text:
Women Turn the Tide
Susan Milligan
From the U.S. capitol dome to statehouses across the country, women on Tuesday affirmed the confident slogan on a trendy T-shirt: The Future is Female.
Voters will send a historic 100-plus women to Congress, including at least 98 women to the House, an all-time high, and a dozen females to the U.S. Senate. The House number could grow as results come in for close races.
A record five states will have two female U.S. senators, as Nevada's Jacky Rosen joins her Democratic colleague-to-be, Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto. Tennessee elected its first woman to the Senate, choosing Republican Marsha Blackburn.
Women won nine gubernatorial races, with a 10th, in Georgia, still undecided. Republican Kristi Noem became South Dakota's first female governor, while Janet Mills, a Democrat, is the first woman elected governor of Maine. The trend reached a U.S territory thousands of miles away: Democrat Lou Leon Guerrero became the first woman to be elected governor of Guam.
Females won hundreds of critical races in state governments. Nevada is poised to become the first state in history to have a majority-female chamber of the state legislature, with a female state assembly candidate leading in a close race that could give women 22 of 42 seats in the chamber. And in New York, Democrat Andrea Stewart-Cousins, who is African-American, will become the state Senate majority leader and the first woman to lead either chamber of New York's legislature.
The results dwarfed the gains during the historic "Year of the Woman" in 1992, which resulted in a then-record 54 women – 7 senators and 47 House members. That year, women – both candidates and voters – were motivated by the Anita Hill hearings, when Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas was confirmed by an all-male Senate Judiciary Committee and heavily male Senate despite Hill's allegations that he sexually harassed her.
This year, a backlash to President Donald Trump fueled women's candidacies and activism, but women were also motivated by an urge to improve their communities and weigh in on such issues as education, health care and gun safety, experts say.
"2018 is so much more than the (new) year of the woman," Andrea Dew Steele, president and founder of Emerge America, a group that recruits and trains Democratic women to run for office, told reporter in a conference call. "It's part of a movement that has been building for years. And we expect the victories we saw last night to continue growing for years to come."
EMILY's List, a group that works to elect Democratic, pro-abortion rights women to office, heard from tens of thousands of women, after Trump's election, asking about how they cold run. Tuesday night and early Wednesday morning had the group issuing statement after statement congratulating women who were racking up wins.
"What an amazing night! So proud of everyone who ran. These women are going to be incredible," EMILY's List president Stephanie Schriock tweeted in the midst of the women's big night.
Women not only increased their numbers, they provided key victories to Democrats in their successful quest to re-take control of the House. In Virginia, a state where female candidates won a record number of seats in the House of Delegates last year, three women Tuesday night flipped House seats. Pennsylvania had a record eight women on the ballot for House seats and half of them won – a remarkable development for a state that hasn't sent a woman to Washington since 2014.
In Iowa, Democrat Abby Finkenauer also broke the all-male streak, becoming the state's first female elected to the House.
In Minnesota, GOP incumbent Rep. Jason Lewis, who once complained about no longer being able to call women "sluts," was defeated by his Democratic female challenger, Angie Craig. And in Texas, Democrat Lizzie Fletcher scored a major upset against nine-term GOP Rep. John Culberson, not only growing the Democrats' new majority in the House but giving the party hopes of making inroads in the long ruby-red Lone Star State.
The key to success for women was "run as you are. We weren't trying to fit in a specific mode," Mallory McMorrow, a Democrat who won a state Senate seat in Michigan, told reporters.
Women also accounted for much of the increased diversity in federal and state elections Tuesday night. New York Democrat Alexandra Ocasio-Cortez, 28, became the youngest woman ever elected to Congress. Democrats Rashida Tlaib and Ilhan Omar will be the first Muslim congresswomen. Tlaib, who won in Michigan, is Palestinian-American, while Minnesota's Omar, a former refugee, will be the first Somali-American in Congress.
Sharice Davids of Kansas and Deb Haaland of New Mexico – both Democrats – will be the first female Native Americans in Congress. Davids is also the first openly LGBT lawmaker Kansas will send to Washington.
In Massachusetts, Ayanna Pressley, who won the Democratic primary in an upset for the Cambridge-area seat, became the Bay State's first African-American to be elected to the House.
In New Hampshire, which will have an all-female delegation to Congress, Democrat Chris Pappas will be the state's first LGBT member of Congress. At the state legislative level, where female candidates helped dip both chambers of the state legislature blue, Melanie Levesque became the first African-American elected to the Granite State's Senate. Gerri Cannon, elected to the New Hampshire state House, will become the first openly transgender elected official to serve in the legislature.
In Florida, Anna Eskamani won a state House seat, becoming the first Iranian-American to serve in that state's legislature.
The results suggest women will continue to increase their numbers, advocates say, since there is a pipeline building at lower levels of government, preparing women for runs at high office. Further, the traditional barrier for female representation – that women need to be asked seven times to run before agreeing to do so – is diminishing with the interest of younger women, who do not see inexperience as a reason not to try, activists say.
"It's time," said A'shanti Gholar, Emerge America's political director. "Women are 51 percent of the population, but not 51 percent of (people in) elected office." This year, Gholar said, the tide is turning.


2006 is a very special year for all soccer fans. Football is staying with friends: the World Championships will take place in Germany in the summer. The stadiums at the venues are being modernised at a terrific rate so that Germany not only presents itself as a good host, but also impresses through technical masterly performances. And three of those stadiums will rely on good light from Baulmann. In Frankfurt, Düsseldorf and Munich, Baulmann Leuchten provide sheer pleasure.


or deeply serrated, dark green foliage.
They produce tall spikes of showy flowers in late spring through to mid summer.
but some hybrids are less cold hardy and others are annual or biennial plants.
Delphiniums range in size from less than 2 feet tall to towering 6 ft. spikes of cup shaped blossoms.
They have been favorites of gardeners for generations.
Delphiniums thrive in regions with cool, moist summers, and may languish in areas with hot, dry summers, where they are usually treated as annual plants.
Delphiniums should be planted 1-3 ft. apart in an area with full sun to partial or light shade.
They should be grown in light, sandy, well-drained, slightly alkaline soil, with a generous amount of compost added.
Tall varieties should be planted in an area protected from strong winds to keep them from blowing over, or they should be supported with a stout stake.
Delphinium plants should not be allowed to dry out.
Water them regularly and thoroughly, but do not let water pool around the crown of the plant.
Apply a balanced fertilizer every 2-3 weeks while actively growing.
Apply a top dressing of compost each spring, then mulch to retain moisture and control weeds.
Deadhead after flowering to prevent seed formation and encourage additional blooms.
Cut back to 2" after the first killing frost.
Delphiniums should be divided every three or four years in early spring, just as new growth begins to show.
Softwood cuttings taken from side shoots taken from the base of the plant in early spring.
Each cutting should include a small sliver of the parent crown attached at the base!
Delphinium seeds require darkness for germination so cover them well. They are short lived seeds and should be used during their current season for best results.
Seeds can be sown directly into the garden in early spring for first year blooms.
Perennial varieties may be sown up until 2 months before the first frost, but will not bloom until the following year.
Delphinium seeds can be started indoors 6-8 weeks before the last killing frost.
Maintain a temperature of 65°-75° within the growing medium.
Germination will take from 8 to 15 days.


The Fine Pine Men's Suit. Be the only one at your New Years Party with a suit! Made of 100% polyester. Sizing is the same as if you were ordering a suit for work. Comes complete with Suit Jacket, Pants and a Tie! Comes in a presentation box and is ready to wear. Made by Oppo Suits.


text:
On the Retirement of Harry Lombardo
Executive Council Statement
Harry Lombardo has retired as international president of the Transport Workers Union and from his position on the Executive Council of the AFL-CIO.
Lombardo started out as a bus cleaner in 1972 in Philadelphia, where he rose through the ranks of TWU Local 234 and eventually led a powerful 14-day strike in 1995. He gained a reputation as a tough negotiator, and as an opponent of privatizing and outsourcing. Lombardo was elected TWU president in 2013 and joined the AFL-CIO Executive Council in February 2014. He served on the International Affairs Committee, the Organizing Committee and the Legislation/Policy Committee.
As international president, Lombardo sought to restructure TWU to give more control to local unions, and to apply more resources to plan and carry out organizing campaigns. He also put TWU's muscle behind the merger of American Airlines and US Airways as part of his fight to protect the jobs of tens of thousands of airline maintenance workers.
The AFL-CIO Executive Council thanks Harry Lombardo for his service and wishes him a long and healthy retirement.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The picture was tagged: Cat, Cats, Animals, Handsome Man, Pet, Fluffy Cat. Archives in the category "Animals", it was created by Nikon D60 camera with shoot mode: 55.0mm · ƒ/5.6 · 10/500s · ISO 800, gives a image excellent quality. The maximum dimension is 3872×2592 pixels, you can download it with JPG format.


Explore 2019 Hyundai Veloster, performance and technology features. We reviews the 2019 Hyundai Veloster Specs where consumers can find detailed information on specs, fuel economy, transmission and safety.
You can download all 10 of 2019 Hyundai Veloster picture to your laptop by right clicking image and then save image as. Do not forget to click share if you love with this wallpaper.


Am I the only one left who doesn't watch game of thrones :') I'm sure it's dope and all I just have never got round to watch it? Personally my favourite series was stranger things (except I was mad at the ending for a while) what do you guys think?
Stranger things or game of thrones??
Which one game of thrones?
I have never been able to watch Game of Thrones. The only episode I've ever watched was the last 10 minutes of one where the main characters were stuck in a stadium or arena of sorts and they were fighting with lots of people and then suddenly, a dragon came out of nowhere and rescued the white haired girl but left everyone behind lmao.
I never watched it. I tried. But I was getting so sidetracked by other things and it never caught my attention.
I have never seen it. I don't refuse to watch it, nor do I think it's a bad show. It's clearly a good show with it's massive following.
I've simply never been one for the whole dungeons and dragons vibe.
Stranger Things has to be one of my favorite shows, along with Rick and Morty & How I Met Your Mother. I started to watch GoT and finished like three episodes. It was really good, but I just stopped watching it when that dude pushed the kid out the window. I would definitely start watching it again. If I had to pick between the two, Stranger Things all the way. I can't wait for season two!
I actually started watching it when Season 7 was coming out. I'm currently on Season 2. I'm pretty hooked on it right now I can't believe I overlooked it these past years.


