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Obituary: Christine Stone OBE
Deborah White Updated: 12/04/18, 7:12 am
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Sitting here in Christine's flat in Fort William, literally at the end of the path up Ben Nevis, seems to me to be a fitting place to write a tribute about our dear friend.
A slightly down at heel place in a small housing scheme apparently known for its drug problem, it seems a most unlikely last home for a Cambridge graduate, a highly influential educator and a recipient of the OBE. Yet somehow, it sums up all that Christine was and stood for.
The flat's interior is sparse. The entire bathroom's contents are a toothbrush, toothpaste, a bottle of shampoo and a bar of soap. Her clothes, which seem uniformly faded grey/brown in colour would not even fill one bin bag. The only thing there is a lot of, is books. Novels, children's books, books of games, maps, flower and bird identification books and weighty academic tomes such as 'Europe's Tragedy. A New History of the Thirty Years War' and 'The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland'.
Christine was an avid learner. Even in her last days she was trying to access the University of Highlands and Islands remote learning digital link up from the Invernevis Care Home to continue her Archaeology course. Bet that was a first!
Going through her things, we discovered two certificates from Lancashire University in the study of Cosmology and Astronomy, both courses she must have undertaken when in Nepal. She modelled what it was to thoroughly enjoy learning which was probably the key to her success as a teacher. She
enjoyed learning which meant she made learning so much fun.
After studying Natural Science at Girton College, Cambridge in 1962, Christine went on to Bristol University to train as a teacher and later through Trinity College London added a TEFL qualification. She taught first in Abbeydale Grammar School in Sheffield for six years and then moved to teach in an international boarding school in Eritrea.
In 1972 she arrived at Thorntoun School in Kilmarnock, a school for senior boys with severe behavioural needs, to teach maths, science, geography and
adventure activities. It was there where my family met Christine and she became lifelong friends of us all and our home became hers when she returned from overseas.
Her next adventure took her as a teacher to Tristan da Cunha, a remote volcanic island in the South Atlantic with approximately 200 inhabitants. As a child, I vividly remember 20 or 30 airmail letters arriving all at once as there was only a boat twice year, full of entertaining tales of pillow
dances; islanders holidaying at the potato patches; the mad padre; walks to the top of the crater and collecting seagull eggs. Whilst there Christine took part in a study of Rockhopper Penguins undertaken by a university in South Africa.
All of this though, was really laying the foundation for what became her real calling, which was to Nepal, where she worked tirelessly for 33 years. There she worked in village schools and two secondaries in Pokhara and Kathmandu and finally, for many years, she worked alongside the
government in organising teacher trainings up and down the country and writing many text books for the Nepalese curriculum. She was also involved in training of volunteers with Teach for Nepal, Fulbright, and similar organisations.
Christine was awarded an OBE by the British government in the 1990s for services to education in Nepal. She has influenced generations of students and teachers, with her practical, fun, and enormously effective approach to teaching and learning. Her legacy continues today across the country, through the education work of United Mission to Nepal and the Kathmandu International Study Centre EQUIP as well as many others who counted her as their teacher. She was a familiar figure cycling around Kathmandu with her dog(s) running with her or riding in the basket. Children across Nepal still delight in her series of "Tommy Tempo" books – offering a Nepali equivalent of the eponymous British tank engine.
She finally left Nepal in the summer of 2015, 'retiring' to Fort William in Scotland. I now, with a family of my own who loved Christine as much as I, was also based near Fort William, so we were delighted she chose this town with which she had no other connections, and an area where we were
all newbies. I imagined she came here so she could make the most of the Scottish mountains and West Coast that she had always loved.
At Thorntoun she had spent every weekend taking boys on adventures in the mountains and in her youth she had spent every summer in the Lake District working in youth hostels. Now was her time to rest and enjoy herself.
I could not have been more wrong. She threw herself straight away into serving others and never had a minute to spare on herself. I lost count of all the charities and voluntary activities she was involved in.
She spent a lot of time driving the elderly to the shops to do their shopping with the Lochaber Care car scheme; she was part of the Glen Nevis partnership restoring pathways and erecting owl boxes; she worked for KEY caring for profoundly disabled people; she was part of a group trying to get a bed and breakfast up and running for people with learning difficulties; she mended hearing aids and ran a homework club; she taught English to people in the area from overseas; she tutored children struggling with science subjects at school, as well as school refusers and children in care; she was a befriender which meant she regularly rang and talked to a person
struggling with mental health issues; she was on the committee of the Claggan Residents Association; she did Thought for the Day on Nevis Radio, and she was heavily involved with her church and its mission committee. In her spare time she studied archaeology and European history.
So what motivated Christine? What made her tick? Why did she do all this?
What shaped Christine went right back to her Cambridge days. At about the same time that Stephen Hawking, one of her heroes, was beginning to make his mark in the world of academia, Christine turned her back on research though that path was open to her, and chose instead to follow Jesus Christ.
She had come to a personal faith in Him and it turned her life upside down. Instead of pursuing a potentially successful academic career she decided to take Jesus' words seriously. He told us to feed the hungry, give drink to the thirsty, clothe the naked, welcome the stranger, visit the sick and imprisoned, and help the needy. And that is just what she did. Right to the end.
So, was Christine an insufferable do gooder? Far from it. She was fiercely independent. She rarely invited anyone to her home. She appeared to live on cabbage and custard and determinedly kept her beloved collie on a starvation diet. She liked her own company and to those closest she could
often be hurtful in her determination to remain independent.
If she didn't agree with you, whether you were a learned professor or the neediest soul with no self confidence, she would roundly tell you so. I don't think anyone who knew her for any length of time was exempt from a Stoney telling off! She was the world expert on nearly everything and had a tendency, I am sure, to exaggerate when telling a good story. She would also talk over you and loved to have the last word. She paid no attention to rules if she felt they were silly, and point blank refused to pick up dog poo.
She also never owned a telly or a smart phone, never joined social media but with World Service radio and The Guardian Weekly she was always up to date in all current affairs. She was loads of fun, loved people and had a magic with all ages. One of her last teaching engagements was in my school in October when she spoke to our S3 about Nepal. Within minutes, this scruffy 76-year-old had them eating out of her hands.
So, despite not following any of the rules of how to win friends and influence people, Christine amazed me at the end by how many real friends she had made in her short time in Fort William, and round the world during her life. Throughout her three-month stay in hospital and at Invernevis Care Home, hardly a day would go by without a stream of visitors. She had up to 15 visitors in one afternoon.
Everyone who came testified to how much she meant to them and how she had inspired them. People of all ages, all backgrounds and all faiths or none. The staff at the home testified over and over to the strength of her faith and the way she had endeared herself to them. She had not only stored up treasure in heaven, but also here. It seems after all, that her Master had led her to exactly the right flat, in the right town, at the right time.
So, Christine has been called home, but like another of her heroes who died recently, she has just changed address. She will have heard the words 'Well done good and faithful servant' by now and she will have seen her Prince face to face. We will miss her desperately but she is where she has always longed to be, in the Celestial City that she spoke about on Nevis Radio at Christmas when she retold the story of Pilgrim's Progress. We are left feeling that our lives were enriched by knowing her.
Christine Stone
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Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in its twenty-first session adopted the Paris Climate Agreement. The decisions (Decision 1/CP.21) have recognized climate change as an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet and thus requires the widest possible cooperation by all countries. This recognition expects effective and appropriate global climate governance by the participation of all countries to accelerate the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions to hold the rising global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. The term "Low-emissions Development Strategies" was first introduced in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations in 2008. In 2009, the Copenhagen Accord have recognized that "low-emission development strategies are indispensable to sustainable development". In 2010, the Cancun Agreements also proposed that low-carbon development strategies (LCDS) is requisite to sustainable development and LCDS should be mandatory for developed countries and encouraged for developing countries. The Cancun Agreements encouraged "developing countries to develop low carbon development strategies or plans in the context of sustainable development" as part of their national mitigation action. The Paris Agreement brings all nations into a shared vision to undertake progressively ambitious efforts to transform the world towards a sustainable low carbon future. The Paris Agreement requires all Parties to put forward their best efforts through "nationally determined contributions" (NDCs).


