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Il comando e controllo (in inglese "Command and Control", indicato anche con l'abbreviazione C2) di un'organizzazione militare, è l'esercizio dell'autorità e della direzione, da parte di un comandante appropriatamente designato, nei confronti delle forze a lui assegnate per il compimento di una missione. La stessa espressione può anche riferirsi a sistemi di comando e controllo all'interno di un sistema militare.

Descrizione

Inquadramento concettuale
La definizione della NATO del 1998 è simile:

Gli scienziati della difesa canadese Ross Pigeau e Carol McCann discutono le questioni e le incertezze relative alla definizione del termine Comando e controllo in un loro articolo sul Canadian Military Journal.

Il libro di Vassiliou et al. contiene un'appendice che confronta e contrappone varie definizioni e fornisce anche un'utile definizione generale che include la maggior parte di quelle ufficiali:

Il rapporto con l'industria della sicurezza informatica

Questo termine è di uso comune anche nel settore della sicurezza informatica e nel contesto della guerra cibernetica. Qui il termine si riferisce all'influenza che un attaccante ha su un sistema informatico compromesso che riesce a controllare. Ad esempio, un uso valido del termine indica che gli aggressori utilizzano "infrastrutture di comando e controllo" per inviare "istruzioni di comando e controllo" alle loro vittime. L'analisi avanzata delle metodologie di comando e controllo può essere utilizzata per identificare gli aggressori, associarne gli attacchi ed interrompere le attività malevole in corso.

I centri di comando

Un centro di comando e controllo è in genere una stanza (o un intero edificio) protetto in una sede governativa, militare o carceraria che opera contemporaneamente come centro di smistamento dell'organizzazione, centro di monitoraggio della sorveglianza, ufficio di coordinamento e centro di monitoraggio degli allarmi. I centri di comando e controllo sono gestiti da un governo o da un'agenzia municipale.

Vari rami delle forze armate statunitensi come la Guardia costiera e la Marina USA hanno centri di comando e controllo. Sono anche comuni in molte grandi strutture detentive.

Un centro di comando e controllo che viene utilizzato da un'unità militare in una posizione schierata è solitamente chiamato "posto di comando". Ogni nave da guerra ha una centrale operativa di combattimento per il controllo delle risorse tattiche della nave, ma il comando di una flotta o di un'operazione congiunta richiede spazio aggiuntivo per comandanti e personale, più strutture C4I, tipicamente fornite a bordo di una nave ammiraglia (ad esempio, una portaerei), a volte una nave comando od una nave logistica avanzata come la USS Coronado.

Terminologia
Ci sono una pletora di termini derivati che enfatizzano aspetti diversi, usi e sotto-domini del termine C2. Questi sono accompagnati da una moltitudine di abbreviazioni associate: ad esempio, oltre a C2, il comando e il controllo sono spesso abbreviati in C2 e talvolta come C&C.

Le tematiche di Comando e Controllo sono state accoppiate con:
 Comunicazione / Comunicazioni
 Intelligence (militare)
 Informazioni / Sistemi informativi
 Computer / Informatica
 Sorveglianza
 Acquisizione obiettivi
 Ricognizione
 Interoperabilità
 Collaborazione
 Guerra elettronica
e altri.

Alcune delle varianti più comuni includono:

 C2I - Comando, controllo e intelligence
 C2I - Comando, controllo e informazione (un uso meno comune)
 C2IS - sistemi informativi di Comando e controllo
 C2ISR - C2I più Surveillance ("Sorveglianza") e Reconnaissance ("Ricognizione")
 C2ISTAR - C2 più ISTAR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition  - "Acquisizione Obiettivi" - e Reconnaissance)
 C3 - Comando, controllo e comunicazione (focus sull'attività umana)
 C3 - Comando, controllo e comunicazioni (focus tecnologico)
 C3 - Consultazione, comando e controllo [NATO]
 C3I - 4 possibilità; il senso più comune è Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence
 C3ISTAR - C3 più ISTAR
 C3ISREW - C2ISR più Communications più Electronic Warfare (focus tecnologico)
 C4, C4I, C4ISR, C4ISTAR, C4ISREW, C4ISTAREW - oltre a Computer (messa a fuoco tecnologica) o Informatica (attività umana focalizzata)
C4I2 - Comando, controllo, comunicazioni, computer, intelligence e interoperabilità
 C5I - Comando, controllo, comunicazioni, computer, collaborazione e intelligence
 NC2 - Comando e controllo nucleare
 NC3 - Comando e comunicazioni nucleari
ed altri ancora.
 Comando: l'esercizio dell'autorità basata su determinate conoscenze per raggiungere un obiettivo.
 Controllo: il processo di verifica e correzione dell'attività in modo tale da raggiungere l'obiettivo o l'obiettivo del comando.
 Comunicazione: capacità di esercitare il collegamento necessario per esercitare un comando efficace tra unità tattiche o strategiche da comandare.
 Computer: i sistemi informatici e la compatibilità dei sistemi informatici. Include anche l'elaborazione dei dati.
 Intelligence: include la raccolta, l'analisi e la distribuzione delle informazioni.

Il "Command and control warfare"

Caratteristiche
La Command and control warfare (in italiano traducibile con "lotta anti-Comando e Controllo") comprende tutte le tattiche militari che utilizzano la tecnologia delle comunicazioni e può essere abbreviata come C2W (o C2W), ed è l'insieme di attività, nell'ambito dell'information warfare, che tende a minare l'esercizio di attività da parte del comandante nemico nei confronti delle forze a lui disponibili per il perseguimento della missione affidatagli, negando al nemico l'accesso all'informazione e quindi interrompendo le sue capacità di comando e controllo.

Un precedente termine per indicare queste tattiche era quello di "guerra dei segnali", derivato dal nome anticamente dato dai militari alle comunicazioni. Termini più recenti sono invece "operazioni informative" e Information warfare ("guerra dell'informazione").

Obiettivi
L'obiettivo delle strategie C2W è quello di decapitare la struttura di comando dell'avversario, essendo questa una struttura chiave dell'organizzazione militare, dal corpo delle forze da questa controllate. Oltre a prendere di mira il comando e il controllo del nemico, la guerra dell'informazione può essere diretta contro i capi politici del nemico ed altre comunicazioni civili.

Tecniche operative
Oltre alla distruzione fisica delle strutture di comunicazione nemiche (ottenuta con le tradizionali tecniche belliche: bombardamenti, incursioni, attentati...), la C2W combina le seguenti tecniche:
 Sicurezza operativa (OPSEC)
 Inganno militare
 Operazioni psicologiche (PSYOP)
 Guerra elettronica (EW)
 Guerra psicologica
 Cyber-Operazioni
Contemporaneamente devono essere prese precauzioni per proteggere le proprie capacità di comando e controllo da analoghe azioni avversarie.

Esistono due tecniche differenti per raggiungere lo scopo prefissato:
 antihead ("diretto alla 'testa' del nemico"), cioè contro i centri C2 veri e propri
 antineck ("diretto al 'collo' del nemico, cioè alle strutture di collegamento fra C2 e forze sottoposte, tipicamente quindi contro le comunicazioni)

Lotta antihead
È dato dall'insieme delle attività rivolte a colpire la "testa", ossia il comando, delle forze nemiche. Colpire il comandante nemico non è affatto una novità nella storia: in ogni epoca, gli eserciti e le forze schierate in campo hanno sempre cercato di catturare o comunque neutralizzare i capi avversari. Primo problema dellantihead è la localizzazione, o meglio, l'individuazione del centro di comando.

