text:
from pyHMI.DS_Redis import RedisDevice
from pyHMI.Tag import Tag
import logging
import traceback
import socket
import time
from pyModbusTCP.server import ModbusServer, DataBank
from pyModbusTCP import utils

class Devices(object):
    # init datasource
    redis = RedisDevice()

class Tags(object):
    # tags list
    CP_LOOP_COUNT = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'int', 'key': 'cp4900:cp2redis:loop_count'})
    CP_COM_FAULT = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'bool', 'key': 'cp4900:cp2redis:com_fault'})
    CP_THT = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'float', 'key': 'cp4900:tht'})
    CP_AGE = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'float', 'key': 'cp4900:age'})
    CP_STATE_INT = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'int', 'key': 'cp4900:state_int'})
    CP_STATE = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'str', 'key': 'cp4900:state'})
    CP_RETENTION_TIME = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'float', 'key': 'cp4900:retention_time'})
    CP_PEAK_AREA = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'float', 'key': 'cp4900:peak_area'})
    CP_PRESSURE_GAS = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'float', 'key': 'cp4900:pressure_gas'})
    CP_FLOW_GAS = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'float', 'key': 'cp4900:flow_gas'})
    CP_ANALYSIS_FAULT = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'int', 'key': 'cp4900:analysis_fault'})
    CP_SENSOR_FAULT = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'int', 'key': 'cp4900:sensor_fault'})
    RPI_SIGFOX_SINCE_TX = Tag(0, src=Devices.redis, ref={'type': 'int', 'key': 'rpi_sigfox:since_tx'})

    @classmethod
    def update_tags(cls):
        # update tags
        pass

class ModbusServer(object):
    # init modbus server and start it
    srv = ModbusServer(host='0.0.0.0', port=502, no_block=True)
    srv.start()

    @classmethod
    def float2word(cls, floats_list):
        b32_l = [utils.encode_ieee(f) for f in floats_list]
        b16_l = utils.long_list_to_word(b32_l)
        return b16_l

    @classmethod
    def update_items(cls):
        # bit items
        DataBank.set_bits(0, [Tags.CP_COM_FAULT.val])
        # word items
        # life word and other items
        DataBank.set_words(0, [int(time.time()) % 3600])
        DataBank.set_words(1, [Tags.CP_ANALYSIS_FAULT.val])
        DataBank.set_words(2, [Tags.CP_SENSOR_FAULT.val])
        DataBank.set_words(3, [Tags.CP_STATE_INT.val])
        # float items
        DataBank.set_words(100, cls.float2word([Tags.CP_THT.val]))
        DataBank.set_words(102, cls.float2word([Tags.CP_AGE.val]))
        DataBank.set_words(104, cls.float2word([Tags.CP_PRESSURE_GAS.val]))
        DataBank.set_words(106, cls.float2word([Tags.CP_FLOW_GAS.val]))
        DataBank.set_words(108, cls.float2word([Tags.CP_PEAK_AREA.val]))
        DataBank.set_words(110, cls.float2word([Tags.CP_RETENTION_TIME.val]))

class Job(object):
    def __init__(self, do_cmd, every_ms=500):
        self.cmd = do_cmd
        self.every_s = every_ms / 1000.0
        self.last_do = 0.0

class MainApp(object):
    def __init__(self):
        # jobs
        self.jobs = []
        # periodic update tags
        self.do_every(Tags.update_tags, every_ms=500)
        self.do_every(ModbusServer.update_items, every_ms=1000, do_now=True)

    def mainloop(self):
        # basic scheduler (replace tk after)
        while True:
            for job in self.jobs:
                if job.every_s <= job.last_do:
                    job.cmd()
                    job.last_do = 0.0
                job.last_do += 0.1
            time.sleep(.1)

    def do_every(self, do_cmd, every_ms=1000, do_now=True):
        # store jobs
        self.jobs.append(Job(do_cmd=do_cmd, every_ms=every_ms))
        # first call (now or after every_ms)
        if do_now:
            do_cmd()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # logging setup
    logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s %(message)s')
    # main App
    main_app = MainApp()
    main_app.mainloop()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Itali Airlines S.p.A. (o in breve Itali S.p.A.) è stata una compagnia aerea italiana con sede a Roma Ciampino, e faceva parte del GRUPPO AEROSERVICES che offriva una serie di servizi legati all'aviazione.

Storia

L'ItAli Airlines nasce a Pescara originariamente come TAI (Trasporti Aerei Italiani). Nel 2004 ItAli Airlines cambiò il suo nome. L'ItAli Airlines collegò l'Aeroporto di Pescara con i principali aeroporti italiani in coincidenza con i voli nazionali ed internazionali e con alcune destinazioni internazionali, in particolare il collegamento giornaliero con l'Aeroporto di Milano-Linate veniva operato con Fairchild Swearingen SA 227 Metroliner.

Le operazioni charter/ACMI erano operate con McDonnell Douglas MD-82 acquistati dalla compagnia di bandiera Alitalia, principalmente dalle basi dell'Aeroporto di Roma-Fiumicino e dell'Aeroporto di Milano-Malpensa. Le principali destinazioni ItAli nell'estate 2010 sono state Samos, Lourdes, Lampedusa, Rodi e, soprattutto, Tirana, con voli plurisettimanali. Il 16 dicembre 2010 ItAli Airlines ha avviato i collegamenti Roma Fiumicino - Genova e Genova - Parigi Charles de Gaulle.

La manutenzione dei velivoli MD-82 era eseguita dal personale Alitalia.

All'inizio dell'estate 2009 crearono il ramo Aerotaxi della compagnia con base d'armamento sull'Aeroporto di Roma-Ciampino e base secondaria sull'Aeroporto di Milano-Linate. I voli executive operavano sotto il marchio di MustFly, sussidiaria di ItAli Airlines. MustFly operava in Aviazione generale sotto il COA di ItAli Airlines i velivoli executive della flotta, tra cui due Do.328J, precedentemente utilizzati nei regolari servizi di linea, riconfigurati appositamente a 19 posti.

Il 21 ottobre 2010, a seguito di indagini condotte dal Nucleo di polizia tributaria della Guardia di Finanza di Pescara (operazione Flying Money), l'azionista di maggioranza di Aeroservices Group, Giuseppe Spadaccini, viene tratto in arresto insieme ad altre 12 persone per una maxi evasione fiscale internazionale da 90 milioni di euro. Malgrado ciò, la Compagnia prevedeva di operare dal 16 dicembre nuove tratte.

Il 19 novembre 2010 l'ENAC ha rilasciato al vettore una licenza provvisoria di esercizio (con validità fino al 20 maggio 2011) al posto del precedente Certificato di Operatore Aereo a tempo indeterminato.

Il 14 gennaio 2011 la compagnia ha tolto dalla vendita e cancellato tutti i voli.

Dall'11 marzo 2011 l'ENAC ha sospeso la licenza di trasporto aereo a causa del permanere di alcune criticità non risolte precedentemente dal vettore.

Flotta

Flotta storica

Note

Altri progetti

Compagnie aeree del passato italiane

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Youth > Uncategorized > After Chandrayaan-2 was successfully launched, NASA comes up with a special tweet for ISRO
After Chandrayaan-2 was successfully launched, NASA comes up with a special tweet for ISRO
Posted by By Sagar Abhinandan July 23, 2019
Just hours after India's significant moon mission Chandrayaan-2 was launched off from Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh, National Aeronautics Space Agency (NASA) congratulated the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for the successful launch.
NASA's special tweet congratulating ISRO has gone viral on the internet. In a tweet, the US space agency said that it is looking forward to Chandrayaan 2's discovery about the moon.
Credits: HT
"Congrats to ISRO on the launch of Chandrayaan 2, a mission to study the Moon. We're proud to support your mission comms using our Deep Space Network and look forward to what you learn about the lunar South pole where we will send astronauts on our Artemis mission in a few years," NASA tweeted.
For the unversed, the Indian space agency's budget is less than 1/20th of NASA. The success of the Rs. 1,000-crore moon mission would be a massive boost for India's space plans.
Chandrayaan-II mission was launched onboard by the Indian space agency ISRO on its most powerful launcher GSLV-Mk III, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Andhra Pradesh's Sriharikota at 2:43 PM on Monday.
India became the fourth country to launch a mission after the US, Russia, and China that would land on the moon and the very first country to land on and explore its south pole region, Chandrayaan-2, was called off from launch just 56 minutes before its scheduled liftoff on July 15 because of a technical snag in the GSLV Mark-III rocket launcher.
In fact, this is India's second trip to the moon and the first probe, Chandrayaan 1, that was launched in October 2008, made India the first country in the world to complete a successful moon landing in the maiden attempt.
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi also took to Twitter handle to write, "Special moments that will be etched in the annals of our glorious history! The launch of #Chandrayaan2 illustrates the prowess of our scientists and the determination of 130 crore Indians to scale new frontiers of science. Every Indian is immensely proud today!
Indian at heart, Indian in spirit! What would make every Indian overjoyed is the fact that #Chandrayaan2 is a fully indigenous mission. It will have an Orbiter for remote sensing the Moon and also a Lander-Rover module for analysis of the lunar surface.
Chandrayaan2 is unique because it will explore and perform studies on the south pole region of lunar terrain which is not explored and sampled by any past mission.
This mission will offer new knowledge about the Moon.
Efforts such as #Chandrayaan2 will further encourage our bright youngsters towards science, top-quality research and innovation. Thanks to Chandrayaan, India's Lunar Programme will get a substantial boost. Our existing knowledge of the Moon will be significantly enhanced," PM Modi tweeted.
Previous Article Indian Army Officer creates world record, completes Ironman triathlon event without taking a break
Next Article Look how world media praised Indian scientists after successful launch of Chandrayaan 2
Indian Teenager Invents An 'Electro-Shoe' For Women To Thwart Molesters And Rapists
These are the real names of Bollywood actresses, here's the full list
Akshay Kumar savagely trolls Chunky Panday for his 'Batman and Joker' tweet
Meet Mahalakshmi, She is the only Female Ola outstation driver in Bengaluru

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Improve your indoor air quality to reduce your risk of illness - Bonded Inc.
San Diego residents take pride in their homes, and that means devoting substantial time and energy to sprucing up their living space. As a result, locals spend countless hours ensuring their lawns look great in time for summer and fill their time with many necessary tidying tasks that keep their houses feeling like homes.
However, while homeowners put in all this work to keep their home aesthetically pleasing, few take the same approach when it comes to improving their indoor air quality. And according to statistics from the American College of Allergists, Asthma and Immunology, an organization that promotes research and advocacy in these areas, 50 percent of all illnesses are caused by poor air conditions that occur inside residences.
With this figure in mind, how can homeowners take action to reduce the risk their family faces from poor air quality?
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, one way is to make improvements in the residence's ventilation system. The government agency says that since most home heating and cooling systems don't take in fresh air, homeowners need to improve ventilation by opening windows and using fans.
While some newer HVAC systems are built to take in outside air, the cost of replacing your home's vents can be expensive. According to an Angie's List reader, the price of installing new air ducts can reach above $10,000.
At Bonded Carpet, we can help you further improve the air quality in your home at an affordable price. Our San Diego air duct cleaning specialists are experts at removing dirt, dust, fungus and allergens from your heating and cooling system. Since we use only state-of-the-art equipment, you'll breathe easier and enjoy a cleaner indoor environment after your air ducts are professionally cleaned by Bonded Carpet.
Further, we sell electrostatic lifetime warranty air filters that can keep your indoor air quality fresh until your next cleaning. We have a sizable inventory of these products on hand and can make custom sizes whenever the situation requires!


text:
Q: Polars apply performance for custom functions I've enjoyed with Polars significant speed-ups over Pandas, except one case. I'm newbie to Polars, so it could be just my wrong usage. Anyway here is the toy-example:
on single column I need to apply custom function in my case it is parse from probablypeople library (https://github.com/datamade/probablepeople) but problem is generic.
Plain pandas apply has similar runtime like Polars, but pandas with parallel_apply from (https://github.com/nalepae/pandarallel) gets speed-up proportional to number of cores.
It looks for me that Polars uses only single core for custom functions,or I miss something?
If I use Polars correctly, maybe there is a possibility to create tool like pandaralell for Polars?
!pip install probablepeople
!pip install pandarallel

import pandas as pd
import probablepeople as pp
import polars as pl
from pandarallel import pandarallel

AMOUNT = 1000_000
#Pandas:
df = pd.DataFrame({'a': ["Mr. Joe Smith"]})
df = df.loc[df.index.repeat(AMOUNT)].reset_index(drop=True)

df['b'] = df['a'].apply(pp.parse)

#Pandarallel:
pandarallel.initialize(progress_bar=True)
df['b_multi'] = df['a'].parallel_apply(pp.parse)

#Polars:
dfp = pl.DataFrame({'a': ["Mr. Joe Smith"]})
dfp = dfp.select(pl.all().repeat_by(AMOUNT).explode())

dfp = dfp.with_columns(pl.col('a').apply(pp.parse).alias('b'))

A: pandarallel uses multiprocessing.
You could also use multiprocessing with polars.
Such a function could look something like:
def parallel_apply(func, column, return_dtype=pl.Series, chunksize=128):
   with multiprocessing.get_context("spawn").Pool() as pool:
      results = pool.imap(func, track(column), chunksize)
      return return_dtype(results)

rich.progress.track() is used to generate a pretty progress bar - it comes bundled with pip.

