical/Dental/Vision insurances; basic life, accidental death and dismemberment and long term disability insurances with the capability to elect additional voluntary coverage; 403(b) Defined Contribution Retirement Plan with a 10% matching contribution after eligibility requirements are met; Tuition Remission for Dependent Children (conditions apply); employee tuition waiver for one Whitman course per semester; and an Employee Assistance Program. After two semesters of teaching, tenure-track faculty are also eligible for paid family leave and paid short-term disability. New faculty receive reimbursement for moving expenses based on the distance of relocation and are compensated $1,500 for attending a required New Faculty Orientation.
For additional information about Whitman College and the Walla Walla area, see www.whitman.edu and www.walla walla.org. Applicant questions about the position should be directed to Prof. Doug Juers, juersdh@whitman.edu.
For full application instructions and position description, visit https://whitman.bamboohr.com/jobs/view.php?id=245&source=bamboohr
jeid-fab4ac656ef57746a40df42cd1b8c40b
Connections working at Whitman College
https://jobs.aapt.org/jobs/18064423/assistant-professor-of-physics


Canatu, a manufacturer of next generation transparent conductive films and touch sensors, announces a new generation of high optical transmittance CNBTM (Carbon NanoBud®) transparent conductive films.
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Canatu's Generation 6 CNB Films have 95% optical transmittance at a sheet resistivity of 100 ohms/square and 97% at 150 ohms/square. Earlier this year, Canatu introduced a super-thin, flexible 23 um CNB Flex Film, with a 1% change in sheet resistivity after 150 000 bends at 2 mm radius.
With improved light transmittance vs resistivity characteristics, CNBTM Films can now be used in a wide range of touch applications, including larger displays and single-layer touch devices with totally invisible patterns. Combining award-winning optics with extreme flexibility and thinness, Canatu's films are especially suited for wearable and flexible devices such as next-generation foldable smart phones and tablets.
Canatu's transparent conductive film portfolio consists of CNBTM Hi-Contrast Film optimized for flat projected capacitive touch devices, CNBTM Flex Film optimized for wearable, flexible and foldable touch-enabled electronics devices and CNBTM In-Mold Film optimized for formable 3D capacitive touch surfaces.


text:
1,3-Dioxolan-2-one, 4-fluoro-
A reliable OECD 407 study is available conducted in accordance with GLP.
Toxic effect type:
dose-dependent
From 5 February 2007 to 24 August 2007
guideline study with acceptable restrictions
No analytical validation of doses
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
EU Method B.7 (Repeated Dose (28 Days) Toxicity (Oral))
(19 December 2006)
Wistar
WU (Crl: WI(WU), outbred)
Details on species / strain selection:
The rat was used because this species is considered suitable for this type of study, and is usually required by regulatory agencies.
This strain was used because it is routinely used at the testing facility for this type of studies.
- Source: Charles River Deutschland, Sulzfeld, Germany
- Females nulliparous and non-pregnant: no data
- Age at study initiation: Six weeks old
- Weight at study initiation: From 162 to 196 g for males and from 113 to 132 g for females
- Fasting period during study: yes for the collection of blood from fasted rats at necrospy
- Housing: The rats were housed in macrolon cages with wood shavings, (Lignocel, type 3/4, Rettenmaier, Rosenberg, Germany) as bedding material and shreds of paper as environmental enrichment (Enviro-dri, Lillico, Betchworth, England). The cages and bedding were changed weekly. Each cage contained 5 males or 5 females (groups 1-4) or up to 3 males or 3 females (reserve rats/ positive control group). The cages were divided over the cage racks in Latin square order. On the day of FOB testing and motor activity assessment, the animals were temporarily kept singly in macrolon cages.
- Acclimation period: yes, 14 days
DETAILS OF FOOD AND WATER QUALITY: The rats were fed a commercial rodent diet (Rat & Mouse No. 3 Breeding Diet, RM3) obtained from SDS, Special Diets Services, Witham, England. Each batch of the RM3 diet is analysed by the supplier for nutrients and contaminants. During the study, the feed was provided as a powder in stainless steel cans, covered by a perforated stainless steel plate that served to prevent spillage.