Oggi i centri di comando sono facilmente riconoscibili per l'abbondanza di elementi caratteristici, come
 forti emissioni elettromagnetiche (provenienti dagli impianti di comunicazione e elaborazione dati);
 movimento di persone e di documenti o altri supporti ufficiali, in entrata e in uscita dal centro, non paragonabile a quello di altri insediamenti.
La neutralizzazione e la distruzione di un centro di comando permettono di interrompere le operazioni nemiche; l'''effetto sorpresa dell'attacco può amplificare di molto gli effetti di quest'ultimo. Tipicamente, l'attacco viene sferrato con:
 armi tradizionali, che però implicano anche la possibilità di una certa imprecisione (il bersaglio viene comunque danneggiato dalla deflagrazione a breve distanza);
 armi soft-kill, o di delicata azione lesiva, che impongono una precisa localizzazione dell'obiettivo da colpire ed operano secondo un'azione mirata, quale l'interruzione di energia, l'uso di interferenze elettromagnetiche o di virus informatici.

 Lotta antineck
L'antineck è quell'insieme di attività che ha lo scopo di neutralizzare il "collo" della struttura di comando; in altre parole, a differenza dellantihead'', si cerca di interrompere le comunicazioni che avvengono tra il comando delle forze nemiche e le forze stesse. Secondo la moderna pratica militare, l'interruzione delle connessioni tra il comando e le unita operative richiede:
 la conoscenza dei metodi di comunicazione: ciò rende possibile capire se la rete di comunicazione si appoggia su cavi (è possibile localizzare e disabilitare i singoli nodi), su onde radio (nel qual caso, l'attenzione va rivolta alle antenne e ai ponti radio e richiede l'impiego di appositi apparati di disturbo e di intercettazione) o su satelliti (le comunicazioni da e verso i quali possono essere intercettate e disturbate);
 la consapevolezza del fatto che anche i Paesi meno evoluti dispongono di apparecchiature sofisticate e, con la ridondanza che c'è di apparati e di linee, possono agevolmente confondere le idee a chi decida di attaccarli.

Nel mondo

Stati Uniti d'America
Il dizionario militare e dei termini associati del Dipartimento della Difesa degli Stati Uniti definisce il Comando e Controllo come:

L'edizione di aprile 2010 dello stesso dizionario spiega:

Tuttavia questa frase manca nella voce "comando e controllo" dell'edizione del 15 agosto 2014.

Gli ufficiali comandanti sono assistiti nell'esecuzione di questi compiti da parte di personale specializzato ed arruolato. Questi militari sono un gruppo di ufficiali ed altro personale che fornisce un flusso bidirezionale di informazioni tra un ufficiale comandante ed unità militari subordinate.

Lo scopo di uno staff militare è principalmente quello di fornire informazioni accurate e tempestive che per definizione rappresentano le informazioni su cui si basano le decisioni di comando, la cui applicazione fondamentale sono le decisioni che gestiscono efficacemente le singole risorse ed unità sottoposte. Il flusso di informazioni verso il comandante è prioritario, mentre le informazioni che sono utili o contingenti per natura sono comunicate a personale ed unità inferiori.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 War room
 Electronic warfare
 Nebbia di guerra
 Comunicazioni militari
 Network-centric warfare
 Information warfare
 Global Information Grid
 Tactical Data Link
 Signals intelligence (SIGINT)
 Electronic intelligence (ELINT)
 Communications intelligence (COMINT)
 NATO
 NORAD
 Operazione Looking Glass

Collegamenti esterni
 Command and control definitions and procedures, UK College of Policing, www.app.college.police.uk
 The Command and Control Research Program (CCRP)
 "Understanding Command and Control" di D. S. Alberts e R. E. Hayes (2006)

Arte militare
Sistemi di rete


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According to the Securities and Exchange Commission filings, ARK Invest has submitted a new application that includes a proposed rule change by the Chicago Board Options Exchange BZX Exchange. The main objective of the spot ETF — ARK 21Shares Bitcoin ETF — is to track the performance of Bitcoin as measured by the S&P Bitcoin Index. These applications were submitted by "In seeking to achieve its investment objective, the Trust will hold bitcoin and will value the Shares daily based on the Index. All creations and redemptions will be processed by the Trust in kind in transactions with authorized participants. The Trust is not actively managed." Despite numerous physical Bitcoin ETF filings being made, the SEC has yet to approve any that provides exposure to the cryptocurrency's price in spot markets. The latest filing is ARK's second for a physical Bitcoin ETF. It comes a month after the Commission rejected the investment company's first attempt. Wood responded by stating that the firm would apply for a second time while adding. "I find it fascinating they have approved the Bitcoin futures and not the underlying. It just doesn't make sense to me, especially considering the fees associated with that kind of ETF." Grayscale, an asset manager and leading company, has been pressing for the approval of a spot Bitcoin ETF. However, they have not succeeded.

