Hostess-Pro offers a selection of high quality cake and confectionary decorating products.
All products have been carefully researched and selected to reflect popular techniques, brands and industry trends.
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How to integrate your giving message on your website… and more.
Our members often ask us for 'the best way' to incorporate their giving message on their websites. And we do encourage all our members to create a special page to express their impact and their business mission wherever possible.
It's easy to do so whether it's by embedding the B1G1 Widget or using the resources from the B1G1 Business for Good media kit. Saying that, the most important thing about what you display on your special Impact Page is your genuine sharing; the belief you have as a business, the compassion you feel as a person, and the joy you experience through your giving.
We are always here to help you with technical and copywriting aspects of your articulation of your involvement with B1G1. We've listed some examples for you below (as well as in this blog post). And we hope you will share your own beautiful page with us too!
And in case you need more inspiration, we've listed some live Impact Pages created by our B1G1 members. Click on the images to see more.
A marketing agency that makes giving good fun for their clients.
A retail business that makes an impact from every product sold.
Australian cafe making each purchase purposeful.
A health and wellness practice with a giving goal that inspires their clients.
Chiropractor in Singapore gives to varied projects to express his gratitude.
An online education provider making impacts locally and globally.
Aussie accountants using B1G1 to enhance their giving, and create a global impact.
An unconventional accountancy firm in Brisbane with simple and powerful giving stories.
A law firm that gives to celebrate their clients.
If you have a retail business, you might want to add the B1G1 message and branding to your product packaging and labels too. This way, your customers and clients can experience the joy of giving with you right at the moment they purchase your product. We've listed some examples below for you. You can also ask for specific graphics from us and we always love being part of your product design process.
Should my giving be overt or covert?
Sometimes, people ask us whether their specific giving activities should be expressed clearly to their clients or if it should be shared more modestly.
While we cannot speak for everyone, we do believe that all B1G1 businesses give because they genuinely care and want to do great things with their business. We believe that because that's what we share when businesses are interested in learning about B1G1. We encourage every business in B1G1 to communicate their WHY — why they choose to give— because we believe that the only way to create a world that's full of giving is by encouraging every business to implement regular giving activities.
But that does not mean that we are asking everyone to always express their HOW — how specific business activities contribute to a B1G1 impact — overtly. It's perfectly fine not to tell anyone about your giving if you want to give privately as a business. And sometimes, you might just want to express your gratitude and share the joy of your giving business to your team and customers, for the part they play in making your business greater and in turn creating even greater impacts together.
We hope you'll find the best way for you to express your joy, your gratitude, and your belief in how your business desires to make a difference to others. We're always looking forward to hear your thoughts too!
We're always here to help you feel confident and excited in expressing how you're fulfilling your desire as a business to make a greater difference. There are numerous 'right ways' of communicating giving. Above all, it's about making your giving a personal, joyful and resonant message with your business, your teams and your clients. So enjoy the discovery process and watch how it transforms!


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Q: How can I memorize all CSS shorthands? I never forgot and always use shorthand for margin and padding because it runs clockwise, but how do you remember the others?
Do you use CSS shorthand wherever possible?
What are the best ways to remember different shorthands?
Update:
I also found 2 good shorthand Cheat-sheet.

*

*Png - http://www.catchmyfame.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/CSS-Shorthand-Cheat-Sheet.png

*PDF - http://www.eddiewelker.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/csscheatsheet.pdf

A: Here's a decent CSS shorthand cheat sheet (PDF).

A: I personally am not good at memorizing such things, so I use the specific attributes, background-position background-image background-repeat etc. instead of the shorthand.
I find it's less error prone, and makes for more maintainable code: You can search & replace specific settings project-wide, which is impossible when using shorthand.

A: Use an editor that understands the shorthand syntax and gives you some degree of auto complete on them. I too don't need one that tells me margin goes top, right, bottom, left, but it is useful to have one that tells me the options for background for example.
Visual Studio does this - it won't be the right choice for everyone obviously, but if Visual Studio does it I'm sure there must be many others that do too.

A: I've previously had only the difficulty to remember the order to declare the a pseudoselectors link, visited, hover and active (it actually matters!). Here I use the LoVe HAte mnemonic for.