Department of Water Science Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz,Iran.
One of the causes of perturbation at vertical intakes is the happening of vortices with an air core. The vortices with an air core occur whenever the submergence of the intake is less than a critical value. Anti-vortex devices and specially plates are used to avoid the negative effects of the air-core vortices. If plates are used, then the geometry of them should be studied experimentally. Accordingly, a precise set of experiments have been carried out using rectangular plates with different dimensions. The results showed that using the vertical plates can increase the critical submergence for the same discharge rates to 51%.
Hecker GE (1987). Fundamentals of vortex intake flow. Swirling flow problems at intakes. IHAR Hydraulic structures design manual 1, J. Knauss Ed. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp.13-38.
Rindels AJ and Gulliver JS (1983). An experimental study of critical submergence to avoid free-surface vortices at vertical intakes. Saint Anthony Fall Hydraulic Laboratory. Project Report No. 224.
Yildirim N and Kocabas F (1995). Critical submergence for intakes in open channel flow. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 121(12): 900-905.
Yildirim, N. and Kocabas, F., Prediction of critical submergence for an intake pipe [J]. J. Hyd. Res., IHAR, 2002, 121(12): 900-905.
Yildirim, N., Critical submergence for rectangular intake [J]. J. Engrg. Mech., ACSE, 2004, 130(10): 1195-1210.
Yildirim, N., Kocabas, F. and Gulcan, S.C. Flow boundary effects on critical submergence of intake pipe [J]. J. Hyd. Engrg., ASCE, 2000, 126(4): 288-297.
Yildirim, N., Kocabas, F. and Gulcan, S.C. Errata for flow boundary effects on critical submergence of intake pipe [J]. J. Hyd. Engrg., ASCE, 2007, 133(4): 463-472.
Yildirim, N. and Tastan, K. Comparison of Flow-Boundary Effects on Critical Submergence of an Intake [J]. Journal of Teknik Dergi, Turkey, 2009, 20(3): 4779-4792.
Tastan, K. and Yildirim, N. Effect of dimensionless parameters on air-entraining vortices. [J]. J. Hyd. Res., 2010, 48(1): 57-64.
Eroglu, N. and Bahadirli, T., Prediction of critical submergence for a rectangular [J]. J. Energy. Engrg, ASCE, 2007, 133(2): 91-103.
Rahimzadeh, H., Fathi, N. and Asoodeh, M.H., An experimental model of flow surface patterns at vertical downward intake with numerical validation, Int. Conf. on water resources, Hydraulics & Hydrology. Chalkida, Greece, May 11-13, 2006, pp:111-118.
Li, H. and Chen, H. Experimental and numerical investigation of free surface vortex [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2008, 20(4): 481-491.
Zhao, Y. et al. Numerical analysis of structure and evolution of free water vortex [J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2003, 33(3): 85-88.
Chen, Y., Wu, C. and Ye, M., hydraulic characteristics of vertical vortex at.
Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2007, 19(2): 143-149.
Sohn C. H., Ju N. G. and Gowda B. H. L., PIV study of vortexing during draining from square tanks [J]. Journal of mechanical science and technology, 2010, 24(4): 951-960.
Sohn C. H., Ju N. G. and Gowda B. H. L. Draining from cylindrical tanks with vane-type suppressors, a PIV study [J]. Journal of Visualization, 2009, 12(4): 347-360.
Mahyari M. N., Karimi H., Naseh H. and Mirshams M. Numerical and experimental investigation of vortex breaker effectiveness on improvement in launch vehicle ballistic parameters [J]. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2010, 24(10): 1997-2006.
Sarkardeh, H., Zarrati, A.R., Jabbari, E. and Roshan, R., Discussion of prediction of intake vortex risk by Nearest Neighbor Modeling [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2012, 137(6): 701-705.
Tagvaei, S.M., Roshan, R., Safavi, Kh. And Sarkardeh, H., Anti-vortex structures at hydropower dams [J]. International Journal of the Physical Science, 2012, 7(28): 5069-5077.
Daggett LL and Keulegan GH (1974). Similitude conditions in free-surface vortex formation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 100(11):1565-1580.
Anwar HO, Weller JA and Amphlett MB (1978). Similarity of free-vortex at horizontal intake. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 16(2):95-105.
Jain AK, Ranga Raju KG and Garde RJ (1978). Vortex formation at vertical pipe intakes. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 104(10):1429-1445.
Odgaard AJ (1986). Free-surface air core vortex. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 112(7): 610-620.


text:
Q: Java : ReentrantLock doesn't work It still mixing with each other I can't figure out why the code doesn't work properly. The threads still mixing with each other.
I have class A :
package com.company;

public class A implements Runnable {
    ReentrantLockClass r;

    public A(ReentrantLockClass r) {
        this.r = r;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        r.print(5);
    }
}

and class B :
package com.company;

public class B implements Runnable{
    ReentrantLockClass r;

    public B(ReentrantLockClass r) {
        this.r = r;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        r.print(10);
    }
}

and this is ReentrantLockClass for run ReentrantLock
package com.company;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class ReentrantLockClass {
    public void print(int count){
        ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
        try {
            lock.lock();
            for(int i = 1 ; i <= 10 ; i ++){
                System.out.println(count * i);
                Thread.sleep(500);
            }
        }
        catch (Exception e){}
        finally {
           lock.unlock();
        }
    }
}

this is the main class:
package com.company;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ReentrantLockClass r = new ReentrantLockClass();

        A a = new A(r);
        B b = new B(r);

        Thread t1 = new Thread(a);
        Thread t2 = new Thread(b);

        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }
}

this is the output :

It should run one thread then run the others

A: The print method creates a new ReentrantLock instance. Thus, each thread locks its own lock, so they do not block each other. One approach is to create the lock in the ReentrantLockClass' (implicit) constructor , and then lock it in the print method:
public class ReentrantLockClass {
    // One lock shared for the instance
    ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();

    public void print(int count){
        try {
            lock.lock();
            for(int i = 1 ; i <= 10 ; i ++){
                System.out.println(count * i);
                Thread.sleep(500);
            }
        }
        catch (Exception e){}
        finally {
           lock.unlock();
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Haddington Rugby Football Club
The team of 1912/13
Founded just before the Great War, the grand opening of the club was cancelled due to the death of the King.
Many of the club, including the Captain Francis Burnet, were also soldiers in A,B Companies of the 8th TF Royal Scots and were on a parade to mark the passing of the King.
One of the mainstays of the club was a man called 'Dod' (George) Nisbet who was a Sgt in the Signalling section, and it would seem he could wangle the time away for men playing.
Lt Francis Alexander Burnet was wounded on 11th April,1918 fighting a desperate rear guard action against the Germans near Paradis.
He had to be left behind as the stretcher bearers could not get to him due to the overwhelming German advance.
He was never found and is presumed to have died that day from his wounds.
He is commemorated on the Ploegsteert Memorial.
One of his team mates and comrades in arms that day was Lt George Reid, another of the founder members. He survived the fight that day but suffered an identical fate the next day in fighting around Pacaut Wood, Paradis. His body was never recovered either and he is commemorated on the Ploegsteert Memorial, he was 25 years old
The first man in the photo known to have fallen in action was Private 473 Alexander Faunt, he was a member of the 8th Royal Scots Battalion machine team and was friends with the Souness brothers John and George who are the Uncle of site member George Souness.He was killed on 1st March,1915. He was 22 years of age and is buried in the Cabaret-Rouge British Cemetery at Souchez. However he was not the first person that had played for the club to die Capt Thomas Todrick who had played as guest, died in December,1914 with the 8th Royal Scots.
Another three men in the group photo were believed to bekilled.
I cannot find a G Sandilands but believe that the lad concerned is 2nd Lt John George Sandilands11th Royal Scots, who was killed in action on 23 March,1917 in the Arras Sector, his body was never found and he is commemorated on the Arras Memorial.
The next lad to die was 2nd Lt John William Hutchison, he is listed as an officer in the 1/8th Royal Scots but had been transferred to another unit as he was killed in the fighting for Jerusalem, where he is buried. He was 23 years of age.
The last man to die was Pte 30103 Robert Goodall, Depot Royal Scots Fusiliers. He died at home a diabetic coma induced by a shrapnel wound after the war finished on 14th September,1919 he is buried in the cemetery at Haddington.
Of the others in the photo, Walter William Henry Romanel served as an Lt with the 8th Royal Scots in the last year of the war. He survived the war.
Pte 1112 Alexander Paxton went to France on 5th November,1914, with 8th Royal Scots,one of the originals. He appears to have served until at least 1917 when he was invalided home. He survived the war.
Pte 1175 Peter Ormiston was another of the originals like Alex Paxton, he served with the 8th Royal Scots until at least 1917 when he was commissioned as an officer into the Kings Own Scottish Borderers. He survived the war.
Of the remaining lads William Baptie saw service with the 5/6th Royal Scots before transferring to the 9th Royal Scots. James Clapperton served with the 2nd, 8th and 9th Royal Scots, both survived the war. Alexander Cameron Stevenson served I belive withe 2nd Royal Scots Fusilers, but I can't confirm it. If he did then he was the first to fall in October, 1914.
Newbattle at War


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Pretty soon there won't be any meer room in that Hotel.
Undeterred door the verbal beatdown she received last season at the hands of Empire's Cookie, Naomi Campbell is going toe-to-toe with another formidable diva: Lady Gaga.
Might one meer American Horror Story veteran be making a reservation in this fall's Hotel?
FX has finally released a follow-up teaser to the announcement video that first revealed that pop ster Lady Gaga would be starring in the latest installment of Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk's anthology series.