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Not So Rotten
No movie left behind.
Why You Should Watch Attack of The Clones
Posted on January 2, 2018 May 22, 2018 by S. W.	Posted inCult Movies, Kids & Family, Sci-Fi & FantasyTagged 2002
Disclaimer: This isn't a typical review that begins with a short blurb of the movie and then delves deeper into the elements of the film. The Attack of the Clones was released in 2002 and you had 16 years to watch it. There will be spoilers.
Critics: 66% Audience: 57% IMDb: 6.6
Star Wars: The Attack of the Clones follows up on George Lucas' first prequel installment, The Phantom Menace. The film picks up 10 years after the events of Phantom when Anakin Skywalker (Hayden Christensen) is apparently grown up (debatable). It's a "coming of age" movie for the young Padawan and eventual Sith Lord, detailing his struggles of becoming a Jedi while confronting his inexplicable desire for Senator (previously Queen) Amidala (Natalie Portman). The growing struggles of the Republic's war with the Separatists also serve as a focal point of the story, drawing equal attention. By most people's standards, it's a marked improvement over its predecessor and comes across as a well-rounded film, barring one element, the central character.
It makes sense to first address the primary ill of this film, Anakin Skywalker, particularly his lines of dialogue and courtship of Padme. When the prequel trilogy is set to give the future Vader the spotlight throughout, he should be given strong support from the screenwriting department, and he wasn't. Dubious word choices, making issue with environments saying he doesn't "like sand", referring to Padme as "intoxicating", and calling Obi-Wan's treatment of him "unfair," don't help his case for being a grown up.
Couple that with a troubling romance between Anakin and Padme, and you have a rough showing that takes up a decent amount of screen time. The relationship was already on sorry footing with the age difference, laid bare in Phantom when Anakin meets a grown-up Padme when he's only 9 years old. Not as bad as this real-life Tony Bennett story where he met his future wife for the first time when her mother was pregnant with her, but still… Bad. It's not a believable romance since it moves too fast, jumping from a scene where Padme calls Anakin's staring "uncomfortable" to them being a bit more candid and intimate a few moments later. The jumps were too quick.
Setting the sniping aside, to truly appreciate, or rather salvage the Anakin story arc, it's important to look at the larger picture at play here, the story of how he becomes Darth Vader. Paying attention to the rumblings of his anger and impatience, and the outbursts of rage that follow do reveal some depth to his character. Clones lays the foundation for Anakin to turn to the Dark Side, and it starts with his fears for his mother, fears that end up turning true. Her death at the hands of the Tusken Raiders forces him to massacre the whole tribe, men, women, and children. That's a significantly disturbing reaction from a man learning to be a Jedi. When you pay attention to Skywalker's actions as opposed to his words, Clones becomes more than palatable, and it paints the path to him becoming Vader. The audience should ignore his relationship to Padme to some extent and focus more on his relationship with his mother, at least in this film, as their relationship is in no way unnatural. Most people love their mothers, but most people don't fall in love with 9-year-olds.
Moving away from Skywalker, the performances of the other cast members were quite phenomenal. Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan, Frank Oz as Yoda and Christopher Lee as Count Dooku, all represent distinct levels of calm and composure for the Jedi and the Sith. One impressive feat of the prequels is in showing the depths of the Force and what it can do. The film shows how Obi-Wan, Dooku, Mace Windu (Samuel L. Jackson) and Yoda are at different stages of enlightenment (for lack of a better word) when it comes to the Force, and this hierarchy becomes crucial in creating our personal investments in the characters. McGregor is particularly fascinating to watch since he does echo Alec Guinness's mentor role from the original trilogy when he's with Anakin while adding newer layers when he's with Jedi far superior to him. His failure to defeat Dooku in a lightsaber duel is one example, along with his deference to Jedi Masters Yoda and Windu.
Building up the Jedi's background and history is a much-needed element since the original trilogy left so many questions unanswered. As the prequels focus on the Jedi and the rise of the Sith through Emperor Palpatine, it builds on what Phantom started by fleshing out the different worlds, and the political machinations in the galaxy. This could be white noise to some, but it's important in establishing the events of the original trilogy. How did the Stormtroopers come about? How did the emperor rise to power? How did Anakin/Vader and Obi-Wan fall out of favor with each other? Clones answers these questions. It can't be passed out as just meaningless trivia because the prequels give sounder footing for the original trilogy's characters, in terms of their motivations.
Other notable improvements of the film include the CGI, which seems to have progressed by leaps and bounds compared to Phantom. Maybe having fewer Gungans does help. The battles sequences, along with the early chase scene where Anakin and Obi-Wan chase the hired assassin do a better job of meshing the CGI and the live-action elements. And having more lightsaber action that is better choreographed is always a plus.
Overall, a better movie compared to Phantom.
Anakin's character arc is a poignant one… If you can ignore some of his dialogue.
The character development of the Jedi (Obi-Wan and Yoda, for the most part) is much better.
Answers some questions the original trilogy left hanging, e.g. the Stormtroopers.
Better use of CGI, though there is an increasing use of it over practical, on-set effects.
More lightsaber duels!
Since you know why you should watch Attack of the Clones, take a look at the reasons to watch Revenge of the Sith.
Movie Info (From IMDb)
Production companies: Lucasfilm
Distributor: 20th Century Fox
Director: George Lucas
Cast: Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Christopher Lee, Samuel L. Jackson, Frank Oz, Ian McDiarmid
Screenwriters: George Lucas, Jonathan Hale,
Producers: George Lucas, Rick McCallum, Lorne Orleans
Director of Photography: David Tattersall
Production Designer: Gavin Bocquet
Costume Designer: Trisha Biggar
Editors: Ben Burtt,
Music: John Williams
Casting: Robin Gurland
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§ 274-36 Tax levied; title.
§ 274-39 Imposition of tax.
§ 274-42 Fully taxable documents.
§ 274-43 Credits against transfer tax.
§ 274-44 Proceeds of judicial sale.
§ 274-45 Real estate or interest located partially in Township.
§ 274-46 Statement of value.
§ 274-47 Collection of tax.
§ 274-48 Evidence of payment.
§ 274-49 Determination of additional tax due.
§ 274-51 Collection of delinquent taxes; interest.
§ 274-53 Violations and penalties.
Pursuant to the authority contained in the Local Tax Enabling Act, Act of December 31, 1965, P.L. 1257, a tax for the purpose of providing revenue for general Township purposes is hereby levied, assessed and imposed upon the transfer of real property or an interest in real property within the limits of Marple Township, regardless of where the instruments making the transfers are made, executed or delivered or where the actual settlements on the transfer take place, at the rate of 1% of the amount of the value of said real property or interest therein, as herein defined.
This article shall be known and may be cited as the "Marple Township Realty Transfer Tax Ordinance."
A corporation, joint-stock association, business trust or banking institution which is organized under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the United States or any other state, territory or foreign country or dependency.
Any deed, instrument or writing which conveys, transfers, devises, vests, confirms or evidences any transfer or devise of title to real estate, but does not include wills, mortgages, deeds of trust or other instruments of like character given as security for a debt and deeds of release thereof to the debtor, land contracts whereby the legal title does not pass to the grantee until the total consideration specified in the contract has been paid or any cancellation thereof, unless the consideration is payable over a period of time exceeding 30 years, or instruments which solely grant, vest or confirm a public utility easement. A "document" shall also include a declaration of acquisition required to be presented for recording pursuant to § 274-42B hereof.
A corporation of which at least 75% of its assets are devoted to the business of agriculture and at least 75% of each class of stock of the corporation is continuously owned by members of the same family.
The business of agriculture shall not be deemed to include recreational activities, such as but not limited to hunting, fishing, camping, skiing, show competition or racing; the raising, breeding or training of game animals or game birds, fish, cats, dogs or pets or animals intended for use in sporting or recreational activities; fur farming; stockyard and slaughterhouse operations; and manufacturing or processing operations of any kind.
Any individual, such individual's brothers and sisters, the brothers and sisters of such individual's parents and grandparents, the ancestors and lineal descendants of any of the foregoing, a spouse of any of the foregoing and the estate of any of the foregoing. Individuals related by half blood or legal adoption shall be treated as if they were related by whole blood.
Ever natural person, association or corporation. Whenever used in any clause prescribing and imposing a fine or imprisonment, or both, the term "person," as applied to associations, shall include the responsible members or general partners thereof and, as applied to corporations, the officers thereof.
Any lands, tenements or hereditaments within limitation, buildings, structures, fixtures, mines, minerals, oil, gas, quarries, spaces with or without upper or lower boundaries, trees and other improvements, immovables or interests which, by custom, usage or law, pass with a conveyance of land, but excluding permanently attached machinery and equipment in an industrial plant.
A tenant stockholder's interest in a cooperative housing corporation, trust or association under a proprietary lease or occupancy agreement.
A corporation or association which is primarily engaged in the business of holding, selling or leasing real estate, 90% or more of the ownership interest in which is held by 35 or fewer persons and which derives 60% or more of its annual gross receipts from the ownership or disposition of real estate or holds real estate, the value of which comprises 90% or more of the value of its entire tangible asset holdings exclusive of tangible assets which are freely transferable and actively traded on an established market.
Any interest in real estate which endures for a period of time, the termination of which is not fixed or ascertained by a specific number of years, including, without limitation, an estate in fee simple, life estate or perpetual leasehold.
Any interest in real estate enduring for a fixed period of years but which, either by reason of the length of the term or the grant of a right to extend the term by renewal or otherwise, consists of a group of rights approximating those of an estate in fee simple, life estate or perpetual leasehold, including, without limitation, a leasehold interest or possessory interest under a lease or occupancy agreement for a term of 30 years or more or a leasehold interest or possessory interest in real estate in which the lessee has equity; provided, however, that in determining the term of a lease, it shall be presumed that a right or option to renew or extend a lease will be exercised if the rental charge to the lessee is fixed or if a method for calculating the rental charge is established.
The making, executing, delivering, accepting or presenting for recording of a document.
In the case of any bona fide sale of real estate at arm's length for actual monetary worth, the amount of the actual consideration therefor, paid or to be paid, including liens or other encumbrances thereon existing before the transfer and not removed thereby, whether or not the underlying indebtedness is assumed, and ground rents or a commensurate part thereof where such liens or other encumbrances and ground rents also encumber or are charged against other real estate, provided that, where such documents shall set forth a nominal consideration, the value thereof shall be determined from the price set forth in or actual consideration for the contract of sale.
In the case of a gift, sale by execution upon a judgment or upon the foreclosure of a mortgage by a judicial officer, transactions without consideration or for consideration less than the actual monetary worth of the real estate, a taxable lease, an occupancy agreement, a leasehold or possessory interest, any exchange of properties or the real estate of an acquired company, the actual monetary worth of the real estate determined by adjusting the assessed value of the real estate for local real estate tax purposes for the common level ratio of assessed values to market values of the taxing district as established by the State Tax Equalization Board, or a commensurate part of the assessment where the assessment includes other real estate.