I am interested in the potential of the profile of the average creative entrepreneur to lead us out of our post-2008 doldrums, a profile that can marry the creation of economic wealth with other value-added contributions of strong ethics to return us to as much respect for our social and cultural wealth as Western cultures have given to money since the 1980s.
On the business side, our young creative entrepreneurs are even creating incremental value: extension of the market, product enhancement, innovation, customer relations, quality, partnership, employee involvement. But unusually in the business context this has been achieved on the values side.
For the success of these creative entrepreneurs requires bravery, vision, respect for self and others, trust, honesty, generosity and fortitude. The practice of modern cultural commerce has taught them that the current state and rate of global change are constant and through this they have developed the timeless disciplines of the successful entrepreneur: integrity, service above self, tenacity, persistence. These entrepreneurs know that their most valuable asset is their reputation.
The increasing connectedness of world populations has developed a practice of international and cultural relations that now by-passes state agencies, where creators and consumers are moving in the digital space freely and directly, in full control of expression, production and distribution, regardless of real world topographies.
Creatives are extraordinarily difficult people to control at the best of times, yet the busting of the frontier as a physical barrier has meant that states are seeing their cultural diplomacy efforts being increasingly developed by these new actors, who are also less motivated by the concerns of a strictly national view. Worse, from the nation-states' point of view, these actors are strongly influenced by their own collegiate and collaborative creation processes, which transcend 19th century definitions of statehood and citizenship. These entrepreneurs are true internationalists.
These new entrepreneurs have learnt to trade control for influence, an eminently diplomatic value, because in a meshed society control gets marginalised while influence delivers success.
The array of skills developed by our creative entrepreneurs is quite staggering and has become increasingly essential in this globalised world.
First there is aggregation. The notion that the creative industries are defined by wealth creation through exploiting one's IPRs has been challenged, as these young creative entrepreneurs give away their IPRs in the interests of the wealth that can be created from aggregated knowledge. These digital world citizens own the means of their own creativity in both production and distribution and also develop their expressive skills. They develop platforms for varying levels of attention that cleverly exploit the same content several times, extracting the maximum juice from a single core idea. They no longer sell their IPRs but license them to be improved by others in one collective enterprise, unleashing the power of wealth creation through aggregation by re-aligning those fragments of his or her self-interest.
Collaboration: As anyone involved in the knowledge economy knows, no single entity can now monopolise what needs to be known to make these (frequently intangible) products. This has forced the re-emergence of the collective as the preferred creative dynamo where each remains individual as he or she contributes to the collective product from his or her unique skills base.
The Matrix: These entrepreneurs create work environments that are matrices, flat networks that focus on the applications of the product with the customer, called the UX (user-experience). These formats adapt well to sectorial differences and varying levels of production across regions, encouraging interdisciplinary communication. This extends skills and facilitates flexibility in order to achieve results, yet still maintains a professional standard.
UX, the user experience. Thus do they remain wholly focussed with the team on the UX. Strong social and cultural values is shifting the driver for wealth creation away from the aggregation of content with its obsession with formats, towards the qualities of the user experience. This focus on the customer drives a new understanding that wealth will only follow if content is grounded in high quality and remains both relevant and timely. This content will only be engaged with if delivered as a narrative (creating a new over-arching team role known as story architect), and inside format developments that are increasingly driven by a complex knowledge of the human attention span.
Divergent thinking: to generate multiple answers to a set of problems that will result in insight.
Incubation, that oh-so-creative break from problem-solving.
Blending, to exploit the mental representations of an insight & permit the structured testing of new concepts.
Honing, to fashion an integrated world view by resolving dissonance and seeking internal consistency.
Entrepreneurs in the creative industries inhabit a context radically different to the one that threw up the old diplomatic reliabilities.
Globalised, they see the narrowing of opportunity and mobility for other populations.
Pluralised, they witness the reduction in planetary cultural diversity.
These entrepreneurs operate comfortably in a pluralist world of globalised economic and social poles, of value-added and added values, where the integration of international trade, the increased role of international organisations, the strategic role of education and research and the pervasive issue of security meet the need for sustainable development with its concomitant sensitivity to the imbalance of global wealth distribution and the impact of globalisation on cultural identity.
Alert to inequalities, they know of the increasing gap between rich and poor. They are also the new diplomats, for their work has not only produced a higher level of business productivity but in doing so has raised migration levels, made more skilled workers available, integrated colleges and universities into major international trade flows.
Environmentally aware, they live the loss of balance in the environment. They have made cities and regions the competitive hubs, raised levels of interest in the equality of cultural difference and specificity, and produced a generation more at ease with a balance between economic and social development.
Creative democrats, they resist the triumph of competition over collaboration. Their engagement with social media strengthens their capacity for action and influence. It has opened them up to a spirit of openness, tolerance and hospitality, motivating them to contribute to the safety of both their community and show more international solidarity. The working topography has been exploded and the notion of border has all but disappeared in favour of sector or comparative size of operation.
They push – not pull – to counter the triumph of the individual over the group. Their activities naturally "push" more than they "pull", exploiting the multiplier effect of their medium and creating work teams capable of a mobile response. These practices promote diversity and emphasise quality of life, creating social and cultural wealth as much as economic wealth.