text:
Articles A Proposal for Climate Change Adaptation at the Local Level in Costa Rica
A Proposal for Climate Change Adaptation at the Local Level in Costa Rica
Earthzine December 19, 2014 Crowdsourcing Theme, In-Depth, Original, Themed Articles
A municipal inter-agency climate change adaptation plan, based on a model established in Costa Rica.
By Sergio A. Molina
Professor and Researcher, National University of Costa Rica (UNA), and University of Costa Rica (UCR)
With collaboration from Vanessa Valerio, Sonia Arguedas, Wilberth Jimenez, and MarÌ_a JosÌ© AvellÌÁn, all from the National University of Costa Rica (UNA)
The aim of our proposal is to create a model for implementing a participatory strategy of adaptation to climate change at the municipal level. We believe in the power of municipalities to make meaningful impact on the climate change front, and this idea was highly recognized by the judges and members of the Climate CoLab community, an MIT initiative for global collaboration on climate change. While our winning project on the Adaptation to Climate Change contest is focused on one municipality in Costa Rica, our intent is for this to serve as a model strategy that can be replicated around the country and in Central America. Despite the important efforts that are made at the international and national levels through policies, programs, and projects for vulnerability reduction and adaptation to the effects of climate change, we believe that each of these efforts will positively impact those in need only if they are executed effectively at the local level. Our proposed approach is fundamental for the integration of initiatives that would otherwise leave actions uncovered, resulting in a slower, less effective, and more expensive adaptation process.
Although in the past decade Costa Rica has chosen a process of decentralized governance, municipalities still suffer from multiple deficiencies and limitations given the assigned responsibilities. Furthermore, municipalities, including our initial chosen case, Santa Barbara of Heredia, with a population of over 35,000 inhabitants, often suffer from pollution, rapid and disorganized urbanization, and a variety of productive pressures, putting significant stress on the remaining forest ecosystems and the hydrological network. In addition to these anthropogenic pressures, there are also those created by climate, climate variability, and climate change. This will put significant challenges on our biodiversity and production systems. Unfortunately, this scenario will revert significant efforts achieved over the last three decades in terms of development and poverty alleviation.
More predominant hydrometeorological events in Central America put at risk production systems including farming and ranching. Image Credit: MarÌ_a JosÌ© AvellÌÁn
Costa Rica, along with the rest of Central America, has been identified as a climate change hotspot in the tropics (Giorgi 2006, Baettig et al. 2007). According to climate models, the Central Valley of Costa Rica, where the county of Santa Barbara is located, will suffer a significant temperature increase, up to 4.05 degrees centigrade, and a decrease in precipitation of 16 percent during the last decade of the 21st century compared to the period 1961-1990 (IMN 2012). Although these regional models offer important information, vulnerability differs substantially at the county level because it is directly related to the exposure to the threats, the degree of local resilience, and the adaptability capacity of each county. It is estimated that more than 85 percent of the Costa Rican economy is vulnerable to risks mostly related to climate change (UNISDR and CEPREDENAC 2014).
Therefore it is urgent to develop and implement local participatory strategies for adaptation to climate variability and change. The final goal is to manage local risks by adjusting the natural and human systems in order to create greater resilience. This adaptive capacity of the population depends on the proper management of the countyå«s resources (e.g., social, economic, educational, political, technological) requiring local inter-agency participation with an articulated agenda between national and local initiatives.
Through this project we expect to have an inter-institutional commission formed, organized, trained, and empowered for decision-making and taking action to make this local territory more resilient to the effects of climate variability and change.åÊ Beside a concerted climate strategy, we expect to create risk management plans at the district level and a technological application for an early warning system. The following section explains the proposed methodological approach in detail.
We focus our proposal on agriculture and water resource actors given their key role in the local dynamics of production and their high level of exposure to climate risks. Furthermore, both sectors are intrinsically connected, where water use (e.g., drinking and irrigation) and water pollution (e.g., agrochemicals, soil sedimentation) are urgent aspects to address under new climate regimes. On one side agricultural practices significantly influence water quality and quantity, and on the other side, farmers are dependent on water for their activities.
During the process we intend to develop the capacity of stakeholders for local governance and agricultural and water management through education and training in order to empower them for decision-making, increasing climate change resilience.
Thus, our approach is divided into three main steps, with several actions taking place simultaneously.
STEP I: Creation of a participatory and concerted municipal climate change strategy
A. Mapping the Current Situation
Our aim here is to understand the current situation in the municipal territory. This includes an assessment of socioeconomic, political, and environmental characteristics, including key actors to create a baseline for analysis.
B. Organizing an inter-institutional commission
A municipal climate change strategy will be developed, executed and monitored by an inter-institutional commission. Members of this commission will function as representatives from the multiple sectors, districts, and businesses within the municipal territory.
STEP II: Development of risk management plans at the district level through a multi-stakeholder approach
A. Assessing risks and vulnerabilities
Maps of risk perception will be made with projections and scenarios considering future national and local climate scenarios. Through this process, risk management plans for each of the districts will be developed in a participatory form considering the views and perceptions from organized groups, institutions, private sector, local development associations, producer associations, and other key actors at the district level.
B. Early warning system
With the aim to prevent or manage emergencies caused by climate related events, we intend to make accessible a system/application for early warnings taking into account the current resilience and potential climate change risks of each district.
STEP III: Implementing in the local context specific strategies and techniques for agricultural farmers and water suppliers
A. Specific practices/techniques to implement with farmers
In the agricultural sector we expect to implement technologies and practices within the local context that are aligned with agroecological principles aimed at making the biological, socio-cultural, and economic systems more resilient. Among these practices are: use of traditional knowledge, organic fertilizers and biological pest control, establishment of local seed banks and greenhouses, rotating crops and multi-cropping, agroforestry production, composting, efficient irrigation, water reservoirs, biodigestors and constructed wetlands.
Greenhouses are required for the cultivation of family vegetables under protected environments due to excess rain. Image Credit: MarÌ_a JosÌ© AvellÌÁn
Small farmers are now transforming manure into cooking gas with the aid of biodigestors. Image Credit: MarÌ_a JosÌ© AvellÌÁn
B. Specific practices/techniques to implement with water suppliers
Besides the work with farmers, working with water suppliers is imperative given the increasing demand for water and the challenging rain projections. Our goal with this target group is to implement a program to increase their operational capacities to deal with socio-economic and climate change related pressures.
We recognize that the active participation of all these actors is fundamental for the development and execution of specific strategies. Since ours is a multi-disciplinary and experienced team of trusted experts from public universities in Costa Rica, we will facilitate a legitimate process, in close coordination with municipality officials, and a wide range of stakeholders from government, businesses, and local organizations. We currently estimate a total cost of $500,000 (U.S.) for the implementation of the project over a three-year period. Half of this amount could be a counterpart funding from the National University of Costa Rica (most salaries, equipment, labs), and the Municipality of Santa Barbara; however, we are looking at this point for some financial support as seed money to start this feasible and urgent project. Financial support will be used to map the current situation, aided by interviews, surveys, and on-site measurements, and move forward into the training and empowering of the local commission on climate change, which entails developing educational materials, and organizing focus groups and workshops.
Dr. Sergio A. Molina is a forest engineer, natural resources economist, and professor at the National University of Costa Rica (UNA) and the University of Costa Rica (UCR). His research focuses on the intersection between human dimensions and natural sciences for resource management and conservation, with particular interest on climate change, forest management, and community development.
Baettig, M., M. Wild, D. Imboden.2007. A climate change index: Where climate change may be most prominent in the 21st century. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 34, L01705.
Giorgi, F. 2006. Climate change hot-spots. Geophys Res Lett., 33, L8707
IMN-MINAE-PNUD. 2012. Escenarios de Cambio ClimÌÁtico Regionalizados para Costa Rica. 1060pp. Available at: http://cglobal.imn.ac.cr/documentos/escenarios-de-cambio-climatico-regionalizados-para-costa-rica
UNISDR [The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)] and CEPREDENAC [Centro de CoordinaciÌ_n para la PrevenciÌ_n de los Desastres Naturales en AmÌ©ricaCentral]. 2014. Informe Regional del Estado de la Vulnerabilidad y Riesgos de Desastres en CentroamÌ©rica. 198pp. Available at: http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/40079
Tags:adaptation, Agriculture, climate change, Costa Rica, Ecosystems, Forestry, pollution


Standing at only 33 inches tall, Ducane furnaces are designed for multi-position installation throughout the home. Both oil and gas burning models are available and offer efficiency ratings from 80 to 95 percent AFUE.
Ducane offers two models of two-stage, variable-speed gas furnaces. Both the 80 and 95 percent AFUE models feature a ECM variable speed motor and two-stage gas valve for quiet operation and consistent temperature and humidity control.
This unit can be paired with a one- or two-stage thermostat, although a two-stage thermostat is recommended. The 95 percent AFUE model is Energy Star-qualified.
The Value Series is available in 80, 92 and 95 percent AFUE. All models use single-stage heating, and have an aluminized steel heat exchanger, seal service doors and an anti-vibration blower assembly for quiet operation. Select models are Energy Star-qualified.
Ducane's horizontal unit comes ready to install and is approved for use in tight spots around the home, such as an attic, closet or crawlspace. This 80-percent AFUE unit operates with a direct spark ignition and crimped aluminized steel heat exchanger, and has a heating input range from 50,000 to 125,000 Btu/h.
Ducane offers oil furnaces in upflow, lowboy and horizontal models that can achieve up to 83 percent AFUE. These models feature Beckett burners, high-density fiberglass to keep in heat and reduce noise, and an accessible design for simple installation and maintenance.
According to information from Ducane, homeowners should have their unit inspected by a professional contractor at the beginning of every heating season. Air filters, blowers, electrical components, burners and heat exchangers are a few of the primary elements that require regular maintenance.
Ducane offers a lifetime limited warranty for the heat exchanger and 10-year limited parts warranty on all furnaces. The warranty must be registered online within 60 days of installation or the heat exchanger term is reduced to 20 years and homeowners will only receive coverage on parts for five years.