Each cage was supplied with domestic mains tap-water suitable for human consumption (quality guidelines according to Dutch legislation based on EC Council Directive 98/83/EC).
- Temperature (°C): 21-24°C
- Humidity (%): 40-70%
- Air changes (per hr): 10 per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hours light, 12 hours dark
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 31 January 2005 To: 13 March 2005
other: Corn oil (5 ml/kg bw)
PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: The test substance was administered once daily by oral gavage, as a dilution in corn oil for 28 consecutive days. Controls were treated with vehicle (corn oil) only.
Dilutions of the test substance in the vehicle were prepared weekly, and stored in tightly closed plastic vials (one vial per group per day) in a refrigerator (2-10°C). The vehicle for dosing the controls was stored similarly.
The test substance was formulated as a dilution in corn oil. Prior to use, any possible traces of water in the corn oil were removed by adding Zeolite 4A (Zeochem AG, CH-8707 Uetikon, Switzerland) to the corn oil, and gently stirring on a magnetic stirrer.
To avoid any contact with moisture, the formulations were prepared and portioned in a glove bag (Aldrich AtmosBag Z530220-1EA) flushed with nitrogen. The vehicle for the controls was handled similarly.
The formulations were prepared as follows:
*High-dose dilution:
- To obtain the high-dose level used during day 0, 1 and 2 (40 mg/mL), eight gram of Monofluoroetbylene carbonate was added to an appropriate volume of corn oil (about 50% of the intended final volume) and stirred on a magnetic stirrer. Then the volume was made up with corn oil to 200 mL and stirred again, until visibly homogeneous.
- The high-dose dilutions used during day 3 - 6 (20 mg/mL) were obtained by 1:1 diluting the above high-dose dilution with corn oil.
- To obtain the high-dose level used from day 7 (20 mg/mL), five gram of Monofluoroethylene carbonate was added to an appropriate volume of corn oil (about 50% of the intended final volume) and stirred on a magnetic stirrer. Then the volume was made up with corn oil to 250 mL and stirred again, until visibly homogeneous.
*Lower dose dilutions:
The lower dose levels (8 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL) were obtained by mixing the high-dose dilution with the appropriate volumes of corn oil, and subsequent stirring on a magnetic stirrer.
- Concentration in vehicle: 10, 40 and 200/100 mg/kg bw/day
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 5 mL/kg body weight/day
Test duration: 28 days
The frequency of dosing was once daily (7 days/week). Twice weekly, the dose volumes were adjusted to the latest recorded body weights for each individual rat, to maintain a constant dose level in terms of the animal's body weight.
Dose / conc.:
0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
Control group (Corn oil)
10 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
Low-dose group
Mid-dose group
200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
High-dose group from day 0 to day 2
High-dose group from day 3
Because of mortality and weight loss in high-dose rats, the high-dose level was reduced to 100 mg/kg body weight/day from day 3 of the study.
5 males and females per group
For the high-dose group, one male and one female that were found dead were replaced by reserve rats from day 3.
- Dose selection rationale: The dose-levels were selected in agreement with the Sponsor, on the basis of the results of a preliminary 7-day range-finding toxicity study by oral route (dose-levels: 0, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg bw/day) performed in the same species (TNO Study Number 7336/01).
The daily oral administration of Monofluoroethylene carbonate to male rats, at levels up to 100 mg per kg body weight during 7 consecutive days, was well tolerated by the rats.
There were no treatment-related clinical signs or mortality. Growth, feed and water intake, organ weights or macroscopic findings at necropsy were not affected by the administration of the test substance in any group.
- Time schedule: At least once a day
All abnormalities, signs of ill health or reactions to treatment were recorded.
- Time schedule: Detailed clinical observations outside the home cage were performed once weekly starting in the week before the start of the treatment.