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Jennifer A Skeet
On December 18, 2018, the Department issued an assessment to the Taxpayer for personal income tax, penalty, and interest. On January 15, 2019, the Taxpayer protested the assessment providing documentation as support. The issue to be determined in the case was whether the Taxpayer could claim the exemption from personal income tax for members of an Indian Nation, tribe, or pueblo who earn income and live on tribal land. There was no dispute regarding the key facts which were requirements for the Taxpayer to qualify for the exemption. The Taxpayer was both a member of the Navajo Nation and earned income on Navajo land. The area of dispute was only whether the Taxpayer met the requirement to live within the boundaries of the Navajo Nation. The Taxpayer owned a house in Albuquerque but during the week worked and stayed within the Navajo Nation in Arizona. The Department contended that since the Taxpayer owned a home in Albuquerque which she returned to each week, this was her domicile and outside the boundaries of the tribal land. The Department was able to show too that the Taxpayer met many of the factors for determining domicile, including that it was where she maintained a fixed permanent residence and the place she returned to after work. The Taxpayer, however, argued that the majority of her time in the tax year in question was spent in the Navajo Nation, since she stayed there during the week. She also argued that her domicile in New Mexico was not pertinent to deciding if she qualified for the exemption. The Hearing Officer agreed, explaining that domicile or residency is never used in the statute providing for the exemption but only states that the individual must live within the boundaries of tribal land. Previous decisions cited by the Hearing Officer showed that there was no definition, standard, or test to determine what was meant to live within the boundaries of tribal land, though weight was given to a continuing physical presence. Other decisions in similar cases did not look to where the tribal member resided but where they worked. Since the Taxpayer physically spent most of the tax year living on tribal land, the Hearing Officer determined that she qualified for the exemption and ordered that the assessment abated and the protest granted.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Croquetas de jamon (ham croquettes) are a staple in many Cuban households. They're perfect anytime of day. At breakfast with a taza de cafe, at lunch stuffed as a sandwich, or in the evening on the nights dinner was a tad bit earlier than usual. They're easy to make, budget friendly, and you can double or triple the recipe to feed a crowd -which is perfecto for game days, like the World Cup.
As a Cuban American, I value learning the history of the early days of my father's life in Artemisa, Cuba. I recently learned so much more about my great abuela Maria Luisa (Who has the same name as her daughter – my dad's mom, and my dad married a Maria!). I never realized how influential my great abuela was to my father. She instilled the love of sports and TAUGHT HIM how to actually play sports, como el fútbol, like soccer.
Target has the best selection and prices for your Coca-Cola products!
I'm wondering if she also taught him how to enjoy an ice cold Coca-Cola®? I think that may have been his first love in America. I always recall my father with an ice cold glass bottle of Coca-Cola. Especially when he's watching sports, like the World Cup where he cheers on the country where his ancestors originally came from. It had to be the glass bottle too. As if it made it more authentic lol. My mother loves her Diet Coke® in a can. They were meant for each other. All my family needed on a caliente day was a fan blowing full-force, the TV playing the World Cup (we cheer for the solid red with yellow stripes jerseys), ice cold Coca-Cola's, and croquetas de jamon (ham croquettes). This was what memories are made of. This was the days of my youth. Can someone take me back to those days?
Off topic for a second -do you love Target as much as I do? I swear I can shop there all day if my bank account allowed me too! When you're running low on your Diet Coke, Coca-Cola, or POWERADE®, Target has an amazing selection at a great price!
Croquetas may seem difficult, but they're fairly simple to make. First make sure you have your ham, cheese, onions, butter, oil, flour, seasonings, and milk.
Next, you're going to take your ham, and in a food processor, pulse it until it's ground. I used already cooked ham, feel free to use deli ham if you need to or even turkey meat if you're steering away from pork.
Next, in a large pan, melt the butter with the oil and add in onions and seasonings. Cook until it's translucent.