text:
<?php

namespace amnah\yii2\user\models;

use Yii;
use yii\db\ActiveRecord;
use yii\web\IdentityInterface;
use yii\swiftmailer\Mailer;
use yii\swiftmailer\Message;
use yii\helpers\Inflector;
use ReflectionClass;

class LogActivity extends ActiveRecord
{

    /**
     * @var \amnah\yii2\user\Module
     */
    public $module;

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function init()
    {
        if (!$this->module) {
            $this->module = Yii::$app->getModule("log_user_activity");
        }
    }

    public function rules()
    {
        // set initial rules
        $rules = [
            // general email and username rules
            [['date','ip'], 'string'],
            [['user_id','user_role','code'], 'integer'],
        ];

        return $rules;
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function attributeLabels()
    {
        return [
            'date' => Yii::t('user', 'Время'),
            'ip' => Yii::t('user', 'IP-адрес'),
            'user_id' => Yii::t('user', 'Пользователь'),
            'user_role' => Yii::t('user', 'Роль'),
            'code' => Yii::t('user', 'Код')
        ];
    }

    /**
     * @return string the name of the table associated with this ActiveRecord class.
     */
    public static function tableName()
    {
        return 'log_user_activity';
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Medicare Gap Insurance can be confusing complicated and tiresome. We make it easier to choose the right plan with step-by-step guidance throughout the process. We make it easier to choose the right plan with step-by-step guidance throughout the process.
Medigap also Medicare supplement insurance or Medicare supplemental insurance refers to various private health insurance plans sold to supplement Medicare in the United States.
It is thus a welcome relief that there is momentum growing in state law and policymaking circles to close the coverage gap. The reality is that the coverage gap affects us all.
Once you are filling out paperwork in the finance office it is common for the salesmen to try and sell you insurance products such as GAP Insurance. Unfortunately some salesmen are quite persistent with pushing these insurance products as they take up to 75 commission.


text:
Sullair Announces Major Expansion Plan in Michigan City
By Stephanie Roberts - Released on October 2, 2019
Sullair, an industry leader in innovative compressed air solutions since 1965, today announced it is making a major capital investment to expand its North America operations and headquarters campus in Michigan City, Indiana.
"This is further evidence of our commitment to the Michigan City community and to making the necessary investments in the equipment and facilities needed to become a stronger air compressor manufacturer," said Charlie Takeuchi, COO and Executive Vice President at Sullair. "We're excited to break ground on the project and change the face of Sullair."
The approximately $30 million expansion project, scheduled to break ground on October 4th, includes the construction of a new 80,000-square-foot manufacturing building, a canopied storage building and an additional parking lot for employees. The project will also reconfigure and optimize portions of the existing, primary 280,000-square-foot manufacturing facility on the campus.
"Following the acquisition of Sullair by Hitachi in 2017, our business has continued to grow both domestically and internationally," added Takeuchi. "To continue our aggressive growth in an increasingly competitive and consolidating space, we are making significant investments in Michigan City providing us more flexibility in how we run our business."
The expansion will allow Sullair to increase its manufacturing capacity and production of air compressors. With that, the company anticipates adding more than 30 full-time jobs in Michigan City. At the Michigan City campus, Sullair produces compressors for construction and industrial applications in nearly every vertical. The company also manufactures components such as air ends, used in oil and gas applications worldwide.
"As our business grows, we must grow with it," said Takeuchi. "Ultimately, this investment will allow us to better meet our end customers' needs and ensure Sullair is best-positioned for years to come."
This expansion comes on the heels of Sullair investing more than $16 million to upgrade its Michigan City-based rotor shop equipment in 2017. Since the founding of Sullair in 1965, the company has designed and manufactured its rotors and air end assemblies in Michigan City.
Sullair Expansion Renderings
Like what you read? Share it!
Sullair Donating Heart-of-Gold 185 Series Portable Air Compressor to Benefit ARA Foundation, American Heart Association
Joe Beyer Joins Sullair as Senior Vice President Sales
Sullair Engineer Named Engineering Leader Under 40 by Plant Engineering Magazine
Sullair Celebrates 5-Year Anniversary of Becoming a Hitachi Group Company
Sullair Mid-Range Series Wins Rental Equipment Register 2022 Innovative Product Award


A Photographic Journey...: Our Little Corner of the World...Part 2!!!
Our Little Corner of the World...Part 2!!!
So Gene and his son Nick are scrubbed up...but the surgeon had to show off his KISS t-shirt!!!
...but take time out for a photo!!!
I have to be honest here...it was never this dark in the O.R.!!!
something magical happened in my camera's sensor!!!
Why mess with a good thing???
Oh...and did I mention? The surgeons like to have fun!!!
Don't drop Executive Director Marchelle!!!
Andre Panossian, McCoy Moretz, Cathy Shin!!!
And if you're wondering...I didn't hear any KISS in the O.R.'s!!!
That tall, dark, and handsome young man in the back???
Ever feel like knocking some heads together?!
about 8 surgeries on both of his hands since he's been here.
calcifications that could turn into a tumor again.
During the surgery they worked on both hands at the same time.
Will Gibson, President of the Board of Directors for MKI with two surgeons!!!
with a huge smile on your face!!!
and a fun volunteer opportunity!!!
so there are volunteer opportunities internationally as well!!!
A tremendous amount of good being done. Thanks for showing these, Chieftess!
Thank you William!!! One of the things that's great about helping out in this event is that it was doing so much good...and we had fun!!!
This brings a tear of joy to my eyes.
Just super. You and Dan are so special in so many ways.
I've just read all your installments about MK - what a great organization bringing joy into so many people's lives!
Thanks LadyFi!!! It really is a great organization...it really does change lives!!!
geweldig wat een mooi werk.


For over 40 years, Westchester Lock and Key Service Inc. has been serving Westchester and surrounding communities at the same location. Founded in 1975 by Dominic Siragusa, Westchester Lock & Key Service, Inc. has since been passed down to Dominic's son, Tony, who has been working as a locksmith since the inception of the business. With a four decade-spanning career, Tony is an expert in residential, commercial and industrial locksmithing. He also is licensed by the State of Illinois and the Department of Professional Regulation.
Our legacy of improving Westchester home security with our exceptional lock and key services spans four decades. With thousands of happy customers, our locksmiths have the experience to quickly solve all of your lock and key needs.
As a top industrial locksmith in Westchester, we know how important the safety of your merchandise and equipment is. We provide all the industrial lock and door systems that your business could need. You can be assured in knowing that your needs will be handled professionally and discreetly by our fully licensed, insured and quality skilled locksmiths.
Stop in today and visit us. At our counter, we can duplicate your keys and also have a variety of accessories such as designer keys, key rings, padlocks, and much more. Come in and speak to Tony as he can help you with all your key and locking needs.


text:
The Frequent Events
Availability: Usually ships in 3-5 business days. + Available in e-book formats - see bottom of page. ___________________________________________________________
by Ibrahim Alhilali
Dimonala City is not an easy place to be a cop. As a family of gang members, scheming robbers, and vengeful cop killers take on the city right under the cops noses, chief of police Adams takes it upon himself to fill the shoes of his predecessor at the station and crack the case before its too late. Beginning with an attempted robbery of the gold market and leading up to death threats on his own sister, he searches to find a link, if one exists, between the tragic series of recent events. Unsuspecting innocents are becoming entangled in the deadly plots that are unfolding in the city, and Adams is determined to put a stop to it before more lives are taken.
With only a pendant and a piece of cloth as evidence, Adams resolves to find the ring leader, whose loyalty is to no one and whose absolute love of money has led to his utter disregard for human life. The gang is wreaking havoc wherever it goes, and the cops always seem to be trailing one step too far behind. Adams brushes with death many times as he closes in, but he keeps missing the mastermind. It only gets more complicated as different people are pulled into the gangs criminal plans after two brothers from the same crime family die at the polices hands. As the gang entices more people to join their plan, Adam is in for a lot of surprises when he realizes that not only is one of his men at the station involved, but a member of his own household may somehow be tied with them!
Back at their farm hideout, the clan plans their final steps before leaving the country. The crime is piling up around Adams, and it seems as if it may bury him alive. Now he has to sift through a gold market bombing, the massacre and robbery of a local wealthy family, and an ambush at the police station. But the answer might have to be traced back to the beginning, back to the first crime, where he found a familiar-looking pendant.
About the Author: Ibrahim Alhilali has worked as a government official in his native Sudan, a banker specializing in import-exports in Saudi Arabia, and is now a managing director for a contracting company in Qatar. He is married to a wonderfully supportive woman and the father of four children his best friends.
Earth Shattering Events
The Gold Water Event
The Gold Water Event - eBook
The Big Event
A Jungle Event - eBook
Tatania
The Life and Legacy of Sadie De Noir
Linda Orken: A Novel
The Arcane Ninja
Metanoia (Thomas)
Severed Bonds
The Alpha-Dog Principle


My time in Buenos Aires flew by. We only had four weeks in the city, and one of them I spent Kayaking in Patagonia. I'm grateful for my time in Buenos Aires, but I'm super excited for La Paz.
La Paz is the highest administrative capital in the world, resting on the Andes' Altiplano plateau at more than 3,500m (11,500ft) above sea level. It stretches to El Alto, a city in the highlands, with snow-capped, 6,438m-high (21,000ft) Mt. Illimani as its backdrop.