- Time schedule for examinations: The body weight of each animal was recorded twice a week, starting at day 0 (initiation of treatment). In addition, final (fasted) body weights were determined on the day of scheduled necropsy (day 28).
FOOD CONSUMPTION:
Food consumption was measured per cage by weighing the feeders, starting at initiation of treatment (day 0). The consumption was measured over successive periods of 3 or 4 days. The results were expressed in g per animal per day.
WATER CONSUMPTION:
Possible differences in water consumption between groups were assessed by visual inspection of the drinking bottles.
- Time schedule for collection of blood: At the end of the treatment period.
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes, C02/02 anaesthesia
- Animals fasted: Yes, for an overnight period before necropsy
- Parameters checked in table 1 (attached document) were examined.
- Time schedule for examinations: In week 4
- Dose groups that were examined: All animals
- Battery of functions tested: Functional Observational Battery and motor activity
IMMUNOLOGY: No
The animals were examined for macroscopic changes.
ORGAN WEIGHT: Yes
The following organs of all animals killed on day 28 were weighed (paired organs together) as soon as possible after dissection to avoid drying. Relative organ weights were calculated from the absolute organ weights and the terminal body weight:
epididymides
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (see table 3 in the attached document)
Histopathological examination (by light microscopy) was performed on all tissues and organs listed below, of all animals of the control group and the high-dose group (1). Gross lesions were examined microscopically in all rats of all dose groups. On the basis of pathological findings in the high-dose group, the examination of the stomach was extended to all rats of all dose groups. Examination of the kidneys was extended to the lower-dose groups to elucidate the significance of some (background) pathological findings in the high-dose group.
(1) The two rats that were found dead on day 3 were not examined microscopically because relevant tissue was not available. Instead, the 2 substituting animals (treated from day 3) were examined microscopically.
axillary lymph nodes
caecum
GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue, including Peyer's patches)
ileum
jejunum
mesenteric lymph nodes
nerve-peripheral (sciatic)
spinal cord (3)
sternum with bone marrow
stomach (4)
thyroid witb parathyroids
trachea/bronchi
urinary bladder
uterus (with cervix)
(2): three levels were examined microscopically (brain stem, cerebrum, cerebellum).
(3): retained in vertebral column, at least three levels were examined microscopically (cervical, midthoracic and lumbar).
(4): Non glandular ('forestomach') and glandular (fundus, pylorus) parts were examined.
NECROPSY OF INTERCURRENT DEATHS
High-dose female 23 and high-dose male 40, were found dead on day 3 of the study, and were replaced by reserve animals. Because of cannibalism, macroscopic and microscopic examination of the decedent rats was not possible. Necropsy was conducted on high-dose male 38, which was found dead on day 5 of the study. Also in this case, however, macroscopic examination and collection of tissues were seriously hampered by cannibalism. As far as possible, the tissues of animal 38 were collected and preserved in a neutral aqueous phosphate-buffered 4 per cent solution of formaldehyde.
The following procedures were used to evaluate the results:
- Body weights, clinical pathology data measured on continuous or semi-continuous scales, organ weights: an automatic Decision Tree which determines whether a dose-related trend is present and, if so, the lowest dose level affected. Where there is no trend effect, possible statistically significant differences between the control and treatment groups are identified. For body weights, the pre-treatment ( day - 1) body weight is used as covariate.
The Decision Tree process is summarized in an attached document.
The other findings observed were common for rats of this strain and age, and occurred at random incidence. Therefore they were not ascribed to the treatment.
Two rats of the high-dose group (female 23 and male 40) were found dead on day 3 of the study, following dosing with 200 mg/kg bw/day on days 0, 1 and 2. Post-dosing signs observed in these rats on day 1 and/or day 2 were piloerection and/or lethargy. These two rats were replaced by reserve animals, and from day 3 of the study the high-dose levels was reduced to 100 mg/kg bw/day.
On day 5 of the study, another male of the high-dose group (male 38) was found dead. Signs noted in this rat were a.o. piloerection, lethargy, salivation, blepharospasm and hypothermia.