A: *

*ctrl+T for new tab

*ctrl+K for Google search bar

*"css font shorthand" and
done!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A rack-mount version of the EPS was something Ensoniq swore they would never produce, but they have finally bowed to public pressure. Paul Wiffen looks at the extra memory, extra outputs and SCSI applications, and concludes it has been worth the wait.
Ensoniq's stated philosophy behind the EPS (reviewed SOS Feb '88) was to produce a sampler that was geared towards performance (something that previous samplers had been lamentably poor at). The poly pressure keyboard, the Play While Load function, and the performance presets are all features which make that keyboard a joy to use live instead of the nightmare that most samplers can be in that rather exposed situation.
At first glance it would seem that most of these features would be lost in the rack-mount version. The poly pressure keyboard, of course, is no longer there, and although the EPSm can respond to polyphonic aftertouch, you can't take advantage of this unless you already have a keyboard which transmits it (which makes SQ80 owners the most likely customer for the EPSm, unless there are any Prophet T8 or Yamaha DX1 owners still out there). Play While Load is most easily managed when you have the buttons to control it right above the keyboard you are actually playing. The nice thing about the EPS's Patch Select buttons was that they were right next to the pitch and mod wheels at the performance end of the keyboard. Even if you have the rack-mount EPS within reach, it is unlikely that you will be able to use its Patch Select buttons so effectively (even though they perform exactly the same function on the rack). So you can understand why Ensoniq's original policy was that the EPS really would not translate very well to a rack-mount format.
However, the demand for a rack version has been so great that Ensoniq have knuckled down to making it as close as possible in use to the keyboard: Poly pressure can be received if you have the keyboard (or sequencer) to transmit it; Play While Load can be initiated from MIDI program changes, so you can call up new samples from a master keyboard; and the Patch Select can be controlled just as effectively (in fact more so, as both hands remain free for playing) from a dual footswitch accessory. Thus you can operate the rack version in a way that would make it just as effective as the keyboard.
All this supposes, however, that the EPSm is just an EPS in a rack. If that were the case, then it probably would be more deserving of a paragraph or two in the news pages than the space taken up by a Paul Wiffen review (notorious as they are in the industry for being a shade on the long side!). But the fact is that when you buy an EPSm, you get a lot more than you get with an EPS. This is just as well really, because the EPSm does cost substantially more than its keyboard counterpart. However, it only takes the briefest examination of the EPSm's spec to work out where this extra money is going.
The biggest expense in any sampler these days is the memory. Ever since the chip crisis of last year, contrary to expectation, the price of DRAM (dynamic random access memory) has not fallen in line with that of other electronic components. Therefore, any sampler with a generous amount of on-board memory is going to be more expensive. The EPSm comes with a full megaword of memory - four times as much as the keyboard version. So, whilst a natural comparison (memory-wise) for the EPS would be the Emax or S950, the only sampler on the market that comes with the same sort of memory size as the EPSm is the Akai S1000, which the EPSm substantially undercuts in price. Of course, you could buy a four times memory expander for the EPS keyboard, but it does add well over £500 to the price (simply because memory costs that much). So the bulk of the extra price of the EPSm can be accounted for by its increased memory. Indeed, it actually comes out looking like very good value in comparison with the S1000, which has exactly the same sample time available at the industry standard sample rate of 44.1 kHz.
Extra memory can be used in various ways. If it is entirely given over to reproducing one instrument, then much higher sound quality is certain to result. This is because you can have more multi-samples and/or each sample can sound for longer before it needs to be looped. Experiments I conducted with piano, string and guitar sounds soon convinced me that this was just as true in the case of the EPSm as with any other sampler. Alternatively, you can continue to use the typical size of sound that Ensoniq have been creating with the much smaller basic memory of the EPS in mind, and you suddenly find that you can hold quite a few of them in memory at the same time - to the point where you run out of instrument locations before you run out of sample memory. Indeed, on several occasions I found myself wishing that there were more than the permitted eight instruments available. I soon discovered how to use the patches available within presets to get around this (by copying a whole instrument into each of the layers available within an instrument location and then saving the whole thing as a multi-instrument), but it cuts down on the flexibility and speed of use, which are the trademarks of the EPS/EPSm. I would have preferred to see 16 instruments available. Of course, a second bank of eight instruments accessed through some software switch may still be possible in a future software update, and this would give you the added advantage of being able to sequence 16 different sounds from the internal sequencer's tracks, or respond to all 16 channels of incoming MIDI in Ensoniq's excellent Multi mode. Judging by Ensoniq's well-deserved reputation for responding to user wishes (to which the very existence of the EPSm bears witness), if enough people ask for it this might happen.
Another major advantage of the increased memory size I noticed was that I didn't need to 'Select Instrument To Delete' (a message which unexpanded EPS owners will be only too familiar with!) anything like as often when I was loading a new sound to use. This is one of the things which makes remote disk loading via MIDI program changes difficult to use (you can't select the instrument to delete via MIDI program change even if you know that this message is liable to appear), so it's good to see that this is less of a problem on the rack version, where you're more likely to want to use this facility. Of course, if you're careful you can always cause a MIDI load to occur over the top of a larger instrument you no longer need, by placing the EPSm in Multi mode and sending the Program Change on the MIDI channel corresponding to that instrument (which removes the problem altogether). In fact, I found that I was using the rack in Multi mode so much that I saved the global parameters with this selected, so that it booted up in this mode every time.
Memory size isn't the only area where the EPSm justifies its price tag; any sampler which falls into the professional category needs to offer separate audio outputs. Whilst there is an optional expander for the dual output EPS to give eight individual outs on a separate box, the EPSm comes with these fitted as standard. Nor are they your standard monophonic outputs, which are really only any good for drum sounds and bass lines; these are fully polyphonic outputs and the EPSm can dynamically allocate its 20 voices between them without any manual configuring. Apart from the EPSm, only the Akai S1000 and Roland S550 samplers have this facility. Even expensive systems like the Fairlight Series III and the Emulator III are still stuck with monophonic individual outputs. Score a major point for Ensoniq.
For me, the real revelation was the innocent looking 25-pin connector on the back of the EPSm - the SCSI (pronounced 'scuzzy') port. True, this is nothing new, in that there is already a SCSI interface for the EPS, but until now they have been like gold dust. Making features like SCSI an option is often not a good idea, as the options are rarely available when a machine is first launched, and when they are there never seem to be enough to go around. There are many unhappy S1000 owners out there right now, as Akai's promises of a SCSI update for their machine have still to be fulfilled.
This is the first time I have ever had the opportunity to use an instrument with SCSI (I had no hard disk when I got the Emulator III for review, and at that point in time it wasn't compatible with Blank Software's Alchemy sample editing program). The problem is that normally when an instrument is brand new (ie. when a reviewer gets to play with it), there is no software available to interface through the SCSI option. However, because the EPSm behaves exactly the same way as the EPS, and because the SCSI is standard, Alchemy can be used with it from the outset. Undertaking sample transfers via SCSI instead of via MIDI is a real revelation; samples are sent in less time than it takes to play them back, instead of hundreds of times more. This means that you can contemplate doing a quick edit to a sound on the computer (provided you keep it hooked up) rather than wondering to yourself if its really worth that wait while the sample data crawls across from one to the other.
In conjunction with an EPS/EPSm, the load times are incredibly quick. A full floppy disk's worth of data - which normally takes 55 seconds to load - loads in less than three seconds, and the complete megaword of memory in the EPSm loaded in under eight seconds! Typical EPS files load so fast that you can hardly see the load message in the display before it disappears. This is the first time I've seen a sampler able to switch between lots of different sounds just like a synth.
But my favourite thing of all is being able to use MIDI Program Changes to load sounds from SCSI. This means that you can use an external sequencer to load new sounds in the middle of a piece of music. As an example, this powerful feature would allow you to sample vocals in 10-second segments, save these to a SCSI storage device, and then use a sequencer to load them just before they are needed, and to send a MIDI Note-On to trigger them on cue. I even managed to have the EPSm playing the musical backing as well, but it occasionally missed some Note-Ons as the Program Change was received. In truth, it's probably a bit much to expect one instrument to do everything including vocals, but with care you can get more out of the EPSm than any other sampler I've ever tried. It could certainly handle the backing vocals for an entire gig, for example, without breaking into a sweat.
Other changes from the keyboard version include a headphone jack on the front panel - how I wish my S1000 had such a sensible location - I get sick of having to climb around the back of my rack to plug them in. This is great for when you don't want to bother connecting the EPSm to an amp, but unfortunately does not cut the sound to the main outputs, so you can't use it to check everything is working fine before you play it to 30,000 people - unless you can kill the sound externally on a mixing desk fader.
It goes without saying that we have not even touched on the excellent sequencing and sample editing features of the EPSm, as these were covered in depth in our EPS review [SOS Feb '88]. What we have covered here is all the additional things which come as standard on the rack, and which you can buy as accessories for the existing EPS keyboard. But you shouldn't underestimate the up-to-date nature of the EPS operating system, which includes digital signal processing features normally only found on sample editing software for computers - such as Sample Rate Conversion and instantly undo-able Crossfade Looping Macros, which normally take ages to set up. Although the EPSm's sequencer doesn't really have the flexibility of the top hardware sequencers that are currently available, it is nice to have sequencing built-in. I certainly preferred it to anything currently available on a computer, with the possible exception of C-Lab's excellent Notator. I particularly like the ability to choose between the old or new version of anything you do. I am forever thinking that I could play a part I have just recorded a little bit better next time, and then finding out that I couldn't when it's normally too late (like when I've recorded over the previous performance). With the EPSm's sequencer, I found I could always get the old version back. My only real criticism is that each track is tied to an instrument - you can't record a second track using the same sound without copying that instrument to another instrument location (and these are already a bit thin on the ground considering the amount of memory available). But this is only a small niggle in an otherwise excellent onboard facility.
Overall, the EPSm is a serious professional piece of gear, with the amount of memory, separate polyphonic outputs and SCSI interfacing facilities which top-end users and recording studios need. I am pleased that Ensoniq have chosen to release the EPSm as a fully-expanded version of the EPS. This means that the full potential of the design is much more likely to be seen in music stores, as the EPSm comes straight out of the box ready for the most advanced applications. But what is equally good is that an EPS owner seeing the system working at full stretch in a store, with high speed SCSI loading of one megaword sample files being played through 10 fully polyphonic outputs, need not feel ripped off that he bought an EPS a year ago, but pleased that he can now update the keyboard he has used for a year to exactly the same spec, at around the same sort of total cost that the EPSm now retails for. If only all manufacturers followed this creed!


text:
Cynoscion xanthulus är en fiskart som beskrevs av Jordan och Gilbert 1882. Cynoscion xanthulus ingår i släktet Cynoscion och familjen havsgösfiskar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som otillräckligt studerad. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Havsgösfiskar
xanthulus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Akiva	Life, Legend, Legacy
Categories: History, Jewish Theology & Law
Rabbi Reuven Hammer	(author)
The legendary Akiva ben Yosef has fascinated Jews for centuries. One of and arguably the most important of the Tannaim, or early Jewish sages, he lived during a crucial era in the development of Judaism as we know it today, and his theology played a major part in the development of Rabbinic Judaism. Reuven Hammer details Akiva's life as it led to a martyr's death and delves into the rich legacy Akiva left us.
That legacy played an extraordinarily important role in helping the Jewish people survive difficult challenges and forge a vibrant religious life anew and it continues to influence Jewish law, ethics, and theology even today. Akiva's contribution to the development of Oral Torah cannot be overestimated, and in this first book written in English about the sage since 1936, Hammer reassesses Akiva's role from the period before the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE until the Bar Kokhba Revolt in 135 CE. He also assesses new findings about the growth of early Judaism, the reasons why Akiva was so outspoken about "Christian Jews," the influence of Hellenism, the Septuagint, and the canonization of the Hebrew Bible. Ultimately, Hammer shows that Judaism without Akiva would be a very different religion.
With insight and mastery of Rabbinic sources, Rabbi Reuven Hammer has produced an outstanding review of the life of Rabbi Akiva, clarifying his life, thoughts, beliefs, and concerns for the Jewish people. His book will enlighten and captivate readers.
—Shalom Paul, professor emeritus, Bible Department at Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Reuven Hammer's Akiva is a bold and sophisticated engagement with one of the best documented, but nevertheless elusive, figures in early Rabbinic Judaism. By judiciously weighing Akiva's complex literary legacy, Rabbi Hammer encourages readers to explore how we know the past and what it can teach us in the present.
—Ivan G. Marcus, Frederick P. Rose Professor of Jewish History at Yale University
Rabbi Reuven Hammer
Rabbi Reuven Hammer was the former director and dean of the Jerusalem branch of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS), 1974–92, where he served as a professor of Rabbinic literature. He held a Doctor of Humane Letters from JTS and a PhD from Northwestern University. He was also the founding director of the Seminary of Jewish Studies (1987–90). He was the author or editor of many books, including Entering the High Holy Days: A Complete Guide to the History, Prayers, and Themes (JPS, 2005) and Sifre: A Taanaitic Commentary on Deuteronomy, both National Jewish Book Award winners.
Read author's article in The Jerusalem Post.
Read review in The Reporter Group, Portrait of Akiva.
Review and lecture by Prof. Shalom M. Paul of Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Akiva Revisited.
Read review by blogger Amos Lassen.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


From the mind of award winning documentation Giedre Zickyte comes Master and Tatyana, a captivating and masterfully constructed look in to the confounding life of Vitas Luckus, a legendary pioneer of conceptual photography in Soviet-Era Lithuania. Consistently at odds with the rigid societal expectations of the Soviet Union, Luckus took an uncompromising approach to his art and lifestyle, encapsulating the energetic and Dionysian qualities of everyday life. Featuring extensive and emotionally challenging interviews from a wide array of Luckus' surviving friends and lovers, most notably his former wife; Tatyana Luckiene, Zickyte admirably attempts to piece together an illustration of the life of the complicated artist, including his tragic and eerily mysterious death. Rife with themes of time and censorship, Master and Tatyana provides a stimulating glance in to the trials of controversial artistry, and was the recipient of four Silver Crane Awards, including Best Documentary, and Best Director.