Add in the flour, whisk it all together. Make sure your heat is on medium so nothing burns. Once your flour has been whisked and cooked for about 30 seconds to a minute, add in half of your milk. Whisk it well together until it's thickened, then add the remaining milk. It will create a very thick roux.
At this point, add in your optional shredded cheese, and mix it together. Then fold in your ham. Turn off the stove.
All the way up to this point, it should have taken about 10 minutes for everything. This next part will be a little rough. Now is when you need to transfer the ham mixture into a large plate, bowl, empty butter containers… whatever you have on hand and refrigerate the mixture 4-24 hours.
Once your mixture has been refrigerated, take it out of the fridge. Have your station ready for dusting, dipping, and rolling. You need 3 large plates. One filled with flour (about 2 cups), one with whisked eggs, and the other with seasoned breadcrumbs (about 2 cups).
Take a spoon and gently round up a tablespoon of the mixture. Roll it into your flour dusted hands and create almost a little Cuban cigar. If it's challenging, feel free to make small balls (think of a golf ball, but smaller). Then dust it with the flour, dip it in the egg mixture, being sure the excess yolk is removed, and roll it around in the breadcrumbs. Repeat this in batches before the next step, which is to fry them until they're just golden brown.
Also, I HIGHLY suggest incorporating tu familia here. Moments like this, me recuerdo, that as a family we would create stations around holidays, especially in the summer during FIFA World Cup tournaments and drink ice cold Coca-Cola's while each of us had a station. I admit, the dipping station was not my favorite. I preferred being the taste tester! Then we'd all enjoy it together while finishing the game.
Looking back, I really wish we had the Share a Coke with "fill in the blank", labels that are available today. I genuinely feel our moments as a familia while younger could have been filled with so much laughter. But I'm grateful that we have the Share a Coke bottles now! Papi, if you're reading this, this ones for you, "My Hero". The man who taught me that sports is beautiful, not just for boys, and for sharing his memories of Cuba and learning how to play el fútbol with his abuelita. Te amo!
Now is the best time ever to grab your Share A Coke beverage to share with your familia! Visit the Coca-Cola Sip and Scan website here.
Croquetas de jamon are best made and eaten together as a familia. Especially with some ice cold Coca-cola's and POWERADE® too! But what elevates this dish even further is (to me) a sauce! Traditionally, in Cuba, an aioli would be used…if at all! But I love the ketchup mayo sauce! Which I'm sharing with you today.
In my area, the ketchup mayo sauce is typically found in a Dominican restaurant. Viva mi Latinos! I always taste a zing to it, and see red speckles. For my ketchup mayo recipe I made it easy with equal parts ketchup and mayonnaise, a pinch of paprika, and a squeeze of lime juice. QUE RICO! It's perfect. My boys couldn't stop asking for them!
That's it mi gente! I hope you enjoy this recipe and be sure to share a Coke with your family, friends, and co-workers! Be sure to visit Coca-Cola's website to get in on the summer fun! Buen Provecho!
These Cuban ham and cheese croquettes snack are perfect for brunch and with coffee.
In a large pan, over medium heat, melt butter and heat oil together. Next, add in onions and seasonings and cook until translucent.
Next, add in flour, immediately whisk 1 minute, then add in 1 cup of milk, continue whisking until a sauce is formed, add the remaining 1 cup of milk and whisk continuously 2-3 minutes, or until sauce has thickened to create a roux.
Next add in cheese, mix it together. Turn off the heat and fold in the ham. Transfer the ham mixture into a large bowl and cover. Refrigerate 4-24 hours.
Once ham mixture has been refrigerated, set a station where one plate is filled with flour, the other breadcrumbs and a bowl with beaten eggs.
Take a tablespoon of the ham mixture and roll it in your hands to either create a ball or cigar shape. Use a little flour if mixture is sticky. Then gently dust it in flour, dip it in the eggs, and roll it in the breadcrumbs. Continue until all the ham mixture is used.
To a large pan heat 2 inches of oil over medium high heat. Once oil is hot, add in a few croquettes and fry 1-2 minutes per side or until golden colored. Remove and repeat with remaining croquettes.
My grandparents lived in Honduras for years and I always remember her having an ice cold glass bottle of Coke'cola. I grew up loving it too.
I am trying this recipe tonight for my holiday party tomorrow.
Thank you for catching that Jaye! I went back through and fixed it. Yes, it's meant for the roux. 🙂 Please let me know how it went.