Up to day 3 of the study, the treated rats of the high-dose group (200 mg/kg bw/day) lost weight or showed distinct growth retardation. Hence, on day 3 of the study, body weights of high-dose rats differed statistically significantly from the controls. From day 3, after the high-dose level had been reduced to 100 mg/kg bw/day, the high-dose rats gradually recovered, and from day 14 (females) or 21 (males) the differences with the controls were no longer statistically significant.
There were no other statistically significant differences in body weights among the groups, apart from a fortuitously increased final body weight in low-dose males.
Food intake was considerably decreased in the high-dose group in the first week of the study (in females up to day 3; in males up to day 7). There were no other noticeable differences in food intake between the test groups and the controls.
Visual inspection of the drinking bottles did not reveal any differences in water consumption between groups.
effects observed, non-treatment-related
* Red blood cell variables and clotting potential: Prothrombin time was statistically significantly decreased in males of ail dose groups.
The percentage of reticulocytes was slightly, though statistically significantly increased in high-dose males.
* Total and differential white blood cell counts: The percentage of neutrophils was statistically significantly increased in the high-dose group in both sexes white the percentage of lymphocytes tended to be decreased (statistically significant in high-dose males only). These changes were reflected in an increase in the absolute number of neutrophils in the high-dose group (statistically significant in high-dose males only).
The absolute number and the percentage of monocytes were statistically significantly increased in high-dose males.
A number of changes in clinical chemistry variables reached the level of statistical significance, viz:
- Glucose concentration was increased in high-dose females.
- lnorganic phosphate concentration was increased in mid-dose and high-dose males.
- Potassium concentration was increased in high-dose males.
- The albumin/globulin ratio was slightly increased in high-dose males. The parameters from which this calculated value was derived were not significantly affected.
The results of the neurobehavioural observations and motor activity assessment did not indicate any neurotoxic potential of monofluoroethylene carbonate in rats.
Immunological findings:
- The relative weight of the kidneys was markedly increased in the high-dose group in both sexes (statistically significant in high-dose males). The absolute kidney weight was statistically significantly increased in high-dose females.
- The relative weight of the liver was statistically significantly increased in high-dose females. The relative weight of this organ was also increased in males of the low-and mid-dose group, while the absolute liver weight was increased in low-dose males.
The significance of these findings in males is doubtful because they were not confirmed in high-dose males and, in the mid-dose group, was due to only one animal showing a very high value.
- The absolute weight of the spleen was statistically significantly increased in low-dose males. This change was neither reflected in significant changes in the relative weight of this organ, nor confirmed at higher dose-levels, and is probably due to a higher terminal weight of low-dose males.
Gross examination of the surviving rats revealed erosion(s) in the stomach of 3 high-dose females. Haemorrhage(s) in the stomach were observed in a few animals including one male control. The other changes occurred at random incidence and represent common background pathology in rats of this strain and age.
Neuropathological findings:
Microscopic examination revealed treatment-related changes in the stomach of mid-, and high-dose rats. Hyperplasia (thickening) of the epithelium of the non-glandular stomach was noted in all surviving rats of the high-dose group and in most rats of the mid-dose group. In the high-dose group, this finding was associated with focal (slight to severe) inflammation of the stomach wall (the severity score of the inflammation depending on its extension, viz subepithelial to transmural (throughout the wall) mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate with or without ulceration). In the mid-dose group, only slight indications of inflammation of the non-glandular stomach (scored as (very) slight focal subepithelial mononuclear cell infiltrate) were noted in two males only.
The other microscopic observations are common findings in rats of this strain and age. They occurred only incidentally or at random or similar incidences amongst the groups including controls and were, therefore, not considered to be related to treatment.