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Maliki Refused By Saudis, Welcomed By Iran
News of Iraqi Prime Minister Nour al-Maliki's travels will put additional pressure on the Bush administration, which seems to have pinned all its hopes on Maliki's government standing up sometime before Bush's legacy is stood down.
Maliki is welcome in Iran:
Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki is scheduled to visit the Islamic Republic of Iran next month, the Iraqi governmental daily al-Sabah wrote on Saturday.
Al-Maliki told the daily he would visit Iran and several Arab countries next month but gave no information about the exact date of his visits.
He said Iraq is ready to turn into a bridge linking Arab states and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Iraq can play as a mediator between arab states and Iran or any other neighboring country, the Premier said.
But Saudi Arabia isn't interested:
Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah has denied Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki entrance into Saudi Arabia, according to a senior Saudi intelligence source.
The king believes al-Maliki, who wanted to go to Saudi Arabia on a state visit, is not doing enough to protect Sunnis from attacks by Shias, the source said.
The Saudi kingdom is a Sunni-dominated state.
There was no immediate reaction from al-Maliki's office.
The president of Iran was recently welcomed by the Saudi monarch. The suspicion must be that he prefers to deal with the organ-grinder rather than his monkey.
Maliki is the man that the Bush administration hopes will accept benchmarks and a timetable that they themselves refuse to be tied to and don't want to talk about.
Several American officials who have spoken recently with Mr. Maliki say they believe that he would like to achieve the kind of political reconciliation that Mr. Bush outlined in January as the ultimate goal of the troop increase. But they say the Iraqi prime minister appears to have little ability to manage the required legislation, including bills requiring fair distribution of oil revenues among Iraq's Sunnis, Shiites and Kurds, and reversing the American-led de-Baathification that barred many Sunnis from participation in the new government.
Even as administration officials have been telling Congress that Mr. Bush would accept no time limits on success, they have been pushing Mr. Maliki to move faster.
"He is trying to fight fires coming from every direction," Ryan C. Crocker, the newly arrived American ambassador to Iraq, said of Mr. Maliki this week, speaking by telephone. "We have to be clear to him on where our priorities are, so that we can buy him the time he needs. And we have to buy the time now because he is going to need it in the future."
But it may be that the Iraqi PM is more a part of the problem than of the solution.
Posted by Cernig at 4/28/2007 06:50:00 AM
Labels: Iraq, Politics


Publication information: Article title: Financial Integration of Stock Markets in the Gulf: A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis. Contributors: Hassan, Aqil Mohd. Hadi - Author. Journal title: International Journal of Business. Volume: 8. Issue: 3 Publication date: Summer 2003. Page number: 335+. © Premier Publishing, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2003 Gale Group.