In the case of an easement or other interest in real estate, the value of which is not determinable under Subsection A or B, the actual monetary worth of such interest.
A real estate company is an acquired company upon a change in the ownership interest in the company, however effected, if the change does not affect the continuity of the company and, of itself or together with prior changes, has the effect of transferring, directly or indirectly, 90% or more of the total ownership interest in the company within a period of three years.
Every person who makes, executes, delivers, accepts or presents for recording any document or in whose behalf any document is made, executed, delivered, accepted or presented for recording shall be subject to pay for and in respect to the transaction or any part thereof, or for and in respect of the vellum parchment or paper upon which such document is written or printed, a tax payable to the Township of Marple, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, at the rate of 1% of the value of the real estate represented by such document, which tax shall be payable at the earlier of the time the document is presented for recording or within 30 days of acceptance of such document or within 30 days of becoming an acquired company.
The United States, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania or any of their instrumentalities, agencies or political subdivisions shall be exempt from payment of the tax imposed by this article. The exemption of such governmental bodies shall not, however, relieve any other party to a transaction from liability for the tax.
A transfer to the commonwealth or to any of its instrumentalities, agencies or political subdivisions by gift, dedication or deed in lieu of condemnation or deed of confirmation in connection with condemnation proceedings or a reconveyance by condemning body of the property condemned to the owner of record at the time of condemnation, which reconveyance may include property line adjustments, provided that said reconveyance is made within one year from the date of condemnation.
A document which the commonwealth is prohibited from taxing under the Constitution or statutes of the United States.
A conveyance to a municipality, Township, school district or county pursuant to acquisition by the municipality, Township, school district or county of tax-delinquent property at a Sheriff's sale or Tax Claim Bureau sale.
A transfer of division in kind for no or nominal actual consideration of property passed by testate or intestate succession and held by cotenants; however, if any of the parties take shares greater in value than his undivided interest, tax is due on the excess.
A transfer between husband and wife, between persons who were previously husband and wife and who have since been divorced, provided that the property or interest therein subject to such transfer was acquired by the husband and wife or husband or wife prior to the granting of the final decree in divorce, between parent and child or the spouse of such child, between brother or sister or spouse of a brother or sister and brother or sister or the spouse of a brother or sister and between a grandparent and grandchild or the spouse of such grandchild, except that a subsequent transfer by the grantee within one year shall be subject to tax as if the grantor were making such transfer.
A transfer for no or nominal actual consideration of property passing by testate or interstate succession from a personal representative of a decedent to the decedent's devisee or heir.
A transfer for no or nominal actual consideration to a trustee of an ordinary trust where the transfer of the same property would be exempt if the transfer was made directly from the grantor to all of the possible beneficiaries, whether or not such beneficiaries are contingent or specifically named. No such exemption shall be granted unless the Recorder of Deeds is represented with a copy of the trust instrument that clearly identifies the grantor and all possible beneficiaries.
From or to an agent or straw party where, if the agent or straw party were his principal, no tax would be imposed under this article. Where the document by which title is acquired by a grantee or statement of value fails to set forth that the property was acquired by the grantee from or for the benefit of his principal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the property is the property of the grantee in his individual capacity if the grantee claims an exemption from taxation under this subsection.
A transfer by a mortgagor to the holder of a bona fide mortgage in default, in lieu of a foreclosure or a transfer pursuant to a judicial sale in which the successful bidder is the bona fide holder of a mortgage, unless the holder assigns the bid to another person.
A transfer to a conservancy which possesses a tax-exempt status pursuant to Section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [68A Stat. 3, 26 U.S.C. Section 501(c)(3)] and which has as its primary purpose preservation of land for historic, recreational, scenic, agricultural or open space opportunities, or a transfer from such a conservancy to the United States, commonwealth or to any of their instrumentalities, agencies or political subdivisions.
Leases for the production or extraction of coal, oil, natural gas or minerals and assignments thereof. In order to exercise any exclusion provided in this section, the true, full and complete value of the transfer shall be shown on the statement of value. For leases of coal, oil, natural gas or minerals, the statement of value may be limited to an explanation of the reason such document is not subject to tax under this article.
Except as excluded in § 274-41 hereof, documents which make, confirm or evidence any transfer or demise of title to real estate between associations or corporations and the members, partners, shareholders or stockholders thereof are fully taxable. For the purposes of this article, corporations and associations are entities separate from their members, partners, stockholders or shareholders.
Within 30 days after becoming an acquired company, the company shall present for recording a declaration of acquisition with the Recorder of Deeds of Delaware County for the purpose of noting thereon or the affixation thereto of such documentary stamps or other evidence of the payment of this tax as required by law. Such declaration shall set forth the value of the real estate holdings of the acquired company in Delaware County.
Where there is a transfer of a residential property by a licensed real estate broker, which property was transferred to him within the preceding year as consideration for the purchase of other residential property, a credit for the amount of the tax paid at the time of the transfer to him shall be given to him toward the amount of the tax upon the transfer.
Where there is a transfer of real estate which is demised by the grantor, a credit for the amount of the tax paid at the time of the demise shall be given the grantor toward the tax due upon the transfer.
The tax herein imposed shall be fully paid and have priority out of the proceeds of any judicial sale of real estate before any other obligation, claim, lien, judgment, estate or cost of the sale and of the writ upon which the sale is made, and the Sheriff or other officer conducting such sale shall pay the tax herein imposed out of the first moneys paid to him in connection therewith. If the proceeds of the sale are insufficient to pay the entire tax herein imposed, the purchaser shall be liable for the remaining tax.
Where real estate or an interest in real estate lying partly within the boundaries of Marple Township and partly without said boundaries is transferred, the tax herein imposed shall be calculated upon such portion of the real estate or interest therein lying within the boundaries of the Township as determined by the realty transfer tax statement of value filed with the Recorder of Deeds or, if no such filing is required, by affidavit of the transferor or as separately stated in the document of transfer; provided, however, that such value shall in no event be less than the highest assessed valuation for local tax purposes placed upon the real estate or the interest in the real estate in the assessment of the property within the Township.
Every document lodged with or presented to the Recorder of Deeds of Delaware County for recording shall set forth therein and as a part of such document the true, full and complete value thereof. When the full, complete and actual consideration for the transfer which is subject to the tax is not set forth in the document, the person liable for the tax shall, contemporaneously with the filing of the document, file with the Recorder of Deeds a realty transfer tax statement of value identical to that promulgated by the Department of Revenue of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania or, in the instance of an acquired company, a realty transfer tax declaration of acquisition identical to that promulgated by the Department of Revenue of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The provisions of this section shall not apply to any excludable real estate transfers which are exempt from taxation based on family relationship.
The tax imposed hereby, including any amount payable to the Township based on a redetermination of the amount of tax due by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania pursuant to § 274-49 hereof, shall be collected by the Recorder of Deeds of Delaware County, who shall act as agent for the Township in the collection of the transfer tax as provided in 16 P.S. § 11011-6, as amended. The tax thus collected shall be payable by the Recorder to the Treasurer of Marple Township at least monthly or at such other intervals as the Township and the Recorder of Deeds shall mutually determine.
The payment of the tax imposed by this article, when received by the Recorder of Deeds, shall be evidenced by the affixing of a documentary stamp or stamps or other evidence of payment as approved by the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue.
In the event that a determination of transfer tax due is made by the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue pursuant to Section 1111-C of Act 1986-77, 72 P.S. § 8111-C, such determination or redetermination shall be deemed to have been also made by the Secretary of Marple Township, and there shall be due and owing to the Township as additional transfer tax the amount determined or redetermined by the Department to be due the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Upon a redetermination of the amount of realty transfer tax due by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Recorder shall rerecord the document only when the transfer tax imposed by this article has been paid.
The Secretary of Marple Township is hereby charged with enforcement of the provisions of this article and is hereby authorized and empowered to prescribe, adopt and enforce rules and regulations relating to the registration and notation of transactions, the collection of transfer taxes, interest and penalties due hereunder, the prosecution of violations hereunder and any other matter pertaining to the administration and enforcement of the provisions Of this article; provided, however, that the regulations which have been promulgated by the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue under 72 P.S. § 8101-C et seq., as the same are from time to time amended, are incorporated into and made a part of this article and shall be deemed to have been adopted by the Township Secretary.
If, for any reason, the transfer tax is not paid when due, interest at the rate of 6% per annum on the amount of said tax and an additional penalty of 1/2 of 1% of the amount of the unpaid tax for each month or fraction thereof during which the tax remains unpaid shall be added and collected. Where suit is brought for the recovery of any such tax, the person liable therefor shall, in addition, be liable for the cost of collection and the interest and penalties herein imposed.
The transfer tax, when due and unpaid, together with all interest and penalties thereon, shall be a lien in favor of the Township on the real estate or interest in the real estate which is described in the document on which the tax is imposed and upon any other property, both real and personal, of the person failing to pay the tax due after said lien has been entered and docketed of record by the Prothonotary of Delaware County in accordance with the Municipal Claims and Tax Liens Law.
The tax imposed by this article shall be collected and enforced in accordance with the Local Tax Enabling Act. The Township Solicitor is authorized to pursue any and all remedies available by law for collection of the tax, and all such remedies shall be cumulative and not exclusive.
Accept or present for recording or cause to be accepted or presented for recording any document without the full amount of the tax thereon being duly paid.
Fail, neglect or refuse to comply with or violate the provisions of this article or the rules and regulations prescribed, adopted and promulgated by the Secretary under the provisions of this article.
Article 327 imposing a real estate transfer tax is hereby repealed in its entirety, such repealer to be effective concurrently with the effective date of this article.
Editor's Note: Article 327 refers to former Art. II, Real Estate Transfers, adopted 11-14-1966 by Ord. No. 66-25, as amended.