The administration of Monofluoroethylene carbonate by daily oral gavage resulted in local effects in the non-glandular stomach (hyperplasia of the epithelium) in most rats of the mid-dose group and in all surviving rats of the high-dose group. This finding was associated with focal inflammation of the stomach wall in all rats of the high-dose group, while minimal indications of inflammation (focal subepithelial mononuclear cell infiltrate) were noted in two males of the mid-dose group. The changes in differential white blood cell counts (increases in neutrophils and monocytes) in this group may be secondary to the inflammatory process. Similarly, the slight increase in reticulocytes in males of the high-dose group might be associated with ulceration of the stomach wall.
No toxicological significance was attached to the slightly decreased prothrombin time in males of all treatment groups, because these findings occurred in one sex only and the values were within the range of recent historical control data (overall mean: 35.0 sec, lowest mean: 29.7 sec, highest mean: 40.5 sec; n=12). Moreover, in case of liver damage, prothrombin time is prolonged rather than shortened. Therefore, the slightly shortened prothrombin time in males of all treatment groups was not ascribed to treatment.
The increase in relative weight of the kidneys in the high-dose group was not accompanied by treatment related changes in renal morphology. However, because the mean weight of this organ was markedly (13-15%) increased in both sexes, this finding is ascribed to the treatment.
The relevance of the increased inorganic phosphate concentration in mid-dose and high-dose males is unclear. Hyperphosphatemia is usually secondary to inability of the kidneys to excrete phosphate, but histopathological examination of the kidneys did not reveal treatment-related changes. The mean values were not clearly within the range of recent historical control data (overall mean: 2.9 mmol/L, lowest mean: 1.9 mmol/L, highest mean: 3.5 mmol/L; n=20). Therefore these changes in males of the mid- and high-dose group are prudently ascribed to the treatrnent.
The increase in relative weight of the liver in high-dose females was only slight and not accompanied by treatment-related histopathological changes in this organ. Therefore this finding may be fortuitous.
Lowest effective dose / conc.:
Organ:
Treatment related:
Dose response relationship:
Relevant for humans:
Table 1: Mean body weights (g)
Day numbers relative to Start Date
185.35**
Group 1 – Control
Group 2 – 10 mg/kg bw/day
Group 4 – 200 mg/kg bw/day on day 0, 1 and 3 then 100 mg/kg bw/day from day 3
Statistical analysis (default decision tree; covariate: day -1 body weight): * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01
(1): Because of the death of two rats of the high-dose group (female 23 and male 40), the high-dose level was reduced from day 3 of the study. The two decedents were replaced by reverse rats which were treated from day 3 of the study. The data obtained in the decedent rats up to day 3 are not summarized in this table.
(2): One high-dose male (male 38) was found dead on day 5 of the study (and was not replaced)
(3): Body weights after overnight fasting
Legend of the following tables (below):
Statistical analysis (default decision tree): * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01
(1): Two rats of the high-dose group (female 23 and male 40) substituted decedent animals, and were treated from day 3.
Table 2: Mean haematological findings in blood collected from the abdominal aorta at necropsy
Prothrom
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
32.70**
N(1)
1.95**
Table 3: Mean results of clinical chemistry in plasma collected from the abdominal aorta at necropsy
Albumin / Globulin
Glucose Plasma
PO4
mmol/L
3.442*
3.720**
Table 4: Mean terminal body weights (g), absolute organ weights (g) and relative organ weights (g/kg body weight)
Kidneys relative
Liver relative
g/kg bw
10.770*
0.6280*
Because the administration of the low-dose level did not induce any changes that were considered to be of toxicological significance, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in the present study is placed at 10 mg monofluoroethylene carbonate/kg body weight/day.
As the effects observed in stomach are a local effect (hyperplasia of the epithelium), no classification is warranted.
The toxicity of Monofluoroethylene carbonate was examined in a repeated-dose (28 -day) oral toxicity study with four groups of 5 male and 5 female Wistar rats. The test substance was administered as a dilution in corn oil by daily gastric gavage at levels of 0 (vehicle controls), 10, 40 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day. Because of mortality and weight loss in high-dose rats, the high-dose level was reduced to 100 mg/kg body weight/day from day 3 of the study.