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Posted on December 25, 2020 by Hazel Stainer
To all my followers, I wish you a happy Christmas. Whether you are with family and friends or isolating, I hope you can enjoy the day. Thank you for your support over the past year, it means a lot to know you are reading my blog. Writing has given me a sense of purpose during this strange year. Usually, I write about exhibitions I have visited in London, but this year I had to think of many of the topics myself. I hope you have found them informative.
Covid-19 has made life difficult for everyone, but it is important to look back at the positives. I have compiled a list of my achievements; perhaps you could do the same.
Blogs Written: 52
Word Count: approximately 171,254 (not including this post)
Visitors to My Blog: over 14,000
Most Popular In: USA (over 8000 visitors) and UK (over 7000 visitors)
Most Popular Post Written This Year: Unicorns: A True Story
Most Popular Post of All Time: Christian Angelology
New Followers: 13 (as of Christmas Day)
Books Reviewed: 15 (as of Christmas Day)
Books Read: 71 (as of Christmas Day)
Cities Visited: 2 (York and Bristol)
Commissions: 2 posters for the Haderian Medical Centre
Websites "looked after": Gants Hill URC and Heath and Havering URC
Instruments practiced: Flute and Piano
I have set up a Patreon account for anyone who wishes to sponsor my work. I also have a Ko-fi account for small donations (think of it like a tip jar).
Those who have followed my blog for some time will know I originally used it as a portfolio for my graphic design and illustration work. Whilst I have not focused on my art this year, I have produced a few drawings for greeting cards, including the drawing above.
My favourite drawing this year is:
Other drawings include:
I also experimented with watercolour paint. The following are pre-drawn cards, which I "coloured" in.
Thank you for reading my blog this year. I wish you a healthy and happy 2021. See you next year!
Love from Hazel x
Posted in art | Tagged art, christmas, drawing, Happy Christmas, happy new year, Hazel Stainer, progress, thank you, update | 2 Comments
Looking Sharp
The Sharp Family by Johann Zoffany
In the National Gallery, is a painting called The Sharp Family by Johann Zoffany (1733-1810), a German neoclassical painter. Zoffany, who spent his early years in England under the patronage of George III (1738-1820) and Queen Charlotte (1744-1818), captured the Sharp Family making music aboard their pleasure boat, Apollo, with All Saints Church, Fulham in the background. The Sharp siblings regularly appeared on the River Thames with their instruments to entertain the public on the banks.
Produced between 1779-1781, Zoffany's painting indicates the wealth of the family through the portrayal of the upper-class fashions of the 18th century. Their musical boating parties attracted many people, evidencing their popularity, particularly among local dignitaries and even royalty. Yet, the family came from a more humble background.
The siblings grew up in Durham with their parents, Thomas Sharp (1693–1759), Archdeacon of Northumberland, and Grace Higgons, the daughter of English clergyman and travel writer George Wheler (1651-1724). Although they had an honourable upbringing, they did not have the financial advantages of the upper classes. Through sheer determination, love of music and fondness for each other, the Sharps worked their way up the ranks, first giving recitals at one of the brother's home, before performing fortnightly water-borne concerts on their large barge between 1775-1783.
Granville Sharp
Seated in the centre of the painting is the most well-known of the Sharp siblings. Granville Sharp, born in Durham in 1735, played a variety of instruments, including the clarinet, oboe, flageolet, kettle drums, harp and a double-flute. He also sang with an impressive bass voice, which George III described as "the best in Britain". Respected for his musical skills, Granville often signed his name G#, but it was not only in music that he made his name.
At the time of Granville's birth, he had eight older brothers, although only five survived infancy. Five sisters soon followed, bringing the total number of children to 14. Their parents put away money for the children's education, but by the time Granville reached his teens, the money was exhausted. Although he began his schooling at the all-boys school in Durham, Granville and his siblings received most of their tuition at home.
At the age of 15, Granville travelled to London to work as an apprentice for a linen draper. He found the work tiresome and longed for opportunities to hold discussions, arguments and debates. To fuel his passion, Granville took an interest in his fellow apprentices, learning Greek in order to debate the orthodox Bible with a Socinian colleague (someone who believes in God and Christian ideals but not the divinity of Jesus). He also learnt Hebrew so as to have theological discussions with a Jewish friend.
Not all of the Sharp brothers entered apprenticeships. The eldest, John, followed his father's footsteps and was ordained into the Church. Whilst their father had not found wealth in that position, John worked hard to establish a miniature welfare state in his home in Bamburgh Castle, Northumberland where he was the perpetual curate. During his career, John oversaw the establishment of a school, a library, a hospital, and the first lifeboat service.
William Sharp (1729-1810)
At the age of 14, William Sharp (1729-1810) moved to London to study surgery. His exceptional skill and demeanour attracted the patronage of George III, who hired William as his private surgeon. After attending to Princess Amelia (1783-1810), who was often in poor health, the king offered William a baronetcy, which he turned down. Although William was well-off, he never forgot his past and paid attention to the needs of the poor. He considered his high position in society to be a stroke of luck, so established a free surgery for those denied such good fortune.
Like Granville, his brother James came to London as an apprentice. After completing his apprenticeship in ironmongery, James rose through the ranks to become a pioneer of the industrial revolution. James enjoyed making music in his spare time, often meeting with Granville and William, as well as his sisters Elizabeth and Judith who had also moved to London. The siblings usually met at William's house in Mincing Lane, where they also gave concerts. Unfortunately, James passed away before the family began performing on the Thames.
Granville's apprenticeship came to an end in 1757, the same year both his parents passed away. He quickly secured himself the position of Clerk in the Ordnance Office at the Tower of London, a civil service position, that also provided enough free time to pursue his musical talents and intellectual hobbies. Being so close to his siblings, both familially and geographically, allowed his passion for music to flourish. He also discussed his work with his brothers, who informed him of the goings-on in their careers.
Granville Sharp the Abolitionist Rescuing a Slave from the Hands of His Master – James Hayllar
On a visit to William's surgery in 1765, Granville met a young black slave with severe wounds to his head. The slave, Jonathan Strong, originally from Barbados, received the injuries from his master David Lisle, who bashed the young lad repeatedly over the head with a pistol. After almost blinding him, Lisle discarded Strong on the streets where he was discovered and taken to William's free surgery. Granville assisted William to treat Strong, but his condition was so severe, they needed to transfer him to St Bartholomew's Hospital. Out of the kindness of their hearts, Granville and William paid for Strong's four-month stay.
After Strong left hospital, the Sharp brothers continued to look after him. When he was strong enough, they found him employment with a Quaker apothecary, where he worked for a year and a half before being discovered by his previous master. David Lisle, a lawyer, believed he still owned Strong, despite discarding him in the street two years previously. Lisle wished to sell Strong to his friend James Kerr of Harley Street for £30. Kerr owned a plantation in Jamaica and wanted to ship Strong to the Caribbean to work there. Lisle and Kerr employed two men to kidnap Strong but did not anticipate the slave's new contacts.
Following his capture, Strong managed to get word to Granville, who immediately went to the Lord Mayor of London to plead his case. The Lord Mayor, possibly Sir Thomas Davies, in turn, spoke to Lisle and Kerr about their claim on the slave. Kerr produced the bill of sale to prove he had purchased Strong from Lisle, but without more evidence, the Lord Mayor ordered Strong's release from his imprisonment. The case, however, was far from over.
Almost immediately after his release, a second kidnap attempt took place, this time by West India Captain David Laird, who threatened to take Strong straight to James Kerr. Fortunately, Granville witnessed the attack and claimed he would charge Laird with assault if he did not let the young man go. Meanwhile, Lisle tried to sue Granville £200 for taking his property. When Granville approached his lawyers on the subject, they told him Lisle had every right to claim Strong as his possession. Unable to "believe the law of England was really so injurious to natural rights," Granville spent the following two years studying English laws.
Lisle soon gave up the fight, but Kerr remained determined to win his case. After two years of persisting, the court dismissed the case and fined Kerr for time-wasting. For the first time in his life, twenty-year-old Jonathan Strong was a free man. Sadly, his freedom did not last long, and he passed away five years later.
Granville's association with Jonathan Strong earned him the moniker "protector of the Negro". A couple of slaves approached Granville for support, hoping for similar results, but the courts were reluctant to be involved in human possession disputes. At this time, British organisations were the largest slave traders in the world. Slave labour was vital for the British economy, therefore, owners were reluctant to free their slaves.
Determined to put an end to slavery, Granville published A Representation of the Injustice and Dangerous Tendency of Tolerating Slavery: Or Admitting the Least Claim of Private Property in the Persons of Men in England in 1769. He expressed the view that "the laws of nature" make everyone equal and it is only laws imposed by society that state otherwise. He demonstrated that slavery was illegal because the freedom of a man was priceless. Granville received support from James Oglethorpe (1696-1785) of Cranham Hall, the founder of the American state of Georgia. Together, they unsuccessfully attempted to convince British leadership to give slaves the same rights as Englishmen.
Slavery had never been authorised by law in England and Wales. Granville used this to his advantage when learning of the plight of another black slave in 1772. James Somerset, an enslaved African, travelled to England with his American owner Charles Stewart in 1769 but managed to escape a couple of years later. Unfortunately, slave hunters found Somerset and locked him in a ship bound for Jamaica. Before Somerset attempted to flee, Charles Stewart had him baptised as a Christian. On learning of his capture, three of Somerset's Godparents complained to the courts. When Granville heard of the case, he supplied the lawyers supporting Somerset with his formidable knowledge of English laws.
Granville proved that slavery was illegal under English law, so Somerset became a free man the moment he stepped on English soil. Although the court case lasted five months, the Chief Justice of the King's Bench, William Murray, Lord Mansfield (1705-93), announced James Somerset's freedom and ended the proceedings. Somerset and his supporters celebrated the result, but this was not the end of slavery. Whilst it was illegal to own a slave in England, the law condoned using slaves in overseas territories.
The Slave Ship – J. M. W. Turner
Plantation owners in the Americas continued to exploit slaves, abducting them from their homes in Africa and forcing them to work in harsh conditions in a foreign land. In 1781, 60 slaves died from neglect and over-crowding aboard the British slave ship Zong, causing the crew to take drastic action, massacring over 130 slaves by throwing them overboard. To add to the morally corrupt event, the shipowner tried to claim compensation for the loss of his property at sea.
Granville learnt of the massacre in 1783 from Olaudah Equiano (1745-97), a freed slave from the Kingdom of Benin. Horrified by the events aboard the Zong, Granville immediately involved himself with the court case against the Liverpool merchant claiming insurance. The merchant's lawyer John Lee (1733-93) claimed: "the case was the same as if assets had been thrown overboard." Granville argued that jettisoning slaves was murder and should be punished accordingly. Unfortunately, the judge dismissed Granville's accusation but ruled the slave owner could not file for insurance due to lack of evidence.
The more Granville learnt about the lives of slaves, the greater his wish to abolish slavery entirely. He was not alone with this wish, but the largest groups of anti-slavery protesters were Quakers, a domination forbidden from participating in Parliament. In 1787, nine Quakers and three Anglicans established the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, but to make an impact, they needed someone with parliamentary connections. A vote unanimously elected Granville, one of the Anglican founders of the society, to present their petitions.
Due to modesty, Granville refused to chair the meetings for the society but regularly attended for the following twenty years. Parliament rejected many of their petitions, but they continued to work tirelessly nonetheless. The society received support from other anti-slavery campaigners, including the founder of the Wedgwood company Josiah Wedgwood (1730-95), who arranged the production of anti-slavery medallions, and the politician William Wilberforce (1759-1883), who presented the first Bill to abolish the slave trade in 1791, albeit unsuccessful. Through Granville's connections, the society also received support from abolitionists in America.
Granville made attempts to return freed-slaves in Britain to their native countries. Many worried they would return to slavery, so Granville drew up plans for a new Christian society called "The Province of Freedom". The first attempt struggled from the start, with fires on ships and many Africans returning home before the plans were fully operational. The first settlement, named Granville Town, lasted a few months before local tribes burnt it down. A second attempt to create "The Province of Freedom" proved more successful. With the help of a former American slave, Thomas Peters (1738-92) and British brothers, Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846) and John Clarkson (1764-1828), Granville helped to found the port city Freetown in Sierra Leone.
In 1807, the society's hard work paid off when the Houses of Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act/Act of Abolition. When Granville, now 71 years old, heard the news, he fell to his knees in prayer. Many of the original abolitionists did not live to see the result and Granville received the affectionate accolade of the "grand old man of the abolition struggle".
A white glass medallion of Granville Sharp by Catherine Andras 1809
As well as anti-slavery campaigns, Granville supported American colonists, which meant resigning from his job due to its support for the British forces fighting in America. Away from politics, Granville enjoyed his music but also established the British and Foreign Bible Society (now known as the Bible Society) with Wilberforce and Methodist preacher Thomas Charles (1755-1814) to spread the use of the scriptures throughout the world. Initially, the society focused on printing bibles in Welsh but soon produced bibles in Scots Gaelic and Manx Gaelic. They sent Gospels abroad in the languages of the Iroquois and Romani people in Canada and America to make the Bible accessible for more people. By 1824, the British and Foreign Bible Society had "distributed 1,723,251 Bibles, and 2,529,114 Testaments—making a total of 4,252,365." Today the society is global with 150 Bible Societies around the world.
Granville Sharp passed away on 6th July 1813 before he had the chance to see the full effects of the Slave Trade Act. His tomb lies beside the graves of his siblings William and Elizabeth in All Saints Church, Fulham, which is visible in the background of the painting of the Sharp family.
"Here by the Remains of the Brother and Sister whom he tenderly loved lie those of GRANVILLE SHARP Esqr. at the age of 79 this venerable Philanthropist terminated his Career of almost unparalleled activity and usefulness July 6th 1813 Leaving behind him a name That will be Cherished with Affection and Gratitude as long as any homage shall be paid to those principles of JUSTICE HUMANITY and RELIGION which for nearly half a Century He promoted by his Exertions and adorned by his Example"
Inscription on Granville Sharp's tomb