text:
Main Local News in Ghana Today
Local News in Ghana Today
Three drown at Tawala beach on Good Friday
a year ago 18336 views by K. Effah
- Three persons are reported dead after they drowned at the Tawala Beach at La in Accra
- The deceased were part of a youth fellowship team of 15 people who went to the beach to pray on Good Friday
The Easter celebrations did not go according to plan for some persons after three people were reported to have drowned at the Tawala Beach in La, Accra.
According to a report by Citi News, the deceased were part of a youth fellowship team of fifteen people who went to the beach to pray on Good Friday.
However, three of them got drowned after some members of the team decided to go swimming after successfully concluding their prayer session.
READ ALSO: Meet the multi-talented teenage girl who is a barber, plays football, sings and dances
One of the deceased first drowned, with the two others rushing to help rescue their friend.
Unfortunately, though, they could also not survive and drowned together with their other colleague, bringing the number of deaths to three.
A brother of one of the deceased, Kwame Mac-Joseph, lamented the absence of lifeguards at the Tawala beach.
According to him, the deaths could have been prevented had there been lifeguards present at the beach.
He added that some of the onlookers were unwilling to help because they were not experienced enough in swimming and were also terrified.
READ ALSO: I preach the word of God through my music – Shatta Wale
"In the course of the swimming, one person was drowning and the next person wanted to help and he got drowned. The third person who also wanted to help also got drowned," he said in quotes published by Citi News.
"There was no rescue team or indigenous people readily available to help. The onlookers were looking at these three gentlemen drowning."
"We just received a call from the Labadi police that we should come to the police station, they've found two of the bodies and my brother was part of it. They also said one of them had a wedding ring on his finger. So, two people have been found and it's left with one person," he added.
In the video below, the deputy education minister, Mrs Barbara Ayisi, speaks on how President Akufo-Addo inspires her, and how the president's success story must also inspire the youth of Ghana to greater heights.
READ ALSO: The top donors at the funeral of the late Ebony Reigns
Send us a message via our official Facebook or Instagram page to get it published on YEN.com.gh
Ria tracking Kaakie
Powerful photos of Bishop Dag's Good Friday Service