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The latest addition to the Career Now series discusses the Entrepreneurial Mindset. Our partners at Why Millennials Matter spoke with Michael Radparvar, the co-founder of Holstee, about starting his own business and advice he would give to his younger self.
WMM: Tell us about yourself.
MR: I am the co-founder at Holstee and my primary role is to share the brand story. As a company, Holstee started about 6 year ago. We got our name because the first product we ever made was a holster pocket and t-shirt together. Today our company focuses on creating art and pieces of inspiration that encourage a more reflective lifestyle.
When we first started, it was 2009 and the recession was in full swing. At the time, I was working at a consulting company that focused on training. We had all of these opportunities ahead of us, but none gave us the chance to work on the problems most important to us – the ones that got us most excited. We decided that we needed to sit down and define success for ourselves – the result was a 17-sentence document which is now known as the Holstee Manifesto. It was something we felt really good about and came at a time when our thinking was very clear. We put it on the "About" page on our website as a constant reminder that this is what is important to us. It's not just our company mission, it's also a personal life mission.
Not long after – maybe 2 or 3 months later – we started getting emails from friends. People were seeing our mission posted on Tumblr. People were changing their Facebook profile pictures to it. It ended up being shared millions of times across the web and was translated into over 13 different languages. It applied to people across a wide demographic. Everyone took a piece of it that was most important to them. It's been a beautiful way to build our company – on something so many people relate to or draw energy from.
WMM: What was it like to start your own business?
MR: Mostly fun, but not necessarily easy. However, I'd be surprised if any entrepreneur claimed it was easy to do! You don't create a company because you are looking for an easy life – I think that's a common misconception. However, is this path fun? Yes. Is it rewarding? Yes. Does it allow you to craft the type of world that you want to be in and that you want to bring other people into? Yes.
We've had a lot of challenges along the way. When you look at the manifesto, it covers so many different things that it opens up a whole world of questions. One of the challenges we faced when creating the company [based on the manifesto] was that – as beautiful as it is – it's very broad. We had to find a way to narrow down what we wanted to focus on as a company, as a team. If you look at Holstee's timeline as a company, we've experimented with a bunch of different things: T-shirts, a curated shop, letterpress prints, home goods, events, dinners, classes, and workshops. Now, we have come full circle and realized that all of those things were great, but there is real beauty in the idea of less, but better. It's about simplicity – focusing on the things that we can do really well and enjoy the process of doing so.
For us, we've had a lot of challenges along the way. When you look at the manifesto, there are so many different things that it kind of opens up a whole world of questions. One of the challenges we faced with creating a company based on the manifesto, as beautiful as it is, is that it is so open and so large. One of our challenges as been narrowing down what we want to focus on, a company, as a team. If you look at the timeline of Holstee, we have experimented with a bunch of different things: T-shirts, a curated shop, letter press prints, home goods, events and dinners, classes, and workshops. Now we have kind of come full circle and realized that all of those things were great, but there a real beauty in this philosophy of less but better. Simplicity. Focusing on the things that we can do really well and enjoying the process of it.
WMM: Any advice that you would give yourself 5 years ago?
MR: Looking back, I would tell my 5 year younger self to take the time to focus and build on one thing. However, we might be in a different place with Holstee if I had done that! I do feel like I gained a lot of experience from the path I took. I gained knowledge and awareness. I might have had to take those steps again in order to get where I am now….I don't know.
[I would say,] – keep an opportunistic mindset, but still allow time enjoy the process. I think there were moments when we wanted to do so many different things that we didn't allow ourselves time to enjoy the process as much. To me, working with complete focus and enjoyment is a huge contributor to success overall – rather than feeling so strained jumping from thing to thing.
WMM: How can people stay in touch with you and find out more about Holstee?
MR: You can find us on all social media platforms. @Holstee on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook… Subscribe to our mailing list! And I am @MichaelRad on Twitter and Instagram.
Inspired by Holstee's Manifesto, we want you to create your own vision board. Grab some old magazine, get some paper, glue, tape, scissors, and get to work! Put only words and images that best represent your purpose, your ideal future, and words that inspire positive emotions in you. The purpose of a vision board is to be a constant reminder to all the goals and ideas you want to bring to life. Visualization is one of the most power mind exercises that you can do in order to achieve your goals.
Take a picture and upload to the social media platform of your choice. Be sure to tag with #Passion2Action!