A memorial in Westminster Abbey remembers the life of Granville Sharp and, in 2007, he featured on the 50p Royal Mail stamp issued to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in the United Kingdom. His is also memorialised in Granville Town in Sierra Leone and Granville in Jamaica, both named in his honour.
The Sharp Family by Johann Zoffany intrigues viewers, who wonder about the identity of the musical family and the reason behind their public concerts. At a glance, it is impossible to tell that one family member made such an impact in the 18th century, helping to bring about changes that continue to shape our societies today.
Granville's legacy suggests that not everyone has forgotten him, but the majority of people have not heard his name. It goes to show how quickly good deeds of others are overshadowed by new events, which in turn get buried beneath the ever-growing pile of history. In an attempt to discover the Sharp Family in Zoffany's painting, a lesser-known period of Georgian Britain has emerged. Next time you view a portrait of someone you have not heard of, "google" them. You may be surprised by what you learn.
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Posted in art, Historical Figure, history | Tagged Act of Abolition, bible society, British and Foreign Bible Society, Granville Sharp, James Somerset, Johann Zoffany, Jonathan Strong, music, national gallery, painting, Slave Trade Act, slavery, Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, The Province of Freedom, The Sharp Family, William Sharp, Zong | 3 Comments
Unfinished Business: Mary Macarthur
The British Library briefly mentioned Mary Reid Anderson (née Macarthur) in their recent exhibition Unfinished Business, which celebrated the milestones overcome by women in their fight for equality. Early trade unions excluded women workers from their members. Unhappy about this, Mary Macarthur established the National Federation of Women Workers, which improved the working lives of many women. She also founded the union's newspaper The Woman Worker, which gained 20,000 subscribers.
Mary Macarthur
Mary Macarthur, born on 13th August 1880, grew up in Glasgow as the eldest of six children to John Duncan Macarthur and Anne Elizabeth Martin. Her father owned a drapery business and afforded to send his daughter to Glasgow Girls' High School. During her school years, Macarthur developed a passion for journalism while working as an editor on the school magazine. She decided then that she wanted to become a full-time writer and, after finishing at the high school, continued her studies abroad in Germany. On her return home, Macarthur briefly worked for her father as a bookkeeper, but this was not the position she desired in life.
In 1903, Macarthur moved to London to take up the position of secretary for the Women's Trade Union League. Established by Emma Paterson (1848-86) in 1874, the league initially aimed to protect wages and conditions of workers, provide benefits for sick and unemployed workers and help settle disputes between workers and employers. When Macarthur became secretary, the league's new aims included improving the rights of female workers and persuading all-male trade unions to admit women. Whilst the Women's Trade Union League united women from different trades, their affiliations with activists with different aims hindered their goals.
The badge of the NFWW.
Some activists focused on particular classes rather than women as a whole. Macarthur worried the upper classes would receive preferential treatment, causing the working classes to suffer. In 1906, Macarthur established the National Federation of Women Workers (NFWW) as a trade union for all women. Whereas the Women's Trade Union League campaigned to allow women into mixed-gender trade unions, the NFWW was a women-only trade union. By the end of the year, 2,000 women signed up to the NFWW across seventeen branches.
As the founder of the NFWW and as a suffragette, Macarthur helped oversee the founding of the National Anti-Sweating League. This league, run by British politician George Shann (1876-1919), aimed to end the suffering workers faced in "sweatshops" and demanded a minimum wage.
An issue of The Women Worker from 1907
In 1907, fuelled by her passion for writing, Macarthur founded The Woman Worker, a monthly newspaper for the NFWW. In the first issue, Macarthur stated the paper's aim "To teach the need for unity, to help improve working conditions, to present a monthly picture of the many activities of women Trade Unionists, to discuss all questions affecting the interests and welfare of women. Such, in brief, is our aim and purpose." Due to popular demand, The Woman Worker developed into a weekly paper for over 20,000 readers.
Although The Woman Worker primarily focused on women's needs, Macarthur also tackled much broader topics, including the conditions of sweatshops, which affected both men and women. As a journalist, Macarthur visited the poverty-stricken areas of London, speaking to the people who worked for long hours in inadequate settings for minimal money. In 1908, Macarthur presented her findings to the House of Commons.
Macarthur's findings alone were insufficient in her strive to end the harsh working conditions but combined with other people's research, the reports began to make a difference. Encouraged by the National Anti-Sweating League, sweatshop workers went on strike, demanding fairer pay. A photograph taken in 1908 shows Macarthur addressing a crowd of striking men and women in Trafalgar Square. Forty-four women from Corruganza Box Making Works initiated the strike in protest of unfair pay-cuts. Many of the male workers joined their cause, and others donated money to the company to pay their employees an appropriate salary.
In 1909, the British government passed the Trade Boards Act, which allowed boards to establish a minimum wage for particular trades, most notably chain-making, ready-made tailoring, paper-box making, and the machine-made lace trade. Unfortunately, not all companies willingly agreed to the new wages, for instance, a chain-making enterprise in Cradley Heath in the West Midlands.
Macarthur addressing the crowds during the chain-makers' strike, Cradley Heath 1910
With the help of the NFWW, 800 female chain-makers organised a ten-week strike in retaliation to their employer's refusal to increase their wages. The Trade Boards Act stipulated the women should receive a minimum of 11s (55p) per week, but they continued to receive far less. From mid-August until 22nd October 1910, the strikers protested on the streets where they gained many supporters. In cinemas across the country, people watched newsreels about the progress of the strike, and the NFWW collected £4,000 (approximately £450,000 today) in donations from several local communities. Eventually, their employer agreed to increase their wages, and the donations collected during the strike helped to fund the Cradley Heath Workers' Institute.
With two successful strikes under her belt, Macarthur's fame spread across the country. When troubles occurred in food and drink factories in Bermondsey, Macarthur received a request for assistance. The summer of August 1911 was one of the hottest summers on record, which made working long hours in poor conditions almost impossible. Whilst the Trade Boards Act improved wages for some women, this did not include women in food factories who continued to receive as little as 3 shillings a week. A total of 14,000 women went on strike from 22 factories and marched on London in protest. Macarthur addressed the crowds in Southwark Park, supported by suffragette Sylvia Pankhurst (1882-1960) amongst others. After weeks of determination, the factory women received a significant pay rise.
During 1911, Macarthur married British socialist politician William Anderson (1877-1919), with whom she later had a daughter, Anne Elizabeth "Nancy". During the First World War, Anderson sat as the chairman of the executive committee of the Labour party. He fully supported his wife's determination to improve working conditions for women. When war broke out in 1914, many men left their day jobs to enlist as soldiers. The government encouraged women to fill the men's positions or work in munitions factories. Over a million women enrolled in these positions, but many found the working conditions inadequate, the hours long and the pay unsatisfactory.
Once again, the NFWW campaigned to improve the working conditions for women. One of the first establishments they targeted was the Ainsworth Mill in Cleator Moor, Cumbria where women produced khaki thread for soldier's uniforms. For 60 hours of work, the women received a pitiable seven to nine shillings. Supported by the NFWW, 250 women organised a strike, and Macarthur's husband implored the House of Commons to investigate the low payment rates. After six weeks of campaigning, the women received a 10% War Bonus.
When investigating the munitions factories, the NFWW found men received seven pence an hour, whereas women only earned three and a half. The organisation successfully campaigned for an end to the unequal payment, but one Newcastle factory refused to comply. During 1916, the NFWW encouraged the underpaid women to stage a sit-in, where they knitted socks for the soldiers rather than operating the machinery in the factory. This action angered parliament, and Macarthur received a phone call directly from Winston Churchill (1874-1965) asking her to explain her actions. Twenty-four hours later, the women returned to work and received a back payment of their missing wages.
As the war continued, many more women went on strike across the country, demanding equal pay or improved working conditions. Each time, they received the support of the NFWW and became a talking point in parliament. With recent Suffragette militancy fresh in their minds, politicians discussed the rights of women in general, which likely contributed towards the decision to grant women over 30 the right to vote in 1918.
After the passing of the Representation of the People Act 1918 and Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918, women were allowed to stand for parliament. Macarthur decided to stand as the Labour Party candidate for the Stourbridge constituency in Worcestershire. She worked closely with John Davison (1870-1927), the Labour candidate in Smethwick, who defeated his only opponent, Christabel Pankhurst (1880-1958). Unfortunately, Macarthur did not win due to her opposition to the war. Her husband, who held similar sentiments, also lost his seat.
1st International Congress of Working Women
In 1919, Macarthur's husband passed away after suffering a short bout of influenza. Despite this sad loss, Macarthur represented the NFWW at The International Congress of Working Women (ICWW) later that year. Women from Great Britain, the USA, Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland attended the international women's congress to discuss working conditions for women. Topics included an 8-hour day, equal pay and maternity leave. By the end of the conference, they had established the Maternity Protection Convention, which adopted proposals concerning "women's employment, before and after childbirth, including the question of maternity benefit".
After many successful years of representing women, the NFWW merged with the National Union of General Workers (NUGW) in 1920 to form a union for both male and female workers. Under the motto "You Cannot Afford To Stand Alone", the NUGW continued to support workers in low paid jobs and ensured they received pay increases to match the rate of inflation. In 1924, the NUGW merged with the National Amalgamated Union of Labour and the Municipal Employees Association to form the National Union of General and Municipal Workers, now known as GMB.
Statue of Mary Macarthur, Mary Macarthur Gardens, Cradley Heath
Macarthur continued to support women through the NUGW, making significant changes in many places of employment. She worked right up until her death from cancer on 1st January 1921, age 40. Although many people in the 21st century are unfamiliar with her name and work, the areas where she made the most impact continue to remember Mary Macarthur. In Cradley Heath, for instance, a statue of Macarthur stands in the Mary Macarthur Gardens, and a nearby road is named Mary Macarthur Drive in her honour.
In memory of her work, the Mary Macarthur Scholarship Fund (1922-2011) and Mary Macarthur Educational Trust (1968-2011) aimed "to advance the educational opportunities of working women". In Cardiff, the Mary Macarthur Holiday Trust continues to provide "help for women who need a break". The trust assists women who due to age, poverty, infirmity, disablement or social or economic circumstances require a break from everyday life. There are also three blocks of social houses/flats named after Mary Macarthur in London at Hammersmith, Bethnal Green and Dagenham.
In 2017, English Heritage unveiled a blue plaque at 42 Woodstock Road, Golders Green, where Macarthur once lived and died. Since 2018, Mary Macarthur's name and portrait have, along with 54 other women and four men, decorated the plinth of the Millicent Fawcett statue in Parliament Square.
Lack of general knowledge about Mary Macarthur highlights how little the country knows about the women that made a difference in society. Without pioneering women such as Macarthur, life would be very different today. Thanks to Macarthur, women receive (almost) equal treatment to men at work and have the right to be represented by trade unions. If Macarthur could witness the life of a British woman today, almost a century after her death, she would no doubt be proud of her achievements.
Other blogs in the Unfinished Business series:
Vesta Tilley
Harriet Martineau
The Edinburgh Seven
Posted in Historical Figure | Tagged british library, Exhibition, Mary Macarthur, National Anti-Sweating League, National Federation of Women Workers, NFWW, suffragette, The Woman Worker, trade union, Unfinished Business, Women's Trade Union League, Women's Rights | 7 Comments
Unfinished Business: The Edinburgh Seven
Posted on December 4, 2020 by Hazel Stainer
At the British Library's exhibition Unfinished Business, the Edinburgh Seven featured as examples of women campaigning for the right to higher education. Whilst girls were welcome in schools during the 19th-century, universities did not permit women to enrol. The seven women, known as the Edinburgh Seven, began to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1869 against the ruling of the Court of Session, but they were not allowed to graduate.
Taking their name from the Greek mythological story the Seven Against Thebes, the Edinburgh Seven or Septem contra Edinam involved many women over their four-year campaign. The seven leaders were: Sophia Jex-Blake, Isabel Thorne, Edith Pechey, Matilda Chaplin, Helen Evans, Mary Anderson and Emily Bovell. Jex-Blake instigated the campaign after applying to study medicine in March 1869. Whilst the Medical Faculty was in favour of welcoming Jex-Blake, the University Court rejected the application stating they could not change the rules "in the interest of one lady".
Jex-Blake's application for matriculation
Determined to study at the university, Jex-Blake published letters in national newspapers asking women to join her. Two women, Thorne and Pechey, quickly joined her cause and by the summer, the number of women totalled five. Jex-Blake resubmitted her application along with the other women in the hopes that this time the university would grant her entry. While waiting for a response, two more women joined the cause, taking the total to seven. The University Court accepted the application so long as the women could pass the matriculation exam.
The matriculation exam involved English, Latin, mathematics and two subjects of the candidate's choice: Greek, French, German, higher mathematics, natural philosophy, logic and moral philosophy. On 19th October 1869, 152 students took the exam, Jex-Blake and her friends being the only women. All of them passed with four women earning a place in the top seven. On 2nd November 1869, the University of Edinburgh opened its doors to women for the first time.
"It is a grand thing to enter the very first British University ever opened to women, isn't it?"
Sophia Jex-Blake
Who were the Edinburgh Seven?
Sophia Jex-Blake by Samuel Laurence, 1865
Sophia Louisa Jex-Blake (1840-1912), the leader of the Edinburgh Seven grew up in Hastings where she received an education at home until the age of eight. After this, she attended many private schools including Queen's College, London, which she started attending in 1858 without her parents' permission. The following year, the college offered Jex-Blake a post as a mathematics tutor, which she accepted although did without pay.
In 1861, Jex-Blake travelled to the United States, where she met Dr Lucy Ellen Sewall, an American physician who inspired Jex-Blake to think about becoming a doctor. After working for some time as Sewall's assistant, Jex-Blake wrote to the President and Fellows of Harvard University asking to attend the University's Medical School. After waiting a month, she received a reply saying, "There is no provision for the education of women in any department of this university".
Jex-Blake's father passed away shortly after this rejection, so she returned to England to support her mother. Yet, she still aspired to attend university and set her sights on Scotland, a country that already had shifting attitudes towards education.