Eyes are organs that detect light. Different kinds of light-sensitive organs are found in a variety of animals. The simplest eyes do nothing but detect whether the surroundings are light or dark, which is sufficient for the entrainment of circadian rhythms but hardly can be called vision. More complex eyes can distinguish shapes and colors. The visual fields of some such complex eyes largely overlap, to allow better depth perception (binocular vision), as in humans; and others are placed so as to minimize the overlap, such as in rabbits and chameleons.
In the human eye, light enters the pupil and is focused on the retina by the lens. Light-sensitive nerve cells called rods (for brightness) and cones (for color) react to the light. They interact with each other and send messages to the brain that indicate brightness, color, and contour.
The first proto-eyes evolved among animals 540 million years ago. Almost all animals have eyes, or descend from animals that did.
In most vertebrates and some mollusks, the eye works by allowing light to enter it and project onto a light-sensitive panel of cells, known as the retina, at the rear of the eye. The cone cells (for colour) and the rod cells (for low-light contrasts) in the retina detect and convert light into neural signals. The visual signals are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. Such eyes are typically roughly spherical, filled with a transparent gel-like substance called the vitreous humour, with a focusing lens and often an iris which regulates the intensity of the light that enters the eye. The eyes of cephalopods, fish, amphibians and snakes usually have fixed lens shapes, and focusing vision is achieved by telescoping the lens—similar to how a camera focuses.
Compound eyes are found among the arthropods and are composed of many simple facets which give a pixelated image (not multiple images, as is often believed). Each sensor has its own lens and photosensitive cell(s). Some eyes have up to 28,000 such sensors, which are arranged hexagonally, and which can give a full 360-degree field of vision. Compound eyes are very sensitive to motion. Some arthropods, including many Strepsiptera, have compound eyes of only a few facets, each with a retina capable of creating an image, creating multiple-image vision. With each eye viewing a different angle, a fused image from all the eyes is produced in the brain, providing very wide-angle, high-resolution images.
Possessing detailed hyperspectral color vision, the Mantis shrimp has been reported to have the world's most complex color vision system. Trilobites, which are now extinct, had unique compound eyes. They used clear calcite crystals to form the lenses of their eyes. In this, they differ from most other arthropods, which have soft eyes. The number of lenses in such an eye varied, however: some trilobites had only one, and some had thousands of lenses in one eye.
Some of the simplest eyes, called ocelli, can be found in animals like snails, who cannot actually "see" in the normal sense. They do have photosensitive cells, but no lens and no other means of projecting an image onto these cells. They can distinguish between light and dark, but no more. This enables snails to keep out of direct sunlight. Jumping spiders have simple eyes that are so large, supported by an array of other, smaller eyes, that they can get enough visual input to hunt and pounce on their prey. Some insect larvae, like caterpillars, have a different type of simple eye (stemmata) which gives a rough image.
Biologists use the theory of evolution to explain the origin and development of eyes, as well as of organs in general.
The common origin (monophyly) of all animal eyes is established by shared anatomical and genetic features of all eyes; that is, all modern eyes, varied as they are, have their origins in a proto-eye evolved some 540 million years ago. The majority of the advancements in early eyes are believed to have taken only a few million years to develop, as the first predator to gain true imaging would have touched off an "arms race", or rather, a phylogenetic radiation from the species with that first proto-eye, among the descendents of which, there may well have been an "arms race". Prey animals and competing predators alike would be forced to rapidly match or exceed any such capabilities to survive. Hence multiple eye types and subtypes developed in parallel.
Vision in various animals shows adaptation to environmental requirements. For example, birds of prey have much greater visual acuity than humans, and some can see ultraviolet light. The different forms of eyes in, for example, vertebrates and mollusks are often cited as examples of parallel evolution, despite their distant common ancestry.
The earliest eyes, called "eyespots", were simple patches of photoreceptor cells, or light-sensitive proteins in unicellular organisms, physically similar to the receptor patches for taste and smell. These eyespots could only sense ambient brightness: they could distinguish light and dark, but not the direction of the lightsource. This gradually changed as the eyespot depressed into a shallow "cup" shape, granting the ability to slightly discriminate directional brightness by using the angle at which the light hit certain cells to identify the source. The pit deepened over time, the opening diminished in size, and the number of photoreceptor cells increased, forming an effective pinhole camera that was capable of slightly distinguishing dim shapes.
The thin overgrowth of transparent cells over the eye's aperture, originally formed to prevent damage to the eyespot, allowed the segregated contents of the eye chamber to specialize into a transparent humour that optimized color filtering, blocked harmful radiation, improved the eye's refractive index, and allowed functionality outside of water. The transparent protective cells eventually split into two layers, with circulatory fluid in between that allowed wider viewing angles and greater imaging resolution, and the thickness of the transparent layer gradually increased, in most species with the transparent crystallin protein.
The structure of the mammalian eye can be divided into three main layers or tunics whose names reflect their basic functions: the fibrous tunic, the vascular tunic, and the nervous tunic.
The fibrous tunic, also known as the tunica fibrosa oculi, is the outer layer of the eyeball consisting of the cornea and sclera. The sclera gives the eye most of its white color. It consists of dense connective tissue filled with the protein collagen to both protect the inner components of the eye and maintain its shape.
The vascular tunic, also known as the tunica vasculosa oculi, is the middle vascularized layer which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The choroid contains blood vessels that supply the retinal cells with necessary oxygen and remove the waste products of respiration. The choroid gives the inner eye a dark color, which prevents disruptive reflections within the eye.
The nervous tunic, also known as the tunica nervosa oculi, is the inner sensory which includes the retina. The retina contains the photosensitive rod and cone cells and associated neurons. To maximise vision and light absorption, the retina is a relatively smooth (but curved) layer. It has two points at which it is different; the fovea and optic disc. The fovea is a dip in the retina directly opposite the lens, which is densely packed with cone cells. It is largely responsible for color vision in humans, and enables high acuity, such as is necessary in reading. The optic disc, sometimes referred to as the anatomical blind spot, is a point on the retina where the optic nerve pierces the retina to connect to the nerve cells on its inside. No photosensitive cells exist at this point, it is thus "blind". In addition to the rods and cones, a small proportion (about 2% in humans) of the ganglion cells in the retina are photosensitive through the pigment melanopsin. They are generally most excitable by blue light, about 470 nm. Their information is sent to the SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei), not to the visual center, through the retinohypothalamic tract, not via the optic nerve. It is these light signals which regulate circadian rhythms in mammals and several other animals. Many, but not all, totally blind individuals have their circadian rhythms adjusted daily in this way.
The mammalian eye can also be divided into two main segments: the anterior segment and the posterior segment.
Diagram of a human eye; note that not all eyes have the same anatomy as a human eye.
The posterior segment is the back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. On the other side of the lens is the second humour, the vitreous humour, which is bounded on all sides: by the lens, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments and by the retina. It lets light through without refraction, helps maintain the shape of the eye and suspends the delicate lens. In some animals, the retina contains a reflective layer (the tapetum lucidum) which increases the amount of light each photosensitive cell perceives, allowing the animal to see better under low light conditions.
In many species, the eyes are inset in the portion of the skull known as the orbits or eyesockets. This placement of the eyes helps to protect them from injury.
In humans, the eyebrows redirect flowing substances (such as rainwater or sweat) away from the eye. Water in the eye can alter the refractive properties of the eye and blur vision. It can also wash away the tear fluid—along with it the protective lipid layer—and can alter corneal physiology, due to osmotic differences between tear fluid and freshwater. Osmotic effects are made apparent when swimming in freshwater pools, as the osmotic gradient draws "pool water" into the corneal tissue (the pool water is hypotonic), causing edema, and subsequently leaving the swimmer with "cloudy" or "misty" vision for a short period thereafter. The edema can be reversed by irrigating the eye with hypertonic saline which osmotically draws the excess water out of the eye.
In many animals, including humans, eyelids wipe the eye and prevent dehydration. They spread tears on the eyes, which contains substances which help fight bacterial infection as part of the immune system. Some aquatic animals have a second eyelid in each eye which refracts the light and helps them see clearly both above and below water. Most creatures will automatically react to a threat to its eyes (such as an object moving straight at the eye, or a bright light) by covering the eyes, and/or by turning the eyes away from the threat. Blinking the eyes is, of course, also a reflex.
In many animals, including humans, eyelashes prevent fine particles from entering the eye. Fine particles can be bacteria, but also simple dust which can cause irritation of the eye, and lead to tears and subsequent blurred vision.
The structure of the mammalian eye owes itself completely to the task of focusing light onto the retina. This light causes chemical changes in the photosensitive cells of the retina, the products of which trigger nerve impulses which travel to the brain.
The retina contains two forms of photosensitive cells important to vision—rods and cones. Though structurally and metabolically similar, their function is quite different. Rod cells are highly sensitive to light, allowing them to respond in dim light and dark conditions; however, they cannot detect color differences. These are the cells that allow humans and other animals to see by moonlight, or with very little available light (as in a dark room). Cone cells, conversely, need high light intensities to respond and have high visual acuity. Different cone cells respond to different wavelengths of light, which allows an organism to see color. The shift from cone vision to rod vision is why the darker conditions become, the less color objects seem to have.
The differences between rods and cones are useful; apart from enabling sight in both dim and light conditions, they have further advantages. The fovea, directly behind the lens, consists of mostly densely-packed cone cells. The fovea gives humans a highly detailed central vision, allowing reading, bird watching, or any other task which primarily requires staring at things. Its requirement for high intensity light does cause problems for astronomers, as they cannot see dim stars, or other celestial objects, using central vision because the light from these is not enough to stimulate cone cells. Because cone cells are all that exist directly in the fovea, astronomers have to look at stars through the "corner of their eyes" (averted vision) where rods also exist, and where the light is sufficient to stimulate cells, allowing an individual to observe faint objects.
Rods and cones are both photosensitive, but respond differently to different frequencies of light. They contain different pigmented photoreceptor proteins. Rod cells contain the protein rhodopsin and cone cells contain different proteins for each color-range. The process through which these proteins go is quite similar — upon being subjected to electromagnetic radiation of a particular wavelength and intensity, the protein breaks down into two constituent products. Rhodopsin, of rods, breaks down into opsin and retinal; iodopsin of cones breaks down into photopsin and retinal. The opsin in each opens ion channels on the cell membrane, which leads to hyperpolarization; this hyperpolarization of the cell leads to a release of transmitter molecules at the synapse.
Differences between the rhodopsin and the iodopsins is the reason why cones and rods enable organisms to see in dark and light conditions — each of the photoreceptor proteins requires a different light intensity to break down into the constituent products. Further, synaptic convergence means that several rod cells are connected to a single bipolar cell, which then connects to a single ganglion cell by which information is relayed to the visual cortex. This convergence is in direct contrast to the situation with cones, where each cone cell is connected to a single bipolar cell. This divergence results in the high visual acuity, or the high ability to distinguish detail, of cone cells compared to rods. If a ray of light were to reach just one rod cell, the cell's reponse may not be enough to hyperpolarize the connected bipolar cell. But because several "converge" onto a bipolar cell, enough transmitter molecules reach the synapses of the bipolar cell to hyperpolarize it.
Furthermore, color is distinguishable due to the different iodopsins of cone cells; there are three different kinds, in normal human vision, which is why we need three different primary colors to make a color space.
Visual acuity is often measured in cycles per degree (CPD), which measures an angular resolution, or how much an eye can differentiate one object from another in terms of visual angles. Resolution in CPD can be measured by bar charts of different numbers of white–black stripe cycles. For example, if each pattern is 1.75 cm wide and is placed at 1 m distance from the eye, it will subtend an angle of 1 degree, so the number of white–black bar pairs on the pattern will be a measure of the cycles per degree of that pattern. The highest such number that the eye can resolve as stripes, or distinguish from a gray block, is then the measurement of visual acuity of the eye.
For a human eye with excellent acuity, the maximum theoretical resolution would be 50 CPD (1.2 minute of arc per line pair, or a 0.35 mm line pair, at 1 m). However, the eye can only resolve a contrast of 5%. Taking this into account, the eye can resolve a maximum resolution of 37 CPD, or 1.6 minute of arc per line pair (0.47 mm line pair, at 1 m).  A rat can resolve only about 1 to 2 CPD. A horse has higher acuity through most of the visual field of its eyes than a human has, but does not match the high acuity of the human eye's central fovea region.
A maximum resolution of the human eye in good light of 1.6 minute of arc per line pair will correspond to 1.25 lines per minute of arc. Assuming two pixels per line pair (one pixel per line) and a square field of 120 degrees, this would be equivalent to approximately 120×60×1.25 = 9000 pixels in each of the X and Y dimensions, or about 81 megapixels.
However, the human eye itself has only a small spot of sharp vision in the middle of the retina, the fovea centralis, the rest of the field of view being progressively lower resolution as it gets further from the fovea. The angle of the sharp vision being just a few degrees in the middle of the view, the sharp area thus barely achieves even a single megapixel resolution. The experience of wide sharp human vision is in fact based on turning the eyes towards the current point of interest in the field of view, the brain thus perceiving an observation of a wide sharp field of view.
The narrow beam of sharp vision is easy to test by putting a fingertip on a newspaper and trying to read the text while staring at the fingertip — it is very difficult to read text that's just a few centimeters away from the fingertip.
Human eyes respond to light with wavelength in the range of approximately 400 to 700 nm. Other animals have other ranges, with many such as birds including a significant ultraviolet (shorter than 400 nm) response.
The retina has a static contrast ratio of around 100:1 (about 6 1/2 stops). As soon as the eye moves (saccades) it re-adjusts its exposure both chemically and by adjusting the iris. Initial dark adaptation takes place in approximately four seconds of profound, uninterrupted darkness; full adaptation through adjustments in retinal chemistry (the Purkinje effect) are mostly complete in thirty minutes. Hence, a dynamic contrast ratio of about 1,000,000:1 (about 20 stops) is possible. The process is nonlinear and multifaceted, so an interruption by light nearly starts the adaptation process over again. Full adaptation is dependent on good blood flow; thus dark adaptation may be hampered by poor circulation, and vasoconstrictors like alcohol or tobacco.
The visual system in the brain is too slow to process that information if the images are slipping across the retina at more than a few degrees per second. Thus, for humans to be able to see while moving, the brain must compensate for the motion of the head by turning the eyes. Another complication for vision in frontal-eyed animals is the development of a small area of the retina with a very high visual acuity. This area is called the fovea, and covers about 2 degrees of visual angle in people. To get a clear view of the world, the brain must turn the eyes so that the image of the object of regard falls on the fovea. Eye movements are thus very important for visual perception, and any failure to make them correctly can lead to serious visual disabilities.
Having two eyes is an added complication, because the brain must point both of them accurately enough that the object of regard falls on corresponding points of the two retinas; otherwise, double vision would occur. The movements of different body parts are controlled by striated muscles acting around joints. The movements of the eye are no exception, but they have special advantages not shared by skeletal muscles and joints, and so are considerably different.
Each eye has six muscles that control its movements: the lateral rectus, the medial rectus, the inferior rectus, the superior rectus, the inferior oblique, and the superior oblique. When the muscles exert different tensions, a torque is exerted on the globe that causes it to turn, in almost pure rotation, with only about one millimeter of translation. Thus, the eye can be considered as undergoing rotations about a single point in the center of the eye. Once the human eye sustains damage to the optic nerve, the impulses will not be taken to the brain. Eye transplants can happen but the person receiving the transplant will not be able to see. As for the optic nerve, once it is damaged it cannot be fixed.
Rapid eye movement, or REM for short, typically refers to the stage during sleep during which the most vivid dreams occur. During this stage, the eyes move rapidly. It is not in itself a unique form of eye movement.
Even when looking intently at a single spot, the eyes drift around. This ensures that individual photosensitive cells are continually stimulated in different degrees. Without changing input, these cells would otherwise stop generating output. Microsaccades move the eye no more than a total of 0.2° in adult humans.
The vestibulo-ocular reflex is a reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement by producing an eye movement in the direction opposite to head movement, thus preserving the image on the center of the visual field. For example, when the head moves to the right, the eyes move to the left, and vice versa.
The eyes can also follow a moving object around. This tracking is less accurate than the vestibulo-ocular reflex, as it requires the brain to process incoming visual information and supply feedback. Following an object moving at constant speed is relatively easy, though the eyes will often make saccadic jerks to keep up. The smooth pursuit movement can move the eye at up to 100°/s in adult humans.
The optokinetic reflex is a combination of a saccade and smooth pursuit movement. When, for example, looking out of the window in a moving train, the eyes can focus on a 'moving' tree for a short moment (through smooth pursuit), until the tree moves out of the field of vision. At this point, the optokinetic reflex kicks in, and moves the eye back to the point where it first saw the tree (through a saccade).
When a creature with binocular vision looks at an object, the eyes must rotate around a vertical axis so that the projection of the image is in the centre of the retina in both eyes. To look at an object closer by, the eyes rotate 'towards each other' (convergence), while for an object farther away they rotate 'away from each other' (divergence). Exaggerated convergence is called cross eyed viewing (focusing on the nose for example) . When looking into the distance, or when 'staring into nothingness', the eyes neither converge nor diverge.
Vergence movements are closely connected to accommodation of the eye. Under normal conditions, changing the focus of the eyes to look at an object at a different distance will automatically cause vergence and accommodation.
To see clearly, the lens will be pulled flatter or allowed to regain its thicker form.
The stye is a common irritating inflammation of the eyelid.
As the eye ages certain changes occur that can be attributed solely to the aging process. Most of these anatomic and physiologic processes follow a gradual decline. With aging, the quality of vision worsens due to reasons independent of aging eye diseases. While there are many changes of significance in the nondiseased eye, the most functionally important changes seem to be a reduction in pupil size and the loss of accommodation or focusing capability (presbyopia). The area of the pupil governs the amount of light that can reach the retina. The extent to which the pupil dilates also decreases with age. Because of the smaller pupil size, older eyes receive much less light at the retina. In comparison to younger people, it is as though older persons wear medium-density sunglasses in bright light and extremely dark glasses in dim light. Therefore, for any detailed visually guided tasks on which performance varies with illumination, older persons require extra lighting. Certain ocular diseases can come from sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes and genital warts. If contact between eye and area of infection occurs, the STD will be transmitted to the eye.
With aging a prominent white ring develops in the periphery of the cornea- called arcus senilis. Aging causes laxity and downward shift of eyelid tissues and atrophy of the orbital fat. These changes contribute to the etiology of several eyelid disorders such as ectropion, entropion, dermatochalasis, and ptosis. The vitreous gel undergoes liquefaction (posterior vitreous detachment or PVD) and its opacities—visible as floaters—gradually increase in number.
Accidents involving common household products cause 125,000 eye injuries each year in the U.S. More than 40,000 people a year suffer eye injuries while playing sports. Sports-related eye injuries occur most frequently in baseball, basketball and racquet sports.
Each day about 2000 U.S. workers have a job-related eye injury that requires medical treatment. About one third of the injuries are treated in hospital emergency departments and more than 100 of these injuries result in one or more days of lost work. The majority of these injuries result from small particles or objects striking or abrading the eye. Examples include metal slivers, wood chips, dust, and cement chips that are ejected by tools, wind blown, or fall from above a worker. Some of these objects, such as nails, staples, or slivers of wood or metal penetrate the eyeball and result in a permanent loss of vision. Large objects may also strike the eye/face causing blunt force trauma to the eyeball or eye socket. Chemical burns to one or both eyes from splashes of industrial chemicals or cleaning products are common. Thermal burns to the eye occur as well. Among welders, their assistants, and nearby workers, UV radiation burns (welder's flash) routinely damage workers' eyes and surrounding tissue. In addition to common eye injuries, health care workers, laboratory staff, janitorial workers, animal handlers, and other workers may be at risk of acquiring infectious diseases via ocular exposure.
↑ Halder, G., Callaerts, P. and Gehring, W.J. (1995). "New perspectives on eye evolution." Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5 (pp. 602–609).
↑ Halder, G., Callaerts, P. and Gehring, W.J. (1995). "Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila". Science 267 (pp. 1788–1792).
↑ Tomarev, S.I., Callaerts, P., Kos, L., Zinovieva, R., Halder, G., Gehring, W., and Piatigorsky, J. (1997). "Squid Pax-6 and eye development." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94 (pp. 2421–2426).
↑ Conway-Morris, S. (1998). The Crucible of Creation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
↑ Land, M.F. and Fernald, Russell D. (1992). "The evolution of eyes." Annu Rev Neurosci 15 (pp. 1–29).
↑ Fernald, Russell D. (2001). The Evolution of Eyes: Where Do Lenses Come From? Karger Gazette 64: "The Eye in Focus".
↑ "The Eye." Accessed October 23, 2006.
↑ "General Anatomy of the Eye." Accessed October 23, 2006.
↑ "Eye Anatomy and Function." Accessed October 23, 2006.
↑ 15.0 15.1 "Medline Encyclopedia: Eye." Accessed October 25, 2006.
↑ John C. Russ (2006). The Image Processing Handbook. CRC Press. ISBN 0849372542.
↑ Curtis D. Klaassen (2001). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0071347216.
↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Eye Safety Prevent Eye Injuries at Home, at Work and at Play!". Prevent Blindness America. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "NIOSH Eye Safety". United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
This page was last edited 02:31, 9 August 2012 by wikidoc user WikiBot. Based on work by Scott Williams, Alara Eren, Cafer Zorkun, Alexandra Almonacid and charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com and wikidoc anonymous users Dicklyon, Oxymoron83, 67.68.76.8 and DanielCD.