For this particular use-case pp.parse returns a list of tuples e.g.
[(Mr., PrefixMarital), (Joe, GivenName), ...

Instead of returning pl.Series(results) we could return dictionaries of the form:
[{"PrefixMarital": ["Mr."], "GivenName": ["Joe"], ...}, ...

We use list values as pp.parse can produce multiple values per "key".
polars will turn these into structs which can then be "unnested" into actual columns - using the keys of the dictionaries as the column names.
import multiprocessing
import polars as pl
import probablepeople as pp

from pip._vendor.rich.progress import track

def parallel_apply(func, iterable, return_dtype=pl.Series, chunksize=128):
   with multiprocessing.get_context("spawn").Pool() as pool:
      result = pool.imap(func, track(iterable), chunksize)
      return return_dtype(result)

# Custom return_dtype for `pp.parse`
def return_dtype(result):
   rows = []
   for item in result:
      row = {}
      for value, category in item:
         row.setdefault(category, []).append(value)
      rows.append(row)
   """Create empty dict from all keys seen
      Merge with each row so they all have the same keys
      This fills empty "columns" with `null`"""
   empty = dict.fromkeys(set().union(*rows))
   return pl.Series(empty | row for row in rows)

if __name__ == "__main__":
   AMOUNT = 1_000_000

   df = pl.DataFrame({"a": ["Mr. Joe Smith"]})
   df = df.select(pl.all().repeat_by(AMOUNT).explode())

   df = df.with_column(
      pl.col("a").map(lambda col: parallel_apply(pp.parse, col, return_dtype))
        .alias("b")
   )

   print(df)
   print(df.unnest("b"))

before .unnest()
┌───────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ a                     | b                                   │
│ ---                   | ---                                 │
│ str                   | struct[4]                           │
╞═══════════════════════╪═════════════════════════════════════╡
│ Mr. Joe Smith         | {["Joe"],["Mr."],null,["Smith"]}    │
├───────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Mrs. I & II Bob Hello | {["Bob"],["Mrs."],["I", "&", "II... │
└───────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────┘

after .unnest()
shape: (2, 5)
┌───────────────────────┬───────────┬───────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┬───────────┐
│ a                     | GivenName | PrefixMarital | CorporationNameBranchIdentifier | Surname   │
│ ---                   | ---       | ---           | ---                             | ---       │
│ str                   | list[str] | list[str]     | list[str]                       | list[str] │
╞═══════════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════════════╪═════════════════════════════════╪═══════════╡
│ Mr. Joe Smith         | ["Joe"]   | ["Mr."]       | null                            | ["Smith"] │
├───────────────────────┼───────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┤
│ Mrs. I & II Bob Hello | ["Bob"]   | ["Mrs."]      | ["I", "&", "II"]                | ["Hello"] │
└───────────────────────┴───────────┴───────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┴───────────┘

You could then .explode(pl.exclude("a")) depending on what further processing is needed.
Performance:
Using your 1_000_000 example - on my machine the runtimes are:

multiprocessing
duration

yes
1m23s

no
5m2s

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Redzone Leagues - Start creating your league!
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If you're looking for a sport that's not currently supported, please contact us at support@redzoneleagues.com with the sports name and we will do our best to add it to the list. Any additional information you can provide, such as statistics to track, would be great too!
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For some years now, health care practitioners have been noticing a new pattern: Liver disease is unquestionably on the rise.
Liver disease is a well-known problem among certain groups of individuals, such as those who've contracted hepatitis or have a history of alcohol addiction. And patients who use a number of prescription and even over-the-counter medications have long been cautioned to have regular liver evaluations, as these drugs have the potential to build up and harm the liver over time.
But those high-risk individuals are not the only ones showing up in the latest generation of liver disease patients. In fact, a condition known as fatty liver has become common across a broad, diverse swath of the human population—but particularly among people of Western cultures.
And that's no coincidence. The modern American lifestyle is very much to blame in the swelling number of new liver disease cases diagnosed in recent years. Don't be part of this statistic!
At about the size of a football, your liver is your biggest internal organ. In fact, only the skin is more massive in size!
The liver's job is pretty big, too. Situated in the upper right abdomen, the liver is a built-in detoxification system for the blood and other fluids that circulate, working to removing waste, damaged cells, heavy metals, and other excessive or dangerous materials.
Filtration is just one of the liver's jobs. The liver also helps to store a variety of nutrients from your diet, and it produces several compounds that are essential to other body functions.
Like the brain, heart, and lungs, under normal conditions, the liver never really stops working. But a person with compromised liver function will soon be feeling the effects. Symptoms of liver trouble might include anything from increased changes in appetite or increased risk of infections to pain, swelling, or mental effects like confusion.
So what is "fatty liver"?
Fat can be stored almost anywhere in the human body, including in the liver. A certain amount of fat storage in the liver is perfectly normal, but too much creates problems. That excessive stored fat damages surrounding healthy liver cells. The liver can and does repair itself by growing new cells to replace shed, damaged ones, but there's a limit to how much repair the organ can take before it begins to form scar tissue. That's what's known as cirrhosis—the stiffer, less-effective liver tissue affected by scarring that forms after repeated repairs. Unfortunately, about a fifth of cases of fatty liver disease eventually progress to cirrhosis.
Scientists have known for generations that alcohol abuse can lead to cirrhosis. But as nonalcoholic cases have become more common, medical researchers have begun to find links between cirrhosis and an assortment of other conditions, too, from chronic inflammation to a lack of diversity in the gut biome.
Anyone has the potential to develop fatty liver, but you're in the greatest risk category if you have a family history of liver disease, are over 40, have high cholesterol or high blood triglyceride levels, are obese, or have a metabolic disorder such as diabetes.
Some of the signs of liver disease, like weight changes, fatigue, or fluid retention around the abdomen, can be subtle or easily mistaken for less serious conditions. Don't try to figure it out on your own. Ask your doctor about screening, especially if you have risk factors.
Fill your plate often with a broad variety of colorful fruits and vegetables. Add to that sensible amounts of low-gluten whole grains, high-quality proteins, and healthy fats, and you've got a diet that will treat your liver—and every other body system!—right.
And don't forget to drink plenty of water, too. Not only does water aid the liver and kidneys with their job of keeping your systems clean, it also refreshes tired muscles and skin, allows the brain to stay alert, keeps living cells plump and vibrant, and aids digestion.
Yes, we do have vices—and several of them are particular damaging when it comes to liver health.
Too much added sugar: Sugar is a known trigger for inflammation. Avoid excess sugar by choosing whole, unprocessed foods rather than packaged items. Whole foods contain natural, easily digestible sugars but also other filling nutrients, like water and fiber. Try a pear or banana instead of a candy bar. Really!
Too much alcohol: Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the more common rising disease we're discussing, there's no question that alcohol raises risks. Limit your consumption to one serving per day. And for individuals with other risk factors for fatty liver, less—or none—would be wise.
Too much weight: Remember that fat accumulates in the liver. Also, being very heavy stresses the heart and joints, which in turn increases inflammation.
Too much inactivity: Exercise helps your liver in several ways: It burn calories to minimize excess fat storage. Exercise is a great stress-buster, too, which reduces cortisol and the inflammation it can trigger. Also, sweating is another way your body releases waste. Perspire to lighten your liver's task list!
True, fatty liver and other forms of liver damage are not always preventable. Some of the other undesirable effects of Western attitudes and just plain modern living come our way without our consent, too. But in many more cases, we CAN have a say, reverse the consequences, and claim positive results. I wholeheartedly believe it is worth the effort. I'm looking for ways to incorporate simple, yet mindful and meaningful changes. Won't you join me?


text:
Helms Alee's wild progression turns into a spewing beast on diverse, exciting new 'Noctiluca'
It's not easy for bands not avoid tethering themselves to a particular sound. They have an idea for how they want to operate going in, often times, and as their careers go on, usually the members stick to a certain path and only veer off here and there. Then there are those who have no particular journey in mind and let the music take them wherever the hell it will.
Puget Sound-based trio Helms Alee are the classic unidentifiable band sound wise, because they change what they do not just from song to song but from section to section. Typically sludgy and agitated, the band is heavy enough to lean into the metal world but, for the most part, they operate on the edges and dump in anything that works for them. A bastard creation of the Melvins and the Breeders (that's kind of close, right?) is the best way I can think of a way to describe them, and that's only tangentially. They again prove the perfect chameleons on their great fifth record "Noctiluca," named after bioluminescent marine algae that glows when excited. That's likely how you'll feel when taking on these 10 beasts that all have different personalities and DNA, created by the masters of disguise—bassist Dana James, guitarist Ben Verellen, drummer Hozoji Matheson-Margullis (they all do vocals)—who have guided this band through the past 12 years and kept their sound dynamic and unpredictable.
Interachnid" kicks off the record with a surge and a howl of, "You can't stop what you can't move," before the track gets into a weird trippy section before spiraling out of control. "Beat Up" is sludgy and punchy as Verellen roars away as James and Mathseson-Margullis add their own colors to the mix while the guitars stretch out. The music may make you feel a little light headed as wild howls rumble, and a muddy psyche jam brings the song to a close. "Play Dead" buzzes and pounds, as they all take turns on vocals, with the cut feeling poppy and fun, and the demand of, "True friends don't let friends play dead," repeating before everything bleeds away. "Be Rad Tomorrow" has a cool riff and a mid-tempo push, with the singing soaring and reminding of Veruca Salt. Verellen's howls rejoin the mix as sounds fall, the drums circle, and the cut comes to a chilling end. "Lay Waste, Child" has drums opening fresh wounds, as all of the voices meld together over a calculated, rhythmic pace. The vibe remains steady while the singing mesmerizes as the song melts into the ground.
"Illegal Guardian" also spills psychedelic colors as it builds slowly with an icy texture and the singing freezing blood cells. Guitars sting while the growls start to punish, and the call of, "If you kill it, you have to eat it, wear its skin, know its secrets," delivers bruising before chaos erupts and consumes everything whole. "Spider Jar" has killer drumming leading forward, guitars trickling, and harmonized singing that leads the way to an awesome chorus that kicks up dust and makes your skin crawl. "Pleasure Torture" has the bass swirling as James and Mathseson-Margullis command with their voices, heads swim in the atmosphere, and then the guitars set fire and torch the place. The track explodes with power as Verellen howls savagely and blasts the door shut. "Pandemic" has guitars smearing, psyche-rich singing, and a sun-drenched ambiance warming up your body. Breezy vocals push into the mix, jamming and pulling before bleeding into closer "Word Problems" that instantly bashes in heads. The pace is faster, the vocals nastier, and the intensity hotter as the band brings everything to a proper, raucous conclusion.
Helms Alee continue barreling wherever their swashbuckling hearts take them, and "Nocticula" is another stuffed serving that's paced just right and is a blast to take on from front to back. It's the something-for-everyone style of heavy music album that could find followers in any corner of a room, which is a testament to the group's creativity and daring passions. This collection will blister you during its duration, and you'll feel like you've gone on a smashing adventure when you reach the end.
For more on the band, go here: https://www.facebook.com/HelmsAlee
To buy the album, go here: https://www.hellomerch.com/collections/helms-alee
For more on the label, go here: https://sargenthouse.com/


In the third and fourth generation of gaming, there was one genre that was amazing, and has seemed to lost its luster in the more recent generations, that genre was the beat-em-up. With Cody and Guy recently being announced we will be seeing Final Fight. Also, Magic Sword will be included. Both games will be in HD, which will hopefully make these classics gleam.


text:
\section{Introduction}
The adsorption of benzene on silicon surfaces is one of the best studied subjects
in surface science, since the system plays a prototypical role
in molecular modification of semiconductor surfaces.
In particular, benzene adsorption on the Si(100) surface is a long-disputed problem
due to the lack of decisive evidence of the adsorption structure of benzene.
Several adsorption structures of benzene have been proposed so far,
and it is now widely believed that the most stable structure is either butterfly (BF)
or tight-bridged (TB) structures depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:structure}.
In the former structure benzene is di-$\sigma$ bonded to a single Si dimer,
while in the latter it is tetra-$\sigma$ bonded to two adjacent dimers.