One male and one female rat of the high-dose group were found dead on day 3 of the study, following dosing with 200 mg/kg bw/day on days 0, 1 and 2. Post-dosing signs observed in these rats were piloerection and lethargy. (These two rats were replaced by reserve animals, which were treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day from day 3 of the study).
On day 5 of the study, another male of the high-dose group was found dead. Signs noted in this rat were piloerection, lethargy, salivation, blepharospasm and coldness.
There were no other treatment-related clinicat signs.
Neurobehavioural observations and motor activity assessment did not indicate any neurotoxic potential of the test substance.
Up to day 3 of the study, the treated rats of the high-dose group (200 mg/kg bw/day) lost weight or showed distinct growth retardation. From day 3, after the high-dose level had been reduced to 100 mg/kg bw/day, the high-dose rats gradually recovered, and from day 14 (females) or 21 (males), body weights in this group did no longer differ from the controls. Food intake was considerably decreased in the high-dose group in the first week of the study only.
Haematology was conducted in all surviving rats at the end of the treatment period.
Prothrombin time was decreased in males of all dose groups. The percentage of reticulocytes was slightly increased in high-dose males.
The absolute number and the percentage of neutrophils were increased in the high-dose group in both sexes. The percentage of lymphocytes was decreased, and the absolute number and the percentage of monocytes were increased in high-dose males.
Clinical chemistry was conducted in all surviving rats at the end of the treatment period.
Inorganic phosphate concentration was increased in mid-dose and high-dose males. Glucose concentration was increased in high-dose females. Potassium concentration and the albumin/globulin ratio were increased in high-dose males.
The relative weight of the kidneys was increased in the high-dose group in both sexes. The relative weight of the liver was increased in high-dose females. The relative weight of this organ was also increased in males of the low-and mid-dose group, but this finding was not confirmed in high-dose males.
Gross examination at necropsy revealed erosion(s) in the stomach of 3 high-dose females. Upon histopathological examination, thickening of the epithelium (epithelial hyperplasia) of the non-glandular stomach was noted in all surviving rats of the high-dose group and in most rats of the mid-dose group. In the high-dose group, this finding was associated with focal inflammation of the stomach wall. In the mid-dose group, only slight indications of inflammation of the non-glandular stomach were noted in two males.
It was concluded that the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of Monofluoroethylene carbonate in this study was 10 mg /kg body weight/day.
10 mg/kg bw/day
Study conducted in accordance with GLP and OECD guidance. Klimisch score of 2 given as no test substance verification was conducted.
With regards to the available OECD 407 study, because the administration of the low-dose level did not induce any changes that were considered to be of toxicological significance, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is placed at 10 mg monofluoroethylene carbonate/kg body weight/day. As the effects observed in stomach are a local effect (hyperplasia of the epithelium), no classification is warranted. In the available OECD 421 study, similar effects in the stomach were observed with the NOAEL placed at 5 mg/kg/day based on the doses utilised. As before the effects in the stomach were considered local effects and no classification with respect to this organ is warranted.
With regards to the OECD 421 study, effects on the teeth (fluorosis of the maxillary incisor) were noted at 15 and 50 mg/kg/day. The guidance values (effective dose causing an adverse effect) included in CLP to assist in classification are; Category 1 ≤ 30 mg/kg/day and Category 2 > 30 ≤ 300 mg/kg/day (for a sub-acute study).
In this particular study the NOAEL falls below the cut off value (i.e. < 30 mg/kg/day) as well as the effective dose and accordingly STOT RE Category 1 in relation to the teeth is appropriate for this substance.


The Ökostromgesetz (Green Electricity Act), which came into force on 1 January 2003, introduced a national system for renewable electricity support payments. The act made E-Control responsible for monitoring attainment of the system's objectives.
The green power support scheme affects market participants in a variety of ways. Electricity suppliers are allocated supported renewable energy. System operators must adapt to the volatility of wind power output.
The financial means for supporting green electricity also come from market players or consumers.