Isabel Jane Thorne (Mrs Thorne)
Isabel Jane Thorne (1834-1910), nee Pryer, also attended Queen's College, London. In 1856, Isabel married Joseph Thorne (1823-85), a tea merchant in China, and they spent the first years of their married life in Shanghai. The couple had five children, one of whom died in infancy, which inspired Thorne to help other women and children in China. Thorn believed women needed female doctors, so when she returned to England in 1868, she enrolled on a midwifery course at the Ladies' Medical College in Fitzroy Square, London.
Disappointed with the inadequate teaching at the Ladies' Medical College, Thorne eagerly responded to Jex-Blake's letter. She won first prize in an anatomy examination but gave up her ambition to become a doctor to help other women access medical education. Her daughter May, who supported her mother's dreams, later became a surgeon.
Edith Pechey
(Mary) Edith Pechey (1845-1908) from Essex already had connections with the University of Edinburgh through her father William, a Baptist minister who earned his MA in theology in Edinburgh. Unfortunately, Pechey could not use this to her advantage because she was a woman. Pechey worked as a governess until she saw and responded to Jex-Blake's advertisement. Although concerned she did not have enough knowledge of the subjects needed to pass the matriculation exam, Pechey achieved the top grade in the chemistry exam after only one year of study.
Matilda Chaplin (1846-83) moved to Kensington from France shortly after her birth. Her early education focused on art, but in 1867 she decided to study medicine instead. Two years at the Ladies' Medical College only got her so far, until her gender blocked her ambitions to become a doctor. Chaplin jumped at the chance to join Jex-Blake's campaign to study at the University of Edinburgh.
Matriculation Record
Helen de Lacey Evans (1833-1903), born Helen Carter, was an Irish woman who spent some time in India where she married cavalry officer Henry John Delacy Evans of the Bengal Horse Artillery Regiment in 1845. Their marriage was short and bittersweet, resulting in the death of their infant daughter Helen shortly followed by Henry's death. After returning to Britain, Evans responded to Jex-Blake and joined the Edinburgh Seven.
Mary Adamson Anderson (1837-1910) from Boyndie, Scotland was the daughter of Reverend Alexander Govie Anderson and sister-in-law of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836-1917). Little information exists about Anderson until she joined the Edinburgh Seven.
Signature of Emily Bovell
Emily Bovell (1841-85), like Jex-Blake, attended Queen's College, London and stayed on to teach Mathematics. She too responded to Jex-Blake's letter, eager to continue her education.
Enrolling at the University of Edinburgh was only the first hurdle. In hindsight, it was relatively easy in comparison to what they later faced. The Edinburgh University Calendar for 1870 introduced a new section called the Regulations for the Education of Women in Medicine in the University. This stated men and women were to receive equal tuition and examinations. Despite this, women received their lessons separately from men and had to pay higher fees.
Thomas Charles Hope
In March 1870, all seven women passed their first exams in physiology and chemistry, four of whom received honours in both subjects. Edith Pechey won first place amongst all the candidates, which entitled her to the Hope Scholarship. This award, initiated by Charles Darwin's (1809-82) chemistry professor Thomas Charles Hope (1766-1844) forty years previously, was usually given to the top four students. The present Professor of Chemistry, Dr Crum-Brown, on the other hand, thought giving the scholarship to women would undermine the male students.
Denying women the Hope Scholarship sparked further hostilities in the university. Many professors continued to argue that women should not be allowed to study with the men and expressed concerns that they may have ulterior motives for seeking medical careers. Pechey wrote to the papers to express her anger at being called "the foulest epithets", most notably "whore". Newspapers sympathetic to the women questioned why the professors did not have the same concerns about their male students, yet the professors maintained the women should "Become Midwives, not doctors!"
The male students, perhaps encouraged by their professors' views, went out of their way to make the women's lives difficult. As well as name-calling, the women received threatening letters and faced attacks in the streets. Vandals damaged their property and, on one occasion, Jex-Blake had a lit Catherine Wheel attached to her door.
Surgeons' Hall
Despite the ongoing antagonism, the women persevered with their education. On 18th November 1870, their anatomy exam was due to take place at Surgeons' Hall, but on their arrival, they faced a hostile crowd. After fighting their way through the masses while being pelted with mud and rubbish, they found the entrance to the hall locked. After enduring the hostilities, now known as the Surgeons' Hall Riots, for several minutes, a sympathetic male student unlocked the doors.
After the riots, many of the male students changed their attitudes towards the women. Shocked by the abuse they witnessed, some of the men volunteered to act as bodyguards. They walked the women to and from their exams and their classes. The police fined three of the riot instigators £1 for "breach of the peace", but Jex-Blake believed it was a member of staff who encouraged their behaviour.
Inspired by the Edinburgh Seven, other women joined the university and others established a General Committee for Securing a Complete Medical Education for Women. Over 300 people joined the committee, both women and men, including the well-known naturalist Charles Darwin. Despite this support and the excellent exam results the women received, the university refused to let them graduate. Not only did the university deny the women degrees, but they also ruled that women should no longer be allowed to attend.
School of Medicine for Women
Despite complaints, the university refused to back down, yet the Edinburgh Seven were not ready to give up on their dreams. In 1874, Sophia Jex-Blake helped to establish the London School of Medicine for Women with two other pioneering women: Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson.
Bristol-born Blackwell relocated to the United States as a child and experienced similar issues as the Edinburgh Seven when applying to American universities. She eventually found a place at Geneva Medical College in New York where, despite harsh treatment, she received a degree in 1849, the first American woman to do so.
Garrett Anderson, inspired by Blackwell, sought a medical education in Britain but received rejections from every establishment. After working for some time as a nurse at Middlesex Hospital, she travelled to France, where she successfully earned a medical degree. Returning to England, Garrett Anderson eagerly agreed to help Jex-Blake establish the School of Medicine for Women and served as Dean from 1883 until 1903.
Shortly after the establishment of the school, Conservative MP Robert Gurney (1804-78) proposed changes to the Medical Act, which would allow both genders to attend and graduate from medical schools. Despite Queen Victoria's (1819-1901) objections to women working, she passed the new Medical Act in 1876. The Royal College of Physicians of Ireland was the first establishment to implement these changes, but this was too late for Jex-Blake who by then was a student at the University of Bern in Switzerland. She successfully graduated as a Doctor of Medicine in 1877.
On returning to Scotland, Jex-Blake set up a clinic where she practised as Edinburgh's first female doctor. In 1878, Jex-Blake established an outpatient clinic for poor women who could not afford the prices of most doctors. By 1885, it had expanded to include a small ward under the name the Edinburgh Hospital and Dispensary for Women, Scotland's first hospital for women staffed by women.
In 1886, Jex-Blake set up the Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women, but it did not prove as successful as the London school. Despite having the support of a handful of physicians, the school struggled to find funding. Unlike the London school, which had several teachers, Jex-Blake attempted to teach her students alone. Evidence suggests she was not as good at teaching as she was at being a doctor and the school closed in 1892. By this time, the University of Edinburgh allowed female applicants and Jex-Blake's students continued their education at the university.
Jex-Blake continued to work as a doctor until 1899, when she retired to Windydene in Mark Cross, Rotherfield. Here she resided with Dr Margaret Todd (1859-1918), a doctor who coined the word "isotope" in 1913. Many assume Jex-Blake and Todd had a romantic relationship and, after Jex-Blake's death in 1912 Todd wrote The Life of Dr Sophia Jex-Blake.
What happened to the other six women?
When the University of Edinburgh denied the women their degrees, Isabel Thorne gave up her ambition to become a doctor. Instead, she joined the London School of Medicine for Women as a teacher. When Jex-Blake travelled to Berne to pursue her medical education, Thorne took over as Honorary Secretary, which she held until 1908. Thorne committed herself to teaching and helping the school run smoothly, without which it would have floundered.
Thorne kept an account of her years at the school, which she published as Sketch of the Foundation and Development of the London School of Medicine for Women in 1905. Her daughter May followed in her footsteps, graduating from the school in 1895 and taking over as Honorary Secretary in 1908. Thorne passed away at home in October 1910, age 76.
Edith Pechey refused to give up on her ambition to become a doctor. After leaving Edinburgh, Pechey contacted the College of Physicians in Ireland who allowed her to take exams to earn a midwifery license. This led to a job at the Birmingham and Midland Hospital for Women, where she worked until 1877 when she, like Jex-Blake, travelled to Berne to earn her degree. In May 1877, Pechey became a fully licensed doctor.
For six years, Pechey worked as a doctor in Leeds, where she also advocated for women's health education. When the London School of Medicine for Women opened, Jex-Blake invited Pechey to give the inaugural address. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson suggested Pechey may be interested in a new "medical women for India" fund and, in 1883, Pechey arrived in Bombay (now Mumbai) to work at the Cama Hospital for Women and Children as Senior Medical Officer (SMO).
While in India, Pechey encouraged women to train as nurses and demanded they received equal pay. She gave lectures to student nurses and campaigned for social reform so that women could enter other male-oriented fields. Her reputation grew, and she received invites from several societies asking her to be their first female member. By 1888, she was on the Bombay Natural History Society committee.
H. M. Phipson
Pechey met the founding secretary of the society, Herbert Musgrave Phipson (1850-1936) and learnt he also had a hand in developing the "medical women for India" fund. With Phipson, who she married in March 1889, Pechey established the Pechey Phipson Sanitarium for Women and Children in Nasik, India. Unfortunately, five years later Pechey-Phipson suffered ill health, including diabetes, and resigned from hospital work. She continued to practice privately and proved invaluable during the bubonic plague and cholera outbreak.
Pechey-Phipson and her husband returned to England in 1905 and she quickly involved herself with the suffrage movement. She took part in the famous Mud March but soon after became critically ill. Diagnosed with breast cancer, Pechey-Phipson sought treatment. She underwent an operation led by the surgeon May Thorne, the daughter of Isabel Thorne, but passed away while in a diabetic coma on 14th April 1908. Her husband set up a scholarship at the London School of Medicine for Women in her memory.
William Edward Ayrton
When the University of Edinburgh closed to women, Matilda Chaplin travelled to France to complete her education at the University of Paris. After gaining a Bachelier ès-Sciences and Bachelier ès-Lettres, Chaplin married her cousin William Edward Ayrton (1847-1908), a physicist and electrical engineer who studied under Lord Kelvin (1824-1907). Back in the United Kingdom, Mrs Ayrton qualified as a midwife then moved to Japan with her husband.
While her husband taught at the Imperial College of Engineering in Tokyo, Ayrton established a school for Japanese midwives. In 1875, she gave birth to her daughter Edith (1875-1945) who would go on to play a role in the Jewish League for Woman Suffrage. Unfortunately, Ayrton developed tuberculosis, which prompted her return to Europe in 1877. After recovering, she moved to Paris to take the Doctor of Medicine exams, which she passed in 1879.
Child Life in Japan
Ayrton continued to study, taking exams at the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland, after which she moved to London to study diseases of the eye at the Royal Free Hospital. A recurrence of tuberculosis prompted her to seek warmer climates during the winter months. When not working in hospitals, Ayrton contributed to The Scotsman newspaper and wrote a book entitled Child Life in Japan, which she illustrated. Matilda Chaplin Ayrton passed away in London on 19th July 1883, age 37.
Helen de Lacey Evans decided not to pursue her medical career after leaving the University of Edinburgh, but she did remain in touch with Sophia Jex-Blake. In 1871, Evans remarried to Alexander Russel (1814-76), the editor of The Scotsman. Evans and Russel had three children, including Helen Archdale (1876-1949) who, inspired by her mother, went on to organise the Sheffield branch of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).
Although she did not become a doctor, Evans advocated female doctors and emphasised the importance of education for girls. Sadly, her husband died suddenly of angina pectoris in 1876, making her a widow for the second time. With three young children to bring up, Evans had limited time to spend on promoting women's health education, yet she remained passionate for the cause. Later, in 1900, Evans became the vice-president of the committee of the Edinburgh Hospital and Dispensary for Women and Children. Unfortunately, she did not hold this position for long, passing away on 4th October 1903 after a surgical procedure.
Little is known about Mary Anderson's life after she left the University of Edinburgh. Records show she earned a medical doctorate from the Faculté de médecine de Paris in 1879. She married a man named Claud Marshall and worked as a senior physician at the New Hospital for Women in Marylebone, London. She died in 1910.
Emily Bovell also moved to Paris to continue her education, qualifying as a doctor in 1877. That year, she met the future personal physician for Queen Victoria, William Allen Sturge (1850-1919), who she married later that year in London. Together, they set up a practice in Wimpole Street, and Bovell returned to Queen's College to lecture on physiology and hygiene. She also ran classes for female paramedics.
Her husband supported Bovell's work and also campaigned for women's medical education. Unfortunately, in 1881, Bovell began complaining of breathing problems, which made it difficult to focus on her medical career. The couple moved to Nice in the hopes the climate would help Bovell's condition. Rallying a little, Bovell set up a practice in Nice as their first female doctor. Sadly, her lung problems worsened in 1884, and she passed away the following April. In her honour, her husband established the Bovell-Sturge laboratory at Queen's College.
Edinburgh Seven Plaque
Despite the University of Edinburgh refusing to allow the women to graduate, each member of the Edinburgh Seven went on to achieve things despite their gender. Due to their determination, universities opened up for women, and today it is as common to see a female doctor as it is a male. Sadly, no one apologised to the women for the treatment they received during their education but, in 2015, Edinburgh University unveiled a plaque in their honour as part of the Historic Scotland Commemorative Plaques Scheme. In 2019, Edinburgh Medical School went one step further, posthumously awarding the Edinburgh Seven with an honorary Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB).
Usually, the Suffragists and Suffragettes receive the credit for changing lives for women, but this is not entirely true. The Edinburgh Seven were instrumental in changing the medical world for women and should be recognised accordingly. The Unfinished Business exhibition at the British Library only named Sophia Jex-Blake in a brief paragraph, but all seven women deserve far more attention.
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Posted in Exhibition, Historical Figure, history | Tagged british library, doctors, Edinburgh Seven, Edith Pechey, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, EMily Bovell, Helen Evans, Isabel Thorne, London School of Medicine for Women, Mary Anderson, Matilda Chaplin, medical, Sophia Jex-Blake, Unfinished Business, University, University of Edinburgh, women, Women's Rights | 6 Comments