To determine the most stable adsorption structure,
a wide range of experimental techniques have been
applied to benzene on Si(100),
\cite{JChemPhys.95.1, ChemPhysLett.282.305, JVacSciTechnolA.16.1031,
JVacSciTechnolA.16.1037, PhysRevB.57.R4269, JChemPhys.108.5554, SurfSci.411.286,
SurfSci.479.69, SurfSci.513.413, PhysRevB.68.115408, SurfSci.547.324, SurfRevLett.10.499,
PhysRevB.71.115311, PhysRevB.72.075354, JPhysCondMatt.20.304206, JChemPhys.127.154711}
and most of them have concluded that BF is more preferable than TB.
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies,
on the other hand, show that BF is metastable
and converts to a bridging configuration on a time scale of minutes at room temperature.
\cite{ChemPhysLett.282.305, JVacSciTechnolA.16.1037, PhysRevB.57.R4269, SurfSci.547.324}
However, the STM measurements of the other groups observe no such conversion,
\cite{JVacSciTechnolA.16.1031, PhysRevB.72.075354}
which is also supported by recent experiments.
\cite{SurfSci.513.413, PhysRevB.68.115408, SurfRevLett.10.499}
Regarding the discrepancy between these experimental results,
an important suggestion
has been provided by photoelectron spectroscopy,
\cite{PhysRevB.71.115311}
which demonstrates that TB is predominant at low coverage,
while BF becomes the major adsorption structure with increasing coverage.
Photoelectron diffraction results also indicate that
the two adsorption configurations indeed coexist
at saturation coverage and room temperature.
\cite{JPhysCondMatt.20.304206}

\begin{figure}[b]
\hfill
\includegraphics[width=.45\linewidth]{BF_PBE_half.eps}
\hfill
\includegraphics[width=.45\linewidth]{TB_PBE_half.eps}
\hfill{}
\caption{\label{fig:structure}(Color online)
Schematics of the competing adsorption structures of benzene on the Si(100) surface:
(a) butterfly (BF) and (b) tight-bridge (TB) structures.
The side views at 0.5 ML coverage are shown.
}
\end{figure}

Along with these experiments, theoretical investigation of benzene on Si(100)
has also been carried out intensively.
\cite{SurfSciLett.280.L279, SurfSci.344.L1226, ChemPhysLett.282.305, SurfSci.409.213,
JVacSciTechnolA.16.1037, JChemPhys.108.5554, SurfSci.416.L1107, SurfSci.417.169,
PhysRevB.62.1596, SurfSci.482.1181, PhysRevB.63.085314, JAmChemSoc.127.3131,
PhysRevB.72.235317, PhysRevB.73.035321, PhysRevB.76.085402, PhysRevB.77.121404,
PhysRevB.85.041403, SurfSci.621.152}
While semiempirical cluster calculations favor
unstable adsorption structures such as symmetric- and tilted-bridge configurations,
\cite{SurfSciLett.280.L279, SurfSci.344.L1226,
ChemPhysLett.282.305, SurfSci.409.213, JVacSciTechnolA.16.1037, SurfSci.416.L1107}
density functional theory (DFT) calculations within the local density approximation (LDA)
and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) predict that TB is
the most stable adsorption structure,
\cite{SurfSci.416.L1107, PhysRevB.62.1596, SurfSci.482.1181, PhysRevB.63.085314,
PhysRevB.72.235317, PhysRevB.73.035321, PhysRevB.76.085402}
in good agreement with the STM results.
\cite{ChemPhysLett.282.305, JVacSciTechnolA.16.1037, PhysRevB.57.R4269, SurfSci.547.324}
On the other hand, BF is supported
\cite{JAmChemSoc.127.3131, PhysRevB.77.121404}
only by the cluster calculation
within the M{\o}ller-Plesset second-order (MP2) perturbation theory
\cite{PhysRev.46.618}
and the periodic DFT calculation with the van der Waals density functional (vdW-DF) method,
\cite{PhysRevLett.92.246401}
which take into account the vdW interaction unlike the conventional semilocal DFT calculations.
Note, however, that the influence of the vdW interaction in the present problem
is yet to be fully understood,
since the cluster model used in the MP2 calculation
\cite{JAmChemSoc.127.3131}
corresponds to the low coverage limit,
while the vdW-DF results
\cite{PhysRevB.77.121404}
show that BF becomes slightly more stable than TB at almost saturation coverage.
Indeed, other DFT calculations with semiempirical dispersion correction
\cite{SurfSci.621.152}
and a more sophisticated method based on exact exchange and
correlation within the random phase approximation (EX + cRPA)
\cite{PhysRevB.85.041403}
support the TB structure,
suggesting that the stability of the two adsorption structures
cannot be inverted only by the vdW interaction.
Moreover, the above vdW-DF study
\cite{PhysRevB.77.121404}
leaves some ambiguities in its accuracy in retrospect.
Namely, it has been well-recognized that the vdW-DF used in this calculation
tends to overestimate equilibrium separations.
\cite{PhysRevLett.92.246401, JPhysCondMat.21.084203, JChemPhys.132.134703}
In addition, the vdW-DF study calculates non-local (NL) correlation energy
non-self-consistently using the
\red{charge density} and geometries determined within GGA.
Although these ambiguities are expected to make only a little difference,
still they cannot be ignored because the vdW-DF study predicts that
the energy difference between BF and TB is as small as 0.05 eV.
\cite{PhysRevB.77.121404}

Recently, there have been rapid progresses in the vdW-DF method
especially in terms of efficiency
\cite{PhysRevLett.103.096102, PhysRevB.79.201105, JChemPhys.136.224107}
and accuracy.
\cite{PhysRevB.81.161104, PhysRevB.82.081101, JPhysCondMatt.22.022201, PhysRevB.83.195131,
TopCatal.54.1143, PhysRevB.85.235149, PhysRevB.89.035412, PhysRevB.89.121103}
They enable one to calculate vdW interaction with higher accuracy,
so that it is highly worth reconsidering the problem of benzene on Si(100)
taking full advantage of these techniques.
In this paper, we theoretically investigate the adsorption structure
of benzene on Si(100) using the self-consistent (SC)
vdW-DF method based on several vdW-DFs.
Our results show that the adsorption energies of BF and TB are quite sensitive to
the choice of vdW-DF, and
in particular, some of the vdW-DFs predict that TB is more stable than BF,
in good agreement with accurate EX-cRPA calculations.
\cite{PhysRevB.85.041403}
A more detailed analysis reveals that the importance of the SC treatment of vdW-DFs
becomes prominent in interaction between benzene and the Si surface
as well as deformation of a benzene molecule.

\section{Methods}
The DFT calculation in the present paper is carried out using the \textsc{State}
\cite{ApplSurfSci.169.11}
code with norm-conserving pseudopotentials.
\cite{PhysRevB.43.1993}
The plane-wave basis set is used with an energy cutoff of 64~Ry (400~Ry)
for wave functions (charge density).
The Si(100) surface is modeled with a periodically repeated slab composed of nine
Si atomic layers.
Benzene is adsorbed on one side of the slab in the BF or TB configuration,
and the other side is passivated with two H atoms per Si atom.
To avoid long-range vdW interaction between the slabs
we use a vacuum layer ($\gtrsim$ 17 {\AA}).
Moreover, artificial electrostatic interaction between the slabs
is corrected by introducing an effective screening medium.
\cite{PhysRevB.73.115407, PhysRevB.80.165411}
Since the photoelectron measurements
\cite{PhysRevB.71.115311, JPhysCondMatt.20.304206}
observe the increase in the ratio of BF at almost saturation coverage,
we here focus on a $2\times2$ unit cell of the Si(100) surface,
which coincides with the 0.5 ML coverage of benzene.
Correspondingly, $4\times4\times1$ $k$-points are sampled in the Brillouin zone.
We relax the whole system except for the two lowest Si layers and the bottom H atoms
using each vdW-DF until the atomic forces fall below
$5.14\times10^{-2}$~eV/{\AA} ($10^{-3}$ Hartree/Bohr).
The Si atoms in the two lowest layers are fixed at the bulk positions
\red{with a lattice constant of 5.47~{\AA} obtained with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional,
\cite{PhysRevLett.77.3865}}
while the H atoms at the bottom are fixed at positions optimized with PBE
on a fixed Si(100)-($1\times1$) surface.
We have confirmed that the adsorption energy changes by at most 30~meV
even if we adopt the lattice constant optimized for each vdW-DF.