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Greetings, I have problem with @Project ControlParameter, problem is I don't know how to pass several values and FilterParameters method won't work as I want. Is there any way to pass several variables ?  (without using c#).
projectFilterLabel.Text = 'aaa, bbb, ccc';

Basically what I want to do is to select all values from Date table and join them with some values from Project table and output to DataList.
Any help appreciated, I just started learning asp.net
Thanks.

A: In your asp form create a javascript function to handle the Opening of the window fro your report. In this function set a parameters (var pPassParm) value to a textbox.text (hidden on your parent form) and pass this value with opening of the window  ( /reportfolder/report.asx?pPassparm )
On your execution code, create a piece of code that concatenates all your parameters into one string ( textbox.text = 'StartDate = 2012/01/01, EndDate = 2012/02/01, Surname = Jones' etc) before opening the new form for the report.
Refer to post Open a new window and pass parameters to it vb.net asp

A: I solved this problem by creating new querys with parameters inside (replacing older ones) for SqlDataSource on events.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


That's my daughter she is so pretty she took after her mom . Lol what an angel ncooooh .
yes mumkhulu mcwaah thnk u!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
thuku baby umuhle mntwanami o si khulele and b a Doctor.
cutie-pie Uncle abia say u look so beautiful………..
Very Adorable indeed. She`s very Beautiful.


text:
Feldhandball ist der Vorgänger des Hallenhandballs. Es gibt zwei Varianten: Großfeldhandball und Kleinfeldhandball. Heutzutage wird Großfeldhandball nur noch vereinzelt gespielt. Die Geschichte des Handballs wird im Hauptartikel Handball behandelt. Die deutschen Meister und die DDR-Meister im Feldhandball finden sich unter Deutsche Handballmeister. In sechs Sommerspielzeiten von 1967 bis 1973 existierte eine Feldhandball-Bundesliga.

Großfeldhandball
Früher war Großfeldhandball besonders im deutschsprachigen Raum eine populäre Sportart. 1953 und 1954 gab es zum Beispiel zwei Länderspiele im Augsburger Rosenaustadion gegen Österreich und Schweden, denen 35.000 bzw. 40.000 Zuschauer beiwohnten. Das Spiel gegen Schweden wurde als "Kampf der Giganten" tituliert. Das Finale um die Deutsche Feldhandball-Meisterschaft 1954 (Frisch Auf Göppingen – TuS Lintfort 18:8) im Stuttgarter Neckarstadion besuchten 25.000 Zuschauer. Zum Sichtungsspiel für die Weltmeisterschaft 1959 kamen 93 000 Zuschauer ins Leipziger Zentralstadion.

1959 gewann die DDR-Nationalauswahl einen innerdeutschen Vergleich gegen die Nationalmannschaft der Bundesrepublik und wurde danach zur DDR-Mannschaft des Jahres gewählt.

Bei den sieben Weltmeisterschaften der Männer siegten fast ausschließlich deutsche Mannschaften: Erst 1936 mit 23:0 gegen die Schweiz, dann 1952, 1955, 1966 die aus der Bundesrepublik, 1959 eine gesamtdeutsche Mannschaft und 1963 die aus der DDR. Einzige Ausnahme ist die erste Weltmeisterschaft nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg im Jahre 1948, als der Titel nach Schweden ging, denn infolge des Krieges durfte keine deutsche Mannschaft teilnehmen.

Die Regeln

Die Regeln wurden wiederholt geändert, um die Sportart attraktiver zu gestalten und insbesondere auch den seit den 1950er Jahren absehbaren Niedergang des Großfeldspiels zu stoppen.

Ab dem Beginn des Jahres 1950 wurden zunächst nur in Deutschland in mehreren Stufen einige Regeländerungen getestet, die 1956 größtenteils in das IHF-Regelwerk aufgenommen wurden.

Um dem zuletzt stark abwehrbetonten Spiel (Betonsystem) entgegenzuwirken, wurden in der Spielzeit 1949/50 verschiedene Regeländerungen zunächst nur in Deutschland getestet. In der Herbstrunde wurde noch mit den bisher gültigen Regeln mit Linienabseits (wie beim Eishockey) mit einer Abseitslinie bei 16,50 Meter gespielt. Für die regionalen Endrunden wurde die Abseitslinie zunächst auf 30 Meter vorgezogen. In der Endrunde um die deutsche Meisterschaft 1950 wurde schließlich vollständig auf Abseits verzichtet. (Die Spielzeit 1949/50 wurde mithin nach drei verschiedenen Regelwerken gespielt). Zugleich wurde die Mindestdistanz bei einem Freiwurf von 15 auf 17 Meter Torentfernung erhöht und die gestrichelte Freiwurflinie eingeführt. Die bis dahin häufig verhängten Strafecken wurden zugunsten von Freiwürfen aus dem Feld beinahe vollständig abgeschafft.

1953 wurde die Regel Mannschaft außer Spiel und die damit verbundene Dreiteilung des Spielfeldes testweise ebenfalls nur in Deutschland eingeführt. Fortan durften sich in jeder der beiden Angriffszonen, die 35 Meter vor dem Tor begannen nur noch sechs Feldspieler jeder Mannschaft aufhalten.

Durch den Wegfall des Abseits und die veränderten Freiwurfregeln hatte die Anzahl der erzielten Treffer deutlich zugenommen. Um wiederum dieser Torflut entgegenzuwirken, wurden 1955 weitere Veränderungen an der Spielfeldgestaltung vorgenommen, so wurde der Wurfkreis von bis dahin 11 auf zunächst 14 Meter erweitert und damit auch die Freiwurfdistanz (die an die Ausmaße des Wurfkreises gekoppelt war) auf 20 Meter erhöht. Die Distanz für einen Strafwurf wurde von 13 auf 14 Meter erhöht. Diese Spielfeldmaße fanden nur in der Saison 1955/56 im Bereich des DHB Anwendung. Ihre Auswirkungen können an deutlich geringeren Torzahlen in der Spielzeit 1955/56 gegenüber den Vorjahren abgelesen werden.