Some rooms have a living room and a kitchenette. There's also a family room which will fit four people. While at the resort, you can enjoy the pool, a spa, going on side trips (e.g. Casaroro Water falls, Twin Lakes, Dumaguete City, and Mabinay Caves). The beach has brownish-gray sand as I see from the photos.


"…that preach another Jesus whom we have not preached, or if you receive another spirit, which you have not received…" And I want to tell you there is a different and lot of different spirits going abroad today and in organized religion. And different so called denominations have their various and different spirits, but they are not the Holy Spirit of God. God wake us up and help us to come to the truth in these trying days.
"…or another gospel, which ye have not accepted…" Yes, preaching a different gospel today – the gospel of men about Jesus Christ.
Now a little later he says, "…no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light. And therefore it is no great thing if his ministers…", the ministers of Satan the Devil. He is the god of this world. This world has its churches, its worldly churches. And they have a god and they believe that that god is God – they're deceived. And that god who masquerades as the God of this world is none other than Satan the Devil.
"…therefore it is no great thing if his," the Devil's, "ministers, also be transformed as the ministers of righteousness… And righteousness – what is it? God's definition is "all thy commandments are righteousness", Psalms 119 verse 172. Why have we done away with God's word, God's definitions and substituted therefore the ideas and the lies of men that have originated from their god.
Of course, I suppose now we're going to get our blood pressure up against God. You know the carnal mind is enmity against God or as the Moffatt translation has it a little plainer, it is Romans 8 verse 7, "…the interest of the flesh are hostile to God…" or the carnal mind in which goes according to the interest of the flesh, hostile to God, and there it is. And the minds of men are naturally, your mind, my mind, all of our minds have naturally been from birth until God changes it, hostile to God. We look on God as an enemy. Yet man seems to think that everything God ever gave us to do is wrong. And every thing that God has ever set for man's hand to come in contact with, man has done his best to pollute it, to pervert it, to change it and to ruin it. Now, you may not believe that my friends, but look about you, and the more you look, the more you'll see that's true. A country doctor told that to me. I laughed at him. I didn't believe him. And I suppose you don't believe me now. And you know for years I've been observing, I've been opening my eyes, I've been looking and I have concluded that country doctor who was quite a philosopher was about right. That just about everything that God has ever given us that's good, we try to pollute it, to pervert it, to change it, we think God is wrong, and all we do is bring on more sickness and suffering and sorrow and heartaches and headaches and squalor and poverty and more and more empty lives and wonder why we're so unhappy and so miserable. God gave us a way that would make us happy, if we'd only follow it. But we don't want God's way. We want to run right away from happiness and all the good things and then wonder why we don't have them. We think we're going after them. Of course, we're trying to catch that little pot of gold at the end of the rainbow, we're all trying to catch up with happiness and with joy and with prosperity, but we want to get it quick. We want a shortcut. We don't want to pay the price. We want to get it some other way. And there is no other way but the way of God. Christ is the way, yes. And what did Christ say, "If you would enter into life, keep the commandments." Well, we're coming to that.
Now, we're in the 5th chapter of John as we're going through the very account of what Jesus taught, of the practices that He followed, of the customs that He set for us to follow as His example. And Jesus said, "I can of myself do nothing." Did you realize that, that Jesus of Himself could…? There was no power in Him to do anything of Himself as a human and Jesus was God in the human flesh. He was converted into humanity, into the human flesh. And humanly He could do nothing. Neither can you, neither can I. It's about time we wake up to realize that. He said elsewhere that it was the Spirit, the Power, the Father dwelling in Him that did the works. But He did great works. But He was merely the instrument. It was God's Power, God's Mind, God's Spirit working in Him that did the works.
Jesus had a perfect body. He was never sick a day in His life. He never had an ache or pain until He gave His body to be beaten and broken open by men. And He did that to suffer your aches and pains and sicknesses and your diseases in your place so that they could be removed from you by a divine act of God if you go to God and ask Him to do it, because God is your own Divine Healer, not any man or any preacher. Write in for the booklet on faith – What is Faith? Why don't you have it? How can you get it? How can you have the faith to know you'll be healed when you're sick?
Now, a lady came to my office yesterday. She talked about a born again experience. I said, "Did you ever read about a born again experience in your Bible?" She looked a little funny, at first she didn't quite understand, she thought she had. And I said, "Have you ever read those words – a born again experience?" Did you ever read in the Bible where the Apostle Paul had what is called a born again experience, or have men just phrased those words into an empty piece of phraseology and give it to you and to do away with the real born again thing that God is talking about, give you something that you think you've gone through here and now when you haven't, you're only being deceived?
Now, don't say that I don't believe in being born again, I do. And I understand it. But let me tell you something. I think that every minister in the United States that would call himself fundamentalist believes, every Christian fundamentalists as he would call himself, will believe in being born again but he doesn't understand it my friends, that is certainly not very many do. They talk about a born again experience as if it's something you've already had now and it's here and it's been here and it's gone, you've had it. Oh no, you haven't. There isn't any such thing in your Bible. Now, you start to search for it. I'm not going to go any further on that now because that's getting off the track, but you search for it. You search through your Bible and see if you can find those three words – born again experience. See if you can find where Jesus went through it, where Peter went through it, where Paul went through and where it's called a born again experience. I know they had certain experiences that men today call a born again experience. That isn't what I am asking for. Because it wasn't a born again experience, it was different kind of an experience. Jesus had a born again experience – when He was resurrected from the dead. But did any other man ever have it, yet? I challenge you, look in your Bible and see if you can find it and let's quit just taking things for granted and assuming the Bible says what it does not. Because the Bible says exactly the opposite of what you have been supposing. Now, let's wake up.
Alright, Jesus worked. He wasn't a lazy man and He had a mission to perform and He said, "…the works which the Father hath given me to accomplish, the very works that I do…" He did. He acted. Today they tell you, "Oh, there are no works. You just be lazy. You're under grace without any work. You mustn't obey God. Obey your own impulses of your fleshly mind that is enmity against God, that thinks God is all wrong. Just do as you please. Use human reason. You're under grace!" So they tell you! Well, if you want to follow that kind of teaching when the blind lead the blind they're going to lead you into the ditch. That's where they're going. But I'm asking you, open your minds. The Bible says, "Prove all things." Look in your Bible and see what it teaches, my friends. It's the Word of God! That's where you're going to find life and salvation, if you're ever going to get it, not from these misconceptions that have been going around.
Now, Jesus said here, "And ye have not his word abiding in you: for whom he sent, him ye believe not." Jesus was the Word, the Spokesman, and God sent Jesus and He spoke the words of God and they wouldn't accept them. They didn't have those words abiding in them, neither do most of you today, my friends, because you won't receive them, because you don't want to do them, because they're profitable to correct you and reprove you and you don't like to be changed and corrected and reproved. You don't like to have anyone tell you where you're wrong. Are His words abiding in you? He said they weren't in those to whom He was speaking at that time, these Pharisees. "… for whom he sent, him ye believe not." I speak His Word my friends. I speak it faithfully. Do you believe it when you hear it? It isn't what you've been hearing customarily in this world today. Do you believe what is common, what is customary, what the men believe and bandy about or do you believe the Word of God? It's in your Bible, open your Bible and believe it there, not because I say it. And don't accept what I say unless you find it in your Bible. But when you find it there, believe it, my friends, because it's in the Word of God.
Now, He said, "You search the Scriptures; because you think that in them you have eternal life: and these are they which bear witness of me; and ye will not come to me, that you may have life." Yes, they bore witness of Jesus. And they bear witness of the very voice, my friends, and the message that you are hearing this minute! Jesus bore witness of it! And Jesus said, "That this gospel of the Kingdom," which has not been proclaimed in 1800 years, "shall be preached" as it is recorded by Matthew and "published" as it is recorded by Mark in the 13th chapter, "…in all the world for a witness unto all nations and then shall the end of this age come." The disciples had gathered privately with Jesus. They said, "Tell us, when is the end of this world coming. And when are you coming again." What about the second coming of Christ? When is it going to happen? This is the only place where He told them when. This Gospel of the Kingdom which was soon snuffed out after two nineteen year time cycles, it was snuffed out so far as any organized effort at proclaiming it to the world was concerned. But now once again it's going. God has opened a door. And this Gospel is going out once again after 1,850 years and your ears are hearing it this minute! This I tell you my friends is prophetic and these words, this Gospel of the Kingdom, the Government of God and that God is a Kingdom and that God is a governing Kingdom and that God rules and governs His universe which He created and that the Laws of God are the laws by which you should live and the only laws by which you can find eternal life. And you'll have to have the Spirit of God in order to keep them because Christ in you can keep His Law. Mortal man can't do it. But once you're converted, once you have the Power of God you can. Do you think Jesus kept the Law of God? He said, "Of myself I can do nothing." It was the Father that dwelt in Him by the Power of the Holy Spirit that did it. And can that same Father, that same Power of that Spirit dwell in you? Well, if so, my friends, then you can keep God's Commandments, that is, He in you can. Paul said, "I am crucified with Christ: nevertheless I live; yet not I, but Christ liveth in me." Can you say that? If you can, Jesus Christ living in you will live the same life He lived before. And that was a life of keeping His Father's Commandments. He said, "I have kept my Father's commandments." Are you letting Him live that life in you?