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Interview with comic book artist Matthew Southworth
You've heard me rave about Mathew Southworth's art and how big a fan I am of his work, so I'm more than pleased to share this Q&A Matthew and I did to discuss his background and upcoming projects.
Before we get into that, I want to mention that I will be announcing another really exciting guest at the next Comic Book Swap Meet here in the next few days or so! Also, don't forget about the contest for the signed Jet City Comic Show poster over on our Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook. Links are posted at the end of this interview. The poster is signed by some great comic creators including Matthew Clark, Clayton Crain, Tim Seeley, and the subject of the following interview, Matthew Southworth!! Here's a peak at the poster...
Inteview with Matthew Southworth, November 18, 2014
TheSteveStrout: I assume, based on your beautiful artwork, that you've been drawing and doing art in some way from a young age. At what point did you realize that you WANTED to and COULD make a career in the field?
MS: I've been drawing since I was three years old, but there have been some big gaps in there. In my teens I alternated between obsessing over comic books and playing guitar, and eventually I went off to theatre school. From the age of 18 or so on through to my late twenties, I didn't do much drawing at all. But once I'd been working in the film industry for a while, I realized the immediacy of working in comics really appealed to me, so I started diving back in around age 27 or 28.
TSS: Did you have any artistic inspirations growing up?
MS: Yes--I was always "the kid who could draw" in elementary school, and that made me want to be...wait for it...Leonardo da Vinci. I set my sights pretty high. Haven't reached that level yet.
TSS: Your first published comic was a piece in Erik Larsen's Savage Dragon.How did that gig come about?
MS: I met Erik at Emerald City Comicon and showed him my work in hopes of getting a review. He was very helpful--his primary bit of advice was "make sure a thing looks like the thing it's supposed to; this leather jacket does not look like leather", and I learned to look at things with a different eye. He invited me to do the Star backup in Savage Dragon #133, which was very challenging for me but was a great way to get my feet wet. Seeing your work in print is shocking--SHOCKING--but you gotta start somewhere and calibrate your eye to what will actually appear on the printed page.
Here's a commission Southworth did for
me earlier this year when he was a guest
at the Comic Book Swap Meet!!!
TSS: Stumptown is probably your most acclaimed work to date. How did you get that hooked up with Greg Rucka to do the art for the series?
MS: I was working with Stefano Gaudiano as his assistant on DAREDEVIL and a few other assignments, and he was bringing me along, teaching me technique and being an excellent and generous mentor. He and Greg had worked together on GOTHAM CENTRAL, and when STUMPTOWN came along, Greg and Oni contacted Stefano to see if he'd be interested in drawing the book. He didn't have time to do so on his own but suggested that he and his assistant Matt might do it. But it immediately became clear that Stefano had no time to work on it; he put in about an hour and a half on the book total. So all of a sudden Greg and Oni were left holding the bag, stuck with this untested Matt Southworth guy.
TSS: What are some of the notable comics you've worked on, for fans who aren't as familiar?
MS: I've done a little work here and there for just about every publisher in comics. I just finished an X-Files Christmas Special for IDW; I've done Spider-Man, Spider-Girl, Thunderbolts, X-Men, a Beta Ray Bill Special, Ares and others for Marvel; I did a story in a Batman Special and inked Infinity Inc. for DC; drew a Shadowman story and did layouts on several other books for Valiant; did some layouts for an issue of The Activity for Image; and I've done a number of things for Dark Horse, too. I've been all over the place.
TSS: How hard is the process of putting a writer like Rucka's characters and vision onto the pages?
MS: Extremely easy because Greg's writing is complete, and he's very detailed about character. It's easy, once you've read his script, to picture who these people are and what they look like, how they sit, and so forth. He puts a lot of character in subtext, which is my favorite kind of writing. Alex de Campi, who I'm working with now on a book called MAYDAY, is very effective at the same thing. You read her work and immediately ideas are pinging around all over the place because the script is so full of life.
TSS: Would you say the work in Stumptown best exemplifies your art style?
MS: Hmm. I'm not sure I'd say that, but that's only because my art style changed so much over the course of the two series. I'm constantly testing, pushing, trying new techniques and tools and approaches, and that can create a lack of unity in the work. On the second arc of the book, however, I decided just to go with that impulse, to keep pushing and testing; I figured that where I sacrificed stylistic unity, the work would benefit from enthusiasm and experimentation.
Here's a page from Sumptown #3 on
TSS: How would you personally describe your drawing/inking style if you were to see it from a fan's perspective?
MS: My drawing style is probably best described as "high-contrast", which is something I'm pushing even more now. I think the most marked characteristics of my work are not so much in my drawing style, however, but in my storytelling. I place a very strong emphasis not on how well I draw but on exactly what I draw to convey the drama of the story.
TSS: Do you work in any other artistic mediums other than pencil/ink?
MS: I do... I paint a bit, mostly in watercolor, and I'm coloring MAYDAY and have colored some of my other work. I'm also a very amateur sculptor, fiddling with little bits of clay in order to create maquettes of characters. This helps keep the characters consistent.
TSS: Who is your favorite character to draw?
MS: I don't know the answer to that, actually. I'm finding that the more I do it, the more I like characters who have "caricaturable" features--guys with huge eyebrows or women with long flowing red hair, people with big hands and feet or terrible skin. Character actors instead of romantic leads.
TSS: You worked with and assisted Stefano Guadiano earlier in your career. How much if any influence did Mr. Guadiano (who happens to be one of my favorite comic artists) have on your drawing technique?
MS: He had a huge influence in teaching me how to approach high contrast work. Stefano uses a strange combination of highly-considered, time-intensive labor and sudden bursts of messy experiment done in a flash, and he passed that on to me. I'm very grateful that that was what I learned from him rather than something more focused on polish and glossy finish; it's the enthusiasm and intellectual stimulation one gets from suddenly deciding to ink a page with a Q-tip or wiping one's dirty hands across a panel that makes it fun.
TSS: If you could work on any current comic book series, what would it be? Why?
MS: This will sound glib, but MAYDAY is the most exciting thing to me. I want to do that, and I want to do this book I'm writing about paramedics who cater to injured superheroes. MAYDAY issue one is the best script I've ever read, and Alex is doing something very interesting with the series. And my paramedic book deals with all sorts of things I've wanted to see in comics but which no one seems to be doing, for some reason.
TSS: What are you personally reading nowadays?
Matt hanging out at the Comic Book
Swap Meet this past August
MS: Lately I'm reading a lot of prose. This year I've read books by Martin Amis (TIME'S ARROW, which is an amazing book in which the narrative creeps backwards through time), Charles Willeford (PICK-UP, a noir novel that is easily, unquestionably the most surprising book I've ever read--if you seek it out, do yourself a favor and do NOT read ahead or skim anything), Elmore Leonard (MR PARADISE, the audiobook as read by Robert Forster), Gary Webb's DARK ALLIANCE, which is a non-fiction book about the CIA's involvement in building the crack cocaine epidemic in South Central LA in the 1980s, and books by David Goodis, Richard Brautigan, Don DeLillo, and Harlan Ellison, among others.
As far as comics, I just finished Michael Cho's book SHOPLIFTER; I've been re-reading the Bill Sienkiewicz issues of NEW MUTANTS, which blew my mind when they first came out and which are still amazing; I've been finding old issues of various superhero comics by Trevor von Eeden in his prime experimental phase--those are all pretty fantastic; I just read Chris Ware's BUILDING STORIES, which I'd bought more than a year ago but was intimidated to attempt, it's so big; and I've got books by Al Columbia, Dave McKean, Darwyn Cooke, Zack Soto, Emily Carroll and Brandon Graham all stacked up and ready to go next. I've also been loving Brubaker/Phillips/Breitweiser's THE FADE-OUT, Vaughan/Martin's THE PRIVATE EYE, and Soule/Pulido's SHE-HULK.
TSS: You also have a background in screenwriting and music. Are there any works out there that we can check out?
MS: As far as screenwriting, no, unfortunately. Years ago I made a feature, BIG WIDE EMPTY, but it was never properly completed. I finished a rough cut but never had the money, time or energy to do a proper mix and tighten up all the weak edits and effects. One day! Music-wise, yes--when my website matthewsouthworth.net is back up and running, you'll be able to stream/download several things, be they from my band The Capillaries or from a still-developing project called RKO.
TSS: Do you have any projects coming up, or in the works that you can discuss?
MS: I've mentioned MAYDAY and the as-yet-untitled Superhero Paramedic Project; I'm also writing a book called THE UNDERSTUDY, which is being drawn by Nick Barber. Nick is an animator who is new to the comics industry; his work has so much vitality and character, and it looks totally unique. I can't think of anyone in comics who draws like Nick. That book is about a metaphysical robbery.
I'm finishing up a project for Dark Horse Presents called "Addressee Unknown", which I've written, drawn and colored, and I'm just beginning my second story for CREEPY, which is called "Skinny", about a boy who adopts a sickly monster. Those will both be out before the summer; MAYDAY will likely be out in late summer, and I suspect THE UNDERSTUDY will come out around the same time.
I really appreciate the time Matthew Southworth took for us, and will be on the lookout for the interesting projects he's working on!!! Stay tuned, and go search out some of his work. It's fantastic.
Steve Strout is the media mastermind behind this site, host of the Comic Book Swap Meet, nerd, terrible artist, gamer, convention goer and comic book reader who spends more time rescuing toys from thrift shops than a normal adult should. He is also known around the northwest for his promotion of live music and stand-up comedy events and is the creator/producer of the Olympic Peninsula Comedy Competition (which will make it's big return in 2015). Follow him on Instagram at http://instagram.com/thestevestrout, and He can be reached for comments at ptcomedy@yahoo.com on twitter at @thestevestrout