Mit der Aufnahme der meisten der obigen Testregeln in das internationale Regelwerk im September 1956 wurden Wurfkreis und Freiwurflinie endgültig auf 13 bzw. 19 Meter Torentfernung festgelegt. Die Strafwurfdistanz bei 14 Metern wurde beibehalten. Auch die Dreiteilung des Spielfeldes und die daran gekoppelte Mannschaft-außer-Spiel-Regel wurden übernommen.

Die wichtigsten Regeln nach dem letzten Stand des IHF-Regelwerks waren:
 Großfeldhandball wird auf einem Sportplatz gespielt, der einem Fußballplatz entspricht (Länge 90–100 m; Breite 55–65 m).
 Gespielt wird mit zwei Mannschaften, die jeweils 11 Feldspieler (1 Auswechselspieler) und 2 Torleute umfassen, die jederzeit fliegend eingewechselt werden können. Eine Mannschaft auf dem Feld besteht aus 10 Feldspielern sowie einem Torwart.
 Die beiden Torraum-Spielfelddrittel dürfen nur mit höchstens 6 Spielern einer Mannschaft (Torwart nicht mitgerechnet) betreten werden. Bei Überschreitung erhält die gegnerische Mannschaft einen Freiwurf (Abseitsregel – ähnlich der im Eishockey).
 Das Tor ist 7,32 m × 2,44 m groß. Es entspricht also einem Fußballtor. Der Torraum wird geschaffen, indem vor dem Tor in 13 m Abstand von der Mitte des Tores (Torlinie) ein Halbkreis gezogen wird. Dieser darf nur vom eigenen Torwart betreten werden. Die Freiwurflinie befindet sich mit 6 m Abstand parallel zum Wurfkreis in 19 m Abstand zum Tor. Ferner gibt es einen 14 m von der Tormitte entfernten kurzen Strich, der die Wurfmarke für einen Strafwurf (14 m) darstellt.
 Das Spielfeld wird durch zwei zu den Torlinien parallelen Linien, je 35 m vor dem Tor, in drei Spielfeldabschnitte (zwei Torraumabschnitte und einen Mittelabschnitt) eingeteilt. Die Markierung der Spielfeldabschnitte erfolgt mit einer Linie und mit 8 Fahnen an den Seitenlinien.
 Die Zeitstrafen betragen 5 oder 10 Minuten. Verwarnungen und Disqualifikationen werden nicht mittels Karten ausgesprochen. Sie werden dem schuldigen Spieler oder Trainer direkt mitgeteilt. Bei einer Verwarnung hat der Schiedsrichter zusätzlich mit geballter Faust den Arm zu heben, damit auch deutliche Kenntnis von der Verwarnung zu nehmen ist. Es gibt zudem einen Ausschluss (der Ausgeschlossene darf nicht ersetzt werden) und eine Disqualifikation (der Disqualifizierte darf ersetzt werden).
 Den wohl wichtigsten Unterschied zum Hallenhandball betrifft die Prellregelung beim Ballführen. Im Gegensatz zur Regel in der Halle darf der Ball zwischen dem Prellen gefangen werden und anschließend wieder weiter geprellt werden.
 Entgegen der Halle gibt es auch dann Eckball, wenn der Ball vom Torwart über die eigene Torauslinie befördert wird.
 Beim Schiedsrichterball wird der Ball nicht wie beim Hallenhandball hoch in die Luft geworfen, sondern fest auf dem Boden aufgeprellt, wobei alle Spieler mindestens 6 m vom Schiedsrichter entfernt sein müssen.
 Das Spiel wird von einem Schiedsrichter geleitet. Unterstützt wird er von zwei Torrichtern, die auch das Einhalten der Abseitsregel kontrollieren.

Die Regeln weichen von den Regeln des Hallenhandballs noch in weiteren Punkten ab.

Saison (DHB)

Seit der Aufnahme des Hallenspielbetriebs in Westdeutschland ab 1946 bestand das Spieljahr bis zur Spielzeit 1957/58 aus zwei Feldperioden und einer zwischengeschobenen Hallenperiode. Im Herbst wurden zunächst die Landesverbandsmeisterschaften (regulärer Ligabetrieb) im Feldhandball abgehalten. Anschließend folgte in der "Winterpause" des Feldhandballs ab Mitte November bis März der Spielbetrieb im Hallenhandball mit Landes-, Regional- und Deutscher Meisterschaft. Im Anschluss an die Hallensaison folgte die Fortsetzung der Feldsaison mit Regionalmeisterschaften und Deutscher Meisterschaft. Das Spieljahr dauerte dabei regulär von Juli bis Juni. Teilweise bis in die 1960er Jahre hinein existierte dabei in einigen Landesverbänden kein landesweiter Ligabetrieb für Hallenhandball, sondern es wurden verschieden gestaltete Turnierrunden ausgetragen. Als letzter Landesverband richtete der HV Niederrhein erst ab der Saison 1967/68 ein Ligasystem für Hallenhandball ein.