The Dutch showed some sense in the elections in March, where the wild clown (Wilders) lost a seat in the parliament. This past weekend my nerves were twitching again since it was time for the French elections, which boiled down to crazy right wing versus crazy banker. Say what you will about capitalism, I will personally choose it before xenophobia any day, but I wasn't sure how the French felt about it.
Well sure, but that heading pretty much nails it.


Confirmed: Kojima working on Metal Gear Solid 5 | Servblog Games!
GameInformer is reporting that the next issue of the Official Playstation Magazine UK, in stores across the pond November 29, is set to reveal Metal Gear Solid 5.
The issue is to feature an in-depth interview with Kojima-San, in which he discusses his entire career, and why he keeps trying to kill off Solid Snake.
Details about the upcoming, and first Playstation Metal Gear game not written/directed by Kojima, Metal Gear Solid Rising and the recently announced Project Ogre are also to be discussed.


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Secretarial and administrative support for the Consul-General. Managing the schedule of the Consul-General including arranging travel, scheduling and arranging external and internal meetings, arranging official functions (lunches, dinners, receptions, etc.) and issuing invitations, reconciling expenses, collecting and preparing background information and materials for meetings including presentations.
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Interested applicants are requested to send an application letter and their Curriculum Vitae by e-mail to: sanomat.hng@formin.fi.
Applications should be received by 26 April 2019 and be titled "CG Assistant".


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← Norwegian Lessons for Scotland?
Remembering the Nakba →
Unionists after a Yes vote – Politicians
As the referendum day approaches more and more people are beginning to think about what happens after, particularly what happens after a Yes vote. This is certainly true of the wider Yes campaign. Radical Independence among others has already started this new phase in the campaign. But what about the Unionist side? There does not appear to be much evidence of any kind of thinking beyond September 18th. Mainly it seems because they lazily assumed there would be a massive No vote. Even the UK government has apparently made no plans for what to do after a Yes vote. So much for Westminster competence? But what future awaits the leading players in the Unionist campaign after a Yes vote? This post takes a brief look at how a Yes vote might affect some of the politicians.
MPs at Westminster
There are currently 59 MPs elected from Scottish constituencies. With a Yes vote these 59 individuals face political extinction. By May 2016, their parliamentary careers at Westminster will have come to an abrupt and permanent end. All but the current six SNP MPs will regard this as an unmitigated disaster. Some, for example most of the LibDem MPs are unlikely to survive the next election anyway, but most, especially the Labour contingent, will be anticipating a long, if rather uninspiring career on the backbenches at Westminster. For most of this lot, a Yes vote will pretty much mean the end of their political careers, either due to age or to their proven record of invisibility among the Scottish electorate. They will find it extremely difficult, if not impossible to find a winnable seat for the Scottish Parliament. While the Tories can be ignored at this level, there will still be a considerable number of ex MPs from the Labour and LibDem ranks who will want to continue in active politics, even in an independent Scotland. I am thinking of the likes of Danny Alexander, Michael Moore, Jo Swinson and even Charles Kennedy from the LidDems. From Labour I imagine people like Douglas Alexander, Margaret Curran, Cathy Jamieson and Anas Sarwar will also want to continue to play a prominent and leading role in politics in an independent Scotland. The big problem they will all face is how can they achieve this after a Yes vote? Pretty much the only way is to get elected to the Scottish Parliament. But this may prove more difficult than appears at first sight. In addition to the problem that they will be perceived as having been on the wrong and losing side in the referendum, they will have to secure a winnable seat or winnable place on a regional list to have any chance of getting elected. To get that far they will have to overcome the sitting MSPs and a possible backlash of the johnny come lately syndrome. While both Labour and the LibDems can expect to do better in 2016 than their dismal showings in 2011, there is little evidence in the polls so far of any significant bounce back. One can understand why all the Unionist MPs are so personally committed to a No vote. They have everything to lose and almost nothing to gain.
Our Noble Lords and Ladies
This is another group of individuals who will face an uncertain future after a Yes vote. In this case it is not at all clear what will in fact happen. I haven't been able at short notice to find a definitive list of how many members of the House of Lords are resident in Scotland. Residency in this case I am sure will be the crucial issue. There are many Scottish members of the House of Lords, such as Baroness Kennedy, but as she has been resident in England for decades, I imagine she will continue her work unaffected by the result of a Yes vote. Those at risk will be the likes of Lords Roberston, Wallace, McConnell et al. What future awaits them after a Yes vote? They will probably be able to keep their titles, a fairly meaningless gesture. But will they still be able to turn up and speak and more importantly vote in the Lords? I imagine not. Here the residency test will be applied. Only those Lords and Ladies normally resident in the rUK will be entitled to vote in the House of Lords. Which will leave many a Scottish Lord and Lady with even more time to spend with their families or whatever else they do with their time. It will be particularly galling for this lot, as there is pretty much zilch chance of an independent Scotland creating its own little House of Lords. Even a second chamber is most unlikely. Our Scandinavian neighbours manage quite successfully without the need for one. As most of these Lords and Ladies will be failed or retired politicians I imagine they will bow gracefully or ungraciously out of politics altogether. Some may fancy their chance as a political commentator, but the demand for their wisdom and insights is likely to be of limited appeal in an independent Scotland.
We need not fret too much over the future of Unionist politicians after a Yes vote. Most have contributed little to the betterment of Scotland and their disappearance from the political scene will be scarcely noticed. A few of the more enterprising among them will no doubt somehow secure a foothold in our own Parliament. Which will be to our advantage – the more diverse voices in Parliament the better. However the loss of a 100 or so politicians will be a net gain to the rest of us. One of the many, if smaller benefits of a Yes vote. A not inconsiderate sum of taxpayers's money will be saved and who knows, some of them may even find more useful and productive ways of earning a living.
Tagged as independent scotland, Scottish MPs, Scottish Unionist politicians
3 responses to "Unionists after a Yes vote – Politicians"
Thomas Widmann
Surely the lords whose titles include a place in Scotland (e.g., Lord Robertson of Port Ellen and Lord McConnell of Glenscorrodale) would be the ones to lose their seats (and potentially also their titles) after independence, whether they're resident in Scotland or not…?
Just to elaborate on my comment above, one might consider life peers (as opposed to hereditary ones) to be just a fancy way of expressing that they're appointed members of the Upper House of the UK. If the UK had had a meaningful constitutional reform in the past, the House of Lords might have been called the Senate instead, and all these lords would simply have been allowed to add "MS" (for "Member of the Senate") after their names instead of getting a noble title.
If this reform had happened, we wouldn't even be discussing this — it would be blindingly obvious that once the Senate of the UK became the Senate of the rUK, all Scottish members would have to leave.
AbuEmma
I agree with you that working peers who are resident in Scotland will be barred from the House of Lords after a Yes vote. That we have to spell this out just shows how archaic the UK remains in parliamentary and governmental terms.