When examining sports nutrition-related claims, it's important to avoid taking anything at face value. Open any endurance magazine, and you'll see plenty of advertisements claiming a certain product will make you faster or endure longer or become stronger.
It's very enticing, but we don't want to make the mistake of claiming SaltStick may increase performance without showing you the science to back it up. So allow us to highlight the results of a recent study in Spain, which found that salt supplementation via SaltStick Caps improved triathlete's medium-distance race times by an average of 26 minutes. What is particularly interesting is that these athletes were already drinking sports drinks, and the addition of the SaltStick Caps to their nutrition routine was the game-changing variable.
As any triathlete worth their salt (pun intended!) knows, 26 minutes in a race is a pretty sizable increase in speed. If you're struggling to break a certain barrier in your endurance races, perhaps salt supplementation is your answer. Let's delve in!
As we've said many times on our blog, the human hydration process operates on ratios among several salts and water. Salt is necessary to maintain blood pressure, allow for muscle contraction and, of course, sweat, which helps lower your body temperature. When you sweat, you lose water and salt, and you need to consume both in order to rehydrate effectively.
It's time to get a little technical, but bear with us. Most people's sweat contains sodium at a concentration of 40-60 mEq/L, and in order to stay hydrated, you should replace salt and water and a similar concentration. However, many sports drinks are only concentrated at a 20 mEq/L level (increasing sodium beyond this level results in a less pleasant taste, like sea water). What does that mean? It means supplementing with a sports drink should only replenish half of the necessary salts.
But do lower salt levels actually affect performance times? Researchers at Camilo José Cela University (UCJC) wanted to find out.
In order to test the theory that increased salt supplementation caused a boost in endurance performance, researchers at UCJC divided medium-distance triathletes into two groups. Twenty-six experienced triathletes were matched for age, anthropometric data, and training status, and randomly placed into the salt group (113 mmol Na+ and 112 mmol Cl−) or the control group (cellulose). The first group completed a medium-distance triathlon (the distances totaled to approximately a 2K swim, 90K bike and 21K run) consuming sports drink as they usually would, but also consuming SaltStick Caps in order to replace sodium lost through sweat. The second group completed the same distance while consuming sports drink as they usually would, but they received a placebo capsule with no extra sodium.
Researchers were aiming to replace about 70 percent of sodium in the first group, but only about 20 percent in the second group (the difference solely due to the salt capsules).
Before we go any further, we want to highlight that we did not have any connection to this study — in the form of counseling researchers, sponsoring or funding the study, or providing the SaltStick used in the study — before the results were published.
When the triathletes completed the race, researchers tallied up finishing times and found that the triathletes who consumed the sodium tablets finished in an average of 26 minutes faster! The increase in speed usually came from improved cycling and running times, which come later in the race after electrolyte levels begin to decline.
Other observations: body mass tended to be less reduced in the salt group than in the control group while post-race serum Na+ and Cl− concentrations were higher in the salt group than in the control group. In other words, oral salt supplementation was effective to statistically lessen body mass loss and increase serum electrolyte concentration.
Researchers concluded that the sodium supplementation helped to maintain proper electrolyte levels and stimulated thirst, which made the athletes instinctively drink more water. This made it much easier for them to stay hydrated and keep their strength throughout the race. While it was a relatively small study, the results obtained were statistically significant and will undoubtedly lead to further research and debate.
We have seen this same effect in our sponsored athletes. For example, as we wrote in our February blog post, professional triathlete Lauren Goss realized low electrolyte levels were causing her to "bonk" in races.
While the researchers at UCJC focused their study on the effects of sodium, your sweat contains several other electrolytes, which are just as important for performance. In fact, the average person loses electrolytes in a ratio of 220 Sodium to 63 Potassium to 16 Calcium to 8 Magnesium. That's why each SaltStick Capsule contains these four electrolytes in the same concentration, to provide your body with the entire range of electrolytes it needs.
We provide a good overview of how your sweat rate plays into your nutrition needs on our website here, but essentially, light sweaters or smaller individuals should consider 1 SaltStick Cap per hour. Heavy sweaters, larger individuals, or those in hotter conditions should consider 2-3 SaltStick Caps per hour. The best strategy for success is to practice your nutrition strategy during training so you can optimize for what works for you, and then execute that during racing. We provide a complete suggested usage guide here: Training with SaltStick Capsules.