Mit der Spielzeit 1958/59 wurde der Spielrhythmus im DHB geändert (wobei nicht alle Landesverbände die Änderungen sofort nachvollzogen). Fortan begann das Spieljahr mit der Hallensaison von November bis März, anschließend wurde die Feldsaison ausgetragen, die nun bis Ende Oktober (1959 sogar bis zum 8. November) dauern konnte. Somit sind die Feldhandballsaisons ab 1959 nur mit dem Kalenderjahr zu bezeichnen (das gesamte Spieljahr jedoch weiterhin mit der Doppelzahl, die Feldsaison 1959 gehört zum Spieljahr 1958/59). Die zeitlichen Anteile verschoben sich später zugunsten einer längeren Hallensaison. Während der jeweiligen Saison durften keine Punktspiele der jeweils anderen Unterart ausgeführt werden. Auch die Jugend- und Damenmannschaften durften während der Feldsaison nicht in der Halle spielen, sondern mussten eine Kleinfeldrunde im Freien spielen. So gab es also in jedem Jahr einen Feld- und einen Hallenmeister. Die Großfeldmeisterschaft der Frauen wurde 1968 letztmals ausgetragen, bis 1973 spielten die Damen in der Sommersaison eine Kleinfeldmeisterschaft.

Entwicklung zum Hallenhandball

Wetterabhängigkeit
Gegen Ende der 1960er Jahre wurde Feldhandball zusehends vom Hallenhandball verdrängt. Der Grund für diese Entwicklung war in erster Linie die Abhängigkeit vom Wetter, welche die Verbreitung des Sports im Freien vor allem im Norden Europas deutlich hemmte. Gerade in den skandinavischen Ländern war die Zeit, in der Feldhandball ausgetragen werden konnte, aufgrund der dort vorherrschenden klimatischen Bedingungen stark beschränkt.

Bodenbelag
Die Verlegung des Handballsports in die Halle hatte des Weiteren – abgesehen von der Wetterunabhängigkeit – den Vorteil, dass man auf einem ebenen Bodenbelag spielen konnte. Somit waren gleiche Wettkampfbedingungen gewährleistet, was bei den Naturböden bislang nicht der Fall war. Da die meisten Vereine in der damaligen Zeit nicht über einen Rasenplatz verfügten, wurde meist auf mehr oder weniger rauen Hartplätzen gespielt. Dies führte dazu, dass viele Spieler die ganze Feldhandballsaison über etliche Schürfwunden hatten. Das Spielen auf den steinlosen, ebenen Hallenböden war wesentlich angenehmer und komfortabler.

Spieltempo
Durch die notwendige Verkleinerung des Spielfeldes und ein angepasstes Regelwerk wurde darüber hinaus das Tempo des Spiels deutlich angehoben. Im Gegensatz zum Feldhandball, wo in der Regel im Mittelfeld wenig passierte, erstreckten sich beim Hallenhandball die Aktionen über das gesamte Spielfeld. Eine geschickte Raumausnutzung wurde für den Erfolg immer entscheidender. Durch das dadurch abwechslungs- und trickreichere Spiel gewann der Hallensport mit der Zeit immer neue Anhänger und ersetzte immer mehr das Spiel auf dem Großfeld.

Internationale Entwicklung
In Skandinavien war bereits seit den dreißiger Jahren das Hallenspiel populär. Eine Variante des Hallenhandballs unter freiem Himmel, der sogenannte Kleinfeldhandball, setzte sich nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg insbesondere in Südosteuropa durch, wo das Wetter warm und nutzbare Hallen rar waren, kleine Spielflächen im Freien jedoch zur Verfügung standen. Noch in den 1980er Jahren wurden Meisterschaftsspiele der jugoslawischen Bundesliga – zu dieser Zeit eine der stärksten Hallenhandball-Ligen der Welt – regelmäßig unter freiem Himmel ausgetragen. Feldhandball auf dem Großfeld war dagegen sowohl in den nördlichen wie auch in den südlichen Ländern Europas zu keiner Zeit wirklich populär und hatte sich eigentlich nur in Mitteleuropa durchsetzen können, wohingegen das Hallen- und Kleinfeldspiel – gesamteuropäisch betrachtet – deutliche Popularitätsvorteile genoss.

Olympische Spiele
Im Oktober 1965 beschloss das IOC auf seiner LXIV. Session in Madrid, nur Hallenhandball ab 1972 in das Programm der Olympischen Spiele aufzunehmen, Feldhandball jedoch nicht. Die alleinige Aufnahme des Hallenhandballs in das olympische Programm – Feldhandball hatte bereits 1936 einmalig zum selbigen gehört – gab schließlich den endgültigen Ausschlag für den Hallenhandball, da die meisten internationalen Verbände sich fortan auf das Hallenspiel konzentrierten. In der DDR wurde beispielsweise der Spielbetrieb der erst mit dem während der entscheidenden IOC-Session laufenden Spieljahr 1965/66 eingleisig gestalteten Feld-Oberliga mit Ende der darauffolgenden Spielzeit komplett eingestellt und fortan nur noch das Hallenspiel wettbewerbsmäßig betrieben.

Weltmeisterschaften
Das IOC folgte mit seiner Einschätzung der Entwicklung bei den Feldhandball-Weltmeisterschaften, für die schon Ende der fünfziger Jahre nur noch mit Mühe Teilnehmer gefunden werden konnten, zumal die beiden deutschen Nationalmannschaften die internationale Szene klar dominierten und während ihrer gesamten Turniergeschichte kein einziges WM-Spiel gegen die Mannschaft einer anderen Nation verloren hatten – die einzige deutsche WM-Niederlage war das 7:14 der Bundesrepublik im Finale 1963 gegen die DDR. Die Austragung von internationalen Feldhandball-Turnieren wurde in der Folgezeit schrittweise reduziert. Die Weltmeisterschaft 1966, die die Bundesrepublik Deutschland vor der DDR gewinnen konnte (das über den Titel entscheidende Endgruppenspiel endete 15:15-Remis), war die letzte internationale Großveranstaltung in dieser Sportart. Eine für 1969 geplante Weltmeisterschaft musste aus Teilnehmermangel abgesagt werden.