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KPN unveils new CFO as part of management structure changes
Jan Kees de Jager has been appointed as the new CFO of KPN as the Dutch operator looks to shake up its management structure following the sale of E-Plus.
A former Minister of Finance in the Netherlands government, de Jager will take up his new role on 1 November.
Since resigning from government in 2012, the 45-year-old co-founded an eBusiness solutions firm called ISM eCompany.
He said: "KPN is one of the leading Dutch companies with a rich history and operates in a dynamic telecom landscape. I look forward to work closely with [CEO] Eelco Blok and the Board of Management, the Supervisory Board, KPN employees, shareholders and all other stakeholders."
His appointment comes as part of a wider management shake up following the sale of its German subsidiary to Telefónica earlier this month.
KPN's Board of Management will assume more direct control of operations by creating two new positions – a Chief Commercial Officer and a Chief Operating Officer.
Joost Farwerck, the current Managing Director of KPN Netherlands, will assume the role of CCO, while the hunt for a COO remains ongoing. In addition, the CEO of wholesale arm BASE will report directly to the CEO of KPN.
As already announced, Thorsten Dirks will step down as member of the Board of Management of KPN to become CEO of Telefónica Deutschland.
KPN CEO Blok commented: "The new management structure enables a functional and more direct control of KPN's operating activities, leading to an even stronger customer focus and cost control.
"As part of the Simplification program we are simplifying our operating model, also by removing a number of management layers. The appointment of Jan Kees de Jager as our new CFO will help the successful execution of our strategy in The Netherlands and Belgium, supported by a solid financial profile and strong management structure."
In the first three months of the year, KPN saw net profit fall by 98 percent and revenues decline by 8.2 percent.
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Freedompop to launch in Europe after BASE deal


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Celebrity News January 09, 2017
Why Ryan Gosling Felt 'Grateful' to Thank Eva Mendes in Heartfelt Golden Globes Speech
It was a big night for "La La Land" at the Golden Globes last night; the film won a record seven, including awards for Ryan Gosling, Emma Stone and for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy.
Winning the hearts of all with his acceptance speech, Ryan Gosling talked about his relationship with Eva Mendes and their daughters, something he rarely speaks about in public. While accompanied by his co-star Emma Stone and director Damien Chazelle, Ryan explained to "Extra" backstage, "I was just grateful to have an opportunity to thank them publicly. Obviously, I thank them in my life, but it's wonderful to have an opportunity to really speak to how much they mean to me and how responsible they are for a lot of things I am able to do."
#AwardsShows #CelebrityNews #GoldenGlobes #Movies