I had a little epiphany on Saturday morning making this card while I was waiting for my Sister.
I pulled out a Spider Web Doily (139622) and thought what can I do with these since I dont really do a lot of Halloween projects!
Well this is what I came up with using the Winter Wonderland Designer Vellum Pack (139594). It reminded me of stained glass at a cathedral!
I added some gold metallic thread (138401) and a Metal Rimmed Pearl (138394) of which I coloured with a green sharpie marker. I opted not to put a sentiment on the front.
Here you can see how I did the insides. I cut two ovals out using the Oval Collection Framelits (129381) ..on both front and back. I added the doily and then the velum over the top. I coloured the vellum from the back with my Stampin' Write Markers and adhered it over the top.
On the inside I added the sentiment using Teeny Tiny Sentiments and on the back added more vellum. This card was perfect for a sympathy card I thought!
Have a lovely week..wet and raining here but perfect for crafting. This weeks plan is to do more kids cards for my Sisters workplace. She is fundraising for puppy blankets at her dog pound.


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Jun 7, 2007 . Creative Labs Zen MP3 Players Sound Blaster Card . Ahh, my Zen V Plus still have the plastic protective cover when I got it from the box hehe . I do have a problem, I do have a travel charger and my player can only be . one day i was in the car and it stopped working. then i charged it and the blue light .
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SKIN CASE CAR WALL CHARGER USB FOR CREATIVE ZEN V PLUS. Buy It Now. US $8.89. FREE shipping, 14d 23h 20m .
Amazon.com: Creative Zen V and V Plus Univseral USB Charger Kit - Retractable Sync Charge Cable - Home Travel Wall AC Adapter - 12v Car Charger: .
Power up your ZEN series MP3 player in your car with the versatile ZEN Car Charger! Simply plug it into your car's cigarette lighter outlet (12V, 2.5A) and your .
Jul 28, 2007 . Here i will describe what you really need to charge your ZEN V plus with . I found this way easier and can be used on any car usb charger too.
Make sure your PC is powered on if you are attempting to charge the Creative Zen V Plus. The digital player charges through connection to a PC via a USB port .
Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images? Product Description. Car Charger for Creative Zen Vision V Plus, Black. Customer Reviews .
Black 2-Port USB Home Travel Charger for Creative Zen X-Fi, Zen Mozaic, Zen Stone . Zen Vision, Zen V Plus, Zen V, Zen MicroPhoto, Zen Micro By GTMax - Compare Prices . USB Cable+Car+Wall Charger for Creative Zen 4G 8GB 16GB .
Items 1 - 48 of 123 . Car Body Cover For Maruti Zen : Car Accessories,Indian Gifts Portal Features: 100% heat . Techfocus Creative Zen V / V Plus in car charger .
Amazon.com: USB Cable+Car+Wall Charger for Creative Zen 4G 8GB 16GB: . V / Zen V Plus / Zen Micro / Zen Neeon / Zen Muvo / Zen Stone / Zen Stone Plus .
You can also purchase a power adapter for your Creative Zen V Plus for times when you do not have access to a computer. You connect the power adapter to .
Two cheap ways exist for plugging your Creative Zen MP3 player into your car . How to Listen to My Creative Zen in My Car; How Can I Fix My Frozen Creative Zen V 1GB . The cassette adapter works in any car with a working tape player.
This charger plugs into the cigarette lighter of your vehicle. It has a built in fuse to prevent any damage to your Zen should there be problem with the electrics on .
Quick links to useful Expert Reviews for Creative ZEN Neeon 6GB describing pros and cons. User sentiment in Forums.
ShopWiki has 19 results for Creative Labs Zen V Armband – Black : MP3 . headset, charger jacks and navigation keys The unique swivel design lets you rotate .
Cons low visibility in bright light, No in-box Wall Charger, Average in box ear phones. Summary I picked up The Zen V plus about 3 weeks ago, and having done .
Quick links to useful Expert Reviews for Creative ZEN Stone Plus 4GB . Customer Reviews: Black 2-Port USB Home Travel Charger for Creative Zen.
Jun 30, 2006 . Creative Zen V MP3 Player : Creative Technology Ltd, a worldwide . Car charger, wired remote and power adapters for expanded versatility.
Quick links to useful Expert Reviews for Creative ZEN Neeon 5GB describing pros and cons. . "Carry case not good and no external charger in the package I was waiting for some . creative zen micro | eBay - Electronics, Cars, Fashion . . Zen V Plus, Creative Zen V, Creative Zen Neeon 2, Creative Zen Neeon 512MB, .
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Results 1 - 40 of 306 . Ac Wall Power Charger/adapter For Creative Zen Vision M W Muvo Touch Ii/2 . PMA-BA0002 P/N:€ BAC0603R79923 3.7V ~ 1650mAh Shipping USPS . $ 28.07 Wall & Auto 2 In 1 Charger Fits Creative Zen Microphoto .
Connecting your Creative Zen to your car stereo can be done in two simple ways. If you have a cassette player in your car you can use a cassette adapter; with .
Rapid Car Charger with Ic Chip for Creative Zen Vision V, V Plus, Micro, Micro Photo, . Skque Creative Zen V Plus Car Charger + Wall Charger Bundle Kit Set .
Slim and light Creative ZEN Touch 2 MP3 player with 3.2-inch touchscreen lets you enjoy . MP3 Player Car Charger DC . Silicone Skin - ZEN V / ZEN V Plus .
Dec 24, 2008 . Find out what users who own the Creative Zen V Plus think about their . to show with a new FM transmitter w/charger for play on radio in car.
May 12, 2009. On or Charge Keywords / Key Phrases: power, charging, charge . ( Recognized). SID 29048 - ZEN V and ZEN V Plus Firmware Update .
Results 1 - 16 of 1039 . Creative Zen V and V Plus Univseral USB Charger Kit - Retractable Sync Charge Cable - Home Travel Wall AC Adapter - 12v Car Charger .
Amazon.com: Creative Zen V Plus 2 GB Portable Media Player . I bought two of these players plus the separately sold AC wall charger, and . This enables you to take your MP3 player with you to enjoy listening in your car, in your office, .


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Do you dread weekends because of the thought of doing mow maintenance of your lawn aside from your many other household chores or errands in Gaithersburg?
Of all the lawn care practices, lawn mowing is the most time-consuming activity that should never be missed. Regular lawn mowing greatly improves the appearance of your Gaithersburg lawn and prevents future problems, like growth of weeds and the onset of diseases.
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When you have decided to hire lawn mowing company, it is wise to ask family, friends and Gaithersburg neighbors for recommendations.
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You can even request for a free no-obligation quote for your guidance.


The fourth tower in the series of prestigious condominium developments, Oceania IV Sunny Isles at 16400 Collins Avenue redefines the luxurious oceanfront lifestyle. Along with the fifth tower, it is situated in a unique location – a private island community along the Intracoastal water of Sunny Isles and the beach. Live the carefree life – a life surrounded by beauty, knowing that your every need and whim is provided and that you are in the one of the most vibrant cities in the world. High-end designer brands, a wide choice of water sports, fine dining, party places, sports, culture and the arts are all within arm's reach. Miami's business district, as well as Miami and Fort Lauderdale international airports are also a few minutes' drive away.
The magnificent island community is unique in that it offers not just condominium units, but also two-story penthouse units and three-story villas. The tower itself was completed in 1995 and has 29 stories. Its 158 condominium units, which range in size from 1,530 to 4,270 square feet, come in two, three and four bedroom layouts. Each unit is striking and artistic, yet comfortable and equipped with the latest conveniences. It offers breathtaking views of the Atlantic Ocean and the intracoastal waters through the floor-to-ceiling windows and spacious glass-railed terraces. Other highlights include gourmet kitchen (complete with top-of-the-line KitchenAid appliances, granite countertops and Snaidero Italian cabinetry), the marbled bathrooms with a Jacuzzi whirlpool tub in the master bathroom, marble and wood flooring and energy efficient glass windows.
The luxurious tower is a veritable recreational community in itself. Aside from the wide stretch of pristine beach (with its snack bar) that is just a few steps away, there is a heated oceanfront swimming pool with sundeck, a hot tub, lighted tennis courts, private marina slips and waterfront promenade and baywalk. Other amenities include the gorgeous landscaped grounds, automatic gates, a multi-tiered entrance fountain, 24-hour concierge and security services, entertainment center and various multi-purpose rooms.
Ahhh… luxury living has never been like this. Take hold of the promise of sun, fun, luxury and excitement – all in one package!
4 Bedroom Listings Average $686.75 per Sq.Ft.
3 Bedroom Listings Average $493.38 per Sq.Ft.
2 Bedroom Listings Average $428.90 per Sq.Ft.
3 Bedroom Rentals Average $1.77 per Sq.Ft.
2 Bedroom Rentals Average $1.92 per Sq.Ft.
3 Bedroom Units Sold Average $395.67 per Sq.Ft.
2 Bedroom Units Sold Average $230.69 per Sq.Ft.
Studio Units Sold Average $283.02 per Sq.Ft.


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Bethany Baptist Church is a gathering of people and families who seek to Encounter God, Equip People and Engage Our City.
From the very beginning God's plan has been simple and intimate – that His Creation, mankind, would know and relate with Him personally. Even now, in an imperfect and fallen world, that purpose is still the same. As a church, our purpose is no different. Our desire is to be more than a series of meetings, ministries or services; our top priority is to help people encounter and know God in a personal, real and intimate way that transforms their life from the inside out.
God never sought to have marginal relationships with people, nor was His desire for people to have marginal relationships with one another. As a community of faith we want to equip people to: grow deeper in their faith, share life together, and learn about their God-given gifts and abilities and how to use for the benefit of the church and others.
In all His power, God still desires to use people to be His hands and feet in loving, reaching, serving and leading others back to Himself. In the same way that God reaches through time and space to heal, restore and redeem people (in particular, by sending Jesus to save mankind), God sends His people to be Light in darkness and hope in hopelessness. Our prayer as a church is to be an active part of the lives of our neighbors, surrounding community and even our global community, both corporately and as individuals.
While we operate autonomously as our own body, we are part of the Southern Baptist Convention and hold to the Baptist Faith and Message 2000 for our core doctrine and theology.


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