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April 2010 Archives
Ariz. Shifts Less-Fluent Teachers From Classes With ELLs
By Mary Ann Zehr April 30, 2010 at 9:40 AM
Arizona's department of education is requiring some school districts to reassign teachers with heavy accents or ungrammatical English to classes where they won't be teaching English-language learners, according to The Wall Street Journal.
Federal Policy State policy
Charlene Rivera Testifies in U.S. Senate on ELLs
By Mary Ann Zehr April 29, 2010 at 4:15 PM
Charlene Rivera, a member of the Working Group on ELL Policy, argued for the common standards process to give more attention to ELLs at a Senate hearing on the ESEA.
NCLR: Latino Children's Future Is Nation's Future
By Mary Ann Zehr April 29, 2010 at 10:04 AM
The National Council of La Raza and Population Reference Bureau have compiled statistics about Latino children's presence in this country and their well-being to make the case that this group of children deserve focused attention by policymakers.
Three Live Events About Overlap of Special Ed. and ELLs
The next two weeks bring three chances to participate in free live events offering information either about English-language learners who have disabilities or how to implement "response to intervention" with ELLs.
Lessons on Immigration: Help From the New York Times
The New York Times provides a collection of lesson plans and ideas on how to teach about immigration through The Learning Network.
Curriculum Immigration Resources
How Do Different Immigrant Groups Transition Into Adulthood?
Gaps in social, economic, and legal status are greater between different immigrant groups than between native whites and blacks in the United States, according to two researchers at the University of California, Irvine.
Opinion: Where Might We Be Without Plyler v. Doe? Look at Arizona
By Mary Ann Zehr April 27, 2010 at 12:04 PM
Linda Greenhouse protests the enactment of an anti-immigrant law in Arizona by speculating how undocumented school-age children in this country might be treated if the U.S. Supreme Court hadn't ruled in favor of scuh children in Plyer v. Doe in 1982.
Free Web Chat at EdWeek on RTI and English-Learners
On May 5, Education Week will host a free Web chat featuring two researchers who specialize in how to implement "response to intervention" for English-language learners.
Trend Watch: What's Best Practice for Preschool ELLs?
The Illinois board of education is poised to vote on regulations that would require public school districts to provide English-learners who are preschoolers with the same kinds of services they give to ELLs in grades K-12.
Bilingual Education State policy Trend Watch
'Bienvenido a la Experiencia: Book'
If you're a Spanish speaker, take a humor break and enjoy this video about a revolutionary product called "book."
Two U.S. Senators Ask for Halt of Deportations of 'DREAMers'
U.S. Senators Dick Durbin and Richard Lugar have asked U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano to halt deportations of undocumented students who would benefit from the DREAM Act.
Federal Policy Immigration
Opinion: Canada's Bilingualism Policy Hasn't Worked
An opinion writer in the National Post argues that Canada's federal policy to support two official languages, French and English, hasn't worked.
Helping Teens With Education Gaps to Catch Up
A feature article in the Voice of San Diego discusses the pros and cons of newcomer centers for immigrant or refugee teens.
A Shortage of ESL and Adult Ed. for Iraqis in El Cajon
Schools and community colleges in El Cajon, Calif., can't keep up with the demand for adult ESL and education from Iraqi refugees.
Larry Ferlazzo: Community Organizer Turned Teacher
Larry Ferlazzo's new book, English Language Learners: Teaching Strategies that Work, gives ideas about how to nurture in students good qualities of learners and leaders.
LULAC Opposes Merit-Pay Bill for Teachers in Florida
Florida's chapter of the League of United Latin American Citizens charges that a bill that would create a merit-pay system would hurt teachers of ELLs.
A Kentucky Economist Looks at Bilingual Ed. in California
English-learners in 1st and 2nd grade participating in bilingual education programs in California score substantially lower on the state's English-proficiency test than ELLs in other kinds of programs, a picture that changes for grades 3-5.
What Happens to Children When a Parent is Deported?
First Focus, a bipartisan children's advocacy group in Washington put out a report this month showing that when an immigrant parents is detained or deported, his or her children often end up in the child welfare system.
Can ELL Educators 'Hold the Ideology at Bay'?
By Mary Ann Zehr April 9, 2010 at 1:50 PM
Claude Goldenberg, an education professor at Stanford University, writes in a commentary that a "near-exclusive focus" by researchers on the language of instruction used for English-learners has resulted in a limited understanding of other areas affecting such students.
Study: Bilingual Ed., English Immersion Pan Out the Same
By Mary Ann Zehr April 9, 2010 at 10:30 AM
A study comparing bilingual education and English immersion that followed students for as long as five years has found that Spanish-speaking children learn to read English equally well by the 4th grade with either method.
Refugee Arrivals to U.S. in 2010: Iraqis, Burmese, Bhutanese
The United States has received Iraqis, Burmese, and Bhutanese in larger numbers in 2010 than any other refugee groups.
Free Webinar: How to Provide ELL Professional Development
Aida Qalqui, the director of teacher development at WestEd, is the guest tomorrow for a free Webinar about how to provide coherent and holistic professional development to teachers who work with ELLs.
We've Got More ELL Data, But What Does it Mean?
By Mary Ann Zehr April 7, 2010 at 8:40 AM
Test scores for ELLs in math and reading are rising in many states but that finding from the Center on Education Policy comes with caveats that ELL data is not necessarily accurate.
Good Read: The Life of One Student in 'Stand and Deliver'
Education columnist Jay Mathews tells what happened to the only teenage character in 'Stand and Deliver' who was based on a real-life person.
State Organizations Form New Coalition on ELL Issues
Some state advocacy organizations for English-language learners have formed a new coalition, the Alliance for Multilingual Multicultural Education.
The Changing Face of ELL Advocacy in Washington
The Working Group on ELL Policy and the National Council of State Title III Directors are becoming more active in the nation's capital in expressing views on ELL policy, while other once-active groups have become silent.
Reading the Obits of Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante, the Bolivian-born teacher who became famous for teaching calculus to Mexican-American students and died this week, was an opponent of bilingual education.
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Charles: ELLs in our state ARE required to take State standardized read more
Melissa: Maybe I'm just becoming jaded, but this feels to me read more
Anonymous: Are you kidding me....UNO is an organizaion that literally destroys read more
Meg Baker: Are any schools using ACCESS scores for purposes other than read more
Dr. Mendoza: This is great news i must say. Hopefully this DREAM read more


Our staff is well equipped to help you and your families deal with any type of life insurance that your loved one may have had. Whether you choose to fund funeral expenses or not through a life insurance policy, our promise is that we will assist you in ensuring that the appropriate documentation for each policy is taken care of.
Our staff is committed to honoring veterans and ensuring that they receive the benefits that they have earned. If you, or your spouse, are a veteran, we make all the necessary arrangements for you with the National Cemetery of your choice.


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Robert Emmet Collins
Anderson & Campbell Funeral Home
November 22, 1932 – January 8, 2021
Robert (Bob) Emmett Collins of Toms River, New Jersey, husband, father, grandfather, greatgrandfather, passed away at his home at Harrogate, on Friday, January 8, 2021. Bob was born in Roslindale, Massachusetts on November 22, 1932, to Martin and Catherine Collins, Irish immigrants. Bob and his wife, and their daughters moved to Toms River in 1970.
He was preceded in death by his parents, his wife, Margueritte (nee Laing) and his sisters Kathleen and Mary, and his brother, Gerald.
Bob is survived by his daughters, Kathleen Mary Collins and her husband Mark Harper, Colleen Elizabeth Cox and her husband David; and Lori Thompson, who he also considered his daughter, and her husband Bill; grandchildren, Aidan Harper; Courtney Cox and her husband, Jarred Lucas; Christopher Cox; Tiffany O'Connor, Justin Elliot; great-grandchildren, Arianna, Riley, Mylah and Paxtyn.
Bob retired from the U.S. Navy as a Lieutenant Commander in 1976 after serving for nearly 30 years as a naval aviator and in various aviation support roles. He continued his professional career as logistics specialist at M & T Company, Lakehurst, N.J. until his 87th birthday. Bob was an active member of the Toms River Yacht Club and a previous member of the Toms River Country Club. Bob also met regularly with his breakfast club, "The Romeos."
A viewing will be held at Anderson and Campbell Funeral Home, 703 Main St., Toms River, NJ on Friday, January 22, 2021 from 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Burial will follow at Brigadier General William C. Doyle Veterans Memorial Cemetery, Wrightstown, NJ.
In lieu of flowers, please donate to FULFILL (formerly Monmouth-Ocean Food Bank), 33 Highway 66, Neptune, NJ 07753, or, Boston College High School, 150 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125
Brig Gen Wm C Doyle Veteran Cemetery
Provinceline Road
Wrightstown, NJ 00000
Tiffany OConnor
Grandpa you were always the most loving and caring man. Friend to many and loved by all you knew. Fly high my guardian angel till I see you again.
Love your loving Grandaughter
Hing Louie
Bob is a good man and a good friend. He supported us at NAVAIR Lakehurst with people through contracts on our missions in supporting the Fleet. We have been in contact after my retirement. We shared quality time at our monthly lunch meetings with a few retired friends. He will be missed. My condolence to the rest of his family. Be safe and stay healthy during this difficult time.
In Memory of Robert Emmet Collins
https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/toms-river-nj/robert-collins-9992036