The vdW interaction is taken into account in the framework of DFT
based on the vdW-DF method,
\cite{PhysRevLett.92.246401}
whose exchange-correlation energy takes the form of
\begin{gather}
 E_{\rm xc}^{\rm vdW}=E_{\rm x}^{\rm GGA}+E_{\rm c}^{\rm LDA}+E_{\rm c}^{\rm NL}
\end{gather}
with the GGA exchange energy $E_{\rm x}^{\rm GGA}$ and
the LDA correlation energy $E_{\rm c}^{\rm LDA}$.
The NL correlation energy
\begin{gather}
 E_{\rm c}^{\rm NL}=\frac{1}{2}\int{\rm d}\vec{r}{\rm d}\vec{r}'
n(\vec{r})\phi(d,d')n(\vec{r}')\label{eq:non-local}
\end{gather}
describes long-range interactions through the vdW kernel $\phi$,
which is proportional to
$\propto R^{-6}$ for large spatial distance $R\equiv|\vec{r}-\vec{r}'|$.
At finite distance, on the other hand, $\phi$ is a function of dimensionless distances
$d\equiv q_0(\vec{r})R$ and $d'\equiv q_0(\vec{r}')R$,
where scaling factor $q_0(\vec{r})$ depends on the charge density $n(\vec{r})$
and its reduced gradient $s\equiv|\nabla n|/2k_Fn$
with $k_{\rm F}$ being the Fermi wave number.
To suppress the high computational cost $\sim\mathcal{O}(N^2)$
required for the double spatial integral in Eq.~(\ref{eq:non-local}),
Rom\'an-P\'erez and Soler\cite{PhysRevLett.103.096102} (RPS) have
represented the vdW kernel as a bilinear combination of cubic splines
$\{p_1,p_2,\cdots,p_{N_q}\}$ as
\begin{gather}
 \phi(d,d')\simeq\sum_{\alpha=1}^{N_q}\sum_{\beta=1}^{N_q}\phi_{\alpha\beta}(R)
p_\alpha\bigl(q_0(\vec{r})\bigr)p_\beta\bigl(q_0(\vec{r}')\bigr),\label{eq:rps}
\end{gather}
Here the spline curves satisfy $p_\alpha(q_\beta)=\delta_{\alpha\beta}$
on $q$-mesh points $\{q_1,q_2,\cdots,q_{N_q}\}$,
and the coefficients are defined as $\phi_{\alpha\beta}(R)\equiv\phi(q_\alpha R,q_\beta R)$.
Since $\phi_{\alpha\beta}$ is diagonal with respect to wave numbers in the Fourier space,
the computational cost of $E_{\rm c}^{\rm NL}$ can be reduced to
$\sim\mathcal{O}(N\log N)$ that is required for fast Fourier transform.
This enables efficient vdW-DF calculation.
Note, however, that the approximation~(\ref{eq:rps}) fails at $d,d'\rightarrow0$,
in which $\phi$ diverges logarithmically.
In the original RPS algorithm, the problem is avoided by replacing $\phi$ with a soft kernel
for small $d$ and $d'$, whose resulting error is corrected within LDA.
\cite{PhysRevLett.103.096102}
Wu and Gygi (WG) have introduced a simplified implementation,
where the divergence is suppressed as $dd'\phi(d,d')$, to which the expansion~(\ref{eq:rps})
is applied. Then the vdW kernel is approximated as
\begin{gather}
 \phi(d,d')\simeq\sum_{\alpha\beta}\phi_{\alpha\beta}(R)
\frac{q_\alpha p_\alpha\bigl(q_0(\vec{r})\bigr)}{q_0(\vec{r}')}
\frac{q_\beta p_\beta\bigl(q_0(\vec{r}')\bigr)}{q_0(\vec{r}')}.\label{eq:wg}
\end{gather}
In the latter formulation $\phi$ can be expanded with a finite number of cubic splines
even for small $d$ and $d'$, which leads to further reduction of computational cost.
Thus, we implement the SC vdW-DF method in the \textsc{State} code
using the WG formulation for the RPS algorithm.
The performance of the approximation~(\ref{eq:wg}) will be discussed
in Sec.~\ref{subsec:performance}.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{kernel.eps}
 \caption{\label{fig:kernel}(Color online)
 vdW kernel approximated in the WG
\red{formulation}~(\ref{eq:wg}).
In each panel $dd'\phi^{\rm WG}$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:ddphi}) is plotted as a function of
dimensionless distances $d$ and $d'$ in eV.
The results for spatial distances (a) $R=5$ {\AA}, (b) 10 {\AA} and (c) 15 {\AA} are shown.
The peak at $d=d'\simeq0.8$ decays with increasing $R$ for $N_q=15$ and 20,
while the whole structure of $dd'\phi^{\rm WG}$ is almost independent of $R$
for $N_q=25$ and 30.}
\end{figure*}

In addition to the efficiency of the vdW-DF method,
the accuracy of the vdW-DF has also been improved in the last decade.
As has often been pointed out, the original version of the vdW-DF (vdW-DF1)
\cite{PhysRevLett.92.246401}
systematically overestimates equilibrium separations.
\cite{PhysRevLett.92.246401, JPhysCondMat.21.084203, JChemPhys.132.134703}
This is because the enhancement factor $F_{\rm x}$ of the revised
Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (revPBE) exchange
\cite{PhysRevLett.80.890}
adopted in vdW-DF1 rises steeply for small density gradient $s$,
resulting in too large exchange respulsion at a short distance.
In addition, $F_{\rm x}$ of revPBE saturates at large $s$,
giving rise to spurius binding from exchange only.
It has been shown
\cite{PhysRevA.47.4681, JChemTheoryComput.5.719, JChemTheoryComput.5.2754}
that the latter can be avoided by choosing the exchange functional with $F_{\rm x}$
proportional to $s^{2/5}$ at large $s$.
\cite{PhysRevB.33.8800, JChemPhys.85.7184}
To overcome the drawbacks of vdW-DF1,
a variety of exchange functionals have been proposed for the vdW-DF
method\cite{PhysRevB.81.161104, PhysRevB.82.081101, JPhysCondMatt.22.022201,
PhysRevB.83.195131, TopCatal.54.1143, PhysRevB.85.235149, PhysRevB.89.035412,
PhysRevB.89.121103}
and have shown better performances for the benchmark S22 dataset of
non-covalently interacting molecules.\cite{PhysChemChemPhys.8.1985}
In addition to the exchange, the NL correlation part has also been improved
in the second version of the vdW-DF (vdW-DF2),\cite{PhysRevB.82.081101}
where the gradient correction in $q_0(\vec{r})$ is modified so that
it is more suited to atoms and small molecules.
However vdW-DF2 also tends to overestimate separations,
since the $F_{\rm x}$ of the Perdew-Wang exchange with refit parameters
(PW86R)\cite{JChemTheoryComput.5.2754} adopted in vdW-DF2
steeply rises except for sufficiently small $s$.
The overestimation has been avoided in the revised vdW-DF2
(rev-vdW-DF2),\cite{PhysRevB.89.121103}
where the PW86R exchange is replace by the Becke exchange (B86b)\cite{JChemPhys.85.7184}
with revised parameters (B86R).
Recently, rev-vdW-DF2 has been successfully applied to various adsorption systems
\cite{PhysRevB.90.075414, ChemPhysChem.15.2851, ACSNano.8.9181,PhysRevLett.115.236101,JAmChemSoc.137.15}
as well as rare gas and small molecules.\cite{PhysRevB.91.195103}
In the present paper, we use
vdW-DF1, vdW-DF2, opt-vdW-DFs (optPBE-vdW,\cite{JPhysCondMatt.22.022201} optB88-vdW\cite{JPhysCondMatt.22.022201} and optB86b-vdW\cite{PhysRevB.83.195131}) and rev-vdW-DF2
to discuss how the difference among the vdW-DFs influences the relative stability
of the adsorption structures of benzene on Si(100).

\section{Results and discussion}
\subsection{Performance test of the WG formulation}\label{subsec:performance}
The WG formulation improves the accuracy of the kernel decomposition
for small $d$ and $d'$, but the accuracy can decline at large distance $R$,
since the peak of cubic spline $p_\alpha$ scales as $q_\alpha R$ on $d$ and $d'$ axes.
Thus, prior to the application of the SC vdW-DF method to benzene on Si(100),
we here examine the performance of the WG formulation.
To this end, we plot in Fig.~\ref{fig:kernel} the following quantity
\begin{gather}
 dd'\phi^{\rm WG}(d,d',R)\equiv\sum_{\alpha=1}^{N_q}\sum_{\beta=1}^{N_q}
 q_\alpha Rq_\beta R\phi_{\alpha\beta}(R)
p_\alpha(d/R)p_\beta(d'/R)\label{eq:ddphi}
\end{gather}
as a function of $d$ and $d'$ for several values of $R$ and $N_q$.
Here we use a logarithmic mesh such that
$(q_{\alpha+1}-q_\alpha)=\lambda(q_\alpha-q_{\alpha-1})$ with $\lambda=1.2$
whose end points are fixed at $q_1=1.89\times10^{-7}~\AA^{-1}$ ($10^{-7}$~Bohr$^{-1}$)
and $q_{N_q}=18.9~\AA^{-1}$ ($10$~Bohr$^{-1}$).
At $R=5$ \AA, the results for $N_q=20, 25$ and 30 show
a peak $\simeq3.3$~eV at $d=d'\simeq 0.8$ and a dip $\simeq-1.3$~eV at $d=d'\simeq 3.3$.
For $N_q=15$, on the other hand,
the peak is shifted to $d=d'\simeq 1.5$ and its height is reduced to  1.6~eV.
At $R=10$ \AA, the results for $N_q=25$ and 30 remain almost unchanged,
whereas the peak shows a deformation even for $N_q=20$ and completely disappears for $N_q=15$.
At $R=15$ {\AA}, the peak height is further reduced for $N_q=20$
and a slight deformation of the peak can be seen for $N_q=25$ and 30.
The disappearance of the peak is attributed to the lack in cubic splines
that contribute to the small $d$ and $d'$ region,
and can lead to underestimation of vdW interaction at long distance.
Although this suggests that one should use at least $N_q=25$ for physisorbed systems,
benzene adsorption on Si(100) is dominated by covalent bonds at short distance.
Thus we use $N_q=20$ in what follows
and have confirmed that larger $N_q$ changes the adsorption energies only by $\simeq 1$~meV.
We note that the behavior of the vdW kernel in the Fourier space
is discussed in Ref.~\citenum{JPhysSocJpn.84.024715}.

\begin{figure}[t]
 \includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{thickness.eps}
\caption{\label{fig:thickness}(Color online)
Adsorption energy calculated with PBE as a function of Si layer thickness.
Circles (triangles) show the results for the BF (TB) structure.
}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Adsorption energy of benzene on the Si(100) surface}
We next investigate benzene adsorption on Si(100) using the SC vdW-DF method.
To compare the stabilities of BF and TB, we calculate the adsorption energy defined as
\begin{gather}
 E_{\rm ads}=E_{\rm C_6H_6}+E_{\rm Si}-E_{\rm C_6H_6/Si},\label{eq:energy_ads}
\end{gather}
where $E_{\rm C_6H_6},E_{\rm Si}$ and $E_{\rm C_6H_6/Si}$
are the total energies of an isolated benzene molecule,
a clean Si surface and the adsorbed system, respectively.
To model the clean Si surface,
we use a $4\times2$ unit cell of the Si(100) surface with asymmetric Si dimers.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:thickness}, $E_{\rm ads}$ obtained
\red{with} PBE is plotted
as a function of Si layer thickness.
$E_{\rm ads}$(BF) [$E_{\rm ads}$(TB)] decreases (increases) monotonically
from five to nine layers, whereas the thickness dependence is almost negligible
for more than nine layers.
Thus we here focus on the slab model with nine Si layers
to calculate $E_{\rm ads}$ using the SC vdW-DF method.

The results of $E_{\rm ads}$ for each adsorption structure and vdW-DF
are summarized in Table~\ref{tbl:ads_energy},
where PBE results are also shown for comparison.
In the full vdW-DF method denoted by ``SC-relaxed,''
both SC calculation and structure relaxation are carried out using each vdW-DF.
On the other hand, ``SC-fixed'' indicates that SC calculation is performed with each vdW-DF,
while the structure is fixed to the PBE geometry.
In the ``non-SC'' vdW-DF method, total energy is calculated in a post-processing manner
using the charge density and geometry obtained with PBE.
From the table one readily notices that $E_{\rm ads}$ differs only slightly
among the SC-relaxed, SC-fixed and non-SC results,
in analogy with binding energies of noble gases and small molecules.
\cite{PhysRevB.76.125112}
Of more importance is the fact that $E_{\rm ads}$ is strongly dependent on
the choice of vdW-DF.
For example, the vdW-DF1 and vdW-DF2 results differ from the PBE ones
by less than $\pm0.1$ eV,
while those obtained
\red{with} the other vdW-DFs are always larger than the PBE results
by 0.4--0.7 eV,
\red{consistent with the PBE+vdW and EX+cRPA results.\cite{PhysRevB.85.041403}}

\begin{table*}[t]
\caption{\label{tbl:ads_energy}
Adsorption energy of benzene on the Si(100) surface obtained with several vdW-DFs.
The results calculated self-consistently with the structure relaxted for each functional are
shown in panel ``SC-relaxed,''
while those calculated self-consistently (non-self-consistently) with the structure
fixed to the PBE geometries are shown in panel ``SC-fixed (non-SC).''
The adsorption energy of the more stable structure is highlighted with bold faces.
$\Delta E_{\rm ads}\equiv E_{\rm ads}{\rm (BF)}-E_{\rm ads}{\rm (TB)}$ denotes
the energy difference between the two adsorption structures.
All energies are in eV.
}