Nationale Meisterschaften
Bereits 1967 wurde in der DDR der Feldhandball-Spielbetrieb eingestellt. In der Bundesrepublik wurde länger am Feldspiel festgehalten, die Bundesliga nahm ihren Betrieb zum Beispiel sogar erst nach der IOC-Entscheidung von 1965 im Frühjahr 1967 auf. Sie wurde bis 1973 ausgespielt und dann abgeschafft. Zwei Jahre lang wurden anschließend noch Regionalligen ausgetragen und deutsche Meister ermittelt. Das Zuschauerinteresse war seit Ende der 1960er Jahre stark gesunken. Wohnten Endspielen vorher teilweise mehr als 30.000 Zuschauer bei – der Rekord wurde 1965 beim Endspiel zwischen dem BSV Solingen und Grün-Weiß Dankersen in Wuppertal mit 35.000 Anwesenden aufgestellt –, so fanden sich zum Finale von 1973 bereits weniger als 4.000 Besucher ein. Die letzte deutsche Meisterschaft der Männer wurde im Jahr 1975 ausgespielt. Letzter Deutscher Meister wurde die TSG Haßloch, die sich im Endspiel, dem letzten offiziellen Feldhandballspiel überhaupt, am 10. August 1975 im Stadion an der Oberfelder Allee in Lübbecke mit 15:14 beim gastgebenden TuS Nettelstedt durchsetzte. Nach diesem "Finale" wurde die Sportart Feldhandball national für beendet erklärt.

Situation in der Schweiz: Die Nationalliga wurde unter verschiedenen Namen von 1932 bis 1971 ausgetragen. Ein SHV-Grossfeld-Cup wurde 1943 eingeführt und wird noch ausgetragen. Es ist der älteste aktiver Wettbewerb in der Schweiz. 2015 wurde überdies ein neues Turnier ins Leben gerufen, die Winterthurer Grossfeldtrophy, die als Qualifikation zum Grossfeld-Cup dient.

Kleinfeldhandball
Bei Kleinfeldhandball handelt es sich de facto um dasselbe Spiel wie Hallenhandball, das lediglich im Freien gespielt wird. Gespielt werden kann auf Rasen, Asche oder Kunststoffbelägen. International war Kleinfeldhandball besonders in südosteuropäischen Ländern noch bis in die 1980er Jahre hinein der übliche Standard für Handballspiele (statt Hallenhandball). Zum Beispiel wurde die luxemburgische Landesmeisterschaft bis 1975 nur auf dem Kleinfeld ausgetragen. Teilweise wurden Meisterschaftsspiele auch je nach Wetterlage variabel in der Halle oder auf dem kleinen Außenfeld gespielt. In Deutschland verbreitete sich das Kleinfeldspiel dagegen kaum. Von 1969 bis 1973 wurden im DHB die Sommer-Meisterschaftsspiele der Frauen statt auf dem Großfeld auf dem Kleinfeld ausgetragen. Auch die letzten Regionalmeisterschaften der Männer im Norddeutschen Handballverband (1973 bis 1975) wurden auf Kleinfeld gespielt. In der DDR gab es nach der frühen Einstellung des Großfeldspielbetriebes (bereits 1967) als Ersatz mehrere Sommermeisterschaften der Oberligamannschaften auf dem Kleinfeld, die jedoch kaum Resonanz fanden und bald durch Hallenwettbewerbe (Turniermeisterschaft) abgelöst wurden. Heute ist Kleinfeldhandball nur auf speziellen Turnieren im Sommer und zumeist auf Rasen üblich. Häufig handelt es sich dabei um mehrtägige Veranstaltungen für Jugendmannschaften. Ein Vorteil ist dabei dass, je nach Mannschaftszahl, auf mehreren Spielfeldern gleichzeitig gespielt werden kann, was Turniere mit relativ großer Teilnehmerzahl und in verschiedenen Altersklassen gleichzeitig ermöglicht. So nahmen im Sommer 2011 mehr als 180 Mannschaften aus fast 90 Vereinen am Hamborner Löwencup, dem größten Kleinfeldturnier Deutschlands, teil. Offizieller Wettbewerbssport wird auf dem Kleinfeld in Deutschland nicht mehr betrieben.

Weblinks

 Artikel zur Geschichte des Handballs
 Die Endrunden der Deutschen Meisterschaft und die Bundesligatabellen von 1947-1975
 Der vergessene Sport (Spiegel vom 8. November 2011)
 Feldhandball (Handball.de)
 Der Untergang eines einst großen Sports | Sportschau

Einzelnachweise

Mannschaftssportart
Torspiel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The government witnesses will be James Cole, deputy attorney general at the Department of Justice; John Inglis, deputy director of the National Security Agency; Robert Litt, general counsel at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence; and Sean Joyce, FBI deputy director.
The committee will also hear from a second panel of witnesses, including Jameel Jaffer, deputy legal director at the American Civil Liberties Union; Stewart Baker, a former Homeland Security Department official; and James Carr, senior judge for the U.S. District Court for the northern district of Ohio.
The hearing has been rescheduled to 9 a.m.
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The report was widely panned by Swartz's supporters.
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The New York Times has more coverage.
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