 \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.25}
\begin{tabular}[t]{llccccccc}
\hline
\hline
 & &PBE&vdW-DF1&vdW-DF2&optPBE-vdW&optB88-vdW&optB86b-vdW&rev-vdW-DF2\\
\hline
SC-relaxed&$E_{\rm ads}$(BF)&\phantom{+}0.75&\phantom{+}{\bf 0.90}&\phantom{+}{\bf 0.74}&\phantom{+}1.26&
\phantom{+}1.37&\phantom{+}1.46&\phantom{+}1.33\\
        &$E_{\rm ads}$(TB)&\phantom{+}{\bf 0.97}&\phantom{+}0.89&\phantom{+}0.60&\phantom{+}{\bf 1.36}&
\phantom{+}{\bf 1.53}&\phantom{+}{\bf 1.69}&\phantom{+}{\bf 1.55}\\
&$\Delta E_{\rm ads}$&$-0.23$&$+0.01$&$+0.15$&$-0.11$&$-0.16$&$-0.23$&$-0.23$\\
\hline
SC-fixed&$E_{\rm ads}$(BF)&&\phantom{+}0.90&\phantom{+}{\bf 0.74}&\phantom{+}1.25&
\phantom{+}1.37&\phantom{+}1.46&\phantom{+}1.32\\
&$E_{\rm ads}$(TB)&&\phantom{+}{\bf 0.91}&\phantom{+}0.63&\phantom{+}{\bf 1.37}&
\phantom{+}{\bf 1.54}&\phantom{+}{\bf 1.70}&\phantom{+}{\bf 1.56}\\
&$\Delta E_{\rm ads}$&&$-0.01$&$+0.11$&$-0.12$&$-0.17$&$-0.23$&$-0.23$\\
\hline
non-SC&$E_{\rm ads}$(BF)&&\phantom{+}0.89&\phantom{+}{\bf 0.73}&\phantom{+}1.25&
\phantom{+}1.38&\phantom{+}1.47&\phantom{+}1.33\\
&$E_{\rm ads}$(TB)&&\phantom{+}0.89&\phantom{+}0.58&\phantom{+}{\bf 1.37}&
\phantom{+}{\bf 1.54}&\phantom{+}{\bf 1.70}&\phantom{+}{\bf 1.56}\\
&$\Delta E_{\rm ads}$&&$\phantom{+}0.00$&$+0.15$&$-0.11$&$-0.17$&$-0.23$&$-0.23$\\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{table*}

We now investigate the relative stability of BF and TB for each vdW-DF
using the energy difference
$\Delta E_{\rm ads}\equiv E_{\rm ads}{\rm (BF)}-E_{\rm ads}{\rm (TB)}$.
For vdW-DF1, BF is marginally more stable than TB by $\Delta E_{\rm ads}=$
7 (2) meV in the SC-relaxed (non-SC) result,
while less stable by 7 meV in the SC-fixed result.
Although the energy difference is rather small,
the stabilization of BF by vdW-DF1 is qualitatively in
agreement with the previous vdW-DF1 results by Johnston {\it et al}.\cite{PhysRevB.77.121404}
Note that in the non-SC treatment used in
Ref.~\citenum{PhysRevB.77.121404},
the deformation energies of benzene and the Si(100) surface are calculated within PBE
to avoid the so-called eggbox effect inherent to the real-space vdW-DF method.
This treatment may be justified as long as the deformation energies can be well approximated
by the PBE values within the margin of error sufficiently smaller than
$\Delta E_{\rm ads}$.
In the Fourier-space vdW-DF method based on the RPS algorithm,
on the other hand, the deformation energies can be calculated on the same footing
without suffering from the eggbox effect.
The results shown in Table~\ref{tbl:ads_energy} are thus obtained
for all of the SC-relaxed, SC-fixed and non-SC treatments.
If we adopt the PBE deformation energies instead of the vdW-DF1 ones
in the non-SC results, we obtain $E_{\rm ads}=0.81$ (0.82) eV for BF (TB)
and BF becomes less stable than TB by 13 meV.
This indicates that the small energy difference of the order of 10 meV
can be easily affected by the detail of the estimation procedure of $E_{\rm ads}$.
Unlike the competing behavior of BF and TB in the vdW-DF1 results,
vdW-DF2 clearly supports BF with $\Delta E_{\rm ads}=0.15$ eV.
From the comparison with the PBE results,
it is tempting to consider that the relative stability of BF
in the vdW-DF2 results just stems from the destabilization of TB.
However, a more detailed analysis reveals that the adsorption energies of BF and TB
are determined by the balance between several
energy contributions as will be discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec:interaction-deformation}.

In sharp contrast to vdW-DF1 and vdW-DF2, the other vdW-DFs all prefer TB to BF,
agreeing with the
\red{PBE+vdW,\cite{PhysRevB.85.041403,Note1}
EX+cRPA\cite{PhysRevB.85.041403}
and DFT-D\cite{SurfSci.621.152} studies with $\Delta E_{\rm ads}=-0.16,-0.11$ and $-0.31$ eV,
respectively}.
\red{Thus the discrepancy between the vdW-DF method and other vdW-corrected approaches is resolved
by using recently proposed vdW-DFs with high accuracy.}
The three opt-vdW-DFs, i.e. optPBE-vdW, optB88-vdW
\cite{JPhysCondMatt.22.022201}
and optB86b-vdW,
\cite{PhysRevB.83.195131}
are obtained by replacing
the revPBE exchange in vdW-DF1 with optimized PBE, Becke88 (B88)
\cite{PhysRevA.38.3098}
and B86b exchanges.
Although wave functions and geometries are modified by the replacement of exchange
in the SC calculation,
the good agreement among the adsorption energies obtained with the SC-relaxed,
SC-fixed and non-SC method\red{s} strongly suggest
that these modifications
in fact make little difference in $E_{\rm ads}$.
From this observation, one may consider that the differences between the vdW-DF1
and opt-vdW-DFs results essentially derive from the difference in exchange energies.
Our results show that
optPBE-vdW, optB88-vdW and optB86b-vdW stabilizes TB more than BF by 0.1--0.2 eV
compared with vdW-DF1,
giving $\Delta E_{\rm ads}=-0.11, -0.17$ and $-0.23$ eV, respectively.
In the same way, the difference between the vdW-DF2 and rev-vdW-DF2 results
can also be considered as a result of the difference between
the PW86R and B86R exchanges used in these vdW-DFs.
rev-vdW-DF2 stabilizes TB more than BF by 0.36 eV compared with vdW-DF2,
which results in $\Delta E_{\rm ads}=-0.23$ eV.
Thus the relative stability of BF seen in vdW-DF1 and vdW-DF2 results is inverted
by the replacement of exchange with a less steeply rising $F_{\rm x}$.

It should be noted that opbB86b-vdW and rev-vdW-DF2 give similar adsorption energy
difference $\Delta E_{\rm ads}=-0.23$ eV.
Naively, the analogy between the two vdW-DFs can be expected from the fact
that optB86b and B86R exchanges derive from the same root.
\cite{JChemPhys.85.7184}
In addition, both optB86b and B86R exchange functionals match the gradient expansion
approximation in the slowing varying density limit.
Although $E_{\rm ads}$'s obtained with optB86b-vdW and rev-vdW-DF2 differ
because of different NL correlation used,
the results suggest that the exchange energy in the slowly varying density region plays an important
role in determining the stable structure of benzene on Si(100).

\begin{figure*}[t]
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{energy_dec.eps}
\caption{\label{fig:energy_dec}(Color online)
Adsorption energy decomposed into four contributions:
benzene-surface interaction energy $E_{\rm int}$(BF/TB-Si),
benzene-benzene interaction energy $E_{\rm int}$(BF-BF/TB-TB),
benzene deformation energy $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$ and surface deformation energy $E_{\rm def}$(Si).
Panel (a) [(b)] shows the results for the BF (TB) structure.
The results calculated self-consistently with the structure relaxed for each functional are
shown in red, while those calculated self-consistently (non-self-consistently) with the structure
fixed to the PBE geometries are shown in green (blue).
Note that the energy scale of the benzene-benzene interaction is smaller than the others.}
\end{figure*}

\begin{table*}[t]
\caption{\label{tbl:bond}(Color online)
C--C, Si--Si and C--Si bond lengths in {\AA} of the BF and TB structures relaxed for each vdW-DF.
In the results of C--C (Si--Si) bond lengths, the values in brackets denote
the deviations from the results of an isolated benzene molecule
[a clean Si(100)-c($4\times2$) surface].
Redundant results for equivalent bonds are omitted.
The indices of C and Si atoms are shown in the schematics below,
where only the two highest Si layers are shown.
}
{
\renewcommand\arraystretch{1.25}
\begin{tabular}{llccccccc}
\hline
\hline
&&PBE&vdW-DF1&vdW-DF2&optPBE-vdW&optB88-vdW&optB86b-vdW&rev-vdW-DF2\\
\hline
${\rm C_6H_6}$&$l_{\rm C-C}$&1.396 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.396 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&
1.398 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.396 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.394 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&
1.394 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.396 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}\\
\hline
Si(100)&$l_{\rm Si_1-Si_2}$&2.349 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.345 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.346 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&
2.346 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.345 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.349 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.349 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}\\
&$l_{\rm Si_3-Si_4}$&2.405 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.413 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.415 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&
2.413 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.413 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.412 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.410 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}\\
&$l_{\rm Si_5-Si_6}$&2.363 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.371 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.378 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&
2.374 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.375 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.372 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.370 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}\\
\hline
BF&
$l_{\rm C_1-C_2}$&1.500 (+\phantom{1}7.5\%)&1.509 (+\phantom{1}8.1\%)&1.515 (+\phantom{1}8.4\%)&
1.505 (+\phantom{1}7.8\%)&1.504 (+\phantom{1}7.9\%)&1.500 (+\phantom{1}7.6\%)&1.501 (+\phantom{1}7.6\%)\\
&
$l_{\rm C_3-C_4}$&1.346 ($-$\phantom{1}3.6\%)&1.344 ($-$\phantom{1}3.7\%)&1.346 ($-$\phantom{1}3.8\%)&
1.345 ($-$\phantom{1}3.6\%)&1.344 ($-$\phantom{1}3.6\%)&1.346 ($-$\phantom{1}3.4\%)&1.347 ($-$\phantom{1}3.5\%)\\
&
$l_{\rm C_5-C_6}$&1.498 (+\phantom{1}6.9\%)&1.507 (+\phantom{1}7.4\%)&1.513 (+\phantom{1}7.6\%)&
1.503  (+\phantom{1}7.2\%)&1.503  (+\phantom{1}7.2\%)&1.499  (+\phantom{1}7.0\%)&1.500 (+\phantom{1}6.9\%)\\
\cline{2-9}
&$l_{\rm C_2-Si_3}$&1.971 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.971 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.975 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&
1.971 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.968 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.969 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.970 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}\\
&$l_{\rm C_5-Si_8}$&1.991 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.992 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.999 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&
1.993 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.990 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.990 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.991 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}\\
\cline{2-9}
&$l_{\rm Si_1-Si_2}$&2.346 ($-$\phantom{1}0.2\%)&2.346 (+\phantom{1}0.1\%)&2.348 (+\phantom{1}0.1\%)&
2.349 (+\phantom{1}0.1\%)&2.349 (+\phantom{1}0.2\%)&2.350 (+\phantom{1}0.0\%)&2.350 (+\phantom{1}0.0\%)\\
&$l_{\rm Si_3-Si_4}$&2.364 ($-$\phantom{1}1.7\%)&2.360 ($-$\phantom{1}2.2\%)&2.360 ($-$\phantom{1}2.3\%)&
2.362 ($-$\phantom{1}2.1\%)&2.362 ($-$\phantom{1}2.1\%)&2.363 ($-$\phantom{1}2.0\%)&2.363 ($-$\phantom{1}2.0\%)\\
&$l_{\rm Si_5-Si_6}$&2.344 ($-$\phantom{1}0.8\%)&2.355 ($-$\phantom{1}0.7\%)&2.367 ($-$\phantom{1}0.5\%)&
2.354 ($-$\phantom{1}0.8\%)&2.353 ($-$\phantom{1}0.9\%)&2.352 ($-$\phantom{1}0.8\%)&2.353 ($-$\phantom{1}0.8\%)\\
&$l_{\rm Si_7-Si_8}$&2.378 (+\phantom{1}1.2\%)&2.373 (+\phantom{1}1.2\%)&2.372 (+\phantom{1}1.1\%)&
2.376 (+\phantom{1}1.3\%)&2.376 (+\phantom{1}1.3\%)&2.377 (+\phantom{1}1.2\%)&2.377 (+\phantom{1}1.2\%)\\
&$l_{\rm Si_9-Si_{10}}$&2.398 ($-$\phantom{1}0.3\%)&2.397 ($-$\phantom{1}0.6\%)&2.402 ($-$\phantom{1}0.6\%)&
2.399 ($-$\phantom{1}0.5\%)&2.400 ($-$\phantom{1}0.5\%)&2.401 ($-$\phantom{1}0.5\%)&2.401 ($-$\phantom{1}0.4\%)\\
&$l_{\rm Si_3-Si_8}$&2.391 (+\phantom{1}1.2\%)&2.396 (+\phantom{1}1.0\%)&2.408 (+\phantom{1}1.3\%)&
2.394 (+\phantom{1}0.9\%)&2.394 (+\phantom{1}0.8\%)&2.391 (+\phantom{1}0.8\%)&2.392 (+\phantom{1}0.9\%)\\
\hline
TB&
$l_{\rm C_1-C_2}$&1.572 (+12.7\%)&1.587 (+13.7\%)&1.597 (+14.2\%)&
1.581 (+13.3\%)&1.580 (+13.3\%)&1.574 (+12.9\%)&1.574 (+12.8\%)\\
&$l_{\rm C_2-C_3}$&1.497 (+\phantom{1}7.3\%)&1.505 (+\phantom{1}7.8\%)&1.508 (+\phantom{1}7.9\%)&
1.501 (+\phantom{1}7.5\%)&1.500 (+\phantom{1}7.6\%)&1.497 (+\phantom{1}7.4\%)&1.497 (+\phantom{1}7.3\%)\\
&$l_{\rm C_3-C_4}$&1.347 ($-$\phantom{1}3.5\%)&1.347 ($-$\phantom{1}3.5\%)&1.348 ($-$\phantom{1}3.6\%)&
1.347 ($-$\phantom{1}3.5\%)&1.346 ($-$\phantom{1}3.4\%)&1.348 ($-$\phantom{1}3.4\%)&1.348 ($-$\phantom{1}3.4\%)\\
&
$l_{\rm C_6-C_1}$&1.575 (+11.4\%)&1.590 (+12.2\%)&1.600 (+12.6\%)&1.583 (+11.8\%)&1.582 (+11.9\%)&
1.577 (+11.6\%)&1.578 (+11.5\%)\\
\cline{2-9}
&$l_{\rm C_1-Si_1}$&2.017 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.014 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.016 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&
2.017 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.015 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.017 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&2.017 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}\\
&$l_{\rm C_2-Si_3}$&1.993 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.989 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.991 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&
1.990 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.987 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.989 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}&1.989 \phantom{(+11.2\%)}\\
\cline{2-9}
&$l_{\rm Si_1-Si_2}$&2.338 ($-$\phantom{1}0.5\%)&2.337 ($-$\phantom{1}0.3\%)&2.341 ($-$\phantom{1}0.2\%)&
2.339 ($-$\phantom{1}0.3\%)&2.339 ($-$\phantom{1}0.2\%)&2.340 ($-$\phantom{1}0.4\%)&2.340 ($-$\phantom{1}0.4\%)\\
&$l_{\rm Si_2-Si_3}$&2.341 ($-$\phantom{1}2.6\%)&2.338 ($-$\phantom{1}3.1\%)&2.339 ($-$\phantom{1}3.1\%)&
2.340 ($-$\phantom{1}3.0\%)&2.340 ($-$\phantom{1}3.0\%)&2.341 ($-$\phantom{1}2.9\%)&2.341 ($-$\phantom{1}2.9\%)\\
&$l_{\rm Si_3-Si_4}$&2.427 (+\phantom{1}0.9\%)&2.427 (+\phantom{1}0.6\%)&2.426 (+\phantom{1}0.4\%)&
2.429 (+\phantom{1}0.7\%)&2.429 (+\phantom{1}0.7\%)&2.429 (+\phantom{1}0.7\%)&2.429 (+\phantom{1}0.8\%)\\
&$l_{\rm Si_4-Si_5}$&2.438 (+\phantom{1}3.8\%)&2.439 (+\phantom{1}4.0\%)&2.438 (+\phantom{1}3.9\%)&
2.442 (+\phantom{1}4.1\%)&2.442 (+\phantom{1}4.1\%)&2.441 (+\phantom{1}3.9\%)&2.442 (+\phantom{1}3.9\%)\\
&$l_{\rm Si_5-Si_6}$&2.352 ($-$\phantom{1}0.4\%)&2.358 ($-$\phantom{1}0.5\%)&2.367 ($-$\phantom{1}0.5\%)&
2.358 ($-$\phantom{1}0.6\%)&2.359 ($-$\phantom{1}0.7\%)&2.358 ($-$\phantom{1}0.6\%)&2.359 ($-$\phantom{1}0.5\%)\\
&$l_{\rm Si_3-Si_8}$&2.384 (+\phantom{1}0.9\%)&2.392 (+\phantom{1}0.9\%)&2.403 (+\phantom{1}1.0\%)&
2.389 (+\phantom{1}0.7\%)&2.389 (+\phantom{1}0.6\%)&2.386 (+\phantom{1}0.6\%)&2.387 (+\phantom{1}0.7\%)\\
\hline
\hline
 & & \\
\end{tabular}
}\\
\hfill\includegraphics[width=.25\linewidth]{Si_pbe_top.eps}\hfill
\includegraphics[width=.25\linewidth]{BF_pbe_top.eps}\hfill
\includegraphics[width=.25\linewidth]{TB_pbe_top.eps}\hfill{}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Energy decomposition analysis}
\label{sec:interaction-deformation}
To identify the origin of the similarities
and differences among the results obtained with different vdW-DFs,
we divide $E_{\rm ads}$ into interaction
and deformation energies as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:energy_dec},
following the procedure used in
Refs.~\citenum{PhysRevB.77.121404} and \citenum{PhysRevB.85.041403}:
\begin{align}
 E_{\rm ads}&=E_{\rm int}(\mbox{BF/TB-Si}) + E_{\rm int}(\mbox{\rm BF-BF/TB-TB})\nonumber\\
&\phantom{=}+E_{\rm def}({\rm C}_{6}{\rm H}_{6})+E_{\rm def}({\rm Si}).
\end{align}
Here $E_{\rm int}$(BF-Si) [$E_{\rm int}$(TB-Si)] denotes the interaction energy
between the benzene layer in the BF (TB) configuration and the Si(100) surface.
This is calculated from the energy difference between the adsorbed system
and the reference systems,
in which the geometries of benzene molecules and the Si(100) surface
are fixed to the adsorption structures.
$E_{\rm int}$(BF-BF) [$E_{\rm int}$(TB-TB)] is the interaction energy
between benzene molecules in the BF (TB) configuration, and is calculated similarly
using the geometries fixed to the adsorption structures.
The deformation energy $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$ [$E_{\rm def}({\rm Si})$] is defined
as the energy loss to deform the benzene molecule [Si(100) surface] upon adsorption.

From the comparison among the SC-relaxed, SC-fixed and non-SC results of
the four energy contributions,
one can see that the SC-fixed and non-SC results are almost the same,
whereas the SC-relaxed results show small but notable deviations from the others
especially in the leading contributions, $E_{\rm int}$(BF/TB-Si)
and $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$.
This reveals that the SC calculation does not significantly modify these four energies
as long as the geometries are fixed, validating the previous non-SC vdW-DF calculations.
On the other hand, the deviations seen in the SC-relaxed results are due largely
to structure relaxation, hence reflecting the characteristics of each vdW-DF.
For example, the optB86b-vdW and rev-vdW-DF2 results of $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$
are analogous to the PBE ones both for BF and TB,
although their SC-relaxed results show slight deviations $\lesssim 0.1$ eV
from the SC-fixed and non-SC ones.
The analogy to the PBE results is expected from the fact that $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$
essentially derives from intra-molecular interaction,
and also holds for the SC-fixed and non-SC results of the other vdW-DFs.
However, the SC-relaxed results of the other vdW-DFs display larger deviations
from the unrelaxed ones by 0.1-0.4 eV,
which is more pronounced for TB than BF.

To gain more insight into the functional dependence seen in $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$,
we show in Table~\ref{tbl:bond} the C--C bond lengths of benzene
for the two adsorption structures relaxed with each vdW-DF.
One can see that the C--C bonds are significantly modified upon adsorption
as a result of the distortion of benzene in the respective adsorption structures.
The shortened bonds little depend on the functional both for BF and TB
and slightly longer than the typical length of a C=C double bond $\simeq 1.33$ \AA,
suggesting that double bonds are nearly formed between the C atoms not bonded
to the Si atoms on the surface.
On the other hand, the elongated bonds exhibit a clearer functional dependence
analogous to $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$ mentioned above.
That is, the C--C bond lengths obtained with optB86b-vdW and rev-vdW-DF2 are similar
to the PBE results, while the other vdW-DFs give longer C--C bonds.
In particular, vdW-DF1 and vdW-DF2 give largest increases in the C--C bond lengths,
which is consistent with the repulsive nature of the exchange functionals used in these vdW-DFs.
From the analogy between the behaviors of $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$ and C--C bond lengths,
the functional dependence seen in the SC-relaxed results of $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$
can be attributed to the extension of the C--C bonds as a result of structure relaxation.

The benzene-surface interaction energy for TB, $E_{\rm int}$(TB-Si),
is more than twice larger than that for BF,
compensating the larger energy loss from $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$ for TB.
The larger interaction can be understood from the fact the benzene molecule
interacts with two Si dimers (a single Si dimer) in the TB (BF) configuration.
More importantly, $E_{\rm int}$(BF/TB-Si) shows a significant functional
dependence as compared with $E_{\rm def}({\rm C}_6{\rm H}_6)$,
since NL correlation plays an important role in the interaction.
The results of the three opt-vdW-DFs and rev-vdW-DF2 consistently display increases
from the PBE ones
by 0.3-0.7 eV.
On the other hand, the SC-fixed and non-SC results obtained with vdW-DF1 and vdW-DF2 are
similar to or smaller than the PBE results
despite the presence of attractive NL correlation.
Although the $E_{\rm int}$(BF/TB-Si) is increased by 0.2-0.3 eV in the SC-relaxed results,
they are still closer to the PBE ones than to those of the other vdW-DFs.
The smaller benzene-surface interaction seen in the vdW-DF1 and vdW-DF2 results
cannot be ascribed to the C--Si bonds between benzene and the Si surface,
since the lengths of these bonds show less functional dependence than the C--C bonds
discussed above.
Rather, the attraction due to the NL correlation is counteracted by the too repulsive exchanges
used in these vdW-DFs.
This can be understood in particular from the comparison of the non-SC results,
since the energy difference between vdW-DF1 and three opt-vdW-DFs or
between vdW-DF2 and rev-vdW-DF2 genuinely stems from the difference in the exchange part.

In contrast to the previous two energy contributions,
the surface deformation energy $E_{\rm def}$(Si) shows little difference among the SC-relaxed,
SC-fixed and non-SC results, suggesting that structure relaxation plays only a minor role
in the deformation of the Si(100) surface.
This can be confirmed by examining the Si--Si bond lengths near the Si(100) surface
shown in Table~\ref{tbl:bond}.
One can see that the Si--Si bonds reflect the deformation
of the surface Si dimers due to benzene adsorption
and show slight dependence on functional.
However, the change in the Si--Si bond lengths
is much smaller than that in the C--C bond lengths.
As a result $E_{\rm def}$(Si) shows the relatively monotonic behavior
with little dependence on structure relaxation and functional.
A characteristic feature of $E_{\rm def}$(Si) is that the energy loss for TB
is roughly three times larger than that for BF,
which results from the fact that the Si--Si bonds for TB is more extended
than those for BF.

The benzene-benzene interaction energy $E_{\rm int}$(BF-BF/TB-TB)
is even less affected by structure relaxation,
suggesting that the detailed structure of benzene has little
influence on the inter-molecular interaction.
One can see that the interaction acts repulsively within PBE,
while it becomes attractive or less repulsive for vdW-DFs.
In particular, one finds that BF is always more attractive than TB by 0.02--0.03 eV,
which is qualitatively consistent with the experiments.
\cite{PhysRevB.71.115311, JPhysCondMatt.20.304206}
Note, however, that $E_{\rm int}$(BF-BF/TB-TB) is smaller than the other contributions
by a few orders of magnitude.
This strongly suggests that the inter-molecular interaction cannot be a main origin
of the relative stability of BF even in the presence of NL correlation,
since similar energy difference has been already obtained within PBE.

We stress that despite structure relaxation has a significant influence
on $E_{\rm int}$(BF-Si/TB-Si) and $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$,
$E_{\rm ads}$ shows only a slight difference
among the SC-relaxed, SC-fixed and non-SC results.
This means that the errors in the latter two treatments are canceled out,
\cite{JChemPhys.128.244704}
which results in the good agreement with the
\red{SC-relaxed} results of $E_{\rm ads}$.
Thus, in order to guarantee full cancellation of such errors,
the four energy contributions should be calculated on the same footing.
In the non-SC vdW-DF method of Ref.~\citenum{PhysRevB.77.121404},
however, the deformation energies are estimated by PBE instead of vdW-DF1,
which could affect the error cancellation.
Indeed, our non-SC results show that the differences between the deformation energies
obtained
\red{with} PBE and vdW-DF1 are apparently rather small but still large enough
to influence the subtle difference between BF and TB in the vdW-DF1 results.

Finally, we interpret the functional dependence of $E_{\rm ads}$
in terms of the four energy contributions, focusing on the SC-relaxed results.
Our results demonstrate that $E_{\rm ads}$ is essentially characterized
by the balance between the two leading contributions,
$E_{\rm int}$(BF/TB-Si) and $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$.
In the case of opt-vdW-DFs and rev-vdW-DF2, $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$'s are
similar to the PBE ones.
In addition, the benzene-surface interaction becomes larger than the PBE one
due to the less repulsive exchange and the attractive NL correlation,
leading to the increase in $E_{\rm ads}$ both for BF and TB.
As a result, relative stability is unchanged from the PBE case
for these vdW-DFs,
hence the TB remains more stable than BF.
For vdW-DF1 and vdW-DF2, on the other hand,
TB is more destabilized than BF through $E_{\rm def}({\rm C_6H_6})$,
and in addition $E_{\rm int}$(BF-Si) increases more than $E_{\rm int}$(TB-Si)
compared with the PBE result.
Thus both the two leading contributions act to stabilize BF compared with TB,
which is the origin of the relative stability of BF found in the vdW-DF1 and vdW-DF2 results.

\section{Conclusion}
We have theoretically investigated the adsorption structure of benzene
on the Si(100) surface at saturation coverage
using the SC vdW-DF method based on several vdW-DFs.
Our results show that
\red{recently proposed vdW-DFs with high accuracy all predict that TB is more stable than BF
in good agreement with EX+cRPA and other vdW-corrected calculations,
in sharp contrast to the vdW-DF1 (vdW-DF2) results that marginally (robustly) prefer BF to TB.
}
The relative stability between BF and TB has been analyzed in terms of interaction
and deformation energies of benzene and the Si(100) surface.
The functional dependence of the relative stability of BF and TB
\red{is determined by} the balance
\red{between the} two leading contributions,
benzene-surface interaction and benzene deformation energies,
\red{both of which act to destabilize TB as compared with BF for vdW-DF1 and vdW-DF2,
because they underestimate the strength of the covalent bonding severely.
\cite{PhysRevB.83.195131}}
\red{Thus we conclude that TB is the most stable adsorption structure of benzene on Si(001)
at saturation coverage and zero temperature.}
\red{Further theoretical investigation is required to resolve the controversy in the present system},
since a variety of experiments still indicate the relative stability of BF
especially at quasi-saturation coverage.
Consideration of steric hinderance
\cite{PhysRevB.72.235317, SurfSci.621.152}
and thermal vibration
\cite{PhysRevB.85.041403}
can be promising approaches beyond simple energetics at zero temperature.
Nevertheless, the present study has demonstrated that benzene on Si(100)
can be a benchmark system to assess the performance of new functionals
in the sense that it is of critical importance to describe both the covalent and vdW bonding
very accurately in order to predict the relative stability of the adsorption structures.

\acknowledgments
Y.~H. thanks Nicolae Atodiresei and Vasile Caciuc for valuable discussions.
I.~H. acknowledges financial support from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology in Japan (MEXT) through World Premier International Research Center
Initiative for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) and ``Development of Environmental
Technology using Nanotechnology'' program.
This work has been partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (No.~15K17682)
from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS),
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas ``Molecular Architectnics:
Orchestration of Single Molecules for Novel Functions'' (No.~25110006) from MEXT,
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas ``3D Active-Site Science''
(No. 26105010 and No. 26105011) from JSPS,
the JST ACT-C program, the MEXT ``Elements  Strategy Initiative to Form Core Research Center'' program,
and the JSPS Core-to-Core Program (Type A) ``Advanced Research Networks:
Computational Materials Design on Green Energy.''
The computation in this work has been done with the facilities of Supercomputer Center,
Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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The vaporisers operate at a constant minimal temperature, allowing gentle vaporisation and eliminating the need to add water. The flick of the power switch replaces the need for a candle, eliminating a potentially dangerous flame, oily hot water and messy candle wax. This allows the vaporisers to operate safely when unattended for prolonged periods.
As the vaporiser bowl is the only part to emit heat, the body remains cool to touch and is safe to handle even when electrical power is turned on. They vaporise essential oils and blends much more subtly than candle burners without affecting their aromatic properties. They have a decorative ceramic body and are an ideal addition to any home or workplace.


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Q: Why does the Perforce Visual Studio plugin run "p4 changes -s pending -l" before every check in Whenever I check a file in to my Perforce depot using the Perforce plugin for Visual Studio (p4scc) there is a significant delay before the "Submit Changelist" dialog box appears (sometimes up to a minute).
In the log file (enabled with "Enable logging to file" in the plugin Preferences) there's an entry"p4 changes -s pending -l".  This command downloads all the pending changelists, which in our environment numbers a few hundred thousand.  (I guess the plugin is doing this to be able to give me a list of other pending changelists which I might want to move the files to.)
Is there any way to prevent the plugin doing this ?
I am using P4V version 2009.1/212209 in Visual Studio 2008.

A: Short answer is no. Sorry. If it really is slowing things down e-mail support@perforce.com and report it as a bug (or at least question why it does it as there could be a good reason why).
IMHO the better workflow is to always have P4V open and submit changelist from there. In P4V it is easier to check/diff each file, break up the changes into atomic changelists, and write more detailed submit notes than 'fixed bugs'.
Use P4SCC for the integration with Visual Studio, e.g. to automatically check files out when you edit them and marking files for add.


Tired of having to run around the server wearing your dyed leather armour? your armoured look is running out of style? Then worry no more as ClothingCraft mod solves all that!
Created by KittyReverant, ClothingCraft mod allows you to make and customized the way you dress by creating clothes from fabric.
A config file is also available to allow clothes to have an armour protection.
The mod is aimed to create a more modern and realistic minecraft world where clothes are invented and used widely by everyone. In this mod, you can fully customize the clothes by giving it a different color, pattern, or style.
The author managed to create a massive 417,654,129,152 of possible outfit combination so you are sure to be uniquely clothed everyday.
Well first, you'll be needing a fabric. A fabric is created by combining two wool blocks together on a shapeless recipe. Just like in vanilla, you can change the fabrics color by using dyes or combine the wool to create a different colored fabric.
You will also need to create a hammer to craft buttons that are needed to craft a shirt – yes the buttons can be colored as well.
Craft the items on a similar pattern as the armour and you'll get your own personalized shirt!
But wait! That shirt is sleeveless! Make a sleeve by using fabric and add them to your shirt to create a full T-shirt! Of course, you could wear the shirt alone, but are you really going to expose your armpits to those creepers?
Similarly, you can also create hats, shoes, and pants with this mod and mix and match them with different styles and colors in order to create your own personal look.
I highly recommend this mod for big modern servers.
Awesome right? show us your latest fashion by leaving a screenshot and a comment below!


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Report: Connecticut drivers most unsafe in country
Apr 19, 2018, 3:53pm EDT
Updated on:Apr 19, 2018, 3:53pm EDT
Connecticut drivers are the most unsafe motorists in the United States, according to a 2018 safe driving report from EverQuote Insurance.
The report says drivers in the Northeast are the most unsafe overall, with contributing factors including aggression, speeding and distractions such as using a phone while driving.
Some drivers who spoke with News 12 Connecticut said the state's many congested and narrow roadways don't help, often adding to aggression and stress.
The report also says Northeast drivers have a heavy foot. On average, those drivers speed on almost half of their trips and aggressively accelerate more than drivers in any other region.
The report says Midwest drivers are the safest, while drivers in the South use their phone the most. Rhode Island came in just behind Connecticut for unsafe drivers.


The On-Camera Audioclarifier with assorted ear tips is mostly used for guest talent. It comes with seven different size ear tips that can be quickly changed to fit different size ears. Both the custom and tip models are also used for security and surveillance work. Call 262-524-2424 if you have any questions.


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Playing Favorites: Entitled and Earned Positional Advantages
January 23, 2013 By Brian Viard
Why earning a positional advantage is truly advantageous.
In my last column I discussed how an inebriated citizen of Beijing surnamed Hou earned a 10,000-fold return through a positional advantage. Back in 2008 he bought the rights to a liquor brand name bearing a strong resemblance to Mo Yan, the winner of the recently-announced Nobel Prize for Literature. After the announcement, the brand name's value skyrocketed and Hou sold it for a fortune. As I explained, a positional advantage arises from occupying an advantageous position in an industry–in Hou's case ownership of a valuable trademark. There are two primary ways to gain a positional advantage: it can be given or earned. Either is good for the holder but only one is good for society. To illustrate this, let's consider two Chinese firms with positional advantages–Ping An and Shunfeng (SF) Express.
Ping An is China's only fully integrated financial institution offering life insurance, property insurance, trust services, brokerage services, and commercial banking. This offers Ping An a unique position in the industry and the advantages that accompany it – cross-selling of services, one-stop shopping for clients, lower capital costs, and likely an implicit "too-big-to-fail" backing by the government, although this has never been tested. This positional advantage has served Ping An well. Its stock price has gone from HKD 9.93 from its IPO in 2004 to HDK 69.90 today.
SF Express, China's largest private express delivery company, has also done well – doubling the number of its locations since 2011 to 4,000 this year. Its small, tri-wheeled delivery trucks are now hard to miss around the streets of Beijing. If SF Express can keep these trucks filled it will have a strong positional advantage. Dense geographic coverage, known as "packing the space", creates a virtuous cycle for an express delivery company. Delivering a high volume of packages in a small area lowers costs as trucks can make more deliveries in less time and while traveling shorter distances. An AT Kearney report estimates that the last-mile cost of delivery in China drops from RMB 15 per parcel with 500 daily deliveries in a city to less than RMB 2 with 10,000 daily deliveries.[1] The lower cost, in turn, allows the firm to price competitively and achieve the necessary volume. To match these costs a competitor would have to build the same infrastructure and fill it with parcels–not an easy task once SF Express is already there and operating at a lower cost.
An SF Express delivery vehicle in downtown Beijing
Both Ping An and SF Express occupy advantageous positions. However, they gained these positions in very different ways. SF Express has earned its position by investing in a network of vehicles and personnel and developing the systems to move packages through this network efficiently. It has had to do this better and faster than its competitors. Ping An, in contrast, was given its position through a government edict reportedly after extensive lobbying. After the 1997 Asian financial crisis, regulators were worried about systemic risks to the financial system and forced insurance companies to sell their stakes in trust companies, brokerage houses, and commercial banks and to choose between life and property insurance services. The sole exception allowed by the regulators was Ping An.
Why does it matter how a positional advantage is obtained? Being granted a positional advantage does nothing to ensure that Ping An is the insurance firm that will take best advantage of it and provide the greatest value to customers at the lowest cost. More likely it is the firm most effective at government lobbying–skills which probably have little to do with delivering financial services. Having to fight it out on a level playing field, on the other hand, likely ensures that the most effective firm prevails. If SF Express cannot provide fast, effective delivery at a lower cost than others, then it will be displaced by a firm that can. That's better for anyone who needs to send a parcel.
So was Hou's positional advantage earned or given? Hou put down his money for the trademark when no one else would – anyone was free to do so. Once the Nobel Prize had been announced Hou sold the trademark–I presume to the highest bidder. This is likely the firm that can most effectively use the brand name in the marketplace. If the government had instead assigned exclusive use of the brand name to some other firm, that would not ensure its best use. Even if he was inebriated when doing so, Hou earned his positional advantage by taking the risk. After all, if the Nobel Prize had gone to someone besides Mo Yan the only thing Hou would have to show for his investment would be a good story.
Parents are often warned of the dangers of playing favorites with their children. The same advice should be given to a country's government with respect to firms in the marketplace.
Update: According to an article in The Atlantic, the problems with the pricing of Beijing taxis that I identified in my first posting have become worse.
[1] "China's E-Commerce Market: The Logistics Challenges," A. T. Kearney, 2011, pages 4 and 5.
Filed Under: All Articles, Chinese Economy, Economics, ExpertSpeak, Invisible Hand Revealed, Know China Tagged With: Invisible Hand Revealed, Mo Yan, Ping An, Ping An Insurance, Positional Advantage, SF Express, Shunfeng
About Brian Viard
Prof Brian Viard is Associate Professor of Strategy and Economics at Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business. He explores the workings of economics in everyday life and business in China through this column.
Aiming for the Top: Can China Escape the Middle Income Trap?
Banking Reform: Slow and Steady Wins the Race
China should adopt a measured but determined approach to banking reform. There is no doubt that banking reform must happen...


Exactly what I need for a current project. Could you please share compiled jar?
Great to hear that it is useful. What JDK version do you need it compiled against? my current dev machine only has JDK 10 and 11 installed.


Chicken empanadas: soffritto, béchamel sauce, rosemary. Served with chimichurri clásico.
Beef empanadas: 100% grass-fed Limousin beef, green olives, hard boiled egg. Served with chimichurri clásico.
Vegetarian empanadas: spinach, ricotta, nutmeg. Served with salsa llajua, a spicy tomato based vinaigrette.
Chicken terrine biscuit sandwiches: fresh chicken sausage with cherries, pistachios, and sage; served on a soft biscuit with grain mustard and greens.


The office is a noisy place. Your co-workers are chatting. Phones are ringing. As a result, you're sometimes not getting much done. Often the best way to focus is to fight sound with sound — by donning your headphones to drown out the distracting noises. But are some forms of music more conducive to getting work done than others?
Scientists have long studied the effects of music on productivity. One study conducted by Teresa Lesiuk, called "The Effect of Music Listening on Work Performance," concluded that individuals who listen to music at work are more positive and more productive. There's actually a business case for it as well — MusicWorks conducted a survey of over 1,000 small- and medium-sized businesses, and about 77 percent said music in the workplace makes employees more productive, and 40 percent said they believe music can help increase sales.
That being said, what style of music is most effective varies based on what type of task you are trying to complete, as well as on personal preference. So, to help you find that perfect productive jam no matter what you're doing, we combed through the research and compiled some advice for choosing the right sound to help sharpen your focus, relax the mind and overpower office distractions. We're sure your terrifying to-do list will thank us.
Between finding a wrinkle-free outfit, navigating commuter traffic and just making time to eat a bowl of cereal, mornings have the potential to be extremely stressful. Spend a few minutes each morning listening to some familiar favorites to reduce that morning anxiety and get your creative juices flowing before you even take a seat at your desk.
Even the New York Times bestselling author of The Happiness Project, Gretchen Rubin, says that the simplest way to boost your mood is by throwing on one of your favorite songs. So, whether your go-to music is Kenny Chesney, Beyoncé or Metallica, spend a few minutes each morning listening to the songs you love. Your clients, co-workers and friends will appreciate your positivity each morning.
To remain productive during detail-oriented pursuits, studies show that moderately toned, instrumental music is the most effective for drowning out the office calamity and sparking creativity. During his TED Talk, Julien Treasure, the founder of The Sound Agency, described his research on the direct effect of sound on our body's functionality. It is nearly impossible for us to focus on the words from two different auditory sources at the same time, making it difficult to concentrate while listening to lyrical music.
For instance, if you are preparing a new client presentation or writing up a claim, instrumental music helps to excite, motivate and eliminate distraction in an open office setting. Mozart is not your only option! Check out electronic, country, jazz, classical or upbeat music, as long as it is not obtrusive.
A specific genre, whether acoustic guitar or deep house, isn't as important as music with the right tonality. Especially high or low tones should be avoided; however, mellow sounding background music is your key to success. Use one of the many free music streaming applications to find what genre you fancy—you can even find instrumental music tailored to the office environment.
Let's face it, not all the work we do requires complete concentration. We're all familiar with thrilling tasks like filing papers, reading through emails after vacation or dealing with that time-consuming spreadsheet. Music can make those tasks more enjoyable and help you complete them more quickly.
Have any additional productive music suggestions you'd recommend? Please let us know at Facebook (Facebook.com/InsureMyPath) and Twitter (@InsureMyPath).


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Will Kit Harington & Rose Leslie Get Back Together? The 'Game Of Thrones' Stars Are "Ships In The Night"
By Maitri Suhas
ANDREW COWIE/AFP/Getty Images
Jon Snow, ever the glutton for punishment, is doing great at work but awful in his personal life. Jon Snow is the hottest lord commander of the night's watch to date, but he doesn't have much in the way of a love life after coolest redhead ever, Ygritte, passed away with the greatest last line ever: "You know nothing, Jon Snow." Ugh, I'm sobbing and dying even more he was. And even more heartbreaking, Game of Thrones stars Kit Harington and Rose Leslie, who played Jon Snow and Ygritte, respectively, were a IRL couple. And now they are not, and nothing is right in Westeros or out of it.
Harington and Leslie, both 28, reportedly dated for a year, and last August they got back together. I guess intense exposure and wild success as part of one of the most loved HBO shows of all time must make for a romantic environment. An "insider" told Us Weekly in August 2014, "They've been back on for about three months. That said, it's casual right now and they're having fun. They're not moving in together or anything like that yet." Those are very specific details, insider. Thank you.
But in January 2015, Harington said that it was just too damn hard to be an actor and be in a relationship at the same time. He told GQ, "I'll never talk about any particular relationship I've been in. But I will say I'm single at the moment." Wow. Rude. Why don't you want to talk about it?!
But, similar to sad Jon Snow, Harington seemed conflicted. "Relationships as an actor are incredibly difficult with someone who's not an actor, because they never get to see you, and with someone who is an actor, because you're ships in the night a lot of the time," the actor explained. How poetic.
And Rose Leslie has been just as "mum's the word." She hasn't opened up about their relationship, but once told Us Weekly, "I don't think he considers himself a heartthrob. He's a lovely man!" He sure is. Please do tell us how lovely it was to kiss him. How is it that Britain is overrun with horrible tabloids yet stars so private and considerate?
It's like they don't even care what us GoT fans whom they have never and will never meet think of their relationship! But, now that they are no longer working together on set (Still crying. Bring Ygritte back), it doesn't seem likely that they'll be hooking up again any time soon, being all "ships in the night" and everything. It's a shame. Who else from the cast can Harington date? I vote for Melisandre. They had great chemistry on that elevator up to the top of the Wall.
Images: Giphy (2)


The Son is shining in the Kingdom of Ever After. A rainbow, the sign of divine promise, perpetually encircles His throne as His face radiates a holy light like an arc of lightning that never fades. On the crystalline plain about Him stand countless legions of knights in shining armor, men and women devoted to their King who stand with glittering swords raised high and polished shields mirroring the glorious radiance poured down upon them. Here sits the Eternal Victor, having established His plans and purposes before time even began, accomplishing a salvation so mighty that time cannot contain it ("… The Lamb Who was slain from before the creation of the world…." From Revelations 13:8).
From Him come the weapons and armor that are borne by His children as well as the strength to wield them in the conflict that even now wages about us. For dragons and giants walk the land indeed, devouring and enslaving the descendants of Adam with flaming whips, venomous darts, and poison apples. Setting up their petty domains in defiance of the great and glorious King, they lash out in rebellion against Him, spreading the insurgency of the great Serpent himself. To the fray, the great King has called His children, hidden heroes with courage that comes from the wellspring of fellowship with God.
Can all of this be merely a fairy tale? No. It's the real thing. The battle wages around us even now. But who has eyes to see it? And who has ears to hear it? Here we are, encased in mortal flesh, wearing our everyday clothes, doing our everyday things. Yet, if one has been born again, he dwells at once in both worlds, a foot in the world of everyday happenings and one in the Kingdom of Ever After!
Let us shake off then the blindness that shields from our eyes the epic tale into which is written the story of our lives! Let us turn our ears to the clarion call of our great Captain as He rallies us to His banner of His love!
"He has delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of His beloved Son, in Whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins" (Colossians 1:13-14 ESV).
Our king invites us to join in the holy quest of seeking out slaves who are enthralled by the deceits of the enemy, imprisoned by snares of pride and selfishness. He sends us out to set free the forlorn captives of gruesome giants of despair, awful ogres of anger and bitterness, and devious dragons of fear. Just think! In the adventure before us are treasures of love, joy, and peace just waiting to be unearthed by faithful service to our God! And while we may all too easily dismiss such ideas as being fantastical notions of an overactive imagination, take heed that this is a reality that is more fantastic than fantasy!
"For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the cosmic powers over this present darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places" (Ephesians 6: 12 ESV).
So clean the rust from your sword! Put on your armor! Polish your shield! One cannot do battle without weapons and one who attempts combat without armor is certainly doomed to be wounded.
"Put on the whole armor of God, that you may be able to stand against the schemes of the devil…. Stand therefore, having fastened on the belt of truth, and having put on the breastplate of righteousness, and, as shoes for your feet, having put on the readiness given by the gospel of peace. In all circumstances take up the shield of faith, with which you can extinguish all the flaming darts of the evil one; and take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God," (Ephesians 6:11, 14-17 ESV).
Let us take up the cause for which our Savior, the greatest of all heroes, gave His life! Let us embrace the power bequeathed to us that also raised Him from the dead! Let us bear the mantle of His Holy Spirit, which both marks us as God's own (see Ephesians 1:13) and equips us for the quest!
Jesus read to everyone in the synagogue, "The Spirit of the Lord is upon Me, because He has anointed me to proclaim good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim liberty to the captives and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty those who are oppressed, to proclaim the year of the Lord's favor…." (Luke 4:18-19 ESV).
And let us remember that for those who have been made God's own children through faith in Jesus Christ, there is an eternal destiny of joy, peace, and healing. That is truly the land wherein we will live happily ever after!


This new house in Cambridge represents a departure for the Practice from more traditional forms of housing. On discussion with our client the design resulted in a combination of compound curves bisected radially to form living spaces of varying height and level, producing a series of exciting and unusual volumes and spaces. The house is wired throughout for computers, and software allows for monitoring of services from remote controllers within the building and, via the internet from anywhere in the world. It incorporates an advanced VRV (variable refrigerant volume) system with high levels of insulation, designed for maximum energy efficiency.


Carter: If Daniel's right, this artifact has been doing this since neanderthals were still the dominant species on Earth.
O'Neill: Ah, that takes me back.
Carter: You think it might be a booby trap?
Hammond: The NID people want to see it.
Carter: Even knowing what it's done to the Colonel?
Jackson: Especially knowing what it's done to the Colonel.
Carter: It won't take us without a fight, sir.
O'Neill: Teal'c you don't have to stick around.
Teal'c: Undomesticated equines could not remove me.
O'Neill: Wild horses, Teal'c. It's… That's a joke. You told a joke.
Jackson: What? Anybody! Just come here.
Stargate SG-1 Season 2 1998.08.07 Claire.